text:
Scruggs style 5 string banjo, melodic style and single string style
I am a Nashville session musician, sideman and music teacher. I received a Bachelor of Music degree in Commercial Music with a Composition and Arranging Emphasis from Belmont University and I am currently pursuing a Masters in Music at MTSU. Coming from a family of Classical and Jazz musicians, I have been exposed to music my whole life. Over the years I have had the opportunity to play and record with many great bands and artists ranging from Country/Bluegrass to Rock to Jazz. I teach all genres of guitar, bass, banjo ukulele and mandolin. *** Lesson Details *** I believe the ability to play an instrument is only part of musicianship. I also strive to teach my students the theory behind the music they learn. I work hard to make sure that my students are doing everything in the ...
I play banjo with several different country acts. Knowledge of bluegrass and pop/country banjo styles.
Daniel toured with the violin troupe, Barrage for two years playing Violin/Fiddle, Bagpipes, and Irish whistles. While touring with Barrage, Daniel performed for audiences in 11 different countries, and was involved with 103 high school and middle school workshops for over 6,861 students in 3 countries. He is certified through Book III of the O'Connor Violin Method. He has a working knowledge of many different styles of music and has a passion for helping students to overcome performance anxiety to become the best players that they can be. Daniel competed on bagpipes in the Eastern United States Pipe Band Association (EUSPBA) in Grade II, and currently tours with The Tartan Terrors all over North America. Daniel is a full-time touring and studio musician, so whatever your ...
Banjo is my main instrument. I have performed on the Grand Ole Opry and have traveled throughout the country performing on the banjo. I can teach all styles and skill levels.
I am a multi-instrumentalist that has performed all throughout the country. I have been teaching students of all ages for 10 years now. Besides performing, I own a recording studio and production space where I produce and engineer projects for my clients. I also am a Front of House engineer at Jimmy Buffet's Margarittaville on Broadway. I have dedicated my life to music and truly enjoy teaching others about the creation of music be it through an instrument or through a recording console fader. I look forward to helping you progress with your journey of music and life!
I specialize in clawhammer banjo style. I do not teach two or three finger banjo, though I have many friends that are experts in the subject and I can point you in the right direction if that is what you wish to learn.
Meredith was born in Boston, Massachusetts where, at the age of three, she began studying classical dance at the Boston Ballet School. Through her years of dance performance, she developed a love of the performing arts in general, and sought out an education in theater and music. She was selected to attend the prestigious National High School Institute at Northwestern University, where she studied Theater Arts, and subsequently received her BFA in Acting and Music from the Tisch School of the Performing Arts at New York University. While attending NYU, she met acclaimed Bel Canto vocal coach Jeff Halpern, with whom she studied privately for seven years. She has spent the last three years teaching fiddle and guitar at the Junior Appalachian Musician's program in Black Mountain, NC, ...
I am a 5 year banjo player and teacher and studied at the Kentucky School of Bluegrass and Traditional Music. I can teach bluegrass, folk, or country banjo.
Caleb E. has been teaching music since 2005 and is available to teach at your home or his studio. Caleb has helped students from age 8 to 65 and believes that there is no age limit on learning and trying something new or even getting better. Caleb is a two year student of the Kentucky School of Bluegrass and Traditional Music with a degree as a professional recording artist. Helping students achieve goals regarding musical technique, personal creativity, and self confidence is a personal mission for Caleb and loves to teach in a personal, hands on approach.
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New deal keeps her at company for at least 3 years
Nina Tassler has been promoted to chairman of CBS Entertainment, signing a new agreement that will keep her with the company through 2017, CBS Corporation president and CEO Leslie Moonves said Thursday.
Tassler is the longest-serving broadcast network head, and leads the network with the largest total audience. Last season, it was also the highest-rated in the key 18-49 demographic. She joined CBS in 1997 as vice president of drama for CBS Productions and became president of CBS Entertainment in 2003.
Also read: CBS's Nina Tassler on Whether 'Big Brother' Housemates Will Get Smarter
Her tenure at CBS has included developing the hit "CSI" and "NCIS" franchises, and as CBS Entertainment president she introduced hits such as "The Big Bang Theory," "How I Met Your Mother," "The Good Wife" and "Undercover Boss."
In her new position, she will lead CBS's entertainment programming across primetime, daytime and late night, as well as program development in all genres. She will continue to report to Moonves, and will oversee entertainment division matters in advertising, promotion, business affairs, consumer products, digital, diversity, publicity, scheduling and research.
Tassler recently created CBS's Limited Series & Live Event Programming unit, which has several projects in development for next year, including the mini-series "The Dovekeepers."
Also read: CBS's Nina Tassler Promises Late Night Surprises, Defends Pilot Season's 'Creative Adrenaline'
"Nina's creative instincts, programming savvy and leadership skills have helped form a hit-making machine that has fueled the network's success and benefited the company's bottom line," Moonves said. "She's been a friend and colleague for 25 years, and I've witnessed first-hand the genuine and positive energy, as well as hands-on skills, she brings to every facet of the creative process. There are very few executives with her track record of consistently achieving high-level success in all forms of entertainment programming."

subset: commoncrawl


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To give do half of this money?
(102 Posts)I have a feeling I'm going to get flamed for this but anyway...
I started a uni course in September and applied for my bursary and help towards my child care costs. It's nursing so the bursary's quite good. Anyway, the child care help has just been sorted out and the payments have been back dated. Dp and I split the nursery fees. Should I give him half of the back dated payment (where it will be spent on nights out and other shit) or keep it for myself (and buy cheap, much needed winter boots and christmas presents)? He earns almost double what I do and we split all the bills for the house equally.
Obviously when it's time to pay the nursery I'll split the left over amount so we both pay the same.
Ah good luck sorting this one out.
Sounds like more than the money needs sorting.
If you need to chat more keep here!
Thank you for all your replies. We don't really share house duties either but tbh it doesn't bother me. I quite like having a proper clean, it's therapeutic. How sad!
You have all been really helpful with your suggestions and brought a few well needed home truths to my attention. Thank you so much.
You should see the bursary as your earnings. He is not entitled to it because he does not do the course. In the same way that you are not entitled to his wages so he is not entitled to your bursary.
I hope you also divide all your work in the house equally. If not you should be issuing invoices.
i hope i dont speak out of line here.
my DH even in the early days of or relationship wouldn't take a penny off me for lifts. He wanted to make sure i was safe home.
You are better off without him.
Moopoint this sounds a bit horrid and I'm glad you are starting a savings fund. For whatever you need - is good to have some financial security and you're not getting it from him.
By the way - this bursry is YOURS. It is part of YOUR earnings. So why are you taking it off both of your share of the childcare?
Your DP hasn't taken more off "your" half because he earns more so you should be putting the whole bursary - not just the back pay - into YOUR account and continuing the half bills (if that's the way it goes).
He can't have it both ways - he earns more than you but splits the bills half. But when you get more you give him half of it? Can you not see this is grossly unfair?
Out of interest at Tesco do you buy stuff that he uses?
I think when you have a bit of money put by you may well have more confidence to sort this out..
I haven't given him anything for it. I can't afford to and wouldn't anyway.
Next time he pressures you about the car, say no.
The thing is I don't ever get lifts really, only if I've been at my mums and he picks me up on his way home from work which is on the way. I was horrendously sick at uni last week and I got the train home because I didn't want to put him out. Occasionally he takes me to tesco. What he says is ridiculous.
I won't be paying for the car. Everyone has it spot on.
I'm 100% getting my fund started. I already have an empty savings account so I won't have any hassle. I know I'm going to have to use it.
And when you need a lift, ring a taxi or a friend.
Yes of course everything is fine. He is getting a very very easy ride financially and leaving you short.
If your not ready to do anything at least start putting some money aside. Then when the shit hits the fan you at least hacks a little but of security.
Of course everything is fine. for him
And you're hoping he'll change?! Newsflash: don't pay for his fucking car and then get out of there so you're not paying for his nights out and bets while you go around with no winter boots.
I try but it's impossible to have a serious talk with him, he either doesn't want to talk about it or genuinely thinks everything's fine. We usually just end up arguing though with him bringing up that I get lifts, which I don't really, and should be helping to pay for the car.
no good will come of playing games, especially playing a game someone has been playing for longer than you
off to my bed now
Well no probably not. Just thinking if she's never even mentioned it it will be worth doing.
You are wasting your energy, moo. He won't change.
Have you had serious words about it moo?
Financial abuse is a form of domestic violence an exit fund and plan to use if needed is essential anybody who says having one just incase you need to run is wrong is a twat
She is loath to tell him because he would waste it. He is not being great here is he.
She shouldn't be worrying about moral scruples and should be making sure she has a bit if savings in her own name.
You maybe have a point ivy but I'm looking at it like I'm playing him at his own game.
I think I'm starting to see that expat but I'm hoping that he does change.
you wouldn't tell him about savings as he wouldn't tell you, which means you behave as he dictates and not how you would behave if given the choice to behave as you wish
You don't have money for cheap boots and a winter coat and he blows money on bookies and nights out?
This person is financially abusive. He will never change or get better.
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The Sesame Street Crayon: Opposites Attract (DOS)
Published by Developed by Released Also For |
100 point score based on reviews from various critics. ...
5 point score based on user ratings. |
Not an American user?
This computer coloring book is another part in the Electric Crayon series and it has 30 pictures of different opposites such as Above/Below, Enter/Exit, Short/Long, etc., with famous characters from Sesame Street to color.Pictures could be colored from a palette of 16 colors. A mix button would "mix" the current color with the 15 other colors and give a total of 256 colors. Choosing a color and clicking in the picture do a color fill in the area clicked. The finished, or in progress, coloring was automatically saved to disk. Player may also remove all colors applied previously to start coloring from the very beginning.
Pictures could be printed with or without a monthly calendar, description, or message.
Part of the Following Groups
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The Press Says
There are no rankings for this game.
There are currently no topics for this game.
There is no trivia on file for this game.
POMAH (35663) added The Sesame Street Crayon: Opposites Attract (DOS) on Dec 25, 2007
Other platforms contributed by POMAH (35663)
Illustrations by:
Sesame Street Muppet characters (copyright 1987):
Illustrations by:
Sesame Street Muppet characters (copyright 1987):
Muppets Inc.
Sesame Street is a trademark of:Children's Television Workshop
Graphics (copyright 1987):Children's Television Workshop
Opposites Attract is a trademark of:Polarware Inc.
Copyright 1987:Brian A. Rice Inc.


