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Weller NewsFamily Challenge Deadline ExtendedFriday, April 24, 2015
DEADLINE EXTENDED: Dont forget to pre-register for our Weller Family Challenge! Deadline to take advantage of our discounted advance registration of $15 has been extended to next Wednesday, April 29th. Registrations will also be accepted on the day of the event, but the per-team cost of admission will increase to $20. CONTEST WINNER: Congratulations to […]
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Fun DayTuesday, April 21, 2015
Dear Parents, This letter is asking for assistance for our Fun Day. The date of the event is Wednesday, May 20, 2015 with a rain date of May 21, 2015. If you are able to help, please email me at email@example.com The schedule is for outside activities from 8:30 11:15. You would need to […]
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TestingMonday, April 20, 2015
Tuesday, April 21 is the 3rd grade OAA. Please have students bring a snack, water bottle, two #2 pencils, and a silent reading book. The teachers have well prepared our students. Please remind them to slow down, think about the questions and try their best. They are smart and ready for the assessment!
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Carnival Thanks!Monday, April 20, 2015
Dear Weller Families and Community Sponsors, Thank you for all your help in making this years Disco Dance Party Carnival fundraiser a huge success. We raised $8,500! Carnival is a tradition at Weller and the children look forward to this event every year. This year, the students and their siblings raced around all the games, […]
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April 17 and April 20Thursday, April 16, 2015
This Friday, April 17 is a scheduled teacher in-service day so there will be no school for students. Volunteer Brunch is Monday, April 20 at 9:00. PTO meeting is Monday, April 20 about 9:45.
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Family Challenge ReminderThursday, April 16, 2015
Attention Weller families! Are you looking for a fun, memorable, and healthy activity to do with your children Then you dont want to miss the Weller Family Challenge on Friday, May 1st! Weller Family Challenge Friday, May 1 – 6:00-8:30pm (Rain Date: Saturday, May 2, 1:00-3:30pm) Come out for some fun family time and exercise […]
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5th Grade InformationWednesday, April 15, 2015
Fifth grade Stargazing Night is cancelled tonight.
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Information for Fifth Grade ParentsTuesday, April 14, 2015
Attention all 5th grade students: Its not too late to join Instrumental Music for next year. This is your once in a lifetime opportunity to try learning to play a string or band instrument. We are still accepting enrollment forms. Even if youre not sure but would like to try out all the different instrument […]
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PTO Skating PartyTuesday, April 14, 2015
Grab your skates and lets go! Its our LAST Weller Skate Party for the school year! Join in the Fun, Friday, April 24, 2015! Time: 5:30 to 7:30 pm. Skaters are welcome to stay for the open skate that begins at 7:30. Where: SkateWorld of Kettering Cost: Admission $3.50 – The Weller PTO receives a […]
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April 17Monday, April 13, 2015
Just a reminder This Friday, April 17 is a scheduled teacher in-service day so there will be no school for students. Thank you.
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Front Cover | |
Half Title | |
Title Page | |
Letter of transmittal | |
Table of Contents | |
Acknowledgement | |
Introduction | |
History of the Florida Geological... | |
Florida Geological Survey... | |
Early survey activities and field... | |
Geological features and environmental... | |
Mineral resources and mining | |
Miscellaneous | |
The search for oil in Florida | |
State geologists | |
References | |
Appendix | |
Back Matter | |
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Front Cover
Front Cover 1 Front Cover 2 Half Title Half Title 1 Half Title 2 Title Page Page i Page i-a Letter of transmittal Page ii Page ii-a Table of Contents Page iii Page iii-a Page iv Page v Acknowledgement Page vi Page vii Introduction Page 1 History of the Florida Geological Survey Page 2 Page 3 Florida Geological Survey offices Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 Early survey activities and field work Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Geological features and environmental hazards Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Mineral resources and mining Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Miscellaneous Page 37 Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 The search for oil in Florida Page 41 Page 42 Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 State geologists Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 References Page 58 Page 59 Appendix Page 60 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Page 64 Page 65 Page 66 Page 67 Page 68 Page 69 Page 70 Back Matter Page 71 Page 72 Back Cover Page 73 Page 74 |
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5FECIAL PM])LICATION NO. +2 TME FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL 5CIURVY AN ILLUiSTRATED CHRONICLE AND BRIF HISTORY r341 , SCIENCE LIBRARY 6 ,l^3W t2 ILo, Photographs on cover: Falls on Falling Creek, about 5 miles north of Lake City on State Road 131, January 6, 1948. Falls are about 10 to 12-feet high. #1764 Falls of Steinhatchee River, about 1 mile south of Tennille junction of State Road 19 with State Road 69, December 13, 1934. Falls are about 2 to 3-feet high. #1355 STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Virginia B. Wetherell, Secretary DIVISION OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL SERVICES Nevin G. Smith, Executive Services Director FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Walter Schmidt, State Geologist and Chief SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 THE FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY- AN ILLUSTRATED CHRONICLE AND BRIEF HISTORY by Ed Lane PG 141 Published by the FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Tallahassee, Florida 1998 ISSN 0085-0640 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Tallahassee, Florida 1998 Governor Lawton Chiles Tallahassee, Florida 32301 Dear Governor Chiles: The Florida Geological Survey, Division of Administrative and Technical Services, Department of Environmental Protection, is publishing as Special Publication No. 42, The Florida Geological Survey - An Illustrated Chronicle and Brief History, prepared by staff geologist Ed Lane. This publication documents the early history of one of Florida's oldest governmental agencies. The Florida Geological Survey has been contributing data and interpretations pertaining to Florida's natural resources, ecosystems, conservation, and environmental issues for 90 years. Respectfully, 34Jcl,_ Walter Schmidt, Ph.D. State Geologist and Chief Florida Geological Survey CONTENTS Page ACKNOW LEDGEM ENTS....................................................................................................... vi INT RO D U CT IO N ....................................................................................................................... 1 HISTORY OF THE FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY...........................................................................2 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICES..............................................................................4 EARLY SURVEY ACTIVITIES............................................................................................. 11 FIELD W ORK.......................................................................................................................... 11 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ................................................21 MINERAL RESOURCES AND M INING ..................................................................... ................27 M ISCELLANEOUS................................................................................................................ 37 THE SEARCH FOR OIL IN FLORIDA ...................................................................................41 STA TE G EO LO G ISTS .............................................................................................................. 52 Elias H. Sellards 1907-1919 .................................................... .............................. 52 Herman Gunter 1919-1958 ......................................................................................... 53 Robert O. Vernon 1958-1971 ....................................................................................... 54 Charles W Hendry, Jr. 1971-1988........................................................................ ..... 55 W alter Schm idt 1988- ......................................... ........................ .......... ........... ...... 56 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 58 APPENDIX: Florida oil test wells drilled before Sunniland field discovery well .............................. 60 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1. Comparison between Florida Geological Survey organizational charts for 1907 and 1957............. 3 2. Headquarters for the Florida Geological Survey from early-1908 to 1920 ................................5 3. Florida Geological Survey museum room in the Old Capitol building, February 1925...................6 4. Florida Geological Survey museum room in the Old Capitol building, February 1925.................7 5. Florida Geological Survey museum room in the Old Capitol building, February 1925...................8 6. Lobby entrance of the newly completed Florida Geological Survey building, 1958 .................. 10 7. Geological field vehicle in trouble, 1911 ............................................... ......................... 13 8. Field camp at Aspalaga, Apalachicola River near Bristol, March 5, 1909...................... ........ 13 9. An early Florida Geological Survey field vehicle, 1924.......................................................... 14 10. Dock at Wakulla Springs showing some of the mastodon bones taken from the spring, November 4 19 3 0 ......................................................................................................... ................. 14 11. On the dock at Wakulla Springs, with mastodon bones, November 4, 1930. ......................... 15 12. Geophysical logging of J.F. Baumgartner well on 20th and Coconut Avenue, Sarasota, O ctober,1932. .................................................................................................................. 15 13. Fossil of a four-tusked mastodon, found in a phosphate mining pit near Nichols, Polk County, Decem ber 19, 1933........................................................................................................ 