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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
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Peat Peat Nature Bulletin No. 523-A March 30, 1974 Forest Preserve District of Cook County George W. Dunne, President Roland F. Eisenbeis, Supt. of Conservation PEAT For hundreds of years in Ireland, as in parts of northern Europe and Russia, the only fuel available to poor people has been Peat. From partially drained bogs they cut it in slabs that are piled and sun-dried. These smolder and glow continuously on the hearth of each cottage, never naming high but giving off steady heat and a characteristic odor. Peat is a somewhat fibrous and spongy material consisting mostly of partially decayed vegetation which accumulated, for centuries or even thousands of years, underwater or in waterlogged places such as swamps and bogs. It represents the first step in the making of coal. During millions of years, vast beds of peat were compressed and gradually transformed into the various kinds of coal now mined from beneath the earth's surface.
Wetland (peat) Carbon Cycle
Wetland (peat) Carbon Cycle Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas, twenty times more potent than CO2, but atmospheric concentrations of CH4 under future climate change are...
Third technical contractors' conference on peat
SciTech Connect (OSTI)
The conference dealt with the estimation of US peat reserves, methods for the gasification of peat, including biogasification, techniques for dewatering peat, and the harvesting of peat. Separate abstracts were prepared for the individual papers. (CKK)
Not Available
Thermal characteristics of the combustion process of biomass and sewage sludge
Science Journals Connector (OSTI)
The combustion of two kinds of biomass and sewage sludge was studied. The biomass fuels were wood biomass (pellets) and agriculture biomass (oat). The sewage sludge came from waste water treatment plant. The biomass
Aneta Magdziarz; Ma?gorzata Wilk
Residuals, Sludge, and Composting (Maine) | Department of Energy
Broader source: Energy.gov (indexed) [DOE]
Residuals, Sludge, and Composting (Maine) Residuals, Sludge, and Composting (Maine) Residuals, Sludge, and Composting (Maine) < Back Eligibility Agricultural Commercial Construction Fed. Government Fuel Distributor General Public/Consumer Industrial Installer/Contractor Institutional Investor-Owned Utility Local Government Low-Income Residential Multi-Family Residential Municipal/Public Utility Nonprofit Residential Retail Supplier Rural Electric Cooperative Schools State/Provincial Govt Systems Integrator Transportation Tribal Government Utility Program Info State Maine Program Type Siting and Permitting Provider Department of Environmental Protection The Maine Department of Environmental Protection's Residuals, Sludge, and Composting program regulates the land application and post-processing of organic wastes, including sewage sludge, septage, food waste, and wood
Sludge sampler
DOE Patents [OSTI]
The disclosure relates to a sludge sampler comprising an elongated generally cylindrical housing containing a baffle containing an aperture. Connected to the aperture is a flexible tubing having a valve for maintaining and releasing pressure in the lower end of the housing and exiting the upper end of the housing. The lower end of the housing contains a ball check valve maintained in closed position by pressure. When the lower end of the device contacts the sludge bed, the pressure valve is opened, enabling sludge to enter the lower end of the housing. After the sample is collected the valve is closed. An upsetting pin opens the valve to empty a sludge sample after the sample is removed from the fluid.
Ward, Ralph C. (Los Alamos, NM)
Ward, R.C.
The Commercial Uses of Peat
... THE difficulty in obtaining coal for industrial purposes, and the high price that has had to be paid for it recently, especially where works are situated ... the mines, has led to more attention being paid to the use of peat for fuel. In the �Notes� of May 31, 1900 (vol. lxii. p. 108 ...
Non-destructive quantification of water gradient in sludge composting with Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Sludge from a slaughter-house wastewater plant, and mixtures of bulking agent (crushed wood pallet) and sludge were studied by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The NMR spin-spin relaxation (T{sub 2}) and spin-lattice relaxation (T{sub 1}) signals for sludge, wet crushed wood pallet and mixtures of sludge and bulking agent were decomposed into three relaxation time components. Each relaxation time component was explained by a non-homogeneous water distribution on a microscopic length scale and by the porosity of the material. For all samples, the T{sub 2} relaxation time value of each component was directly related to the dry matter content. The addition of wet crushed wood to sludge induced a decrease in the relaxation time, explained by water transfer between the sludge and the wood. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and respirometric measurements were performed on sludge and wood mixtures. MR images of the mixtures were successfully obtained at different biodegradation states. Based on specific NMR measurements in an identified area located in the MRI cells, the results showed that grey levels of MR images reflected dry matter content. This preliminary study showed that MRI would be a powerful tool to measure water distribution in sludge and bulking agent mixtures and highlights the potential of this technique to increase the understanding of sludge composting.
Duval, F.P.; Quellec, S. [Cemagref, UR TERE, 17 Avenue de Cucille, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes (France); Universite europeenne de Bretagne (France); Tremier, A.; Druilhe, C. [Cemagref, UR GERE, F-35044 Rennes (France); Universite europeenne de Bretagne (France); Mariette, F., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Cemagref, UR TERE, 17 Avenue de Cucille, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes (France); Universite europeenne de Bretagne (France)
Distribution and Development of the World's Peat Deposits
... -winning, in particular for horticulture. Peat products, that is, peat mixed with organic waste, earth or mineral fertilizer, have been extensively introduced. Peat is also used in ... of humic substances bound differentially in a colloidal complex, and observations on autothermal peat dust gasification experiments on an industrial scale. The application of peat and associated muds in balneology ...
Sewage Sludge, Pros & Cons
Sewage Sludge, Pros & Cons ... Efficient Hydrogen Sulfide Adsorbents Obtained by Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge Derived Fertilizer Modified with Spent Mineral Oil ... Efficient Hydrogen Sulfide Adsorbents Obtained by Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge Derived Fertilizer Modified with Spent Mineral Oil ...
Rebecca Renner
Municipal Sludge disposal economics
Municipal Sludge disposal economics ... Atmospheric emissions of elements on particles from the Parkway sewage-sludge incinerator ... Atmospheric emissions of elements on particles from the Parkway sewage-sludge incinerator ...
Jerry Jones; David Bomberger, Jr.; F Lewis; Joel Jacknow
Innovative sludge stabilization method
Sludge is generated in many water and wastewater treatment processes, both biological and physical/chemical. Examples include biological sludges from sanitary and industrial wastewater treatment operations and chemical sludges such as those produced when metals are removed from metal plating wastewater. Even some potable water plants produce sludge, such as when alum is used as a flocculating agent to clarify turbid water. Because sludge is produced from such a variety of operations, different techniques have been developed to remove water from sludges and reduce the sludge volume and mass, thus making the sludge more suitable for recovery or disposal. These techniques include mechanical (e.g., filter presses), solar (sludge drying beds), and thermal. The least expensive of these methods, neglecting land costs, involves sludge drying beds and lagoons. The solar method was widely used in sewage treatment plants for many years, but has fallen in disfavor in the US; mechanical and thermal methods have been preferred. Since environmental remediation often requires managing sludges, this article presents a discussion of a variation of sludge lagoons known as evaporative sludge stabilization. Application of this process to the closure of two 2.5 acre (10117 m{sup 2}) hazardous waste surface impoundments will be discussed. 1 ref., 2 figs.
Riggenbach, J.D.
Wood Dusts
Abstract The processing of wood is common in many types of work, and generates wood dust that has been associated with acute and chronic health effects. Workers exposed to wood dust may have adverse health effects such as upper and lower respiratory symptoms, decreased lung function, asthma, contact and allergic dermatitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and sinonasal and nasopharyngeal cancer. This article is a revision of the previous edition article by Alan J. Weinrich and Paul Demers, volume 4, pp 464�467, � 2005, Elsevier Inc.
P.A. Demers; A.J. Weinrich
Coal facies in a Cenozoic paralic lignite bed, Krabi Basin, southern Thailand: Changing peat-forming conditions related to relative sea-level controlled watertable variations
The Cenozoic Krabi Basin in the southern part of peninsular Thailand contains about 112�million�tons proven coal reserves. At present, coal is only produced from the Bang Mark mine located in the southern part of the basin, where the main lignite bed is 7�20�m thick. The lignite bed occurs in an overall paralic succession. The present paper investigates the depositional conditions of an approximately 8�m thick lignite bed (main seam) in the Bang Mark mine using organic petrography, including maceral ratios, and geochemistry. The results are further interpreted in a sequence stratigraphic context. The lignite is of low rank and is completely dominated by huminite indicating generally oxygen-deficient conditions in the precursor mire. Very low inertinite contents suggest rare occurrences of wildfires. The lower part of the lignite bed represents a topogenous fresh water peat mire with open water areas that in few cases may have experienced influx of saline water. The peat mire was subjected to periodic inundations and deposition of siliciclastics. Tissue preservation was relatively poor. The upper part of the lignite bed represents a slightly domed fresh water ombrogenous peat mire with a stable watertable and a balance between peat accumulation and accommodation space creation that favoured preservation of plant tissues. In general, the mire vegetation changed from less woody in the topogenous mire to more arborescent in the ombrogenous mire, where plants with suberinised wood cell walls also were more frequent. Decompacted, the lignite bed corresponds to a minimum ~�11�m thick peat deposit that records from ~�22,000 to 55,000�years of peat accumulation. Watertable rise in the peat mire was controlled overall by relative sea-level rise. In a sequence stratigraphic context, the lignite bed overlies a terrestrialisation surface (TeS; sensu Diessel, 2007) and the lowermost part records peat formation during a falling watertable and a decreasing accommodation/peat accumulation ratio (terrestrialisation). An accommodation reversal surface (ARS; sensu Diessel, 2007) indicates a change to paludification style of peat formation characterised by rising watertable and a high accommodation/peat accumulation ratio. Another ARS marks a gradual change to a situation with a balanced accommodation/peat accumulation ratio. The overall watertable rise throughout peat formation, but at a gradually slower rate from base to top, suggests that the lignite bed could be located in the late transgressive systems tract (TST).
H.I. Petersen; B. Ratanasthien
Pretreatment of microbial sludges
Methods are described for pretreating microbial sludges to break cells and disrupt organic matter. One method involves the use of sonication, and another method involves the use of shear forces. The pretreatment of sludge enhances bioconversion of the organic fraction. This allows for efficient dewatering of the sludge and reduces the cost for final disposal of the waste.
Rivard, C.J.; Nagle, N.J.
Rivard, Christopher J. (Lakewood, CO); Nagle, Nicholas J. (Louisville, CO)
Apparatus for solubilizing and oxidizing of peat
Methane is produced from peat by solubilizing the phenolic polymers therein, and oxidizing the solute to produce short chain molecules. The short chain molecules are fermented to produce a gas that this scrubbed to remove CO/sub 2/ to produce methane. Solubilizing takes place in a vertically oriented pressurized vessel that is circular in cross-section and divided into a number of regular vertically elongated compartments, each comprising a circular sector in cross-section, and extending the majority the height of the vessel. Slurried peat is fed into the top of one compartment while another compartment is being emptied from the bottom, the compartment being filled or emptied being progressively changed in response to rotation of a central shaft in the vessel. Oxidation of solubilized peat takes place in a structure that transports the solubilized peat in a substantially vertical wave path from an inlet to an outlet with oxygen being introduced at the bottoms of segments of the wave path, and co2 being withdrawn from the tops of segments of the wave path while the solubilized peat is maintained at a pressure above atmospheric. Coolant is circulated around the wave path to remove the exothermic heat of reaction, and the coolant is flashed into steam used elsewhere in the process.
Elmore, C.L.; Funk, E.D.; Poulin, T.M.
Changuinola peat deposit of northwest Panama
We studied the economics of generating electricity in a 30-MW power plant using peat as a fuel. We calculated the breakeven point; that is, the point at which the cost of producing electricity from a coal- or an oil-fueled facility was equal to the cost of producing electricity from a peat-fueled facility, both a fluidized-bed and a conventional suspension boiler and for wet-mined and milled peat production. In the base case, the price range for oil was assumed to be $0.09 to $0.108 per liter, and the price range for coal was assumed to be $35 to $42 per metric ton. Parametric studies were done varying the capacity factor, real cost of money, and the mining costs. The parametric studies indicate that a peat-fueled plant can remain competitive with an oil-fueled plant when each of the parameters, considered separately, have the following values: (1) capacity factor greater than 65%; (2) real cost of money less than 9%; and (3) actual peat mining cost, not exceeding the estimated cost by more than 25%. 9 refs., 15 figs., 8 tabs.
Thayer, G.R.; Williamson, K.D. Jr.; Ramirez, A.
Sludge Mass Reduction Update
Preparations Preparations within the Tank Farm D. Bumgardner Liquid Waste Engineering Washington Savannah River Company 12 May 2009 2 Agenda Liquid Waste System Overview Sludge Characteristics Sludge Batch Planning Sludge Batch Preparation Sequence - Aluminum Dissolution - Sludge Washing - Sludge Batch Qualification/Acceptance Questions 3 Liquid Waste Processing at SRS ARP - Actinide Removal Process AFP - Actinide Finishing Process ASP - Actinide Strike Process CSS - Clarified Salt Solution CSSX - Caustic-side Solvent Extraction DDA - Deliquification, Dissolution, and Adjustment DSS - Decontaminated Salt Solution DWPF - Defense Waste Processing Facility ETP - Effluent Treatment Project GWSB - Glass Waste Storage Building HLW - High-Level Waste LLW - Low-Level Waste MCU - Modular CSSX Unit
Sludge organics bioavailability
Concern over the bioavailability of toxic organics that can occur in municipal sludges threatens routine land application of sludge. Available data, however, show that concentrations of priority organics in normal sludges are low. Sludges applied at agronomic rates yield chemical concentrations in soil-sludge mixtures 50 to 100 fold lower. Plant uptake at these pollutant concentrations (and at much higher concentrations) is minimal. Chemicals are either (1) accumulated at extremely low levels (PCBs), (2) possibly accumulated, but then rapidly metabolized within plants to extremely low levels (DEHP), or (3) likely degraded so rapidly in soil that only minor contamination occurs (PCP and 2,4-DNP).
Eiceman, G.E.; Bellin, C.A.; Ryan, J.A.; O'Connor, G.A.
Carbon Emissions from Smouldering Peat in Shallow and Strong Fronts�
E-Print Network [OSTI]
A series of experiments of shallow and strong smouldering fronts in boreal peat have been conducted under laboratory conditions to study the CO and CO2 emissions. Peat samples of 100 mm by 100 mm in cross section and 50 ...
Rein, Guillermo; Cohen, Simon; Simeoni, Albert
WoodChemistry Wood Degradation & Preservation
31 WoodChemistry Wood Degradation & Preservation Chemical Utilization of Wood Pulp & Paper and carbohydrates is of considerable interest in connection with a number of issues in wood chemistry, such as the reactions taking place during the formation of wood, the natural molecular weight distribution of lignin
Geldenhuys, Jaco
Flash pyrolysis of sewage sludge
Flash pyrolysis of sewage sludge ... Influence of the Pyrolysis Temperature on Sewage Sludge Product Distribution, Bio-Oil, and Char Properties ... Influence of the Pyrolysis Temperature on Sewage Sludge Product Distribution, Bio-Oil, and Char Properties ...
Jan Piskorz; Donald S. Scott; Ian B. Westerberg
Wood biology We present investigations of wood
Wood biology We present investigations of wood formation which started in 1999. Samples for investigations are taken from living trees. Processes of wood formation are affected by different factors like temperature and precipitation. #12;We use light microscopy to study cell wall formation in the wood. Double
Cufar, Katarina
Wood Curriculum vitae 1 ERIC MATTHEW WOOD
Wood Curriculum vitae 1 ERIC MATTHEW WOOD Spatial Analysis for Conservation and Department/17/2014 Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Wisconsin-Madison PUBLICATIONS Wood, E. M., A. M. Pidgeon, V. C community structure in U.S protected areas. Ecological Applications in press Wood, E. M., and A. M. Pidgeon
Mladenoff, David
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF WOOD AND WOOD COMPOSITES DURING CRACK PROPAGATION Noah Matsumoto Structural, USA * Corresponding author: email@example.com SWST member #12;Fracture Toughness of Wood and Wood Composites During Crack Propagation ABSTRACT The mode I fracture toughness as a function of crack
Nairn, John A.
Forest land application of sewage sludge on the Savannah River Plant
In 1980, a sewage sludge application study was initiated on the Savannah River Plant to evaluate the effects of sludge additions on nutrient cycling processes in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forest ecosystems and to determine whether or not such additions beneficially enhance forest productivity. Sewage sludge, either as a liquid anaerobic sludge at 0, 402, or 804 kg N/ha (360 and 720 lb/ac) containing approximately 7% N (oven dry) or a solid aerobic material at 632 kg N/ha (560 lb/ac) with approximately 1.3% N (oven dry), was applied to 1-, 3-, 8-, and 28-year-old loblolly pine stands on sandy and clayey upper coastal plain soils. A total of 525,000 gallons of liquid sludge and 560 tons of solid sludge was applied on 11.6 hectares (28.7 acres) of loblolly pine forest plots. Sludge additions were monitored to determine availability and movement so that potential impacts could be evaluated on water quality, nutrient and heavy metal cycling, soil and forest floor, understory vegetation, tree foliage, stand growth, biomass production, and wood quality. This study concluded that using liquid sludge at rates of 400 kg N/ha or less as a silvicultural treatment to fertilize pulp and sawtimber loblolly pine stands resulted in increased forest productivity without environmental or wood quality degradation. Application recommendations for stand age and loading rates for management purposes are addressed.
Davis, C.E. (comp.)
SCOTLAND'S TREES, WOODS AND FORESTS #12;2 SCOTLAND'S TREES, WOODS AND FORESTS2 #12;SCOTLAND'S TREES, WOODS AND FORESTS 3 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 SCOTLAND'S FORESTS CHAPTER 2 FORESTS FOR PEOPLE CHAPTER 3 FORESTS SCOTLAND'S TREES, WOODS AND FORESTS #12;4 SCOTLAND'S TREES, WOODS AND FORESTS4 This booklet is written
Independent Activity Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment Project...
Sludge Treatment Project - February 2012 Independent Activity Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment Project - February 2012 February 2012 Hanford Sludge Treatment Project Operational...
Independent Oversight Activity Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
Sludge Treatment Project - September 2013 Independent Oversight Activity Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment Project - September 2013 November 2013 Hanford Sludge Treatment Project...
Metagenomic analysis of phosphorus removing sludge communities
kinase from activated sludge performing enhanced biologicalbetween flocculation of activated sludge and composition oforganisms from activated sludge systems. Wat Res 31,
Sludge composting, sludge pretreatment and radiation technology: a review
The paper reviews the state-of-the-art technologies on sludge conditioning and stabilisation. Radiation technology, best contextualised within the concept of Green Chemistry, is yet another developing area of sludge pretreatment. Besides revisiting some important aspects of sludge treatment by composting, this review paper also appraises the application of gamma ray and ultrasound irradiations particularly in sludge pretreatment and sludge composting for monitoring, and to some extent improving, the degradation and subsequent stabilisation of sludge constituents. The scientific principle of each type of radiation and selected research work are discussed, and future needs for applied research are eventually outlined.
Ackmez Mudhoo; Romeela Mohee
Wood Quality: The Effects
Wood Quality: The Effects of Planting Density and Thinning Eini C. Lowell PNW Research Station wood quality? By volume, characteristic, product? #12;http://jilldenton.files.wordpress.com/2007, faster #12;What is it that defines wood quality?What is it that defines wood quality? Density: earlywood
Wood Resources International
Wood Resources International Wood Raw Material Consumption on the Rise Despite Weak Global Economy UNECE Timber Committee Meeting October 7-8, 2003 Geneva, Switzerland Håkan Ekström Wood Resources International #12;Wood Resources International Outline · Roundwood Removals · Roundwood Consumption · Raw
Final sludge rules consolidate options
Final federal regulations for use and disposal of waste water sludge were signed in 1992. Now states must adopt standards that are at least as stringent to maintain sludge disposal permitting authority. The regulations define specific limits for 12 sludge contaminants while the organic contaminants listed have been eliminated. The regulations recognize three basic methods of sludge use and disposal: land application, surface disposal, and incineration.
Walsh, T.K. [Metcalf & Eddy Inc., Wakefield, MA (United States)
Land application of sludge
This book is the proceedings of a workshop held in Las Vegas, NV in 1985 entitled Effects of Sewage Sludge Quality and Soil Properties on Plant Uptake of Sludge-Applied Trace Constituents. The workshop was in response to the need to utilize the most current available information in the development of regulations and criteria to safely apply and manage the land application of municipal sewage sludge. The participants were undoubtedly the most knowledgeable of this subject matter, and were divided into five separate but related task groups. The groups addressed the following sludge-related topics: (1) role of soil properties on accumulation of trace element by crops; (2) role of sludge properties on accumulation of trace elements by crops; (3) influence of long-term application on accumulation of trace elements by crops; (4) transfer of trace elements to the food chain, and (5) effects of trace organics in agroecosystems and their risk assessment to humans. The text, therefore, parallels those of the results of the task groups. The five main chapters followed a similar format, i.e., having an introduction section, a comprehensive literature review, discussion of recent and current data, and synthesis of the most relevant information.
Page, A.L.; Logan, T.J.; Ryan, J.A. (eds.)
Wood Products 201213 Student Handbook
Wood Products 201213 Student Handbook Ecosystem Science and Management College ........................................................................................................................... 2 Wood Products Undergraduate Program ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Careers for Wood Products Majors
Boyer, Elizabeth W.
Viscous sludge sample collector
A vertical core sample collection system for viscous sludge. A sample tube's upper end has a flange and is attached to a piston. The tube and piston are located in the upper end of a bore in a housing. The bore's lower end leads outside the housing and has an inwardly extending rim. Compressed gas, from a storage cylinder, is quickly introduced into the bore's upper end to rapidly accelerate the piston and tube down the bore. The lower end of the tube has a high sludge entering velocity to obtain a full-length sludge sample without disturbing strata detail. The tube's downward motion is stopped when its upper end flange impacts against the bore's lower end inwardly extending rim.
Beitel, George A [Richland, WA
KE Basin Sludge Flocculant Testing
In the revised path forward and schedule for the K Basins Sludge Retrieval and Disposal Project, the sludge in K East (KE) Basin will be moved from the floor and pits and transferred to large, free-standing containers located in the pits (so as to isolate the sludge from the basin). When the sludge is pumped into the containers, it must settle fast enough and clarify sufficiently that the overflow water returned to the basin pool will not cloud the water or significantly increase the radiological dose rate to the operations staff as a result of increased suspended radioactive material. The approach being evaluated to enhance sludge settling and speed the rate of clarification is to add a flocculant to the sludge while it is being transferred to the containers. In February 2004, seven commercial flocculants were tested with a specific K Basin sludge simulant to identify those agents that demonstrated good performance over a broad range of slurry solids concentrations. From this testing, a cationic polymer flocculant, Nalco Optimer 7194 Plus (7194+), was shown to exhibit superior performance. Related prior testing with K Basin sludge and simulant in 1994/1996 had also identified this agent as promising. In March 2004, four series of jar tests were conducted with 7194+ and actual KE Basin sludge (prepared by combining selected archived KE sludge samples). The results from these jar tests show that 7194+ greatly improves settling of the sludge slurries and clarification of the supernatant.
Schmidt, Andrew J.; Hallen, Richard T.; Muzatko, Danielle S.; Gano, Sue
Gasification of Model Compounds and Wood in Hot Compressed Water
Examples of wet waste streams include the following:? vegetable, fruit and garden waste; waste streams from agricultural, food and beverage industries; manure; sewage sludge; and some household wastes. ... Lignin itself is difficult to gasify and it has been observed that lignin blocks the conversion of wood's other constituents:? cellulose and hemi-cellulose. ... The raw biomass feedstock of sawdust with some CMC was also gasified in this system, the gasification efficiency in excess of 95% was reached. ...
Sascha R. A. Kersten; Biljana Potic; Wolter Prins; Wim P. M. Van Swaaij
Introduction Mich ael Wood
Introduction Mich ael Wood Italo Calvino was discreet about his life and the lives of others or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. #12;viii michael wood notion with great
Rowley, Clarence W.
LOT E1 LOT O WOOD STREET METERED LOT LOT W5 LOT C4 LOT B4 LOT L LOT M MARSHFIELDAVENUE PAULINASTREET Clinical Sciences Building UI Hospital Wood Street Station Clinical Sciences North Grand Grounds Garden
Dai, Yang
Vacuuming radioactive sludge
Vacuuming an estimated 55 cubic yards of radioactive sludge from the floor of Hanford's K East Basin was a complicated process. Workers stood on grates suspended above the 20-foot deep basin and manipulated vacuuming equipment at the end of long poles--using underwater cameras to guide their work.
CURRICULUM VITAE Robert Wood
CURRICULUM VITAE Robert Wood Assistant Professor Atmospheric Sciences, Box 351640, University. Publications [1] Wood, R., I. M. Stromberg, P. R. Jonas and C. S. Mill, 1997: Analysis of an air motion system on a light aircraft for boundary layer research. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 14, 960-968. [2] Wood, R., D. W
Wood, Robert
Wood Durability Service & Reliability
Wood Durability Laboratory Service & Reliability Equipment & Facilities Field sites for AWPA E-7 (mold) tests. Wood weathering facilities. Lab-scale pressure treating cylin- ders. X-ray preservative analyzer (Oxford Twin-X). State-of-the-art facilities for wood and plastics composites manufacturing
The Friction of Wood
...1958 research-article The Friction of Wood D. Atack D. Tabor Earlier work, especially...following paper shows that the friction of wood may be explained in a similar way, that...The friction was studied between balsam wood (Abies balsamea) and surfaces of steel...
Influence of sludge disintegration by high pressure homogenizer on microbial growth in sewage sludge: an approach for excess sludge reduction
Excess sludge treatment and disposal is currently a challenge ... explore and develop technology for reduction of excess sludge in wastewater treatment plants rather than treating the generated sludge. This paper...
Chockalingam Lajapathi Rai�
Sulfur in the Changuinola peat deposit, Panama, as an indicator of the environments of deposition of peat and coal
The sulfur (S) content of coal is often used to infer aspects of paleoclimate, trophic state, and proximity to marine influence, of the mire in which it was deposited. In this study, the S content of peat in a large back-barrier mire complex on the Caribbean coast of Panama is related to climatic, biological, and tectonic factors of the depositional environment. The S content is in proportion to the degree of humidification of the peat, and both are independent of the pH of the groundwater. The distribution of forms of organic and inorganic sulfur in the tropical peats are found to be comparable to published values for temperate and subtropical peats, despite differences in vegetation and climate.The distribution of high-sulfur peats in the eastern part of the deposit and low-sulfur peats in the western part, and the SE-NW transgression parallel to the trend of the coastline, reflects the regional structural trend of coseismic subsidence greatest to the southeast.
Phillips, S.; Bustin, R.M. [Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia (Canada). Dept. of Geological Sciences
STEO October 2012 - wood
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Indexed Site
More U.S. households burning wood this winter to stay warm, More U.S. households burning wood this winter to stay warm, reversing two-decade decline Burning wood as the primary heating source in U.S. households has risen over the last 10 years, reversing the decline seen in the 1980s and 1990s. About 2.6 million households out of 115 million will rely on wood as the main way to warm their homes this winter. That's up 3 percent from last year, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration's new winter fuels forecast. The West will have the most households using wood as their primary space heating fuel, followed by the Midwest, South and Northeast regions of the United States. Wood is also the second most common backup fuel, after electricity, that households across the U.S. use as a supplemental heating source. Almost half of all rural households use wood this
Inactivation of poliovirus in digested sludge.
...Inactivation of poliovirus in digested sludge. R L Ward C S Ashley The effect of anaerobically digested sludge on poliovirus during incubation at temperatures...Although virus was fully recoverable from sludge, its infectivity decreased in proportion...
R L Ward; C S Ashley
Enteric bacteria in aerobically digested sludge.
...Research Article Enteric bacteria in aerobically digested sludge. S R Farrah G Bitton Indicator bacteria, Salmonella...aerobic bacteria were determined in samples of undigested sludge and sludge that had been treated by one or two stages of aerobic...
S R Farrah; G Bitton
Modelling and Control of Activated Sludge Processes
Modelling and Control of Activated Sludge Processes Michela Mulas Dottorato di Ricerca of Activated Sludge Processes Michela Mulas Supervisors: Prof. Roberto Baratti Ing. Stefania Tronci Dottorato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 ASP Models and Simulations 7 2.1 The Activated Sludge Process
Skogestad, Sigurd
Farm Mixing and Sampling to Support DWPF Operations Farm Mixing and Sampling to Support DWPF Operations David Larsen, PMP, PSP Hasmukh Shah Liquid Waste Engineering Washington Savannah River Company May 21, 2009 2 LWO-LWP-2009-00021 Overview Background Mixing - Historical - Criteria - Current Strategy Sampling Techniques and Procedure Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) Requirements - Waste Acceptance Criteria - Tank Farm Compliance 3 LWO-LWP-2009-00021 Sludge Batch Preparation and Feed Tank 51 (Batch Tank) Sludge from one or more waste storage tanks *Mixing by Pumps *Wash *Settle *Decant *Sample Qualified Batch Transferred Forward *Mixing by Pumps *Sample Bulk Waste Removal Tank(s) Tank 40 (Blend Tank) *10,000 gal vessel *Mixing by Agitator *Sample *10,000 gal vessel *Mixing by Agitator *Sample *Wetting *Mixing by Pumps
Steam generator sludge pile model boiler testing: sludge characterization. [PWR
As part of a program to understand the thermal and hydraulic transport process that can lead to chemical concentration in sludge piles on the tubesheet in a steam generator, the chemical composition and physical properties of eight sludges and several simulants were determined. Analyses performed by emission and x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that most of the sludges were mainly composed of iron oxides, copper, and other elements at trace levels. X-ray diffraction measurements identified iron to exist in the form of magnetite and copper to exist in the form of a metal. The densities, porosity, particle size, surface area, pore size distribution, and hydrodynamic permeabilities were determined on all plant sludges and selected simulants. Wide variations were observed in the physical measurements of the different plant sludges.
Becker, L.F. Jr.; Esposito, J.N.
The Agglomeration in the Fluidized Bed Boiler During the Co-Combustion of Biomass with Peat
The formation of bed material coatings during the co-combustion of peat and biomass is caused by iron, calcium, aluminum ... Thus the bed material agglomeration during peat and biomass co-combustion is due to the...
Ritva E. A. Heikkinen; Mika E. Virtanen�
Wood pellet production
Southern Energy Limited's wood pellet refinery, Bristol, Florida, produces wood pellets for fuel from scrap wood from a nearby sawmill and other hog fuel delivered to the plant from nearby forest lands. The refinery will provide 50,000 tons of pellets per year to the Florida State Hospital at Chattahoochee to fire recently converted boilers in the central power plant. The pellets are densified wood, having a moisture content of about 10% and a heating value of 8000 Btu/lb. They are 0.5 inches in diameter and 2 to 3 inches in length.
Moore, J.W.
Woods for Learning Strategy Woods for Learning Strategy | 32 | Woods for Learning Strategy
Strategy Woods for Learning #12;Woods for Learning Strategy Woods for Learning Strategy | 32 | Woods for Learning Strategy Foreword We want our young people to be successful learners, confident the use of woods for learning. Woodlands provide a rich resource for a range of learning opportunities
Friction of wood on steel.
?? This thesis deals with the experimental description of friction between steel and wood materials, specifically laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and pine wood with two� (more)
Koubek, Radek
Chopwell Wood Health Project
Chopwell Wood Health Project An innovative project of school visits and General Practitioner. The project took place at Chopwell Wood a 360 hectare mixed woodland managed by the Forestry Commission to carry on being involved in the project. Next stage of the project Although the project leader has now
Site Visit Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment Project 105-KW -...
Site Visit Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment Project 105-KW - August 2011 Site Visit Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment Project 105-KW - August 2011 August 2011 Hanford Sludge...
K Basins Sludge Treatment Process | Department of Energy
K Basins Sludge Treatment Process K Basins Sludge Treatment Process Full Document and Summary Versions are available for download K Basins Sludge Treatment Process Summary - K...
K Basins Sludge Treatment Project Phase 1 | Department of Energy
K Basins Sludge Treatment Project Phase 1 K Basins Sludge Treatment Project Phase 1 Full Document and Summary Versions are available for download K Basins Sludge Treatment Project...
Considerations for using sludge as a fuel
The pulp and paper industry is facing a serious and growing problem with sludge disposal. One option many companies are investigating is the burning of sludge in a boiler. This paper presents combustion technologies that can burn sludge ranging from small slip streams co-fired with bark to 100% dedicated sludge burners. The authors examine sludge characteristics and how they have an impact on combustion. Understanding these characteristics allows plant operators to choose the proper technology for their requirements.
Kraft, D.L.; Orender, H.C. (Babcock and Wilcox Co., Barberton, OH (United States))
Adsorption of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics by Wastewater Sludge Biochar: Role of the Sludge Source
Adsorption of fluoroquinolone antibiotics using sludge-derived biochar made of various wastewater sludges was investigated. The sludge-derived biochar had relatively large Brunauer�Emmet�...2?g?1 except the bioch...
