text:
King Lit Wong, Ph.D.
Johnson Space Center Toxicology Group
Biomedical Operations and Research Branch
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Houston, Texas
The compound 1, 2-dichloroethane (EDC) is a colorless liquid with an odor characteristic of chlorinated hydrocarbons (ACGIH, 1991).
Synonym: |
Ethylene dichloride |
Formula: |
CH2ClCH2Cl |
CAS number: |
107-06-2 |
Molecular weight: |
99.0 |
Boiling point: |
Melting point: |
Specific gravity: |
0.94 |
Vapor pressure: |
87 mmHg at 25°C |
Saturated vapor concentration: |
114,474 ppm at 25°C |
Conversion factors at 25°C, 1 atm: |
1 ppm = 4.05 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 = 0.25 ppm |
EDC has been used in vinyl chloride manufacture, as a solvent, degreaser, and fumigant (ACGIH, 1991). EDC has been detected at a trace concentration (just enough was collected on Tenax for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry qualitative identification, but not for
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B6 1,2-Dichloroethane
King Lit Wong, Ph.D.
Johnson Space Center Toxicology Group
Biomedical Operations and Research Branch
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Houston, Texas
The compound 1, 2-dichloroethane (EDC) is a colorless liquid with an odor characteristic of chlorinated hydrocarbons (ACGIH, 1991).
Ethylene dichloride
CAS number:
Molecular weight:
Boiling point:
Melting point:
Specific gravity:
Vapor pressure:
87 mmHg at 25°C
Saturated vapor concentration:
114,474 ppm at 25°C
Conversion factors at 25°C, 1 atm:
1 ppm = 4.05 mg/m3
1 mg/m3 = 0.25 ppm
EDC has been used in vinyl chloride manufacture, as a solvent, degreaser, and fumigant (ACGIH, 1991). EDC has been detected at a trace concentration (just enough was collected on Tenax for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry qualitative identification, but not for
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quantitative analysis) in air samples taken in a shuttle mission (NASA, 1990). Off-gassing was most likely its source in that mission.
Reitz et al. (1982) did a toxicokinetic study in rats using the maximally tolerated concentration of EDC (i.e., 150 ppm) from a 2-y bioassay of Maltoni et al. (1980). When the rats were exposed at 150 ppm for 6 h, the blood concentration reached a plateau in about 2 h; this observation indicated that EDC was absorbed readily. When the 6-h exposure ended, the compound was rapidly cleared from the blood with a bi-exponential decay, and the half-lives of the two phases were 6 and 35 min. During the 48 h after the 6-h exposure, only 1.8% of the amount of EDC absorbed by the body (the total body burden) was exhaled unchanged. Much of the total body burden was excreted in those 48 h as metabolites: 84.4% in urine, 7.0% as CO2, and 1.7% in feces, so that only 4.4% of the total body burden remained in the rat's body after 48 h.
Anders and Livesey (1980) showed that EDC is metabolized by two competing pathways. A proposed metabolic scheme is shown in Figure 6-1 (IPCS, 1987). In one pathway, EDC is oxidized by the cytochrome P-450 system to 2-chloroacetaldehyde, which could react with macromolecules in the cell. 2-Chloroacetaldehyde could be further oxidized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to 2-chloroacetic acid, which is oxidized to 2-chloroethanol or conjugated with glutathione, and be eliminated eventually. Another pathway involves direct conjugation with glutathione to form S-(2-chloroethyl)-glutathione, which could either form glutathione episulfonium ion or react with glutathione to form ethane and hydrogen chloride. Glutathione episulfonium ion could react with cellular macromolecules, or it could conjugate with glutathione to form S, S'-ethane bisglutathione, which is then eliminated after being transformed into other metabolites.
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FIGURE 6-1 Proposed metabolic pathways for 1, 2-dichloroethane. Source: Adapted from IPCS, 1987.
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Because both metabolic pathways generate a metabolite (i.e., 2-chloroacetaldehyde and glutathione episulfonium ion) that could react with macromolecules, it is of interest to compare their genotoxic potency. Storer and Conolly (1985) compared the amount of hepatic DNA damage in EDC-exposed mice pretreated with dimethyl maleate, which depleted glutathione, or piperonyl butoxide, which inhibited the cytochrome P-450 system. They demonstrated that EDC resulted in more hepatic DNA damage during inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 than during depletion of glutathione. Therefore, the metabolites in the glutathione conjugation pathway are more genotoxic than those in the oxidative pathway (Storer and Conolly, 1985). It appears that glutathione episulfonium ion is probably the major genotoxic metabolite of EDC.
The cytochrome P-450 oxidative pathway of EDC metabolism is saturable at lower EDC concentrations than the glutathione conjugation pathway (NRC, 1987). Based on a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, the cytochrome P-450 oxidative pathway tends to be saturated at an oral EDC dose of about 1 mg/kg in mice (NRC, 1987). In rats, as the EDC dose increased to above 25 mg/kg, there was a transient depletion of glutathione in the liver (D'Souza et al., 1988). Therefore, at oral EDC doses below 1 mg/kg, the model predicts that the amount of glutathione-conjugate metabolite formed in the liver of mice increases linearly with the dose (NRC, 1987). At doses between 1 and 25 mg/kg, the amount of glutathione-conjugate metabolite in the liver does not increase linearly with the dose, but instead it curves upward, probably because of the saturation of the cytochrome P-450 pathway. Between a dose of 25 and 150 mg/kg, however, the amount of glutathione-conjugate metabolite begins to reach a plateau because of glutathione depletion.
EDC is known to cause death, central-nervous-system (CNS) depression, miscellaneous symptoms, corneal opacity, gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatic toxicity, and impairment of host defense toward microbes. It has also been shown to cause tumors in rodents.
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Acute and Short-Term Exposures
The literature on the toxic effects of EDC after a single exposure or after exposures repeated for no more than 7 d is reviewed here.
A number of fatal cases of accidental EDC poisoning have been reported in the literature. Most of them involve occupational exposures. These workers were generally found unconscious after an acute exposure to a presumably very high, but unknown, concentration of EDC. Their symptoms and signs could include CNS depression, weakness of the limbs, cyanosis, rales over the chest, tachycardia, jaundice, and anuria. Autopsies showed lung edema and congestion, fatty liver, hepatic necrosis, cavernous formations in liver, hyalinized or swollen glomeruli, swollen renal tubules with the lumen filled with dead cells or hyaline and granular casts, and granular degeneration of renal tubules (Brass, 1949; Hadengue and Martin, 1953; Troisi and Cavallazzi, 1961). In one case, pulmonary edema was the cause of death, and a victim of another case probably died of circulatory collapse (Brass, 1949; Hadengue and Martin, 1953).
Quantitative information is lacking on the lethal concentration of EDC in humans. In contrast, several studies have been done to determine the lethal concentrations of EDC for laboratory animals (Heppel et al., 1946; Spencer et al., 1951; Bonnet et al., 1980). Analyses of these animal data revealed that species differences exist in EDC's acute lethal effect. The species sensitivities ranked in decreasing order are mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, dogs, and cats. Bonnet et al. (1980) showed that the 6-h LC50 of EDC was only 262 ppm in mice and 1646 ppm in rats. Heppel et al. (1946) compared the sensitivities of rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, cats, and dogs to acute EDC exposures. They reported that in two daily exposures to EDC at 1000 ppm for 7 h/d, 58% of guinea pigs and 33% of rabbits died, but none of the rats, cats, and dogs died. When the exposures were extended to 7 h/d, 5 d/w for several weeks, 55 % of the rats died after 1 w of exposure, but none of the dogs and cats died after 3 w. Because three of six dogs became sick
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after 3-4 w of exposure and only one of six cats was affected after 4 w of exposure, cats appeared to be the most tolerant species among the ones tested. Even though rhesus monkeys were also tested in their study, no valid species comparison can be made with monkeys because only two monkeys and no controls were used in the 1000-ppm group.
In addition to species differences, there are sex differences in EDC's lethal effect in some of the species. In an experiment conducted in which rats and guinea pigs were exposed to EDC at 400 ppm, 7 h/d, 5 d/w, for up to 8 w, it took 10 exposures to kill 15 female rats, compared with 40 exposures to kill 15 male rats. It took only 10 exposures to kill eight male guinea pigs but 24 exposures to kill eight female guinea pigs (Spencer et al., 1951). Therefore, female rats are more sensitive than male rats, but the reverse is true in guinea pigs.
Spencer et al. (1951) studied extensively the acute exposure concentrations of EDC that produced lethality in rats. They showed that the acute lethal effect of EDC increased with the product of exposure concentration and duration in rats (Table 6-1).
TABLE 6-1 Lethality of EDC Concentration and Duration of Exposure
Exposure Concentration, ppm
Duration for 0.01% Mortality, h
Duration for 50% Mortality, h
Cause of Death and Internal Injuries
As mentioned above, pulmonary edema and circulatory collapse have been postulated to be the cause of death in humans acutely poisoned by EDC (Brass, 1949; Hadengue and Martin, 1953). Among laboratory animals, rats are the best studied. The cause of death from acute EDC poisoning in rats depends on the exposure concentration. An exposure at 20,000 ppm killed the rats with extremely severe CNS depression in 0.3-0.4 h (Spencer et al., 1951). In contrast, at 12,000 ppm or lower,
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Spencer's group found that CNS depression was not the cause of death because no coma or death occurred during the exposure. In rats exposed to EDC at the LC50 of 12,000 ppm for 0.5 h, 3000 ppm for 3 h, or 1000 ppm for 7 h, the most pronounced histopathological effect was in the kidney with necrosis and degeneration of the tubular epithelium, interstitial edema, hemorrhage, and congestion. There were also varying degrees of parenchymatous degeneration and hemorrhagic necrosis in the liver, but no fatty degeneration. Based on the lesions described by Spencer et al. (1951), severe renal injuries appeared to cause the death of rats acutely exposed to EDC at 12,000 ppm or lower.