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Christina Horne
Housekeeper · House Sitter
Looking within 25 miles for a Housekeeper Job, House Sitter Job in Surprise, AZ.
Housekeeper, House Sitter in Surprise
Available now for caregiving and housekeeping for elderly or special needs individuals in West Valley Phoenix area. Able to prepare and cook meals, do laundry, give meds and daily showers if needed. Very responsible and caring individual who works well with people. Available for overnight stays also.
Housekeeper, House Sitter Details
Email Address | …@hotmail.com |
Phone Number | Confirmed |
Type of Provider | Individual |
Hourly Rate | $9.00 |
Years of Experience | 7 |
Services Offered |
Kitchen General Room Cleaning Change Bed Linens Oven Cleaning Refrigerator Cleaning Cabinet Cleaning Dishes Window Washing Wall Washing Laundry Pet Clean-Up Packing House Sitting Take Out Trash/Recycling |
Other |
Own Transportation
Non-smoker Comfortable With Pets Has Own Supplies Has Own Equipment |
Christina Horne's Other Listings
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Forums → The Tavern
Posted Apr 20, '14 at 3:04am
658 posts
I haven't been active in the forums for a long while now, and I was just wondering whether people still rant about the pristine of early Armor Games. It used to be quite the topic for conversation.
Posted Apr 20, '14 at 3:15am
13,423 posts
This site has been around so long, users of different generations have different ideas of what "The Good Ol' Days" are. I've been a part of this community so long that I've experienced multiple generations of "Good Ol' Days". Newer users from this period who stay around enough to become veterans will probably see this period as their "Good Ol' Days". It all depends on what your definition of "The Good Ol' Days" is. People have stopped ranting about it for the moment, but I'm sure now that this topic exists, you'll see veterans flock by the numbers while the newer bunch sit and stare dumbfounded.
Posted Apr 20, '14 at 3:42am
13,531 posts
I remember you vaguely I think. Also, Emily's comments on your profile are hilarious.
Posted Apr 20, '14 at 5:28am
415 posts
This is the only armor games I know.. and im still here so these days must be pretty good as it is.. xp
Posted Apr 20, '14 at 3:28pm
6,861 posts
Well... Most older users can agree that back when there were more people and active conversation that would be considered the "Good 'Ol Days" I myself do agree with this but I still wasn't here back in the "peak" of activity.Well, welcome back!
Posted Apr 20, '14 at 4:17pm
7,362 posts
Gantic's synopsis of the AG forums in six-month increments.DISCLAIMER: I am not responsible for the wave of depression you may experience after reading aforementioned synopsis.
Posted Apr 20, '14 at 5:58pm
21,761 posts
Speaking of the good ol' days, it took me like five minutes to find The Tavern.
Posted Apr 20, '14 at 8:02pm
10,796 posts
Gah! Another one! An AG user who joined before me! Why is this all happening now?
Posted Apr 20, '14 at 9:48pm
3,821 posts
Posted Apr 21, '14 at 6:19am
9,951 posts
Why is this in the Support section..that is just madness.Oh and AG was best like 2012-2013 because, you know, nostalgia.
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2014 Triathlete Buyer's Guide: Best In Class
- by Triathlete.com
- Published Apr 2, 2014
- Updated Apr 2, 2014 at 5:22 PM UTC
Bike Computer
Quarq Elsa 10R
$1,995, Quarq.com
The draw: Fully capable, easy to use
For a significant price bump from the Stages unit (reviewed at right), the Elsa 10R records the entire picture of energy output, not just one leg. Factor in the cost of the right arm needed to complete the Stages system and the difference becomes minor. Features like an easy-to-change battery and optional short crankarms make this power meter universally appealing for triathletes. For those who train on more than one bike, swapping this crank becomes simple with just a little practice.


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4:42 pm
Fri July 18, 2014
Schools may close on election day
Schools are often at the heart of a community metaphorically, if not literally. That's part of the reason they've long been voting sites. But with shootings at schools across the country, some lawmakers are concerned the practice is dangerous.
Most of the time visitors need to sign in before entering a school; they say allowing anyone in on election day is asking for trouble. One idea was to ban schools as polling places.
But election officials, like the Cook County Clerk, argued that's not viable, they need all of that space.Instead, legislators passed a measure that encourages schools to either close or to hold a teachers' institute on election day, so students aren't around.
The plan passed the Senate without objection, but it had sizable opposition in the House. Critics say kids ought to see the good example of adults exercising their right to vote.
Registered sex offenders are not allowed lots of places, including schools. Illinois law provides that a sex offender whose assigned polling place is a school can vote absentee, or early.