Hong Yao; Jian Lu; Jun Wu; Zeyu Lu; P. Chris Wilson�
Marcelo A. Wood Marcelo A. Wood, Ph.D.
Marcelo A. Wood 1 Marcelo A. Wood, Ph.D. Curriculum Vitae June, 2013 Current Appointment: Associate, University of California, Irvine #12;Marcelo A. Wood 2 Teaching Experience: since joining UCI 2006, American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP) #12;Marcelo A. Wood 3 Journal/Editorial Review Service
Wood, Marcelo A.
Water supply and sludge metals
Ultimate sludge disposal is one of the major tasks facing wastewater treatment facilities today. Where adequate farmland exists in proximity to the treatment facility and where sludge characteristics are suitable, land application is often the most economical method. In some cases, however, metal concentrations in the sludge either limit the site life or the application rate to the point where land application is not economical. When metals are above regulatory limits, land application may become impossible. The origin of the metals has largely been credited to industrial users and stormwater runoff and have, in fact, often represented significant sources of metals. Another potentially significant source of metals that has been frequently overlooked is the water supply system (including the distribution and home piping systems). Data from some treatment facilities suggest that the water supply system is the major source of metals and is the reason that sewage sludge metal levels are above allowable land application limits.
Brown, W.E. (Wright-Pierce Engineers, Topsham, ME (USA))
1 WOOD RESEARCH 53 (4): 2008 1-12 CAMBIAL ACTIVITY AND WOOD FORMATION IN BEECH FAGUS SYLVATICA, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia Jozica Griar Slovenian Forestry Institute (Fagus sylvatica), cambium, wood formation, cell differentiation, xylem growth rings, Gompertz function
1 WOOD RESEARCH 52 (2): 2007 1-10 WOOD FORMATION IN NORWAY SPRUCE PICEA ABIES STUDIED BY PINNING Zupani, Katarina Cufar, Primoz Oven University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood methods for examining wood formation. Pinning induced desiccation of differentiated xylem, necrosis
Generating power with waste wood
Among the biomass renewables, waste wood has great potential with environmental and economic benefits highlighting its resume. The topics of this article include alternate waste wood fuel streams; combustion benefits; waste wood comparisons; waste wood ash; pilot scale tests; full-scale test data; permitting difficulties; and future needs.
Atkins, R.S.
Pretreatment of high solid microbial sludges
A process and apparatus are disclosed for pretreating microbial sludges in order to enhance secondary anaerobic digestion. The pretreatment process involves disrupting the cellular integrity of municipal sewage sludge through a combination of thermal, explosive decompression and shear forces. The sludge is pressurized and pumped to a pretreatment reactor where it is mixed with steam to heat and soften the sludge. The pressure of the sludge is suddenly reduced and explosive decompression forces are imparted which partially disrupt the cellular integrity of the sludge. Shear forces are then applied to the sludge to further disrupt the cellular integrity of the sludge. Disrupting cellular integrity releases both soluble and insoluble organic constituents and thereby renders municipal sewage sludge more amenable to secondary anaerobic digestion. 1 fig.
A process and apparatus for pretreating microbial sludges in order to enhance secondary anaerobic digestion. The pretreatment process involves disrupting the cellular integrity of municipal sewage sludge through a combination of thermal, explosive decompression and shear forces. The sludge is pressurized and pumped to a pretreatment reactor where it is mixed with steam to heat and soften the sludge. The pressure of the sludge is suddenly reduced and explosive decompression forces are imparted which partially disrupt the cellular integrity of the sludge. Shear forces are then applied to the sludge to further disrupt the cellular integrity of the sludge. Disrupting cellular integrity releases both soluble and insoluble organic constituents and thereby renders municipal sewage sludge more amenable to secondary anaerobic digestion.
Rivard, Christopher J. (Lakewood, CO); Nagle, Nicholas J. (Broomfield, CO)
Wood Heating Fuel Exemption
Broader source: Energy.gov [DOE]
This statute exempts from the state sales tax all wood or "refuse-derived" fuel used for heating purposes. The law does not make any distinctions about whether the qualified fuels are used for...
Woods for Health Strategy Woods for Health Strategy | 32 | Woods for Health Strategy
Strategy Woods for Health #12;Woods for Health Strategy Woods for Health Strategy | 32 | Woods for Health Strategy Foreword Like the rest of the western world, Scotland experiences growing rates a key role in helping to promote better physical and mental health for all by providing greenspace
Gregory H. Woods
H. Woods H. Woods Department· of Energy Fermi Site Office Post Office Box 2000 Batavia, Illinois 60510 JAN 1 1 2DD Office of the General Counsel GC-1, FORS SUBJECT: FERMI SITE OFFICE (FSO) 2013 ANNUAL NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (NEPA) PLANNING SUMMARY Section 5(a) (7) of Department Of Energy Order 451.1 B Change 2, NEPA Compliance Program, requires each Secretarial Officer and Head of Field Organization to submit an annual NEPA
Long-term investigation of microbial fuel cells treating primary sludge or digested sludge
. Biogas production was produced from primary sludge and quantified. Total energy production in MFCs could: Microbial fuel cell Primary sludge Digested sludge Energy Biogas a b s t r a c t The long-term performance. Digested sludge can be further composted for agriculture uses, and biogas can be con- verted
Sludge drying reed beds: a full and pilot-scales study for activated sludge treatment
Sludge drying reed beds: a full and pilot-scales study for activated sludge treatment S. email@example.com, email@example.com Abstract Sludge drying reed beds have been used for dewatering and mineralization of sludge since the beginning of the 90's, but their insufficient performances in terms of Dry Matter [DM
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
94/0169 A STUDY OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE DEWATERING IN EXPERIMENTAL REED-PLANTED OR UNPLANTED SLUDGE of the reeds in bed 2 died in spite of the influent sludge dose of 70 g. of SS.m"2.d~l. During the second phase (917 days) the 3 beds were aerated from the bottom and fed with sludge, directly extracted from
Wye Wood: the wider wood : A project description and evaluation page 1 January 2007
Wye Wood: the wider wood : A project description and evaluation page 1 January 2007 Wye Wood: the wider wood A project description and evaluation Report written by: Dr Frances Howie Associate Director Parrott Health Development Worker, Wye Wood: the wider wood #12;Wye Wood: the wider wood : A project
Wastewater sludge management options for Honduras
Sludge management is a fundamental area of concern across wastewater treatment systems in Honduras. The lack of timely sludge removal has led to declining plant performance in many facilities throughout the country. In ...
Bhattacharya, Mahua, M. Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Laser removal of sludge from steam generators
A method of removing unwanted chemical deposits known as sludge from the metal surfaces of steam generators with laser energy is provided. Laser energy of a certain power density, of a critical wavelength and frequency, is intermittently focused on the sludge deposits to vaporize them so that the surfaces are cleaned without affecting the metal surface (sludge substrate). Fiberoptic tubes are utilized for laser beam transmission and beam direction. Fiberoptics are also utilized to monitor laser operation and sludge removal.
Nachbar, Henry D. (Ballston Lake, NY)
CCA-Treated Wood
Abstract Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a chemical preservative that protects wood from rotting due to insects and microbial agents. It has been used to pressure-treated lumber since the 1930s. Since the 1970s, the majority of the wood used in residential settings was CCA-treated wood. It is a registered chemical pesticide that is subject to US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) regulation. The pesticide registration for CCA was modified as a result of a voluntary agreement reached in February 2002 between the registrants and EPA, in order to transition to a new generation of preservatives for most nonindustrial applications. That agreement permitted the use of CCA for all existing registered uses until December 2003 and the continued sale and distribution of CCA-treated wood treated in accordance with the label. After 1 January 2004, following label amendment, CCA was permitted and continues to be sold to treat wood for many uses. This article is a revision of the previous edition article by C. Charles Barton and Thomas T. Newton, volume 1, pp 489�490, � 2005, Elsevier Inc.
C. Barton
Heat inactivation of poliovirus in wastewater sludge.
...Heat inactivation of poliovirus in wastewater sludge. R L Ward C S Ashley R H Moseley The effect of raw and anaerobically digested sludge on heat inactivation of poliovirus was investigated. Raw sludge was found to be very protective of poliovirus...
R L Ward; C S Ashley; R H Moseley
Precision wood particle feedstocks
Wood particles having fibers aligned in a grain, wherein: the wood particles are characterized by a length dimension (L) aligned substantially parallel to the grain, a width dimension (W) normal to L and aligned cross grain, and a height dimension (H) normal to W and L; the L.times.H dimensions define two side surfaces characterized by substantially intact longitudinally arrayed fibers; the W.times.H dimensions define two cross-grain end surfaces characterized individually as aligned either normal to the grain or oblique to the grain; the L.times.W dimensions define two substantially parallel top and bottom surfaces; and, a majority of the W.times.H surfaces in the mixture of wood particles have end checking.
Dooley, James H; Lanning, David N
Peat deposits in Panama: Their potential for use in energy applications
A major peak bog has been discovered in the Changuinola area of Panama. The bog averages 8-m deep, is thought to be 82 km/sup 2/, in area and the peat has an ash content of about 4%. It is estimated that this size peat bog could support a 30-MW power plant for 360 years. Preliminary cost estimates for using the peat in an electrical power plant give an estimated cost of electricity of 0.09$US/kWh if wet mining is used and 0.079$US/kWh if milled peat is used. 2 refs., 4 figs.
Ramirez, A.; Thayer, G.; Cohen, A.D.; Allen, A.
Woods In and Around Towns: Phase II
Policy WIAT Woods In and Around Towns: Phase II #12;2 | Woods In and Around Towns: Phase II working with Forestry Commission Scotland on Woods In and Around Towns #12;Woods In and Around Towns: Phase II Woods In and Around Towns: Phase II | 3 What is this about? The Woods In and Around Towns (WIAT) Programme provides
April, 2006 Allen W. Wood
1 April, 2006 Vita Allen W. Wood Academic Address: Philosophy Department, Bldg 90 Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-2155 Telephone 650-723-2587 Fax 650-723-0985 E-mail: Allen.Wood University, 1999-2000. Professor of Philosophy, Stanford University, 1999-2001 Ward W. and Priscilla B. Woods
Zalta, Edward N.
Inaugural 2012 Kristie Ann Wood
Inaugural 2012 Kristie Ann Wood Scholarship Award Call for Nominations We are delighted to announce the Inaugural 2012 Kristie Ann Wood Scholarship Award for an Outstanding Women's, Gender, and Sexualities (WGSS Wood, a feminist mother, wife, friend, daughter, and lawyer who is remembered by her loved ones
Alpay, S. Pamir
Environmental Impacts of Treated Wood
Environmental Impacts of Treated Wood 6495_C000.fm Page iii Wednesday, February 1, 2006 5:48 PM #12 associated with treated wood. Bill Hinkley died on September 12, 2005, shortly before the completion received contributions from many of the world's leading scientists on the subject of treated wood, and we
Florida, University of
The Asian Wood Pellet Markets
The Asian Wood Pellet Markets Joseph A. Roos and Allen M. Brackley United States Department.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Alaska Wood Utilization Wood Pellet plant in North Pole, Alaska. Clockwise from upper left: pelleting machine; pellets bagged
Sewage Sludge (Maryland) | Department of Energy
Sewage Sludge (Maryland) Sewage Sludge (Maryland) Sewage Sludge (Maryland) < Back Eligibility Agricultural Commercial Investor-Owned Utility Local Government Municipal/Public Utility Rural Electric Cooperative Systems Integrator Tribal Government Utility Program Info State Maryland Program Type Siting and Permitting Provider Maryland Department of the Environment Sewage sludge utilization permits are required prior to the use, processing, and disposal of sewage sludge in Maryland. Sewage sludge (also known as biosolids) is not sewage, but rather is one of the final products of treated sewage at a sewage (wastewater) treatment plant. Sewage sludge is the fine particulate matter remaining after treatment which breaks down organic matter and destroys disease organisms in sewage. A SSU Permit is required for any person who collects,
The Wood Duck
Wood Duck Wood Duck Nature Bulletin No. 502-A October 13, 1973 Forest Preserve District of Cook County George W. Dunne, President Roland F. Eisenbeis, Supt. of Conservation THE WOOD DUCK Of all the fowl that swim, the Wood Duck is a most unusual bird. They perch in trees like jaybirds, and nest in tree holes like woodpeckers. The hens do not quack like the females of most ducks, and the drakes are dressed in a riot of gaudy colors. Each summer we see dozens of them -- more than any other kind of wild duck -- rear their families of ducklings on and around the streams, ponds, lakes and sloughs of Cook County's forest preserves. Words can scarcely describe the brilliance of the drake's plumage. The head, crest and back glint with iridescent greens, purples and blues. The eyes are red, the throat white, and the bill orange-red. The breast is wine-colored flecked with white, the belly is white, and the sides are buff. The woodie is about midway in size between the mallard and the blue-winged teal. The drakes weigh about a pound and a half. The hen is smaller and plainer, with a gray-brown head and body, a white throat, and a conspicuous white ring around the eye. Her voice is a shrill, squealing "whoo-eek", while the male's is a mere squeak.
Rheological Model for Wood
Wood as the most important natural and renewable building material plays an important role in the construction sector. Nevertheless, its hygroscopic character basically affects all related mechanical properties leading to degradation of material stiffness and strength over the service life. Accordingly, to attain reliable design of the timber structures, the influence of moisture evolution and the role of time- and moisture-dependent behaviors have to be taken into account. For this purpose, in the current study a 3D orthotropic elasto-plastic, visco-elastic, mechano-sorptive constitutive model for wood, with all material constants being defined as a function of moisture content, is presented. The corresponding numerical integration approach, with additive decomposition of the total strain is developed and implemented within the framework of the finite element method (FEM). Moreover to preserve a quadratic rate of asymptotic convergence the consistent tangent operator for the whole model is derived. Functionality and capability of the presented material model are evaluated by performing several numerical verification simulations of wood components under different combinations of mechanical loading and moisture variation. Additionally, the flexibility and universality of the introduced model to predict the mechanical behavior of different species are demonstrated by the analysis of a hybrid wood element. Furthermore, the proposed numerical approach is validated by comparisons of computational evaluations with experimental results.
Mohammad Masoud Hassani; Falk K. Wittel; Stefan Hering; Hans J. Herrmann
Woods on Private Estates
... of Estate Woodlands". Mr. Orde-Powlett first dealt with the value of the existing private woods to Great Britain during the Great War, pointing out that although the Forestry ... can afford to give adequate pay to the staff maintained. Since the majority of the private woodlands are not run on business lines they are under-staffed. If properly run, ...
Wood Energy in America
...hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass sources...to the city's district energy system (7...of wood fuel for heating and cooling of buildings...and dependence on heating oil (21), but...transitions to AWC heating and cooling are technically...Third, expand district-energy systems...
Daniel deB. Richter; Jr.; Dylan H. Jenkins; John T. Karakash; Josiah Knight; Lew R. McCreery; Kasimir P. Nemestothy
Fermentation and chemical treatment of pulp and paper mill sludge
A method of chemically treating partially de-ashed pulp and/or paper mill sludge to obtain products of value comprising taking a sample of primary sludge from a Kraft paper mill process, partially de-ashing the primary sludge by physical means, and further treating the primary sludge to obtain the products of value, including further treating the resulting sludge and using the resulting sludge as a substrate to produce cellulase in an efficient manner using the resulting sludge as the only carbon source and mixtures of inorganic salts as the primary nitrogen source, and including further treating the resulting sludge and using the resulting sludge to produce ethanol.
Lee, Yoon Y; Wang, Wei; Kang, Li
Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997-2009)
15%), agricultural waste burning (3%), and tropi- cal peat3.5), with agricultural waste burning estimated to be theforest 1 Agricultural waste burning 1 Peat fires 3 1 Based
Where's the ecology in molecular ecology? Jerald B. Johnson, Scott M. Peat and Byron J. Adams
Where's the ecology in molecular ecology? Jerald B. Johnson, Scott M. Peat and Byron J. Adams J. B. Johnson (email@example.com), S. M. Peat and B. J. Adams, Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Dept, molecular techniques have had a more limited impact in ecology. This discrepancy is surprising. Here, we
Pfrender, Michael
E-Print Network 3.0 - anaerobic granular sludge Sample Search...
sludge Search Powered by Explorit Topic List Advanced Search Sample search results for: anaerobic granular sludge...
Feasibility of using lysozyme to reduce excess sludge in activated sludge process
Lysozyme reaction was developed as a novel technique for minimizing the amount of excess sludge in the sequential batch reactor (SBR). In the present work, excess sludge taken from a SBR system was treated ... th...
Yong Song ??; Zhou Shi ??; Shi-yang Chen ???�
Start-up of a thermophilic upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor with mesophilic granular sludge
Fast start-up of thermophilic upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors was achieved at ... 55 and 64� C, using mesophilic granular sludge as inoculum and fatty acid mixtures as ... temperature optima for aceto...
Jules B. van Lier; Katja C. F. Grolle�
K Basin sludge dissolution engineering study
The purpose of this engineering study is to investigate the available technology related to dissolution of the K Basin sludge in nitric acid. The conclusion of this study along with laboratory and hot cell tests with actual sludge samples will provide the basis for beginning conceptual design of the sludge dissolver. The K Basin sludge contains uranium oxides, fragments of metallic U, and some U hydride as well as ferric oxyhydroxide, aluminum oxides and hydroxides, windblown sand that infiltrated the basin enclosure, ion exchange resin, and miscellaneous materials. The decision has been made to dispose of this sludge separate from the fuel elements stored in the basins. The sludge will be conditioned so that it meets Tank Waste Remediation System waste acceptance criteria and can be sent to one of the underground storage tanks. Sludge conditioning will be done by dissolving the fuel constituents in nitric acid, separating the insoluble material, adding neutron absorbers for criticality safety, and then reacting the solution with caustic to co-precipitate the uranium and plutonium. There will be five distinct feed streams to the sludge conditioning process two from the K East (KE) Basin and three from the K West (KW) Basin. The composition of the floor and pit sludges which contain more iron oxides and sand than uranium is much different than the canister sludges which are composed of mostly uranium oxides. The sludge conditioning equipment will be designed to process all of the sludge streams, but some of the operating parameters will be adjusted as necessary to handle the different sludge stream compositions. The volume of chemical additions and the amount of undissolved solids will be much different for floor and pit sludge than for canister sludge. Dissolution of uranium metal and uranium dioxide has been studied quite thoroughly and much information is available. Both uranium metal and uranium dioxide have been dissolved on a large scale in nuclear fuel reprocessing plants in Europe, Japan, and the USA. Ash and sludge containing uranium compounds also have been dissolved in reprocessing or plutonium scrap recovery plants, but only a limited amount of information is available on how the ferric oxyhydroxide, aluminum compounds and silicates in the sand will behave during nitric acid dissolution. Laboratory work with simulants and hot cell work with actual K Basin sludge is in progress to obtain data in these areas.
Westra, A.G.
Electric co-generation units equipped with wood gasifier and Stirling engine
The disposal of industrial waste such as oil sludges, waste plastic, lubricant oils, paper and wood poses serious problems due to the ever increasing amount of material to be disposed of and to the difficulty in finding new dumping sites. The interest in energy recovery technologies is accordingly on the increase. In particular, large amounts of waste wood are simply burned or thrown away causing considerable environmental damage. In this context the co-generation technique represents one of the possible solutions for efficient energy conversion. The present paper proposes the employment of a Stirling engine as prime mover in a co-generation set equipped with a wood gasifier. A Stirling engine prototype previously developed in a joint project with Mase Generators, an Italian manufacturer of fixed and portable electrogenerators, is illustrated and its design is described.
Bartolini, C.M.; Caresana, F.; Pelagalli, L.
Experimental Study on Sludge Dewatering under Additives Conditioning
The key difficulty of sludge dewatering is the gelatification among water and solid particles, which leads to the difficult removal of floc water. The way of sludge ... it is shown that sludge conditioning by cer...
Guolu Yang; Shentang Dou; Shifu Qin�
Sewage sludge dewatering using flowing liquid metals
A method and apparatus for reducing the moisture content of a moist sewage sludge having a moisture content of about 50% to 80% and formed of small cellular micro-organism bodies having internally confined water is provided. A hot liquid metal is circulated in a circulation loop and the moist sewage sludge is injected in the circulation loop under conditions of temperature and pressure such that the confined water vaporizes and ruptures the cellular bodies. The vapor produced, the dried sludge, and the liquid metal are then separated. Preferably, the moist sewage sludge is injected into the hot liquid metal adjacent the upstream side of a venturi which serves to thoroughly mix the hot liquid metal and the moist sewage sludge. The venturi and the drying zone after the venturi are preferably vertically oriented. The dried sewage sludge recovered is available as a fuel and is preferably used for heating the hot liquid metal.
Carlson, Larry W. (Oswego, IL)
Ultrasonic sludge disintegration for enhanced methane production in anaerobic digestion: effects of sludge hydrolysis efficiency and hydraulic retention time
Hydrolysis of waste activated sludge (WAS) has been regarded as the rate limiting step of anaerobic sludge digestion. Therefore, in this study, the ... effect of ultrasound and hydraulic residence time during sludge
Dong-Jin Kim; Jonghak Lee
Effects of sludge pretreatment on sludge reduction in a lab-scale anaerobic/anoxic/oxic system treating domestic wastewater
Excess sludge disposal is one of the serious challenges in biological wastewater treatment. Reduction of sludge production would be an ideal way to solve sludge-associated problems rather than the post-treatment ...
D. K. Uan; I. T. Yeom; P. Arulazhagan�
CRAD, Engineering - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge...
System CRAD, Emergency Management - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System CRAD, Conduct of Operations - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System...
CRAD, Management - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge...
CRAD, Emergency Management - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System CRAD, Conduct of Operations - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System CRAD,...
Formation of aerobic granular sludge biofilms for sustainable wastewater treatment
ENAC/ Formation of aerobic granular sludge biofilms for sustainable wastewater treatment David G Research, Microbiology of Interfaces, Magdeburg (Germany) EDCE 2011 / From activated sludge flocs
Independent Oversight Activity Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment Project � September 2013
Hanford Sludge Treatment Project Engineered Container Retrieval and Transfer System Operational Awareness Review and Sludge Treatment Project Independent Project Review [HIAR-RL-2013-09-18
Dynamic loss properties of wood
Internal friction and dielectric lossmeasurements have been made on whole wood on cellulose and on lignin. A prominent ? peak is seen at 200 K for frequencies around 1 Hz. This peak shifts to lower temperatures (near 160 K) when wood is heated to 475 K. We propose that this shift signifies molecular changes characteristic of the first stages of coalification of wood and lignin. Additional comparisons are made with the macromolecular structure of amber oil shale and synthetic polymers.
C. A. Wert; Manford Weller; Dan Caulfield
SOME POV-RAY TEXTURES AND COLORS T_Wood1 to T_Wood35
SOME POV-RAY TEXTURES AND COLORS WOODS.INC T_Wood1 to T_Wood35 STONES.INC T_Stone1 to T_Stone44Pink DarkPurple NeonBlue CoolCopper MandarinOrange LightWood MediumWood DarkWood SpicyPink Semi
Lee, Carl
Effect of sewage sludge content on gas quality and solid residues produced by cogasification in an updraft gasifier
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Cogasification of sewage sludge with wood pellets in updraft gasifier was analysed. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The effects of sewage sludge content on the gasification process were examined. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Sewage sludge addition up to 30 wt.% reduces moderately the process performance. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer At high sewage sludge content slagging and clinker formation occurred. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Solid residues produced resulted acceptable at landfills for non-hazardous waste. - Abstract: In the present work, the gasification with air of dehydrated sewage sludge (SS) with 20 wt.% moisture mixed with conventional woody biomass was investigated using a pilot fixed-bed updraft gasifier. Attention was focused on the effect of the SS content on the gasification performance and on the environmental impact of the process. The results showed that it is possible to co-gasify SS with wood pellets (WPs) in updraft fixed-bed gasification installations. However, at high content of sewage sludge the gasification process can become instable because of the very high ash content and low ash fusion temperatures of SS. At an equivalent ratio of 0.25, compared with wood pellets gasification, the addition of sewage sludge led to a reduction of gas yield in favor of an increase of condensate production with consequent cold gas efficiency decrease. Low concentrations of dioxins/furans and PAHs were measured in the gas produced by SS gasification, well below the limiting values for the exhaust gaseous emissions. NH{sub 3}, HCl and HF contents were very low because most of these compounds were retained in the wet scrubber systems. On the other hand, high H{sub 2}S levels were measured due to high sulfur content of SS. Heavy metals supplied with the feedstocks were mostly retained in gasification solid residues. The leachability tests performed according to European regulations showed that metals leachability was within the limits for landfilling inert residues. On the other hand, sulfate and chloride releases were found to comply with the limits for non-hazardous residues.
Seggiani, Maurizia, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Chemical Engineering, Industrial Chemistry and Material Science, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56126 Pisa (Italy); Puccini, Monica, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Department of Chemical Engineering, Industrial Chemistry and Material Science, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56126 Pisa (Italy); Raggio, Giovanni, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Italprogetti Engineering SPA, Lungarno Pacinotti, 59/A, 56020 San Romano (Pisa) (Italy); Vitolo, Sandra, E-mail: email@example.com [Department of Chemical Engineering, Industrial Chemistry and Material Science, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
Isocyanate-Wood Adhesive Bond
We have used infrared spectroscopy to study the reaction between phenyl isocyanate and glucose, cellulose, lignin, and wood. In the latter instance we have investigated oven-dried...
Weaver, F William; Owen, Noel L
Economics of selected energy applications of peat in Panama and Costa Rica
Studies were performed to determine the economic competitiveness of peat in Costa Rica and Panama. The cases examined were (1) electrical production in Panama, and (2) industrial boilers and cement plants in Costa Rica. Based on estimates of peat mining costs and the end-use costs we calculated for each application, the price of coal and oil at which the levelized life cycle cost of energy using peat was the same as that when coal or oil was used. We found that a peat-fueled power plant in Panama would be economic if the price of fuel oil was above $0.10 per liter and the cost of coal was above $40.00 per metric ton delivered. In Costa Rica, peat was competitive with fuel oil for large boilers (34,000 kg of steam per hour) when the cost of oil was above $0.10 per liter. For smaller boilers (5,000 kg of steam per hour) peat was cheaper than fuel oil when oil was above $0.08 per liter. Peat would be competitive in a cement plant when fuel oil prices were above $0.075 per liter. 5 figs.
Thayer, G.R.; Ramirez E., O.; Ramirez, A.
Successful biomass (wood pellets ) implementation in
of primary energy in Estonia ! Wood fuels production ! Pellet firing projects in Estonia SIDA Demo East Production of wood fuels in Estonia in 2002 Regional Energy Centres in Estonia Wood pellets production
Causes and Control of Wood Decay,
1 Causes and Control of Wood Decay, Degradation & Stain #12;2 Contents Moisture .................................................................................3 Wood Degradation: Causes and Control..............................4 Weathering......................................................................................................4 Naturally Decay-resistant Species...........................................................5 Wood
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY ENE-47.153 Trace elements and alkaliTrace elements and alkali
elements in fossil - and waste-derived fuelsTrace elements in fossil - and waste-derived fuels Coal Peat Heavy fuel oil Pet coke MSW RDF Wood Waste wood Waste paper Scrap tyres Sew. sludge Hg 0.02-3 ~0.07 .153 Behaviour of trace elements in coalBehaviour of trace elements in coal combustion flue gasescombustion flue
Zevenhoven, Ron
This invention relates generally to the dewatering of sludge, and more particularly to the dewatering of a sewage sludge having a moisture content of about 50 to 80% in the form of small cellular micro-organism bodies having internally confined water.
Carlson, L.W.
WRITTEN TESTIMONY OF DR. ROBERT J. WOOD DIRECTOR OF THE COOPERATIVE OXFORD LABORATORY NATIONAL Robert Wood, Director of the Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, a cooperative scientific research laboratory
Wood, Wisconsin: Energy Resources | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
t":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":"" Display map Wood is a town in Wood County, Wisconsin.1 References US Census Bureau Incorporated...
Creating Value Wood Products Industry
and an information dissemination plan. The program areas are Industrial Process Improvement, Environmental Assessment1 Creating Value for the Wood Products Industry Creating Value for the Wood Products Industry Louisiana Forest Products Development Center #12;2 Louisiana is blessed with quality timberland
Plant uptake of sludge-borne PCBs
Plant uptake of sludge-borne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (similar to Aroclor 1248) was evaluated in a greenhouse study with two food-chain crops and a grass species. Polychlorinated biphenyl loading to two soils was varied in one experiment by adding different rates of a municipal sewage sludge heavily contaminated (52 mg/kg) with PCBs. In a second experiment, Aroclor 1248 was spiked into unamended soils or soils amended with another sludge containing <1mg/kg PCBs. Analysis of PCBs was by GC/MS with a reliable detection limit in plants of 20 microg/kg for individual chlorinated classes (tri, tetra-, and pentachlorobiphenyls) and total PCBs. Only carrots (Daucus carota) were contaminated with PCBs, and contamination was restricted to carrot peels. Current USEPA guidelines for land application of sludges based on sludge PCB content are shown to be extremely conservative.
O'Connor, G.A.; Kiehl, D.; Eiceman, G.A.; Ryan, J.A.
Daniel Wood | Department of Energy
Wood Wood About Us Daniel Wood - Data Integration Specialist Daniel Wood Daniel Wood is the Data Visualization and Cartographic Specialist in the Office of Public Affairs at the Department of Energy. He develops creative and interactive ways of viewing the Energy Department's vast array of data. You can check out some of his work here. Prior to joining the Energy.gov team, Daniel worked at a large PR firm in Washington, D.C, doing web development and technical project management. Daniel is a graduate of Boston University but a true Philadelphian at heart. On his off days you are likely to find him exploring new neighborhoods on his bike or hanging out with the awesome kids over at Little Lights Urban Ministries. Most Recent The History of the Light Bulb November 22
Economics of Selected Energy Applications of Peat in Panama and Costa Rica
Studies were performed to determine the economic competitiveness of peat in Costa Rica and Panama. The options examined were (1) electrical production in Panama, and (2) industrial boilers and cement ... found th...
Gary Thayer; Ramirez E. Oldemar�
Effect of Steam Sterilization and Gamma Irradiation of Peat on Quality of Rhizobium Inoculants
...and Industrial Microbiology Effect of Steam Sterilization and Gamma Irradiation of...Inoculants for M. sativa manufactured with steam-sterilized peat were similar in quality...higher gamma irradiation dosage. Effect of steam sterilization and gamma irradiation of...
Barend W. Strijdom; Henri Jansen van Rensburg
Mercury(II) Sorption to Two Florida Everglades Peats: Evidence for
Mercury(II) Sorption to Two Florida Everglades Peats: Evidence for Strong and Weak Binding of mercury methylation was measured at pH 6.0 and 0.01 M ionic strength. The mercury(II) sorption isotherms
Illinois at Chicago, University of
589 FIELD PERFORMANCE OF GEOTEXTILE REINFORCED SLUDGE CAPS AHMET H. AYDILEK UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN the filtration performance of sludge-geotextile systems and investigate their durability, ten sludge lagoon test be effectively used in filtering contaminated wastewater treatment sludges. Considering the constructability
Aydilek, Ahmet
1 IMPROVEMENTS IN MODELLING DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS Jacek Makinia*, Scott A in a full-scale activated sludge reactor. The Activated Sludge Model No. 1 was used to describe for dissolved oxygen. KEYWORDS Activated sludge; dispersion; dissolved oxygen dynamics; mass transfer
Wells, Scott A.
Assessment of the peat resources of Florida, with a detailed survey of the northern everglades
Available data, including previous publications, modern soil surveys, and detailed coring in the Northern Everglades for this project have been used to update information on Florida's peat resources. It is now estimated that Florida could, if no other constraints existed, produce 606 million tons of moisture-free fuel-grade peat, which may yield approximately 10.0 x 10/sup 15/ Btu of energy. These estimates are much lower than previously published projections for the state. The principal effort of this survey was in the largest peat region of the state, the Northern Everglades of Palm Beach and adjacent counties, where more than 800 core holes were drilled. Based on analyses of these cores, the Northern Everglades is now estimated to contain 191 million tons of moisture-free peat, with a potential energy yield of 2.98 x 10/sup 15/ Btu. These values are considerably less than previously published estimates, probably due to bacterial oxidation and other forms of drainage-induced subsidence in the Everglades agricultural areas. The present fuel-peat resources of the Northern Everglades occur in 19 separate deposits. Of these, the deposits in the Port Mayaca, Bryant, Six Mile Bend, and Loxahatchee Quadrangles comprise the highest concentration of the resource. These lands are generally privately owned and used for sugar cane and other crops, and the conversion of these lands to peat removal seems unlikely. It seems even less likely that the extensive peat deposits within the Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge will be available for fuel use, barring a dire national emergency. The utilization of peat as a fuel must be approached with caution and careful study; large scale use may require state or federal action. 34 references.
Griffin, G.M.; Wieland, C.C.; Hood, L.Q.; Goode, R.W. III; Sawyer, R.K.; McNeill, D.F.
