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Oral History Transcript — Dr. Gregor Wentzel
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Interview with Dr. Gregor Wentzel |
Gregor Wentzel; February 3 to 5, 1964
ABSTRACT: This interview was conducted as part of the Archives for the History of Quantum Physics project, which includes tapes and transcripts of oral history interviews conducted with ca. 100 atomic and quantum physicists. Subjects discuss their family backgrounds, how they became interested in physics, their educations, people who influenced them, their careers including social influences on the conditions of research, and the state of atomic, nuclear, and quantum physics during the period in which they worked. Discussions of scientific matters relate to work that was done between approximately 1900 and 1930, with an emphasis on the discovery and interpretations of quantum mechanics in the 1920s. Also prominently mentioned are: Max Born, Leon Brillouin, Dirk Coster, Peter Josef William Debye, Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg, William Vermillian Houston, Max Theodor Felix von Laue, Wolfgang Pauli, Erwin Schrödinger, H. Seeliger, Arnold Sommerfeld, Johannes Stark, Wilhelm Wien; Universität Leipzig, Universität München, and Universität Zurich.
Brief Note:
The texts which follow were dictated by T. S. Kuhn from notes made during interviews with Gregor Wentzel on the afternoons of February 3, 4, and 5, 1964, in the Research Building of the University of Chicago.Thomas S. Kuhn:
Before the first interview Professor Wentzel indicated great reluctance to have the discussions tape-recorded. Some of the things on his mind would, he insisted, have to be withheld if the recorder were used. The interviewer therefore reluctantly agreed to work from notes. As a result the conversation was less rich than it otherwise would have been, and the account of what was said is significantly barer and more schematic.
The record of each interview was dictated shortly after the interview itself—usually the next morning. In each case some attempt was made to reorder the material so that related items would be near each other in the transcript, but this resulted In significant changes of structure only in the first Interview.
Speaking of his family background, Professor Wentzel said that his father had been a lawyer working in the bank of one of the provinces of Prussia, a quasi-governmental position. He was a man of broad intellect with many and varied interests, among which music and literature were particularly prominent. Wentzel's mother, about whom he said somewhat less, came from an old intellectual family whose men were usually either doctors or priests. education he described as relatively standard. He attended a gymnasium of the intermediate sort: neither a real humanistic nor a Realschule. For example, although Wentzel studied both Latin and French, he never studied Greek.
He had the full range of usual science courses, including mathematics through differential calculus. Physics began for him in the 8th year of the school but was not generally at all well taught. There was, however, one important year when he was taught by a young man, a candidate for a teaching credential, who was extraordinarily enthusiastic about the sciences, particularly about the science of astronomy. Wentzel found this enthusiasm infectious and himself built a small telescope and looked at the moon, etc. It was really this year which aroused his interest in science, an interest that he thinks had scarcely preexisted. Though it was the only influence of the sort that occurred during his school days, it did stick with him and turned him towards his ultimate career.
Wentzel indicates that before he went to the university his choice of either science or mathematics for a career was quite clear. For this choice, he got very little support from home, though his family apparently did not exert a great deal of negative pressure either. The point was that a scientific career pretty clearly meant a career in high school teaching, a career of less prestige than the fully had previously known. His father apparently said to him when he left for the university, "All right, you study your science for a while, but take jurisprudence at the same time so that you will have another career open and available to you." At the very start, Wentzel says, he did take lectures on jurisprudence, but he dropped these comparatively early in his university career.
Wentzel's early university career was varied and also interrupted. It began at Freiburg in 1916, but initially continued there only for one-and-ahalf semesters. After that, during virtually all of 1917 and 1918, Wentzel was called for military service. Fortunately, at the end of the war, Wentzel's unit was returned, still in uniform, to the neighborhood of Freiburg, and he reentered the university, still in uniform spending another one-and-a-half semesters there. After that Wentzel went to Greifswald in the autumn of 1919 and continued there until he went to Munich around November 1920.
Asked why he had picked freiburg and Greifswald as places to study, Wentzel said that in fact, he had known very little about the strengths and weaknesses of the different German universities in the sciences, and had, at his father's advice, therefore picked places which would take him far from home and introduce him to other parts of Germany. The idea of studying abroad was not at that point at all prevalent in Germany. Apparently, at this point in his career, Bonn would have been the university nearest to home, and the decision and the decision was not to go there but to go further away.
Both at Freiburg and Greifswald, Tentzel studied mostly mathematics. At Freiburg he particularly remembers having courses with Loewy in analytic geometry, and with Bolza in functions of a complex variable. During this period he had, however, no "mathematician's mathematics." That first came when he got to Greifswald and studied with Hausdorff on set theory. He liked the course and remembers it but was not really at all enthusiastic about this sort of mathematics. Wentzel is vague about other courses taken in these early years, but is quite certain that he did take the regular elemtary course in experimental physics at Freiburg and thinks he may have had a bit of chemistry there, though without lab. At Greifswald, he took no more physics except a seminar, for which see below.
He felt he had already learned, by reading, as much as he could get from the elementary theoretical physics lectures, so he did not take them. Asked what he had read by this time, Wentzel indicated that he had been through Haas, Introduction to Theoretical Physics. Then he had gone on to Weyls Relativity, a book which he read carefully : found fascinating. He n.hasizes that in this period he had had no introduction at all to problems of atomic theory. The one physics course that Wentzel did take at Greifswald was a seminar with the f- ous Stark assisted by Seeliger, the son of the astronomer. Wentzel's recollections of it are vague, except that Stark constantly sneered at atomic theory. Apparently the Bohr atom was the particular butt of Stark's negativism. To him it was absurd in physical principle. For example, first the electron is here, and then suddenly it is there. What happens to it?
I asked whether Seeliger had made any effort to undercut this attitude, as was told that in seminar, at least, he had not done so, but had simply been quite quiet. Nevertheless, Seeliger did play a significant role in Wentzel's career later at Greifswald when he had to take his candidate's exam for the teaching credential and, to write a minor thesis, a pure work of compilation with no original research in it. Seeliger was one of the examiners and asked Wentzel about Maxwell theory. Apparently, he was very much impressed with Wentzel's response, and took him aside to ask what he meant to do. Wentzel indicated that he was still quite uncertain about it. To this point, he had oscillated between mathematics and the sciences without any very clear career notions. Seeliger immediately said, "Oh, then of course you must go to Sommerfeld." This advice was welcome to Wentzell who actually still knew nothing at all of Sommerfeld. In fact, it was simply this advice which took him to Munich, where he began studies during November 1920.