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European summer roast recipes
All recipes » European » Roast » Summer
Caesar Asparagus, Low in Calories, Big on DeliciousnessI've never been so excited about a vegetable dish before but this one is worth raving about. It's just like the… |
Skinny Kitchen with Nancy Fox
May 2012 Professional |
1 vote
742 views
Moist lemon and herb whole roast chicken without the caloriesThis roast chicken is truly wonderful. The cavity is stuffed with lemon and lime wedges, and sprigs of fresh… |
Pauline Pate
Mar 2012 Intermediate |
2 votes
710 views
Homemade Sundried Tomato Recipe and TipsHere is a quick and easy way to store those tomatoes for up to three months, using them sun dried is perfect… |
Claudia lamascolo
Aug 2011 Professional |
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Simple to Make, Very Versatile and Deliciously Skinny, Roasted RatatouilleRatatouille is a simple and healthy vegetable dish usually loaded with… |
Skinny Kitchen with Nancy Fox
Aug 2011 Professional |
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Spectacular Summertime Fresh Roasted Marinara SauceThis is one of the most delicious tomato sauces we've ever tasted. You'll want to make this sauce using… |
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It's In The Bag. Perfect Potatoes In 45 Minutes...No, Really!As most food bloggers, I'm always searching for the glamour shot. Not for myself mind you, that coal barge… |
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May 2010 Advanced |
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Garlic and Oregano Roasted TomatoesThese plump, scarlet, glistening little bullets of flavour are wonderful bobbing about in soup, tumbling around… |
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Feb 2010 Intermediate |
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Orzo and roasted vegetables with fetaThis is a light and healthy pasta salad that will have your family or guests begging for the recipe. It's a… |
Nancy Miyasaki
Jun 2009 Intermediate |
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Equities Are on a `Sugar High,' Daniel Alpert Says
April 4 (Bloomberg) -- Daniel Alpert, managing partner at Westwood Capital LLC, talks about global market performance, commodities and central bank policies.
Alpert, speaking with Tom Keene, Sara Eisen, Scarlet Fu and Drake Bennett on Bloomberg Television's "Surveillance," also talks about the U.S. auto industry and investment strategy. (Source: Bloomberg)


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DLR Portal
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EU Programmes
In addition to the national research promotion, the PT-DLR is also in charge of multilateral European programmes. On behalf of the BMBF, the PT-DLR is actively involved in shaping these programmes and in disseminating information to the interested public. Similar to the national research promotion, calls for proposals related to specific research priorities are published on European level; Proposals come from public institutions and from industry.
Full article
National Contact Point Life Sciences (Nationale Kontaktstelle Lebenswissenschaften-NKS-L)
On behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the National Contact Point Life Sciences (NKS-L) is responsible for the "life sciences" topics in the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development's specific project "Cooperation". These are specifically Theme 1 "Health" and Theme 2 "Food, Agriculture and Fishing, and Biotechnology". The NKS-L is a shared office staffed by employees from the PT-DLR and PTJ project management agencies at the DLR site in Bonn-Oberkassel.
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EU-Bureau of the BMBF
The EU Bureau of the BMBF for the Research Framework Programme (EUB) serves as a first stop for general questions about the EU Research Framework Programme. It furthermore hosts National Contact Points (NCPs) for the "Ideas" and "Capacities" programmes of the EU Research Framework Programme and the Joint Research Center (JRC) and for all "Legal and Finance"-related questions regarding the EU Research Framework Programmes. The NCPs provide free-of-charge advice on the EU Research Framework programme. They also support the responsible departments within the German Ministry of Education and Research in matters related to the EU Research Framework Programme or the European Research Area and accompany the German delegations to the Programme Committee meetings in Brussels which discuss the implementation of the EU programmes. The Contact Point "Women into EU Research" (FiF) is also located at the EUB. In addition, the EUB also renders support regarding European cooperation in the area of education and provides the German Contact and Coordination Point for the EURYDICE programme (i.e. the European information network on education.
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The German Portal to Horizont 2020
The primary objective of the framework programme is to strengthen the scientific and technical foundations of the EU's industry, to promote the enhancement of its international competitiveness and to support all research projects considered necessary on the basis of other EU policies.
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Weiterbildungsangebot europäische und internationale Zusammenarbeit
Der PT-DLR bietet im Bereich der europäischen und internationalen Zusammenarbeit zielgruppenspezifische Weiterbildungsseminare zu verschiedensten Themenbereichen an.
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EUREKA is an initiative for application-orientated research in Europe and provides industry and science with a framework for cross-border collaborative projects.
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cjloo participated with 18 other designers who submitted 31 entries and was awarded $350. View this project »
Great work! dmbeaton
Project | Category | Award | Time left | Entries |
We paint nearly everything | Print design | $400 | Awarded | 90 |
Name your own price, then watch as dozens of participants submit ideas and choose your favorite. Our 100% money-back guarantee makes it risk-free!
Let us match you up with one of our very best Creatives and work 1-to-1 in complete privacy. You'll have all of the same tools and features as our regular projects!


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Tabs too difficult? Try these video lessons and learn fast
Title: Souvenirs G C All the snow has turned to water D G Christmas day has come and gone C Broken toys and faded colors D G Are all that's left to linger on G C I hate graveyards and old pawnshops D G For they always bring me tears G C Can't forgive the way they rob me D G Of my childhoood souvenirs (Chorus:) D G Memories, they can't be boughten D G They can't be won at carnivals for free D G It took me years, to get those souvenirs C D And I don't know how they slipped away from me Broken hearts and dirty windows Make life difficult to see That's why last night and this morning Always look the same to me I hate reading old love letters For they always bring me tears Can't forgive the way they rob me Of my sweetheart souvenirs (repeat chorus) Kevin
Submit corrections
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text:
Scalloway | |
Scalloway harbour, castle and town |
Scalloway shown within Shetland
Population | 1,000 (approx.) |
OS grid reference | HU399393 |
Civil parish | Tingwall |
Council area | Shetland |
Lieutenancy area | Shetland |
Country | Scotland |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Post town | SHETLAND |
Postcode district | ZE1 |
Dialling code | 01595 |
Police | Scottish |
Fire | Scottish |
Ambulance | Scottish |
EU Parliament | Scotland |
UK Parliament | Orkney and Shetland |
Scottish Parliament | Shetland |
Coordinates: 60°08′13″N 1°16′52″W / 60.137°N 1.281°W
Scalloway (Old Norse:Skálavágr - "bay with the large house(s)") is the largest settlement on the North Atlantic coast of Mainland, Shetland with a population of approximately 812, at the 2001 census. Until 1708 it was the capital of the Shetland Islands (now Lerwick, on the east coast of the Shetland Mainland).
Scalloway is the location of the North Atlantic Fisheries College (part of the University of the Highlands and Islands), which offers courses and supports research programmes in fisheries sciences, aquaculture, marine engineering and coastal management. It is also home to the Centre for Nordic Studies. Nearby are the Scalloway Islands, which derive their name from the town.
The village has a swimming pool and a school, Scalloway Junior High School, the secondary department of which was closed in July 2011 by the Shetland Islands Council.
Built in 1600 by Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney, the remains of Scalloway Castle is the most notable feature of the village. Scalloway Castle is located near the quay (the castle is usually locked, however a key can be borrowed from the nearby Scalloway Hotel).
Norwegian boatbuilders from Hordaland, around the Bergen areas of Os and Tysnes built Yoals from about the 16th century. Oselvar, the traditional small wooden boat of Os, were taken apart and then 'flat packed' for shipping to Scalloway. Instead of sending complicated assembly instructions, they sent boatbuilders to re-build them. Many of those stayed for years in Shetland, and some married there.
To the Hanseatic merchants from Bremen and Hamburg, Scalloway was known as Schaldewage and as a good sheltered harbour on the route to Hillswick.
Barbara Tulloch [1] and her daughter Ellen - the last witches to be burned in Shetland - were executed on Gallow Hill, overlooking the village.
During World War II, Scalloway was the home base and housed for some time the headquarters of The Shetland Bus, part of the Norwegian resistance against the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany. The Norway House and the Prince Olav Pier / slipway, which formed major parts of the base are still existing. Details about the history of The Shetland Bus are on display at the Scalloway Museum.[2]
In 1996, Kåre Emil Iversen published his war time memoirs, I Was a Shetland Bus Man. It was reprinted in 2004, with a new introduction and the title Shetland Bus Man. Another Shetland author Willie Smith discusses this period extensively in his 2003 memoir Willie's War and Other Stories.
Other notable Scalloway authors include the prolific James R. Nicolson and the photographer/writer C.J. (Clement) Williamson.
After the war Scalloway served as harbour of the Shetland-Orkney ferry service (mv Orcadia on the Scalloway - Stromness route). After the opening of the Schiehallion Oil Field off the west coast of Shetland, Scalloway took over some functions as a service base for the oil business.
Primary source[edit]
This article incorporates text from the article Scalloway on Shetlopedia, which was licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License until September 14, 2007.
- ^ "SCT-SHETLAND-L Archives". Rootsweb. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
- ^ "Scalloway Museum". Culture24. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
Other sources[edit]
- Howarth, David (1950) The Shetland Bus: A WWII Epic of Escape, Survival, and Adventure (Lyons Press) ISBN 978-1-59921-321-7
- Iversen, Kaare (2000) Shetland Bus Man (Pentland Press Ltd) ISBN 978-1-85821-816-8
- Sorvaag, Trygve (2005) Shetland Bus: Faces and Places 60 Years on (Shetland Times Ltd) ISBN 978-1-898852-88-9
- Smith, Willie (2003) Willie's War and Other Stories (Shetland Times Ltd) ISBN 978-1-898852-97-1
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scalloway. |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Scalloway. |
- Shetlopedia.com Scalloway, with extra pictures, at Shetlopedia.com
- Shetland Bus Memorial at Scalloway
- Shetland Museum