Independent Oversight Activity Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment Project -
Sludge Treatment Sludge Treatment Project - September 2013 Independent Oversight Activity Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment Project - September 2013 November 2013 Hanford Sludge Treatment Project Engineered Container Retrieval and Transfer System Operational Awareness Review and Sludge Treatment Project Independent Project Review [HIAR-RL-2013-09-18] This Independent Oversight Activity Report documents an oversight activity conducted by the Office of Health, Safety and Security's (HSS) Office of Safety and Emergency Management Evaluations on September 17-18, 2013, at the Hanford Sludge Treatment Project. The activity consisted of HSS staff performing an operational awareness review of the Sludge Treatment Project (STP) Engineered Container Retrieval and Transfer System. An HSS
Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Soil and Cassava Plant on Sewage Sludge Dump
JM. (1989). Assessment of sludge regulation assumptions: AMunicipal Wasteland and Sludge on Land. Univ. of California,1998). Effects of sewage sludge pre-treatment on microbial
Igbozuruike, Chris Washington Ifeanyi Mr.; Opara-Nadi, Achilihu Oliver Prof; Okorie, Ikechukwu Kennedy DR
Effect of Thermal Hydrolysis on Rheological Behavior of Municipal Sludge
Effect of Thermal Hydrolysis on Rheological Behavior of Municipal Sludge ... Fenton oxidation facilitated sludge filterability resulting in capillary suction time values which were approximately 50% of the raw sludges, whereas ultrasonication with high input energy deteriorated the filterability. ... Bingham's parameters seem to be able to detect the evolution in sludges quality and in floc strength even at low total suspended solid as the one's usually found in activated sludge processes (less than 10 g l-1). ...
Guohong Feng; Liyan Liu; Wei Tan
The purpose of this assessment is to compare underwater and above water settler sludge sampling methods to determine if the added cost for underwater sampling for the sole purpose of worker dose reductions is justified. Initial planning for sludge sampling included container, settler and knock-out-pot (KOP) sampling. Due to the significantly higher dose consequence of KOP sludge, a decision was made to sample KOP underwater to achieve worker dose reductions. Additionally, initial plans were to utilize the underwater sampling apparatus for settler sludge. Since there are no longer plans to sample KOP sludge, the decision for underwater sampling for settler sludge needs to be revisited. The present sampling plan calls for spending an estimated $2,500,000 to design and construct a new underwater sampling system (per A21 C-PL-001 RevOE). This evaluation will compare and contrast the present method of above water sampling to the underwater method that is planned by the Sludge Treatment Project (STP) and determine if settler samples can be taken using the existing sampling cart (with potentially minor modifications) while maintaining doses to workers As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) and eliminate the need for costly redesigns, testing and personnel retraining.
Wood would burn
Absract In view of the world-wide problem of energy sustainability and greenhouse gas production (carbon dioxide), it is timely to review the issues involved in generating heat and power from all fuels and especially new (to the UK) solid fuels, including high moisture fuels such as wood, SRF, oil shale, tar sands and brown coal, which will become major international fuels as oil and gas become depleted. The combustion properties of some of these materials are significantly different from traditional coal, oil and gas fuels, however the technology proposed herein is also applicable to these conventional fuels. This paper presents some innovative combustion system options and the associated technical factors that must be considered for their implementation. For clarity of understanding, the novel concepts will be largely presented in terms of a currently developing solid fuel market; biomass wood chips. One of the most important characteristics of many solid fuels to be used in the future (including oil shale and brown coal) is their high moisture content of up to 60%. This could be removed by utilising low grade waste heat that is widely available in industry to dry the fuel and thus reduce transport costs. Burning such dried wood for power generation also increases the energy available from combustion and thus acts as a thermal transformer by upgrading the low grade heat to heat available at combustion temperatures. The alternative approach presented here is to recover the latent heat by condensing the extrinsic moisture and the water formed during combustion. For atmospheric combustion, the temperature of the condensed combustion products is below the dew point at about 55�65��C and is only suitable for recovery in an efficient district heating system. However, in order to generate power from the latent heat, the condensation temperature must be increased to the level where the heat can be used in the thermodynamic power cycle. This can be achieved by increasing the combustion pressure to above 80�bar, resulting in the recovered latent heat being available at more than 200��C. It can then be used to increase the cycle efficiency by about 15% by pre-heating the boiler water and/or combustion air etc. A further advantage is that the high pressure of the combustion gases also reduces the superheater tube stress since it can balance the steam pressure. The key advantage of this high pressure flue gas is that it is above the pressure at which carbon dioxide �condenses� to a liquid or supercritical gas at atmospheric temperature. Thus when used with oxy-fuel combustion, the carbon dioxide flue gas from which the moisture has been condensed can be cooled to atmospheric temperature and the supercritical CO2 can be fed directly into the pipes leading to the sequestration site. An important consideration of these strategies is to ensure that non-condensable gases in the exhaust, including oxygen and nitrogen, do not adversely affect the �condensation� processes. When oxy-fuel combustion is used, the flame temperature must be moderated by a cool diluent. Recycled carbon dioxide is often proposed for this duty. However, since the latent heat is recovered, the moisture or even additional water can fulfil this role. This latter option may be advantageous since it is more efficient to pump wood chip fuel in water into the high pressure zone rather than feed solid wood particles. Surplus water can be simply drained and the wet wood chips are a good fuel when the latent heat of the moisture in the fuel gases is recovered into the power cycle. Bearing in mind that it is much more efficient to pump a liquid to high pressure than to compress the same material as a gas, indicates that cryogenic oxygen is a suitable material to use for an efficient power station that generates energy from biomass (or other fuels such as coal etc). Finally, combustion of the hydrogen from the water�gas reaction with oxygen allows the steam temperature in the turbine to be increased to the �gas-turbine engine� range of 1000�1400��C an
Jim Swithenbank; Qun Chen; Xiaohui Zhang; Vida Sharifi; Mohamed Pourkashanian
Enhancement of sludge reduction and methane production by removing extracellular polymeric substances from waste activated sludge
Abstract The management of waste activated sludge (WAS) recycling is a concern that affects the development of the future low-carbon society, particularly sludge reduction and biomass utilization. In this study, we investigated the effect of removing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which play important roles in the adhesion and flocculation of WAS, on increased sludge disintegration, thereby enhancing sludge reduction and methane production by anaerobic digestion. EPS removal from WAS by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) significantly enhanced sludge reduction, i.e., 49���5% compared with 27���1% of the control at the end the digestion process. Methane production was also improved in WAS without EPS by 8881���109 CH4�?mol�g?1 dry-weight of sludge. Microbial activity was determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and real-time polymerase chain reaction, which showed that the hydrolysis and acetogenesis stages were enhanced by pretreatment with 2% EDTA, with a larger methanogenic community and better methane production.
Minh Tuan Nguyen; Nazlina Haiza Mohd Yasin; Toshiki Miyazaki; Toshinari Maeda
Wood River Levee Reconstruction, Madison County, IL
Wood River Levee Reconstruction, Madison County, IL 25 October 2006 Abstract: The recommended plan provides for flood damage reduction and restores the original degree of protection of the Wood River Levee-federal sponsor is the Wood River Drainage and Levee District. The Wood River Levee System was authorized
US Army Corps of Engineers
Original article Growth stresses in tension wood
Original article Growth stresses in tension wood: role of microfibrils and lignification T Okuyama the growth stress generation in the region of normal and tension woods. growth stress/ tension wood in normal and ten- sion wood. The compressive stress from the deposition of lignin controls the level
Global Timber and Wood Products Market Update -a news brief from Wood Resources International LLC
Global Timber and Wood Products Market Update - a news brief from Wood Resources International LLC to be the major destination for Latin American wood chips, reports the Wood Resource Quarterly In late 2011 wood chips from only three countries: Vietnam, Indonesia and Australia, who together shipped 1
Structure-Infesting Wood-Boring Beetles
everal kinds of beetles damage stored wood, structural timbers and other wood products. The tunneling activities E-394 03/06 Structure-Infesting Wood-Boring Beetles John A. Jackman* S *Professor and Extension Entomologist, The Texas A... at these locations. Other signs of an infestation include stained wood or a blistering appearance on the wood surface caused by larvae tunneling just below the surface. Less commonly, immature beetles produce audible rasping or ticking sounds while chewing...
Jackman, John A.
Integrated Industrial Wood Chip Utilization
The sources of supply of wood residues for energy generation are described and the rationale for exploring the potential available from forest harvesting is developed. Details of three industrial-scale projects are presented and the specific...
Owens, E. T.
Treatment of Wood Preserving Wastewater
The wastewater produced by the wood preserving industry presents a difficult problem to treat economically. A review of the literature indicates the size of the industry has limited the pursuit of an orderly and economic solution. Atmospheric...
Reynolds, T. D.; Shack, P. A.
Textile Drying Via Wood Gasification
TEXTILE DRYING VIA WOOD GASIFICATION Thomas F. ;McGowan, Anthony D. Jape Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia ABSTRACT This project was carried out to investigate the possibility of using wood gas as a direct replacement... for dryers. In addition to the experimental program described above, the DOE grant covered two other major areas. A survey of the textile industry was made to assess the market for gasification equip ment. The major findings were that a large amount...
McGowan, T. F.; Jape, A. D.
K Basins Sludge Treatment Project Phase 1
K Basins Sludge Treatment Project Phase 1 K Basins Sludge Treatment Project Phase 1 Technology Readiness Assessment Report Herb G. Sutter Michael Poirier Art W. Etchells Gary Smith Kris Thomas Jim J. Davis Paul Macbeth November 16, 2009 Prepared by the U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. K Basins Sludge Treatment Project Phase 1 Technology Readiness Assessment Report November 16, 2009 ii Herbert G. Sutter, Team Lead Date Michael Poirier, Team Member Date Arthur W. Etchells, Team Member Date Gary Smith, Team Member Date Kris Thomas, Team Member Date Jim J. Davis, Team Member Date Paul Macbeth, Team Member Date Signatures 11/09/2009 11/09/2009 11/09/2009 K Basins Sludge Treatment Project Phase 1 Technology Readiness Assessment Report November 16, 2009
Coextruded Polyethylene and Wood-Flour Composite: Effect of Shell Thickness, Wood Loading, and Core
Coextruded Polyethylene and Wood-Flour Composite: Effect of Shell Thickness, Wood Loading, and Core recycled polyethylene and wood-flour composites with coreshell structure were manufactured using a pilot
This paper shows how Fluor Hanford and BNG America have combined nuclear plant skills from the US and the UK to devise methods to retrieve and treat the sludge that has accumulated in K Basins at the Hanford site over many years. Retrieving the sludge is the final stage in removing fuel and sludge from the basins to allow them to be decontaminated and decommissioned, thus removing the threat of contamination of the Columbia River. A description is given of sludge retrieval using vacuum lances and specially developed nozzles and pumps into Consolidation Containers within the basins. The special attention that had to be paid to the heat generation and potential criticality issues with the irradiated uranium-containing sludge is described. The processes developed to re-mobilize the sludge from the Consolidation Containers and pump it through flexible and transportable hose-in-hose piping to the treatment facility are explained with particular note made of dealing with the abrasive nature of the sludge. The treatment facility, housed in an existing Hanford building is described, and the uranium-corrosion and grout encapsulation processes explained. The uranium corrosion process is a robust, tempered process very suitable for dealing with a range of differing sludge compositions. The grout process to produce the final waste form is backed by BNG America's 20 years experience of grouting radioactive waste at Sellafield and elsewhere. The use of transportable and re-usable equipment is emphasized and its role noted in avoiding new plant build that itself will require cleanup. The processes and techniques described in the paper are shown to have wide applicability to nuclear cleanup worldwide.
Inhibition Of Washed Sludge With Sodium Nitrite
This report describes the results of electrochemical tests used to determine the relationship between the concentration of the aggressive anions in washed sludge and the minimum effective inhibitor concentration. Sodium nitrate was added as the inhibitor because of its compatibility with the DWPF process. A minimum of 0.05M nitrite is required to inhibit the washed sludge simulant solution used in this study. When the worst case compositions and safety margins are considered, it is expected that a minimum operating limit of nearly 0.1M nitrite will be specified. The validity of this limit is dependent on the accuracy of the concentrations and solubility splits previously reported. Sodium nitrite additions to obtain 0.1M nitrite concentrations in washed sludge will necessitate the additional washing of washed precipitate in order to decrease its sodium nitrite inhibitor requirements sufficiently to remain below the sodium limits in the feed to the DWPF. Nitrite will be the controlling anion in "fresh" washed sludge unless the soluble chloride concentration is about ten times higher than predicted by the solubility splits. Inhibition of "aged" washed sludge will not be a problem unless significant chloride dissolution occurs during storage. It will be very important tomonitor the composition of washed sludge during processing and storage.
Congdon, J. W.; Lozier, J. S.
Deep Sludge Gas Release Event Analytical Evaluation
Long Abstract. Full Text. The purpose of the Deep Sludge Gas Release Event Analytical Evaluation (DSGRE-AE) is to evaluate the postulated hypothesis that a hydrogen GRE may occur in Hanford tanks containing waste sludges at levels greater than previously experienced. There is a need to understand gas retention and release hazards in sludge beds which are 200 -300 inches deep. These sludge beds are deeper than historical Hanford sludge waste beds, and are created when waste is retrieved from older single-shell tanks (SST) and transferred to newer double-shell tanks (DST).Retrieval of waste from SSTs reduces the risk to the environment from leakage or potential leakage of waste into the ground from these tanks. However, the possibility of an energetic event (flammable gas accident) in the retrieval receiver DST is worse than slow leakage. Lines of inquiry, therefore, are (1) can sludge waste be stored safely in deep beds; (2) can gas release events (GRE) be prevented by periodically degassing the sludge (e.g., mixer pump); or (3) does the retrieval strategy need to be altered to limit sludge bed height by retrieving into additional DSTs? The scope of this effort is to provide expert advice on whether or not to move forward with the generation of deep beds of sludge through retrieval of C-Farm tanks. Evaluation of possible mitigation methods (e.g., using mixer pumps to release gas, retrieving into an additional DST) are being evaluated by a second team and are not discussed in this report. While available data and engineering judgment indicate that increased gas retention (retained gas fraction) in DST sludge at depths resulting from the completion of SST 241-C Tank Farm retrievals is not expected and, even if gas releases were to occur, they would be small and local, a positive USQ was declared (Occurrence Report EM-RP--WRPS-TANKFARM-2012-0014, "Potential Exists for a Large Spontaneous Gas Release Event in Deep Settled Waste Sludge"). The purpose of this technical report is to (1) present and discuss current understandings of gas retention and release mechanisms for deep sludge in U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) complex waste storage tanks; and (2) to identify viable methods/criteria for demonstrating safety relative to deep sludge gas release events (DSGRE) in the near term to support the Hanford C-Farm retrieval mission. A secondary purpose is to identify viable methods/criteria for demonstrating safety relative to DSGREs in the longer term to support the mission to retrieve waste from the Hanford Tank Farms and deliver it to the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP). The potential DSGRE issue resulted in the declaration of a positive Unreviewed Safety Question (USQ). C-Farm retrievals are currently proceeding under a Justification for Continued Operation (JCO) that only allows tanks 241-AN-101 and 241-AN-106 sludge levels of 192 inches and 195 inches, respectively. C-Farm retrievals need deeper sludge levels (approximately 310 inches in 241-AN-101 and approximately 250 inches in 241-AN-106). This effort is to provide analytical data and justification to continue retrievals in a safe and efficient manner.
Sams, Terry L.
Independent Activity Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment Project - February
Sludge Treatment Project - Sludge Treatment Project - February 2012 Independent Activity Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment Project - February 2012 February 2012 Hanford Sludge Treatment Project Operational Awareness Review [HIAR-RL-2012-02-27] The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Enforcement and Oversight, within the Office of Health, Safety and Security (HSS), performed operational awareness reviews of the Sludge Treatment Project (STP), Engineered Container Retrieval and Transfer System (ECRTS) during site visits. Independent Activity Report, Hanford Sludge Treatment Project - February 2012 More Documents & Publications Independent Activity Report, Richland Operations Office - June 2011 Independent Activity Report, Richland Operations Office - April 2011 Independent Activity Report, Richland Operations Office - August 2011
Wood and Pellet Heating | Department of Energy
Wood and Pellet Heating Wood and Pellet Heating Wood and Pellet Heating November 25, 2013 - 2:24pm Addthis A wood stove on a stone hearth. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/King_Louie A wood stove on a stone hearth. | Photo courtesy of ©iStockphoto/King_Louie What does this mean for me? Wood or pellets may be an economical and environmentally sound heating fuel choice. If you live in an area where you can cut your own wood for heating, your fuel will be local and inexpensive. Today you can choose from a new generation of wood- and pellet-burning appliances that are cleaner burning, more efficient, and powerful enough to heat many average-sized, modern homes. Pellet fuel appliances burn small pellets that measure 3/8 to 1 inch in length. Choosing and Installing Wood- and Pellet-Burning Appliances
Enclosure 2 Additional Information on K-Basins Knock-Out Pot Sludge
Enclosure 2 Additional Information on K-Basins Knock-Out Pot Sludge Source of Knock-Out Pot Sludge cleaning machine that removed the sludge from the surface of the fuel elements. Removing the sludge from or debris. Knock-Out pot sludge is different from sludge formed in other parts of the K-Basin. Because
Differences in Microbial Activity and Microbial Populations of Peat Associated with Suppression of Damping-Off Disease Caused by Pythium sylvaticum
...Perlite (William Sinclair Horticulture Ltd., Lincoln, England...days at 18C with artificial lighting. Emergence and damping-off...report of project PC97a. Horticulture Development Council, East...In Proceedings of Peat in Horticulture. International Peat Society...
Paul J. Hunter; Geoff M. Petch; Leo A. Calvo-Bado; Tim R. Pettitt; Nick R. Parsons; J. Alun W. Morgan; John M. Whipps
The conservation of waterlogged wood using sucrose
to the major axis of the wood. The tubular structure of wood cells expedites the movement of water vapor along the grain. Water vapor will move 12 to 15 times faster along the grain than it does across it. In a cube shaped piece of wood much more water... to the major axis of the wood. The tubular structure of wood cells expedites the movement of water vapor along the grain. Water vapor will move 12 to 15 times faster along the grain than it does across it. In a cube shaped piece of wood much more water...
Parrent, James Michael
Table 3.6 Selected Wood and Wood-Related Products in Fuel Consumption, 2010;
Table 3.6 Selected Wood and Wood-Related Products in Fuel Consumption, 2010; Table 3.6 Selected Wood and Wood-Related Products in Fuel Consumption, 2010; Level: National and Regional Data; Row: Selected NAICS Codes; Column: Energy Sources; Unit: Trillion Btu. Wood Residues and Wood-Related Pulping Liquor Wood Byproducts and NAICS or Biomass Agricultural Harvested Directly from Mill Paper-Related Code(a) Subsector and Industry Black Liquor Total(b) Waste(c) from Trees(d) Processing(e) Refuse(f) Total United States 311 Food 0 44 43 * * 1 311221 Wet Corn Milling 0 1 1 0 0 0 312 Beverage and Tobacco Products 0 1 0 0 1 0 321 Wood Products 0 218 * 13 199 6 321113 Sawmills 0 100 * 5 94 1 3212 Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Woods 0 95 * 6 87 2 321219 Reconstituted Wood Products 0 52 0 6 46 1 3219 Other Wood Products
K Basin sludge treatment process description
The K East (KE) and K West (KW) fuel storage basins at the 100 K Area of the Hanford Site contain sludge on the floor, in pits, and inside fuel storage canisters. The major sources of the sludge are corrosion of the fuel elements and steel structures in the basin, sand intrusion from outside the buildings, and degradation of the structural concrete that forms the basins. The decision has been made to dispose of this sludge separate from the fuel elements stored in the basins. The sludge will be treated so that it meets Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) acceptance criteria and can be sent to one of the double-shell waste tanks. The US Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office accepted a recommendation by Fluor Daniel Hanford, Inc., to chemically treat the sludge. Sludge treatment will be done by dissolving the fuel constituents in nitric acid, separating the insoluble material, adding neutron absorbers for criticality safety, and reacting the solution with caustic to co-precipitate the uranium and plutonium. A truck will transport the resulting slurry to an underground storage tank (most likely tank 241-AW-105). The undissolved solids will be treated to reduce the transuranic (TRU) and content, stabilized in grout, and transferred to the Environmental Restoration Disposal Facility (ERDF) for disposal. This document describes a process for dissolving the sludge to produce waste streams that meet the TWRS acceptance criteria for disposal to an underground waste tank and the ERDF acceptance criteria for disposal of solid waste. The process described is based on a series of engineering studies and laboratory tests outlined in the testing strategy document (Flament 1998).
Modeling Oxygen and Water Flows in Peat Substrate with Root Uptakes R. Naasz, J.-C. Michel and S. Charpentier
191 Modeling Oxygen and Water Flows in Peat Substrate with Root Uptakes R. Naasz, J.-C. Michel to Horticulture Angers France Keywords: peat, simulation, substrate-plant system, water and oxygen availability in which water and oxygen availability highly fluctuate over a short period of time (a few hours
i COMPARATIVE HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENTS ON FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: A CASE STUDY OF KLONG Fecal sludge (FS) is widely acknowledged as a major source of infectious pathogens. However, the proper
Richner, Heinz
Development of risk assessment methodology for municipal sludge incineration
This is one of a series of reports that present methodologies for assessing the potential risks to humans or other organisms from the disposal or reuse of municipal sludge. The sludge management practices addressed by the series include land application practices, distribution and marketing programs, landfilling, surface disposal, incineration and ocean disposal. In particular, these reports provide methods for evaluating potential health and environmental risks from toxic chemicals that may be present in sludge. The document addresses risks from chemicals associated with incineration of municipal sludge. These proposed risk assessment procedures are designed as tools to assist in the development of regulations for sludge management practices. The procedures are structured to allow calculation of technical criteria for sludge disposal/reuse options based on the potential for adverse health or environmental impacts. The criteria may address management practices (such as site design or process control specifications), limits on sludge disposal rates or limits on toxic chemical concentrations in the sludge.
Wood-Composites Industry Benefits from ALS Research
Wood-Composites Industry Benefits from ALS Research Wood-Composites Industry Benefits from ALS Research Print Thursday, 25 October 2012 10:44 paris-wood composites Wood scientist...
Categorical Exclusion for Wood Pole
Wood Pole Wood Pole Replacement at two structures (11/6 & 11/9) located along the Oracle-Tucson 115-kV Transmission Line, in Oro Valley, Pima County, Arizona. RECORD OF CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION DETERMINATION A. Proposed Action: Western plans to replace deteriorated wood poles, cross arms and X-braces at two existing H-frame structures (11/6 & 1119) located along the Oracle Tucson 115-kV Transmission Line in Pima, Arizona (Figure 1). Built in 1943, its aging components are beyond repair and require replacement. These poles performed poorly during structural tests, and we consider them unstable. This replacement project will ensure the safety of Western's workers and the public as well as reliability of the bulk electric system. Western will accomplish the work by clearing vegetation and blading a level pad at
Maintenance and Operations study for K basins sludge treatment
This study evaluates maintenance and operating concepts for the chemical treatment of sludge from the 100 K Basins at Hanford. The sludge treatment equipment that will require remote operation or maintenance was identified. Then various maintenance and operating concepts used in the nuclear industry were evaluated for applicability to sludge treatment. A hot cell or cells is recommended as the best maintenance and operating concept for a sludge treatment facility.
Phase Chemistry of Tank Sludge Residual Components
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has millions of gallons of high level nuclear waste stored in underground tanks at Hanford, Washington and Savannah River, South Carolina. These tanks will eventually be emptied and decommissioned. This will leave a residue of sludge adhering to the interior tank surfaces that may contaminate nearby groundwaters with radionuclides and RCRA metals. Performance assessment (PA) calculations must be carried out prior to closing the tanks. This requires developing radionuclide release models from the sludges so that the PA calculations can be based on credible source terms. These efforts continued to be hindered by uncertainties regarding the actual nature of the tank contents and the distribution of radionuclides among the various phases. In particular, it is of vital importance to know what radionuclides are associated with solid sludge components. Experimentation on actual tank sludges can be difficult, dangerous and prohibitively expensive. The research funded under this grant for the past three years was intended to provide a cost-effective method for developing the needed radionuclide release models using non-radioactive artificial sludges. Insights gained from this work will also have more immediate applications in understanding the processes responsible for heel development in the tanks and in developing effective technologies for removing wastes from the tanks.
J.L. Krumhansl
Robert Wood, University of Washington many contributors
Robert Wood, University of Washington many contributors VOCALS Education and Outreach Snider (Wyoming) · Dave Spencer (NCSU) · Cindy Twohy (OSU) · Rob Wood/Chris Bretherton/Rhea George
Marin County- Wood Stove Replacement Rebate Program
The County of Marin has created a rebate program to encourage homeowners to remove or replace non-EPA certified wood-burning heaters (wood stoves and fireplace inserts) with cleaner burning stoves...
Reaction Wood: Its Structure and Function
...WOOD AND OPPOSITE WOOD, TAPPI 52 : 2170 ( 1969 ). LEE...MATERIALS, ARKIV FOR KEMI 12 : 437 ( 1958 ). MOROHOSHI, N...1965). 17. P. Larson, Tappi 52, 2170 (1969). 18...Lindgren, Ark. Kemi 12, 437 (1958); C. L. Lee...
G. Scurfield
Reduction of excess sludge production by 3,3?,4?, 5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide in an activated sludge process
The potential of 3,3?,4?,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) addition to an activated sludge continuous process to reduce excess sludge production by disrupting coupling between anabolism and ... test in a lab-scal...
Fen Xia Ye; Ying Li
Municipal sludge management: Health aspects of crop uptake of cadmium from sludge-amended soil and recommendations for regulation
Regulations have been proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to promote the proper management of sludge disposal on croplands. The application of municipal sludge to croplands raises seriou...
William H. Hallenbeck
Effect of sludge treatment on the bioaccumulation of nonylphenol in grass grown on sludge-amended soil
We studied the accumulation of p353-nonylphenol residues in the biomass of grass grown in soil amended with sewage sludge submitted to various conditioning/dewatering treatments. Incubation...Poa pratensis in sludge
K. M. Nowak; V. N. Kouloumbos; A. Sch�ffer�
1Wood Borer --WB-XX-W America's Least Wanted Wood-Borers
1Wood Borer -- WB-XX-W WB-01-W America's Least Wanted Wood-Borers Department of Entomology OAK. Ferris, Entomologists This metallic wood-boring beetle (Family Bupresti- dae) primarily attacks oaks. Oak wood- borers. Distribution: The native geographical range of this beetle includes parts of Asia, Africa
Ginzel, Matthew
STACY L. WOOD Department of Marketing firstname.lastname@example.com
STACY L. WOOD Department of Marketing firstname.lastname@example.com Moore School of Business ph. (803) 777) Alba, Joseph, John Lynch, Barton Weitz, Chris Janiszewski, Richard Lutz, Alan Sawyer, Stacy Wood (1997, September-October 1996, p. 12. Wood, Stacy L. (2001), "Remote Purchase Environments: The Influence of Return
Reif, John H.
1Wood Borer -- WB-XX-W WB-07-W America's Least Wanted Wood-Borers Department of Entomology JAPANESE. Pupation takes place in the wood and adults emerge by chewing a round exit hole. Adults feed on the tender) #12;2Wood Borer -- WB-07-W October 2012 It is the policy of the Purdue University Cooperative
1Wood Borer -- WB-XX-W WB-06-W America's Least Wanted Wood-Borers Department of Entomology CAMPHOR August. Female beetles make a horizontal tunnel in the wood initiating gallery construction where/APHIS grant number 10-8100-1488-CA. #12;2Wood Borer -- WB-06-W October 2012 It is the policy of the Purdue
1Wood Borer -- WB-XX-W WB-08-W America's Least Wanted Wood-Borers Department of Entomology OAK, these beetles feed on oak (Quercus spp). Direct damage results from galleries in the wood that are formed in the breeding season. The host trees for these beetles are important for the wood indus- try, orna
1Wood Borer -- WB-XX-W WB-09-W America's Least Wanted Wood-Borers Department of Entomology EUROPEAN trees are very crucial for the wood industry, ornamental industry and many species of wildlife: The beetles construct the egg gal- leries perpendicular to the grain of the wood which can be found under
Seneca Creek Associates, LLC Wood Resources International, LLC "Illegal" Logging and Global Wood Markets
Seneca Creek Associates, LLC Wood Resources International, LLC SUMMARY "Illegal" Logging and Global Wood Markets: The Competitive Impacts on the U.S. Wood Products Industry Prepared for: American Forest Phone: 1-202-463-2713 Fax: 1-202- 463-4703 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Wood Resources International
WoodPolymer Composites Prepared by the In Situ Polymerization of Monomers Within Wood
WoodPolymer Composites Prepared by the In Situ Polymerization of Monomers Within Wood Yong-Feng Li in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). ABSTRACT: Woodpolymer composites (WPCs) were prepared from poplar wood (P. ussuriensis Komarov) in a two-step procedure. Maleic anhydride (MAN) was first dis
Novel Nanoscale Materials Reduce Electricity Needed for Sludge
removal from sludge using less energy. The addition of nanoscale materials will increase the volume that removes as much water from digested sludge as possible. Dewatering is necessary to reduce the sludge of benchscale work that showed nanoscale materials enhanced the performance of polymer additives currently
PROPERTIES OF TREATMENT SLUDGE DURING SEDIMENTATION AND CONSOLIDATION TESTS1 Lincar Pedroni2 , Jean on sludge produced from an acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment plant. The testing program involved test, physical and geotechnical properties of the resulting sludge were measured. In this paper
Aubertin, Michel
Review article The use of urban sewage sludge on pastures
Review article The use of urban sewage sludge on pastures: the cysticercosis threat Jacques appears to be one of the major pathological threats when sewage sludge is used to fertilise cattle highly prevalent) and Asia (Taenia saginata-like are prevalent). The processing of sludge and the delay
Survival of parasite eggs upon storage in sludge.
...Survival of parasite eggs upon storage in sludge. C J O'Donnell K B Meyer J V Jones...Destruction rates of parasite eggs in stored sludge were examined to help understand the fate of these agents of enteric diseases in sludge lagoons. Eggs from the roundworms, Ascaris...
C J O'Donnell; K B Meyer; J V Jones; T Benton; E S Kaneshiro; J S Nichols; F W Schaefer 3rd
Temperature Modeling in Activated Sludge Systems: A Case Study
Temperature Modeling in Activated Sludge Systems: A Case Study Jacek Makinia, Scott A. Wells, Piotr Zima ABSTRACT: A model of temperature dynamics was developed as part of a general model of activated-sludge biochemical-energy inputs and other activated-sludge, heat-balance terms. All the models were tested under
Sensitivity of Optimal Operation of an Activated Sludge Process Model
Sensitivity of Optimal Operation of an Activated Sludge Process Model Antonio Araujo, Simone sensitivity analysis of optimal operation conducted on an activated sludge process model based on the test.[7] applied a systematic procedure for control structure design of an activated sludge process
Volatile organic compound losses from sewage sludge-amended soils
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) applied to soil in sludge have been assumed to disappear quickly and completely. The VOC behavior in sludge-amended soils has been studied previously only in laboratory systems where the sludged soil has been spiked with compounds of interest. Behavior in these systems may not necessarily represent compound behavior in field soils to which contaminated sludge is added. A series of laboratory microcosm experiments were designed therefore to investigate the behavior of toluene, ethyl benzene, o-, m-, and p-xylene applied to soil in contaminated sludge, and factors influencing loss processes. The VOC loss from sludge-amended soil was well described by a simple one step pseudo-first-order model but in certain soils was better described by a two step first-order model. Volatilization was the predominant loss process. Rates of loss depended on sludge application rate, method of sludge application, soil properties, and on compound characteristics. Experiments indicated that spiking sludge-amended soils gave a reasonable indication of VOC loss rates from systems amended with contaminated sludge at least over a period of 23 d. The majority of VOCs applied to soils in sludge volatilizes quickly to the atmosphere over a few to 10s of days with a small fraction lost more slowly. Potential for VOC crop uptake, livestock ingestion, and contamination of ground water is low under routine, managed applications of sewage sludge to agricultural land.
Wilson, S.C.; Jones, K.C.