In addition to determining the acute lethal concentrations of EDC, Spencer et al. (1951) also determined acute exposure concentrations that did not produce any internal injuries. They found that the exposure conditions shown in Table 6-2 were devoid of any adverse macroscopic or microscopic effects.
Miscellaneous Symptoms
In nonfatal cases of acute EDC exposure of workers, the symptoms included dizziness, headache or pressure in the head, nausea, vomiting, epigastric cramps, and weakness (Wirtschafter and Schwartz, 1939; Jordi, 1944). Except for dizziness, the symptoms could last for a few days. The victims could also develop hypoglycemia and leucocytosis. Based on the industrial experience in Russia, Rosenbaum (1947) stated that repeated exposures to EDC at 75-125 ppm could result in acute poisonings with the development of dizziness, headache, weakness, mucosal irritation, nausea, and vomiting.
TABLE 6-2 EDC Exposure Conditions Without Adverse Effects
Exposure Concentration, ppm
Exposure Duration, h
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CNS Depression
As discussed previously, EDC could cause unconsciousness at 20,000 ppm during an exposure lasting 0.3-0.4 h in rats. However, Spencer et al. (1951) found that acute exposures of rats to lower concentrations of EDC, such as 12,000 ppm for 1 h or 3,000 ppm for a few hours, resulted in ''drunkenness'' instead of unconsciousness. Dizziness has been reported in nonfatal cases of acute EDC exposure of workers (Wirtschafter and Schwartz, 1939; Jordi, 1944). The only quantitative data on the depressive effects of EDC in humans were gathered by Borisova (1957, 1960). Borisova measured the light perception threshold in three human subjects during an exposure to EDC at 1 to 12.5 ppm. At 1.5 to 12.5 ppm, the light-perception threshold was reduced in a concentration-dependent fashion, but there was no reduction at 1 ppm. Because Borisova used only three men in this study, the data are not used in setting the SMACs.
Corneal Opacity
A study by Heppel et al. (1944) demonstrated that an exposure of dogs to EDC at 1000 or 1500 ppm for 7 h resulted in bilateral corneal opacity, which cleared up within a week. In repetitive exposures of dogs at 1000 ppm for 7 h/d, 5 d/w, for several weeks, they reported that the corneal opacity increased in intensity during the five exposure days in the first week. The opacity cleared up during 2 d (weekends) of no exposure. As the weekly exposures were repeated, the cornea developed tolerance toward the clouding effect of EDC, and the cornea became almost totally resistant after a few weeks. A similar phenomenon was observed by Heppel et al. (1944) in dogs exposed at 400 ppm for a similar duration. By the fifth week of exposure, 400 ppm was only mildly effective in producing corneal opacity. By the tenth week, the cornea failed to show any cloudiness at all. When Heppel's group exposed 11 species, including dogs, foxes, rabbits, cats, raccoons, guinea pigs, rats, and hogs to EDC at 3000 ppm, only the corneas of the dog and fox were affected. Because corneal opacity has never been documented in accidental and nonaccidental EDC exposures of humans, it is not used as a toxic end point in deriving EDC's SMACs.
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Bacterial Respiratory Infection
Female mice exposed to EDC at 10 ppm for 3 h resulted in decreased pulmonary bactericidal activity against inhaled Klebsiella pneumoniae and in increased mortality upon inhalation challenge of Streptococcus zooepidemicus (Sherwood et al., 1987). During the challenge, the mice inhaled about 20,000 to 40,000 Klebsiella or Streptococcus bacteria in 30 min. A 3-h exposure to EDC at 5 ppm, however, increased mortality from streptococcal challenge but did not change pulmonary bactericidal activity. A single exposure or five daily 3-h inhalation exposures to EDC at 2.5 ppm failed to produce any change in the mortality from streptococcal challenge and pulmonary bactericidal activity.
Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
Miscellaneous Symptoms
The symptoms of subchronic EDC intoxication resemble those of nonfatal acute EDC poisoning, consisting mainly of CNS and GI symptoms. McNally and Fostvedt (1941) reported intoxication in two workers exposed to EDC on the job. These workers extracted cholesterol from spinal cords by grinding 2500 pounds of spinal cords in 750 to 900 gallons of EDC. They inhaled EDC vapors during centrifugation of homogenized spinal cords to separate the cholesterol and also when they emptied barrels containing the cholesterol. Both of them presented drowsiness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and epigastric discomfort. Nystagmus and fine tremor of the tongue developed in one of the workers, and nervousness was detected in the other worker.
Symptom data from studies in which EDC exposure concentrations were measured are summarized as follows. Cetnarowicz (1959) studied Polish workers involved in purifying mineral oil with a solvent containing 80% EDC and 20% benzene. In a study of 10 workers exposed for 2-8 mo to a mixture of EDC at 62-200 ppm and benzene at 3-8 ppm, all workers complained of mucosal irritation, which disappeared as they adapted to it. Six of them developed dizziness, sleepiness, a sweetish aftertaste, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Three of 10 workers complained of epigastric pain. Among six workers exposed
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for 2-8 mo to EDC at 10-37 ppm and benzene at 3-8 ppm, only one complained of the CNS and GI symptoms. Although benzene is known to cause headache, drowsiness, nausea, and loss of appetite (Finkel et al., 1983), the difference in the severity of the symptoms between the two groups can be attributed to the difference in EDC exposure concentrations, because the benzene concentrations were the same in both groups. The data of Cetnarowicz (1959) can be interpreted to mean that the lowering of the EDC exposure concentration from 62-200 ppm to 10-37 ppm decreases the severity of the CNS and GI symptoms of EDC.
Byers (1945) reported that U.S. workers exposed to EDC at concentrations not much higher than 100 ppm for 7.5 h/d developed nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, lassitude, and malaise in a few hours after they left work. These delayed effects of EDC were reduced somewhat, but not totally eliminated, when the EDC concentration was decreased to 70 ppm.
EDC poisoning was reported in two workers exposed on the job to a measured EDC concentration of 120 ppm for 10 min three to four times a day and also to an estimated concentration of greater than 120 ppm daily for 10-15 min (Guerdjikoff, 1955). After several weeks (3 w for one of the workers), they developed fatigue, irritability, nervousness, anorexia, and epigastric pains. As the exposure continued for 7 or 9 mo, the workers gradually experienced tingling sensations of the eyes, headaches, insomnia, dizziness, slight hand trembling, difficulty in walking, and deviation to the right in a blind walk.
Rosenbaum (1939) presented the industrial experiences of EDC in Russia in the 1930s and 1940s. Without specifying the exact exposure concentrations, Rosenbaum reported that occupational exposures of 90 workers to EDC at below 25 ppm could produce bradycardia, fatigue, insomnia, and headache, but no effects on the blood.
Kozik (1957) studied workers in the aircraft industry in Russia. These workers applied glue containing EDC as a solvent to large rubber sheets. On the basis of the data presented by Kozik, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimated that, in the first half of the shift, the time-weighted average (TWA) exposure concentrations of EDC were 28 ppm during glue application and 16 ppm during the period the glue dried (NIOSH, 1976). In the second half of the shift, the TWA exposure concentration of EDC was 11 ppm. Therefore, the EDC TWA exposure concentration for the entire shift
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was 15 ppm (NIOSH, 1976). Comparing the morbidity data between the gluers and the machinists, who were not exposed to EDC, Kozik (1957) reported that the EDC exposure increased both the number of cases of acute GI disorders per 100 workers and the number of workdays lost to acute GI disorders per 100 workers. Kozik also measured the hand-eye coordination speed of the gluers and machinists at the start and end of the workday for 14 d in 17 gluers and 10 machinists (as controls). The speed did not differ among the groups. However, more errors were made in the test by the EDC-exposed gluers test than by the nonexposed machinists (error rates of 30% for the gluers and 10% for the machinists).
Brzozowski et al. (1954) studied 118 agricultural workers who used EDC as a fumigant in Poland. These workers were exposed to EDC at a TWA concentration of about 15 ppm and at a maximum concentration of 60 ppm, but they were also subjected to cutaneous exposure due to EDC spilled on their skin and clothes and due to the use of EDC to wash their skin. In 90 of 118 workers, Brzozowski et al. (1954) also detected redness of the conjunctiva and pharynx, burning sensation of the eye, bronchial symptoms, weakness, metallic taste in the mouth, headache, nausea, liver pain, tachycardia, and cough.
Among the studies reported by Cetnarowicz (1959), Byers (1945), Rosenbaum (1939) , Kozik (1957), and Brzozowski et al. (1954), the data of Brzozowski et al. are not used to derive an acceptable concentration (AC) for CNS and GI symptoms because of the confounding effect of cutaneous exposures. The data of the other four studies used to derive a LOAEL for the symptoms are listed in Table 6-3.
TABLE 6-3 Symptoms of Occupational EDC Poisoning
EDC Concentration, ppm
Symptoms Produced in Workers
Slightly > 100
CNS and GI symptoms
Byers, 1945
Less severe than > 100 ppm
Byers, 1945
< 25
CNS symptoms
Rosenbaum, 1939
CNS and GI symptoms and signs
Kozik, 1957
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tive than the lethality end point. SMACs derived to prevent these toxic end points will also prevent lethality. For each toxic end point, an acceptable concentration (AC) is estimated for a given exposure duration. In the end, the lowest AC for each exposure duration is chosen to be the SMAC for that duration.