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Welcome to Zoila's of Circleville, NY!
ZOILA'S IS NOW OPEN FOR DINNER SEVEN DAYS A WEEK and UNTIL MIDNIGHT FRIDAY & SATURDAY FRIDAY NIGHT IS LOBSTER NIGHT!!! - CHEF TODD PREPARES FRESH LOBSTER TO ORDER! FULL BAR! BEER, WINE, SEE OUR WINE LIST! MONDAY, TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY DINNER WILL SHOWCASE A SPECIAL "ALL LATIN" MENU (COMIDA LATINA SOLAMENTE). |
Latin Flavor
Treat yourself to a place that offers a great casual dining experience with a Latin flavor. We are proud to bring you an exciting alternative to eating at regular chain restaurants.
Comfort Food
Stop in Zoila's and choose from our wide-selection of scrumptious comfort food. Our signature dishes offer you a unique spin on your food favorites.
Family Dining
We offer a relaxed and welcoming atmosphere and amazing dishes for our lunchtime friends. When it is time for dinner, join us for our special ambiance of fine dining and delicious Latin meals.
Every SATURDAY is now PRIME RIB NIGHT at Zoila's! Call 845-361-2222 for details and to make reservations! |
Enjoy dining at a place that offers you something more than what a chain restaurant can give you. Stop by Zoila's, a Latin restaurant in Circleville, New York, for unmatched food and service. We delight your taste buds with our freshly prepared comfort food with a Latin accent. With more than 25 years of experience within the restaurant industry, we combine fresh locally-sourced food with top-quality services. We have positioned ourselves as the place to beat by offering you a fine dining experience in a simple, casual atmosphere.
Zoila's was opened because of our love of food and people, and it's that same love that keeps our customers coming back for more.
We welcome you and your family to our restaurant!


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someone else's post got me thinking
do you an your dh or so
share a bed
have separate beds
we share a bed, i like having him there next to me, i cant imagine having separate beds , an he has got use to my snoring an i have stopped fighting him in my sleep lol
when we first moved in together i can see where two beds would have been useful i wasnt use to sleeping in the bed with anyone else, dh would get a elbow or knee to the back , poor thing
- my grandparents had seperate rooms because my grandfather snored like a freakn train,
We share a bed. I actually slept with a life size doll until DH kicked him out of our bed. :o( lol I've always been used to sleeping with someone/something so it would be very strange to sleep alone in a bed.
On a side note, my grandma and grandpa sleep in desperate beds and rooms and have for as long as I can remember....I've never asked why. :-( makes me kinda sad to think about it.
Quoting stephjohn:Yea i am shocked too. I know that would not work for me..lol
Quoting nicole2884:
Quoting stephjohn:We share our bed! =) Do people really still sleep separately?
i was kinda shocked to , but whatever works right


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Friends only Planning on opening Ask Ask 33,333 views |
Hey, I'm Kirstein. Feel free to call me Kirstein, Curse, or Miran. I am an artist, a writer(not really), a roleplayer, and My "XYHERIS IS A DORK" RP with me on Skype!: miran.hijiri I'm on Wattpad! I'm also on Charahub! My Twitter |


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Key things you need to know aboutDr. Feinstein:
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Research training, expertise and qualifications
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- Vassar Brothers Medical Center
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- MidHudson Regional Hospital of Westchester Medical Center
- 241 North Road
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Patients' risk of dying during a hospital stay for heart bypass surgery could be 85.2% lower, on average, at a hospital rated 5 stars compared to a hospital rated 1 star for that procedure. Choosing the right hospital is critical to your health. View Slideshow
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Patients' feedback on their experience with Dr. Feinstein
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Feinstein to family and friends is 3.3 out of 5
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Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
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Accepting new patients?
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- Stuart A Feinstein MD PC
- Stuart A Feinstein MD PC
- 9 Livingston St Ste 4N
- Poughkeepsie, NY 12601
7 Tips to Prepare for Your Appointment
The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready


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Room from 33 €
Located in Villeneuve D'Ascq, just a 15-minute drive from Lille, ibis budget Lille Villeneuve D'Ascq offers a 24-hour reception. The hotel is only 800 metres from Lille Metrople Museum of Modern Art.
All rooms feature a desk, telephone and…Located 2.2 km from the centre of Villeneuve-d'Ascq


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Cheap Flights from Paris to Tucuman - PAR to TUC
Did You Know?
4 flights per week fly out of Paris, FR connecting to Tucuman, AR
The largest aircraft operated by Lan flying between Paris, FR and Tucuman, AR is a 32S with 192 seats.
1 airline operates between Paris, FR and Tucuman, AR
Lan has 101 two stops or more flights between Paris, FR and Tucuman, AR.
The smallest aircraft operated by Lan flying between Paris, FR and Tucuman, AR is a 32S with 156 seats.
17,632 seats are available per day to fly out of Paris, FR connecting to Tucuman, AR
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Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003)
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ReviewsThe Skills of an Artist2 years, 11 months ago at May 22 20:28
Hello, little girl, my name is The Artist. Because I am The Artist, I create pictures. This is, you might say, my ancient profession, yes. Pictures, they are what I create. And painting, that is how I make them, and I call them "paintings". Little girl, these words might not fit okay inside your head, but fear nothing! Our oeconomy being this primitive, we basically just use you to... read more Review2 years, 2 months ago at Feb 17 18:05
Scarlett Johansson is cute and fragile in this movie. It's a little bit slow, but beautifull. Good movie to watch if you are not tired.
Review1 year, 11 months ago at May 26 21:05
Scarlett is good in the movie. Good story telling. Nice Camera....little slow.. but good movie.. but I did not like Colin...not good acting |
This film, adapted from a work of fiction by author Tracy Chevalier, tells a story about the events surrounding the creation of the painting "Girl With A Pearl Earring" by 17th century Dutch master Johannes Vermeer. Little is known about the girl in the painting, it is speculated that she was a maid who lived in the house of
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Release date: 9 January 2004
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This GB Cool Tools has been really flooding the Kelowna listings lately (cool2ls). I note he joined in 2003 but obviously became super active about 40 days ago. He hasn't posted anywhere except for prices yet.
Happy Birthday, buddy!
Happy 4th weekend
Hate to lose the cute pup pic. but your choice. Have a nice weekend. David
Oh, by the way, A BIG CONGRATS on your 90 Cons. Days and your soon to have your racing stripes!! Woo Hoo!!. Have a great weekend. D.
Just in case you missed the request for the Full Access with all that other info. I like seeing all the profile pictures hung at your site. I feel like an unwelcome bud w/o it. I am not interested in trying to steal yours buds. Got enough of them already. Am sad to do, I will drop our buddy connection in a week w/o it.
Love your car pictures. I drive an old '85 318i. Your pooch looks like a real sweet one. Would you add me on as a buddy? Thanks! David..........QQ
Noted your post to Suzanne8, if she's just visiting from Vancouver it won't be a problem but quick action on your part. I just noticed it now, too much football I guess.
Good, you
How are you today?