16 14. Clay water bottle from the Hillsborough County Archeological Project, Thatcher Mound, Site IX A, April 27 to June 7, 1937. ........................................................ .................................... 16 15. Artifacts from the Hillsborough County Archeological Project, Thomas Mound, Site IX A, April 27 to June 7, 1937 .............................................................................................................. 17 16. An early "swamp buggy" a caterpillar tractor with modified, oversized track lugs used to investigate peat deposits in the Everglades, 1943 ................................................ ...............18 17. The Survey's first mobile auger rig, mounted on a new post-World War II jeep, 1953.............. 18 18a. Fossil Miocene cypress tree trunk unearthed at the Englehard Co. Midway Mine in 1963......... 19 18b. Fossil cypress tree trunk cleaned and on display at the Florida Geological Survey office in Tallahassee............................................................................................................................... 20 19. Removal of overlying phosphate-bearing sediments exposed these pinnacles of karstified Ocala Limestone in the Central Phosphate Company pit #25, Alachua County, 1909............................ 21 20. Solution pipe in limestone, showing debris from clay filling, Levy Lime Rock Company, Levy County, 1950.................................................................................................................... 22 21. Rock Spring, 6 miles north of Apopka, Orange County, 1929 ..............................................23 22. Cave 12 miles north of Marianna, Jackson County, with stalactites and stalagmites, 1929......23 23. Lake Lafayette, a few miles east of Tallahassee, showing low water stage in the sinkhole lake basin, due to a drought in the area, December 18, 1931 .......................................................... 24 24. Lake Lafayette low water stage, view from north end of sinkhole basin, December 18, 1931 ...24 25. The dry basin of Lake lamonia, November 11, 1934 ......................................................... 25 26. A resort hotel at White Springs, Hamilton County, showing flood stage of the Suwannee River, O october 4, 1928 ............................................................................................................... 25 27. Photograph of the flooded main street in River Junction, Gadsden County, April 2, 1948.........26 28. Aerial photograph of the Pitt Landslide, April 2, 1948 ............................ ......... .................. 26 29. Phosphate mining with floating dredge on Withlacoochee River, near Dunnellon, Marion County, 1908 ........................................................................................................................ 27 30. Mining river pebble phosphate with floating dredge on Peace River, near Arcadia, DeSoto County, 1908 ........................ ........................... ............................................................... 28 31. Pebble phosphate mining with steam shovel, Mulberry, Polk County, 1908.......................... 28 32. Land pebble phosphate washer at Dominion Phosphate Mine, Bartow, 1908...........................29 33. Percussion drill (lift-and-drop) mounted on a horse-drawn wagon, at the Southern Phosphate Development Company, near Inverness, Citrus County, 1909, or earlier....................................... 29 34. Prospecting for land pebble phosphate, Polk County, 1910, with primitive percussion drill rig ...30 35. Pick-and-shovel mining of hard rock phosphate, Franklin Phosphate Company Pit, Newberry, Alachua County, 1920......... ................................... ........... ........ ............... .................... 30 36. Phosphate washer and drying shed at Franklin Phosphate Company, about 2 miles northwest of Newberry, Alachua County, 1920 ................................................... ................................. 31 37. Hard rock phosphate washer at the Camp Phosphate Company mine, Felicia, Citrus County, 1929 ......... ............... .................... ....................................................................... 31 38. Hard rock phosphate pit with floating dredge at the Blue Run mine, Camp Phosphate Company, Dunnellon, Marion County, 1929.................................................... ................................... 32 39. Hydraulic mining of land pebble phosphate, American Cyanimid Company, about 1-1/4 miles west of Brewster, Polk County, 1929 ................................................................ ................... 32 40. Hydraulic mining of land pebble phosphate, 1941, location unknown ..................................33 41. Peat processing plant, Florida Humus Company, Zellwood, Orange County, July 19, 1930.......33 42. Excavating peat bog by shovel at Florahome, Putnam County, 1944...................................... 34 43. Pulverized peat in bags loaded on tram cars for transport to shed or truck, Florahome, 1944....34 44. A 5.5-feet thick deposit of fibrous, pond-prairie peat, Florida Nursery and Landscape Company at Leesburg, Lake County, 1944 ....................................................... ........... .................... ......... 35 45. In contrast to the labor-intensive method of peat removal used in Figure 42, this mechanical peat excavator loads a truck from a peat deposit near Pinescastle, Orange County, 1944. ..................35 46. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) workers quarrying coquina rock from the Anastasia Formation on Anastasia Island, near Jacksonville, Duval County, 1939. ........................................ ....... 36 47. Quarrying Key Largo Limestone on Windley Key, Monroe County, May 1940....................... 37 48. Giant hornet nest found 4 miles north of Tennille, on State Road 51, north of Dixie County line in Lafayette County, August 1952. .................................................... .................................. 38 49. Construction of earth-fill dam that created Lake Talquin on the Ocklockonee River, western Leon County, looking w est, M arch 9, 1929...................................................................................... 38 50. East abutment of Lake Talquin dam exposing Jackson Bluff Formation sediments, March 9, 1929 .......................................................................................................................... 39 51. Water level control gates under construction at Lake Talquin dam, March 9, 1929................39 52. Hanging tree at Mulberry, Polk County, March 12, 1929................................................40 53. Chipley Oil Company, Dekle No. 1 (W-1), south of Chipley, Washington County, 1920............43 54. An early oil exploratory well, showing the drilling rig of the Calhoun Gas & Oil Company, near Clarksville, Calhoun County, March 24, 1920 ..........................................................................43 55. Oil test well of the Surprise Oil Company, Palmetto, Manatee County, March 19, 1932..........44 56. Northwest Florida oil field location map .................................... ........................................45 57. South Florida oil field location map................................................ .............................. 45 58. Sunniland field structure map, showing location of the first oil discovery well, Humble Oil and Refining Company's (HORC) Gulf Coast Realties Corporation #1. ..................................... ...46 59. Humble Oil and Refining Coporation's (HORC) Gulf Coast Realties #1, the oil discovery well at Sunniland, Collier County, 1943.......................................................... .............................. ..... 47 60. HORC's Gulf Coast Realties Corporation #1, 1943. ....................................... ............. 48 61. HORC's Gulf Coast Realties Corporation #1, 1943. ....................................... ............. 49 62. HORC's Gulf Coast Realties Corporation #1, 1943, showing pumping equipment .................50 63. HORC's Gulf Coast Realties Corporation #1, 1943, showing separator and tank farm .........51 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to the many former employees of the Florida Geological Survey, who provided the material upon which this chronicle is based. Most of the photographers who took the pictures presented here are unlisted in the Survey's photographic archives. Credit for establishing the archives is due to the foresight of the first State Geologist, Dr. Elias H. Sellards. The extent and quality of the photographic archives attests to the dedication of Dr. Sellards and subsequent State Geologists and staff. In 1983, in recognition of its 75th anniversary, the Florida Geological Survey printed Special Publication 26, "The Florida Bureau of Geology -- Past, Present, and Future" (Hoenstine and Weissinger, 1983). This publication's press-run was limited to about 20 copies, and is now out of print. Because of their pertinence, selected portions of that publication have been revised, updated and utilized herein; specifically: the chapter on the Survey's history; and the background information for the State Geologists: Sellards, Gunter, Vernon, and Hendry. SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 The FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY- AN ILLUSTRATED CHRONICLE AND BRIEF HISTORY by Ed Lane PG 141 INTRODUCTION In fiscal year 1996-97 the Florida Geological Survey (FGS) celebrates its 90th year of service to the state. Established in 1907, the FGS is the oldest state agency functioning under both its original legislative enabling statute and its original title. The FGS is an organizational unit within the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. One of the Survey's primary objectives is to study Florida's geological resources and to make the data and interpretations derived from these investigations available to other governmental agencies, the general public, and the scientific community. A few of the many services and products prepared by the Survey are, for example: geologic maps showing the distribution of rock formations; mineral resource maps identifying the locations of potentially economically valuable mineral deposits; and a variety of other maps useful to environmental management (coastal zone, slope, potential hazards). Furthermore, staff geologists serve in an advisory capacity to governmental groups; conduct projects aiding earth-science education in public schools; maintain repositories of subsurface rock cores and samples; and assist in siting of public and private institutional and industrial facilities. This information is essential to the formulation and evaluation of effective policies dealing with the management, utilization, and conservation of Florida's valuable natural resources. In addition, the Survey is responsible for regulating various phases of exploration