Table 3.6 Selected Wood and Wood-Related Products in Fuel Consumption, 2002
6 Selected Wood and Wood-Related Products in Fuel Consumption, 2002;" 6 Selected Wood and Wood-Related Products in Fuel Consumption, 2002;" " Level: National and Regional Data; " " Row: Selected NAICS Codes; Column: Energy Sources;" " Unit: Trillion Btu." ,,"S e l e c t e d","W o o d","a n d","W o o d -","R e l a t e d","P r o d u c t s" ,,,,,"B i o m a s s" ,,,,,,"Wood Residues" ,,,,,,"and","Wood-Related" " "," ","Pulping Liquor"," "," ","Wood","Byproducts","and","RSE",," " "NAICS"," ","or","Biomass","Agricultural","Harvested Directly","from Mill","Paper-Related","Row"
Table N5.2. Selected Wood and Wood-Related Products in Fuel Consumption, 1998
2. Selected Wood and Wood-Related Products in Fuel Consumption, 1998;" 2. Selected Wood and Wood-Related Products in Fuel Consumption, 1998;" " Level: National and Regional Data; " " Row: Selected NAICS Codes; Column: Energy Sources;" " Unit: Trillion Btu." ,,"S e l e c t e d","W o o d","a n d","W o o d -","R e l a t e d","P r o d u c t s" ,,,,,"B i o m a s s" ,,,,,,"Wood Residues" ,,,,,,"and","Wood-Related" " "," ","Pulping Liquor"," "," ","Wood","Byproducts","and","RSE",," " "NAICS"," ","or","Biomass","Agricultural","Harvested Directly","from Mill","Paper-Related","Row"
Wood Laminated Composite Louisiana Forest Product Lab
Wood Laminated Composite Poles Cheng Piao Louisiana Forest Product Lab School of Renewable Natural, in accordance with CSA O15, ANSI 05 and many other international standards #12;Wood Laminated Composite Poles y, v z, w R r x, u #12;Why Wood Composite Poles · Sufficient strength · More cost-effective · Light
c Copyright 2014 Benjamin P. Wood
c Copyright 2014 Benjamin P. Wood #12;#12;Software and Hardware Support for Data-Race Exceptions Benjamin P. Wood A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree;#12;University of Washington Abstract Software and Hardware Support for Data-Race Exceptions Benjamin P. Wood Co
Anderson, Richard
Generating Textures of New Zealand Native Wood
1 Generating Textures of New Zealand Native Wood Jack Wang Abstract - This report explores algorithms for computer generated textures simulating New Zealand native wood, we out line procedural and Ray tracing. The main goal of this research is to study New Zealand native wood in depth and to gather
Goodman, James R.
Harvested Wood Products -an Incentive for Deforestation?
1 Harvested Wood Products - an Incentive for Deforestation? Andreas Fischlin1 Abstract Mitigation to help promoting the utilization of the climate-friendly, renewable natural resource wood. This would: Fischlin, A., 2008. Harvested wood products - an incentive for deforestation? In: Hetsch, S. (ed
Fischlin, Andreas
CORRUPTION AND ILLEGAL LOGGING IN THE WOOD PRODUCTS MARKET: the Italian experience in controlling% of wood international trade is based on illegal logging; a total value of 150 Billion $/year (OECD Environmental Outlook, 2001) · At least 50% of wood removals in the Amazon basin, Central Africa and South
Pettenella, Davide
FAO Forestry Department Wood Energy WISDOM Slovenia
FAO Forestry Department Wood Energy WISDOM Slovenia Spatial woodfuel production Rudi Drigo Forestry Specialist - Wood energy planning and forest resources monitoring Zivan Veseli and information on wood energy aspects and actively collaborating with member countries in the development
Wood Futures Conference 8 November 2007, London
Wood Futures Conference 8 November 2007, London Today's and tomorrow's timber resources: Can we #12;Wood Futures Conference 8 November 2007, London Subjects I. Forest resources II. Forest products markets III. Certified forest products IV. Wood energy V. Conclusions VI. Recommendations VII. Questions
Research Summary The Chopwell Wood Health Project
Research Summary The Chopwell Wood Health Project In 2005, the Department of Health published. This work focused on an evaluation of the Chopwell Wood Health Project in northeast England and highlights University. Background The Chopwell Wood Health Project was developed by a partnership consisting
Succession of Wood-inhabiting Fungal Communities
Succession of Wood-inhabiting Fungal Communities Diversity and Species Interactions During/Repro, Uppsala 2013 #12;Succession of Wood-inhabiting Fungal Communities Diversity and Species Interactions During the Decomposition of Norway Spruce Abstract Dead wood constitutes an important substrate
School of Biological Sciences Juvenile wood
School of Biological Sciences Juvenile wood What is it and why should we be concerned? #12;School of Biological Sciences What is juvenile wood? A brief recap. There is no universally accepted definition of juvenile wood. It is typically described as follows · zone near to the pith · displays marked
A unified approach to creep of wood
...research-article A unified approach to creep of wood D. G. Hunt School of Engineering Systems...the most important mechanical property of wood is its resistance to deflection, including...logically, to a new way of characterizing wood creep, namely, plotting data in the form...
Removal of hydrogen sulphide on sewage sludge/industrial sludge based carbonaceous adsorbents
The adsorbents were prepared for sewage sludge, waste oil sludge and metal oil sludge. On the materials obtained dynamic adsorption of H2S was measured. The initial and exhausted adsorbents were characterised using sorption of nitrogen, thermal analysis, and XRF, XRD and surface pH measurements. The adsorbents have high capacity for H2S (10% wt) The high volume of mesopores contributes significantly to reactive adsorption and provides space to store sulphur as the oxidation product. The highly dispersed mineral-like phase formed during pyrolysis provides basicity and catalytic centres for hydrogen sulphide dissociation and its oxidation to sulphur.
Teresa J. Bandosz
Sludge utilization and disposal in Virginia
This state-of-the-art study was initiated to determine the problem issues, present knowledge about the issues, and additional research needs in the area of land disposal of municipal sewage sludge. Three questionnaires were developed to survey technically oriented professional, county extension agents, and Virginia NPDES permit holders to obtain these groups' views on problems and deficiencies needing further investigation. Another phase of the study was to conduct an extensive review of the literature on the subject of land application of sewage sludge. Listings of pertinent literature relating to land application with specific interest toward potentially toxic metals, pathogens, nitrogen, and phosphorus were obtained and reviewed. Additional research is needed in the following areas: a method that accurately estimates metal availability within the soil; a method to determine the potential for a disease outbreak from controlled application of treated municipal sewage sludge; a more precise method of N-balancing; the impact of P loading on water quality.
Martens, D.C.; McCart, G.D.; Reneau, R.B. Jr; Simpson, T.W.; Ban-Kiat, T.
Cultural Values of Trees, Woods
research into the importance of the cultural values of trees, woods and forests for sustainable forest managers have to take account of cultural values as one of the central themes of Sustainable Forest and taking them into account as part of the processes of planning and decisionmaking. Cultural values
Optical computing Damien Woods a
Optical computing Damien Woods a aDepartment of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Institute, Vierimaantie 5, 84100 Ylivieska, Finland Abstract We consider optical computers that encode data using images and compute by transforming such images. We give an overview of a number of such optical
Woods, Damien
Optical computing Damien Woods a aDepartment of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Institute, Vierimaantie 5, 84100 Ylivieska, Finland Abstract In this survey we consider optical computers of such optical computing archi- tectures, including descriptions of the type of hardware commonly used in optical
Influence of sewage sludge from sludge beds of Ulan-Ude on the soil properties and the yield and quality of potatoes
The influence of sewage sludge from sludge beds of the city of Ulan-Ude ... was studied. It was shown that sewage sludge could be used both separately (15 t...
E. P. Pakhnenko; A. V. Ermakov; L. L. Ubugunov
Biliary Sludge Extruding into the Duodenum
To the Editor: Hokama and Kinjo (Oct. 22 issue) show us a clear endoscopic view of biliary sludge extruding from the papilla of a patient with cholangitis. The authors, however, have failed to mention whether they attempted endoscopic sphincterotomy or any biliary-drainage procedure at the time of the... To the Editor: Hokama and Kinjo (Oct. 22 issue)1 show us a clear endoscopic view of biliary sludge extruding from the papilla of a patient with cholangitis. The authors, however, have failed to mention whether they attempted endoscopic sphincterotomy or ...
Batch and Kinetic Studies of ni adsorption on Highly Humified newfoundland Peat
in the environment depend on soil geology and industrial activities. Ni mining (with Co recovery) in Newfoundland and labrador (Nl) could become a source of pollution if lime precipitation only is used for effluent treatment was air dried and sieved and fractions 850 µm constituting about 90% of the peat were separated and used
Coles, Cynthia
Transport of lead and diesel fuel through a peat soil near Juneau, AK: a pilot study
-bearing stream 250 m from the site. Three pairs of peat columns were extracted from the rifle range for analysis.g., Lauren and Mannerkoski, 2001; Norde´n et al., 1992; Levesque and Dinel, 1982; Boelter, 1964, 1965, 1969
Walter, M.Todd
EM Employs Innovative Technology to Remove Radioactive Sludge | Department
Employs Innovative Technology to Remove Radioactive Sludge Employs Innovative Technology to Remove Radioactive Sludge EM Employs Innovative Technology to Remove Radioactive Sludge September 1, 2012 - 12:00pm Addthis Testing and equipment simulations ensure first-of-a-kind technological processes for sludge removal can be conducted safely and efficiently. Testing and equipment simulations ensure first-of-a-kind technological processes for sludge removal can be conducted safely and efficiently. RICHLAND, Wash. - The Richland Operations Office and contractor CH2M HILL Plateau Remediation Company successfully removed a portion of a highly radioactive sludge from underwater storage in a large basin adjacent to the K West reactor at the Hanford site this month. In that milestone, workers removed sludge originating from knock-out pots,
Risk to animal health from pathogens in municipal sludge
Public and legislative concerns directed toward resource and materials recycling have stimulated widespread interest in the use of sewage sludge to improve the fertility and water-holding capacity of soil. The use of sludge on land to grow crops for human or animal consumption has raised concerns over the health hazards from the sludge pathogens. Relatively little attention has been focused on the risks to the health of animals that may graze on sudge-amended pastures or consume feedstuffs grown on these lands. Concern about the animal health risks is justified because economic losses from animal disease that may be associated with the use of sewage sludge could be quite large. In fact, these losses may exceed poential economic losses from human disease associated with sludge use. This review emphasizes the risk to animal health from zoonotic and human pathogens in sludge and from specific animal pathogens that may be found in sludge.
Yeager, J.G.
James F. Wood | Department of Energy
James F. Wood James F. Wood About Us James F. Wood - Deputy Assistant Secretary for Clean Coal Photo of James Wood Photo of James Wood James F. Wood is currently Deputy Assistant Secretary for Clean Coal in the Office of Fossil Energy (FE). In this position, he is responsible for the management and direction of the Office's clean coal research and development programs. Chief among these is the Carbon Sequestration program, the Clean Coal Power Initiative, and FE's $3.4 billion portfolio of Recovery Act projects. Wood has over 30 years of experience in the power industry. Most recently, he was president and CEO of Babcock Power Inc. (BPI), one of the major US-based designer/manufacturers of environmental, pressure part, heat exchanger, combustion equipment and after-market
Qualifying Wood Stove Deduction | Department of Energy
Qualifying Wood Stove Deduction Qualifying Wood Stove Deduction Qualifying Wood Stove Deduction < Back Eligibility Residential Savings Category Bioenergy Maximum Rebate 500 Program Info Start Date 1/1/1994 State Arizona Program Type Personal Deduction Rebate Amount Total cost, exclusive of taxes, interest and other finance charges Provider Arizona Department of Revenue This incentive allows Arizona taxpayers to deduct the cost of converting an existing wood fireplace to a qualifying wood stove. The cost to purchase and install all necessary equipment is tax deductible, up to a maximum $500 deduction. Qualifying wood stoves must meet the standards of performance for new wood heaters manufactured after July 1990, or sold after July 1992 pursuant to [http://www.epa.gov/oecaerth/resources/policies/monitoring/caa/woodstover...
Preparation of Wood Plastic Composite Sheets by Lateral Extrusion of Solid Woods Using their Fluidity
Abstract During the course of our studies, we have learned that solid wood has significant deformability characteristics under specific conditions, resulting from slippage occurring among wood cells when wood treated with small-molecular resins is compressed under heat. Furthermore, the deformed shapes obtained are maintained when the resin introduced into the wood cells is cured. In this study, the lateral extrusion of thin discs of wood treated with thermosetting phenol resin is performed to apply this flowlike deformation behavior of wood to wood-forming techniques. Resin-treated thin discs of wood placed in a heating container were compressed by a punch, and under constant pressure the wood flowed into the cavity of a mold. Successful molding conditions were achieved by varying the pressure, temperature and wood fiber direction for the extrusion ratio of 42. The mechanical properties of the wood plastic composite (WPC) sheets obtained by this extrusion process are affected by the fiber direction of the wood in the extrudate, which is almost equivalent to the longitudinal direction of the cellulose crystals of wood. The maximum bending strength of the WPC sheets obtained was about 180�MPa, which is suitable for engineering plastics.
Tsunehisa Miki; Masako Seki; Soichi Tanaka; Nobuo Sobue; Ichinori Shigematsu; Kozo Kanayama
California Wood Energy Program1 Gary Brittner2
California Wood Energy Program1 Gary Brittner2 The California Department of Forestry Wood Energy projects to increase utilization of wood for energy. The Wood Energy Program came about partly the management of the wood resource. The Department of Forestry recognized that an extensive resource
Standiford, Richard B.
Proper Sanitization of Sewage Sludge: a Critical Issue for a Sustainable Society
...significantly benefit the recycling of sewage sludge back...implementation in municipal wastewater treatment facilities...Response of bacteria in wastewater sludge to moisture...for hygienic nutrient recycling. Bioresour. Technol...regrowth of bacteria in wastewater sludge. Appl. Environ...
Veronica Arthurson
Examination of Uranium(VI) Leaching During Ligand Promoted Dissolution of Waste Tank Sludge Surrogates
speciation in Hanford waste tank sludge simulants. J. Nucl.and Sr(II) from simulated tank waste sludges. Sep. Sci.Promoted Dissolution of Waste Tank Sludge Surrogates. In
Powell, Brian A.
Application of Radial Basis Function Neural Network in Modeling Wastewater Sludge Recycle System
Sludge recycle system is an important part of wastewater treatment plants(WWTP), which can ensure ... Neural Network model for prediction of the Sludge recycling flowrate, which ultimately affect the Sludge recycling
Long Luo; Liyou Zhou
in Hanford waste tank sludge simulants. J. Nucl. Sci.from simulated tank waste sludges. Sep. Sci. Tech. 38(2),Dissolution of Waste Tank Sludge Surrogates. In preparation,
Field-Measured Oxidation Rates of Biologically Reduced Selenium in Sludge
Reduced Selenium in Sludge Sally M. Benson, John Daggett andCalifornia 94720 U.S.A. Sludge generated during surface-Finding safe and economical sludge disposal methods requires
Benson, Sally M.; Daggett, John; Zawislansi, Peter
Use of nutrients of sewage sludge in the initial development of Copaifera langsdorffii
under the 20 t ha -1 of sludge rate. Figure 1: CopaibaSupl. K) and sewage sludge doses (2.5, 5, 10, 15 e 20 t ha -dm Fe Mn Zn Table 2: Sewage sludge chemical characteristics.
Sampaio, Thalita Fernanda; Guerrini, Ira� Amaral; Croce, Ciro; de Toledo, Maria Ang�lica; Morales, Marina
Behavior of Uranium(VI) during HEDPA Leaching for Aluminum Dissolution in Tank Waste Sludges
Dissolution in Tank Waste Sludges Brian A. Powell 1 ,to produce a clay-like sludge layer, a slurry phase, and anto be concentrated in the sludge phase, which is primarily
Powell, Brian A.; Rao, Linfeng; Nash, Kenneth L.; Martin, Leigh
Degradation and Fate of Carbon Tetrachloride in Unadapted Methanogenic Granular Sludge
...Tetrachloride in Unadapted Methanogenic Granular Sludge Miriam H. A. Van Eekert Thomas J. Schroder Alfons...algemeen.mt.wau.nl. The potential of granular sludge from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors for bioremediation of...
Miriam H. A. Van Eekert; Thomas J. Schr�der; Alfons J. M. Stams; Gosse Schraa; Jim A. Field
Management of sewage sludge and ash containing radioactive materials.
Approximately 50% of the seven to eight million metric tonnes of municipal sewage sludge produced annually in the US is reused. Beneficial uses of sewage sludge include agricultural land application, land reclamation, forestry, and various commercial applications. Excessive levels of contaminants, however, can limit the potential usefulness of land-applied sewage sludge. A recently completed study by a federal inter-agency committee has identified radioactive contaminants that could interfere with the safe reuse of sewage sludge. The study found that typical levels of radioactive materials in most municipal sewage sludge and incinerator ash do not present a health hazard to sewage treatment plant workers or to the general public. The inter-agency committee has developed recommendations for operators of sewage treatment plants for evaluating measured or estimated levels of radioactive material in sewage sludge and for determining whether actions to reduce potential exposures are appropriate.
Bachmaier, J. T.; Aiello, K.; Bastian, R. K.; Cheng, J.-J.; Chiu, W. A.; Goodman, J.; Hogan, R.; Jones, A. R.; Kamboj, S.; Lenhart, T.; Ott, W. R.; Rubin, A. B.; Salomon, S. N.; Schmidt, D. W.; Setlow, L. W.; Yu, C.; Wolbarst, A. B.; Environmental Science Division; Middlesex County Utilities Authority; U.S. EPA; N.J. Dept of Environmental Protection; NRC
The Bending of Wood With Steam.
??Based on experimentation with the steam bending of wood to curved shapes, this thesis describes my involvement with three basic aspects of the process. First� (more)
Cottey Jr., James H.
One on One- Douglas K Woods
A September 2014 interview with Douglas K Woods, the President of the Association for Manufacturing Technology, on the state of US manufacturing.
Richard F. Wood | ornl.gov
F. Wood (1983) March 05, 2014 Solid State Division For theoretical research on the electronic and vibronic structures and optical properties of defects in ionic crystals, and for...
Fracture Modeling of Crack Propagation in Wood and Wood Composites Including Crack Tip Processes and Fiber Bridging Mechanics
1 Fracture Modeling of Crack Propagation in Wood and Wood Composites Including Crack Tip Processes and Fiber Bridging Mechanics J. A. Nairn, N. Matsumoto Wood Science & Engineering, Oregon State University wood and wood composites develop process zones often consisting of fibers bridging the crack surfaces
North American wood markets hit by United States housing crash North American wood markets hit by United States housing crash
North American wood markets hit by United States housing crash North American wood markets hit by United States housing crash North American wood markets hit by United States housing crash 19 themes were: 1. softwood market developments, and 2. wood energy and wood mobilization. The main
Phase chemistry and radionuclide retention from simulated tank sludges
Decommissioning high level nuclear waste tanks will leave small amounts of residual sludge clinging to the walls and floor of the structures. The permissible amount of material left in the tanks depends on the radionuclide release characteristics of the sludge. At present, no systematic process exists for assessing how much of the remaining inventory will migrate, and which radioisotopes will remain relatively fixed. Working with actual sludges is both dangerous and prohibitively expensive. Consequently, methods were developed for preparing sludge simulants and doping them with nonradioactive surrogates for several radionuclides and RCRA metals of concern in actual sludges. The phase chemistry of these mixes was found to be a reasonable match for the main phases in actual sludges. Preliminary surrogate release characteristics for these sludges were assessed by lowering the ionic strength and pH of the sludges in the manner that would occur if normal groundwater gained access to a decommissioned tank. Most of the Se, Cs and Tc in the sludges will be released into the first pulse of groundwater passing through the sludge. A significant fraction of the other surrogates will be retained indefinitely by the sludges. This prolonged sequestration results from a combination coprecipitated and sorbed into or onto relatively insoluble phases such as apatite, hydrous oxides of Fe, Al, Bi and rare earth oxides and phosphates. The coprecipitated fraction cannot be released until the host phase dissolves or recrystallizes. The sorbed fraction can be released by ion exchange processes as the pore fluid chemistry changes. However, these releases can be predicted based on a knowledge of the fluid composition and the surface chemistry of the solids. In this regard, the behavior of the hydrous iron oxide component of most sludges will probably play a dominant role for many cationic radionuclides while the hydrous aluminum oxides may be more important in governing anion releases.
CSTB / CTBA Wood Preservation -Cannes 2001 MEASUREMENT OF VOC EMISSIONS FROM CURATIVE TREATED WOOD
CSTB / CTBA Wood Preservation - Cannes 2001 1 MEASUREMENT OF VOC EMISSIONS FROM CURATIVE TREATED WOOD : A NEW EMISSION TEST CHAMBER METHOD François MAUPETIT1 , Olivier RAMALHO1 and Christophe YRIEIX2 wood, emission test chamber, VOCs Introduction A poor indoor air quality (IAQ) is now recognized
1Wood Borer -- WB-XX-W WB-05-W America's Least Wanted Wood-Borers Department of Entomology ASIAN) #12;1-888-EXT-INFO · www.extension.purdue.edu 2Wood Borer -- WB-05-W October 2012 It is the policy
Novel perspectives in wood certification and forensics: dry wood as a source of DNA
...2002 research-article Novel perspectives in wood certification and forensics: dry wood as a source of DNA M. Deguilloux 1 2 M. Pemonge...St-Mande, 75012 Paris, France The importance of wood for human societies can hardly be understated...
Hanford Sludge Treatment Project Review, June 2011
1-06-17 1-06-17 Site: DOE-Richland Operations Office Subject: Office of Enforcement and Oversight's Office of Safety and Emergency Management Evaluations Activity Report for the Sludge Treatment Project Dates of Activity : 06/13/2011 - 06/17/2011 Report Preparer: Jake Wechselberger Activity Description/Purpose: The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Enforcement and Oversight, within the Office of Health, Safety and Security (HSS), performed operational awareness reviews of the Sludge Treatment Project (STP), Engineered Container Retrieval and Transfer System (ECRTS) during site visits. Result: During the period June 13-17, 2011, an HSS representative participated in tours of the STP test facility. The HSS representative was also briefed by the CHPRC STP Test Director and the DOE-Richland Operations Office principal support
Hanford Sludge Treatment Project, August 2011
8-25 8-25 Site: DOE-Richland Operations Office Subject: Office of Enforcement and Oversight's Office of Safety and Emergency Management Evaluations Activity Report for the Sludge Treatment Project Dates of Activity : 08/22/2011 - 08/25/2011 Report Preparer: Jake Wechselberger Activity Description/Purpose: The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Enforcement and Oversight, within the Office of Health, Safety and Security (HSS), performed operational awareness reviews of the Sludge Treatment Project (STP), Engineered Container Retrieval and Transfer System (ECRTS) during site visits. Result: During the period August 22-25, 2011, an HSS representative attended the STP ECRTS Design Review, Value Engineering. The design review was attended by virtually all STP designated personnel, including managers and experts, representing
Filtration of Sludge and Sodium Nonatitanate Solutions
The proposed facility designs for the ion exchange and solvent extraction flowsheets under development to treat high level waste at the Savannah River Site use crossflow filtration to remove entrained sludge and monosodium titanate (MST). Bench-scale and pilot-scale testing performed with simulated feed streams showed much lower filtration rates than desired for the process. This report documents an investigation of the impact on filtration of using Honeywell sodium nonatitanate (ST), rather than MST, for strontium and actinide removal.
Poirier, M.R.
Physical and chemical characteristics and development of the Changuinola peat deposit of northwestern Panama
A peat deposit occupying over 80 square kilometers, and averaging 8 meters in thickness, was discovered on the Caribbean coast of northwestern Panama near the town of Changuinola. This deposit occurs inland (behind) the present beach-barrier shoreline. It is thickest in the center and thins toward all edges (as if domed). The surface vegetation in the central regions consists primarily of ombrotrophic plants (especially sedges, grasses, Sphagnum, Sagittaria, and various scattered shrubs). Toward the edges, the deposit has a surface cover of more minerotrophic plants (such as swamp-forest trees, ferns, and palms). Petrographic/botanical analysis of the deposit with depth reveals the presence of five peat types (swamp-forest, sedge-grass-fern, Sagittaria et al., Nymphaea et al., and Rhizophora). Typically peats of the thick, central portions of the deposit are very low in ash and sulfur (less than 2% ash and 0.3% sulfur). Ash contents tend to increase abruptly at the base and more gradually toward the edges of the deposit and sulfur contents increasing gradually toward the ocean and bay. Vertical and lateral variations in botanical, chemical, and physical properties of this deposit can be related to factors that have controlled: (1) the surrounding rocks and water chemistry; (2) the source vegetation; and (3) the environments in which these source ingredients were deposited. 3 refs., 10 figs.
Cohen, A.D.; Raymond, R. Jr.; Thayer, G.; Ramirez, A.
Heavy metals removal from oil sludge using ion exchange textiles.
??In this research, ion exchange textiles were used for the first time for the removal of heavy metals from oil sludge. The target metals which� (more)
Muslat, Ziyad
Using sludge on land raises more than crops
Applying sludge to croplands has been one solution to the dilemma of accumulating sewage. At the present time, approximately 25 percent of all sludge disposal programs are conducted as land application, specifically land reclamation and agricultural utilization. The application of sludge to croplands is developing from a small and scattered program into a large-scaled program because of the prohibition of ocean dumping of sludge, increased costs for incineration of sludge and its pollution control, and an increasing national production of over 280 million tons/yr of wet sludge. Agricultural utilization of sewage sludge has several notable benefits including the recycling of essential and trace nutrients, improvement of marginal soil with organic matter, increased crop yield, and direct costs comparable to commercial fertilizers. However, cropland utilization of sewage sludge may involve risks if proper management is not followed. Besides the risk of metal contamination of soil and plants which has received considerable notoriety, the overall environmental impact of sludge application programs must also consider the public health hazards of nitrate (Ntheta/sub 3/) pollution and the spread of pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms, and any odor nuisance which may be associated with these programs.
Gerardi, M.H.
Summary - K Basins Sludge Treatment Process
K Basin K Basin DOE is Proces the va at Han subsys oxidati objecti of-fact maturi Eleme Techn The as which seven * M * M * Pr * Pr * As The Ele Site: H roject: K P Report Date: A ited States Why DOE ns Sludge Treatme s constructing ss (STP) for re rious sludge st nford. The STP stems: sludge ion, assay, pac ive of the asse t" appraisal of t ty by first ident ents (CTEs) of t ology Readine What th ssessment team was further div CTEs and the Material Mobiliza Material Transfe rocess Chemis rocess Instrum ssay (TRL=2) To view the full T http://www.em.doe. objective of a Tech ements (CTEs), usin Hanford/ORP K Basins Slud Process/STP August 2007 Departmen K Bas E-EM Did This ent Process Flow D a K Basins Slu trieving, treatin treams stored i P is comprised containerizatio ckaging, and dr ssment was to the project's ov
E-Print Network 3.0 - alternative sewage sludge Sample Search...
Summary: spreading machines. Key words: Spreading technology, environmental performances, LCA, sewage sludge... of sewage sludge spreading scenarios involving different types of...
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and Technology Council (WTERT) Collection: Renewable Energy 8 Selective hydrolysis of wastewater sludge Part 1, September 2007 Summary: on the activated sludge process...
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for: activated sludge bacterial Page: << < 1 2 3 4 5 > >> 1 Selective hydrolysis of wastewater sludge Part 1, September 2007 Summary: is a traditional build plant base don...
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on the activated sludge... the in this way with the operating conditions of the wastewater treatment plant. Images of activated sludge... Figure 9 shows the influences of...
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developed the world's first facility, in Neenah, Wisconsin, to recycle sludge from wastewater treatment... 224 THE WINNEBAGO COUNTY, WISCONSIN STORY ... PAPERMILL SLUDGE...
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was selected be cause of its (a) prior successful application in municipal sludge incineration, (b... LEWIS Mountain View, California ABSTRACT Municipal sewage sludge can be...
Department of Forest and Wood Science Academic Programmes for 2014
Department of Forest and Wood Science Academic Programmes for 2014 Postgraduate Diploma Enquiries: Head of Department Contact details: Department of Forest and Wood Science Stellenbosch University;Department of Forest and Wood Science - 2012 2 Contents: Postgraduate Programmes Postgraduate Diploma
Wood-Composites Industry Benefits from ALS Research Print paris-wood composites Wood scientist and ALS user Jesse Paris (at left) is getting an intimate, 3-D view of adhesive...
MODE II FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF BONDED VISCOELASTIC THERMAL COMPRESSED WOOD Andreja Kutnar* Graduate Student Department of Wood Science and Technology Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Frederick A. Kamke Professor John A. Nairn Professor Department of Wood Science
City of Wood River, Nebraska (Utility Company) | Open Energy...
Page Edit with form History Facebook icon Twitter icon City of Wood River, Nebraska (Utility Company) Jump to: navigation, search Name: City of Wood River Place: Nebraska...
RICHARDS, MARTIN C., AND CHRISTINE M. HAPPEY-WOOD. The ...
May 30, 1978 ... eutrophic lake of glacial origin, maximum depth about 30 m, that stratifies during summer (Happey-Wood 1975; Pentecost and Happey-Wood.
CEICEI--BoisBois European Confederation of Woodworking IndustriesEuropean Confederation of Woodworking Industries ValueValue--added wood productsadded wood products
of Woodworking Industries ValueValue--added wood productsadded wood products markets: flooringmarkets: flooring of Woodworking Industries Wood flooring and woodWood flooring and wood--based flooringbased flooring · "Genuine" wood Solid products (parquet, planks, ...) Products with a "genuine" top layer · Multilayer parquet
Wood3 Resources | Open Energy Information
Wood3 Resources Wood3 Resources Jump to: navigation, search Name Wood3 Resources Place Houston, Texas Zip 77056-2409 Product Wood3 Resources is an energy project development firm run by former Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Chairman Pat Wood. Coordinates 29.76045°, -95.369784° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":29.76045,"lon":-95.369784,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Wood Energy Production Credit | Department of Energy
Wood Energy Production Credit Wood Energy Production Credit Wood Energy Production Credit < Back Eligibility Commercial Industrial Savings Category Bioenergy Maximum Rebate Credit may be claimed for a period of five years Program Info Start Date 12/30/1998 (most recent revision) State Missouri Program Type Corporate Tax Credit Rebate Amount $5 per ton of processed materials Provider Missouri Department of Natural Resources Note: No new credits are being issued, effective July 1, 2013. This entry is for informational purposes only. The Wood Energy Tax Credit, as effective January 1, 1997, allows individuals or businesses processing Missouri forestry industry residues into fuels an income tax credit of $5.00 per ton of processed material (e.g., wood pellets). A multiplier of 4 applies to charcoal, based on the
Alaska Wood Biomass Energy Project Final Report
The purpose of the Craig Wood Fired Boiler Project is to use waste wood from local sawmilling operations to provide heat to local public buildings, in an effort to reduce the cost of operating those buildings, and put to productive use a byproduct from the wood milling process that otherwise presents an expense to local mills. The scope of the project included the acquisition of a wood boiler and the delivery systems to feed wood fuel to it, the construction of a building to house the boiler and delivery systems, and connection of the boiler facility to three buildings that will benefit from heat generated by the boiler: the Craig Aquatic Center, the Craig Elementary School, and the Craig Middle School buildings.
Jonathan Bolling
Extraction of hemicelluloses from fiberized spruce wood
Abstract A novel mechanical pre-treatment method was used to separate the wood chips into fiber bundles in order to extract high molecular weight wood polymers. The mechanical pre-treatment involved chip compression in a conical plug-screw followed by defibration in a fiberizer. The fiberized wood was treated with hot water at various combinations of time and temperature in order to analyze the extraction yield of hemicelluloses at different conditions. Nearly 6�mg/g wood of galactoglucomannan was obtained at 90��C/120�min which was about three times more than what could be extracted from wood chips. The extracted carbohydrates had molecular weight ranging up to 60�kDa. About 10% of each of the extracted material had a molecular weight above 30�kDa. The extraction liquor could also be reused for consecutive extractions with successive increase in the extraction yield of hemicelluloses.
Shoaib Azhar; Gunnar Henriksson; Hans Theliander; Mikael E. Lindstr�m
The Influence of Selected Wood Characteristics and Composites Production Parameters on the Sorption Behavior of Wood Materials.
??The goal of this research was to investigate the influence of selected wood characteristics and composites production parameters on the sorption behavior of wood materials.� (more)
Neimsuwan, Trairat
Caustic Leaching of Hanford Tank S-110 Sludge
This report describes the Hanford Tank S-110 sludge caustic leaching test conducted in FY 2001 at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The data presented here can be used to develop the baseline and alternative flowsheets for pretreating Hanford tank sludge. The U.S. Department of Energy funded the work through the Efficient Separations and Processing Crosscutting Program (ESP; EM?50).
Lumetta, Gregg J.; Carson, Katharine J.; Darnell, Lori P.; Greenwood, Lawrence R.; Hoopes, Francis V.; Sell, Richard L.; Sinkov, Sergey I.; Soderquist, Chuck Z.; Urie, Michael W.; Wagner, John J.
Growth of chrysanthemums in sewage sludge amended media
of seedlings of Lironden- d ~tl' 'f, L. d C fl d, L. g t tt screened compost (224 metric tons/ha) made from degested sewage sludge and woodchips. However, Kirkham and Emino (50) found with increasing rates of liquid sewage sludge (50 ml...