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In this truly inspirational audio book, Anita Moorjani relates how, after fighting cancer for almost four years, her body began shutting down - overwhelmed by the malignant cells spreading throughout her system. As her organs failed, she entered into an extraordinary near-death experience (NDE) where she realized her inherent worth... and the actual cause of her disease. Upon regaining consciousness, Anita found that her condition had improved so rapidly that she was released from the hospital within weeks - without a trace of cancer in her body!
"SImply Amazing"
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Yes, it was very informative and interesting
the main character because it was her story
she just told it like it was
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Viennese cheesecake
{recipe} Caramel cheesecake
Very light and yummy New York Cheesecake {scroll down for recipe in English}
Stone Fruit & Quark Mousse Cake - A light lemon scented sponge layered with a quark cheese & cream, made even more delicious with a stone fruit pie filling.
Mixed berries cheesecake
A delicious light summer cheesecake with a biscuit base & fresh cherry topping.
What is life without inspiration? These Chocolate Quark Mousse Tarts in Almond Pastry were a result of one such inspiration!
My twist to the Pflaumenkuchen, with some ricotta added to it as topping.A dusting of castor or vanilla sugar & drizzle of cream completes the magic!
#pieformikey ... No peanut butter at home, so made an Upside Down Mango Quark Cheese Pie
Savoury Pastry Puffs - A heart warming combination of chicken,sautéed mushrooms & roasted bell peppers,creamy homemade quark & mozzarella.
A finger licking good, healthy, vegetarian dessert made with minimal fuss using curd cheese and roasted balsamic strawberries. Decadent, delicious and no bake!
Polish Style Cheesecake with Curd Cheese.
How to make curd cheese?
[DB] Salmon and Wild Rice Strudel
[DB] Cream cheese pecan strudel (Daring Bakers May challenge)
[DB] Mango/ papaya strudel, peach mousse mini tarts and more
Strawberry Curd Cheese Tartlets...inspired by Helen of Tartlette. A sable crust tart, with a strawberry curd cheese filling. Topped with dried strawberries in white chocolate, pisatachios & chocolate.
Spring Jacket Potatoes with Avocado, Pepper and Mustard Cress


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ING Names Winners of 'ING Run For Something Better' Student Essay Contest
San Francisco middle school students write about benefits of running; top essayists honored at ING RFSB 4k Run before ING Bay to Breakers 12k SAN FRANCISCO, May 14 /PRNewswire/ -- Financial services leader ING today selected three winners of a student essay contest. The ...ING Names Winners of 'ING Run For Something Better' Student Essay Contest
Metro Atlanta middle school children write about benefits of running; top essayists honored at luncheon Friday before ING Georgia Marathon ATLANTA, March 25 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Financial services leader ING today selected three winners of a student essay contest. The essay win...ING Run For Something Better Receives Healthy Youth for a Healthy Future Champion Award
Acting Surgeon General recognizes school-based running program for promoting healthy lifestyle ATLANTA, Feb. 24 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Financial services leader ING today received the Healthy Youth for a Healthy Future Champion Award from the Surgeon General for its ING Run For Something B...ING and Fit Miami Foundation Name Winners of 'ING Run For Something Better' Student Essay Contest
MIAMI, Jan. 21 /PRNewswire/ -- Financial services leader ING and the Fit Miami Foundation today selected three winners of a student essay contest that celebrates their success in the ING Run For Something Better running program in Miami-Dade County public middle schools. The top three e...Latest Trick-or-Treats Give You Something Good to Eat
New industry survey by the National Confectioners Association reveals new 'better for you' options; portion-controlled treats remain popular this Halloween VIENNA, Va., Oct. 1 /PRNewswire/ -- For the 93 percent of kids who will trick-or-treat this year, Halloween...Single Port Surgeries Now Performed at University Medical Center at Princeton
...rd-certified surgeon who performs single port procedures at University Medical Center at Princeton. "This is where the technology is moving, and it's something people can take advantage of right now." Dr. Davison has performed more than 30 single port surgeries since mastering the technique last fall. G...Genetic Source of Rare Childhood Cancer Found; Gene is Implicated in Other Cancers
...als and Clinics of Minnesota and other collaborating institutions adds the final link to the chain connecting the gene DICER1 to cancer development -- something that had been suspected but until now not definitively demonstrated. The results were presented today at the American Association for Cancer Rese...Parkinson's Disease Medication Triggers Destructive Behaviors
...ic circuits, which are thought to be fundamental substrates for emotional, reward and hedonistic behaviors. "The 2005 case series alerted us that something bad was happening to some unfortunate people. This study was done to assess the likelihood that this effect would happen to the average Parkinson's pa...Neuralstem's Human Stem Cells Integrate into Nervous System of Rats with Animal Model of ALS
... ) "This is the first demonstration of transplanted human neurons synapsing, or making mature structural connections, with the rat motor neurons, something which has not been demonstrated before," said Dr. Karl Johe, Neuralstem's Chief Scientific Officer and a study co-author. "Our earlier work with this ...National Eyewear Collection by Marcolin
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In their hunt for genes and proteins that explain how animals discern bitter from sweet, a team of Johns Hopkins researchers began by testing whether mutant fruit flies prefer eating sugar over sugar laced with caffeine. Using a simple behavioral test, the researchers discovered that a single prot...There's something fishy about human brain evolution
Forget the textbook story about tool use and language sparking the dramatic evolutionary growth of the human brain. Instead, imagine ancient hominid children chasing frogs. Not for fun, but for food. According to Dr. Stephen Cunnane it was a rich and secure shore-based diet that fuelled and provi...Abnormal brain circuits may prevent movement disorder
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...e bugs' cuticle matched that of the ants," says Whitehead. "The bugs mimic the hydrocarbons that the ants produce, so the ants don't recognize them as something foreign." Even if this chemical camouflage is energetically costly for the bugs to produce, the benefits outweigh the costs, says Whitehead. "H...La Jolla Institute discovers novel tumor suppressor
... Alabama and the University of Western Ontario also contributed to the study. Dr. Kawakami said he and his research team got their first inkling of something unexpected fairly early on in their experiments. "We wanted to better understand the PLC-beta 3 enzyme's possible role as a signaling pathway in asth...Microrobots dance on something smaller than a pin's head
DURHAM, N.C. -- Microscopic robots crafted to maneuver separately without any obvious guidance are now assembling into self-organized structures after years of continuing research led by a Duke University computer scientist. "It's marvelous to be able to do assembly and control at this fine a r...This FlashMob is something super
What are you doing on April 3? If you're in the San Francisco area, you could be part of something big. Really big. Super big. On that one day, the University of San Francisco will attempt to create an ad hoc, networked supercomputer from the assembled processing power of an expected 1,000 lapt...FDA: Tortoise, hare, or something else?
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Tips for saving $$
plan meals/stick to meal plan/cook from scratch
use a clothes line, shop sales, buy second hand, use coupons, shop clearance, reuse things, trade stuff you no longer need for things you can use, call the companies you do business with and see if you can lower your bills at all, plant a garden, ect
Quoting aidansmommy219:
Don't impulse buy, plan ahead.
These are both great tips
When using cash don't look for change. Round up and put the change in a jar for savings.
When using a debit card/check when you write it in your check book round it up. Trust me, it will help if you forget to write a purchase down and would normally have overdrawn. Not to mention you are just hiding money from yourself.