On first arriving at Munich, Wentzel went to see Sommerfeld, was admitted to the seminar, and was given a quick assignment for a seminar talk. s This was to be a report on a paper of Debye about dispersion due to permanent electric dipoles. Apparently this was a purely classical treatment with no quantum mechanics at all. Wentzel, with his minimal background, really had very little idea what was going on, and went to Pauli, Sommerfeld's assistant, whom he got to know well in these years, and asked what he ought to do. Pauli said, "Read the Bible." Meaning, of course, Atombau. Wentzel got at it right away. Apparently, his seminar talk itself was quite successful, for he insisted on deriving the same result Debye had managed by a different method, and this impressed Sommerfeld a good deal. Wentzel was then rapidly accepted as a Ph.D. student.
Wentzel is not at all sure, under questioning, what else went on in the seminar during that semester or later ones. He thinks, though he is not really sure, that at some point Sommerfeld asked him to do a report on alpha and beta scattering, and suggests that this was probably the reason he took up the beta scattering problem for his Habilitationsschrift. In January 1921, however, Sommerfeld gave Wentzel an experimental problem, that, I gather, was initially thought of as a possible Ph.D. problem. There was some existing X-ray spectra work on the rare earths in water solution, and Sommerfeld thought the results must be wrong, since they did not fit at all his fine structure formula.
Wentzel repeated the experiment with the equipment in the basement of Sommerfeld's institute, and entirely confirmed previous measurements. As a result, this problem had to be considered as a failure, and. Sommerfeld began to look for another problem. Wentzel here remarks, parenthetically, that he believes Sommerfeld somewhat naively over- applied the fine structure formula to X-ray problems without thinking very hard about the physics of the situation. In the case of the rare earths in water solution, he failed to see that ionization, the water medium, etc., would affect the results to be expected. Apparently, though, this is retrospective on Wentzel's part. He did not, that is, attempt to explain the divergences from theory himself at the time. Rather, he just presented the experimental results.
At about this time, a blind or very nearly blind dutch mathematician, by the name of Ver Sluis, a senior man of perhaps 40 or 50 years, was looking for someone who would go to Locarno with him and read mathematics aloud during the morning. Sommerfeld mentioned this possibility to Wentzel, who accepted the job, went to Locarno, and read to Ver Sluis for a couple of months. Before he left however, Sommerfeld said to him that he had thought of a problem that might be worth Wentzel's trying. X-ray spectroscopy was, Sommerfeld said, now in a mess that he found himself unable to work out. "I am prejudiced," Sommerfeld said, "and cannot do anything with it. Perhaps you as a younger man may be able to make sense out of all these lines that increasing experimental work has produced." When completed, the problem turned out to be that of the discrete X-ray spectrum, but Wentzel thinks that at the time both line spectra and the continuous spectrum were involved in the assignment.
Sommerfeld gave Wentzel some rather speculative ideas that Smekal had advanced in an article and also the measurements by Coster and a few others. Wentzel was to take these with him to Locarno, to think the whole problem over, and to see whether he could get anywhere with it. At Locarno Wentzel feels he did not really do a great deal of work on the problem. In the mornings he read to Ver Sluis, and in the afternoons the weather was so splendid that he did not do very much work.
But the basic idea came to him quite rapidly, and Wentzel clearly remembers a rainy Easter Sunday afternoon when he realized that the answer must work out in a particular way. At that point he made some prerliminary efforts and found that his idea worked out quite rapidly and well. The problem, however, then became that of reinterpreting what had been said about existing X-ray energy levels. A number of these had been misattributed, and he had to go back and do a good deal of recomputation and revise level assignments. He may have done a bit of this at Locarno, but most of the main work on levels was done when he got back to Munich. That work actually started in April, when he began putting nmubers in. By May he was ready to write the results up, and he received his degree at the end of that month.
In answer to a questionWentzel indicates that the basic insight that he had during the afternoon at Locarno was the realization that there must be three L levels, five M levels, and so on, this being quite different from the number of levels that Sommerfeld had worked with. Also, if there were to be this number of levels, then there had to be an extra quantum number.
As soon as Sommerfeld saw how the results came out, he was greatly impressed and wrote very quickly to Coster, who was, however, furious about it, because he had just found the same explanation himself. Sommerfeld felt that, because Coster had supplied the data, he was entitled to every consideration, and he arranged to hold up the publication of Wentzel's paper, so that it would appear in the same issue of the Zeitschrift as Coster's. Ultimately the two did come out together. In exploring the background for Wentzel's success with the X-ray spectra, I asked about the role of Hertz's work on irregular doublets, and this Wentzel did not remember though he, of course, did not deny that it must have played a role. On the other hand, he did suggest that a very considerable role had been played for him by Schrödinger's paper on penetrating orbits which enabled him to work out the first quantum numbers that he needed for his identifications.
Other, though older, parts of the background needed, were Kossel's ideas on closed shells, which were widely known at Munich and basic to work there. Also, obviously, Sommerfeld's fine structure formula, was essential. Asked about the relation between the two types of doublets, relativistic and screening, that appear in his work, Wentzel is sure that he had absolutely no ideas on this subject. He did not know at all what the physical significance of the Grundquantenzahl was to be and thinks that really there were not such ideas. Reminded that Sommerfeld had suggested that the inner quantum number was probably something to do with a magnetic interaction, and that he himself had suggested that the inner quantum number and the Grundquantenzahl might be closely related, Wentzel brusquely asserts ignorance and memory failure. He does say however, that Sommerfeld was rather unhappy about, the name "Grundquantenzahl" because he thought it rather overambitious. "Grund actually means fundamental," Wentzel states.
Sommerfeld however did not want to interfere with the work and let the nomenclature stand. More generally, Wentzel insists repeatedly and urgently in discussing all this work, that the spectroscopy, X-ray and optical, of this period, was always quasi-empirical—the search for empirical laws which were never themselves at all understood. There was never, he says, an ything like a theory in this area, and there could not have been because spin was unknown. I suggested that the availability of spin was an unfair because retrospective, criterion, but this had little effect on Wentzel.
He insists that, however Sommerfeld may have felt, he himself was never at all satisfied that they were doing anything but getting particular empirical rules that things never did seem satisfactory until the new quantum theory appeared, despite the fact that people were making obvious progress. I tried to get further along this line by asking Wentzel about some of the theoretical generalizations which did exist and played a role in spectroscopy in this period, and his general tendency was simply to shove them aside as things he had never paid much attention to. I asked him, for example , about the role that had been played by Ellipsenverein, cubes, and so on.
He insisted that these had never made much difference to him and that, by the same token, the Bohr theory of building up the periodic table through closed shells constructed of unsymmetric orbits had not changed the situation much. I then showed him the opening sentence of the published version of his thesis) which produced laughter, and a tacit admission that he must be wrong, but which did not at all bring out recollections about the manner in which theory had been used in the period. Wentzel simply insisted that it had always been clear to co on sense that the cubical atoms, etc., could not be right, but he could not say why they had seemed nonsensical. Another theory on which Wentzel commented. negatively was the Rumpf model.