and production of oil and gas. The necessity for geological surveys was recognized shortly after the birth of the new United States. The first state geological survey was established in 1823 by North Carolina. By 1840 a total of 15 state geological surveys were in existence. The present incarnation of the Florida Geological Survey was established in 1907 and, by 1908, there were at least 23 state surveys. Between 1852 and 1907, the Survey twice lost its struggle for existence. Even after existence was assured in 1907, the FGS has experienced four reorganizations and several administrative name-changes. In part, these changes reflected Florida's response to the increasing demand for efficient utilization of its mineral resources, and increased concern for the environment. The Survey's early history dates back to the mid-nineteenth century. Florida, as well as other states throughout the young nation, was struggling to establish funding for its governmental activities. Consequently, during this period the discovery and development of mineral resource deposits on public lands was of special interest. This concern continues today, as Florida's future depends upon the identification, wise use and stewardship of its abundant, but finite, natural resources. Necessary to the effective management of these resources is cooperation among such agencies as the FGS, the Department of Environmental Protection, the state government's executive, legislative, and judicial branches, water management districts, city and county planners, and the public. FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The manner in which Florida came to discover and use its rich mineral potential is closely interwoven with the history of the Florida Geological Survey. The occasion of the Survey's 90th anniversary presents an opportunity to look back to times that, nostalgically, at least, appear to have been simpler and slower paced. HISTORY OF THE FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (from: Hoenstine and Weissinger, 1983) The beginnings of the Florida Geological Survey can be traced to the year 1852 when the office of State Engineer and Geologist was authorized by the legislature. The man chosen to head this new office was "General" Francis L. Dancy, a former militia officer and mayor of St. Augustine. Although he lacked a geological background, Dancy's extensive experience in engineering and construction was useful since his responsibilities included overseeing the drainage of lowland areas for agricultural development. However, funding proved a problem. In November of 1855 he requested $500 to pay for testing soils in various parts of the state, whereupon the legislature abolished his post. It wasn't until 1880 when the Alabama State Geologist, Eugene A. Smith, reported the presence of phosphoric acid in a sample of Florida building stone that the potential economic value of Florida's mineral resources began to be recognized. Since phosphoric acid is an essential substance which is easily depleted from the soil by intensive cultivation, the possibility of commercially valuable phosphate in the state represented a windfall. Not only was phosphate valuable as a fertilizer, but increased mining activities would attract northern capital, provide employment opportunities, encourage construction of railroads, harbor facilities, and in other ways "open up" the state to further development. Because of the phosphate and the possible existence of other valuable minerals, Governor E.A. Perry appointed Dr. John Kost, a medical doctor and amateur geologist, as State Geologist in 1886. Upon assuming his post, Kost initiated studies of phosphate and other minerals in the state, which he reported on (Kost, 1887). The report began: To His Excellency, E.A. Perry, Governor of the State of Florida. Sir: / have the honor to report that I proceeded immediately to the work of the State Geological Survey, after receiving my commission, and that I have improved all my time in the work of the survey that my other professional duties permit ... I am ready now to state that the results of my observations will fully justify the Legislature this spring to provide for a two year's work in a regular geological survey of the state .... Dr. Kost's recommendations suffered a fate similar to General Dancy's and his request for funding to extend the survey was rejected. As a result, during the following two decades, the study of Florida's geology was principally conducted by the United States Geological Survey, mining companies, and other private industries. Legislative action to provide a full-fledged state geological survey was initiated in 1903 by freshman Senator E.S. Crill of Palatka and Representative DeWitt Webb of St. Johns County. This legislation, which was finally passed in 1907, provided for an autonomous permanent geological survey and an office of State Geologist, who, with his staff, would conduct a geological survey of Florida. This new organization was called the Florida Geological Survey. This law was exemplary in that the state was willing to subsidize a geological survey which would be permitted latitude in its choice of studies and research. The law remained unchanged until 1933, at which time the FGS was placed under the newly-formed State Board of Conservation. This organization was comprised of the FGS, the Department of Game and Fresh Water Fish, and the office of Shell Fish Commissioner. Though the administrative structure was altered, the FGS remained essentially autonomous in function, as it had been since 1907. Figure 1 compares the Florida Geological Survey's organizational charts for 1907 and 1957. SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 1907 STATE GEOLOGIST Assistant State Geologist + 2 part-time assistants 1957 + 4 part-time research consultants + 10 part-time employees Figure 1. Comparison between Florida Geological Survey organizational charts for 1907 and 1957 (Sellards, 1908; Vernon, 1959). FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OFFICES The FGS has been quartered in six locations in Tallahassee since its inception (Gunter, 1957). Herman Gunter (1957), State Geologist from 1919 to 1958, stated that: The Survey began rather humbly housed in an unused committee room (in the Old Capitol building), fortunately vacant because the Legislature had adjourned for that year. In the early part of 1908, the coal room for the State Capitol was remodeled and four rooms were added to the office space available at the Capitol. Two of these were courteously assigned to the Survey by Captain R.E. Rose, State Chemist. As additional responsibilities were given the State Chemist in 1920, this space was needed, and the Survey had to find space in a private office building, no State-owned building being available. For a short period (1920 to 1923) space was rented in the back part of the second floor of the Perkins Building on Monroe Street but upon completion of the west extension of the Capitol Building, the Survey was given three rooms on the south side of the lower floor, one room of which was a museum. The first description of the Survey's quarters in the Old Capitol's coal storage building was in its Fifth Annual Report, for fiscal year 1912, which stated that: The State Survey is at present housed in two small rooms. Of these one is used as store room, photo room and exhibition room; the other serves as library, office and work room. These small rooms including about 1,000 square feet of floor space are totally inadequate to the requirements of effective work. Fully 10,000 square feet of floor space is necessary to meet the immediate requirements of the Survey (Sellards, 1913). The building, shown in Figure 2, was the one referred to as "the coal room of the Capitol," which housed the Survey from early-1908 to 1920. It was located adjacent to and a few feet from the southeast corner of the south wing of the Old Capitol Building, as shown by photographs in Rogers et al. (1988). A photograph taken during construction of the new south extension that was being built onto the Old Capitol Building in 1946 showed that this coal room had been demolished (Rogers et al., 1988). According to Dr. Vincent E. Stewart, State Chemist (retired 1973), this was, "... a two-story, red brick building, adjacent to the (old) Capitol, which had been used for various purposes, including storage of firewood for the Capitol." Dr. Stewart also stated that a State Geologist shared office space with the State Chemist in this building (personal communication, May 1991). For the next 16 years, practically every annual report lamented the fact that the legislature had never increased the Survey's original annual appropriation for salaries and expenses ($7,500) nor had it increased its office space. Conditions improved somewhat during 1923, reflected by the 15th Annual Report's statement that the appropriation for the maintenance of the Survey was increased to $10,345, effective July 1, 1923. The Report also announced that the Survey had moved into new quarters (Gunter, 1924): NEW SURVEY QUARTERS Upon completion of the addition to the Capitol Building the Survey was provided space on the south side of the lower floor of the west extension. In its new location the Survey has one room 27 by 33 feet (891 square feet), which is used for displaying geological material and for the library. Connected with this are two rooms, the one used as office of the State Geologist, while the other is for the Secretary. Additional room is needed, particularly for the purpose of mailing and for the purpose of storage. The exhibition room is likewise too small, since there is scarcely any space for additional exhibition cases. This move probably took place in January 1923, because the list of expenses for that month showed $61.00 for "moving office and museum supplies. Figures 3, 4, and 5 show the room used as a museum in these quarters. E C or '-] 0~ ~ .