Schlutt, Edward Frederick
Phosphorus Adsorption by Dewatered and Activated Alum Sludge
In this study, a series of batch experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphorus (P) adsorption properties of alum sludge dried at 100�C (AS100) and activated at 300 (AS300), 500 (AS500) and 900�C (AS900). In the adsorption test, the ... Keywords: alum sludge, phosphorus adsorption
Jingxi Tie; Lei Zhao; Hongcao Guo
Selective hydrolysis of wastewater sludge Part 1, September 2007
Report Selective hydrolysis of wastewater sludge Part 1, September 2007 Model calculations and cost "Selective hydrolysis of wastewater sludge" is supported by EnergiNet.DK under the PSO-F&U projects having National Laboratory, Rambøll, the Estate of Overgaard and SamRas. The wastewater treatment plant Esbjerg
Selective hydrolysis of wastewater sludge Part 1, December 2008
Report Selective hydrolysis of wastewater sludge Part 1, December 2008 Revised Model calculations and cost benefit analysis for Esbjerg Vest wastewater treatment plant, Denmark PSO-F&U project nr. 2006 This project "Selective hydrolysis of wastewater sludge" is supported by EnergiNet .DK under the PSO
Microsoft Word - Sludge Test Area CX Determination Form12172012
Sludge Test Facility at the Transuranic (TRU) Waste Processing Center (TWPC) [CX-TWPC-13-0001] Sludge Test Facility at the Transuranic (TRU) Waste Processing Center (TWPC) [CX-TWPC-13-0001] Program or Field Office: Environmental Management - Oak Ridge Location(s) (City/County/State): Oak Ridge, Tennessee Proposed Action Description: The proposed action is to construct and operate a sludge test facility at the Transuranic (TRU) Waste Processing Center (TWPC) to conduct testing activities for sludge mobilization, mixing, and removal from the Melton Valley Storage Tanks (MVST). The testing is needed to develop appropriate, compliant treatment to a final waste form that will meet the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC). This testing is needed for the mobilization, removal, and treatment of the sludge regardless of
First of Hanford's Highly Radioactive Sludge Moved Away from River |
First of Hanford's Highly Radioactive Sludge Moved Away from First of Hanford's Highly Radioactive Sludge Moved Away from River First of Hanford's Highly Radioactive Sludge Moved Away from River July 13, 2012 - 12:00pm Addthis Media Contacts Geoff Tyree, DOE email@example.com 509-376-4171 Dee Millikin, CH2M HILL firstname.lastname@example.com 509-376-1297 RICHLAND, Wash. - Workers have started moving highly radioactive material, called sludge, away from the Columbia River, marking a significant milestone in the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s cleanup of the Hanford Site in Washington State. Today, DOE contractor CH2M HILL Plateau Remediation Company (CH2M HILL) safely transferred the first large container of highly radioactive sludge from a basin next to a former plutonium production reactor to dry storage in the center of the site. Today's transfer is the first of six shipments
CRAD, Emergency Management - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge
Office of River Protection K Basin Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System CRAD, Emergency Management - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System May 2004 A section of Appendix C to DOE G 226.1-2 "Federal Line Management Oversight of Department of Energy Nuclear Facilities." Consists of Criteria Review and Approach Documents (CRADs) used for a May 2004 assessment of the Emergency Management program at the Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System. CRADs provide a recommended approach and the types of information to gather to assess elements of a DOE contractor's programs. CRAD, Emergency Management - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System More Documents & Publications CRAD, Engineering - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System
Solidification of low-volume power plant sludges. Final report
A literature review was conducted to obtain information on the status of hazardous waste solidification technology and application of this technology to low-volume power plant waste sludges. Because of scarcity of sludge composition data, anticipated major components were identified primarily by chemical reactions that are known to occur during treatment of specific wastewaters. Chemical and physical properties of these sludges were critically analyzed for compatibility with several types of commercially available solidification processes. The study pointed out the need for additional information on the nature of these sludges, especially leaching characteristics and the presence of substances that will interfere with solidification processes. Laboratory studies were recommended for evaluation of solidification process which have the greatest potential for converting hazardous low-volume sludges to non-hazardous waste forms.
Bell, N.E.; Halverson, M.A.; Mercer, B.M.
High Level Waste System Impacts from Acid Dissolution of Sludge
This research evaluates the ability of OLI{copyright} equilibrium based software to forecast Savannah River Site High Level Waste system impacts from oxalic acid dissolution of Tank 1-15 sludge heels. Without further laboratory and field testing, only the use of oxalic acid can be considered plausible to support sludge heel dissolution on multiple tanks. Using OLI{copyright} and available test results, a dissolution model is constructed and validated. Material and energy balances, coupled with the model, identify potential safety concerns. Overpressurization and overheating are shown to be unlikely. Corrosion induced hydrogen could, however, overwhelm the tank ventilation. While pH adjustment can restore the minimal hydrogen generation, resultant precipitates will notably increase the sludge volume. OLI{copyright} is used to develop a flowsheet such that additional sludge vitrification canisters and other negative system impacts are minimized. Sensitivity analyses are used to assess the processability impacts from variations in the sludge/quantities of acids.
The Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) is preparing to initiate processing Sludge Batch 7b (SB7b). In support of the upcoming processing, the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) provided a recommendation to utilize Frits 418 with a 6% Na{sub 2}O addition (26 wt% Na{sub 2}O in sludge) and 702 with a 4% Na{sub 2}O addition (24 wt% Na{sub 2}O in sludge) to process SB7b. This recommendation was based on assessments of the compositional projections for SB7b available at the time from the Savannah River Remediation (SRR). To support qualification of SB7b, SRNL executed a variability study to assess the applicability of the current durability models for SB7b. The durability models were assessed over the expected composition range of SB7b, including potential caustic additions, combined with Frits 702 and 418 over a 32-40% waste loading (WL) range. Thirty four glasses were selected based on Frits 418 and 702 coupled with the sludge projections with an additional 4-6% Na{sub 2}O to reflect the potential caustic addition. Six of these glasses, based on average nominal sludge compositions including the appropriate caustic addition, were developed for both Frit 418 and Frit 702 at 32, 36 and 40% WL to provide coverage in the center of the anticipated SB7b glass region. All glasses were fabricated and characterized using chemical composition analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the Product Consistency Test (PCT). To comply with the DWPF Glass Product Control Program, a total of thirty four glasses were fabricated to assess the applicability of the current DWPF PCCS durability models. Based on the measured PCT response, all of the glasses were acceptable with respect to the Environmental Assessment (EA) benchmark glass regardless of thermal history. The NL[B] values of the SB7b variability study glasses were less than 1.99 g/L as compared to 16.695 g/L for EA. A small number of the D-optimally selected 'outer layer' extreme vertices (EV) glasses were not predictable using the current Product Composition Control System (PCCS) models for durability, but were acceptable compared to the EA glass when tested. These glasses fell outside of the lower 95% confidence band, which demonstrates conservatism in the model. A few of the glasses fell outside of the upper 95% confidence band; however, these particular glasses have normalized release values that were much lower than the values of EA and should be of no practical concern. Per the requirements of the DWPF Glass Product Control Program, the PCCS durability models have been shown to be applicable to the SB7b sludge system with a range of Na{sub 2}O concentrations blended with Frits 418 or 702. PCT results from the glasses fabricated as part of the variability study were shown to be predictable by the current DWPF PCCS models and/or acceptable with respect to the EA benchmark glass regardless of thermal history or compositional view.
Johnson, F.; Edwards, T.
Sludge Treatment Evaluation: 1992 Technical progress
This report documents Fiscal Year 1992 technical progress on the Sludge Treatment Evaluation Task, which is being conducted by Pacific Northwest Laboratory. The objective of this task is to develop a capability to predict the performance of pretreatment processes for mixed radioactive and hazardous waste stored at Hanford and other US Department of Energy (DOE) sites. Significant cost savings can be achieved if radionuclides and other undesirable constituents can be effectively separated from the bulk waste prior to final treatment and disposal. This work is initially focused on chemical equilibrium prediction of water washing and acid or base dissolution of Hanford single-shell tank (SST) sludges, but may also be applied to other steps in pretreatment processes or to other wastes. Although SST wastes contain many chemical species, there are relatively few constituents -- Na, Al, NO[sub 3], NO[sub 2], PO[sub 4], SO[sub 4], and F -- contained in the majority of the waste. These constituents comprise 86% and 74% of samples from B-110 and U-110 SSTS, respectively. The major radionuclides of interest (Cs, Sr, Tc, U) are present in the sludge in small molal quantities. For these constituents, and other important components that are present in small molal quantities, the specific ion-interaction terms used in the Pitzer or NRTL equations may be assumed to be zero for a first approximation. Model development can also be accelerated by considering only the acid or base conditions that apply for the key pretreatment steps. This significantly reduces the number of chemical species and chemical reactions that need to be considered. Therefore, significant progress can be made by developing all the specific ion interactions for a base model and an acid dissolution model.
Silva, L.J.; Felmy, A.R.; Ding, E.R.
Solvolytic liquefaction of wood under mild conditions
Conversion of wood to liquid products requires cleavage of bonds which crosslink the wood structure. This study examines a low-severity wood solubilization process utilizing a solvent medium consisting of a small amount of sulfuric acid and a potentially wood-derivable alcohol. In one half hour of reaction time at 250/sup 0/C under 15 psia starting nitrogen pressure, over 95% of the wood (maf) was rendered acetone-soluble. The product is a soft, black, bitumen-like solid at room temperature but readily softens at 140/sup 0/C. Between 25 and 50% of the original wood oxygen, depending on alcohol used, was removed as water. Approximately 2 to 17% of the alcohols were retained in the product. Gel permeation chromatography showed that the product's median molecular weight is around 300. Based on experimental and literature results, a mechanism for wood solubilization is proposed. This involves protonation of the etheric oxygen atoms, leading to subsequent bond scission to form carbonium ions which are stabilized by solvent alkoxylation. At severe conditions, polymerization and condensation reactions result in acetone-insoluble materials.
Yu, S.M.
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Effect of Fly Ash on Solidification and Heavy Metals Chemical Speciation of Sludge
In order to explore new municipal sewage sludge treatment method and reduce its harm for environment, fly ash discarded from power plant was used as conditioner in sludge treatment in the paper. The properties of sewage sludge were changed after adding ... Keywords: fly ash, sludge, compressive strength, heavy metal, speciation
Yongjian Piao; Mingsong Wu; Xun Xu; Qingliang Zhao; Fugui Zhang; Nanqi Ren
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Heat treated wood�nylon 6 composites
Abstract Heat treatment is a relatively benign modification method that is growing as an industrial process to improve hygroscopicity, dimensional stability and biological resistance of lignocellulosic fillers. There also has been increased interest in the use of lignocellulosic fillers in numerous automotive applications. This study investigated the influence of untreated and heat treated wood fillers on the mechanical and rheological properties of wood filled nylon 6 composites for possible under-the-hood applications in the automobile industry where conditions are too severe for commodity plastics to withstand. In this study, exposure of wood to high temperatures (212��C for 8�h) improved the thermal stability and crystallinity of wood. Heat treated pine and maple filled nylon 6 composites (at 20�wt.% loading) had higher tensile strengths among all formulations and increased tensile strength by 109% and 106% compared to neat nylon 6, respectively. Flexural modulus of elasticity (FMOE) of the neat nylon 6 was 2.34�GPa. The FMOE increased by 101% and 82% with the addition of 30�wt.% heat treated pine and 20�wt.% heat treated maple, where it reached maximum values of 4.71�GPa and 4.27�GPa, respectively. The rheological properties of the composites correlated with the crystallinity of wood fillers after the heat treatment. Wood fillers with high crystallinity after heat treatment contributed to a higher storage modulus, complex viscosity and steady shear viscosity and low loss factor in the composites. This result suggests that heat treatment substantially affects the mechanical and rheological properties of wood filled nylon 6 composites. The mechanical properties and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the heat treated wood did not show significant thermal degradation under 250��C, suggesting that the wood-filled nylon composites could be especially relevant in thermally challenging areas such as the manufacture of under-the-hood automobile components.
Deniz Aydemir; Alper Kiziltas; Esra Erbas Kiziltas; Douglas J. Gardner; Gokhan Gunduz
ORIGINAL PAPER M. Grosell C.M. Wood
ORIGINAL PAPER M. Grosell á C.M. Wood Branchial versus intestinal silver toxicity and uptake Hogstrand and Wood 1998; Wood et al. 1999 for reviews), much less is known about the exact toxic mechanisms primarily through the apical Na+ channel (Bury and Wood 1999) and targets the basolateral Na/K-AT- Pase
Grosell, Martin
1Wood Borer --WB-XX-W Department of Entomology
1Wood Borer -- WB-XX-W WB-02-W Department of Entomology America's Least Wanted Wood-Borers CHINESE under the bark and in dry dead wood and complete their development in two or more years. Adults emerge campestris (Faldermann) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an Asian wood-boring beetle recorded in North America
Inside JEB i ALASKAN WOOD FROGS STOCK UP ON SOLUTES TO SURVIVE Outwardly, the tiny wood frog, Rana these wood frogs, which are native to Alaska, Canada and the northern USA, to unravel their secrets. Costanzo tolerance in a northern population of the wood frog. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 3461-3473. Nicola Stead THE GENETICS
Besansky, Nora J.
Original article A study on growth stresses, tension wood
Original article A study on growth stresses, tension wood distribution and other related wood variations of wood structure (specific gravity and pulp yield), and the transverse mechanical resistance of wood. To investigate growth stresses, longitudinal displacements after stress release were estimated
Codes of constant Lee or Euclidean weight Jay A. Wood
Codes of constant Lee or Euclidean weight Jay A. Wood Department of Mathematics, Computer Science & Statistics Purdue University Calumet Hammond, Indiana 46323--2094 USA email@example.com http://www.calumet.purdue.edu/public/math/wood Scholarly Research Awards. #12; JAY A. WOOD 1. Linear codes as modules Throughout this extended abstract
Wood, Jay
1Wood Borer -- WB-XX-W WB-04-W Department of Entomology America's Least Wanted Wood-Borers BLACK living trees. The wood- boring larvae cause structural damage that may make the trees susceptible). (Photo credit: Stanislaw Kinelski, Bugwood.org) #12;1-888-EXT-INFO · www.extension.purdue.edu 2Wood Borer
Wood Products Marketing And Value-Added Opportunities
Wood Products Marketing And Value-Added Opportunities In Latin America: A Focus on Brazil Richard Vlosky, Ph.D. Professor-Forest Products Marketing Interim Director-Louisiana Forest Products Laboratory Industry Strategic Services & Publisher: WOOD Markets Monthly newsletter WOOD Markets 2002 - The Solid Wood
Disposal of CCA-treated Wood: An Evaluation of
Disposal of CCA-treated Wood: An Evaluation of Existing and Alternative Management Options (FINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CCA-TREATED WOOD ASH II.1 Sample Preparation 10 II.2 Laboratory Methods 15 II.3 Laboratory Results 24 CHAPTER III, SORTING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SEPARATING TREATED WOOD FROM UNTREATED WOOD III.1
(1) Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA(1) Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA (2) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA(2) Harvard Medical School, Boston
(1) Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA(1) Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA (2) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA(2) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA (3) Section on Auditory Mechanics, NIDCD
International Best Practices for Pre-Processing and Co-Processing Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge in the Cement Industry
2008. �Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old2007. �Cost evaluation of sludge treatment options andwastewater treatment plant sludge treating leather tanning
Hasanbeigi, Ali
Changuinola peat deposit of northwest Panama. Deposito de turba de Changuinola en el noroeste de Panama; Volumen 1, Resumen ejecutivo
Results are given for a series of studies designed to access the economic potential of a newly discovered peat deposit located near Changuinola in northwestern Panama. We have focused on using the peat to fuel an electrical power plant for this town, which currently uses high-cost imported oil to generate its electrical power. Analyses of the chemical and physical properties of over 250 samples reveal that the deposit is large (greater than 82 km{sup 2} and averaging 8 m thick), high in purity (greater than 96% organic and less than 0.2% sulfur), and high in heating value (averaging 10,000 Btu/lb dry). In all parameters measured, this peat matches or exceeds in quality peats already fueling power plants in other parts of the world. A preliminary economic assessment reveals that the costs of producing electrical energy in a power plant using Changuinola peat could be competitive with the costs of using either coal or oil. This conclusion was found to be valid regardless of which combination of mining techniques and boiler type was utilized. Furthermore, internal rates of return on investment of between 12.8% and 21% were obtained using a computer code supplied by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). These rates exceed the minimum (12%) this bank requires in order to consider such projects for loans. Based on these results, we would strongly recommend that additional funding be sought to conduct prefeasibility studies for building a peat-fired power plant for the town of Changuinola.
Cohen, A.D.; Thayer, G.R.; Ramirez, A.
Safety evaluation of the ESP sludge washing baselines runs. Revision 2
Purpose is to provide the technical basis for evaluation of unreviewed safety question for the Extended Sludge Processing (ESP) Sludge Washing Baseline Runs, which are necessary to resolve technical questions associated with process control (sludge suspension, sludge settling, heat transfer, temperature control). The sludge is currently stored in below-ground tanks and will be prepared for processing at the Defense Waste Processing Facility as part of the Integrated Waste Removal Program for Savannah River Site.
Gupta, M.K.
Effectiveness of irradiation in killing pathogens. [Treatment of sewage sludge for land application
United States Environmental Protection Agency regulations include gamma ray irradiation of sludge as an approved Process to Further Reduce Pathogens (PFRP) prior to land application. Research at Sandia National Laboratories on pathogen inactivation in sludge by gamma irradiation has demonstrated that the 1 Mrad PFRP dose is capable, by itself, of eliminating bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens from sludge. Gamma irradiation of sludge in conjunction with the required Processes to Significantly Reduce Pathogens (PSRP) should also eliminate the viral hazard from wastewater sludges.
Yeager, J.G.; Ward, R.L.
Use and disposal of waste-water sludge in Illinois. Final report
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) proposed Part 503 Rules on sludge were first published in February 1989. Part 503 proposed sludge regulations address five categories of sludge use or disposal: land application, distribution and marketing, monofills, surface disposal sites, and incineration. The report on sludge management in Illinois examines the probable effects that the proposed federal rules on use and disposal of sewage sludge will have on current practices by Illinois publicly owned treatment works outside the City of Chicago.
John, S.F.; Kane, D.N.; Hinesly, T.D.
Wood and Fiber Science, 36(1), 2004, pp. 107118 2004 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology
Wood and Fiber Science, 36(1), 2004, pp. 107118 2004 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology FORMOSAN SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE RESISTANCE OF BORATE-MODIFIED STRANDBOARD MANUFACTURED FROM SOUTHERN WOOD, but not on termite mortality. Wood species showed no significant effect on the termite resistance. Correlations
Wood and Fiber Science, 36(1), 2004, pp. 1725 2004 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology
Wood and Fiber Science, 36(1), 2004, pp. 1725 2004 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology FUNDAMENTALS OF VERTICAL DENSITY PROFILE FORMATION IN WOOD COMPOSITES. PART III. MDF DENSITY FORMATION DURING of Wood Science and Forest Products 210 Cheatham Hall, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061-0323 and Timothy
Wang, Siqun
Wood and Fiber Science, 35(4), 2003, pp. 482498 2003 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology
Wood and Fiber Science, 35(4), 2003, pp. 482498 2003 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology. INTRODUCTION Strength properties of wood-based compos- ites are related to mean panel density and the density of the average panel density (Kruse et al. 2000). Modeling for the spatial structure of wood composites
Wood and Fiber Science, 37(2), 2005, pp. 207212 2005 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology
Wood and Fiber Science, 37(2), 2005, pp. 207212 © 2005 by the Society of Wood Science. Leichti Associate Professor and Barbara L. Gartner Professor Department of Wood Science and Engineering purposes that characterize smaller sections of wood. Moreover, theASTM standards spec- ify loading
Lachenbruch, Barbara
Wood and Fiber Science, 37(2), 2005, pp. 304313 2005 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology
Wood and Fiber Science, 37(2), 2005, pp. 304313 © 2005 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology EFFECTS OF PRUNING ON WOOD DENSITY AND TRACHEID LENGTH IN YOUNG DOUGLAS-FIR Barbara L. Gartner Professor Dept. of Wood Science and Engineering Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 James M. Robbins
Wood and Fiber Science, 35(3), 2003, pp. 381396 2003 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology
Wood and Fiber Science, 35(3), 2003, pp. 381396 2003 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology a feasible application of both methods in wood composite research and in a real-time quality control system wood composites widely 1 This paper (NO: 02-40-0457) is published with the approval of the Director
Wood and Fiber Science, 36(1), 2004, pp. 7183 2004 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology
Wood and Fiber Science, 36(1), 2004, pp. 7183 2004 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology (Lenth and Kamke 1996). Interest in predicting the consolidation be- havior of wood strand mats has led that strand geometry affects the relative void volume in a mat. #12;72 WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE, JANUARY 2004, V
Wood and Fiber Science, 37(1), 2005, pp. 95111 2004 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology
Wood and Fiber Science, 37(1), 2005, pp. 95111 © 2004 by the Society of Wood Science and Technology SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WOOD-PVC COMPOSITE: IMAGING MORPHOLOGY AND WETTING wetting behavior of wood-PVC composites in this study. Two-dimensional and time-dependent profiles
Analysis of Composite Structure and Primordial Wood Remains in Petrified Wood
Among all the fossils, petrified wood belongs to the most impressive and most common of materials. Still, its study has not exceeded the purely phenomenological level. The...
Nowak, J; Nowak, D; Chevallier, P; Lekki, J; Van Grieken, R; Kuczumow, A
In 2010, an innovative, remotely operated retrieval system was deployed to successfully retrieve over 99.7% of the radioactive sludge from ten submerged tanks in Hanford's K-West Basin. As part of K-West Basin cleanup, the accumulated sludge needed to be removed from the 0.5 meter diameter by 5 meter long settler tanks and transferred approximately 45 meters to an underwater container for sampling and waste treatment. The abrasive, dense, non-homogeneous sludge was the product of the washing process of corroded nuclear fuel. It consists of small (less than 600 micron) particles of uranium metal, uranium oxide, and various other constituents, potentially agglomerated or cohesive after 10 years of storage. The Settler Tank Retrieval System (STRS) was developed to access, mobilize and pump out the sludge from each tank using a standardized process of retrieval head insertion, periodic high pressure water spray, retraction, and continuous pumping of the sludge. Blind operations were guided by monitoring flow rate, radiation levels in the sludge stream, and solids concentration. The technology developed and employed in the STRS can potentially be adapted to similar problematic waste tanks or pipes that must be remotely accessed to achieve mobilization and retrieval of the sludge within.
Low temperature thermal treatment for petroleum refinery waste sludges
Treatment requirements for waste sludges generated by petroleum refinery operations and designated as waste codes K048, K049, K050, K051 and K052 under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) became effective in November, 1990 under the Landban regulations. An experimental program evaluated low temperature thermal treatment of filter cakes produced from these sludges using laboratory and pilot-scale equipment. One set of experiments on waste samples from two different refineries demonstrated the effective removal of organics of concern from the sludges to meet the RCRA Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) treatment standards. Cyanides were also within the acceptable limit. Combined with stabilization of heavy metals in the treatment residues, low temperature thermal treatment therefore provides an effective and efficient means of treating refinery sludges, with most hydrocarbons recovered and recycled to the refinery. A milder thermal treatment was used to remove the bulk of the water from a previously filtered waste sludge, providing effective waste minimization through a 40% decrease in the mass of sludge to be disposed. The heating value of the sludge was increased simultaneously by one-third, thereby producing a residue of greater value in an alternative fuels program. A process based on this approach was successfully designed and commercialized.
Ayen, R.J.; Swanstrom, C.P. (Geneva Research Center, IL (United States))
Landfarming of municipal sewage sludge at Oak Ridge, Tennessee
The City of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, has been applying municipal sanitary sludge to 9 sites comprising 90 ha on the US Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) since 1983. Approximately 13,000,000 L are applied annually by spraying sludge (2 to 3% solids) under pressure from a tanker. Under an ongoing monitoring program, both the sludge and the soil in the application areas are analyzed for organic, inorganic, and radioactive parameters on a regular basis. Organic pollutants are analyzed in sludge on a semiannual basis and in the soil application areas on an annual basis. Inorganic parameters are analyzed daily (e.g., pH, total solids) or monthly (e.g., nitrogen, manganese) in sludge and annually in soil in application areas. Radionuclides (Co-60, Cs-137, I-131, Be-7, K-40, Ra-228, U-235, U-238) are scanned daily during application by the sewage treatment plant and analyzed weekly in composite sludge samples and annually in soil. Additionally, data on radioactive body burden for maximally exposed workers who apply the sludge show no detectable exposures. This monitoring program is comprehensive and is one of the few in the United States that analyzes radionuclides. Results from the monitoring program show heavy metals and radionuclides are not accumulating to levels in the soil application areas.
Tischler, M.L.; Pergler, C.; Wilson, M.; Mabry, D.; Stephenson, M.
Bioavailability to plants of sludge-borne toxic organics
Large numbers of man-made organic chemicals occur in sewage sludge and many are thought to represent an environmental hazard. This is particularly true of the compounds classified as priority pollutants (TOs) which typically occur in sludges in the mg/kg concentration range. Concerns about their environmental fate, specifically their bioavailability to food-chain crops, have disrupted land application of sludges. A review of the pertinent literature (especially field studies utilizing sludge-amended soils and confirmational analysis for parent compound) suggest the concern is largely groundless. The vast majority of TOs in sludge occur at low concentrations and when applied to soil are strongly sorbed in the soil-sludge matrix, degraded, or are otherwise lost from the soil during the cropping season. Plant bioconcentration factors for most TOs are less 0.01 DW. Even if taken up by plants the TOs may be metabolized within the plant or accumulate in plant parts that are usually not consumed. In contrast a second general group of man-made organics (aromatic surfactants) exist in sludge at much greater concentrations (g/kg).
O'Connor, G.A.; Chaney, R.L.; Ryan, J.A.
Hydrogen production during processing of radioactive sludge containing noble metals
Hydrogen was produced when radioactive sludge from Savannah River Site radioactive waste containing noble metals was reacted with formic acid. This will occur in a process tank in the Defense Waste Facility at SRS when waste is vitrified. Radioactive sludges from four tanks were tested in a lab-scale apparatus. Maximum hydrogen generation rates varied from 5 {times}10{sup {minus}7} g H{sub 2}/hr/g of sludge from the least reactive sludge (from Waste Tank 51) to 2 {times}10{sup {minus}4} g H{sub 2}/hr/g of sludge from the most reactive sludge (from Waste Tank 11). The time required for the hydrogen generation to reach a maximum varied from 4.1 to 25 hours. In addition to hydrogen, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide were produced and the pH of the reaction slurry increased. In all cases, the carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide were generated before the hydrogen. The results are in agreement with large-scale studies using simulated sludges.
Ha, B.C.; Ferrara, D.M.; Bibler, N.E.
Arbuthnott Wood Pellets Ltd | Open Energy Information
Arbuthnott Wood Pellets Ltd Arbuthnott Wood Pellets Ltd Jump to: navigation, search Name Arbuthnott Wood Pellets Ltd Place Kincardineshire, Scotland, United Kingdom Zip AB30 1PA Product Wood pellet producer. Coordinates 56.932781°, -2.42531° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":56.932781,"lon":-2.42531,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Wood furnance cuts fuel bills and wastes
The use of a wood burning furnace instead of propane to heat the Saddlecraft manufacturing plant in Cherokee, North Carolina, is described. A chart shows gallons of propane usage in winter for five years. (MHR)
Neutron scattering in concrete and wood
......Article Computational techniques Neutron scattering in concrete and wood A. Facure...library were used to simulate the neutron scattering in barriers of conventional...of the barrier thickness on neutron scattering factors is also being studied......
A. Facure; A. X. Silva; R. C. Falc�o; V. R. Crispim
From the Woods to the Refinery
Breakout Session 2D�Building Market Confidence and Understanding II: Carbon Accounting and Woody Biofuels From the Woods to the Refinery Stephen S. Kelley, Principal and Department Head, Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University
Conference on "Trees, Woods and Forests in
Conference on "Trees, Woods and Forests in British Society" Delegates Pack Organised by the Centre............................................................................................3 1.1 Conference objectives...................................................................................................38 | Forests and Society Conference | BAO and JW | 08/04/2010 2 #12;Forests and Society 1
Wood-Burning Heating System Deduction
This statute allows individual taxpayers a deduction for the purchase and installation of a wood-burning heating system. The deduction is equal to the total cost of purchase and installation for...
Logs Wood Chips Straw Corn Switchgrass
Clean energy can come from the sun. The energy in wind can make electricity. Bioenergy comes from plants we can turn into fuel. Logs Wood Chips Straw Corn Switchgrass We can use...
Potassium Retention in Updraft Gasification of Wood
Wood gasifiers are equipment used for a controlled combustion of wood in limited supply of air as the oxidizing medium to generate a combustible product gas. ... Other oxidizing media, such as oxygen and steam, or a combination of any two media can be used in the gasification process. ... The zone where high rates of char combustion and gasification occur is about 15 mm wide above the grate, as determined in a similar-sized gasifier by Di Blasi. ...
Joseph Olwa; Marcus �hman; Pettersson Esbj�rn; Dan Bostr�m; Mackay Okure; Bj�rn Kjellstr�m
Wood Fired Steam Plants in Georgia
suppliers. Based upon the designs submitted and subsequent negotiations, the Applied Engineering Company (APCO) in Orangeburg, South Carolina, was chosen to do the job. Applied Engineering has been working on wood gasification systems for several years...-20, 1983 company has a large manufacturing plant in Orange burg and is fully capable of fabricating large pressure vessels and heavy industrial equipment. The overall wood gasification system is shown in Figure 1. The fuel for the gasifier is green...
Bulpitt, W. S.
Sewage Sludge Management Rule (West Virginia) | Department of Energy
Sewage Sludge Management Rule (West Virginia) Sewage Sludge Management Rule (West Virginia) Sewage Sludge Management Rule (West Virginia) < Back Eligibility Utility Fed. Government Commercial Agricultural Investor-Owned Utility State/Provincial Govt Industrial Construction Municipal/Public Utility Local Government Residential Installer/Contractor Rural Electric Cooperative Tribal Government Low-Income Residential Schools Retail Supplier Institutional Multi-Family Residential Systems Integrator Fuel Distributor Nonprofit General Public/Consumer Transportation Program Info State West Virginia Program Type Siting and Permitting This rule establishes requirements for the permitting siting, bonding, installation, establishment, construction, modification, and operation of any facility that generates, processes, recycles and/or disposes of sewage
Spreading lagooned sewage sludge on farm land: A case history
This report describes the development of a project involving the application of approximately 265,000 cubic meters of lagooned sewage sludge from a metropolitan area on privately-owned farm land in an adjacent, rural county. The sludge application project was initiated to enable use of the land occupied by the lagoons for expansion of the sewage treatment plant. The procedures developed will be valuable to those proposing to practice land disposal of stabilized sludge as part of the Nation`s resource conservation program.
Robson, C.M.; Sommers, L.E.
Investigation of nickel supported catalysts for the upgrading of brown peat derived gasification products
A gasification test rig was designed in which peat was gasified under nitrogen over a temperature range 25�550�C at 5�C�min?1. The gasification unit resulted in 35.5 wt% of the carbon present in the peat being converted to a volatile fraction. The volatile fraction was transferred to a secondary catalytic reforming reactor at 800�C. The thermal effect of the second reactor resulted in an increase in the CO, CO2 and CH4 content of the volatile fraction, a syngas ratio of 0.75 and a higher heating value (HHV) of 26.5�MJ�kg?1. Several nickel-supported catalysts were investigated with the intention that they should give an increase in the conversion of the condensable hydrocarbons in the volatile fraction to CO, CO2 and CH4, and a resultant gas stream suitable for use in an integrated gasification combined cycle plant (IGCC) (i.e. syngas ratio 2:1, low methane content and better HHV). Alumina-supported nickel catalysts investigated gave the highest activities and co-precipitated Ni/Al catalysts were most active. A Ni/Al 3:17 catalyst increased the conversion of the hydrocarbons to 91.5%, gave a syngas ratio of 1.81:1, increased the HHV by a factor of 5.3 and completely eliminated methane from the gas stream.
David Sutton; Brian Kelleher; Aidan Doyle; J.R.H Ross
Comparative study on kinetic adsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions using activated sludge and dried sludge
The adsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions by activated sludge and dried sludge was investigated under laboratory conditions to assess ... The adsorption behavior of metal ions onto a...
Soon-An Ong; Eiichi Toorisaka; Makoto Hirata; Tadashi Hano
Short rotation Wood Crops Program
This report synthesizes the technical progress of research projects in the Short Rotation Woody Crops Program for the year ending September 30, 1989. The primary goal of this research program, sponsored by the US Department of Energy's Biofuels and Municipal Waste Technology Division, is the development of a viable technology for producing renewable feedstocks for conversion to biofuels. One of the more significant accomplishments was the documentation that short-rotation woody crops total delivered costs could be $40/Mg or less under optimistic but attainable conditions. By taking advantage of federal subsidies such as those offered under the Conservation Reserve Program, wood energy feedstock costs could be lower. Genetic improvement studies are broadening species performance within geographic regions and under less-than-optimum site conditions. Advances in physiological research are identifying key characteristics of species productivity and response to nutrient applications. Recent developments utilizing biotechnology have achieved success in cell and tissue culture, somaclonal variation, and gene-insertion studies. Productivity gains have been realized with advanced cultural studies of spacing, coppice, and mixed-species trials. 8 figs., 20 tabs.