CNS Effects
Based on the report by Kozik (1957), 15 ppm is the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) for CNS effects (e.g., increased errors in a hand-eye coordination test) in workers exposed to EDC. The severity of CNS effects is assumed to be related to the concentration of EDC in the blood. Because Reitz et al. (1980) showed that the blood concentration of EDC in rats reached equilibrium in 2 h during an inhalation exposure at 150 ppm, it is highly likely that the concentration of EDC in the blood also reached equilibrium within several hours of occupational exposure of workers in the studies performed by Kozik (1957). Therefore, the occupational LOAEL of 15 ppm should be a LOAEL for any EDC exposure lasting from 24 h to 180 d. Because the occupational LOAEL is good for 24 h, it should be valid for a 1-h exposure.
An extrapolation factor of 10 is used to estimate the NOAEL from the occupational LOAEL. The LOAEL of 15 ppm is based on a large population of workers (Kozik, 1957); therefore, no adjustment for "small n" is needed.
1-h, 24-h, 7-d, 30-d, and 180-d ACs for CNS depression
= occupational LOAEL × 1/NOAEL factor
= 15 ppm × 1/10
= 1.5 ppm.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
The LOAEL for GI symptoms is also 15 ppm based on the study of Kozik (1957) in Russian workers. Unlike CNS symptoms, it is not certain whether GI symptoms are totally dependent on blood concentration. As a result, time adjustment is needed to extrapolate from the occupa-
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tional LOAEL to a continuous exposure of 7, 30, or 180 d. Kozik did not report how many months or years the Russian workers in his study were exposed to EDC; therefore, the time adjustment is done on a per workweek basis. Due to the uncertainty on the number of hours worked per week in the 1940s and 1950s by Russian workers, the number of work hours is prudently assumed to be 40 h/w.
7-d, 30-d, and 180-d AC for GI symptoms
= occupational LOAEL × 1/LOAEL factor × time adjustment
= 15 ppm × 1/10 × (40 h/w)/(24 h/d × 7 d/w)
= 15 ppm × 1/10 × 0.24
= 0.36 ppm.
Without a better approach, the 1-h and 24-h ACs for GI symptoms are conservatively estimated to be the same as the 7-d AC of 0.36 ppm.
Liver Toxicity
According to the study of Spencer et al. (1951), a 1-h exposure of rats to EDC at 1200 ppm would not produce any liver injuries. So the 1-h AC is derived using 1200 ppm as the NOAEL.
1-h AC for liver toxicity
= 1-h NOAEL × 1/species factor
= 1200 ppm × 1/10
= 120 ppm.
The 7-d, 30-d, and 180-d ACs for liver toxicity also are derived using the data of Spencer et al. (1951). The NOAEL for liver toxicity was determined to be 100 ppm in rats and guinea pigs exposed 7 h/d, 5 d/w, for 15 or 30 w.
180-d AC for liver toxicity
= 30-w NOAEL × 1/species factor × time adjustment
= 100 ppm × 1/10 × (7 h/d × 5 d/w × 30 w)/(24 h/d × 180 d)
= 100 ppm × 1/10 × 0.24
= 2.4 ppm.
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30-d AC for liver toxicity
= 15-w NOAEL × 1/species factor × time adjustment
= 100 ppm × 1/10 × (7 h/d × 5 d/w × 15 w)/(24 h/d × 30 d)
= 100 ppm × 1/10 × 0.73
= 7.3 ppm.
For the 24-h and 7-d ACs, the conservative approach of not adjusting for the exposure time is taken.
24-h and 7-d ACs for liver toxicity
= 15-w NOAEL × 1/species factor
= 100 ppm × 1/10
= 10 ppm.
Impaired Host Defense
A 3-h exposure to EDC as low as 5 ppm was reported to increase the mortality of mice challenged with Streptococcus via inhalation (Sherwood et al., 1987). Repetitive exposures of mice to 2.5 ppm, 3 h/d, for 5 d failed to affect the host defense against bacterial challenges. Based on the SMAC subcommittee report (NRC, 1992), no interspecies extrapolation factor is needed to derive ACs for the prevention of impaired host defense against pulmonary bacterial infections. However, an uncertainty factor of 3 is used because microgravity is known to impair cell-mediated immunity in astronauts (Taylor, 1993).
1-h, 24-h, 7-d, 30-d, and 180-d ACs for host defense impairment
= 5-h NOAEL × 1/microgravity factor
= 2.5 ppm × 1/3
= 0.8 ppm.
Although EDC has been shown to produce tumors only in a gavage study (Ward, 1980) and not in an inhalation study (Maltoni et al., 1980), the carcinogenicity findings were considered by NIOSH (1978) in recommending an exposure limit of 1 ppm and the Occupational
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Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (U.S. Department of Labor, 1989) in promulgating a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 1 ppm. EPA (1990) also derived an inhalation tumor risk from the data of the gavage study.
It is important that the SMACs prevent unacceptable risks of tumor development. Even though there is uncertainty about the validity of data extrapolation from gavage and inhalation exposures, the tumor data from the gavage study are used to derive ACs. The 2-5 times difference between gavage and inhalation exposure in peak blood concentrations of EDC and DNA binding in several potential target organs (Reitz et al., 1982) is small compared with the 2 orders of magnitude difference between the statistical sensitivity of an animal bioassay and the tumor risk accepted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In other words, a negative finding in an animal bioassay in which 50 rodents per group inhaled EDC does not guarantee that inhaled EDC would not produce a significant tumor response if 10,000 rodents were used. Because EDC given by gavage was carcinogenic in about 50 rodents and because the effective dose of EDC given by inhalation was only 2-5 times lower than that given by gavage (Ward, 1980; Reitz et al., 1982), there is a possibility that inhaled EDC is carcinogenic at a risk level of greater than 1 in 10,000.
In contrast, Baertsch et al. (1991) advocated not using the gavage data to estimate the carcinogenic potency of continuous inhalation exposure at a low concentration. Their position was based on their comparison of the amount of EDC absorbed and the amount of DNA binding in the liver and lung in female F344 rats exposed to EDC at 80 ppm for 4 h (i.e., continuous low exposure) or at 4400 ppm for a few minutes (i.e., peak exposure). They showed that the amount of EDC metabolized, which was a measure of the amount of EDC absorbed, in the 12 h after the exposure was 3 times higher in the peak-exposure group than the low-exposure group. The amount of DNA binding in the liver was about 110 times higher in the peak-exposure group than in the low-exposure group. Similarly, the amounts of DNA binding in the lung differed by about 90 times in the two groups. Unfortunately, Baertsch et al. (1991) did not include a gavage-exposure group in their study, so it is difficult to disregard the carcinogenic potential of inhaled EDC on the basis of their data alone. The only conclusion from their study was that DNA binding of EDC depends on the concentration and time exposure profile.
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Based on the gavage data of the National Cancer Institute (Ward, 1980) and assuming that equivalent amounts of EDC inhaled per day would produce the same tumor responses, EPA (1990), using a linearized multistage model, estimated that an airborne EDC concentration of 4 µg/m3 would yield an excess tumor risk of less than 1/10,000 in a continuous lifetime exposure of humans. Based on the approach of the NRC (1992) (assuming that the carcinogenesis of EDC is a three-step process, the earliest age of exposure is 30 y, and the average life span of an astronaut is 70 y), an adjustment factor of 3728, 871, or 146.7 is needed to compress the lifetime exposure at 4 µg/m3 into a much shorter continuous exposure of 7, 30, or 180 d, yielding the same tumor risk.
Some genotoxic carcinogens are known to produce tumors even after a single exposure (Williams and Weisburger, 1985). EDC is genotoxic. Consequently, its carcinogenicity has to be considered in setting the 24-h SMAC. For a 24-h exposure, an adjustment factor of 26,082 is calculated by using the NRC (1992) approach. With these adjustment factors, the EDC exposure concentrations for 24 h, 7 d, 30 d, and 180 d can be calculated and are as follows:
Exposure Duration
Concentration with a 10-4 Tumor Risk
24 h
26 ppm
7 d
4 ppm
30 d
1 ppm
180 d
0.2 ppm
Establishment of SMACs
All the ACs derived above are tabulated to show the minimum AC for each exposure duration of interest. The 1-h, 24-h, 7-d, and 30-d SMACs are all set at 0.4 ppm on the basis of the ACs for protecting against GI symptoms. Based on an exposure concentration that will yield a tumor risk of 1/10,000, 0.2 ppm is selected to be the 180-d SMAC.
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TABLE 6-7 Acceptable Concentrations
Uncertainty Factors
To NOAEL
Acceptable Concentrations, ppm
Effect, Data, Reference
1 h
24 h
7 d
30 d
180 d
CNS effects
LOAEL, 15 ppm, occupational exposure (Kozik, 1957)
GI symptoms
LOAEL, 15 ppm, occupa-tional exposure (Kozik, 1957)
Liver toxicity
NOAEL, 1200 ppm, 1 h (Spencer et al., 1951)
NOAEL, 100 ppm, 7 h/d, 5d/w, 15 or 30 w (Spencer et al., 1951)
NOAEL, 100 ppm, 7 h/d, 5 d/w, 15 or 30 w (Spencer et al., 1951)
Impaired host defense
NOAEL, 2.5 ppm, 3 h/d, 5 d (Sherwood et al., 1987)
Bioassay data (Ward, 1980)
Rat, mouse
a NRC (1992).