~0 D cc U)) (0~ o o w >> 0 U - co, 0 h0 Ic LU 0~ o ~cn 4) 0 0 *- rLL ~cc, 0 0 cr woo 10 0 0 :j E >O 4Z 0 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Conditions for the Survey improved in 1927; the 20th Annual Report stated that the appropriation had been increased to $12,425, and that the Survey had again moved to new quarters (Gunter, 1929): NEW SURVEY QUARTERS During December, 1927, the Survey moved from the Capitol Building to more adequate quarters in the Martin Building, erected to accommodate the State Road Department and the Motor Vehicle Department. At its new location the Survey occupies the ground floor of the south wing of the building. One room is devoted to the exhibition of geological material and to the library. Additional exhibition cases have been provided, so that the Survey Museum now presents at least a suggestion of what might be done toward a more adequate display of the State's mineral resources and fossil remains. Across the corridor are the Survey offices and microscopic laboratory room. In the basement is the clay-testing laboratory which has been equipped with physical testing apparatus. The report further stated that, "... In its new location the Survey has been allowed a room measuring about 20 by 60 feet (1,200 square FIGURE 3. Florida Geological Survey museum room in the Old Capitol building, February 1925. #1207a SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 feet) which for the most part is devoted to exhibition purposes, one end however serving as the library. At present there are ten cases serving the double purpose of display and storage, two wall cases of similar design and one special case. The Survey's circumstances had shown steady improvement through fiscal year 1931, during which the annual appropriation was $25,400. The stock market crashed in late-1929, and the subsequent Depression, reached even to the Survey. As the Depression worsened, so did the problems of the Survey. By 1932 its budget was reduced to $20,160 (Gunter, 1933). During the 1933 legislative session a general conservation law was passed creating a State Board of Conservation composed of the Governor and his Cabinet. In the passage of this Act, three departments that formerly operating as separate units (the Geological Survey, the Shell Fish, and the Game and Fresh Water Fish), were abolished and merged into the newly created Conservation Department. The Act became effective July 1, 1933, at which time the Geological Survey became a division under the direction of the Supervisor of Conservation. Herman Gunter was retained as head of the Geological Department under the title of Assistant Supervisor, but two full-time assistants were laid off. The Survey's appropriated budget was not transferred to the Board of Conservation, so operating funds were further reduced to $7,579.07 for the year from July 1, 1933, through June 30, 1934 (Davis, 1935). FIGURE 4. Florida Geological Survey museum room in the Old Capitol building, February 1925. #1207b FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY In 1935 the legislature removed the Department of Game and Fresh Water Fish from the Board of Conservation, adding in its place an Archeological Department. The Survey's operating budget was reduced to $6,249.45 for the fiscal year July 1934 June 1935 (Davis, 1935). This represented the low point in the Survey's fiscal problems, because, for the six-month period from July 1935 through December 1935, its operating expenditures were $5,771.10 (Davis, 1937). The Survey's situation began to improve from then on, with funds for calendar years 1936, 1937, and 1938 being, respectively, $10,701.43, $21,292.56, and $20,752.99 (Dowling, 1939). After 12 years in the Martin Building, the Survey again moved its quarters in December 1939. Office space was provided on the campus of the Florida State College for Women (now Florida State University), in the Old Lower Dining Hall. This space was remodeled and provisions for offices, laboratory and museum were made. The Survey now had approximately 3,000 square feet of space, with about 1,100 square feet devoted to offices and the library, about 600 square feet for the laboratory and specimen storage, and the remainder for museum exhibition. Funding had increased to $45,330.93 (Dowling, 1941). FIGURE 5. Florida Geological Survey museum room in the Old Capitol building, February 1925. #1207c SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 The 5th Biennial Report, for the calendar years 1941 and 1942, centered around the United States entry into World War II, in December 1941. Florida, because of its year-round mild climate and relatively undeveloped nature, offered excellent possibilities for military operations, and many training facilities for all branches of the armed forces were established throughout the state. Normal activities of the Survey were considerably interrupted as "it worked to help win the war (Gunter, 1943)." The Survey was active in site selection for military facilities and acted as consultant on engineering problems associated with them, such as obtaining good water supplies. National interest in Florida's mineral resources heightened, and the Survey became a focal point in the exploration and exploitation of them. The Governor appointed the State Geologist as Emergency Coordinator of Mines for Florida. Under war rationing regulations priorities were attached to everything, and this authority helped Florida's mine operators obtain scarce supplies and equipment. Demands made on the Survey increased during this time and the State Board of Control granted additional space in December 1941, so that it took over all of the Old Lower Dining Hall. The FGS quarters occupied approximately 4,700 square feet, of which about 1,800 square feet were for offices and library, 1,000 square feet for laboratory and storage, and 1,900 square feet for exhibition. The 5th Biennial Report stated, for the first time, that the Survey provided office space for the Ground Water Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, as part of a cooperative program (Gunter, 1943). Also, during this biennium, the Survey obtained its first, small drilling machine and a truck to transport it, provided through a Special Fund. It was used in a war-related, critical materials cooperative investigation with the U.S. Geological Survey to explore for dolomite resources along part of the western side of the peninsula. After the investigation was finished, the truck was sold, and the other equipment was stored, awaiting the end of the war (Gunter, 1943). With the increased activities came improved funding; for 1941 the Survey's budget was $67,204.23, and for 1942 it was $66,665.84. The 5th Biennial Report also had some implied administrative changes, since it was prepared under the aegis of "Herman Gunter, Director, Florida Geological Survey (Gunter, 1943)." It appeared that the Survey had regained some of its autonomy from the Board of Conservation. The 6th Biennial Report, for the calendar year 1943 and 1944, pointed out that the war's demands for military recruitment of personnel depleted the staff, making it difficult to carry on Survey activities (Gunter, 1945). The big news during this time was the discovery of commercial oil in Florida in 1943, and the subsequent flurry of activity by oil companies and geologists (see the section titled "The Search For Oil In Florida"). World War II ended in September 1945, and the Survey's activities began to regain momentum, again. A Widco electric logging unit was purchased in May 1949, and Survey funding was $111,797.32 during calendar year 1949, the first time in its history that it topped $100,000 (Gunter, 1951). A mobile auger rig was purchased in the biennium 1953-1954 (Gunter, 1955) (see Figure 17). Ground breaking took place for the Survey's new headquarters building, in Tallahassee, on December 3, 1956, and the new building was occupied in December 1957 -- almost 50 years to the day since the Survey was created (Vernon, 1959, Figure 6). Shortly thereafter, on March 31, 1958, Herman Gunter retired with nearly 51 year's service ... he had seen the culmination of his dream of having the Florida Geological Survey in its own headquarters building. FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY a. 0 .C U+ 4- Q- 0 -I Lu SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 EARLY SURVEY ACTIVITIES When Florida became a state in 1845, its population of about 66,000 people was scattered throughout 26 counties. The 62 years between statehood and 1907, when the FGS was established, saw tremendous changes in Florida: the Civil War had been fought; the state now consisted of 46 counties; and population had grown by more than 10 times to about 685,000 (Morris, 1992). The 1880s and 1890s were pivotal decades for Florida. The intense personal competition between the very wealthy Henry Flagler and Henry Plant produced extensive railroad lines down the east and west coasts, respectively. These main rail lines, with subsequent branches into the interior, opened up the "frontiers" to prospective settlers, and to agricultural and industrial interests. Citrus became a major agricultural industry, and by 1886 Florida production reached 1,000,000 boxes. Cattle ranching became a big business. Deposits of phosphate were discovered in the Dunellon area and in the Peace River valley in the late-1800s. These rich phosphate deposits were commercially valuable and provided the basic ingredient for the manufacture of fertilizer. The first shipments to market began in 1888. An ever-increasing demand for fertilizer spurred exploration and development of Florida's vast phosphate deposits. By the turn of the century, the state had a huge phosphate industry. The importance of Florida's mineral resources to the economic well-being of the state was becoming evident to the legislature. Section 3 of the Survey's 1907 enabling act stated that: The State Geologist shall make to the Governor annually a report of the progress of his surveys and explorations of the minerals, water supply and other natural resources of the State, and he shall include in such report full description of such surveys and explorations, occurrence and location of mineral and other deposits of value, surface and subterranean water supply and power and mineral waters, and the best and most economical methods of development, together with analysis of soils, minerals and mineral waters, with maps, charts and drawings of the same; and it shall be the duty of the State Geologist and his assistants, when they discover any mineral deposits, or other substance of value, to notify the owner of the land upon which such deposits occur. (Florida Statutes, 1907) In keeping with this prime directive, much of the Survey's resources and manpower were devoted to investigating Florida's mineral resources, as documented by the archive's many photographs of these subjects. As an extra dividend for us today, the photographs also provide insights into the style and pace of life of workers and, sometimes, of the geologists themselves. For instance, they show that Florida was largely agrarian, with motive force, as well as transportation, supplied by humans, mules or horses. The archival photographs indicate that all mining and industrial activities were very labor intensive, at least through the 1920s, when more modern, mechanized equipment began to appear. At the same time, though, Survey personnel also were documenting the state's other natural resources, such as its physiographic features, its flora and fauna, and, occasionally, other oddities. The photographs that follow were selected from the hundreds in the Survey's archives. They are arranged in general categories, to show the diversity of the Survey's activities. Each photograph's FGS archival accession number (# ) follows the caption. FIELD WORK The Survey staff, though usually limited to one or two full-time geologists and, occasionally, some part-time help, managed to cover the entire state during the early years. Activities included mapping, investigating and evaluating mineral deposits, water resources studies, exploring for and cataloging fossils, deciphering and interpreting Florida's stratigraphy, and cooperative studies with other agencies in such things as archeology. Most of Florida at the turn of the century was without improved roads, and even many communities had only dirt streets. If one needed to get off the dirt roads, conditions deteriorated to wagon tracks and trails. Much FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of the field work was conducted by flivverr" (Figure 7) and horseback, and, sometimes, even by boat on the streams and lakes. Tourism, with its attendant motel chains, had not been invented yet, so field expeditions had to be self-sufficient, both in food and shelter. Living out of tents and bedrolls was common (Figure 8). However, there is an incongruous element in the photographs. Formal attire, including white shirt and tie, was standard practice for professionals during the early decades of the 20th century, even under grueling field conditions. Snake-boots or leggings seemed to be about the only concession to that rule. Laid-back informality did not appear until the 1950s. Figures 7 through 18 impart a sense of the Survey's early activities. SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 1 pE 7.