Wright, L.L.; Ehrenshaft, A.R.
European Panel FederationEuropean Panel Federation viewpoint on wood energy policiesviewpoint on wood energy policies
European Panel FederationEuropean Panel Federation viewpoint on wood energy policiesviewpoint on wood energy policies Eva JanssensEva Janssens (Economic Adviser)(Economic Adviser) #12;European Panel FederationEuropean Panel Federation Members in 23 countriesMembers in 23 countries Particleboard 32.1 million
Microsoft Word - 2010 Hanford Sludge Treatment Project Visit...
Tour of the Hanford Sludge Treatment Project - May 17-19, 2010 The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Independent Oversight, within the Office of Health, Safety and Security...
Proper Lagoon Management to Reduce Odor and Excessive Sludge Accumulation
Proper management techniques to reduce odor and excessive sludge accumulation include maintaining pH and salt levels, pumping regularly, maintaining adequate bacteria levels, and designing for efficiency. Definitions of key words are boxed for easy...
Mukhtar, Saqib
Sludge application program at the Savannah River Plant
Since 1980 a research program has been conducted at the Savannah River Plant to evaluate the use of domestic sewage sludge to enhance forest productivity. The objectives of the program have been to determine the cost effectiveness and environmental impact of using sewage sludge as a soil conditioner and slow-release fertilizer. The potential impacts of sludge application on nutrient cycling, organic carbon budgets, forest wildlife, and biomass production have been studied. Soil, soil water, groundwater, and stand biomass samples have been analyzed to monitor the availability and movement of nutrients and metals. Remote sensing techniques have been applied to the plots to see if they have large scale application to biomass determinations. Results of the study have been used to develop guidelines for land application of domestic sewage sludge.
Corey, J C; Lower, M W; Davis, C E
Rules and Regulations for Sewage Sludge Management (Rhode Island)
The purpose of these rules and regulations is to ensure that sewage sludge that is treated, land applied, disposed, distributed, stockpiled or transported in the State of Rhode Island is done so in...
A reburning process using sewage sludge-derived syngas
The motivation for this work was to define the reburning potential of sewage sludge (SS) gasification gas (syngas). A numerical simulation of the co-combustion process of syngas in a hard coal-fired boiler was .....
Sebastian Werle
Highly Radioactive Sludge Removal Complete: Historic Cleanup Effort Reduces
Highly Radioactive Sludge Removal Complete: Historic Cleanup Effort Highly Radioactive Sludge Removal Complete: Historic Cleanup Effort Reduces the Risk along the Columbia River Highly Radioactive Sludge Removal Complete: Historic Cleanup Effort Reduces the Risk along the Columbia River September 13, 2012 - 12:00pm Addthis Media Contacts Cameron Salony, DOE firstname.lastname@example.com 509-376-0402 Dee Millikin, CH2M HILL Plateau Remediation Company email@example.com 509-376-1297 RICHLAND, WASH. - The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and contractor CH2M HILL Plateau Remediation Company (CH2M HILL) announced today the removal of the first phase of highly radioactive sludge from under water storage in the K West Basin about 400 yards away from the Columbia River. "This is a major step forward in protecting the river and a historic
Land disposal of water treatment plant sludge -- A feasibility analysis
In this study, the following alternative disposal methods for the Buffalo Pound Water Treatment Sludge were evaluated: landfilling, discharge into sanitary sewers, long-term lagooning, use in manufacturing, co-composting, alum recovery and land application. Land application was chosen at the best disposal alternative. Preliminary design resulted in a 1% dry alum sludge loading rate (25 tonnes/ha), requiring 35 ha over a nine-year period and a phosphorus fertilizer supplement of about 50kg/ha.
Viraraghavan, T.; Multon, L.M.; Wasylenchuk, E.J.
Field Assessment Tool for Deep Peat This methodology is designed to be undertaken at a site which has already been
Field Assessment Tool for Deep Peat This methodology is designed to be undertaken at a site which has already been subject to desk based survey (and / or National Assessment). Where an area of deep to deliver greatest ecosystem service benefit. It should also help decide which sites should be prioritised
Preparing sewage sludge for land application or surface disposal: A guide for preparers of sewage sludge on the monitoring, record keeping, and reporting requirements of the federal standards for the use of disposal of sewage sludge, 40 CFR part 503
The document focuses on the monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements that apply to persons who prepare sewage sludge or a material derived from sewage sludge. It defines persons who prepare sewage sludge and then summarizes their general responsibilities. USEPA promulgated at 40 CFR Part 503 Phase 1 of the risk-based regulations that govern the final use or disposal of sewage sludge. The intent of the Federal program is to ensure that the use or disposal of sewage sludge occurs in a way that protects both human health and the environment. The Part 503 regulation establishes general requirements, pollutant limits, operational standards, and management practices, as well as monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements. These requirements apply to sewage sludge that is land applied, placed on a surface disposal site, or incinerated in a sewage sludge-only incinerator.
Sludge Settling Rate Observations and Projections at the Savannah River Site - 13238
Since 2004, sludge batches have included a high percentage of stored sludge generated from the H- modified (HM) process. The slow-settling nature of HM sludge means that the settling is often the major part of the washing tank quiescent period between required pump runs to maintain flammability control. Reasonable settling projections are needed to wash soluble salts from sludge in an efficient manner, to determine how much sludge can be washed in a batch within flammability limits, and to provide composition projections for batch qualification work done in parallel with field preparation. Challenges to providing reasonably accurate settling projections include (1) large variations in settling behavior from tank-to-tank, (2) accounting for changing initial concentrations, sludge masses, and combinations of different sludge types, (3) changing the settling behavior upon dissolving some sludge compounds, and (4) sludge preparation schedules that do not allow for much data collection for a particular sludge before washing begins. Scaling from laboratory settling tests has provided inconsistent results. Several techniques have been employed to improve settling projections and therefore the overall batch preparation efficiency. Before any observations can be made on a particular sludge mixture, projections can only be made based on historical experience with similar sludge types. However, scaling techniques can be applied to historical settling models to account for different sludge masses, concentrations, and even combinations of types of sludge. After sludge washing/settling cycles begin, the direct measurement of the sludge height, once generally limited to a single turbidity meter measurement per settle period, is now augmented by examining the temperature profile in the settling tank, to help determine the settled sludge height over time. Recently, a settling model examined at PNNL [1,2,3] has been applied to observed thermocouple and turbidity meter readings to quickly provide settling correlations to project settled heights for other conditions. These tools improve the accuracy and adaptability of short and mid-range planning for sludge batch preparation. (authors)
Gillam, Jeffrey M.; Shah, Hasmukh B.; Keefer, Mark T. [Savannah River Remediation LLC, Aiken SC 29808 (United States)] [Savannah River Remediation LLC, Aiken SC 29808 (United States)
Highly radioactive sludge (containing up to 300,000 curies of actinides and fission products) resulting from the storage of degraded spent nuclear fuel is currently stored in temporary containers located in the 105-K West storage basin near the Columbia River. The background, history, and known characteristics of this sludge are discussed in Section 2 of this report. There are many compelling reasons to remove this sludge from the K-Basin. These reasons are discussed in detail in Section1, and they include the following: (1) Reduce the risk to the public (from a potential release of highly radioactive material as fine respirable particles by airborne or waterborn pathways); (2) Reduce the risk overall to the Hanford worker; and (3) Reduce the risk to the environment (the K-Basin is situated above a hazardous chemical contaminant plume and hinders remediation of the plume until the sludge is removed). The DOE-RL has stated that a key DOE objective is to remove the sludge from the K-West Basin and River Corridor as soon as possible, which will reduce risks to the environment, allow for remediation of contaminated areas underlying the basins, and support closure of the 100-KR-4 operable unit. The environmental and nuclear safety risks associated with this sludge have resulted in multiple legal and regulatory remedial action decisions, plans,and commitments that are summarized in Table ES-1 and discussed in more detail in Volume 2, Section 9.
20 - The use of wood fibers as reinforcements in composites
Abstract: The chapter begins by discussing the major characteristics of wood in terms of structure, major chemical constituents and wood fiber production methods, which is followed by the description of major manufacturing processes for wood plastic composites (WPCs). It then reviews the effects of different variables such as the nature of wood flour (particle size, wood species, and wood flour content), filler�matrix adhesion, characteristics of polymer matrix, processing conditions, performance-enhancing additives, and foaming agents on the physical, mechanical, thermal, and durability properties of WPCs. Finally, the chapter discusses future trends in \\{WPCs\\} including new materials, novel manufacturing techniques, and emerging applications.
L.M. Matuana; N.M. Stark
Sludge-grown algae for culturing aquatic organisms: Part II. Sludge-grown algae as feeds for aquatic organisms
This project investigated the feasibility of using sewage sludge to culture microalgae (Chlorella...-HKBU) and their subsequent usage as feeds for rearing different organisms. Part II of the project evaluated the...
M. H. Wong; K. M. Hung; S. T. Chiu
Sequential anaerobic/anaerobic digestion for enhanced sludge stabilization: comparison of the process performance for mixed and waste sludge
Sequential anaerobic-aerobic digestion has been demonstrated as a promising alternative for enhanced sludge stabilization. In this paper, a feasibility ... the sequential digestion applied to real waste activated...
M. Concetta Tomei; Nicola Antonello Carozza
Peat cores were collected in 4 remnant marsh islands and 4 drained, farmed islands throughout the Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta of California in order to characterize the peat accretion history of this region. Radiocarbon age determination of marsh macrofossils at both marsh and farmed islands showed that marshes in the central and western Delta started forming between 6030 and 6790 cal yr BP. Age-depth models for three marshes were constructed using cubic smooth spline regression models. The resulting spline fit models were used to estimate peat accretion histories for the marshes. Estimated accretion rates range from 0.03 to 0.49 cm yr{sup -1} for the marsh sites. The highest accretion rates are at Browns Island, a marsh at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Porosity was examined in the peat core from Franks Wetland, one of the remnant marsh sites. Porosity was greater than 90% and changed little with depth indicating that autocompaction was not an important process in the peat column. The mean contribution of organic matter to soil volume at the marsh sites ranges from 6.15 to 9.25% with little variability. In contrast, the mean contribution of inorganic matter to soil volume ranges from 1.40 to 8.45% with much greater variability, especially in sites situated in main channels. These results suggest that marshes in the Delta can be viewed as largely autochthonous vs. allochthonous in character. Autochthonous sites are largely removed from watershed processes, such as sediment deposition and scour, and are dominated by organic production. Allochthonous sites have greater fluctuations in accretion rates due to the variability of inorganic inputs from the watershed. A comparison of estimated vertical accretion rates with 20th century rates of global sea-level rise shows that currently marshes are maintaining their positions in the tidal frame, yet this offers little assurance of sustainability under scenarios of increased sea-level rise in the future.
Drexler, J Z; de Fontaine, C S; Brown, T A
Wood Fuel LP | Open Energy Information
Fuel LP Fuel LP Jump to: navigation, search Logo: Wood Fuel LP Name Wood Fuel LP Address 5900 Haynesworth Lane Place Houston, Texas Zip 77034 Sector Biomass Product Wood by-products consulting and marketing Website http://www.woodfuel.com/ Coordinates 29.6221328°, -95.1872605° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":29.6221328,"lon":-95.1872605,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
Wood and Derived Fuels | OpenEI
1 1 Varnish cache server Browse Upload data GDR 429 Throttled (bot load) Error 429 Throttled (bot load) Throttled (bot load) Guru Meditation: XID: 2142288361 Varnish cache server Wood and Derived Fuels Dataset Summary Description Annual commodity balances (supply, consumption) for renewables and waste in the UK from 1998 to 2009. Published as part of the Digest of UK energy statistics (DUKES), by the UK Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC). Waste includes: wood waste, farm waste, sewage gas, landfill gas, waste and tyres. Renewables includes: wood, plant-based biomass, geothermal and active solar heat, hydro, wind, wave and tidal, and liquid biofuels. Source UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) Date Released July 29th, 2010 (4 years ago)
Sludge application and monitoring program on the Oak Ridge Reservation, 1986--1993
Municipal sewage sludge has been applied to forests and pastures on the Oak Ridge Reservation since 1983 as a method of both disposal and beneficial reuse. Application was carried out under Tennessee permits issued to the city of Oak Ridge for land disposal of sewage sludge. In conjunction with these applications, information has been collected concerning sludge quantity and characteristics, soil parameters, soil water constituents, groundwater quality, surface runoff water quality, and various chemical constituents in vegetation on application sites. This information provides (1) a record of sludge application on the DOE reservations and (2) documentation of changes in soil parameters following sludge application. The information also provides a basis for evaluating the implications of the land application of municipal sewage sludge for soil and water quality and for evaluating the fate of sludge constituents when sludge is either sprayed or injected on pasture sites or surface applied in forested sites. This report covers in detail sludge applications conducted from 1986 through 1993, with some data from the period between 1983 and 1986. Anaerobically digested liquid sludge (2% to 4% solids) from the city of Oak Ridge had a relatively high nitrogen content (8% dry weight) and average to low concentrations of potentially problematic metals, compared with typical municipal sludges. Few potentially hazardous organic chemicals were detected in the sludge, and when found, these were at very low concentrations. Oak Ridge sludge is somewhat unique in that it contains radionuclides ({sup 137}Cs, {sup 60}Co, {sup 131}I, uranium isotopes, {sup 90}Sr, and occasionally {sup 99}Tc) at concentrations much higher than typical municipal sludges. Land application of sewage sludge can dilute or destroy problematic sludge constituents while improving soil fertility. Correct management has made these sludge applications a model of environmentally responsible waste management.
Gunderson, C.A.; Larsen, I.L.; Boston, H.L.; Bradburn, D.M. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Van Miegroet, H. [Utah State Univ., Logan, UT (United States). Dept. of Forest Resources; Morris, J.L. [Jaycor, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Walzer, A.E. [Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Central Environmental Compliance; Adler, T.C. [Bechtel National, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Huq, M. [Oak Ridge Associated Universities, TN (United States)
Wood-Fiber/High-Density-Polyethylene Composites: Compounding Process
Wood-Fiber/High-Density-Polyethylene Composites: Compounding Process J. Z. Lu,1 Q. Wu,1 I. I parameters for the wood-fiber/high-density-polyethylene blends at 60 rpm were a temperature of 180°C
Drawing a Graph in a Hypercube David R. Wood
Drawing a Graph in a Hypercube David R. Wood #3; Departament de Matem#18;atica Aplicada II Universitat Polit#18;ecnica de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain firstname.lastname@example.com Submitted: Nov 16, 2004; Accepted
Wood, David R.
Ring Involutions and Self-Dual Codes Jay A. Wood
Ring Involutions and Self-Dual Codes Jay A. Wood Department of Mathematics Western Michigan University firstname.lastname@example.com AMS meeting, Lexington, Kentucky March 27, 2010 #12;Acknowledgments Much
RELATIVE ONE-WEIGHT LINEAR CODES JAY A. WOOD In memory of Professor F. E. P. Hirzebruch, 17 October University. 1 #12;2 JAY A. WOOD G thus defines a linear functional (a "coordinate functional") on the k
Generalizing Halfspaces 1 Eugene Fink 2 Derick Wood 3
Generalizing Halfspaces 1 Eugene Fink 2 Derick Wood 3 Abstract Restrictedorientation convexity, as a generalization of standard convexity [9]. Rawlins, Wood, and Schuierer studied planar Oconvex sets
Fink, Eugene
Drawing a Graph in a Hypercube David R. Wood Departament de Matem`atica Aplicada II Universitat Polit`ecnica de Catalunya Barcelona, Spain firstname.lastname@example.com Submitted: Nov 16, 2004; Accepted: Aug 11
Wood mobilization: la nuova frontiera delle politiche forestali
8-03-2013 1 Wood mobilization: la nuova frontiera delle politiche forestali europee CONAF settore forestale, un nuovo tema-guida: Wood Mobilization Task Force Foreste2. Green o grey? 3. Politica
XML Structure Compression Mark Levene and Peter Wood
XML Structure Compression Mark Levene and Peter Wood Birkbeck College, University of London London WC1E 7HX, U.K. {m.levene,email@example.com Abstract XML is becoming the universal language
Levene, Mark
Characters and finite Frobenius rings Jay A. Wood
Characters and finite Frobenius rings Jay A. Wood Department of Mathematics Western Michigan-modules; 3. R = R as right R-modules. Due independently to Hirano, 1997, and Wood, 1999. JW (WMU) Frobenius
A study of the molecular mechanics of wood cell walls
Wood is the original structural material, developed by nature to support tall plants. Every advantageous feature of wood as used in artificial structures is rooted in the plant's evolved capability to withstand the conditions ...
Adler, David, S.M. (David C.). Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Robert W. Wood: The Scientist who Played with Optics
Robert Williams Wood viewed the natural world as his playground. For him, science was a highly creative endeavor to be approached with curiosity and awe. Wood was also a scientific...
Masters, Barry R
OpenEI - Wood and Derived Fuels
UK Energy Statistics: UK Energy Statistics: Renewables and Waste, Commodity Balances (2010) http://en.openei.org/datasets/node/82 Annual commodity balances (supply, consumption) for renewables and waste in the UK from 1998 to 2009. Published as part of the Digest of UK energy statistics (DUKES), by the UK Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC). Waste includes: wood waste, farm waste, sewage gas, landfill gas, waste and tyres. Renewables includes: wood, plant-based biomass, geothermal and active solar heat, hydro, wind, wave and tidal, and liquid biofuels.
International Trade of Wood Pellets (Brochure)
The production of wood pellets has increased dramatically in recent years due in large part to aggressive emissions policy in the European Union; the main markets that currently supply the European market are North America and Russia. However, current market circumstances and trade dynamics could change depending on the development of emerging markets, foreign exchange rates, and the evolution of carbon policies. This fact sheet outlines the existing and potential participants in the wood pellets market, along with historical data on production, trade, and prices.
A Wood-Fired Gas Turbine Plant
-fired turbine, it probably seems that a wood gasification system must be involved. This is a proven and accepted method of producing gas to drive this type of power unit, but the fuel produced is a dirty fuel containing large amounts of me' ~ "'1 re, tars..., and other undesirable impurities that make it unsuitable for use as a fuel until a rather expensive cleanup process and residual waste disposal can take place. However, Aerospace Research felt that there must be a way to improve on the wood gasification...
Powell, S. H.; Hamrick, J. T.
Volatile constituents in a wood pyrolysis oil
Science VOLATILE CONSTITUTENTS IN A WOOD PYROLYSIS OIL A Thesis SHIH-CHIEN LIN Appro d as to style and content by: (Chairman of Committee) Head of epa tmen (Member Member Nay 1978 442936 ABSTRACT Volatile Constituents in a Wood Pyrolysis Oil.../120 Supelcoport. Other trace constituents of volatile acid were also 'dentifi="' by trap- ping the substances from the C. C. column into i: n;- 0-sh ped capillary tube and subjecting to mass spectrometry. The corrosivity of pyrolysis oil and it, volati'e acids...
Lin, Shih-Chien
K Basin sludge polychlorinated biphenyl removal technology assessment
The two Hanford K Basins are water-filled concrete pools that contain over 2,100 metric tons of N Reactor fuel elements stored in aluminum or stainless steel canisters. During the time the fuel has been stored, approximately 50 m3 of heterogeneous solid material have accumulated in the basins. This material, referred to as sludge, is a mixture of fuel corrosion products, metallic bits of spent fuel and zirconium clad iron and metal corrosion products and silica from migrating sands. Some of the sludges also contain PCBs. The congener group of PCBs was identified as Aroclor 1254. The maximum concentration of sludge PCBS was found to be 140 ppm (as settled wet basis). However, the distribution of the PCBs is non-uniform throughout the sludge (i.e., there are regions of high and low concentrations and places where no PCBs are present). Higher concentrations could be present at various locations. Aroclors 1016/1242, 1221, 1248, 1254, and 1260 were identified and quantified in K West (KW) Canister sludge. In some of these samples, the concentration of 1260 was higher than 1254. The sludge requires pre-treatment to meet tank farm waste acceptance criteria, Among the numerous requirements, the sludge should be retreated so that it does not contain regulated levels of Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) compounds. Because of their stable chemistry and relative insolubility in water, PCBs are difficult to treat. They also resist degradation from heat and electrical charges. This stability has resulted in environmental persistence which has prompted the development of a variety of new cleanup processes including supercritical processes, advanced oxidation, dehalogenation and others. Hopefully, most of the new processes are discussed herein. Information on new processes are being received and will be evaluated in a future revision.
Ashworth, S.C.
Gas production and transport in artificial sludge depots
This paper presents a study to determine the impact of gas production in dredging sludge on the storage capacity of artificial sludge depots. Gas is produced as a result of the decomposition of organic material present in dredging spoil. This process, in which methane and carbon dioxide are formed, may lead to expansion of sludge layers, partly or even completely counterbalancing consolidation. The study shows that, even with a very conservative estimation of the rate of gas production, accumulation of gas occurs as convective and diffusive transport proceed very slowly. Nucleation of gas bubbles occurs already at a limited oversaturation of pore water. During their growth, bubbles push aside the surrounding grain matrix. Resulting stresses may initiate cracks around bubbles. If these cracks join, they may form channels stretching out to the depot surface and along which gas may escape. However, channels are only stable to a limited depth below which bubble accumulation may continue. The gas content at which sufficient cracks and channels are formed to balance the rate of gas production with the rate of outflow strongly depends on the constitutive properties of the dredging sludge considered. In sludge with a high shear strength (>10 kPa), stable channels are created already at low deformations. However, a large expansion may occur in sludge with a low strength. The present study shows that accumulation of gas may continue until a bulk density less than that of water is attained. This is equivalent to a gas fraction of about 25�37%, depending on the initial water content of the sludge. Only then can gas escape as a result of instabilities in the sediment matrix. This should be well taken into account during the design and management of artificial depots.
T. van Kessel; W.G.M. van Kesteren
E-Print Network 3.0 - activated sludge characteristics Sample...
Zone of Land-Applied Sludge T A M M O S . S T E E N H U... , Ithaca, New York 14853 Recycling nutrients in wastewater sludge (biosolids) via land application Source: Cornell...
Control of Sludge Recycle Flow in Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Fuzzy Logic Controller
Sludge recycling system is an important part of wastewater treatment plants, because the lack of control ... almost all of the sludge return system with wastewater treatment plants is simply the ratio by ... appl...
E-Print Network 3.0 - acclimated activated sludge Sample Search...
Zone of Land-Applied Sludge T A M M O S . S T E E N H U... , Ithaca, New York 14853 Recycling nutrients in wastewater sludge (biosolids) via land application... is a...
E-Print Network 3.0 - activated sludge micro-organism Sample...
E-Print Network 3.0 - activated sludge performing Sample Search...
E-Print Network 3.0 - activated sludge biofac Sample Search Results
E-Print Network 3.0 - activated sludge bulking Sample Search...
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E-Print Network 3.0 - activated sludge solubilisation Sample...
E-Print Network 3.0 - activated sludge unit Sample Search Results
E-Print Network 3.0 - activated sludge flocculation Sample Search...
E-Print Network 3.0 - activated sludge steuerung Sample Search...
E-Print Network 3.0 - activated sludge flocs Sample Search Results
E-Print Network 3.0 - activated sludge deflocculation Sample...
Research of sludge compost maturity degree modeling method based on wavelet neural network for sewage treatment
Because of the complicated interaction of the sludge compost components, it makes the compost maturity degree judging system appear the nonlinearity and uncertainty. According to the physical circumstances of sludge compost, a compost maturity degree ...
Meijuan Gao; Jingwen Tian; Wei Jiang; Kai Li
Systematic Multimodeling Methodology Applied to an Activated Sludge Reactor Anca Maria Nagy,*,
Systematic Multimodeling Methodology Applied to an Activated Sludge Reactor Model Anca Maria Nagy for analysis or control purpose. This method is applied to an activated sludge reactor model. Introduction
i DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASE ON FECAL SLUDGE COLLECTION, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL IN THACHIN, CHAOPRAYA Sludge (FS) management and lacking of data on FS collection, treatment and disposal. Nevertheless, FS
Deplump for Streaming Data Nicholas Bartlett Frank Wood
Deplump for Streaming Data Nicholas Bartlett Frank Wood Department of Statistics, Columbia of discrete sequences called the sequence memoizer [Wood et al., 2009]. Gasthaus et al. showed that although was reposed on a sequence memo- izer [Wood et al., 2009] whose space complexity was linear in the length
Wood, Frank
Wood Products Identification by Internal Characteristics Readings C. FUENTEALBA1
Wood Products Identification by Internal Characteristics Readings C. FUENTEALBA1 , C. SIMON2 , firstname.lastname@example.com 5 LERMAB - Wood Research Laboratory, Epinal, France, e-mail: daniel- proving control of production tools and reacting to their defi- ciencies. For wood industries
Boyer, Edmond
Wood in rivers: interactions with channel morphology and processes
Editorial Wood in rivers: interactions with channel morphology and processes No doubt about it, wood complicates fluvial geo- morphology. It messes up nice tidy streams, compli- cates quantitative through the study of channels lacking a substantial load of wood debris (Leopold et al., 1964
Montgomery, David R.
Using Wood Quality Measures to Evaluate Second-Growth Redwood
553 Using Wood Quality Measures to Evaluate Second-Growth Redwood Stephen L. Quarles1 and Yana stability, durability, microfibril angle, redwood, wood quality Introduction Redwood has long been a valued" or "resistant or very resistant" (Wood Handbook 1999). 1 University of California Cooperative Extension (Advisor
Frederic Wood Compiled by Michael W. Pidgeon (1985)
Frederic Wood fonds Compiled by Michael W. Pidgeon (1985) University of British Columbia Archives Description Frederic Wood fonds. 1915-1973. 33 cm of textual records. 22 photographs. Biographical Sketch Born in Victoria, B.C., Frederic Gordon Campbell Wood (1887-1976) enrolled in the first class
Handy, Todd C.
Surface light fields for 3D photography Daniel N. Wood
Surface light fields for 3D photography Daniel N. Wood A dissertation submitted in partial This is to certify that I have examined this copy of a doctoral dissertation by Daniel N. Wood and have found for 3D photography by Daniel N. Wood Chair of Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor Brian L
Washington at Seattle, University of
Wood Science and Nanotechnology: Overview and Our Efforts
Wood Science and Nanotechnology: Overview and Our Efforts Siqun Wang, Ph.D. Department of Forestry. Bot. 17, 543-588 (1886). Wang UT CRC #12;Wood Structure MICROFIBRIL STRUCTURE CRYSTALLINE REGIONS wood fibers under axial tensile strain Nature 1971; 229:252-3 Page DH, EI-Hosseiny F., Winkler K. Wang
Gray, Matthew
Robert Wood Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences at
Robert Wood Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Harvard's School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Mechanical Engineering Robert Wood is the Charles River Professor of Engineering member of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. Prof. Wood completed his M.S. and Ph
Lin, Xi
Wood ants use resin to protect themselves against pathogens
Wood ants use resin to protect themselves against pathogens Michel Chapuisat1,*, Anne Oppliger2. Wood ants, Formica paralugubris, commonly bring back pieces of solidified coniferous resin of larvae exposed to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. These results show that wood ants
Lehmann, Laurent
Codes of constant Lee or Euclidean weight Jay A. Wood Department of Mathematics, Computer Science & Statistics Purdue University Calumet Hammond, Indiana 46323 2094 USA email@example.com http: www.calumet.purdue.edu public math wood Abstract. Carlet 2 has determined the linear codes over Z=4 of constant Lee weight
Wood Density and Growth Conifers Introduced to Hawaii
Wood Density and Growth of Some Conifers Introduced to Hawaii Roger G. Skolmen U . S . F O R E - Berkeley, California Forest Service - U. S. Department of Agriculture #12;Skolmen, Roger G. 1963. Wood Expt. Sta. 20 pp., illus. (U.S. Forest Serv. Res Paper PSW-12) The specific gravity of the wood of 14
Relative Leaching and Aquatic Toxicity of Pressure-Treated Wood
Relative Leaching and Aquatic Toxicity of Pressure-Treated Wood Products Using Batch Leaching Tests leaching tests. The wood preservatives included chromated copper arsenate (CCA), alkaline copper quaternary, copper boron azole, copper citrate, and copper dimeth- yldithiocarbamate. An unpreserved wood sample
Modelling Traceability in the Forestry Wood Supply Chain
Modelling Traceability in the Forestry Wood Supply Chain Antti Sirkka University of Tampere email@example.com email@example.com Abstract--Equivalent of 5 billion of wood raw material is going to waste wood production system. The RFID-technology can achieve automatic traceability by enabling us
Landfill Disposal of CCA-Treated Wood with Construction and
Landfill Disposal of CCA-Treated Wood with Construction and Demolition (C&D) Debris: Arsenic phased out of many residential uses in the United States, the disposal of CCA-treated wood remains. Catastrophic events have also led to the concentrated disposal of CCA-treated wood, often in unlined landfills
Bryan H. Wood Assistant Deputy Commandant of the Marine Corps
6-14 Bryan H. Wood Assistant Deputy Commandant of the Marine Corps for Installations & Logistics HEADQUARTERS, U. S. MARINE CORPS Mr. Bryan H. Wood is the Assistant Deputy Commandant of the Marine Corps for Installations & Logistics. Mr. Wood serves as the principal deputy and technical assistant to the Deputy
Measuring Interfacial Stiffness of Adhesively-Bonded Wood
1 Measuring Interfacial Stiffness of Adhesively-Bonded Wood Edward A. Le FPInnovations - Engineered Wood Products Manufacturing 2665 East Mall Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5 Canada Email: email@example.com John A. Nairn Wood Science & Engineering Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97330, USA Email: John
A Chemical Stain for Identifying Arsenic-Treated Wood
A Chemical Stain for Identifying Arsenic-Treated Wood (FINAL) Submitted June 23, 2006 Amy Omae-TREATED WOOD II.1 Applying Phosphate Stains to Arsenate Stains 7 II.2 A Potential Arsenic-Test Kit 14 II.3 Whole Wood Application of the Modified Stannous Chloride Stain 19 II.4 Other Attempted Stain
Health effects assessment of exposure to particles from wood
Health effects assessment of exposure to particles from wood smoke Elsa Nielsen, Marianne Dybdahl HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PARTICLES FROM WOOD SMOKE 7 HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS 8 Human non-cancer health effects from exposure to particles from wood smoke 8 Human carcinogenic effects from exposure to particles from
The Uses of Wood: Long Term Prospects [and Discussion
...July 1975 research-article The Uses of Wood: Long Term Prospects [and Discussion...The longer term prospects for the use of wood depend upon the continued availability of suitable material and the ability of wood products to compete in cost and performance...
Wood September 28, 2002 DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
Wood September 28, 2002 1 DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CARNEGIE MELLON: Microstructure-Sensitive Mechanical Properties #12;Wood September 28, 2002 2 Introduction Reading will also have an opportunity to perform similar experiments on various types of wood. These will illustrate
Rollett, Anthony D.
SURFACE CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEMICALLY MODIFIED WOOD: DYNAMIC WETTABILITY1 John Z. Lu* Postdoctoral-3015 [a maleated polypropylene (MAPP) copolymer with a high molecular weight]-treated wood surface the dynamic wettability of wood surfaces modified with different coupling agents. Keywords: Chemical
Changuinola peat deposit of northwest Panama. Deposito de turba de Changuinola en el noroeste de Panama; Volumen 2: Evaluacion del recurso
Results are given for a series of studies designed to assess the economic potential of a newly discovered peat deposit located near Changuinola in northwestern Panama. We have focused on using the peat to fuel an electrical power plant for this town, which currently uses high-cost imported oil to generate its electrical power. Analyses of the chemical and physical properties of over 250 samples reveal that the deposit is large (more than 82 km{sup 2} and averaging 8 m thick), high in purity (greater than 96% organic and less than 0.2% sulfur), and high in heating value (averaging 10,000 Btu/lb dry). For all parameters measured, this peat matches or exceeds in quality peats already fueling power plants in other parts of the world. 22 refs., 31 figs., 8 tabs.