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Milk production
Socio-economic impact
Erosion of genetic resources and breeding
Feeding buffalo
Buffalo management
Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer technology
The world population of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) has been estimated at over 140 million head (FAO 1991). Of these, 97 per cent are found in Asia and the Pacific region, mainly in India (75 million), China (21 million), Pakistan (14 million) and Thailand (6 million). About 98 per cent of buffalo in the region are raised by small farmers owning less than two hectares of land and less than five buffalo. The buffalo originated in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, thrived throughout Asia and became a symbol of life, religion and endurance. Water buffalo were in the service of humans as early as 2500-2100 BC. Buffalo have been classified into two distinct classes: swamp and river (Mudgal 1992).
The swamp buffalo of China, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Burma (Myamar), Laos, Sri Lanka, Kampuchea and Malaysia, are mainly used as draught animals particularly in rice cultivation. Very few swamp buffalo are reared for milk because they only produce 1.0 to 1.5 litres of milk per day. In contrast, the riverine breeds of the Indian sub-continent are mainly raised for milk production since they yield six to seven litres of milk daily.
Buffalo are the second largest source of milk supply. Of the 38.5 million tons of world milk production, India produces 23.6 million and Pakistan 10.5 million tons (FAO 1991, Table 6.1). While the world cattle population over the last 18 years has risen by less than one per cent per year, the buffalo population has gone up by two per cent per year, with higher rises in India (3.5 per cent), Pakistan (5.4 per cent), China (3.7 per cent), Vietnam (4.8 per cent) and Nepal (2.0 per cent). The higher population growth rate of buffalo can be attributed to better conversion efficiency compared to the local cattle. Ninety-five per cent of India's milk is produced from bovine diets based on crop residues like wheat straw, paddy straw, maize and millet stovers, supplemented with concentrates made out of agricultural by-products such as, oil cakes, rice polish and molasses. In India buffalo account for 33 per cent of the milk animal population and 45 per cent of milk.
Table 6.1. Buffalo milk production (unit: 1000 tonnes).Country | 1980 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1990 |
Average annual growth rate1980-90 (%) |
Bangladesh | 26 |
21 |
22 |
22 |
22 |
0.5 |
Bhutan | 2 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
1.7 |
China | 1390 |
1800 |
1850 |
1900 |
1938 |
3.7 |
India | 17358 |
23323 |
25239 |
25955 |
23600 |
3.7 |
Myanmar | 54 |
73 |
75 |
60 |
63 |
2.0 |
Nepal | 500 |
547 |
808 |
590 |
603 |
2.6 |
Pakistan | 6383 |
8790 |
9317 |
9920 |
10538 |
5.4 |
Philippines | 17 |
20 |
19 |
19 |
19 |
0.9 |
Sri Lanka | 55 |
67 |
53 |
55 |
55 |
-1.3 |
Thailand | 7 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
-0.5 |
Vietnam | 15 |
20 |
20 |
24 |
25 |
4.8 |
Twelve of the 18 major breeds of buffalo are kept primarily for milk production. The main milk breeds of India and Pakistan are the Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Surti, Mehsana, Nagpuri and Jafarabadi. Buffalo are used for milk production in, Egypt, Eastern Europe, Italy, Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Brazil.
Buffalo of the Indian Sub-continent have been grouped into the following five distinct groups:
1. Murrah Group: Comprises Murrah, Niti-Ravi and Kundi : Niti-Ravi and Kundi have their home tract in Pakistan. The former is also found in Indian Punjab along the border with Pakistan. The new breed Godavari is a cross between the local buffalo of coastal Andhra Pradesh and Murrah.
2. Gujrat Group: Surti, Jaffarabadi and Mehsana. The Mehsana has been developed from crosses between Murrah and Surti.
3. Uttar Pradesh Group: Bhadawari and Tarai.
4. Central India Group: Nagpuri, Pandharpuri, Manda, Jerangi, Kalhandi and Sambalpuri.
5. South India Group: Toda and South Kanara.
The overall production performance of buffalo in Pakistan is presented in Table 6.2
Table 6.2. Production performance of buffalo in Pakistan.Nili-Ravi |
Kundhi |
Characteristics | Mean |
Range |
Mean |
Range |
Body weight (kg) | |||||
Male | 39.8 |
32-58 |
35.1 |
33.4-37 |
Female | 37.7 |
27-45 |
32.3 |
31-34.5 |
Age at first calving (months) | 47 |
30-54 |
52.7 |
48.57 |
Weight at first calving (kg) | 625 |
544-695 |
495 |
407-585 |
Lactation length (days) | 312 |
200-450 |
277 |
244-300 |
Lactation yield (l) | 2070 |
1700-2700 |
1825 |
1580-2018 |
Dry period (days) | 160 |
95-240 |
176 |
134-214 |
The production performance of two herds of Murrah buffalo in India is presented in Table 6.3. Age at first calving ranges from 54.6 months (Chhikara et al 1978) to 39.9 months (Bhadula and Desai 1973) in Murrah buffalo. The first lactation performance, service period and calving Intervals are presented in Tables 6.4 and 6.5, respectively.
Table 6.3. Production performance of Murrah buffalo.Traits | Murrah, NDRI, Karnal 1995-96 |
Murrah CIRB, Hisar 1987 |
Calving (months) | 46.3 |
56.3 |
Total milk yield/ lactation (kg) | 2303.8 |
1865.8 |
305 days of less milk yield (kg) | 2101.1 |
- |
Lactation length (days) | 331 |
319 |
Dry period (days) | 111 |
224 |
Service period (days) | 135 |
- |
Calving Interval (days) | 420 |
554 |
The Indian diet is mainly vegetarian and people relish the hot thick creamy milk for their breakfast associated with higher fat content (Table 6.6).
Table 6.4. First lactation performance of different breeds (Mudgal and Sethi 1989).Breeds | Lactation milk yield (kg) |
Lactation length (days) |
interval |
Murrah | 1635±23 |
296± 3.2 |
483±7.0 |
Nili-Ravi | 1707±30 |
306±4.4 |
509±10.1 |
Surti | 1460±28 |
315±9.0 |
538±23.0 |
Bhadawari | 1165±17 |
276±2.2 |
456±10.0 |
Nagpuri | 926±17 |
295±4.1 |
- |
Nili Ravi (Pakistan) | 1181±9 |
281±0.5 |
506±4.0 |
Table 6.5. Average service and dry period and calving interval in different riverene buffalo.
Breed | Service
period |
period |
interval |
Murrah | 142± 7 |
- |
- |
Murrah1 | 133±7 |
149±6 |
445±7 |
Murrah2 | - |
176±6 |
434±6 |
Murrah3 | - |
- |
457±4 |
Bhadawari4 | - |
156±8 |
548±10 |
Nagpuri5 | 73-130 |
95-155 |
- |
Nagpuri6 | 99±4 |
95-155 |
- |
Dharwari7 | 133 |
148±6 |
- |
Niti-Ravi8 | 211 |
198 |
530 |
1. Basu et
al (1978); 2. Gurnani et al (1976); 3. Lall (1975); 4. Singh and Desai (1962); 5. Belorkar et al (1977); 6. Deb and Kadu (1977); 7. Siddappa and Gani (1976); 8. Chaudhary and Ahmed (1978). |
They also enjoy the curd, butter milk and sweet meats prepared from buffalo milk. Buffalo milk has higher fat, protein and vitamins. Buffalo milk has less cholesterol and more tocopherol, which is a natural anti-oxidant. The peroxidase activity in buffalo milk is 2 to 4 times higher than cows milk which accounts for the higher natural preservability of buffalo milk. Buffalo milk is richer in calcium and phosphorus and lower in sodium and potassium than cow milk. It is not feasible to segregate cow and buffalo milk and collect them separately in countries where the ratio of production of buffalo milk to cow milk is high and the size of animal holding is small.
In a study in Punjab (India), a predominantly buffalo area, it was noted that milk production was apparently the greatest component of economic change of the lower strata of the farming community, while income from the sale of milk constituted 25 per cent of the total farm income in Punjab. This income also corrects the negative income balances from general farming particularly for marginal and small farmers. Hence milk production is apparently the largest component of economic change in the lower section of the farming community.
Table 6.6. Typical composition of buffalo milk and cow milk (Anon 1995).Traits | Cow |
Buffalo |
Total solids (%) | 13.10 |
16.30 |
Fat (%) | 4.30 |
7.90 |
Protein (%) | 3.60 |
4.20 |
Lactose (%) | 4.80 |
5.00 |
Tocopherol (mg/g) | 0.31 |
0.33 |
Cholesterol (mg/g) | 3.14 |
0.65 |
Calcium (mg/100 g) | 165.00 |
264.00 |
Phosphorus (mg/100 g) | 213.00 |
268.00 |
Magnesium (mg/100 g) | 23.00 |
30.00 |
Potassium (mg/100 mg) | 185.00 |
107.00 |
Sodium (mg/100 g) | 73.00 |
65.00 |
Vitamin A (incl. Carotene) IU. | 30.30 |
33.00 |
Vitamin C (mg/100 g) | 1.90 |
6.70 |
Crossbreeding among riverine breeds: Crossing/grading of Surti in Gujrat (India) and of local buffalo in coastal Andhra Pradesh with Murrah resulted in the evolution of Mehsana and Godavari breeds respectively. The crossbreeds involving Murrah and Surti had a lower age at first calving, shorter dry period and shorter intercalving period than both the parents.
Crossbreeding between riverine and Swamp buffalo in the Philippines, resulted in 100 per cent higher weight at one year for crossbred raised in confinement and 40 per cent under range management conditions. Milk yield in crossbreeds averaged 1300 litres compared to 500 litres in the Swamp buffalo. There was little difference in draught capacities.