- . FIGURE 7. Geological field vehicle in trouble, in 1911. The tire isn't flat, but the wooden spokes were broken by running through the pot-hole behind the car. An argument for good roads! #331 FIGURE 8. Field camp at Aspalaga, Apalachicola River near Bristol, March 5, 1909. Left to right: E.H. Sellards, R.M. Harper, Herman Gunter. Mapping instruments include long stadia rod in rear and plane table on right. #2174 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 9. An early Florida Geological Survey field vehicle. The sign on this air-conditioned Ford "woody wagon" reads "Florida Geological Survey." Photographed on the beach at Cape Sable, Monroe County, 1924. #726 FIGURE 10. Dock at Wakulla Springs showing some of the mastodon bones taken from the spring, November 4, 1930. The reconstructed skeleton of this gigantic, ice-age beast is now in the Museum of Florida History, Tallahassee. #1317 SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 FIGURE 11. On the dock at Wakulla Springs, with mastodon bones, November 4, 1930. Left to right: George M. Ponton, George Christie, Herman Gunter, and Clarence Simpson. #1318 FIGURE 12. Geophysical logging of J.F. Baumgartner well, on 20th and Coconut Avenue, Sarasota, October 1932. This season the well dressed geologist wore jodhpurs, high leather campaign boots, tie, and tam-o-shanter. #1328 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 13. Fossil of a four-tusked mastodon, found in a phosphate mining pit near Nichols, Polk County, on December 19, 1933. It was recovered from 45 feet below land surface and about 12 feet into the phosphate matrix. On the right side of the photograph, from right-to-left: pelvic girdle, femur, portion of skull with teeth in place, portions of upper tusk. #1430 FIGURE 14. Clay water bottle from the Hillsborough County Archeological Project, Thatcher Mound, Site IX A, April 27 to June 7, 1937. #1435 SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 FIGURE 15. Artifacts from the Hillsborough County Archeological Project, Thomas Mound, Site IX A, April 27 to June 7, 1937. First row, left to right: two copper-coated wooden ear plugs and two human effigy pottery lugs, one string of glass beads screened from top soil; second row: arrowhead and four pendants of stone; third row: four silver objects; fourth row: two carved bone objects and one bead made from a fossil manatee rib bone. #1437 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 16. An early 'swamp buggy' a caterpillar tractor with modified, oversized track lugs used to investigate peat deposits in the Everglades, 1943. #1682 FIGURE 17. The Survey's first mobile auger rig, mounted on a new post-World War II jeep, driven by staff geologist, Bill Yon, April 1953. #2082 SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 C0 aO E' 0- 4/ 1 4. 0 6 o tE 'Uu 00 o a C /U. *1C Vi *0 C Q0 ~r 2r it -I- FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 18b. Fossil cypress tree trunk cleaned and on display at the Florida Geological Survey office in Tallahassee (Rupert, 1990). SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES and ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS Staff geologists photo-documented many geological features. A large number of the archive's photographs are related to karst phenomena. Karst is a generic term that refers to landforms that have been shaped by the dissolution of the underlying carbonate rocks. Percolating ground water dissolves the limestone bedrock, creating voids. Karst terrains, such as Florida, have drainage systems that are distinctly different from the usual surface drainage systems that have connected rivers, streams, and lakes. Karst terrain is characterized by having underground drainage systems, sinkholes, disappearing streams, caves, and springs. Figure 19 shows what the top of the underlying limestone bedrock surface in much of Florida would look like if the overlying sediments were stripped off. Figure 20 illustrates quite graphically what a sinkhole would look like if the earth were sliced down through its center. Figure 21 shows a spring outlet from limestone, and in Figure 22 stalactites and stalagmites can be seen in a cave. Figures 23 to 25 document a karst phenomenon associated with several lakes near Tallahassee. Periodically, about every 20 to 30 years, these lakes drain dry through sinkholes in their bottoms, then the sinkholes plug again with sediments, and the lakes refill. Concern for protecting the environment has a high profile today. The Survey's photographic archives has evidence that many of today's environmental problems are inherited and are the cumulative results of decades of activities that started with the State's early residents. Figures 26 and 27 show how ill-advised it has always been to build on the floodplains of streams. An unusual event, in terms of its magnitude, occurred April 2, 1948, near Greensboro, Gadsden County. The heavy rains that caused the flooding in Figure 27 also produced a spectacular landslide, referred to locally as "Pitt's Pit" (Figure 28). The landslide made a semi-circular, 500-feet diameter pit, with saturated soil flowing into nearby Flat Creek. FIGURE 19. Removal of overlying phosphate-bearing sediments exposed these pinnacles of karstified Ocala limestone in the Central Phosphate Company pit #25, Alachua County, 1909. #6 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 20. Solution pipe in limestone, showing debris from clay filling, Levy Lime Rock Company, Levy County, 1950. #1930 SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 FIGURE 21. Rock Spring, 6 miles north of Apopka, Orange County. Spring flows out of the round karst cave in the lower center, 1929. #1240 FIGURE 22. Cave 12 miles north of Marianna, Jackson County, with stalactites and stalagmites, 1929. #1234 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 23. Lake Lafayette, a few miles east of Tallahassee, showing low water stage in the sinkhole lake basin, due to a drought in the area, December 18, 1931. #1283 -66 FIGURE 24. Lake Lafayette low water stage, view from north end of sinkhole basin, December 18, 1931. #1284 '"- r ': s 'r SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 FIGURE 25. The dry basin of Lake lamonia, about 10-miles north of Tallahassee. Lake lamonia is a karst lake, with several sinkholes in its bottom, and has a historical record of draining dry every few decades. The two active sinks shown here received the final waters of Lake lamonia. The one most plainly seen in right center was said to have a depth of 70 feet, but this was not verified; November 11,1934. #1353 FIGURE 26. A resort hotel at White Springs, Hamilton County, showing flood stage of the Suwannee River, October 4, 1928. #1070 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 27. Photograph of the flooded main street in River Junction, Gadsden County, April 2, 1948 (Rupert, 1990). #1788 FIGURE 28. Aerial photograph of the Pitt Landslide, April 2, 1948, at T3N R5W sec 32dc (Rupert, 1990). #1763 tt 's -ic;t: r SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 FIGURE 29. Phosphate mining with floating dredge on Withlacoochee River, near Dunnellon, Marion County, 1908. #266 MINERAL RESOURCES and MINING Since its discovery in the late-1800s, to the present, phosphate has been the state's largest mineral industry. The series of photographs from Figure 29 to 40 document phosphate mining techniques and technology that evolved from before the turn-of-the- century through the 1940s. Figures 41 to 47 illustrate other mineral commodities produced in Florida. The Windley Key quarry (Figure 47), in the Upper Keys, provided large quantities of decorative facing- stone for many mansions and public buildings throughout southern Florida. The stone was highly prized because it was composed of the fossils of an ancient coral reef. The quarry was closed for several decades, but was recently designated one of Florida's significant geological sites. FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 30. Mining river pebble phosphate with floating dredge on Peace River, near Arcadia, DeSoto County, 1908. #181 FIGURE 31. Pebble phosphate mining with steam shovel, Mulberry, Polk County, 1908. 1/b r ~Y' `w~ #174 SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 FIGURE 32. Land pebble phosphate washer at Dominion Phosphate Mine, Bartow, 1908. #179 FIGURE 33. Percussion drill (lift-and-drop) mounted on a horse-drawn wagon, at the Southern Phosphate Development Company, near Inverness, Citrus County, 1909 or earlier. This drill was used to prospect for phosphate-bearing sediments. Behind the drill is a flume made of boards, probably to move water around the property. #23 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 34. Prospecting for land pebble phosphate, Polk County, 1910. Primitive percussion drill rig, but probably effective, for finding deposits that are within a few feet of land surface. Note the sand bags on the cross-bar to force the hollow drill pipe down as the men on the lever "jogged" it up-and- down. The long tool in the foreground has flexible, split-pronged "fingers" that would grab samples from the bottom of the hole. #44 FIGURE 35. Very labor-intensive, pick-and-shovel mining of hard rock phosphate, Franklin Phosphate Company pit, Newberry, Alachua County, 1920. #623 SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 FIGURE 36. Phosphate washer and drying shed at Franklin Phosphate Company, about 2 miles northwest of Newberry, Alachua County, 1920. #627 FIGURE 37. Hard rock phosphate washer at County, 1929. #1124 the Camp Phosphate Company mine, Felicia, Citrus SI '-- -- I FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ~B~FF7~. FIGURE 38. Hard rock phosphate pit with floating dredge at the Blue Run Company, Dunnellon, Marion County, 1929. #1122b Mine, Camp Phosphate FIGURE 39. Hydraulic mining of land pebble phosphate about 1-1/4 miles west of Brewster, Polk County, 1929. in the pit of American Cyanamid Company, #1128 .