He was not involved with it, he said, nor did it bother him very much. Furthermore, it is his impression that people around him scarcely took it seriously, but were instead looking for empirical laws. Again, Wentzel insists that the whole work was semi-empirical with little role for theory and no theory actually in existence. that is why) he says, people were generally simply amused by Epstein's insistence that he could solve the helium atom with 22 contact transformations.
The only exception that Wentzel will allow was the constant guidance that people received from the Correspondence Principle, a principle that remained helpful throughout but that was never either entirely satisfactory or unambiguously formulated. This remark about the Correspondence Principle led me to ask about the development of Sommerfeld's views on this subject and about the differences between Bohr and Sommerfeld. Beyond admitting that the Correspondence Principle does play a more and more prominent role in successive editions of atombau, wentzel did not think that there was much change in Sommerfeld's attitutde. Furthermore he said that he had scarcely noticed any differences between Munich and Copenhagen, even after he had visited Copenhagen during 1925 or 1926.
This whole area and type of discussion leaves Wentzel rather cold. As talk now continues, Wentzel reminds me that throughout this period he still knew very little physics and was constantly studying it by himself, in occasional courses by Sommerfeld and others, and in long and frequent conversations with Fault, of whom he saw a good deal, and to whom he became very close. What these discussions were about, he does not for the most remember. Looking at our questionnaire, he singles out the Stern- Gerlach experiment as one that was discussed, and he adds that the whole problem of the existence of two rather than three beams was a very real puzzle for the group.
I reminded him that there had been a proof by Sommerfeld that the electron would fall into the core with in equal 0, but Wentzel said that this had been thought to be extremely shaky, and that the problem remained. The whole subject had continued to pose problems, though what they were is less clear to . In connection with Pauli, Wentzel remembers that Pauli was greatly discouraged at the end of his work on the hydrogen molecule ion, and did not really want to submit it for a dissertation. Despite my reports that the contradiction with experiment scarcely shows in Pauli's published paper, Wentzel feels quite certain that the problem which bothered Pauli was that disagreement.
He has promised to look at the paper again to see whether he can reconstruct more fully. Also, Wentzel says that he was in Hamburg for a couple of months from November 1925 [in the second interview this visit is described as being for four months, from Nov. 1925 to Feb. 1926.], just the period when Pauli was belatedly converted to the idea of electron spin by Thomas' proof of the relativistic factor of two. Wentzel says that the reason for Pauli's resistance prior to this time was the feeling that the idea of s intrinsic angular momentum for a point particle was simply too crude and therefore unacceptable. Wentzel does confirm that Pauli threw the entire great weight of his authority into the resistance to the idea. After doing his thesis, Wentzel still had a few odds and ends to clear up with respect to X-rays. In particular, there were still the few unexplained lines which he first accounted for in his paper on the e Funkenlinien.
In discussing the treatment of these, Wentzel emphasizes that he was quite wrong in details, since he misidentified a number of the actual processes involved, but that the general idea of multiple excitation has held up extremely well. Also, in answer to a question, Wentzel does say that once these problems were out of the way, the whole treatment of the subject of X-ray line spectrum did seem entirely secure. It was not clear that there were any other problems still to do. This brought us to the fall of 1921, at which time Wentzel became assistant at the Munich Institute. One of his main duties in this job was as reader for Sommerfeld, which meant he had to correct the student problem assignments in Sommerfeld's large lecture course.
He would, he said, have liked to go to the course, since he would have learned a good deal that he needed to know. Actually, he did go to two lectures but had to say to Sommerfeld afterwards that he had really not understood what as going on. Sommerfeld had blushed, said, "Oh, but it was all wrong, you must not come again, and there after prevented his coming. In addition to these lectures, Sommerfeld giving a number of special lectures and colloquia, which Wentzel did attend. The special lectures dealt with problems that Sommerfeld was actually working on himself at the time.
Many of these grew out of the work for the fourth edition of Atombaul and one of Wentzel's duties was also to help with the composition of parts of this work. Simultaneously, Wentzel went to work on his Habilitationsschrift, for which, as previously indicated, he chose the problem of beta scattering. One part of that work, the criterion for distinguishing single from multiple scattering, has been more influential, Wentzel suggests, than anything else he has ever done. At least, it is cited again and again and again. On the other hand, Wentzel indicates that the work itself has never interested him very much and that he has e no attempt to continue with it.
I asked whether there had been any real resistance to taking up the idea of multiple scattering again after Rutherford's success with single scattering, and Wentzel suggests why there was no such problem. The multiple scattering he was defending was scattering by successive atoms, whereas Thomson's multiple scattering had been multiple collisions within a single atom. The ideas were different enough so that the defeat of one would not necessarily lead to resistance to the other.
Wentzel had a number of interesting things to say in response to my question about consciousness of the Compton effect and the photon problem at Munich. The Compton effect was known very early at Munich, Wentzel says, because Sommerfeld always got reprints, and therefore knew of the work quickly from Compton and Debye. Everyone was very much excited about the experiments and their interpretation, since this was the really binding proof of the corpuscular nature of light. People had, of course, been quite aware of Einstein's photo-electric effect before.
There had, however, been a general tendency to see the hv of a photon as nothing more than the hv which occurred in Bohr's frequency condition. The former did not, in any sense that was clear to people, have to be a corpuscular momentum. Therefore prior to the Compton effect there was a good deal of confusion about and playing down of the problem. Though it was clearly directed to the problems presented by the Compton effect, people at Munich felt very strongly that the Bohr-Kramers-Slater-paper was simply a faux pas, a bad step and in a bad direction. On the other hand, they were, Wentzel feels quite certain, considerably impressed by the de Broglie paper, though they did not attempt to do much of anything with it. Sommerfeld had heard of the paper, Wentzel thinks, from Einstein, and Einstein's great reputation therefore helped to bring them to it.
Wentzel is quite sure it must have been discussed in seminar, and he also remembers that he himself reviewed the paper for, perhaps, Physikalische Berichte. He no longer remembers what he says, but thinks his review was favorable, and knows that he was impressed. Initially, Wentzel thought that it was perhaps the de Broglie paper that had led him to his "Quantenoptik" paper, but the dates, he admits on looking at them make this highly unlikely.
About the "Quantenoptik paper Wentzel has very little to say, nor can he say much about the two papers which are associated with it, one on Bremsstrahlung and the other on dispersion. He does remember that almost no one paid any attention whatsoever to this work, though he is quite clear that it was the only attempt at a fundamental treatment of the difficulties which he himself attempted during this period. Apparently among the very few exceptions was von Laue, who did write Wentzel about these papers, and was apparently generally sympathetic, both with the approach and with this sort of work in general.
In addition, Wentzel indicates that he remembers these papers as being somehow concerned or related to the general idea of guiding waves, and that the idea of guiding waves was extremely common in that period, it being quite usual to suppose that Maxwell's equations must describe a field which was somehow a statistical field, or something of the sort.