Buffalo have been bred to pull loads greater than three times their body weight while also producing milk (Acharya and Bhat 1989). These loads can be pulled for two to three hours continuously and for six to eight hours a day during winter and five to six hours during summer with rest pauses in between. Working buffalo increases heart rate, respiratory activity, body temperature and plasma volume and develops a mild alkalosis. Milk production can be maintained when buffalo cows were fed and managed adequately although it is compromised under hot environmental conditions.
In the Indian sub-continent the high producing milk buffalo are brought from their breeding tracts to metropolitan cities and after completion of lactation, they are slaughtered. Similarly younger and heavier males in some South east Asian countries, because of higher demand for meat for internal consumption and export, are slaughtered, resulting in the loss of valuable germ plasm. The Haryana Government (the home tract of Murrah buffalo) in India have banned the export of Murrah buffalo from the state till they leave behind one or two calves in the home tract. Salvation of this high producing genetic material could occur by collecting their ovaries after slaughter, allowing for oocyte maturation and in vitro fertilisation and transplanting such embryos into low producing surrogate mothers.
Buffalo digest feeds more efficiently than cattle, particularly when feeds are of poor quality and high in cellulose (Punj et al 1968; Ichhponani et al 1971 a and b; Ludri and Razdan 1980). One study revealed that digestibility of wheat straw cellulose was 24.3 per cent for cattle and 30.7 per cent for buffalo. The figures for berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) cellulose was 34.6 per cent for cattle and 52.2 per cent for buffalo (Sharma and Mudgal 1966; Ichhponani and Sidhu 1966). In another trial, the digestion of straw fibre was 64.7 per cent in cattle and 79.8 per cent in buffalo (Sebastian et al 1970). Other nutrients reported to be more highly digested in buffalo than Zebu cattle were crude fat, calcium, phosphorus and non-protein nitrogen (NPN). Similar results have been reported from Pakistan (McDowell et al 1990).
The buffalo's success in using poor quality forages is related to:
· high rate of salivation (associated with pH control, recycling of nitrogen and sulphur)
Pradhen et al (1991) reported that irrespective of the source, buffalo have a higher capacity to digest dietary crude protein and crude fibre than cattle. This has been attributed to the lower feed intake and fasting heat production (68.4 kcal/unit W0.75) than crossbred cattle (81.6 kcal/unit w0.75). Higher fibre digestion in buffalo may be due to a narrow calorie protein ratio, which is better suited to proliferation of ruminal cellulolytic microbes, than those by cattle. The additional causes for better conversion of feed in buffalo may be attributed to longer retention of feed in the digestive tract, favourable rumen conditions for NH3 utilisation, less depression of cellulose digestibility by soluble carbohydrates, higher capacity to handle the stressful environment, and a wide range of grazing preferences. In a study by Lal et al (1987), buffalo did not differ from crossbred cattle in respect to energy digestion, though these differences existed with regards to buffalo and exotic cattle. However, Agarwal et al (1990) reported higher efficiency of conversion of nutrients from feeds such as berseem, oats, maize and sorghum, to milk in crossbred cows than buffalo. This is contrary to those reported by Mudgal (1988) when straw based diet was fed to ruminant species which may be attributed to the higher activity of cellulase in buffalo (399) than cattle (300 ug sugar/mg protein) fed on a high fibre diet. However, other microbial intracellular enzyme profiles responsible for proteo-synthetic activities remain identical in cattle and buffalo on the same diet. Activities of animo-transferases and synthetases vary due to the dietary fibre and protein sources (Pradhan et al 1991).
Microbial populations in the rumen of cattle and buffalo have been compared. In general, protozoal counts were significantly higher (P<0.05) in buffalo than in cattle fed on straw and varied protein supplements. The conspicuous absence of only Diplodinium cristagalli in cattle and Qphryoslex purkynei and Epidinium ecandatum in buffalo was detected. Minimum distribution was observed in Eudiplodinium and metadinium in both species, while the occurrence of Entodinium was most predominant. Buffalo exhibited higher amounts of rumen amylolytic bacteria than cattle fed on groundnut cake as a protein supplement, but this difference vanished when another protein supplement (sesame meal) was used. Buffalo had a higher cellulolytic bacterial population in the rumen (6.86 x 108/ml) than in cattle (2.58 x 108/ml) when maintained on wheat straw and concentrate mixture. In recent studies Chhabra et al (1998) confirmed the total viable counts and the proportion of cellulolytic amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria was higher in buffalo compared to cattle. The berseem fed rumen (cattle) showed highest cellulolytic counts in cattle, whereas sorghum fed buffalo rumen recorded a higher count compared to cattle.
Since buffalo have a higher capacity to digest fibrous feeds such as straws, which are deficient in nitrogen content, various studies have shown that the NPN supplementation such as urea and biuret is utilised in buffalo in a better way than cattle. Biuret was found to be superior to urea in both the species and dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility were higher in buffalo than cattle, irrespective of NPN supplement and their level (Mudgal et al 1983). Sharma and Mudgal (1981) reported that incorporation of two and three per cent urea in the concentrate mixture of lactating zebu cattle and buffalo, fed on a wheat straw based diet did not affect dry matter intake/kg w0.75 however, nutrient digestion was significantly higher (P<0.01) in buffalo than cattle. The level of urea did not influence the fibre digestibility and milk yield in both the species but milk fat and protein content were increased following the feeding of urea.
In South Asia, limited grazing, tethering and cut-and-carry feeding are more common. The principle aim of this process is to make available those nutrients which buffalo lack due to limited access to grazing. The reverse is true throughout most parts of South East Asia where buffalo derive most of their nutrient needs for maintenance and production from grazing approximately six to eight hours per day. They may also be fed with limited supplements in the evening such as cereal straws and cakes (coconut cake or groundnut cake), brans (rice and wheat) or leguminous forages (Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia maculate and Manihot esculenta Crantz) and salt.
In South Asia chronic annual feed shortages for animals and under-nutrition are common. However, there has been a significant trend towards reduced feed deficits, which is probably reflective of improved feeding systems, more efficient use of all available feeds and increasingly intensive systems of production. Further opportunities exist for reducing this feed deficit through more intensive use of non-conventional feed resources (Devendra 1988; Mudgal 1990).
By comparison, the annual availability of feed for ruminants is generally inadequate in most countries in humid South East Asia, such as Sri Lanka, Malaysia and the Philippines. In these situations, feeding strategies could be more selective, and use a variety of traditional feeds such as Guinea (Panicum maximum) or Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) grasses, agro-industrial by-products or a variety of shrubs and tree legumes.
The main concept promoted under the National Dairy Development Board's `Operation Flood' for improvement of feeding systems in India is optimal utilisation of available feed resources. Considering that the major feed resource in India is cereal straws and that the nutritive value of straw can be increased considerably through supplementation with concentrate, green fodder and some special supplementation, such as urea molasses blocks, emphasis has been placed on both cattle feed and green fodder production. Efforts have also been made to improve utilisation of straws through direct treatment of straws.
By the end of March 1990, there were 40 cattle feed plants with a total capacity of 4305 MT per day. The sale of cattle feed per litre of milk procured during 1989-90 was 205 g/l (Kurup 1990). Seventeen plants also produced bypass protein feed which formed about 18 per cent of total cattle feed production. In addition, eight urea molasses block plants have been established. These plants in 1989-90 produced and sold 407 MT of urea molasses blocks. Village demonstrations (3106) on straw treatment were also carried out. Improved fodder seeds, fodder demonstrations, and mini-kit distribution have been implemented under Operation Flood III. The programme does not distinguish between cattle and buffalo dairy enterprises.