- _..- SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 FIGURE 40. Hydraulic mining of land pebble phosphate, 1941, location unknown. Hydraulic water jets wash the phosphate-bearing sediments into the sluice pit where centrifugal pumps force it to the washer. #1780 FIGURE 41. Peat processing plant of the Florida Humus Company, at Zellwood, Orange County, July 19, 1930. The excavated peat was spread over the 8-acre field in the foreground to be air-dried. The truck on the left appears to have a hopper with a whirling spreader mechanism to disperse the wet peat. #1263 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 42. Excavating peat bog by shovel at Florahome, Putham County, 1944. #1725 FIGURE 43. Pulverized peat in bags loaded on tram cars for transport to shed or truck, Florahome, 1944. #1727 SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 FIGURE 44. This 5.5-feet thick deposit of fibrous, pond-prairie peat, on the property of the Florida Nursery and Landscape Company at Leesburg, Lake County, rests directly on the sand on which the man is standing. The peat was removed by pumping out the water and most of the excavating was done by hand, 1944. #1704 1* i FIGURE 45. In contrast to the labor-intensive method of peat removal used in Figure 42, this mechanical peat excavator loads a truck from a peat deposit near Pinecastle, Orange County, 1944. Note board runways on which truck and excavator must operate. #1706 S'^ FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 46. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) workers quarrying coquina rock from the Anastasia Formation on Anastasia Island, near Jacksonville, Duval County, in 1939, to be used to restore the Castillo de San Marcos and Fort Matanzas. Except for the trucks and clothing, the scene might have been the same in 1672, when the Spaniards built the fort, using the same material. #1633 SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 FIGURE 47. Quarrying Key Largo Limestone on Windley Key, Monroe County, May 1940. A row of holes was drilled and the stone split off from the quarry face. The rough blocks were then taken to an on-site plant, where the soft stone was trimmed using a wire-rope saw, and polished. The Key Largo Limestone is a fossil coral reef, which has been very popular as a decorative dimension stone since the 1920s. #1822 MISCELLANEOUS During their travels the Survey staff photographed a lot of things that do not fall into the category of geology. They are, nevertheless, interesting from a cultural standpoint. Figure 48 is an example of the kind of odd photographs in the archives which illustrate the unusual natural phenomena that Survey staff investigated. This giant nest of hornets was investigated by cutting down the tree. No record exists of what happened to the nest after it was measured and photographed. Figures 49 to 51 show various phases of the construction of the hydroelectric dam on the Ochlockonee River, which created Lake Talquin. Figure 52 gives a sense of how close to the frontier Florida was, until recently. FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 48. Giant hornet nest found 4 miles north of Tennille, on State Road 51, north of Dixie County line in Lafayette County, August 1952. #2062c (left), #2063d (right) FIGURE 49. Construction of earth-fill dam that created Lake Talquin on the Ochlockonee River, western Leon County, looking west, March 9, 1929. #1177 SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 FIGURE 50. East abutment of Lake Talquin dam exposing Jackson Bluff Formation sediments, March 9,1929. #1180 FIGURE 51. Water level control gates under construction at Lake Talquin dam, March 9, 1929. #1183 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 52. Hanging tree at Mulberry, Polk County, March 12, 1929. Public hangings reportedly took place from this tree in the past. Bullet holes can be seen in the trunk. Herman Gunter is on the right. #1147 SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 THE SEARCH FOR OIL IN FLORIDA It has been 53 years since oil was discovered in Florida. Florida's first commercial oil well, Gulf Coast Realties Corporation No. 1, often referred to as the "Sunniland discovery well," began production September 26, 1943, in Collier County. The successful completion of this well marked the end of a quest that had begun 50 years or more earlier. Florida did not have any laws regulating the drilling for oil and gas prior to June 5, 1945. Consequently, records and information on oil exploration during the last century and the early part of this century are meager. The limited information available is the result of diligent efforts by early Survey staff members, including interviews of people who had been involved in the exploration operations. The documentation of the search for "black gold" in Florida was first published by Herman Gunter (1949), the second State Geologist. Because of the historical significance of this information, and because the original publication has been out-of-print for over 40 years, the following text is excerpted from the Florida Geological Survey's Information Circular No. 1 (Gunter, 1949). Also, Gunter (1949) lists the 86 known oil test wells drilled before the Sunniland discovery well; this information is reprinted in the Appendix. Probably others were drilled, too, for which no records exist. As nearly as has been established, the earliest test for oil in Florida was about 1900 or 1901, at Pensacola, Escambia County. This well was drilled by the Escambia Oil Company at the foot of Palafox Street to a depth of 1,320 feet. Apparently this rig was then sold to another local company, Pensacola Development Company, and two wells were drilled: No. 1 about 5 miles west of Pensacola in what is now New Warrington, and No. 2 on East Hill in Pensacola at the intersection of Tenth Avenue and Mallory Street. These wells attained depths of 1,702 and 1,620 feet, respectively. Driller's logs on both of these have been preserved and published in Water Supply Paper 102 of the U.S. Geological Survey (Fuller, 1904), and in the 14th Annual Report (Sellards and Gunter, 1922) and 17th Annual Report (Mossom, 1926) of the Florida Geological Survey. Upon completion of these wells, interest in this west Florida area seemed to diminish temporarily and the next wells of record were drilled in Sumter County, central peninsular Florida, in 1903. Two wells were put down, the first apparently being abandoned at about 1,200 feet because of drilling difficulties, and the second completed at a depth of 2,002 feet. It is not known why these particular areas in western and central peninsular Florida were selected, unless it was on the basis of general surface geology. Sumter County lies within the region referred to in literature as the "Ocala Uplift," being that part of Florida where the upper Eocene limestones are exposed at the surface, or only thinly mantled by more recent sediments. It has long been recognized as a regionally geologic high area, and could therefore have attracted the attention of the early explorers for oil in the same manner as it has intrigued those in more recent years. From these early beginnings the interest in the possibility of oil or gas in Florida has waxed and waned through the years. From rather close familiarity with the oil prospecting developments in Florida for many years it is evident that some of this interest was prompted by enthusiastic, overzealous, professional promoters whose first concern was personal gain. By far the larger number, however, made serious attempts to find oil, as is evidenced by the several deep wells drilled by operators of highest integrity whose motives were never questioned. Even the first wells of record in Escambia County were of this character and for that early day the depths of these were quite impressive, ranging from 1,320 to 1,702 feet. In 1939 a well was completed near Pinecrest, Monroe County, at a depth of 10,006 feet. This was the first well in Florida to attain that depth and, although it did not produce oil, it was drilled under the constant supervision of a trained geologist who kept detailed data on the formations penetrated and gave personal attention to the collection of cuttings and cores, as well as other pertinent data. The complete information yielded by this deep test, terminating as it did in sedimentary formation at more than 10,000 feet, drew the attention of major oil companies to the potential possibilities of Florida. The year 1939 is, therefore, an appropriate dividing point between early prospecting in Florida and the present period of prospecting by major companies. During this first period from about 1900 to and including 1939, there were at least 87 tests drilled. Many of these were very shallow and, except for having been dn7led by operators who so designated the well, could hardly be labelled as "oil test But there were many wells dilled during this first period that are acknowledged to be as completely tested, FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY adequately sampled, and recorded as any in the state. As an index, however, of the increased interest and activity in oil prospecting, the period from 1940 to 1949 records the completion of 129 wells, with five wells in process of being drilled on January 1, 1949. It was on September 26, 1943, that the Humble Oil and Refining Company completed their Gulf Coast Realties Corporation No. 1 well at a total depth of 11,626 feet, and brought in the first oil well in Florida. The initial production was 97 barrels of oil with 425 barrels of salt water, the oil having a gravity of 20.80 A.P.I. The first discovery well did not flow, but had to be pumped. Tested on December 6, 1943, the well produced 111 barrels of oil and 475 barrels of salt water. The well was operated until June 16, 1946, at which time the production had decreased to 10 barrels per day and the salt water had increased to approximately 600 barrels per day. An unsuccessful attempt was made in May 1947 to shut off the salt water. When this failed the well was converted into a salt water disposal well. The lifetime production from this well was approximately 20,550 barrels of oil (FGS records). Interestingly, Florida Statutes (1941), Chapter 20667 (459), stipulated that a bonus of $50,000 would be paid for completing the first oil well in Florida. The award was made to Humble Oil and Refining Company in 1944. Humble donated the $50,000 to the University of Florida and the Florida State University (then the Florida State College for Women). Humble supplemented the award with a gift of $10,000, dividing the total equally between the two colleges. The discovery of commercial oil in Florida prompted the legislature to formulate rules and regulations pertaining to the exploration for and production of crude oil. The evolution of oil and gas regulations, from 