Cohen, A.D.; Raymond, R. Jr.; Ramirez, A.; Morales, Z.; Ponce, F.
as well as artificial Cesium-137 and Americium-241. Data presented concerns only KEM21 CORE collected by trace Americium-241 at a peat depth corresponding to a layer dated 1963. Cesium-137 activity peak has
Curci, Gabriele
Image-based characterization of cement pore structure using Wood`s metal intrusion
Mercury intrusion porosimetry is a widely used technique for characterization of the pore size distribution of cement-based materials. However, the technique has several limitations, among which are the ink bottle effect and a cylindrical pore geometry assumption that lead to inaccurate pore size distribution curves. By substituting Wood`s metal for mercury as the intruding liquid, scanning electron microscopy and imaging techniques can be applied to the sample after intrusion. The molten Wood`s metal solidifies within the pore structure of the sample, which allows it to be sectioned and observed in the scanning electron microscopy. From here, the sample can be analyzed both qualitatively, by observing the changes in the appearance of the sample as the intrusion process progresses, and quantitatively, by applying image analysis techniques. This study provides insight for better interpretation of mercury intrusion porosimetry results and the possibility for quantitative characterization of the spatial geometry of pores in cement-based materials.
Willis, K.L.; Abell, A.B.; Lange, D.A. [Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL (United States). Dept. of Civil Engineering] [Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL (United States). Dept. of Civil Engineering
Substitution of Wood from Plantation Forestry for Wood from Deforestation: Modelling the Effects on Carbon Storage
Biomass options, for example afforestation, forest protection, use of biofuels as a substitute for fossil fuels, or use of wood instead of other materials, are frequently mentioned as possibilities to mitigate...
Bernhard Schlamadinger; Gregg Marland
Evolution of CO2 during the fixation of chromium containing wood preservatives on wood
...A titration procedure was used to confirm carbon dioxide evolution from wood treated with solutions containing chromic acid and...vs soft maple), solution concentration and reaction temperature on the rate and...
J. Porandowski; P. A. Cooper; M. Kaldas; Y. T. Ung
Feasibility report on criticality issues associated with storage of K Basin sludge in tanks farms
This feasibility study provides the technical justification for conclusions about K Basin sludge storage options. The conclusions, solely based on criticality safety considerations, depend on the treatment of the sludge. The two primary conclusions are, (1) untreated sludge must be stored in a critically safe storage tank, and (2) treated sludge (dissolution, precipitation and added neutron absorbers) can be stored in a standard Double Contained Receiver Tank (DCRT) or 241-AW-105 without future restrictions on tank operations from a criticality safety perspective.
Vail, T.S.
Survivorship of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, from sewage sludge-treated fields
A long-term field study was begun in 1977 at Miami University to evaluate the effects of land application of sewage sludge on experimental old-field communities. The effects of sludge application on toxic metal concentrations in meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) organs during the first two years of the study have been reported. During the first two years of sludge application, no detrimental effects were observed in vole survivorship as a result of sludge treatment.
Maly, M.S.
Environmental regulations and technology: use and disposal of municipal waste-water sludge
The document describes the five major sludge use/disposal options currently available--land application, distribution and marketing of sludge products, land-filling, incineration, and ocean disposal--and factors influencing their selection and implementation. It also provides an initial framework for evaluating sludge use/disposal alternatives, and describes accepted and proven use/disposal technologies and Federal regulations pertinent to sludge management.
E-Print Network 3.0 - activated sewage sludge Sample Search Results
University Collection: Geosciences ; Environmental Sciences and Ecology 66 Advanced Wastewater Treatment Processes Summary: Treatment Plant Conventional Activated Sludge Process...
Balsa Wood Bridge Competition Sponsored by
Balsa Wood Bridge Competition Sponsored by: The University of Tennessee, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Description: The objective of this event is to design and build the lightest bridge capable of supporting a given load over a given span. The bridge must allow the passage of one Hot Wheel
Tennessee, University of
Wood anomalies in resonant photonic quasicrystals
A theory of light diffraction from planar quasicrystalline lattice with resonant scatterers is presented. Rich structure, absent in the periodic case, is found in specular reflection spectra, and interpreted as a specific kind of Wood anomalies, characteristic for quasicrystals. The theory is applied to semiconductor quantum dots arranged in Penrose tiling.
Poddubny, A N
Milnor-Wood inequalities for products
We prove Milnor-Wood inequalities for local products of manifolds. As a consequence, we establish the generalized Chern Conjecture for products $M\\times \\Sigma^k$ for any product of a manifold $M$ with a product of $k$ copies of a surface $\\Sigma$ for $k$ sufficiently large.
Bucher, Michelle
Energie-Cits 2001 BIOMASS -WOOD
Energie-Cités 2001 BIOMASS - WOOD Gasification / Cogeneration ARMAGH United Kingdom Gasification is transferring the combustible matters in organic waste or biomass into gas and pure char by burning the fuel via it allows biomass in small-scaled engines and co-generation units which with conventional technologies
Integrated Datasets (IDs) Wood/Bretherton proposal
Integrated Datasets (IDs) Wood/Bretherton proposal ID Rationale Space/Time scale; Location; Platforms Parameters Combined Drizzle Dataset (CD ID) Collocated precipitation, aerosol and cloud micro, precip. rate, cloud Cross- Section Dataset (XS-ID) Data on E-W cross- section along 20°S from coast
ASSESSING GHG EMISSIONS FROM SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL ROUTES THE METHOD BEHIND GESTABOUES TOOL Pradel M., Reverdy, A.L. ORBIT2012 1 Assessing GHG emissions from sludge treatment and disposal. These different disposal routes as well as the sludge treatments produce greenhouse gases (GHG). To help
Effect of initial physical characteristics on sludge compost performance Anne Trmier1,2,*
Effect of initial physical characteristics on sludge compost performance Anne Trémier1,2,* ,Cécile of wastewater sludge, the bulking agent (BA) plays a major role in establishing the recipe structure, exposed particle surface area and porosity. To optimize the biodegradation of a sludge compost recipe
Effects of oxygen transport limitation on nitrification in the activated sludge process
Effects of oxygen transport limitation on nitrification in the activated sludge process ABSTRACT: Apseudohomogeneous model ofthe nitrifying activated sludge process was developed to investigate the effects ofmass and autotrophic ammonia oxidation within activated sludge flocs were described by an interactive-type, multiple
Stenstrom, Michael K.
Water Research 36 (2002) 11811192 Accuracy analysis of a respirometer for activated sludge
Water Research 36 (2002) 11811192 Accuracy analysis of a respirometer for activated sludge dynamic transfer, pH, and the influence of sludge condition on ``start-up'' behaviour. It is shown to what extent Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Respirometry; Oxygen uptake rate; Activated sludge
Total nitrogen removal in a hybrid, membrane-aerated activated sludge process
Total nitrogen removal in a hybrid, membrane-aerated activated sludge process Leon S. Downing wastewater. Air-filled hollow-fiber membranes are incorporated into an activated sludge tank removal in activated sludge. ª 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The removal
Nerenberg, Robert
Location and chemical composition of microbially induced phosphorus precipitates in anaerobic and aerobic granular sludge
and aerobic granular sludge A. Mañasa,b,c,e , M. Spérandioa,b,c , F. Deckerd and B. Biscanse aINSA, UPS, INP X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) applied to granular sludge used for biological treatment of high sludge blanket (UASB) reactors and two aerobic granular sequenced batch reactors (GSBR) were evaluated
Using water activity measurements to evaluate rheological consistency and structure strength of sludge
of sludge G. Agoda-Tandjawa, E. Dieudé-Fauvel*, R. Girault. and J.-C. Baudez Irstea, UR TSCF, Domaine des/solid matter interactions in sewage sludge has been developed, based on both rheological characteristics parameters (G' and G'') of both raw and flocculated sewage sludge at optimal dose of polymer increase
Assessing nitrogen losses after sewage sludge spreading: A method based on simulation models and spreader
1 Assessing nitrogen losses after sewage sludge spreading: A method based on simulation models performances. We define 45 sewage sludge spreading scenarios covering a wide range of situations in France. Several models are used to (i) assess nitrogen losses due to sewage sludge spreading and (ii) calculate
Microbial oxygen uptake in sludge as influenced by compost physical parameters1 Ardavan Mohajer1
1 Microbial oxygen uptake in sludge as influenced by compost physical parameters1 Ardavan Mohajer1 uptake rate (OUR) in 16 sludge waste recipes, offering a4 range of moisture content (MC), waste to 14 days to20 evaluate the overall O2 consumption or biodegradability of a sludge mixture.21 Keywords
Amyloid-Like Adhesins Produced by Floc-Forming and Filamentous Bacteria in Activated Sludge
...and Filamentous Bacteria in Activated Sludge Published ahead of print on 11 January...importance to the floc properties in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTP...abundance of amyloid adhesins in activated sludge flocs from different WWTP and the identity...
Poul Larsen; Jeppe Lund Nielsen; Daniel Otzen; Per Halkj�r Nielsen
A GEOCHEMICAL MODULE FOR "AMDTreat" TO COMPUTE CAUSTIC QUANTITY, EFFLUENT QUALITY, AND SLUDGE VOLUME1
1413 A GEOCHEMICAL MODULE FOR "AMDTreat" TO COMPUTE CAUSTIC QUANTITY, EFFLUENT QUALITY, AND SLUDGE with the quantities of chemical added and sludge produced. The pH and metals concentrations do not change linearlyH and the corresponding effluent composition and sludge volume can not be accurately determined without empirical
Treatment of septage in sludge drying reed beds: a case study on pilot-scale beds
Treatment of septage in sludge drying reed beds: a case study on pilot-scale beds S. Troesch***, A systems by local authorities. This will result in a large increase of the quantity of sludge from septic to treat this sludge because they may have reached their nominal load or they are not so numerous in rural
IMPACT OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE ON SOIL AND PLANTS (COLZA and WHEAT)
IMPACT OF HEAVY METALS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE ON SOIL AND PLANTS (COLZA and WHEAT) Najla firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract We are testing the impact of heavy metals in sludge from urban and industrial wastewater treatment> Cu> Ni> Co> Cd The contents of heavy metals in the sludge is made very high and exceed European
The viscoelastic behaviour of raw and anaerobic digested sludge: strong similarities with soft-glassy materials
1 The viscoelastic behaviour of raw and anaerobic digested sludge: strong similarities with soft confronted with a dramatically increasing flow of sewage sludge. To improve treatment efficiency, process reliable flow properties to simulate the process, this work is an attempt to approach sludge rheological
Removal of Plant Nutrients by Means of Aerobic Stabilization of Sludge
...Nutrients by Means of Aerobic Stabilization of Sludge Roar L. Irgens 1 H. Orin Halvorson Department...investigation, we found that, if the sludges were treated by an aerobic process, a...Nutrients by Means of Aerobic Stabilization of Sludge ROAR L. IRGENS' AND H. ORIN HALVORSON...
Roar L. Irgens; H. Orin Halvorson
Effect of Processing Mode on Trace Elements in Dewatered Sludge Products Brian K. Richards1
Effect of Processing Mode on Trace Elements in Dewatered Sludge Products Brian K. Richards1 *, John considering the land application of wastewater sludges. The effects of pelletization/drying, composting compared. A single day's production of dewatered anaerobically-digested sludge (Syracuse, NY) was used
A modified Activated Sludge Model No. 3 (ASM3) with two-step nitrificationedenitrification
A modified Activated Sludge Model No. 3 (ASM3) with two-step nitrificationedenitrification Ilenia of the Activated Sludge Models (ASM) [Henze, M., Gujer, W., Mino, T., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., 2000. Ac- tivated Sludge Models ASM1, ASM2, ASM2d, and ASM3. IWA Scientific and Technical Report No. 9. IWA Publishing
The Use of Nonionic and Anionic Surfactant in the Treatment of Oily Sludge
Oily sludge, produced mostly in petroleum refineries and petrochemical industries, is one of the major industrial wastes that require treatment. The objective of this work was to recovery oil by washing of oily sludge with Nonionic and Anionic surfactant. ... Keywords: oily sludge, Washing method, surfactant, Recovered oil, Nonionic, Anionic
Jing Guolin; Li Ming; Qin Shaopeng
Improving rheological sludge characterization with electrical measurements1 Dieud-Fauvel E.1
1 Improving rheological sludge characterization with electrical measurements1 2 Dieudé-Fauvel E.1 to obtain information on the rheological behaviour of sewage11 sludge by performing electrical resistivity suitable for implementation in the field. The viscosity and resistivity of sludges containing17 between 4
Impact of sludge mechanical behaviour on spatial distribution parameters obtained with centrifugal spreader
1 Impact of sludge mechanical behaviour on spatial distribution parameters obtained to analyse organic spreading and opens the way to more developments. Keywords: sludge rheological behaviour a large amount of residues which are spread on agricultural fields. This process of sludge reuse is mainly
Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from sewage sludge by anaerobic degradation
for treatment in EU, followed by spreading on land, which accounted for 37% of the sewage sludge produced allow recycling of nutrients. Hence, bioprocessed sewage sludge application on agricultural soilRemoval of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from sewage sludge by anaerobic degradation N
ESTABoues, a decision tool to assess greenhouse gases of sewage sludge treatment and di
digestion, aerobic digestion, dewatering, al composting, drying) and sludge disposal route (land applicationORBIT2012 G ESTABoues, a decision tool to assess greenhouse gases of sewage sludge treatment and email@example.com EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Sewage sludge production increases continuously reaching almost 20% (946 700 t 1 118 795
Analysis of sludge from K East basin floor and weasel pit
Sludge samples from the floor of the Hanford K East Basin fuel storage pool have been retrieved and analyzed. Both chemical and physical properties have been determined. The results are to be used to determine the disposition of the bulk of the sludge and possibly assess the impact of residual sludge on dry storage of the associated intact metallic uranium fuel elements.
Makenas, B.J., Westinghouse Hanford
Modeling and computer simulation of the identification problem related to the sludge concentration in a settler
The mathematical model of sludge particles settling in the water treatment plant (settler) is considered. In the case of the residence time of sludge particles in the settler the model leads to a nonlinear age-dependent transport-diffusion with a nonlocal ... Keywords: Nonlocal condition, Optimal control, Settler model, Sludge concentration, Transport-diffusion equation
Burhan Pekta?
Optimal Siting of Regional Fecal Sludge Treatment Facilities: St. Elizabeth, Jamaica
for rural wastewater treatment. However, there are serious environmental and human health effects associ for wastewater treatment. Fecal sludge FS is defined as the sludge of variable consistency collected from onOptimal Siting of Regional Fecal Sludge Treatment Facilities: St. Elizabeth, Jamaica Ana Martha
Vogel, Richard M.
A nonlinear observer design for an activated sludge wastewater treatment process
A nonlinear observer design for an activated sludge wastewater treatment process B. Boulkrounea , M : Activated sludge, wastewater treatment process, Lyapunov function, Lips- chitz singular discrete the recent results of [2] and [5]. In the last decades, the modeling of the activated sludge wastewater
Comparative assessment of municipal sewage sludge incineration, gasification and pyrolysis for a sustainable sludge-to-energy management in Greece
Highlights: � The high output of MSS highlights the need for alternative routes of valorization. � Evaluation of 3 sludge-to-energy valorisation methods through SWOT analysis. � Pyrolysis is an energy and material recovery process resulting to �zero waste�. � Identification of challenges and barriers for MSS pyrolysis in Greece was investigated. � Adopters of pyrolysis systems face the challenge of finding new product markets. - Abstract: For a sustainable municipal sewage sludge management, not only the available technology, but also other parameters, such as policy regulations and socio-economic issues should be taken in account. In this study, the current status of both European and Greek Legislation on waste management, with a special insight in municipal sewage sludge, is presented. A SWOT analysis was further developed for comparison of pyrolysis with incineration and gasification and results are presented. Pyrolysis seems to be the optimal thermochemical treatment option compared to incineration and gasification. Sewage sludge pyrolysis is favorable for energy savings, material recovery and high added materials production, providing a �zero waste� solution. Finally, identification of challenges and barriers for sewage sludge pyrolysis deployment in Greece was investigated.
Samolada, M.C. [Dept. Secretariat of Environmental and Urban Planning � Decentralized Area Macedonian Thrace, Taki Oikonomidi 1, 54008 Thessaloniki (Greece); Zabaniotou, A.A., E-mail: email@example.com [Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University Box 455, University Campus, 541 24 Thessaloniki (Greece)
Land treatment of contaminated sludge with wastewater irrigation
A large-scale field experiment was conducted to test the feasibility of land application of sludge from industrial and domestic wastewater treatment to determine the fate and environmental impact of the contaminants. The sludge contained 13 organic priority pollutants, 16 additional environmentally significant organic compounds, and high concentrations of several metals (zinc, copper, lead, nickel, and cadmium). Each compound was monitored as the irrigation water percolated through the soil and the groundwater over time. Most of the organic compounds diminished to non-detectable levels by the end of the study, and the metals proved harmless to the environment. The effectiveness of land application of sludge with wastewater irrigation was clearly demonstrated. 1 figure, 11 tables.
Demirjian, Y.A.; Westman, T.R.; Joshi, A.M.; Rop, D.J.; Buhl, R.V.; Clark, W.R.
Impacts on groundwater due to land application of sewage sludge
The project was designed to demonstrate the potential benefits of utilizing sewage sludge as a soil conditioner and fertilizer on Sassafras sandy loam soil. Aerobically digested, liquid sewage sludge was applied to the soil at rates of 0, 22.4, and 44.8 Mg of dry solids/ha for three consecutive years between 1978 and 1981. Groundwater, soil, and crop contamination levels were monitored to establish the maximum sewage solids loading rate that could be applied without causing environmental deterioration. The results indicate that application of 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha of sludge is the upper limit to ensure protection of the groundwater quality on the site studied. Application rates at or slightly below 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha are sufficient for providing plant nutrients for the dent corn and rye cropping system utilized in the study.
Higgins, A.J.
Status Report on Phase Identification in Hanford Tank Sludges
The U.S. Department of Energy plans to vitrify Hanford's underground storage tank wastes. The vitrified wastes will be divided into low-activity and high-level fractions. There is an effort to reduce the quantity of high-activity wastes by removing nonradioactive components because of the high costs involved in treating high-level waste. Pretreatment options, such as caustic leaching, to selectively remove nonradioactive components are being investigated. The effectiveness of these proposed processes for removing nonradioactive components depends on the chemical phases in the tank sludges. This review summarizes the chemical phases identified to date in Hanford tank sludges.
Rapko, Brian M.; Lumetta, Gregg J.
Donald R. Woods, "Problem-based Learning: resources to gain the most from PBL," D.R. Woods, Waterdown, ON, ISBN 0-9698725-2-6, revised 1996
Donald R. Woods, "Problem-based Learning: resources to gain the most from PBL," D.R. Woods resource list Resources for PBL 1: D.R. Woods, Chemical Engineering, McMaster Univ. This is a background
Thompson, Michael
Donald R. Woods, "Problem-based Learning: resources to gain the most from PBL," D.R. Woods-directed case example, A-19 A.1 Osterman feedback lecture For a description and some details see Woods (1991
Prior to initiating a new sludge batch in the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF), Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) is required to simulate this processing, including Chemical Process Cell (CPC) simulation, waste glass fabrication, and chemical durability testing. This report documents this simulation for the next sludge batch, Sludge Batch 6 (SB6). SB6 consists of Tank 12 material that has been transferred to Tank 51 and subjected to Low Temperature Aluminum Dissolution (LTAD), Tank 4 sludge, and H-Canyon Pu solutions. Following LTAD and the Tank 4 addition, Liquid Waste Operations (LWO) provided SRNL a 3 L sample of Tank 51 sludge for SB6 qualification. Pu solution from H Canyon was also received. SB6 qualification included washing the sample per LWO plans/projections (including the addition of Pu from H Canyon), DWPF CPC simulations, waste glass fabrication (vitrification), and waste glass characterization and chemical durability evaluation. The following are significant observations from this demonstration. Sludge settling improved slightly as the sludge was washed. SRNL recommended (and the Tank Farm implemented) one less wash based on evaluations of Tank 40 heel projections and projections of the glass composition following transfer of Tank 51 to Tank 40. Thorium was detected in significant quantities (>0.1 wt % of total solids) in the sludge. In past sludge batches, thorium has been determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS), seen in small quantities, and reported with the radionuclides. As a result of the high thorium, SRNL-AD has added thorium to their suite of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) elements. The acid stoichiometry for the DWPF Sludge Receipt and Adjustment Tank (SRAT) processing of 115%, or 1.3 mol acid per liter of SRAT receipt slurry, was adequate to accomplish some of the goals of SRAT processing: nitrite was destroyed to below 1,000 mg/kg and mercury was removed to below the DWPF target with 750 g of steam per g of mercury. However, rheological properties did not improve and were above the design basis. Hydrogen generation rates did not exceed DWPF limits during the SRAT and Slurry Mix Evaporator (SME) cycles. However, hydrogen generation during the SRAT cycle approached the DWPF limit. The glass fabricated with the Tank 51 SB6 SME product and Frit 418 was acceptable with respect to chemical durability as measured by the Product Consistency Test (PCT). The PCT response was also predictable by the current durability models of the DWPF Product Composition Control System (PCCS). It should be noted, however, that in the first attempt to make glass from the SME product, the contents of the fabrication crucible foamed over. This may be a result of the SME product's REDOX (Reduction/Oxidation - Fe{sup 2+}/{Sigma}Fe) of 0.08 (calculated from SME product analytical results). The following are recommendations drawn from this demonstration. In this demonstration, at the request of DWPF, SRNL caustic boiled the SRAT contents prior to acid addition to remove water (to increase solids concentration). During the nearly five hours of caustic boiling, 700 ppm of antifoam was required to control foaming. SRNL recommends that DWPF not caustic boil/concentrate SRAT receipt prior to acid addition until further studies can be performed to provide a better foaming control strategy or a new antifoam is developed for caustic boiling. Based on this set of runs and a recently completed demonstration with the SB6 Waste Acceptance Product Specifications (WAPS) sample, it is recommended that DWPF not add formic acid at the design addition rate of two gallons per minute for this sludge batch. A longer acid addition time appears to be helpful in allowing slower reaction of formic acid with the sludge and possibly decreases the chance of a foam over during acid addition.
Pareizs, J.; Pickenheim, B.; Bannochie, C.; Billings, A.; Bibler, N.; Click, D.
The Small Column Ion Exchange (SCIX) process is being developed to remove cesium, strontium, and actinides from Savannah River Site (SRS) Liquid Waste using an existing waste tank (i.e., Tank 41H) to house the process. Following strontium, actinide, and cesium removal, the concentrated solids will be transported to a sludge tank (i.e., monosodium titanate (MST)/sludge solids to Tank 42H or Tank 51H and crystalline silicotitanate (CST) to Tank 40H) for eventual transfer to the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF). Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) is conducting pilot-scale mixing tests to determine the pump requirements for mixing MST, CST, and simulated sludge. The purpose of this pilot scale testing is to determine the pump requirements for mixing MST and CST with sludge in a sludge tank and to determine whether segregation of particles occurs during settling. Tank 40H and Tank 51H have four Quad Volute pumps; Tank 42H has four standard pumps. The pilot-scale tank is a 1/10.85 linear scaled model of Tank 40H. The tank diameter, tank liquid level, pump nozzle diameter, pump elevation, and cooling coil diameter are all 1/10.85 of their dimensions in Tank 40H. The pump locations correspond to the current locations in Tank 40H (Risers B2, H, B6, and G). The pumps are pilot-scale Quad Volute pumps. Additional settling tests were conducted in a 30 foot tall, 4 inch inner diameter clear column to investigate segregation of MST, CST, and simulated sludge particles during settling.
Poirier, M.; Qureshi, Z.; Restivo, M.; Steeper, T.; Williams, M.; Herman, D.
CRAD, Management - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System |
Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System CRAD, Management - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System May 2004 A section of Appendix C to DOE G 226.1-2 "Federal Line Management Oversight of Department of Energy Nuclear Facilities." Consists of Criteria Review and Approach Documents (CRADs) used for a May 2004 assessment of the Management at the Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System. CRADs provide a recommended approach and the types of information to gather to assess elements of a DOE contractor's programs. CRAD, Management - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System More Documents & Publications CRAD, Emergency Management - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System CRAD, Conduct of Operations - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge
Development of risk-assessment methodology for municipal-sludge landfilling. Final report
This is one of a series of reports that present methodologies for assessing the potential risks to humans or other organisms from the disposal or reuse of municipal sludge. The sludge management practices addressed by this series include land application practices, distribution and marketing programs, landfilling, incineration and ocean disposal. These reports provide methods for evaluating potential health and environmental risks from toxic chemicals that may be present in sludge. The document addresses risks from chemicals associated with landfilling of municipal sludge. These proposed risk assessment procedures are designed as tools to assist in the development of regulations for sludge management practices. The criteria may address management practices (such as site design or process control specifications), limits on sludge disposal rates or limits on toxic chemical concentrations in the sludge.
Calorific and porosity development in carbonized wood
Wood of four species (red oak, southern yellow pine, black cherry, and hybrid poplar) were carbonized in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere at an average heating rate of 3 degrees Centigrade/minute to selected final temperatures up to 700 degrees Centigrade. The effects of final carbonization temperature on selected properties of the char were obtained using an adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter to investigate heat of combustion and a mercury porosimeter to investigate total porosity, real density, apparent density, and pore size distribution. Pore characteristics of carbonized wood developed before 300 degrees Centigrade in southern yellow pine and before 400 degrees Centigrade in red oak, black cherry, and hybrid poplar. Statistical analysis established linear relationships between heat of combustion versus final carbonization temperature in the carbonization temperature ranges investigated. The results of this study will aid in understanding optimum pryrolysis conditions for the development of calorific and porosity values. (Refs. 22).
Baileys, R.T.; Blankenhorn, P.R.
Genomics of wood-degrading fungi
Abstract Woody plants convert the energy of the sun into lignocellulosic biomass, which is an abundant substrate for bioenergy production. Fungi, especially wood decayers from the class Agaricomycetes, have evolved ways to degrade lignocellulose into its monomeric constituents, and understanding this process may facilitate the development of biofuels. Over the past decade genomics has become a powerful tool to study the Agaricomycetes. In 2004 the first sequenced genome of the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium revealed a rich catalog of lignocellulolytic enzymes. In the decade that followed the number of genomes of Agaricomycetes grew to more than 75 and revealed a diversity of wood-decaying strategies. New technologies for high-throughput functional genomics are now needed to further study these organisms.
Robin A. Ohm; Robert Riley; Asaf Salamov; Byoungnam Min; In-Geol Choi; Igor V. Grigoriev
Synergy Effects of Wood Flour and Fire Retardants in Flammability of Wood-plastic Composites
Abstract Addition of wood flour improve the mechanical properties of thermoplastics, on the other hand it increases the burning speed of the materials. To modify the flammability of wood-plastic composites(WPC), various fire retardants, such as ammonium polysphosphate (APP), melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and aluminum hydroxide were added to WPCs. Burning tests based on UL94 and cone calorimetry were conducted to evaluate a fire performance of \\{WPCs\\} with fire retardants. The addition of fire retardants could lead to self-extinguishing materials when 10 wt% of APP was used. However, in the case of pure polypropylene, addition of 10 wt% of APP did not improve the flammability. Wood flour accelerates the burning behavior of PP, but it can reduce the use of APP to achieve self-extinguishing materials. Synergy effects between wood flour and APP was confirmed. Wood flour facilitates the forming of foamed char layer by APP during the combustion. This protective char surface can reduce the heat and oxygen diffusion toward the WPCs. The effect of fire retardants of mechanical properties of \\{WPCs\\} was also investigated. Tensile strength and modulus of composites decreased with addition of fire retardants.
Toshikazu Umemura; Yoshihiko Arao; Sakae Nakamura; Yuta Tomita; Tatsuya Tanaka
Sludge application and monitoring program on the Oak Ridge Reservation, 1986 through 1993
Municipal sewage sludge has been applied to forests and pastures on the DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) since 1983 as a method of both disposal and beneficial reuse. Application was carried out under State of Tennessee permits issued to the City of Oak Ridge for land disposal of. sewage sludge. In conjunction with these applications, information has been collected concerning sludge quantity and characteristics, soil parameters, soil water constituents, groundwater quality, surface runoff water quality, and various chemical constituents in vegetation on application sites. This information provides (1) a record of sludge application on the DOE ORR, and (2) documentation of changes in soil parameters following sludge application. The information also provides a basis for evaluating the implications of the land application of municipal sewage sludge for soil and water quality and for evaluating the fate of sludge constituents when sludge is either sprayed onto or injected into pasture sites or applied to the surface of forested sites. This report covers in detail sludge applications conducted from 1986 through 1993, with some data from the period between 1983 and 1986. Land application has been recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a desirable alternative for disposal of ORR waste. Municipal sewage sludge is in many ways similar to dilute animal manure fertilizer, but it also contains metals, organic chemicals, human pathogens, and other constituents reflective of inputs into the municipal sewage treatment plant. When applied to land, nutrients in the sludge improve soil fertility, and minerals and organic matter in the sludge improve soil structure. Under optimal conditions, metals are immobilized, and organic chemicals and pathogens are immobilized or destroyed. If the sludge is not managed effectively, however, sludge constituents have the potential to affect human health and the environment.
Gunderson, C.A.; Boston, H.L.; Van Miegroet, H., Morris, J.L.; Larsen, I.L.; Walzer, A.E.; Adler, T.C.; Bradburn, D.M.; Huq, M.
Removal of heavy metals from samples of residual sludge
Nitric acid leaching processes were evaluated for removal of heavy metals from samples of residual sludge from an industrial and municipal wastewater plant. The study showed that an acid:water ratio of 1:1 and a nitric acid concentration of 2 mol 1?1 gave efficient removal of 86.7%, 100% and 100% of copper, nickel and arsenic.
Jose Abrego
Stabilization of a mixed waste sludge for land disposal
A solidification and stabilization technique was developed for a chemically complex mixed waste sludge containing nitrate processing wastes, sewage sludge and electroplating wastewaters, among other wastes. The sludge is originally from a solar evaporation pond and has high concentrations of nitrate salts; cadmium, chromium, and nickel concentrations of concern; and low levels of organic constituents and alpha and beta emitters. Sulfide reduction of nitrate and precipitation of metallic species, followed by evaporation to dryness and solidification of the dry sludge in recycled high density polyethylene with added lime was determined to be a satisfactory preparation for land disposal in a mixed waste repository. The application of post-consumer polyethylene has the added benefit of utilizing another problem-causing waste product. A modified Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure was used to determine required treatment chemical dosages and treatment effectiveness. The waste complexity prohibited use of standard chemical equilibrium methods for prediction of reaction products during treatment. Waste characterization followed by determination of thermodynamic feasibility of oxidation and reduction products. These calculations were shown to be accurate in laboratory testing. 13 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
Powers, S.E.; Zander, A.K. [Clarkson Univ., Potsdam, NY (United States)
the nutrients without resulting in damage to the tree stand. Soil pH will be affected by the application or increase pH · Most immobilise metal contamination · Act as slow release fertiliser (nitrogen and phosphorus NOTE 6 PAGE 2 Applications of sewage sludges and composts Forestry Tree growth on nutrient
. INTRODUCTION In Tunisia, the amount of sludge produced by wastewater treatment stations is constantly waste water treatment stations, in other words, most of it is wastewater from domestic sources. The second type is obtained from the treatment of industrial wastewater or partly from industrial wastewater
Samples of PUREX sludge from Tank 4 and HM sludge from Tank 12 were characterized in preparation for Sludge Batch 7 (SB7) formulation in Tank 51. SRNL analyses on Tank 4 and Tank 12 were requested in separate Technical Assistance Requests (TAR). The Tank 4 samples were pulled on January 19, 2010 following slurry operations by F-Tank Farm. The Tank 12 samples were pulled on February 9, 2010 following slurry operations by H-Tank Farm. At the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL), two 200 mL dip samples of Tank 4 and two 200 mL dip samples of Tank 12 were received in the SRNL Shielded Cells. Each tank's samples were composited into clean 500 mL polyethylene storage bottles and weighed. The composited Tank 4 sample was 428.27 g and the composited Tank 12 sample was 502.15 g. As expected there are distinct compositional differences between Tank 4 and Tank 12 sludges. The Tank 12 slurry is much higher in Al, Hg, Mn, and Th, and much lower in Fe, Ni, S, and U than the Tank 4 slurry. The Tank 4 sludge definitely makes the more significant contribution of S to any sludge batch blend. This S, like that observed during SB6 washing, is best monitored by looking at the total S measured by digesting the sample and analyzing by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES). Alternatively, one can measure the soluble S by ICP-AES and adjust the value upward by approximately 15% to have a pretty good estimate of the total S in the slurry. Soluble sulfate measurements by ion chromatography (IC) will be biased considerably lower than the actual total S, the difference being due to the non-sulfate soluble S and the undissolved S. Tank 12 sludge is enriched in U-235, and hence samples transferred into SRNL from the Tank Farm will need to be placed on the reportable special nuclear material inventory and tracked for total U per SRNL procedure requirements.
Bannochie, C.; Click, D.; Pareizs, J.