Milk of the buffalo is richer in fat and solids-not-fat, creating higher nutrient requirements. If a high producing buffalo is giving 25 kg of milk, it may require 64.8 Mcal of ME per day for milk production alone. This may be about two to three times its requirements for maintenance. To satisfy energy requirements a buffalo producing 25 kg of milk would require 16 to 17 kg of dry matter per day. As a general rule, the maximum daily intake of dry buffalo does not exceed two per cent of their live weight or 11.0 kg dry matter per 550 kg body weight. High yielding buffalo are therefore often unable to eat enough to satisfy their requirements for energy, particularly if the energy concentration of their diet is low.
It has become clear that maintenance requirements do not remain the same in dry and lactating buffalo as was assumed earlier. Recent studies have revealed that during lactation, heat production in an animal of 550 kg body weight is increased by over 2000 kilocalories per day. Therefore, for high producing buffalo to meet energy requirements, higher levels of intake are required. Also, when the level of intake increases it depresses the digestibility and ultimately metabolisable energy available to the animal because conversion into milk is less than the calculated value. Under such circumstances concentrate feeding is introduced because the high energy requirements cannot be met only by fodder.
The higher feed intake and greater transformation of digested organic matter in intermediary metabolism by lactating as opposed to non-lactating buffalo is responsible for higher maintenance energy requirements for lactating buffalo. The dairy buffalo which has higher basal metabolism during lactation will need more energy for maintenance than the dry buffalo. Thus provision of energy for maintenance in dairy cows and buffalo should be liberal (Holmes and Jones 1965; Patle and Mudgal 1977; Mudgal 1991). Moreover, in high producing animals, there is pressure to produce a greater quantity of milk. Feeding high fibre diets may add further stress in chewing, ruminating digestion. Concentrates are important in this situation.
From the studies conducted at NDDB, it has been found that when 30 per cent of requirements were given through concentrate to Surti buffalo, along with ad lib urea molasses lick and straw, milk production of 5.65 kg/day was maintained. However, the animals lost 455 g in body weight per day. On the other hand, when the concentrate level was increased to 70 per cent, Surti buffalo produced 6.27 kg milk per day and gained 246 g body weight per day (Kunju 1988). Urea molasses lick supplementation maintained milk production in both Jersey and crossbred cows without the loss of body weight at 50 per cent reduction of green fodder dry matter and ad lib feeding of rice straw. The reduction of 30 per cent concentrate or 50 per cent green fodder with sustained milk production when urea molasses lick supplemented diets of buffalo decreases, costs of production.
Irrespective of breed, season or time of day, body temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate of buffalo in the shade is lower than that of cattle. These physiological differences often lead to buffalo being incorrectly considered to have a better heat regulatory mechanism.
Housing needs to be very simple, because the winter is mild and the rain fall medium, with severe heat in the summer. Such a climate calls for open structures allowing plenty of air movement to keep heat stress to a minimum. A system of loose housing is best for these conditions and also saves on labour. A system for a herd of 20 cows was devised at the National Dairy Research Institute Karnal. This consists of a roofed shed 40'x15' (about 12.5 m x 4.5 m), along the 40' length on one side is a 2.5' (0.75 m) wide manger, with a water trough at one end. The remaining 12' (3.75 m) of the 15 ft (4.5 m) covered space is concreted and slopes away from the manger. There is an open paved area behind measuring 40'x35' (12.5 m x 10.75m) surrounded by a 5' (1.5m) wall with a gate (Sundaresan 1973).
Buffalo like to wallow in fresh water in herds. In hot weather, perhaps due to their thick subcutaneous fat layer and less developed sweat glands, buffalo are more comfortable while wallowing. Even sprinkling of water or showering and splashing makes buffalo comfortable. Wallowing buffalo seek out rivers, ponds and other waters in groups of five to ten animals clustered together. When sufficient water is not available particularly in the summer months, they lie in the mud to keep their body cool.
Wallowing tanks should be provided on large farms and animals in small numbers should be washed or showered once or twice a day. Various thermal ameliorative measures that have been tried include wallowing, mud plastering, sprinkling, splashing, body wetting with small quantities of water and providing cool drinking water (Pandey and Raizada 1979). Simple body wetting two to three times during the hottest part of the day was found to keep buffalo in a reasonably comfortable condition as judged by their physiological reactions (Sastry and Tripathi 1988).
Despite the evidence of some intrinsic hormonal constraints in the buffalo (Madan 1987), the problem of long intercalving periods seems to be due to environmental factors, and can be controlled by the farmer (Sastry and Tripathi 1988). Bhat et al (1983) observed that buffalo cows continue to come in heat regularly in all months, the highest incidence being after a period of wet season feeding. However, conception rates at this time are lower due to poor semen quality of buffalo bulls. Buffalo protected from high ambient temperature and direct solar radiation, and with adequate nutrition, show higher reproductive performance (Acharya and Bhat 1989). Management practices involving provision of shade and application of water to the skin surface reducing the adverse effects of a hot environment and improving estral expressivity and thus reducing seasonality of breeding, should be adopted. In addition, low levels of nutrition appeared to increase the length of the oestrus cycle.
The summer management practices desirable for improving the reproductive performance of buffalo cows includes:
Protection against thermal stress:
Improving the nutritional status
Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) in buffalo is still in the initial stages of experimentation. Whether or not embryo transfer is appropriate and worth while as a technological tool in buffalo reproduction improvement is difficult to appraise at the present stage of development. The initial success of Drost et al (1983) in the United States, who pioneered application of the technology in buffalo, was soon followed with the successful birth of buffalo calves in Bulgaria and in India by Madan (1989). In view of the poor knowledge concerning the reproductive physiology and endocrinology of buffalo, embryo transfer can be instrumental in opening the way to a more accurate understanding of numerous unknown aspects of reproduction. Information concerning superovulation response, recovery rate of embryos and their quality vis-ŕ-vis the endocrine picture of both super-ovulated and normal cyclic animals, needs to be generated for a better understanding of reproduction and development of MOET in buffalo.
So far the embryo recovery rate is only 1.16 embryos per donor with a conception rate of 14 per cent. MOET in Swamp buffalo under tropical conditions suffers from many constraints such as, detecting and regulating oestrus, setting a date for multiple ovulation and insemination, collecting embryos and finding appropriate recipients. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the causes of the low MOET success rate in buffalo. The possibilities of single ovulation and embryo transfer (SOET) in non-superovulated buffalo needs further exploration (Singla and Madan 1990). Therefore, in developing countries where few infrastructural facilities for effective progeny testing programs under field conditions exist the MOET nucleus scheme can prove to be a useful alternative for production and evaluation of young bulls in organised /institutional herds, although this is not a smallholder technology.
FAO conferences in New Delhi, India (1988) and Varna, Bulgaria (1991) concluded that, reproduction is the major limiting factor in improving buffalo productivity. The late age at first calving, longer post-partum oestrus interval and consequently longer calving intervals, problems of detection of oestrus and poor conception rates, particularly from frozen semen are some of the problems resulting in poor reproductive performance in buffalo. There are still problems in the implementation of MOET in buffalo. A need exists for a network program with India, Pakistan, Egypt, Bulgaria, Sri Lanka, Argentina, Philippines, Thailand, China and Indonesia, with a focus on milking buffalo.
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Milking buffalo
NiliRavi buffalo