As to the tie to the Bremsstrahlung paper, Wentzel insists, as Laporte did, that this was always a very lively subject of interest at Munich, dating back to Sommerfeld's early classical theory on the subject. wentzel also remembers that he did not at all like Kramers' treatment of the subject, and wanted very much to try to improve upon it . To what extent the problem of aperiodic phenomena at large was also a significant one at Munich Wentzel is less sure, but at this point he himself notes what is said on the subject at the beginning of his paper. In an attempt to get more material on this subject, I pointed out to Wentzel that these three papers strike me as being unlike almost all of those which appear from Munich, and rather more like papers from Copenhagen and Göttingen.
He thinks this is probably true, but has nothing whatsoever to say on the subject. One last remark, referring back to the reception of the de Broglie papers, Wentzel supposes that de Broglie's supplying a derivation of Sommerfeld's integral conditions was probably also very important in making people take the paper seriously at Munich. The first interview closed at this point. Wentzel had promised on the preceding day to look over his reprint of Pauli's paper on the hydrogen molecule ion in order to determine, if he could, what aspect of Pauli's treatment had seemed so very unsatisfactory.
Having done so, Wentzel feels that the crux of the matter occurs on page 236, though he thinks there are other similar examples elsewhere. On that page Pauli shows that the lowest energy orbit discovered by application of the quantum conditions is actually unstable therefore ruled out. In its place Pauli uses the next higher energy level as the likely ground state of the ion. All of this seemed extraordinarily fishy and unsatisfactory to him. It was a mess even though the mess did not derive from the conflict between theory and experiment. "All of this went to show," said Wentzel, "that you can't make models even in this very simple case."
I suggested that perhaps this particular sort of conclusion was typical for Munich and that others would perhaps have said instead that the whole approach was wrong. To this Wentzel responded that perhaps all he had meant was that these models were wrong rather than that you could not make models at all. Continuing the discussion of models, Wentzel said that until reminded by me, and by reading his papers, he had forgotten all about the Rumpf and about the possibility of attributing to it angular momenta and so on. Rereading a few of his old papers has brought it back, but he neveletheless remembers that he was always very skeptical about model developments of this sort.
What he had faith in, and what he thought was solid were the laws which pointed to some simpler sort of physics that was to be found underlying them. Wentzel's suggestion that there were clearly underlying laws to be found led me to raise with him the question about the extent, in Munich, of the realization of the existence of a crisis in quantum theory. He answered that of course they all knew that things were wrong and would need to be straightened out.
On the other hand, he thinks that there was very little sense, as there surely was at Göttingen and perhaps also at Copenhagen, of the rapid approach of a new theory. In evidence, Wentzel suggests that he himself did not attach nearly enough weight to the Kramers' dispersion formula. He knew of it, but did not see it as a really radical new step pointing to other things that might now be achieved. He was, he suggests, more aware of some of the quantitative spectral regularities—the interval rule, the intensity rules, and so on. These were not, however, for him, examples of "the extended Correspondence Principle" and therefore did not promise a rapid breakthrough. Instead they were additional particular successes in the nature of semi -empirical laws of the sort that had often enough been discovered before.
It was quite clear that progress was being made, but there was no sense that either the tune of the progress or the nature of the obstacles were different in kind from those experienced before. Wentzel's remark about the Kramers' formula led me to ask him how seriously the dispersion problem had been taken in Munich in the period before the formula appears. He is entirely sure that it was discussed and remembers vaguely that there was discussion early in his time at Munich of the Ladenburg Formula.
He is not, however, at all clear that the problem seemed to have a very special importance or that the contradiction raised by the frequencies of anomalous dispersion was particularly clearly recognized. I asked him especially whether he could supply any background for Heisenberg's contribution in correlating the problem of dispersion with that of the quadratic Stark effect in 1922, and Wentzel felt he had no recollections of - prior discussions that would be relevant.
He himself was not at Göttingen for the Bohr meeting. In fact, he occasionally has boasted to people from, Göttingen that he spent only a day there in his entire life. I once more pursued the topic with Wentzel of Einstein's influence at Munich, Wentzel reiterates that it was considerable. In particular, he states that everyone at Munich regularly did learn the Einstein fluctuation arguments considered them a strong case for the existence of photons. Here again he indicates that the photon hypothesis was taken considerably more seriously at munich than elsewhere. (I queried this, reminding Wentzel that many people speak of Sommerfeld as less concerned with statistics and less good at it than he was at a number of other fields.)
Wentzel thinks that Sommerfeld was really better at statistics than other people have thought, but adds that part of the reason the topic of the fluctuation formulae figured so regularly at Munich may be a residue of Debye's influence there. Debye had of course, been very much concerned with these questions. Wentzel, quite unlike Uhlenbeck, speaks of the 1911 Debye paper as the first satisfactory treatment of the Hohlraum. Also, Wentzel remembers that the Einstein-Bose gas papers were discussed at Munich, or at least that be heard about them there. On the other hand, he has no recollection of the context of the discussion or of any impression that these papers were more isolated oddities. He has no sense that they seemed to fit with other things then going on.
As to discussions of the Einstein-Ehrenfest paradox for the Stern-Gerlach experiment, Wentzel has no recollections on this subject at all. Finally, in the preliminary portion of the interview, Wentzel described his paper on the Compton effect as a pure review paper with nothing new in it. He cannot at all remember either why he was asked to do it or by whom, nor does he know how he happened to have so very large a knowledge of the literature on the problem. Perhaps, he suggests, he had reported to the Munich seminar on this subject. He has, however, no recollection of any such talk.
I next tried to obtain from Wentzel some additio info uation about his actual education in the sciences at Munich.The Indication is that he act took very little course work. In particular he never did go to the lectures in Sommerfeld's physics course, except the two lectures attended when he was Sommerfeld's assistant . On the other hand, he went regularly to the special lectures on current research problems that Somme-rfeld offered twice a week. These, however, Wentzel says, were not at all well given. Sommerfeld considered his graduate students to be colleagues and therefore saw no need in doing the work to really put things in clear and logical form for them. Presumably, Wentzel suggests, he went to lectures given by some of the other physicists in the vicinity: Herzfeld, Lenz, and Ewald. He is not, however, perfectly sure that he did so, and is entirely unclear about what the lectures might have had for their subject. also, though he is sure that he went regu larly to Sommerfeld's seminar, he is vague about the existence of a colloquium, much less has he recollections of his participation in one.
I asked Wentzel to say a bit more about a subject mentioned briefly after the end of the previous interview, that is, about the relative change in Wien's attitude towards sommerfeld's theoretical students during the time that Wentzel was in Munich. Wentzel had described himself as "the first" to take the examination that Heisenberg ultimately very nearly flunked. In the beginning, Wentzel stated, Wien was well satisfied. Wentzel himself was given a summa. On the other hand, Wien gradually got rougher on the students. Wentzel suggests that he thinks Pauli got only magna, and Heisenberg himself almost did not pass.