—, Data not considered applicable to the exposure time; HR, Haber's rule.
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ACGIH. 1991. Ethylene dichloride. In Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 6th Ed. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Anders, M. W., and J. C. Livesey. 1980. Metabolism of 1, 2-dihaloethanes. Pp. 331-341 in Banbury Report 5. Ethylene Dichloride: A Potential Health Risk? B. Ames, P Infante, and R. Reitz, eds. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Baertsch, A., W. K. Lutz, and C. Schlatter. 1991. Effect of inhalation exposure regimen on DNA binding potency of 1, 2-dichloroethane in the rat. Arch. Toxicol. 65:169-176.
Bonnet, P., J.-M. Francin, D. Gradiski, G. Raoult, and D. Zissu. 1980. Determination of the median lethal concentration of the main chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in the rat. Arch. Mal. Prof. Med. Trav. Secur. Soc. 41:317-321.
Borisova, M. K. 1957. Experimental data for determination of the maximum allowable concentration of dichloroethane in the atmosphere. Gig. Sanit. 22:13-19.
Borisova, M. K. 1960. Data for the determination of maximum permissible concentrations of ethylene dichloride in atmospheric air. Predel'no Dopustimye Konts. Atmos. Zagryaz. 4:61-74.
Brass, K. 1949. Concerning a lethal dichloroethane poisoning. Dtsch. Med. Worchenschr. 74:553-554.
Brem, H., A. B. Stein, and H. S. Rosenkranz. 1974. The mutagenicity and DNA-modifying effect of haloalkanes. Cancer Res. 34:2576-2579.
Brondeau, M. T., P. Bonnet, J. P. Guenier, and J. de Geaurriz. 1983. Short-term inhalation test for evaluating industrial hepatotoxicants in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 19:139-146.
Brzozowski, J., J. Czajka, T. Dutkiewicz, I. Kesy, and J. Wojcik. 1954. Work hygiene and the health condition of workers occupied in combating the Leptinotarsa decemlineata with HCN and dichloroethane. Med. Pr. 5:89-98.
Byers, D. H. 1945. Chlorinated solvents—In common wartime use. Ind. Med. 12:440-443.
Cetnarowicz, J. 1959. Experimental and clinical studies on effects of dichloroethane. Folia Med. Cracov. 1:169-192.
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Cheever, K. L., J. M. Cholakis, A.M. El-Hawari, R. M. Kovatch, and E. K. Weisburger. 1990. Ethylene dichloride: The influence of disulfiram or ethanol on oncogenicity, metabolism, and DNA covalent binding in rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 14:243-261.
D'Souza, R. W., W.R. Francis, and M. E. Andersen. 1988. Physiological model for tissue glutathione depletion and increased resynthesis after ethylene dichloride exposure. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 245: 563-568.
EPA. 1990. 1, 2-Dichloroethane. In Integrated Risk Information System. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Finkel, A. J., A. Hamilton, and H. L. Hardy. 1983. Aromatic hydrocarbons. P. 246 in Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology. Boston: John Wright PSG.
Guerdjikoff, C. 1955. Acute and Chronic Occupational Intoxication by Symmetric Dichloroethane. Doctoral thesis. Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Hadengue, A., and R. Martin. 1953. A case of fatal poisoning by dichloroethane. Soc. Med. Leg. 33:247-249.
Heppel, L. A., P. A. Neal, K. M. Endicott, and V. T. Porterfield. 1944. Toxicology of dichloroethane—I. Effect on the cornea. Arch. Ophthalmol. 32:391-394.
Heppel, L. A., P. A. Neal, T. L. Perrin, K. M. Endicott, and V. T. Porterfield. 1946. The toxicology of 1, 2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride). J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 28:113-120.
Hofmann, H. T., H. Birnstiel, and P. Jobst. 1971. On the inhalation toxicity of 1,1- and 1,2-dichloroethane. Arch. Toxikol. 27:248-265.
IARC. 1979. 1, 2-Dichloroethane. Pp. 429-448 in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Vol. 20. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
IPCS. 1987. 1, 2-Dichloroethane. Environmental Health Criteria 62. International Programme on Chemical Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Jordie, A. 1944. Industrial poisonings due to symmetrical 1, 2-dichloroethane. Z. Unfallmed. Berufskr. 37:131-136.
Kozik, I. 1957. Problems of occupational hygiene in the use of dichloroethane in the aviation industry. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 1: 32-38.
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Maltoni, C., L. Valgimigli, and C. Scarnato. 1980. Long-term carcinogenic bioassays on ethylene dichloride administered by inhalation to rats and mice. Pp. 3-29 in Banbury Report 5. Ethylene Dichloride: A Potential Health Risk? B. Ames, P Infante, and R. Reitz, eds. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
McNally, W. D., and G. Fostvedt 1941. Ethylene dichloride poisoning. Ind. Med. 10:373-374.
Morgan, D. 1991. Toxicity Studies of 1, 2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene Dichloride) (CAS No. 107-06-2) in F344/N Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rats, Osborne-Mendel Rats, and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water and Gavage Studies). NIH Publ. No. 91-3123, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
NASA. 1990. STS-32 Cabin Atmosphere Analysis Report. JSC Toxicology Group, Johnson Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, Tex.
NCI. 1978. Bioassay of 1, 2-dichloroethane for possible carcinogenicity. Tech. Rep. 55. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.
NIOSH. 1976. Criteria for a Recommended Standard for Occupational Exposure to Ethylene Dichloride. Publ. No. 76-139. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio.
NIOSH. 1978. Revised Recommended Standard-Occupational Exposure to Ethylene Dichloride (1, 2-Dichloroethane). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio. Available from NTIS, Springfield, Va., Doc. No. PB-80-176-092.
NRC. 1987. Drinking Water and Health, Vol 8. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
NRC. 1992. Pp. 87-89 in Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Rao, K. S., J. S. Murray, M. M. Deacon, J. A. John, L. L. Calhoun, and J. T. Young. 1980. Teratogenicity and reproduction studies in animals inhaling ethylene dichloride. Pp. 149-161 in Banbury Report 5. Ethylene Dichloride: A Potential Health Risk? B. Ames, P. Infante, and R. Reitz, eds. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
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Rapoport, I. A. 1960. The reaction of genic proteins with 1,2-dichloroethane. Dokl. Biol. Sci. 134:745-747.
Reitz, R. H., T. R. Fox, J. Y. Domoradzki, J. F. Quast, P. Langvardt, and P. G. Watanabe. 1980. Pharmacokinetics and macromolecular interactions of ethylene dichloride: Comparison of oral and inhalation exposures. Pp. 135-148 in Banbury Report 5. Ethylene Dichloride: A Potential Health Risk? B. Ames, P Infante, and R. Reitz, eds. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Reitz, R. H., T. R. Fox, J. C. Ramsey, J. F. Quast, P. Langvardt, and P. G. Watanabe. 1982. Pharmacokinetics and macromolecular interactions of ethylene dichloride in rats after inhalation or gavage. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 62:190-204. Rosenbaum, N. D. 1939. Use of dichloroethane in industry from the standpoint of occupational hygiene. Pp. 109-113 in Dichloroethane. Moscow, Russia.
Rosenbaum, N. D. 1947. Ethylene dichloride as an industrial poison. Gig. Sanit. 12:17-21.
Sherwood, R. L., W. O'Shea, P. T. Thomas, H. V. Ratajczak, C. Aranyi, and J. A. Graham. 1987. Effects of inhalation of ethylene dichloride on pulmonary defenses of mice and rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 91:491-496.
Spencer, H. C., V. K. Rowe, E. M. Adams, D. D. McCollister, and D. D. Irish. 1951. Vapor toxicity of ethylene dichloride determined by experiments on laboratory animals. AMA Arch. Ind. Hyg. 4:482-493.
Storer, R. D., and R. B. Conolly. 1985. An investigation of the role of microsomal oxidative metabolism in the in vivo genotoxicity of 1, 2-dichloroethane. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 77:36-46.
Storer, R. D., N. M. Jackson, and R. B. Conolly. 1984. In vivo genotoxicity and acute hepatotoxicity of 1, 2-dichloroethane in mice: Comparison of oral, intraperitoneal, and inhalation routes of exposure. Cancer Res. 44:4267-4271.
Taylor, G. R. 1993. Immune changes during short-duration missions. J. Leukocyte Biol. 54:202-208.
Troisi, F. M. and D. Cavallazzi. 1961. A fatal case of poisoning from inhalation of dichloroethane vapours. Med. Lavoro 52:612-618.
U.S. Department of Labor. 1995. Air Contaminants—Permissible Ex-
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posure Limits. Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910, Section 1910.1000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Ward, J. M. 1980. The carcinogenicity of ethylene dichloride in Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. Pp. 35-49 in Banbury Report 5. Ethylene Dichloride: A Potential Health Risk? B. Ames, P Infante, and R. Reitz, eds. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Williams, G. M., and J. H. Weisburger. 1985. Chemical carcinogens. P. 104 in Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 3rd Ed. C. D. Klaassen, M. O. Amdur, and J. Doull, eds. New York: Macmillan.
Wirtschafter, Z. T., and E. D. Schwartz. 1939. Acute ethylene dichloride poisoning. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 21:126-131.


text:
Tuckaseegee Road shooting investigated
Charlotte-Mecklenburg police were investigating a shooting that happened Sunday afternoon in west Charlotte.