1945 to present, closely parallels the growth of the oil industry in Florida and is, in itself, an interesting story. Lloyd and Ragland (1991) give a detailed historical account of Florida's oil and gas regulations, and the reader is referred to that publication. Hughes (1993) recounts many details of the wheelings-and-dealings, and tales of the colorful characters who inhabited the deep south's oil patches in the late-1800s and early- 1900s. According to his research, the earliest oil-test wells were drilled in Florida in 1892, by the Owl Commercial Oil Company (a subsidiary of the White Owl Cigar Company). They were drilled in Gadsden County, west of Tallahassee. The first well was about 1,000- feet deep; the second went to about 1,750 feet; both were "dry holes." One of the more flamboyant "oil prospectors" in Florida was William G. Blanchard, who was involved in several leasing and test-well drilling schemes in various parts of the state during the 1930s and 1940s (Hughes, 1933). In early-1940, Blanchard drilled a test-well on his Everglades lease, a few miles west of Miami (see Appendix, Dade Co., W-466). The well began producing some type of natural gas from a depth of about 1,300 feet. The escaping gas was burned as a flare for over two-and-a-half months. Blanchard wanted to entice other investors to finance a second well. To convince them, he ran a pipeline from the well to the Tamiami Trail, where he installed a kitchen gas stove and other gas-fired appliances in a trailer. In the best Hollywood public relations spirit, he got Governor Fred Cone and Governor-Elect Spessard L. Holland to visit the demonstration. No one was impressed enough to give him any speculation money, though. Figures 53 to 55 show drilling rigs used in the 1920s and 1930s to prospect for oil. Figures 56 and 57 show the location of the Sunniland field relative to other oil fields in Florida. Figure 58 shows the situation of the discovery well in the present Sunniland field. Figures 59 to 63 illustrate the scope of the Sunniland exploratory well drilling project and the subsequent oil production equipment. Comparisons between Figures 53 to 55 and Figures 59 to 63 demonstrate the different approaches over the decades to oil exploration in Florida. SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 FIGURE 53. Chipley Oil Company, Dekle No. 1 (W-1), about 3 miles south of Chipley, Washington County, 1920. This exploratory well was located in what is now Falling Waters State Recreation Area. #635 FIGURE 54. An early oil exploratory well, showing the drilling rig of the Calhoun Gas & Oil Company, near Clarksville, Calhoun County, March 24, 1920. #633 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 55. Oil test well of the Surprise Oil Company, about one mile from Palmetto, Manatee County, March 19, 1932. Well was flowing a large volume of fresh water which was running in ditch in the left foreground. #1293 r. ( Js:;;;Ej. ;3 SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 R33W R32W R31W R30W R29W R28V R27V R26W EXPLANATION o ACTIVE OIL FIELD O INACTIVE OIL FIELD SCALE 0 10 20 i0 10 O 30 o IQ 2o 30 MILES FGS600491 FIGURE 56. Northwest Florida oil field location map (Lloyd, 1994). EXPLANATION I .r PA 1 I 1 TOWNSENDO. CANAL ACTIVE OIL FIELD IAT1N -L 0 INACTIVE OIL FIELD \ I wor e n-SUrOCO-FELDA I I o 10 20 0 10 20 30 FIGURE 57. South Florida oil field location map (Lloyd, 1994). FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 58. Sunniland field structure map, showing location of the first oil discovery well, Humble Oil and Refining Company's (HORC) Gulf Coast Realties Corporation #1, Permit #42, in the lower right of the structure (after Lloyd, 1997). SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 . ~ 5 "" -- '' d :L Z 'L : .C + . .-YM' .'Y .- ~I ~-'r; ~''' L~.: *--' ~. i : t~: 3; Cr~~` f r " 1?F ~:rc. f r :f s .* ''' .. ~ ~ ' hL JA FIGURE 59. Humble Oil and Refining Company's (HORC) Gulf Coast Realties Corporation #1, the oil discovery well at Sunniland, Collier County, Florida, 1943. #2185d 47 ;. - ;; i; . ; '' ',8~?~~ FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FIGURE 60. HORC's Gulf Coast Realties Corporation #1. This is the pumping derrick and pumping equipment, which replaced the drill rig in Figure 59 after the well was completed, 1943. #1923a _ ~ IL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 C4 0 E- cm, CL( cr 0 o 0 2 C~ U~.0 90. 'CCO 1 I a- r0e mcP (DC I'- FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY E " 0. 0 E a, ,~C *a 0 o C, 1- (0 E;w SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 C o E- o 0 E- Lc E 0 0a S 0u I- AlY 44, a " (Dc: FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY STATE GEOLOGISTS ELIAS H. SELLARDS 1907- 1919 Since passage of the 1907 law, there have been five state geologists. The first was Dr. Elias Sellards who was appointed by Governor Napoleon B. Broward. Sellards, who for two years was assistant paleontologist with the Kansas Geological Survey, received his BA and MA degrees from the University of Kansas and his PhD from Yale University. Then, in 1904, he became an instructor at the University of Florida. While at the University of Florida, Sellards devoted a considerable amount of time to the study of Florida's ground-water resources, a subject of special concern to the state's agricultural interests. Subsequently, water resources studies became a primary focus of the early work done by the Survey staff. These early investigations, which included the underground water supply of central Florida and a survey of road materials, were directed toward serving Florida's economic needs. In later years the emphasis became more academic, and expanded to include paleontology and general Florida geology. Under Sellards's guidance, the FGS continued as a permanent department of state government, and notably without political interference. Sellards resigned in April 1919 to join the Bureau of Economic Geology of the State of Texas. After Sellards's resignation, his former student and staff assistant, Herman Gunter, assumed the position of State Geologist. SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 HERMAN GUNTER 1919-1958 Herman Gunter's association with the FGS spanned almost 52 years -- a length of service unmatched by any other state geologist. Gunter graduated from the University of Florida with a BS degree in 1907 and in that same year joined the FGS staff. His advancement to State Geologist in 1919 ensured that the position was staffed by someone well-versed in Florida geology. As the Survey's second director, he changed its emphasis somewhat by making its reports more diverse and less academic in outlook, and by more closely relating the Geological Survey's work to the needs of state government. In his role as administrator, Gunter encouraged cooperation with the state's public schools, enlarged the Survey's museum and library, and thereby acted on his belief that a primary purpose of the FGS was to serve as a highly accessible source of information on Florida geology. Under Gunter's direction the FGS initiated a conservation campaign aimed at exposing the gross damage done to the state's ground and surface water supplies by careless drilling practices and misuse of water. In response to this campaign, a bill was introduced in 1937 to protect the state's water resources; however, it failed to pass the legislature. His interest in the preservation of the water resources of Florida propelled him to the forefront as an opponent of the Cross Florida Barge Canal, which was originally conceived as a sea level ship canal across Florida. Also under Gunter, work was begun on investigating Florida's mineral resources. He sought and obtained funding for a cooperative venture with the U.S. Geological Survey to complete topographic mapping of the state. His contributions to geologic research were formally recognized by the University of Florida when, in 1944, he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Science. His accomplishments were varied and distinguished, and laid a firm foundation for the future. When he retired in 1958, Herman Gunter had served almost 52 years with the Florida Geological Survey. In recognition of his service, the building which now houses the FGS is named the Herman Gunter Building. FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ROBERT O. VERNON 1958- 1971 Herman Gunter's successor was Robert O. Vernon, who joined the Survey as an assistant state geologist in 1941. Vernon received his BS from Birmingham Southern College, his MS from the University of Iowa, and his PhD from Louisiana State University. Emphasizing geologic research, Vernon conducted or participated in a large number of investigations on Florida geology. Part of this emphasis resulted in the expansion of the Florida Geological Survey/U.S. Geological Survey cooperative program in water resources investigations. Recognizing the need for conservation of Florida's limited water resources, much of his time was spent informing the public about Florida geology and hydrology through numerous publications, public forums, and presentations to schools and civic organizations. The Florida statutes relating to conservation of water resources are principally the direct result of Vernon's efforts. It was also largely through his efforts that the legislature authorized and funded the construction of a geologic center comprised of the Florida State University's Department of Geology and the Florida Geological Survey. The proximity of these entities, which are housed next to each other on the campus of Florida State University, has provided for a cooperative use of scientific equipment and library facilities, and has encouraged an open and stimulating exchange of ideas between the university and the Survey over the years. It also has enhanced opportunities for student employment at the FGS and has benefited the Survey staff by supplying skilled, knowledgeable graduate students to assist in areas involving practical geological research. In November 1971 Vernon resigned as State Geologist and accepted the position of Director of the Division of Interior Resources in the Department of Natural Resources. Robert O. Vernon is remembered as a dedicated professional, who devoted many years of thought and energy to Florida geology. SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 CHARLES W. HENDRY, Jr. 1971 -1988 Upon Vernon's resignation in 1971, Charles W. "Bud" Hendry, Jr., assumed the post of State Geologist and Chief of the Florida Geological Survey. An employee of the Survey since 1949, Hendry held a number of positions, including draftsman, stratigrapher, director of water resources investigations, and assistant state geologist. In addition to earning his BS from Florida State University, Hendry had the distinction of receiving the first MS degree in geology awarded by Florida State University. Aware of a growing population and its increasing impact on Florida's environment, Hendry recognized the importance of the role of the Survey in