Asked what he means in describing himself as "the first" of the group, Wentzel thinks his probable intent is to indicate that he was the first actually examined by Wien. This discussion of education and local conditions at Munich led on to discussion of Pauli and of Wentzel's relations with him and with Heisenberg. Wentzel indicates that he was genuinely close to Pauli and remained so, but that for various reasons not easy to specify he was never at all close to Heisenberg. Their temperaments were rather different. Furthermore, Wentzel insists that Pauli was never personally close to Heisenberg either, and that he shared wentzel's reservations about bim from the start, though in both their cases these were further intensified by the war.
Apparently, Pauli referred to Heisenberg as the "Pfadfinderseele" and continued to do so from time to time in later life also.Wentzel translates this word "scout" and indicates that as used by Pauli it had the implication of naivete and simplicity in human Wentzel also insists that throughout their lives Heisenberg sought out Pauli as a collaborator, but that the relationship never went in the other direction. He adds that the feelings were intensified during the war, and that Pauli was very much hurt by Heisenberg's wartime behavior and by the fact that never in the post-war period did Pauli get from Heisenberg even a hint of an apology for things that happened during the war.
Talking more directly about Pauli, Wentzel indicates, as others have, that he was a man of deep and stubborn prejudices. Often it was necessary to work very hard to talk him out of them . On the other hand, once he was converted, he was not ashamed or bothered by having made a mistake. On a number of occasions these prejudices against certain sorts of physics grew out of personal resistance to the man concerned. If Pauli did not like someone, perhaps just for the shape of his nose, he would not like his physics either. A number of Pauli's assistants during the Zürich period suffered badly from such obscure personal causes. Wentzel suggests that Peierls was one of these.
I told Wentzel of Laporte's suggestion that these problems and prejudices of Pauli's had developed in the post-Munich period but not existed at that time. Wentzel simply says that this is a mistake and that Pauli was relatively uniform throughout. It is true, Wentzel indicates, that in the very early '30s Pauli's acute personal problems left him in a state of fairly steady depression. His first marriage very recently broken up, and quickly. The second marriage was not yet in sight. During this period Pauli also drank a good deal too much though in the early '20s when Wentzel first knew him, he had been decidedly 'anti-alcoholic. The transition to even normal use of alcohol only begun in hamburg when a colleague who owned a vineyard introduced Pauli to wine and campagne and taught him something about it.
Wentzel points out that the term 'anti-alcoholic' used here has no moral overtones. Pauli simply knew nothing about alcohol and saw no point in getting started with it. From this point wentze1 proceeded for a time to look briefly at a number of reprints -which he had also had a look at during the morning. About each one of them he bad a few words to say, though these were usually not very illuminating historically.
Looking at paper No.20 "Über gestrichene und verschebene Spektralterme," Zeitschrift für Physik, 31 [1925], 335-338, Wentzel stated that he no longer at all remembered the debate with Landé, but was pleased to notice that he and Laporte had been right, Landé wrong. They actually had the data, while Landé was working from preconceptions. From that paper Wentzel turned to No. 21, "Über die Komplexstruktur der Röntgenfunkenspektren," Zs. f. Phys. 31 [1925], 445-52, and immediately indicated how much he still found 'himself liking it, though he had almost forgotten it in the interim.
Here, as elsewhere, it is clear that Wentzel's in standard throughout is the question: does a given paper still stand up by modern stndards? In this case, Wentzel not only liked the X-ray theory, but was particularly glad to notice that he had stated here that a hole in a closed shell is like an electron outside of a shell. Wentzel now passes with enthusiasm to paper No. 22, "Termprobleme der Dublettspektren, etc.," Annalen der Physik, 76, [1925], 803-828. He is particularly impressed with the computation of screening constants and the results gained in this way. On the other hand, he has scarcely looked at the second part of the paper which deals with relativistic doublets. This part, he says is nonsense.
He is somewhat surprised, though still not very inter ested, to discover that it is this aspect of his work that is most typical of the period, and that directly influenced Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck on the road to electron spin. [Paper] No. 24, "Zum Problem der relativistischen Feinstruktur," Zs. f. Ph.,33 [1925], 849-854, brings out the same type of reaction even more forcefully. Wentzel refuses to attach much significance to this paper and insists that it doesn't make much sense. However, in a conversation about it, he adds that he himself never believed in magnetic interactions and thought that multiplicity must be explained throughout as a relativistic effect.
I asked, in connection with this paper, how one was to understand the complete failure to cite Pauli's argument against the relativistic explanation of doublets. Wentzel found it odd, and was unable to explain it. It was also clear, however, that he did not even quite remember what the Pauli argument had been. He tried, that is, to assimilate it entirely to the exclusion principle which follows it, though only briefly, in time. This completed the discussion of developments prior to the new quantum theory, and Wentzel now turned to a few remarks about reactions to that theory when it came.
About spin, he stated that he had no recollections whatsoever of when and how he first heard of it, or of Just how he felt about it. His only recollections, which he has already really provided, is that he was present at the time of Pauli's conversion which must have occured during the four months he spent in Hamburg, November 1925 to February 1926. He was there to replace Lenz, who was ill , and had gone to adler in Vienna for treatment.
He describes this whole episode by saying, at this time everyone but Pauli had been converted, and Pauli was converted too when he discovered the Thomas factor of two.
This led me to ask why he had himself, still later, published a paper that criticized spin, and what his attitude at that point had been? He indicates that though he presumably accepted the spin theory at that time, it still needed to be checked. Wentzel describes the first of the Heisenberg first "Matrix mechanics" papers as one which was "received as a curious new approach." Real confidence in Matrix mechanics came, he now thinks, only after the reception assimilation of wave mechanics. He himself is not sure how he worked on the new matrix methods—he clearly did some work for he published a paper in the area— and states that he was very much relieved when the Schrödinger formulation appeared. Then he and Sommerfeld were able to use a more familiar sort of mathematics. Asked about the interpretation of Schrödinger's equation, Wentzel feels sure that none of, the people vho had been seriously concerurad with quantum mechanics during the '20s were at all tempted to follow Schrödinger's continuum explanation. Past experience with the photon and other similar phenomina showed that it could not be done. Wentzel's strong impression is that the need for a statistical or guiding wave explanation was taken for granted from the start. Thus, when Born's paper on scattering appeared, people were genuinely inter- ested in the treatment of the scattering problem, but found nothing particularly novel or surprising in the statistical interpretation itself.