Capt. Todd Lontz said that about 3 p.m., police were dispatched to the 5400 block of Tuckaseegee Road in response to a man who had been shot in the arm.
Lontz said the injury was not life-threatening. He declined to comment on whether police had any suspects in the case. Elisabeth Arriero
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If there's one thing the Federal Reserve has gotten good at, it's consistency. Expectations that Fed governors would keep interest right where they've been for some time to aid the fledgling economic recovery held true Wednesday, with members of the Federal Open Market Committee voting unanimously to maintain rates at levels near 0%.
Though signs of economic growth continued to emerge since Fed governors met last month, the group said in a written statement at the conclusion of the two-day meeting Wednesday that businesses are still cutting back and remain reluctant to hire new employees.
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Further, the Fed said overall economic activity is likely to remain weak for some time and signaled that it's likely to keep the federal funds rate in the range of 0% to 0.25% as long as necessary. Slack demand for resources, low inflation and an expectation that prices will remain stable "warrant exceptionally low levels of the federal funds rate for an extended period," the Fed said.
Stocks lost ground following release of Fed's decision. The Dow Jones industrial average, which reached 10,510 earlier Wednesday, slipped to 10,460 at about 2:45 p.m. ET, some 30 minutes after the Fed's statement was released.
While the economy remains weak, the Fed said there were reasons for optimism including a housing sector that has shown signs of improvement in recent months. Further, it said consumer spending appears to be expanding, although constrained by a number of factors including a weak labor market and tight credit.
To bolster mortgage lending and aid the housing market, the Fed said it will buy more than $1 trillion worth of mortgage-backed securities and about $175 billion in debt. It expects to complete the transactions by March 31. The Fed also said it expects to wind down several emergency lending programs -- implemented during last year's financial crisis -- when they are due to expire next year.
The Fed concluded its meeting on the day its chairman, Ben Bernanke, was named Time magazine's "Person of the Year." In granting Bernanke the honor, Time said the former professor "knows the economy would be much, much worse if the Fed had not taken such extreme measures to stop the panic."
The recognition comes just weeks ahead of a vote by the Senate to approve a second term for the 56-year-old Bernanke as Fed chairman. First appointed by then-President George W. Bush, Bernanke's first term expires Jan. 31.
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The International Custodial Advisors Network announces that Procter & Gamble has joined the organization as a corporate member.
"We are gratified that P&G has joined ICAN and wants to support the growth of consultancy within our industry," Allen Rathey, ICAN executive director, said. "We believe ICAN can help us advance our understanding of the jansan industry, and that we, in turn, can utilize ICAN consultants for evaluation of, and feedback on, initiatives we are considering and for seminars that we sponsor," Craig Monsell, marketing manager for P&G Pro Line, said.


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Switcher Hangout The place for switchers to discuss their new machines, and how to work with OS X. General support can be had here for newbie stuff, like "How do I restart my new iMac?" :) |
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Location: Pittsburgh, PA
Posts: 212
Mac Specs: 27" iMac Core 2 Duo, 4GB 1067 MHz RAM, iPhone 4S
I have realized when playing music on Pandora that the window can't be minimized or put into another tab or the music stops playing. So I tried finding out why and the only thing I found was someone saying that in Safari if the window is not active Flash applications tend to stop working until the window is active again.
Is this true? Is there any way around that? I would like to be able to minimize the window to the dock and still have it play the music. |
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41 year old man | Englewood, CO, USA | Seeking women 29-42 within 75 miles
Active within 24 hours
In a Nutshell..... Thoughtful, active,...
In a Nutshell..... Thoughtful, active, Christian guy looking for fun, bright, thoughtful gal with similar values and passions. Enjoys sushi, good friends, and mountain sports. Extended Nutshell.... I love the outdoors (running, skiing, mountain biking, the occasional 14'er), but it's not what defines me. I dig old books, funny movies, and great photographs, especially landscapes and people in their natural settings. My faith is pretty core to who I am. I gravitate towards conversations of real substance, but I'm also a goof when the mood strikes me. I love music and would welcome an excuse to catch some live shows. When it comes to dating, I like it when someone shows interest (who doesn't?), but I generally prefer to do the asking - at least at first. Call me old fashioned. What am I looking for? For now, to have fun and meet people. Definitely would like to be in a relationship, but feel the need to keep this casual and light-hearted for now. I look forward being in a committed relationship - when the timing & chemistry are right. Ultimately, I hope to meet someone who brings out the best in me - and for whom I do likewise. Cliche? Sure it is, but no less true. *** OK, fair warning: I'm still sportin' the fuzz (and by "fuzz" I mean "beard"). It's mostly a winter thing. Mostly. :) And don't let the mountain photos fool you. I love the mountains and traveling, but I'm not out nearly so often as I'd like. Besides, I'm not looking for a female version of me. A gal who likes to get dressed up & who has her own interests = even better. :)
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Religion/Spiritual , Volunteering
Cycling, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, Swimming
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
More of a dog person, though not a fan of lil', yippy dogs. Little is cool - just not yippy.
Middle of the Road
The mountains and points west. Running local trails or Wash Park. Hanson's. Irish Snug. Lucille's for breakfast.
Eastern University, St. Davids, PA
Eating (and cooking) good food. All 4 seasons. Familiar faces. A good night's sleep. Getting it right at work. Salt water. Driving with the top down. Framed kid art. Sunrise. Sunset. Strong coffee. Most things acoustic. Following through.
Love to run, hike, ski, and mtn bike. Avid reader. Not a pro, but passionate about photography.
The Tipping Point, Gladwell. Wild, Cheryl Strayed. Mere Christianity, Lewis. Provocative God, Lacich. Mind on Fire, Pascal. Last Frontiersman, Campell. Death in the Long Grass, Capstick. Final Harvest, Dickinson. Night, Elie Wiesel.
Him | What he is looking for | |
Appearance | ||
Height: | 5'10" (177cms) | 4'9" (144cms) to 5'11" (180cms) |
Body type: | Athletic and toned | Slender, About average, Athletic and toned |
Eyes: | Blue | No preference |
Hair: | Dark blonde | No preference |
Lifestyle | ||
Smoke: | No Way | No Way |
Drink: | Social Drinker | Social Drinker |
Occupation: | I'll tell you later | No preference |
Income: | I'll tell you later | No preference |
Relationship: | Never Married | Never Married |
Have kids: | No | No |
Wants kids: | Definitely | Definitely, Someday |
Background | ||
Ethnicity: | White / Caucasian | No preference |
Faith: | Christian / Protestant | Christian / Catholic, Christian / Protestant, Christian / Other |
I don't have to share same worldview as you to enjoy your company. Still, it's important to me - important enough to mention here. If you're open to honest, real, even quirky conversations about life, my guess is we'd get along great. |
Languages: | English | English |
Education: | Graduate degree | Some college, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree |


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Our Vision is . . . The Vision of the Chamber of Commerce is to create value for our members by providing educational and networking opportunities, as well as beneficial programs and events.
Click on a cover photo to view magazine.
Chamber Event Information
For information on Chamber events, click on the "Events" tab above and select the event.
Chamber Programs and Benefits
For information on Chamber programs and benefits, click on the "Membership Info" tab above and select the program and / or event.
Cellcom Wireless Business Solutions
Cellcom is now offering the Unlimited Business Share Plan that is "Built for You" with discounted data! Click here for details
Big Brothers Big Sisters of the Fox Valley Region Greg Woller - Contact 3301C N. Ballard Rd. Appleton, WI 54911 (920) 739-3542 www.bbbsfvr.org Click here to like us on Facebook
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Darden Restaurants Stock Down 35 Percent
Sales continue to fall at the company's top restaurants, Red Lobster and Olive Garden.
Red Lobster Chain Sold for $2.1 Billion
Darden Restaurants sold the seafood chain to private investment firm Golden Gate Capital.
Eating Healthier While Eating Out
David Zinczenko helps you find healthier options when dining at your favorite restaurants.
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7 Ways To Build A Rocket Stove
Updated from the Sastainablog/Jeff McIntire
Please be sure to note the safety issues and precautions with any wood burning stove.
1. The very, very simple 16-brick rocket stove.
This one requires no more than stacking some bricks… though I'm guessing they would need to be made of a material like adobe (for the insulative properties). That the stove's creator, Dr. Winiarski, putting this one together.
2. The slightly more involved single-pot rocket stove.
You'll need just a few more materials for this one from The Aprovecho Research Center but it's still pretty simple…
3. The big brick rocket stove
If you're interested in something closer to the look of a conventional barbecue grill, This may be just the ticket. It's a bit more involved than stacking bricks, but likely still within most of our skill sets. To get the plans click here
4. The steel drum rocket stove heater.
Welding is definitely beyond my abilities, but if you're handy with a torch (or know someone who is), check out this DIY indoor heating rocket stove. Be sure to follow the author's safety precautions for operation, and consider his suggestion that such a stove could have implications for your homeowner's insurance. For the plans click here
5. The customized rocket stove plan.
The Rocket Stove Design base has an interactive tool (which apparently only works in the Firefox browser) that allows you to input elements of the stove you'd like to build, and spits out a plan for your stove in PDF format, or pre-built for purchase.
6. The tin can rocket stove
really simple plan for a rocket stove made from tin cans. Jim Bonham, who made the video, has
another one with some updates, and another (shorter) one on some of the safety issues involved
in making this particular stove.
7. Rocket Stove Made From a Five Gallon Metal Bucket
This one doesn't require masonry work. Better yet, it should be portable, For the instructions click here


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I love Mallow Cups! They are actually my favorite candy. I was wanting to make a dessert with them but, I cannot for the life of me get any ideas on my own. Any ideas?