Samples of Tank 12 sludge slurry show a substantially larger fraction of aluminum than originally identified in sludge batch planning. The Liquid Waste Organization (LWO) plans to formulate Sludge Batch 6 (SB6) with about one half of the sludge slurry in Tank 12 and one half of the sludge slurry in Tank 4. LWO identified aluminum dissolution as a method to mitigate the effect of having about 50% more solids in High Level Waste (HLW) sludge than previously planned. Previous aluminum dissolution performed in a HLW tank in 1982 was performed at approximately 85 C for 5 days and dissolved nearly 80% of the aluminum in the sludge slurry. In 2008, LWO successfully dissolved 64% of the aluminum at approximately 60 C in 46 days with minimal tank modifications and using only slurry pumps as a heat source. This report establishes the technical basis and flowsheet for performing an aluminum removal process in Tank 51 for SB6 that incorporates the lessons learned from previous aluminum dissolution evolutions. For SB6, aluminum dissolution process temperature will be held at a minimum of 65 C for at least 24 days, but as long as practical or until as much as 80% of the aluminum is dissolved. As planned, an aluminum removal process can reduce the aluminum in SB6 from about 84,500 kg to as little as 17,900 kg with a corresponding reduction of total insoluble solids in the batch from 246,000 kg to 131,000 kg. The extent of the reduction may be limited by the time available to maintain Tank 51 at dissolution temperature. The range of dissolution in four weeks based on the known variability in dissolution kinetics can range from 44 to more than 80%. At 44% of the aluminum dissolved, the mass reduction is approximately 1/2 of the mass noted above, i.e., 33,300 kg of aluminum instead of 66,600 kg. Planning to reach 80% of the aluminum dissolved should allow a maximum of 81 days for dissolution and reduce the allowance if test data shows faster kinetics. 47,800 kg of the dissolved aluminum will be stored in Tank 8 and 21,000 kg will be stored in saltcake via evaporation. Up to 77% of the total aluminum planned for SB6 may be removed via aluminum dissolution. Storage of the aluminum-laden supernate in Tank 8 will require routine evaluation of the free hydroxide concentration in order to maintain aluminum in solution. Periodic evaluation will be established on concurrent frequency with corrosion program samples as previously established for aluminum-laden supernate from SB5 that is stored in Tank 11.
Pike, J; Jeffrey Gillam, J
The Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) is preparing for vitrification of High Level Waste (HLW) Sludge Batch 4 (SB4) in early FY2007. To support this process, the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has provided a recommendation to utilize Frit 503 for vitrifying this sludge batch, based on the composition projection provided by the Liquid Waste Organization on June 22, 2006. Frit 418 was also recommended for possible use during the transition from SB3 to SB4. A critical step in the SB4 qualification process is to demonstrate the applicability of the durability models, which are used as part of the DWPF's process control strategy, to the glass system of interest via a variability study. A variability study is an experimentally-driven assessment of the predictability and acceptability of the quality of the vitrified waste product that is anticipated from the processing of a sludge batch. At the DWPF, the durability of the vitrified waste product is not directly measured. Instead, the durability is predicted using a set of models that relate the Product Consistency Test (PCT) response of a glass to the chemical composition of that glass. In addition, a glass sample is taken during the processing of that sludge batch, the sample is transmitted to SRNL, and the durability is measured to confirm acceptance. The objective of a variability study is to demonstrate that these models are applicable to the glass composition region anticipated during the processing of the sludge batch - in this case the Frit 503 - SB4 compositional region. The success of this demonstration allows the DWPF to confidently rely on the predictions of the durability/composition models as they are used in the control of the DWPF process.
Fox, K; Tommy Edwards, T; David Peeler, D; David Best, D; Irene Reamer, I; Phyllis Workman, P
Wood and Pellet Heating Basics | Department of Energy
Wood and Pellet Heating Basics Wood and Pellet Heating Basics Wood and Pellet Heating Basics August 16, 2013 - 3:02pm Addthis Wood-burning and pellet fuel appliances use biomass or waste resources to heat homes or buildings. Types of Wood- and Pellet-Burning Appliances The following is a brief overview of the different types of wood and pellet fuel appliances available. High-Efficiency Fireplaces and Fireplace Inserts Designed more for show, traditional open masonry fireplaces should not be considered heating devices. Traditional fireplaces draw in as much as 300 cubic feet per minute of heated room air for combustion, then send it straight up the chimney. Fireplaces also produce significant air pollution. Although some fireplace designs seek to address these issues with dedicated air supplies, glass doors, and heat recovery systems, fireplaces are still
Wood elastic characterization from a single sample by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy
Wood elastic characterization from a single sample by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy R. Longoa materials such as wood using only one sample. To do so, two complementary methods are used. First, the wood: Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, spherical and cubic samples, wood, elastic constants 1. Introduction Wood
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Wood Products and Equipment Codes
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Wood Products and Equipment Codes Louisiana contains NAICS codes and associated SIC codes for wood products and wood products equipment manufacturers, lathes, and routers to shape wood. NAICS SIC Corresponding Index Entries 321912 2426 Blanks, wood (e
Generation, Use, Disposal, and Management Options for CCA-Treated Wood
Generation, Use, Disposal, and Management Options for CCA-Treated Wood May 1998 Helena Solo, INVENTORY OF CCA-TREATED WOOD IN FLORIDA II.1 Characteristics of the Florida Wood Treatment Industry in 1996 10 II.2 Generation and Disposal of Cca-treated Wood 14 II.3 Disposal Reservoirs for Cca-treated Wood
New Lines of CCA-Treated Wood Research: In-Service and Disposal Issues
New Lines of CCA-Treated Wood Research: In-Service and Disposal Issues Submitted March 19, 2001 Objectives 2 I.3 Background 4 CHAPTER II, METALS CONCENTRATIONS IN SOILS BELOW DECKS MADE OF CCA-TREATED WOOD-TREATED WOOD IN FLORIDA III.1 Introduction 34 III.2 Proportion of Treated Wood Among Treated and Untreated Wood
Strength Measurements of Archive K Basin Sludge Using a Soil Penetrometer
Spent fuel radioactive sludge present in the K East and K West spent nuclear fuel storage basins now resides in the KW Basin in six large underwater engineered containers. The sludge will be dispositioned in two phases under the Sludge Treatment Project: (1) hydraulic retrieval into sludge transport and storage containers (STSCs) and transport to interim storage in Central Plateau and (2) retrieval from the STSCs, treatment, and packaging for shipment to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. In the years the STSCs are stored, sludge strength is expected to increase through chemical reaction, intergrowth of sludge crystals, and compaction and dewatering by settling. Increased sludge strength can impact the type and operation of the retrieval equipment needed prior to final sludge treatment and packaging. It is important to determine whether water jetting, planned for sludge retrieval from STSCs, will be effective. Shear strength is a property known to correlate with the effectiveness of water jetting. Accordingly, the unconfined compressive strengths (UCS) of archive K Basin sludge samples and sludge blends were measured using a pocket penetrometer modified for hot cell use. Based on known correlations, UCS values can be converted to shear strengths. Twenty-six sludge samples, stored in hot cells for a number of years since last being disturbed, were identified as potential candidates for UCS measurement and valid UCS measurements were made for twelve, each of which was found as moist or water-immersed solids at least 1/2-inch deep. Ten of the twelve samples were relatively weak, having consistencies described as 'very soft' to 'soft'. Two of the twelve samples, KE Pit and KC-4 P250, were strong with 'very stiff' and 'stiff' consistencies described, respectively, as 'can be indented by a thumb nail' or 'can be indented by thumb'. Both of these sludge samples are composites collected from KE Basin floor and Weasel Pit locations. Despite both strong sludges having relatively high iron concentrations, attribution of their high strengths to this factor could not be made with confidence as other measured sludge samples, also from the KE Basin floor and of high iron concentration, were relatively weak. The observed UCS and shear strengths for the two strong sludges were greater than observed in any prior testing of K Basin sludge except for sludge processed at 185 C under hydrothermal conditions.
Delegard, Calvin H.; Schmidt, Andrew J.; Chenault, Jeffrey W.
Using waste wood as fuel saves $2000 per day
Sawdust and wood residue replaced natural gas or number 2 fuel oil to fire 2 kilns at the Cherokee Brick Co. in Raleigh, NC, resulting in savings of $2000/day. Exhaust air from the kilns was sent directly back to a rotating dryer to dry the waste wood. The dried wood containing 8 to 12% moisture was supplied, around the clock, at a rate of 140 ton/day of dry material. (BLM)
Ragland, W. (Cherokee Brick Co., Raleigh, NC); Byrnes, D.
Use of wastewater ER sludges for the immobilization of heavy metals
The distribution, mobility, and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils, surface water, and ground water have been of major interest and concern from both environmental and geochemical standpoints. Wastewater sludges represent an important anthropogenic factor whose impact on these processes is not fully understood. In the past, incineration and landfilling were common practices for discarding wastewater sludges. However, as local and state laws governing the disposal of these materials have become more stringent, land application has been used as an alternative. Reported studies have shown that the impact of land application of sludges can vary widely and is influenced by a number of factors, including the source of the sludge; the organic matter content of the sludge; the form in which the sludge is applied; and the prevailing conditions of the receiving soils. It has also been shown that sewage sludge can have solubilizing effects on solid-phase heavy metals, thereby causing geochemical shifts of the insoluble fractions of metals to the more soluble forms. The work presented in this paper utilized synthetic minerals, standard solutions, sludges, and agricultural soils obtained from different sources to determine the mechanisms involved in the mineralization of heavy metals by sludge; the influence of soil conditions; interelemental effects; the influence of natural organic matter; and possible microbial activity that may come into play. Several types of sludge were evaluated for lead binding capacity.
Macha, S.; Murray, D.; Urasa, I.T. [Hampton Univ., VA (United States)
Habitat selection of the Wood Thrush nesting in east Texas
MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS. 70 Page LITERATURE CITED 72 VITA 83 ix LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1. Kruskal-Wallis comparisons of vegetation variables at random sites and Wood Thrush nest sites 20 2. Numbers and species of trees selected as nest sites... by Wood Thrushes 24 3. Numbers (percentages) of predated, successful, and abandoned Wood Thrush nests (1993-1994) 29 4. Numbers (percentages) of Wood Thrush nests (1993-1994) by outcome and in relation to nearest type of edge habitat 30 5. Kruskal-Wallis...
Carrie, Neil Ross
Enhanced Biomass Digestion with Wood Wasp Bacteria - Energy Innovation...
Enhanced Biomass Digestion with Wood Wasp Bacteria Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Contact GLBRC About This Technology Technology Marketing Summary Plant biomass represents a...
Compound and Elemental Analysis At Little Valley Area (Wood,...
in this paper as "Snively Hot Springs" References Scott A. Wood (2002) Behavior Of Rare Earth Element In Geothermal Systems, A New Exploration-Exploitation Tool Additional...
International Trade of Wood Pellets (Brochure), Energy Analysis...
trade to be feasible (Junginger et al. 2008). Concerns about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have piqued interest in the use of wood pellets as an alternative to fossil...
??The sorption and desorption of phenanthrene and pyrene on treated and untreated aspen wood fibers were studied to evaluate the sorption mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic� (more)
huang, liyuan
Wood biofilm as a food resource for stream detritivores
ABSTRACT: Published assimilation efficiencies indicate that leaf detritus is a more nutritious food for stream invertebrates than wood. Some studies, however
Molybdenum uptake by forage crops grown on sewage sludge -- Amended soils in the field and greenhouse
Molybdenum (Mo) is a plant-available element in soils that can adversely affect the health of farm animals. There is a need for more information on its uptake into forage crops from waste materials, such as sewage sludge, applied to agricultural land. Field and greenhouse experiments with several crops grown on long-term sewage sludge-amended soils as well as soils recently amended with dewatered (DW) and alkaline-stabilized (ALK) sludges indicated that Mo supplied from sludge is readily taken up by legumes in particular. Excessive uptake into red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was seen in a soil that had been heavily amended with sewage sludge 20 yr earlier, where the soil contained about 3 mg Mo/kg soil, three times the background soil concentration. The greenhouse and field studies indicated that Mo can have a long residual availability in sludge-amended soils. The effect of sludge application was to decrease Cu to Mo ratios in legume forages, canola (Brassica napus var. napus) and soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] below the recommended limit of 2:1 for ruminant diets, a consequence of high bioavailability of Mo and low uptake of Cu added in sludge. Molybdenum uptake coefficients (UCs) for ALK sludge were higher than for DW sludge, presumably due to the greater solubility of Mo measured in the more alkaline sludges and soils. Based on these UCs, it is tentatively recommended that cumulative Mo loadings on forages grown on nonacid soils should not exceed 1.0 kg/ha from ALK sludge or 4.0 kg/ha from DW sludge.
McBride, M.B.; Richards, B.K.; Steenhuis, T.; Spiers, G.
Stacy Wood's Personal Biography Dr. Wood's research focuses on how consumers respond and adapt to change or innovation. This applies both to
Stacy Wood's Personal Biography Dr. Wood's research focuses on how consumers respond and adapt, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Consumer Psychology, and Journal of Retailing. Dr. Wood joined the NC Undergraduate Teaching Award, the University of South Carolina's top undergraduate teaching honor. Dr. Wood
Re-use of drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) sludge: Characterization and technological behaviour of cement mortars with atomized sludge additions
This paper aims to characterize spray-dried DWTP sludge and evaluate its possible use as an addition for the cement industry. It describes the physical, chemical and micro-structural characterization of the sludge as well as the effect of its addition to Portland cements on the hydration, water demand, setting and mechanical strength of standardized mortars. Spray drying DWTP sludge generates a readily handled powdery material whose particle size is similar to those of Portland cement. The atomized sludge contains 12-14% organic matter (mainly fatty acids), while its main mineral constituents are muscovite, quartz, calcite, dolomite and seraphinite (or clinoclor). Its amorphous material content is 35%. The mortars were made with type CEM I Portland cement mixed with 10 to 30% atomized sludge exhibited lower mechanical strength than the control cement and a decline in slump. Setting was also altered in the blended cements with respect to the control.
Husillos Rodriguez, N., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com [Instituto de Ciencias de la Construccion Eduardo Torroja (CSIC), Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid (Spain); Martinez Ramirez, S.; Blanco Varela, M.T. [Instituto de Ciencias de la Construccion Eduardo Torroja (CSIC), Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid (Spain); Guillem, M.; Puig, J. [Cementos Molins S.A., Crta. N-340, 2 al 38, E-08620 Sant Vicenc dels Horts, Barcelona (Spain); Larrotcha, E.; Flores, J. [Aguas de Barcelona S.A., Avenida Diagonal 211, 08018 Barcelona (Spain)
Effects of Time, Heat, and Oxygen on K Basin Sludge Agglomeration, Strength, and Solids Volume
Sludge disposition will be managed in two phases under the K Basin Sludge Treatment Project. The first phase is to retrieve the sludge that currently resides in engineered containers in the K West (KW) Basin pool at ~10 to 18�C. The second phase is to retrieve the sludge from interim storage in the sludge transport and storage containers (STSCs) and treat and package it in preparation for eventual shipment to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. The work described in this report was conducted to gain insight into how sludge may change during long-term containerized storage in the STSCs. To accelerate potential physical and chemical changes, the tests were performed at temperatures and oxygen partial pressures significantly greater than those expected in the T Plant canyon cells where the STSCs will be stored. Tests were conducted to determine the effects of 50�C oxygenated water exposure on settled quiescent uraninite (UO2) slurry and a full simulant of KW containerized sludge to determine the effects of oxygen and heat on the composition and mechanical properties of sludge. Shear-strength measurements by vane rheometry also were conducted for UO2 slurry, mixtures of UO2 and metaschoepite (UO3�2H2O), and for simulated KW containerized sludge. The results from these tests and related previous tests are compared to determine whether the settled solids in the K Basin sludge materials change in volume because of oxidation of UO2 by dissolved atmospheric oxygen to form metaschoepite. The test results also are compared to determine if heating or other factors alter sludge volumes and to determine the effects of sludge composition and settling times on sludge shear strength. It has been estimated that the sludge volume will increase with time because of a uranium metal ? uraninite ? metaschoepite oxidation sequence. This increase could increase the number of containers required for storage and increase overall costs of sludge management activities. However, the volume might decrease because of decreases in the water-volume fraction caused by sludge solid reactions, compaction, or intergrowth and recrystallization of metaschoepite. In that case, fewer STSCs may be needed, but the shear strength would increase, and this could challenge recovery by water jet erosion and require more aggressive retrieval methods. Overall, the tests described herein indicate that the settled solids volume remains the same or decreases with time. The only case for which the sludge solids volumes increase with time is for the expansion factor attendant upon the anoxic corrosion of uranium metal to produce UO2 and subsequent reaction with oxygen to form equimolar UO2.25 and UO3�2H2O.
Delegard, Calvin H.; Sinkov, Sergey I.; Schmidt, Andrew J.; Daniel, Richard C.; Burns, Carolyn A.
Life in the woods : production and consumption of the urban forest
The use of wood is fraught with paradox. Wood as a building material is embraced for its naturalness, while the cutting of trees is indicted as a destruction of nature. Wood is lauded for its structural properties and ...
Volicer, Nadine (Nadine M.)
The use of a permanent magnet for water content measurements of wood chips
Diagram of a Wood Chip Moisture Content Measurement DeviceMeasurement of Moisture Content in Wood Chips Using NMR andWood chip water-content tests were done over a broad range of moisture contents
Decreasing the leachibility of boron wood preservatives
. Recommendation for Further Research. 64 66 LITERATURE CITED. 68 APPENDIX A APPENDIX B 104 VITA. 147 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1 World boron sources. 2 World boron production 75 76 Boric acid retention in conditioned southern pine wood samples 77...-block test on soil from forested area ? test fungus Lenti nus 1epi deus. 93 20 Weight loss for boric acid+PEG-600 treated blocks put through soil-block test on soil from agricultural area ? test fungus Pari a montico1a FIGURE Page 21 Weight loss...
Gezer, Engin Derya
Calorimetric analysis of fungal degraded wood
Endothermic transition and gross heat of combustion of aspenwood subjected to degradation by Lenzites trabea and Polyporus versicolor were determined by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and an adiabatic O bomb. Endothermic peak areas of undegraded and fungi-degraded wood differed from each other at all levels of weight loss. The regression analysis of the DSC data vs. weight loss revealed a significant relations, although not highly correlated, for P. versicolor-degraded specimens and a nonsignificant relation for L. trabea-degraded specimens; weight loss and gross heat of combustion values of degraded specimens were significantly correlated.
Blankenhorn, P.R.; Baldwin, R.C.; Merrill, W. Jr.; Ottone, S.P.
Potential of enzymes for wood debarking
The effect of enzymatic pretreatment on the energy consumption of wood debarking was studied on the laboratory scale using enzymes to degrade the cambial layer. The energy consumed in debarking spruce was decreased as much as 80% after pretreatment with pectinolytic enzymes. In addition to polygalacturonase activity, pectin lyase and xylanase activities were also present in the most efficient enzyme preparation. Due to the complex composition of the cambium and inner phloem, these and other enzymes that hydrolyze the various inner bark components are probably needed for efficient debarking.
Raettoe, M.; Kantelinen, A.; Bailey, M.; Viikari, L. (VTT Biotechnical Lab., Espoo (Finland))
Effect of Cd-Enriched Sewage Sludge on Plant Growth, Nutrients and Heavy Metals Concentrations in the Soil�Plant System
from waste-activated sludge, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J, 60:505-utilization of sewage sludge. A twenty-year study atCd-enriched sewage sludge (SS) and diammonium phosphate (
Rusan, Munir Mohammad; Athamneh, Bayan Mahmoud
CRAD, Training - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System |
Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System CRAD, Training - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System May 2004 A section of Appendix C to DOE G 226.1-2 "Federal Line Management Oversight of Department of Energy Nuclear Facilities." Consists of Criteria Review and Approach Documents (CRADs) used for a May 2004 assessment of the Environment, Safety and Health program at the Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System. CRADs provide a recommended approach and the types of information to gather to assess elements of a DOE contractor's programs. CRAD, Training - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System More Documents & Publications CRAD, Emergency Management - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge
CRAD, Engineering - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System
Engineering - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste Engineering - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System CRAD, Engineering - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System May 2004 A section of Appendix C to DOE G 226.1-2 "Federal Line Management Oversight of Department of Energy Nuclear Facilities." Consists of Criteria Review and Approach Documents (CRADs) used for a May 2004 assessment of the Engineering program at the Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System. CRADs provide a recommended approach and the types of information to gather to assess elements of a DOE contractor's programs. CRAD, Engineering - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge Waste System More Documents & Publications CRAD, Emergency Management - Office of River Protection K Basin Sludge
EA-1042: Proposed Changes to the Sanitary Sludge Land Application Program
042: Proposed Changes to the Sanitary Sludge Land Application 042: Proposed Changes to the Sanitary Sludge Land Application Program on the Oak Ridge Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennesee EA-1042: Proposed Changes to the Sanitary Sludge Land Application Program on the Oak Ridge Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennesee SUMMARY This EA evaluates the environmental impacts of the proposal to raise the sludge land application loading limits from the current, self-imposed conservative 48 metric tons/ha lifetime loading to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved and Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation-permitted level of 110 metric tons/ha. The U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory also proposes to add its K-25 Site pretreated sewage sludge to the existing sewage sludge land application program on the Oak Ridge Reservation in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Chemical analysis of distribution and marketing (D and M) municipal sludges
The land application of municipal wastewater treatment sludges is widely practiced both as an economic treatment or disposal method and to provide an economic soil nutrient amendment for agricultural use. Recent studies have shown that municipal sewage sludge effluents derived from both domestic and industrial wastewater elicited mutagenic activity as determined by the Ames test. Biological treatment processes remove some degradable organic chemicals but many persistent chemicals remain in the sludge and are hence applied to soils. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of chemicals in D and M sludges to provide a data base of priority pollutant trace metals and organics from sludges produced at facilities in 26 cities across the US. In addition to priority pollutant analysis, efforts were made to characterize non-target organic chemicals that predominated in sample extracts from each city using GC/MS. A total of 67 composite samples were analyzed. This paper discusses the results of chemical analyses of the sludge products.
Coleman, W.E. (Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH (USA)); Baird, R.; Gabrielian, S.M. (County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, Whittier, CA (USA))
Use of Municipal Sewage Sludge for Improvement of Forest Sites in the Southeast
In eight field experiments dried municipal sewage sludge was applied to forest sites before planting of seedlings. In all cases, tree growth was faster on sludge-amended plots than on plots that received fertilizer and lime or no amendment. In all studies, concentrations of total nitrogen in the soil were higher on sludge plots than on control or fertilizer plots, even on good forest sites. In seven of the eight studies, concentrations of phosphorus also were higher on sludge plots than on control or fertilizer plots. Nitrogen and phosphorus tended to be higher in foliage from trees growing on sludge plots. Deep subsoiling was beneficial regardless of soil amendment. Where weeds were plentiful at the outset, they became serious competitors on plots receiving sludge.
Charles R. Berry
Sludge fertilization of state forest land in Northern Michigan. Final report, June 1980-March 1986
A five-year research-demonstration project to examine the logistic, economic, environmental and sociological aspects of municipal wastewater sludge application was conducted on State Forest land occupied by forest types of major commercial importance in northern Michigan. The procedures utilized for site preparation, sludge transportation and sludge application proved to be cost-effective and made possible uniform distribution of sludge upon the forest floor. As the public comes to recognize the environmental hazards and economic limitations inherent with incineration and the value of sludge as a byproduct resource, forest land application should receive increasing attention as a major sludge management alternative. State regulatory and resource management authorities are committed to use of the newly developed technology in addressing waste management and land management issues.
Brockway, D.G.
Model of sludge behavior in nuclear plant steam generators. Final report
The accumulation of large amounts of sludge in pressurized water reactor steam generators is thought to be a cause of accelerated corrosion by trace impurities which concentrate in such deposits. Based on fundamental principles, this study develops a mathematical model for predicting the behavior (e.g., deposition and reentrainment) of sludge in steam generators. The calculated sludge behavior shows good agreement with the limited amount of experimental data available. The results suggest that the continued accumulation of sludge on the tubesheet might be preventable, and that if it could be, the incoming sludge would be removed by blowdown. An analysis of the uncertainties in the model led to suggested priorities for further analytical and experimental work to gain a better understanding of sludge behavior. 29 refs., 12 figs., 15 tabs.
Beal, S.K.; Chen, J.H.
Conditions of utilization of coal mining and processing sludges as slurry fuel
The results of this study have shown that coal sludge can be used as slurry fuel (like coal-water fuel (CWF)) providing that its ash content does not exceed 30% and the amount in the fuel is at least 55%. The conventional CWF preparation technologies are inapplicable to the fabrication of water-sludge fuel; therefore, special technologies with allowance for the ash content, the particle size, and the water content of coal sludge are demanded.
E.G. Gorlov; A.I. Seregin; G.S. Khodakov [Institute for Fossil Fuels, Moscow (Russian Federation)
Oxygen-enriched coincineration of MSW and sewage sludge: Final report
Federal regulations banning ocean dumping of sewage sludge coupled with stricter regulations on the disposal of sewage sludge in landfills have forced municipalities, especially those in the northeast United States, to consider alternate methods for disposal of this solid waste. Coincineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sludge has proven to be economically attractive for both Europe and Japan, but has not yet proven to be a viable sludge disposal technology in the United States because of a history of operational problems in existing facilities. The most prevalent problem in coincinerating MSW and a dewatered sewage sludge (15 to 25% solids) is incomplete sludge combustion. Incomplete sludge combustion is primarily a function of sludge particle size, occurring when the surface of the sludge particle dries and hardens, while the inner mass is unaffected. This phenomenon is commonly referred to in the industry as the {open_quotes}hamburger effect.{close_quotes} In an effort to promote technology development in this area, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. teamed with the US Department of Energy (DOE) through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to evaluate a new process being developed for the disposal of a dewatered sewage sludge, {open_quotes}Oxygen-Enriched Coincineration of MSW and Sewage Sludge.{close_quotes} This report provides a comprehensive summary of the pilot demonstration test program for oxygen-enriched coincineration of MSW and sewage sludge. This report describes the pilot test facility, instrumentation, and methods of data collection and data analyses; describes how the tests were executed; and discusses the test results. Recommendations for the future development of this technology in the current marketplace are also provided.
Mitigation of Hydrogen Gas Generation from the Reaction of Uranium Metal with Water in K Basin Sludge and Sludge Waste Forms
Prior laboratory testing identified sodium nitrate and nitrite to be the most promising agents to minimize hydrogen generation from uranium metal aqueous corrosion in Hanford Site K Basin sludge. Of the two, nitrate was determined to be better because of higher chemical capacity, lower toxicity, more reliable efficacy, and fewer side reactions than nitrite. The present lab tests were run to determine if nitrate�s beneficial effects to lower H2 generation in simulated and genuine sludge continued for simulated sludge mixed with agents to immobilize water to help meet the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) waste acceptance drainable liquid criterion. Tests were run at ~60�C, 80�C, and 95�C using near spherical high-purity uranium metal beads and simulated sludge to emulate uranium-rich KW containerized sludge currently residing in engineered containers KW-210 and KW-220. Immobilization agents tested were Portland cement (PC), a commercial blend of PC with sepiolite clay (Aquaset II H), granulated sepiolite clay (Aquaset II G), and sepiolite clay powder (Aquaset II). In all cases except tests with Aquaset II G, the simulated sludge was mixed intimately with the immobilization agent before testing commenced. For the granulated Aquaset II G clay was added to the top of the settled sludge/solution mixture according to manufacturer application directions. The gas volumes and compositions, uranium metal corrosion mass losses, and nitrite, ammonia, and hydroxide concentrations in the interstitial solutions were measured. Uranium metal corrosion rates were compared with rates forecast from the known uranium metal anoxic water corrosion rate law. The ratios of the forecast to the observed rates were calculated to find the corrosion rate attenuation factors. Hydrogen quantities also were measured and compared with quantities expected based on non-attenuated H2 generation at the full forecast anoxic corrosion rate to arrive at H2 attenuation factors. The uranium metal corrosion rates in water alone and in simulated sludge were near or slightly below the metal-in-water rate while nitrate-free sludge/Aquaset II decreased rates by about a factor of 3. Addition of 1 M nitrate to simulated sludge decreased the corrosion rate by a factor of ~5 while 1 M nitrate in sludge/Aquaset II mixtures decreased the corrosion rate by ~2.5 compared with the nitrate-free analogues. Mixtures of simulated sludge with Aquaset II treated with 1 M nitrate had uranium corrosion rates about a factor of 8 to 10 lower than the water-only rate law. Nitrate was found to provide substantial hydrogen mitigation for immobilized simulant sludge waste forms containing Aquaset II or Aquaset II G clay. Hydrogen attenuation factors of 1000 or greater were determined at 60�C for sludge-clay mixtures at 1 M nitrate. Hydrogen mitigation for tests with PC and Aquaset II H (which contains PC) were inconclusive because of suspected failure to overcome induction times and fully enter into anoxic corrosion. Lessening of hydrogen attenuation at ~80�C and ~95�C for simulated sludge and Aquaset II was observed with attenuation factors around 100 to 200 at 1 M nitrate. Valuable additional information has been obtained on the ability of nitrate to attenuate hydrogen gas generation from solution, simulant K Basin sludge, and simulant sludge with immobilization agents. Details on characteristics of the associated reactions were also obtained. The present testing confirms prior work which indicates that nitrate is an effective agent to attenuate hydrogen from uranium metal corrosion in water and simulated K Basin sludge to show that it is also effective in potential candidate solidified K Basin waste forms for WIPP disposal. The hydrogen mitigation afforded by nitrate appears to be sufficient to meet the hydrogen generation limits for shipping various sludge waste streams based on uranium metal concentrations and assumed waste form loadings.
Sinkov, Sergey I.; Delegard, Calvin H.; Schmidt, Andrew J.
Review of the Hanford Sludge Treatment Project, February 2012
HSS Independent Activity Report - Rev. 0 Report Number: HIAR-RL-2012-02-27 Site: DOE-Richland Operations Office Subject: Office of Enforcement and Oversight's Office of Safety and Emergency Management Evaluations Activity Report for the Sludge Treatment Project Dates of Activity : 02/27/2012 - 03/01/2012 Report Preparer: Jake Wechselberger Activity Description/Purpose: The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Enforcement and Oversight, within the Office of Health, Safety and Security (HSS), performed operational awareness reviews of the Sludge Treatment Project (STP), Engineered Container Retrieval and Transfer System (ECRTS) during site visits. Result: During the period February 27 - March 1, 2012, an HSS representative attended the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board
Incineration of a biomass sludge in a bubbling FBC
The CSIR was approached by one of its licensees, International Combustion (Africa) Ltd (ICAL), to design the fluidized bed combustion zone for a 26 t/h boiler. This boiler had been requested by a multi-national food company based in Estcourt, Natal, South Africa. Two design requirements emerged from the clients needs: additional plant steam and disposal of 12 t/h of coffee grounds sludge containing up to 87% water. The dual purpose of the FB posed a considerable challenge. Coffee sludge, although combustible, contains insufficient energy to evaporate its own water and maintain the bed at operating temperature (900 C). Coal therefore had to be co-fired as a support fuel. Further, additional fuel was required in order to produce the full rated capacity of 26 t/h steam. A great deal of calculation and test work was carried out to optimize FBC. It was commissioned in January 1994, and performed as per design parameters.
North, B.C.; Eleftheriades, C.M. [CSIR, Pretoria (South Africa)
Vacuum pyrolysis of bark residues and primary sludges
Black spruce bark residues and primary sludges derived from the operation of the Daishowa pulp and paper plant in Quebec City, PQ, were processed by vacuum pyrolysis in a laboratory-scale batch reactor. The pyrolysis oil, water, charcoal, and gas were recovered and analyzed. The bark residues yielded 30.6% oil and 34.1% charcoal, and the primary sludges gave 40.1% oil and 30.1% charcoal on a feedstock air-dry basis. The oil phases recovered from the two pyrolysis experiments were fractionated into eight fractions; they were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Both pyrolysis oil samples had a high content of phenolic compounds. These oils contained various fine chemicals that have possible commercial potential. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as long- and short-chain carboxylic acids, are also present in both pyrolysis oils.
Pakdel, H.; Couture, G.; Roy, C. (Univ. Laval, Ste-Foy, Quebec (Canada))
Drying and recycling of primary sludge at Champion International
Champion International Corp.'s Hamilton, OH, mill uses a triple pass rotary dryer to dry primary sludge to a nominal 85% total solids content. The sludge can be recycled and used in the manufacture of such products as paperboard or portland cement. A state of the art landfill was constructed in Reily township in 1990. This landfill is licensed to receive the papermaking waste and boiler ash from the mill. It is the goal of the environmental department of the mill only to use this facility as an absolute emergency backup to the recycling options available to the mill for these two waste streams. At the time of the writing of this article, no waste had been taken to this new landfill.
Hardesty, K.L.; Beer, E.H. (Champion International Corp., Hamilton, OH (United States))
Chemical modification of simul wood with styrene�acrylonitrile copolymer and organically modified nanoclay
Simul wood (Salmalia malabarica...) was chemically modified by treatment with styrene�acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and organically modified nanoclay. The physical properties of wood...
R. R. Devi; T. K. Maji
How Wood Chip Size Affects Pretreatment Effectiveness of Woody Biomass for Biological Processing
of wood: effect of chip size, acid, moisture content andis the wood chip width, M is the moisture content (%), G is
Tam, Jerry