In this connection, but with relevance not altogether clear to me, Wetzel pointed out that Schrödinger's paper on the Doppler effect was an extremely important one in this period, though one that has now been largely forgotten. It was this paper, Wentzel insists, in which Schrödinger came closest to taking the photon seriously. Wentzel also insists that he thought not only of wave functions but also of matrix elements as probabilities, and that he thought this about matrix elements even before the Schrödinger function appeared. As he says, it is not an unnatural thing to do for anvone who has previously been treating the Fourier coefficients in the expansion of the classical polarization as related via the Correspondence Principle to the Einstein coefficients. Nevertheless, it is not at all clear that Born, Heisenberg et al. did think of them at all in that way Wentzel next made a few remarks about his own first work on the new quantum theory, stating that both his paper on multiply periodic systems, and his paper on a generalization of the quantum conditions had as an object the attempt to discover how far the old and familiar methods of quantum theory could be recaptured, rediscovered within the new matrix and wave mechanical methods.
He was not, he indicates, very happy with the outcome of the first of the papers. It is not clear to me that that unhappiness may not be largely retrospective, since Wentzel is clearly not very happy with that paper now. Obviously he is a good deal happier with the second paper, which contains his own contribution to the W.K.B. method. About it he also has an interesting remark or two to make. In the first place, wentzel says that the W.K.B. paper -was widely criticized at the time by the Munich Mathematicians who kept asking how can you do all These contour integrals in view of the fact that there is an essential singularity at infinity. Sommerfeld also was very unhappy about this point and quite uncertain whether the method was right. Wentzel tried quite hard to get rid of the essential singularity or to justify proceeding in its presence, and was unable to do so. Nevertheless, he was entirely sure that his result was correct, simply because it came out so very well. In particular he was just delighted with the computation of the second order Stark effect even though it did not agree with the older result by a constant factor. Deriving that constant factor of 19, he now regards as one of his real triumphs.
The implicit contradiction in saying that he was sure of the method because it came out so well and simultaneously that it failed to give the anticipated result is one that he cannot now altogether resolve. Wentzel also insists that his work on this subject was entirely independent of Brillouin's and Brillouin's of his, even though he had already gotten to know Brillouin quite well in Paris and saw him from time to time.
Apparently, during the years from about 1925 Wentzel had a girl friend in Paris and visited there frequently during vacations. While he was there, he also went to seminars and other meetings of scientists where he met Auger, Perrin, Brillouin, and others. Brillouin, in particular, used to take him around a good deal and show him Paris. At this point, the interview departed markedly from chronological order, leaving ground that must be retraced in the final interview.
I asked Wentzel about his views of the interpretation of wave mechanics: the Dirac-Jordan transformation theory, the Lisenberg Uncertainty Principle, and Bohr's Complementarity. On none of these questions had he any special recollections or opinions to contribute. This sort of problem had, he said, never really worried or concerned him at all. One had wave mechanics to work with, and that the thing to go ahead on. His attitude seems to have been very close to that of Sommerfeld.
Asked also whether Sommerfeld had yet become involved, with the theory of metals before he himself left for Leipzig, Wentzel indicates that Sommerfeld's first real involvement with the theory came only after he had gone. Finally, Wentzel remembers that he first heard. Dirac's radiation theory when be visited Göttingen briefly in 1927, and heard Dirac lecture on the subject. That lecture made a great impression on him, particularly since he had been generally quite dissatisfied with the Correspondence Principle treatment of radiation up to this point. In particular, he was very much struck by the fact that at last one could get spontaneous emission naturally into the quantum theory without some forced Correspondence Principle argument. Though this fondness for the Dirac theory does not show up in Wentzel's work until 1929 and after, Wentzel insists that he was Intimately acquainted with the various follow-ups on the Dirac article. In particular, he remembers this literature a great deal better than he remembers other literature of the same period: the Jordan-Klein, Jordan-Wigner, Heisenberg-Pauli, and other relevant papers come immediately to mind, and he speaks with an enthusiasm I have encountered nowhere else about Jordan's closing section of the Born-Heisenberg-Jordan paper which he thinks the very best thing in that paper. Clearly, he began to read and think about the whole set of problems of field theory from a very early date, even though his own publications in the field scarcely start until about 1933.
Asked why he delayed as long as he did in contributing directly to this line of theoretical development, Wentzel gives two sets of reasons. In the first place, his own concern in his work on the photo effect and in Compton's scattering was not the general Compton effect but as the interaction of light with bound electrons. Since, as he puts it, the better Dirac treatment justified the use of the Correspondence Principle in its most usual applications, there was no need to apply the newer and more eleborate theory to his problems until the potentialities of the older method were exhausted.
His concern was not with utilizing the very best methods on an older problem, but with a brand new problem, that of the bound electron. In addition, Wentzel points out that his own work was considerably delayed after 1928 for he then went to Zürich and had to develop courses for the first time. Also, this is just the time at which he got Married. Both of these delayed continuation of his own research.
Nevertheless, Wentzel continues to insist on his enthusiasm for the Whole approach, and gives one further piece of evidence for it which may have some importance for the way the field developed in the United States. When Wentzel came to the United States in 1930 for a visit, he took the Dirac radiation theory as his special topic for lectures and, as he says, propagandized for it all over the United States. In contrast to the radiation theory, the Dirac electron theory did not please Wentzel very much even though he was entirely conscious of its great beauty.
The negative energy state bothered him as did the infinities and hole theory. Wentzel is not really able to take apart these various different problems and to talk about the points at which they came to seem fundamental or irremediable. In talking generally about the problems presented by the Dirac electron, Wentzel insists that Pauli very much shared his unhappiness with that whole approach and that it was not until about 1935, when vacuum polarization and other such approaches became available that either of them began to take the Dirac equation and its correlates at all seriously.
The final talk opened with remarks by Wentzel about his transition from Munich to Leipzig which took place in the autumn of 1926. As the record indicates, what took Wentzel to Leipzig was the offer of a job, in this case an extraordinary professorship. At the time there were rumors that this job, which had been held by a man called Jaffé, had been offered to both Heisenberg and Pauli and that they had both declined it. They had better possibilities in hand, but Wentzel was only a Privatdozent at the time.
In 1926 the two professorships of physics at Leipzig were held by Wiener and Des Coudres. But Des Coudres died even before Wentzel's arrival in Leipzig, and wiener died just a bit later. It was these two almost simultaneous deaths that made possible the sudden and complete rejuvenation of Leipzig as a center for research in physics.
At the time when Wentzel was there, Leipzig in the physical sciences was a relatively old-fashioned and not at all lively institution. The single exceptions were in the area of applied physics, particularly electro-technics, led by a man called Karolus to whom Wentzel was quite close, and also in the group working on hydrodynamics under a man called Schiller. The very fact that the tradition in the sciences was weak proved uable to Wentzel, for it meant that the teaching was easy and undemanding. He taught only an elementary mathematics course for physicists and probably a few special seminars which did not draw much audience. As a result, he had a great deal of time to work on his own problems.