Answer QuestionAsked by blondie805 at 9:47 PM on Oct. 28, 2012 in Food & Drink
Level 13 (1,127 Credits)Answer by PMSMom10 at 10:11 PM on Oct. 28, 2012
Comment by blondie805 (original poster) at 11:01 PM on Oct. 28, 2012
Answer by teeg1 at 2:59 AM on Oct. 29, 2012
Next question in Food & Drink
Since when does a flavored coffee cost $5.75?
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- Hotels
- United States Hotels
- Wisconsin Hotels
- Delafield Hotels
- The Delafield Hotel
You can collect Welcome Rewards® nights here415 Genesee St, Delafield, WI, 53018, United States of America, 800-491-6126
The Delafield Hotel, Delafield
Lowest price$189
Best Price GuaranteeBest Price Guarantee on hotel bookings. If you find a better price on exactly the same stay elsewhere we'll match it
Romantic hotel in Delafield with restaurant, bar/lounge
- Free Internet and free parking
Main amenities
- Restaurant and bar/lounge
- Conference space
- Concierge services
- Wedding services
What's around
- Hawks Inn (0.2 mi / 0.4 km)
- Nagawaukee County Park and Beach (2.3 mi / 3.7 km)
Outstanding4.8 / 5
Great one night getaway. Loved the bar and restaurant.
Feb 27, 2015Valentine's Day overnight. Very pleasant stay with attentive staff. Room highlight was…
Feb 19, 2015
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 4.5
From 138 reviewsTripAdvisor Traveller Rating
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Hotel Info: 866-539-8117
from $189- Superior Suite
- Premier Suite
- Wing Suite
- Executive Suite
- Deluxe Suite
- Premier Suite
- Suite (Master suite)
- Superior Suite
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free wired Internet access in rooms
Also known as
- The Hotel Delafield
- Delafield The Hotel
- The Delafield Hotel Milwaukee
- The Delafield Hotel
Mandatory fees
The charges below are included in the total price displayed:
- Resort fee
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for USD 35.00 per stay
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of USD 50.00 per stay
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of USD 80.00 (one way)
Nearby Three Star Delafield hotels
- Holiday Inn Pewaukee - Milwaukee West3 starsExcellent4.5 / 5From $120
- Marriott Milwaukee West3.5 starsOutstanding4.6 / 5From $89
- DoubleTree by Hilton Milwaukee - Brookfield3 starsExcellent4.1 / 5From
$99$84 - Courtyard by Marriott Milwaukee Brookfield3 starsExcellent4.5 / 5From $87
See more Three Star Delafield hotels
In the hotel
Food and drink
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Room service
Things to do
- Free use of nearby fitness center
Working away
- Conference space
- Conference space size (feet) - 5500
- Conference space size (meters) - 511
- Concierge services
- Wedding services
In the room
Home comforts
- Minibar
Things to enjoy
- In-room massage available
- Individually decorated
- Individually furnished
Freshen up
- Private bathroom
Be entertained
- Flat-screen TV
- DVD player
Stay connected
- Desk
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- In-room safe
Top Delafield hotels
- Hamilton House Bed & Breakfast3.5 starsOutstanding5.0 / 5From $175
- The Iron Horse Hotel4 starsOutstanding4.8 / 5From $199
- Schuster Mansion Bed & Breakfast3 starsOutstanding4.8 / 5From $110
- Country Inn & Suites By Carlson Milwaukee West-Brookfield3 starsOutstanding4.6 / 5From
Recently reviewed hotels in Delafield
- Hyatt Regency Milwaukee4 starsExcellent4.2 / 5From $139
"Staff was great! Everyone was friendly and made us feel welcome. Hotel is very clean and modern. Location was perfect for us to catch a shuttle to the Brewer game."
Apr 18, 2015 - Midway Hotel & Suites Brookfield3 starsGood3.9 / 5From
$92$69"While the hotel is undergoing some remodeling, common areas are in decent shape and the dome lets in plenty of sunshine to give it a warm, beach-like feel. We enjoyed the stay and…"
Apr 16, 2015 - La Quinta Inn Milwaukee West Brookfield2 starsGood3.9 / 5From $65
- Hilton Milwaukee City Center3.5 starsExcellent4.3 / 5From $130
"It was a very nice room and great please to stay. I would recommend this hotel to all my friends."
Apr 15, 2015
Nearby hotels
Special features
Andrews Restaurant - This restaurant specializes in American cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner.The Delafield Hotel, Delafield's small print
Also known as
- The Hotel Delafield
- Delafield The Hotel
- The Delafield Hotel Milwaukee
- The Delafield Hotel
Mandatory fees
The charges below are included in the total price displayed:
- Resort fee
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for USD 35.00 per stay
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of USD 50.00 per stay
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of USD 80.00 (one way)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Kids' Rooms!
I'll DM you so we can talk a little more and will send some ideas! Yay, exciting!
Quoting JasonsMom2007:Well, mine is 5. He picked his wall color. I still need to paint the top of the room the blue he chose and we want to get him some closet doors. Ignore the fact it's kind of a mess right now
the shelf to the right is new. It's built into the wall behind his door. Hubby still has to cover the gap between them and he's going to put a plug there for his monitor and chargers when he gets older.
the rack is our lifesaver. It holds all of his bags for his various activities. We have wood flooring that will go in here (he has asthma). The room is so tiny though!
Quoting LittleCondon:If you'd like to, feel free. I really love doing interior design and haven't gotten the opportunity to play around with boys rooms too often. My sister and I did her son's room, but he was pretty specific with what he wanted (he's 8). Lol.
Quoting JasonsMom2007:
Hmm can I bug you for ideas for my sons room? I need yo start working on it again.
Quoting AmyParent:
Quoting LittleCondon:I sat and watched my husband and brother-in-law do it. They just painted it after meticulously taping it! Thank goodness for marrying men with professional painters for brothers!
Quoting jewelsmama528:
The stripes are AWESOME!!! How did u do that?
Quoting jridgill:
Aww my Bre needs one of these! Where did you get it? Hmm I bet I could make one with a hoola hoop??
Quoting AmyParent:
Quoting AmyParent:
My mom made it ... It does have a hula hoop :)
Quoting jridgill:
Aww my Bre needs one of these! Where did you get it? Hmm I bet I could make one with a hoola hoop??
Quoting AmyParent:


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Publications (1)1.31 Total impact
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The relationship between the timing of surgery after hip fracture and the subsequent survival of the patient has been studied extensively, yet still remains a controversy. This study aims to assess the impact of operative delay on the 1-year survival of patients and on the rate of complications during the postoperative hospital stay. Medical and demographic data were extracted from the hospital records of 651 consecutive hip fracture patients over 60 years old. Information on mortality was obtained by cross-linkage with the Department of Interior population files. The multivariate survival analysis model was utilized to assess the association between the time from fracture incident to surgery and the outcome (1-year survival and postoperative complications). The hazard ratio (HR) of 1-year mortality for postponing surgery beyond 48 h was 1.63 (95%CI 1.11-2.40), as derived by the Cox proportional hazards model. Other variables found to be independently associated with decreased survival are: male gender (HR=1.54), mental deterioration (HR=2.94), postoperative mobility (HR=2.45), and severity of pre-existing diseases (HR=1.96). Occurrence of general complications during the postoperative hospital stay was a significant predictor of decreased 1-year survival (HR=1.83). These findings suggest that early (within 48 h) surgical treatment of hip fractures is associated with improved 1-year survival.Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 07/2004; 124(5):334-40. DOI:10.1007/s00402-004-0662-9 · 1.31 Impact Factor
Publication Stats
102 | Citations | |
1.31 | Total Impact Points | |
Top Journals
Kaplan Medical Center
Kefar Yavne, Central District, Israel


text:
Tallents, L.A., Lovett, J.C., Hall, J.B. and Hamilton, A.C. (2005) Phylogenetic diversity of forest trees in the Usambara mountains of Tanzania: correlations with altitude. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 149 (2). pp. 217-228. ISSN 0024-4074
Full text not available from this repository.Abstract
The relationship between diversity of large trees and altitude was investigated in a Tanzanian tropical rain forest. In total, 231 samples of 20 trees of ≥ 20 cm d.b.h. from the East and West Usambara mountains, covering an elevation range from 280 m to 2180 m a.s.l., were analysed. An ordination demonstrated a constant turnover of species, genera, family and orders with elevation. There were no obvious zones or discontinuities. There was no decline in plot richness with respect to altitude for species, genera or orders. Family richness was shown to increase with altitude. A measure of genetic diversity, the avalanche index, was calculated for each plot to investigate the effect of incorporating phylogenetic relatedness of individuals into the diversity measure. Distances between taxa were extracted from a recent molecular phylogeny of the angiosperms. Incorporation of phylogenetic diversity at family level enhanced the positive correlation between plot diversity and altitude.
Item Type: | Article |
Institution: | The University of York |
Academic Units: | The University of York > Environment (York) |
Depositing User: | York RAE Import |
Date Deposited: | 14 Aug 2009 13:56 |
Last Modified: | 14 Aug 2009 13:56 |
Published Version: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00431.x |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
Identification Number: | 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00431.x |
URI: | http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/5705 |


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Kazza ...
Wow, Just stunning!!! Congratulations on top 3, very well deserved. I need to find your facebook page xxx
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DISCLAIMER: Any posts on CakesDecor.com (CD) are posted by individuals acting in their own right and do not necessarily reflect the views of CD. CD will not be held liable for the actions of any user.