providing the geological data necessary to evaluate and mitigate these impacts. Consequently, under Hendry's direction the primary focus of the programs of the Survey was on "applied geology." This approach directed the efforts of the FGS to seek answers to questions and problems concerning society's impact on the state's geologic environment. In the process of pursuing this objective, the Survey significantly increased its geologic data base. These data and their interpretations are provided to other governmental agencies and the general public through publications, seminars and service as geologic consultants. FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WALTER SCHMIDT 1988- Dr. Walter Schmidt was appointed Chief of the Florida Geological Survey in 1985 and became State Geologist in 1988 on the retirement of C.W. Hendry, Jr. Schmidt obtained his BA degree from the University of South Florida in 1972. His MS was obtained from Florida State University in 1977, and his PhD was completed at Florida State University in 1983. Schmidt joined the Survey in 1975 and began his work as a graduate student assistant to the Northwest Florida Water Management District geologist. When the district geologist resigned, Schmidt assumed that position. He subsequently held a number of scientific and administrative positions with the Survey before being appointed as its Chief. As Chief of the FGS, Dr. Schmidt has emphasized cooperation between Survey research geologists and state agencies which require geologic information in order to carry out their respective missions. This cooperation has generated a number of joint projects in which Survey geologists supervise graduate student assistants in the collection and interpretation of geologic data. In addition, there is a renewed commitment to such research areas as paleontology, geochemistry, and geologic mapping. One of Dr. Schmidt's first acts as Chief was the creation of two sections within the Survey: the Office of Mineral Resources and Environmental Geology, and the Office of Geological Investigations. The Office of Mineral Resources and Environmental Geology focuses on the preparation of reports and maps in which geologic data are applied to the solution of specific problems. The group has prepared a number of mineral resource potential maps as land-use planning aids for counties. In addition, environmental geology reports have been prepared for several high- growth urban areas. This section also prepares educational reports that pertain to the geology and hydrology of Florida. Data from this section is often utilized in the comprehensive geological reports prepared by the Geologic Investigations Section, as well. The Geological Investigations section prepares maps and reports pertaining to Florida's SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 geology, structure, hydrogeology, stratigraphy, and paleontology. The first statutes governing the exploration and production of oil and gas in Florida were passed by the legislature in 1945. The responsibility for overseeing this program was placed with the Florida Geological Survey. Dr. Schmidt has recently overseen the extensive revision of the state's oil and gas rules. This rule revision is complex in that it must take into account continuing technological changes associated with the industry, and the heightened environmental awareness of Florida's citizens, while at the same time responding to the requirements of the statutes. Dr. Schmidt has been active on a number of boards and committees since becoming State Geologist. He holds an appointment as Adjunct Professor with the Department of Geology at Florida State University. He serves as a board member on the Florida Board of Professional Geologists. Additionally, Dr. Schmidt participates on the Governor's Outer Continental Shelf Advisory Committee. He also is a member of the Associacion of American State Geologists, and served one term as president of that organization. FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REFERENCES Davis, G.W., 1935, First Biennial Report: State Board of Conservation, 101 p. 1937, Second Biennial Report: State Board of Conservation, 29 p. Dowling, R.L., 1939, Third Biennial Report: State Board of Conservation, 32 p. 1941, Fourth Biennial Report: State Board of Conservation, 92 p. Fuller, M.L., 1904, Hydrology of Eastern United States Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 102, p. 238-275. Florida Statutes, 1941, Chapter 20667 (459). Gunter, H., 1924, Fifteenth Annual Report: Florida Geological Survey, 266 p. 1929, Twentieth Annual Report: Florida Geological Survey, 294 p. 1933, Twenty-Third Twenty-Fourth Annual Report: Florida Geological Survey, 234 p. 1943, Fifth Biennial Report: Florida Geological Survey, 32 p. 1945, Sixth Biennial Report: Florida Geological Survey, 29 P. 1949, Exploration for oil and gas in Florida: Florida Geological Survey Information Circular 1 (revised), 106 p. 1951, Ninth Biennial Report: Florida Geological Survey, 32 p. 1955, Eleventh Biennial Report: Florida Geological Survey, 60 p. 1957, Twelfth Biennial Report: Florida Geological Survey, 86 p. Hoenstine, R.W. and Weissinger, S., 1983, The FlOrida Bureau of Geology -- Past, Present, and Future: Florida Geological Survey Special Publication 26, 48 p. Hughes, D.J., 1993, Oil in the Deep South, University Press of Mississippi, 267 p. Kost, J., 1887, First Report of the Geological Survey of Florida: Floridian Steam Printing House, Tallahassee, 31 p. Laws of Florida, 1907, Chapter 5681, Florida Geological Survey enabling statute. Lloyd, J.M., 1991, 1988 and 1989 Florida petroleum production and exploration: Part I of: Florida Geological Survey Information Circular 107, 122 p. 1994, 1992 and 1993 Florida petroleum production and exploration: Florida Geological Survey Information Circular 110, 30 p. Lloyd, J.M., 1997, 1994 and 1995 Florida petroleum and exploration: Florida Geological Survey Information Circular 111 (in press). SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 42 Sand Ragland, J.M., 1991, Petroleum exploration and development policies in Florida: response to concern for sensitive environments: Part II of: Florida Geological Survey Information Circular 107. Morris, A., 1992, The Florida Handbook, 1991-1992: The Peninsular Publishing Co., Tallahassee, FL, 720 p. Mossom, S., 1926, A review of the structure and stratigraphy of Florida, with special reference to the petroleum possibilities: Florida Geological Survey Seventeenth Annual Report, p. 169- 275. Rogers, W.W., Ellis, M.L., and Morris, J., 1988, Favored Land, Tallahassee, A History of Tallahassee and Leon County: The Donning Co., Norfolk, VA, 247 p. Rupert, F., 1990, Geology of Gadsden County, Florida: Florida Geological Survey Bulletin 62, 61 p. Sellards, E.H., 1908, First Annual Report: Florida Geological Survey, 114 p. 1913, Fifth Annual Report: Florida Geological Survey, 306 p. and Gunter, H., 1922, On the petroleum possibilities of Florida: Florida Geological Survey Fourteenth Annual Report, p. 33-135. Vernon, R.O., 1959, Thirteenth Biennial Report: Florida Geological Survey, 84 p. 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CD 0 m m N E E ~~ LO~C14 0 c C, E oz (D 0 C m N 7M 3: 0 U .2 z C C, I> > 0 0C C co o " ^1 *5> FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 0 0 crc .0 E0 CN aG 0, C c) 4-0 0 E 01 2N 0 u .. 0> 0)" C UoLo (o t 3c c a-o *a^1" *s^ ^*"^ 0 4-. E oc oE O) X C 0 0n X mb a ;c t M r-. co r mo m- < 0 z z a, 0) c z 0. 4-5 0 E cr .- 0 a 0 E a, -0 C.- E 0 -a 0. ) 0 a, 0 . 0 0 m '4- (0 B o Eo 2rE 0 ao E. S0 u- U)) 0 to Lo rM 0 N -- C)- C 0 0 a, C -:) cc 0 - a a,< r = a- * I _0 0 1 LL tE u 0 r . 0 I 0 4- FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 903 W. TENNESSEE STREET TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA 32304-7700 ADMINISTRATIVE SECTION Walter Schmidt, Chief and State Geologist Cindy Collier, Administrative Secretary Jessie Hawkins, Custodian Deborah Mekeel, Librarian Sandie Ray, Admin. Asst. GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS SECTION Thomas M. Scott, Assistant State Geologist Jon Arthur, Petrologist Ted Kiper, Cartographer Jim Balsillie, Coastal Geologist. Harley Means, Research Assistant Clint Barineau, Research Assistant Tom Miller, Research Assistant Craig Berninger, Research Assistant LaMarr Mitchell, Secretary Specialist Paulette Bond, Geochemist Spencer Mitchell, Research Assistant Jackie Bone, Research Assistant Frank Rupert, Paleontologist Ken Campbell, Sedimentologist Frank Rush, Lab Technician Joel Duncan, Sedimentary Petrologist Jennifer Stalvey, Research Assistant Rick Green, Research Associate Jim Trindell, Driller Diedre Hamil, Research Assistant Rodger VanLandingham, Asst. Driller Lance Johnson, Research Assistant Bill Waite, Research Assistant Jim Jones, Cartographer Chris Werner, Research Assistant Holly Williams, Research Assistant MINERAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY SECTION Jacqueline M. Lloyd, Assistant State Geologist Zi-Qiang Chen, Research Assistant Ron Hoenstine, Coastal Geologist Adel Dabous, Research Associate Jim Ladner, Coastal Geologist Rodney DeHan, Sr. Research Scientist Ed Lane, Environmental Geologist Henry Freedenberg, Env. Geologist Steve Spencer, Economic Geologist Debra Harrington, Research Assistant Nikki Strong, Research Assistant Cliff Hendrickson, Research Assistant Candy Trimble, Research Assistant OIL AND GAS SECTION L. David Curry, Environmental Program Administrator Paul Attwood, Asst. Dist. Coordinator Don Hargrove, Engineer Robert Caughey, District Coordinator Evelyn Jordan, Sec. Specialist Ed Gambrell, District Coordinator Jim LeBar, Professional Engineer Ed Garrett, Geologist Victoria MacFarlan, Sec. Specialist Carolyn Stringer, Secretary Specialist 4e Colton's FLORIDA 1855 C ~.1 c1.A '"' 'S VL |

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Baby Toby From Labyrinth: Where Is He Now?
Toby Froud became a cult icon as a toddler, co-starring in Labyrinth with David Bowie as a child kidnapped by a goblin king. But he's grown up a whole lot since his 1986 movie debut — he's now in his late 20s, has a baby of his own, and is a professional puppeteer! When Labyrinth was being filmed, Toby was at the right age at the right time. His dad, Brian Froud, was collaborating with Jim Henson on what would be the Muppets' last feature film. They needed a baby to play the little half-brother of Sarah Williams, portrayed by Jennifer Connelly, and lo and behold: Toby was there! While Toby's casting was likely one of convenience, he owned the role as much as a baby can, rocking a pair of striped pajamas — the namesake of adult Toby's production company, Stripey Pajama Productions — and toddling around with aplomb. Toby's no longer in the acting game, but starring in the whimsical epic really did kickstart his career in puppetry… although having parents in the business didn't exactly hurt either. Watch the video above to see what Toby looks like now, and let us know your thoughts in the comments! Are your minds totally blown?