text:
Just Cause 3 announced for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and PC for 2015 November 11, 2014 10:15 AM | Mike Minotti It brings back the crazy open-world action that fans loved — to the tune of over 6 million copies sold for Just Cause 2.
Why Square Enix wishes more of its games were like Just Cause 2 November 11, 2013 12:46 PM | Mike Minotti Square Enix is more interested in long-term engagement than "games as service."
The funniest Achievements and Trophies ever, part two: Murder is fun(?) January 15, 2013 11:00 AM | Evan Killham Our festival of silly rewards continues. Today, we're talking about all the ridiculous awards you get for killing stuff.
The 5 most-downloaded PlayStation Plus Instant Game Collection titles, and other PSN data September 28, 2012 11:00 AM | Jeff Grubb Sony shared some positive details regarding its PlayStation Network and PlayStation Plus services.
Just Cause 2 multiplayer mod is in public beta tonight July 29, 2012 2:50 PM | Jeff Grubb A small dev team has put together a multiplayer mod for the open-world game Just Cause 2. It is in public beta right now.


text:
Contact Us
Our School
Our Faculty & Staff
Our Community
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Our Faculty & Staff
Our Staff
First Grade
Hillcrest Elementary School
211 West Malone Ave.
San Antonio, Texas 78214
Phone: (210) 228-3340
Fax: (210) 534-0691
No Iframes
First Grade
Fundamentals of reading are fun to learn with these exceptional First Grade teachers.
Mrs. Castellanos
Mrs. Esparza (Bilingual)
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email coming soon!
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Updated: 1/27/15
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Originally written on
Full Scale Sports
Last updated 11/14/14
FORT LAUDERDALE, FL - FEBRUARY 08: Head coach Sean Payton of the New Orleans Saints holds the Vince Lombardi Trophy during Super Bowl Champion Coach Press Conference at the Fort Lauderdale Convention Center on February 8, 2010 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. (Photo by Doug Benc/Getty Images)
With "Bounty Gate" past them, and Sean Payton back as head coach, the New Orleans Saints are 2-0. More importantly, the team's defense has shown vast improvements, especially in the passing game. Through two games the Saints have compiled four sacks, two interceptions, and have forced three fumbles with two of them being recovered. The […]
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text:
Raging RetroPhotographer Male Bradenton, Florida, US
My Website:
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/ragingretro
Mayhem # 1050365
About MeI am a photographer located in Sarasota/Bradenton area. I am currently looking for models interested in vintage, retro, and pinup.
I would also like to work with models just getting started to help build a quality portfolio as well as create some fun images. To view some of my other work, visit my other profile: http://www.modelmayhem.com/encompasscreative Lists
Friends |


text:
Next Meeting
Date: 04/21/2015 @ 7:00pm
Where: Bay Shore/Brightwaters Public Library
Program: The Dangers of Paddling in Cold Water
more details
Upcoming paddles and events
Trip Leader's Responsibilities |
Paddlers' Responsibilities |
Commitment |
Be Honest About Your Abilities |
Day Paddle Checklist |
Sunset Paddle / Night Paddle Checklist |
•Red / Green navigation light (required) |
Cold Water Paddle Checklist (When the water gets cold, hypothermia becomes a real danger. Cold water saps heat faster than cold air. Proper thermal protection is required) |
Submersion in cold water for a few minutes radically reduces a paddler's ability to assist in their own rescue and can disorient a paddler even if they can roll. |
Be On Time |
During the Paddle |
Don't Forget To Thank the Trip Leader |
* Mirrors can be substituted with an old CD or DVD.
Frank Durante's Tip:
If you are skilled recording a copy of your own CD on your PC, create a text document with your name, address, and medical condition/history on it (i.e. diabetic, asmatic,etc...) and record it to the CD. Label the CD accordingly with a permanent marker too. If you are found unconcious and the CD is present to the rescue team, it will be very helpful.


text:
Definition of cannibalism
n. - The act or practice of eating human flesh by mankind. Hence; Murderous cruelty; barbarity.
The word "cannibalism" uses 11 letters: A A B C I I L M N N S.
No direct anagrams for cannibalism found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after cannibalism (in bold), or to aabciilmnns in any order:
g - misbalancing s - cannibalisms
List all words starting with cannibalism, words containing cannibalism or words ending with cannibalism
All words formed from cannibalism by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: ca an nn ni ib ba al li is sm
Browse words starting with cannibalism by next letter
Previous word in list: cannibalising
Next word in list: cannibalisms
Some random words: gnar ruana jokier einstein joes to fodgel
This is not a dictionary, it's a word game wordfinder.
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text:
Bird feeding is a year-round activity, so don't take your feeders down when the weather warms up or you may miss out on the cardinal's mate feeding in the spring and adult birds bringing their offspring in the summer to learn how to get to the seeds you provide.
Birds don't all disappear in the winter. If you put out birdseed, you'll be amazed at how many birds do stay around for the winter. Your birdfeeders will be busy places especially after snowstorms when trees and other food sources are covered. Just be sure to remove any snow that blocks the seed at your feeders.
In the late fall and winter, heavy snowfalls bury natural sources of wild bird food. In addition, most of the lush berry and seed laden vegetation of spring and summer has withered and blown away, and most insect species are either dead or dormant.
Fill your feeders every day, but put out only a quantity of seed that the birds can eat before sundown, especially where raccoons, bears or deer are a problem.
For the fall and winter, consider adding suet feeders. Suet cakes are made of rendered beef fat, seeds and grains. This high-energy diet is especially important in colder zones where a bird's metabolism has to work extra hard just to keep warm. There are bird feeders designed to hold one or more suet cakes.
Stamp down the snow underneath the feeders to help ground-feeding birds, such as juncos, cardinal and doves. Clean up discarded hulls regularly since removing debris gives the grass a chance to recover.
[back to top]
In the spring time, feeding provides the supplemental nourishment birds need to recover from migration. Here again, suet cakes as well as seed and nectar are a perfect choice for helping the birds regain their strength.
Additionally, summertime feeding helps reduce the stress of nesting at a time when natural seed supplies are at their lowest. If you want to do a lot of birdwatching, fill your yard with feeders of all kinds!
When fall approaches again, it is important to fill and maintain bird feeders and suet feeders to help the birds as they begin their migrations.
Birdfeeders.com is your leading online source for wild bird feeders, feeder accessories, and bird baths. We offer the broadest and deepest set of quality bird feeders to make your wild bird watching experience even more enjoyable!
> Shipping Information > Privacy & Security > Return Policy > Where to Buy > Track your Order > Birdfeeders.com FAQs > Contact Us
> Expert Tips > Birding FAQs > Birding Articles > Manuals & MSDSs > Recommended Links > Site Bibliography > E-Newsletter > Online Store
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text: Blackburn Rovers keen to offload goalkeeper Paul Robinson Visit Paddy Power Save For Later by Jon WildePosted Follow @jonwildemcr Blackburn Rovers goalkeeper Paul Robinson during a pre-season friendly match against AEK Athens (credit: GREG WOOD/AFP/Getty Images) Share: 0 0 0 Get Football Alerts Blackburn Rovers have admitted they would be prepared to listen to loan offers for former England goalkeeper Paul Robinson.The ex-Leeds United and Tottenham Hotspur shot-stopper, who has spent the last five years at Ewood Park, has lost his place in the first team this season to Jake Kean.At the age of 33, he is eager to find regular football elsewhere and almost joined West Ham United during the January transfer window but the move broke down.He will not look to force through a move, but Blackburn have revealed they would allow him to leave on a short-term deal if a tempting offer arrived.They would be looking for any interested party to help supplement Robinson's wages, with the Championship outfit in the process of trying to cut costs.Rovers manager Michael Appleton said: "It would have to be the right club for us in terms of what they are prepared to do in terms of salary."We've talked, but not once has Paul said he doesn't want to play for us."Robinson has not played since the 4-1 defeat at home to Cardiff City on December 7 when former manager Henning Berg was still in charge and has been unable to force his way back into the side since Appleton's arrival.His replacement Kean has kept two consecutive clean sheets in the FA Cup win at Derby and the 2-0 league victory over Bristol City which put Rovers seven points away from the play-off positions.Blackburn are a best-priced 16/1 with bookmaker Paddy Power to be promoted this season. Visit Paddy Power Read our Paddy Power review Get £20 in free bets from Paddy Power when you sign up and bet £10


text:
Short Demo of Four Useful Sites
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About this Lesson
- Type: Video Tutorial
- Length: 7:58
- Media: Video/mp4
- Use: Watch Online & Download
- Access Period: Unrestricted
- Download: MP4
- Size: 37 MB
- Posted: 05/28/2009
This screencast covers the basics of 4 Web sites I like to use: ShortGPS.com; Virl.com; GeekChart.com; and TadaList.com.
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text:
Mizoram scored two goals in extra time to upstage a strong Tamil Nadu 3-1, and enter the final, for the first time, of the 68th National football championship for the Santosh Trophy.
In the second semifinal, Ehtesham Ahmed saved two shots to help Railways down Maharashtra 5-3 via the tie-breaker after the teams were locked 1-1 at the end of 120 minutes of regulation and extra-time.
The first semifinal at the Kanchenjungha Stadium on Friday saw Mizoram winning a battle of attrition. The North-East major erased a goal deficit before firing two more in the extended session after the regulation 90 minutes saw the sides deadlocked 1-1.
Tamil Nadu, the more dominant side in the first half, took the lead through its prolific striker A. Raegan in injury-time (45+2). But the South Zone champion failed to sustain the momentum after the break. Mizoram made a determined comeback and found the equaliser through substitute David Lalrinmuana in the 61st minute.
Tamil Nadu looked jaded in the extra time. Mizoram captain Zico Zoremsanga put his team in the lead in the 94th minute before another substitute F. Lalrinpuia sealed the fate of the match in the 119th minute.
When Raegan finished a well-orchestrated move in injury time of the first half, few doubted Tamil Nadu's inventiveness and creativity.
Lalrinmuana, inducted in the 40th minute to spruce up the midfield, could count himself lucky to find the equaliser, which was rather a result of goalkeeper A. Arun Pradeep's tentativeness.
The Tamil Nadu custodian reacted late to a speculative shot by Lalrinmuana, from around 35 yards, and made a half-hearted dive that allowed the ball free access into the goal.
Tamil Nadu would also rue a 58th-minute opportunity when a good cross from captain P. Sudhakar on the Mizoram goalmouth was cleared from the line by defender Ricky Lallawmawma.
Mizoram, mobilising its attacks on the flanks after the equaliser, completed its dominance in the extra time when Tamil Nadu showed little initiative.
"I asked my players to show the right spirit and behave properly on the field. That may have been the reason why they were subdued initially," said Mizoram coach H. Vanlalthangla, recollecting the league match against Tamil Nadu in the 2012 edition in which five players (three from Mizoram and two from TN) were sent off for violence.
"They played well in the first half but we did well by re-grouping in the second. Bringing Lalrinmuana in early also proved well as he did a good job in the midfield," the Mizoram coach added.
"We were on top in the first half but the goalkeeping error affected our prospects. But overall I am very proud of my boys," said Tamil Nadu coach C.M. Ranjit.
In the second match, Maharashtra was the dominant side in the first half and gained the lead utilising a greater share of ball possession. Mohammad Shafiq found the target for Maharashtra in an unlikely manner in the 24th minute. The Maharashtra left-back went on the overlap and tried a low long-ranger which the Railways goalkeeper Ahmed spilled into his own goal, after having caught the ball on the first attempt.
Railways started regrouping midway through the second half, especially after the introduction of fleet-footed Anil Kisku in the wings in the 67th minute.
The midfielder won a penalty in the 70th minute when he was brought down by Maharashtra goalkeeper C. Praveen. Another substitute Sushil Kisku scored from the spot to fetch the equaliser.
In the tie-breaker, all the Railways players — P.C. Riju, Y. Raju Singh, Dipankar Das and Sushil Kisku – found the target successfully. On the other hand, Maharashtra saw Ahmed saving the first two attempts of Praneel Mendon and Vijith Shetty. Paresh Shivalkar and Linekar Machado were on target for Maharashtra.
The results: Mizoram 3 (David Lalrinmuana 61, Zico Zoremsanga 94, F. Lalrinpuia 119) bt Tamil Nadu 1 (A. Raegan 45+2).
Railways 5(1) (Sushil Kisku 70-pen) bt Maharashtra 3(1) (Mohammad Shafiq 24).


text:
A few simple manipulations with the index finger of the right hand cured of congenital deafness, Don Jaime, 15-year-old son of King Alfonso of Spain, in 20 minutes by the clock.
Dr. Curtis H. Muncie, Brooklyn osteopath, was summoned by King Alfonso to treat the Prince (TIME, July 2). Don Jaime was so deaf that he could hear only shouted conversation. Dr. Muncie put him under an anaesthetic, reconstructed the eustachian tube with his forefinger.. Twenty minutes later, Don Jaime was able to hear normally.
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text:
Value at the High End
- 28 Comments
- Follow
What is your best recommendation for places that take food preparation seriously *and* provide good value? E.g. No. 9, Salts, Troquet, Sorellina are very fine dining experiences, but they don't optimize for value.
As an example: Silvertone is a favorite of mine. Not the same menu as the top of the top but expertly prepared dishes. At least as good as or better than I cold prepare at home. And excellent wine values.
What's your favorite value restaurant that's not a hole in the wall? (I love holes in the wall, but that's a different discussion)
Some of these may not cross your "hole in the wall" threshold, but it's a little confusing with basement bar Silvertone (which I also quite admire) used as an example. I consider these good values in serious food for their category: Trattoria Toscana. Hamersley's Bistro, a recent bit of revisionism on my part. Lumiere. 51 Lincoln. Pops. Ten Tables. Angela's Cafe. Brookline Family. Franklin Cafe. Rincon Limeño. Jasmine Bistro. Washington Square Tavern. Green Street. Grotto.
re: MC Slim JB
I would add Taberna de Haro and Carlo's Cucina to this list.
re: BobB
I completely agree with you on Carlos- their attention to detail at very reasonable prices makes them one of my favorite Italian places in Boston...despite the commute to Allston!
re: MC Slim JB
MC, I can see how I was confusing. I just mean to rule out places that are truly cheap (which I do love) as opposed to a good value. Great suggestions, thanks.
re: Carty
Interesting choices MC.
I'm curious as to why you are including the Washington Square Tavern on your list...I don't see it discussed very much on this board. Thanks.
re: CambridgeFoodie
there actually has been a bit more chatter in the past few months about washington square tavern, esepcially when discussing other upscale pubs/restaurants. It's very good for what it is.
0 -
re: CambridgeFoodie
cambridgeMike is right: I think it gets a fair share of props here. I wasn't that impressed with the food early on, but limster raved about its burger, so I went back, and found it had reached that level of "bar with high craft food" that is one of my favorite kinds of places to dine (cf. Silvertone, Franklin, etc.) It won't make you forget O ya, but of its kind I think it's excellent. My one carp with WST is that their wine list is tilted quite high, too many bottles at $60 and up, but they have decent beers and good bartending with a full liquor license, which helps.
I'd add Grotto on Beacon Hill...good value..especially at lunch.
eta..MC beat me to it
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I think EVOO fits the bill, Blue Room, and Flora as well.
I would respectfully disagree with the vote for Hamersley's - we have had few meals there that ring in under $250 for 2, and the service on our last visit was really, genuinely rude. Not a good value from either side, in my book.
re: lisa13
I guess I need to read a bit closer to hear about the Washington Square Tavern.
On another note, went out to Toro last night. We didn't drink much (only 2 drinks total)...but the 3 of us ate well for $91 (with plenty of leftovers).
Very high quality food...extremely high noise level.
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re: lisa13
I'm also interested in what changed Slim's mind about Hamersley's. Did they lower prices (right), or was it an extraordinary meal? I like Hamersley's, and haven't had better service anywhere--I haven't been to L'Espalier--but this inconsistency in service doesn't speak well of them. I'd rather have reliably rude service than hit or miss!
re: pollystyrene
I had a really good meal, followed by another really good one, and the check didn't hurt as bad as I remembered from prior visits. It's possible that I've gotten more inured to those prices, or have grown to admire the chef's work more (or maybe he's gotten better), but it seemed like a better value; maybe I was able to find more wines that didn't strike me as overpriced.
I've never really had a service issue at Hamersley's, certainly never gotten really rude service. Competent, professional, but not in the same league (nor trying to be) as L'Espalier, which plays up the pomp and formality.
re: MC Slim JB
I'm glad Hamersley's is treating you better these days. I think your theory about the wine might be right. I've never thought of Hamersley's as being more overpriced than most places, but I don't drink wine.
I think Franklin Cafe fits best into this category for me. Tu y Yo in Somerville also hits the mark.
Coda is similar to Silvertone, but is a bit nicer and a touch more upscale. On the expensive side, I've always found Teatro to be a good value.
0 -
At the risk of stating the obvious, a number of Boston's more expensive restaurants also offer bar menus, where the food is as good as (or occasionally better than) in the dining room, but the prices are more reasonable. A few of my favorite bar menus on my side of the river: Chez Henri, Gargoyle's, Upstairs on the Square.
re: finlero
The same holds true for lunch. Many top end places have quite reasonable lunch menus. As I noted in another thread, I had lunch last week at L'Espalier where a prix fixe menu was $30. And for another $20, there were generous wine pairings with each of the three courses. A terrific value.


text:
Board Walk Beach 1- Beach House
From $125 / night
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Description from the manager
- 2 bedrooms
- 1 bathrooms
- Sleeps 6
- House
Bedrooms: 2
Bathrooms: 1
Sleeps: 6
Type: House
Board Walk Beach 1- Beach HouseDescription from the manager
Boardwalk Beach #1 - Beach House - Lake Huron Resort - Oscoda
Come see this dream resort! Layed out with (3)adorable, uniquely decorated, A-frame cabins on 125 feet of sugar sand beach, this resort is perfect for a family reunion, small wedding, or a romantic getaway. Each cabin has 2 bedrooms, a high efficiency air conditioning unit, a warm and cozy gas fireplace, plenty of room for 6 to sleep, ample outdoor furniture along with a private grill and a view to take your breath away! Play football or frisbee on the beach or sunbath on the sand with a good book. Dive into the fresh waters of Lake Huron or hike along the shoreline for miles while ...Read more
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Board Walk Beach 1- Beach House
Oscoda, Michigan
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text:
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Speaker of the House of Representatives John Boehner called a news conference for 11 a.m. ET (1600 GMT) on Friday to discuss stalled efforts to cut a bipartisan deal to avert the fiscal cliff, an aide said.
With less than three weeks to go before a year-end deadline, negotiations have essentially come down to Boehner, the top Republican, and President Barack Obama.
(Editing by Doina Chiacu)
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