During the course of the Year 1926-27, the chair in experimental physics was offered to Debye who accepted it and rapidly came to Leipzig. He had the decisive voice in selecting the man to fill the chair in theoretical physics, though others were in on the decision also. The choice of Heisenberg seems to have been unanimous, perhaps he was placed even ahead of Pauli. In addition to the role in picking the theoretician, it is likely that Debye had special promises of funds, reorganization, and so on, though Wentzel's recollections on this score are quite vague. Heisenberg arrived in the fall of '27 or thereabouts; a theoretical institute was then started too; and everything was suddenly very very different. Students began to stream in, including Bloch, and there was a very very lively group already during Wentzel's second year at Leipzig. Hund was not yet there, however. He came the following year to replace Wentzel who had, gone on to Zürich.
Looking back, Wentzel insists that these two years were perhaps the most important in his scientific life. It is rather difficult for him apparently to say just why, but it appears to have been largely a combination of the state of the field—good problems to get started on—and the fact that he had a significant amount of time for himself. When he went to Zürich he had important teaching to do and for six years, he says, it took a great deal of his time. This is because he had to develop a standard three year sequence in theoretical physics at Zürich. He did try to develop a new technique to modernize the whole curriculum, giving in particular one semester to quantum mechanics. As a result, he was writing lectures all the time during the second three years.
The overall curriculum at Zürich was the traditional six semester course, given four hours a week. Wentzel himself offered two semesters of mechanics including hydrodynamics, one semester of thermodynamics and kinetic theory, one semester of elecomagnetic theory, one semester of optics, and one semester of quantum mechanics. In addition, he gave two hours per week of special more advanced courses on topics directed to the survey course of the previous semester. As already suggested, these lectures took a great deal of preparation not only the first time they were given, but really again the second. That, combined with his marriage, slowed Wentzel's research significantly.
At Zürich Wentzel's principal colleagues were Pauli,Scherrer, Edgar Meyer, Richard Bär. Some of these men were at the university, some at the Technishe Hochschule. At the university the students came mostly from Switzerland itself, though there were some foreigners. In spite of this, however, most of Wentzel s graduate students there were from abroad. Fierz was actually the first of Wentzel's Swiss graduate students. Earlier gragraduate students were Fischer, a Czech; Bargman, from Berlin; and N. Kemmer,whose background was international in the extreme. Returning now to the period at Leipzig, Wentzel mentioned that he had actually had other offers besides the Zürich offer during the time he there. was there. In particular, he was offered a professorship in Halle. Leipzig, to keep him, offered him a "Personliches Ordinarius," 'that is, an appointment which gave him the title but not the chair of the usual German professorship.
He accepted the Leipzig raise, but then the correspondence with Zürich started and he accepted the job there during the summer of 1928. It was not at all an easy decision. The university job was not so good as an equivalent job at Leipzig. But this was not the only consideration. At Zürich he would have the chair. More important, perhaps, he would be back in the immediate vicinity of his old and admired friend Pauli, with whom he was far closer than he was with Heisenberg. Finally, he could not help being somewhat impressed by the constant reminders from Zürich of the famous tradition created by his predecessors in the Zürich chair : Einstein, Debye, von Laue, and Schrödinger.
Nevertheless it was not easy to leave Leipzig, where the dominating trait for any theorist was Heisenberg's presence and leadership. At this time, however, Heisenberg was Almost excluively concerned with ferro-magnetism. etism. Not nuch, if at all, involved during this year with problems like the Dirac radiation theory and other such problems which were beginning to interest Wentzel considerably. Wentzel now returned to an article-by-article discussion of his own writing. From the Leipzig period, he first took up paper No. 30, "Zwei Bemerkungen Über die Zerstreunng korpuskularer Strahlen als Beugungserscheinung," Zs. f. Phys, 40 [1926-27], 590-593. Though received at the Same time as paper No. 29, this one is actually the earlier in conception and composition. Wentzel describes it as representing the last of the papers in which his fundamental object was to discover a way of preserving older results with the new quantum theory.
The more important part of this paper is actually the one which utilizes a Coulomb force in the Born approximation and thus succeeds in deriving the Rutherford formula , the first time this had been done. Wentzel had a letter from Born about it, saying that he had tried to do the same problem but had been bothered by the divergence of the integrals that resulted when the Coulomb field was introduced. Wentzel had easily gotten around this problem by saying that all atomic forces are ultimately screened and a minimum of screening force is sufficient to make the interval converge.
At this point Wentzel began to try to solve problems that existed but been unsolvable in the old quantum theory. Particularly, he turned to the problems which had been presented by the continuous spectrum. In the development of this work paper No. 29, "Zur Theorie des photoelektrischen Effekts," Zs. f. Phys,40 [1926-27] 574-589, is particularly important, Wentzel feels. It contains the germ of many later methods for handling scattering and conversion problems. By utilizing Sommerfeld's old technique of deforming a contour integral until it gives only an outgoing or only an incoming wave, the paper gives just the solution desired in forms that are now standard for all textbooks though their source is rarely if ever cited. Clearly Wentzel has particular feeling for this paper. No. 31, "Über die Richtungsverteilung der Photoelektronen," Zs. f. Phys,41 [1927], 828-832, Wentzel simply dismisses as "Unimportant and wrong."
Nos. 32 and 34 are the papers "Zur Theorie des Comptoneffekts I," Zs. f. Phys.,43 [1927], 1-8, 779-787. Here characteristics of the photo effect are derived from the Kramers' dispersion formula and the Correspondence Principle treatment. Wentzel feels that this was entirely justified since Dirac had already derived the dispersion formula. Under those circumstances there was no need to utilize the more elaborate theory developed by Dirac himself. In this application it was not needed.


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I was watching A Baby Story (which I'm obsessed with now) and it got me thinking..
What kind of birth did you have? Share you stories too...
Baby Avery John arrived July 25, 5lbs 9oz!!! <3
"I might just decide I want to have a cunt one day and a twat the next."
-Ina May Gaskin
K+G est. 10/8/11
DS little Pumpkin Top 7/26/12
Another little pumpkin due 6/3/15!
teh + cgh (nov. 7, 2009)
gdh {july 5, 2012}- golden boobies & still going strong!
pregnant with #2! (edd-july 23, 2014)
Team green baby GIRL born 7.2012
Baby #2 due 6.2015
Almost had a hospital birth, completely natural. Had they checked me before I got the epi, they would have learned I was 9cm and he was ready to come out.
I checked into the hospital at 9am and when they checked me, I was only 3cm and 80% effaced. By 10:20am, the contractions were too intense and I received my epi. No sooner did the anesthesiologist finish, I told the nurse I felt like I had to have a MAJOR bowel movement. At that point, the nurse looked like a deer in the head lights and checked me out. I was fully dilated and ready to push. Baby boy was born at 11:06am...2 hours and 6 minutes after I checked in. Lol.
So, had I waited for an epi or had they checked me prior to getting it, the birth would have been totally natural. Something I never planned. I'm too much of a wimp and needed that epi!!
Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄ƷProud mommy to Sarah (8-2-09) and Gabriel (7-4-12) Ƹ̵̡Ӝ̵̨̄Ʒ

subset: commoncrawl


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contingency plan
The NHL's 'Emergency Rehabilitation Plan' would cover nightmare scenarios like a plane crash
Sep 7, 2011, 5:10 PM EDT
Are you wondering how the league would handle a situation like the KHL is going through with Lokomotiv Yaroslav? Read about the NHL's "Emergency Rehabilitation Plan" in this post.
The NHL's backup plan for the Winter Classic in case it rains
Dec 27, 2010, 4:39 PM EDT
Comments OffIf you're nervous about what the NHL will do about the Winter Classic should the weather turn poor, fear not, they've got a plan.


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Tour de Acoma Tour de Acoma is a 100, 50 and 25-mile bike challenge covering some of the most breathtaking lands on the Acoma and Laguna Pueblo reservations. An all-paved course that offers both the experienced and recreational cyclist a challenging and rare opportunity to ride through normally restricted tribal lands, this competitive course features opportunities for high speed racing as well as defying uphill endurance tests. http://www.tourdeacoma.com
Hike It & Spike It "... Roswell Hosts World's Largest Annual Flag Football Tournament" An estimated 25,000 players and spectators will once again gather over Memorial Day Weekend when flag-football teams from across the country battle it out on 25 fields at the Cielo Grande Recreation Area in Roswell in the 16th annual "Hike It & Spike It" Four-On-four Flag Football Tournament. Not only is this world's largest annual flag football tournament and a treat for the participants who battle it out on 39 fields at the Cielo Grande Recreation Area; it is a hoot for the spectators that descend on this Southeast New Mexico city. Ceremonies get underway at 8 a.m., followed by games on all fields beginning at 8:30 a.m. and continuing non-stop throughout the day. The finals in all divisions, including "Show Me the Money," are on Sunday. More Information http://www.roswellgridiron.com
Tour de Gila For twenty-three years the Tour of the Gila has remained one of the States most challenging early season stage races and, like many events in 2009, was facing financial challenges. SRAM has enthusiastically taken over title sponsorship of the traditionally hilly five day stage race that begins this April 29 in Silver City, NM. Website http://www.tourofthegila.com/
Doggie Dash & Dawdle Join Animal Humane for our signature event and largest fundraiser, the Doggie Dash & Dawdle. Recognized as Albuquerque's must attend pet owner event, Doggie Dash attracts more than 4,500 attendees. Animal Humane is committed to being the leader in next-generation animal shelters. We have proactively developed a full-range of programs and services dedicated to helping people connect with a lifelong companion and working with them to keep that relationship balanced and happy. On every level of interaction we strive to create positive, hopeful experiences that can change lives. Our pet residents will always be provided a healthy, safe, loving environment. Our customers can expect to be treated with compassion and respect, and our supporters can trust in our integrity, dedication, competence and transparent accountability. Website http://animalhumanenm.org/pets/events/doggie_dash_dawdle/
Roswell Senior Olympics New Mexico Senior Olympics features over 107 events in 28 different sports in 130+ communities and 32 Local Game Sites across the state encouraging a healthy lifestyle in mature adults 50+. New Mexico Senior Olympics State Team Tournaments are open to out-of-state teams in Basketball 3 on 3, Softball, and Volleyball. New Mexico Senior Olympics is dedicated to provide adults 50+ with opportunities for a healthy active lifestyle. Our mission is to promote physical fitness for seniors statewide: provide year-round opportunities and motivation for adults 50+ to participate in local, state and national games. Website http://nmseniorolympics.org/
Tour de Ruidoso The Annual Tour de Ruidoso is a Fundraising event to benefit a variety of local not-for-profit organizations. And the Tour De Ruidoso will give you the challenge you've been searching for! Website http://www.bicycleruidoso.com/tour-de-ruidoso-century-ride


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Nero is so easy to use now... I like it. At least to be able to backup my entire hardrive on CD it is too easy, it makes me kind of laugh.
If the product is still good why bother about their...
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Three Girls About Town
Three Girls About Town | |
Theatrical Poster
Directed by | Leigh Jason |
Produced by | Samuel Bischoff |
Written by | Richard Carroll |
Starring | Joan Blondell Binnie Barnes Janet Blair |
Cinematography | Franz Planer |
Edited by | Charles Nelson |
Distributed by | Columbia Pictures |
Release dates
October 23, 1941 |
Running time
75 minutes |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Three Girls About Town is a 1941 Columbia comedy film directed by Leigh Jason. The story is written by Richard Carroll and stars Joan Blondell, Binnie Barnes and Janet Blair (in her film debut).
The Merchants Hotel is hosting a convention for morticians and a mediation meeting between aircraft manufacturers and their workers. This makes hotel manager Puddle worry about an article in the papers criticizing the hotel's policy on employing hostesses.
The article upsets more people on the staff, and Tommy Hopkins, who is in charge of press information at the hotel is scolded by his fiancé Hope Banner, who is also head hostess. Tommy has tried to get Hope to get another job with "regular" hours, but he hasn't spread this information to the press.
Hope works the long and uncomfortable hours to send her younger sister, Charity, to a private school. However, right after Hope and Tommy's argument, Charity announces that she will quit school to be a hostess like her older sister. Hope is shocked and tries to convince her otherwise, together with another hostess, Faith.
Meanwhile, a dead body is found in another part of the hotel in one of the rooms, by housekeeper Maggie and some of the maids. After telling Puddle, he decides to dump the body in an alley for someone else to find. As they try to do so, they are interrupted by the chief of police and a group of women outraged by the article about the legality of the hiring of hostesses in the hotel. Hope manages to fend them off by telling them there is no illegal hiring.
Tommy realizes that the dead body is in fact the labor mediator who has ye to show up at the mediation meeting. He phones a newspaper and tell them about this. When Hope and Faith finds out, they move the body to not ruin the hotel's reputation. But when the chief of police comes near, they have to hide it in a guest's room. Unfortunately the body is discovered by the guest and heruns off to call the police.
Meanwhile, hope and Faith retrieve the body and hide it on a laundry cart. Tommy takes the body off the cart and uses it as an extra player in a game of cards, calling it "sleepy Joe". The corpse wins the forst round, and the others call it a "lucky stiff". Hope and Faith find the corpse at the card game and puts on a show, scolding the stiff, claiming it is Hope's lost husband. They manage to carry "Joe" out of there, but again bumps into the chief of police in the hallway.
Desperate to hide the body, they dump it in a coffin in mortician Josephus Wiegel's room. The coffin is then hauled away into the morticians' convention room. The editor who Tommy told about the missing mediator, Fred Chambers, arrives to the hotel press room, and finds out the body is now lost. He is furious, and tells Tommy that the story is already printed and that they have to find the body.
Tommy asks Charity to tell him where the body is, and she tells him it is on display in the convention room. After talking to Tommy, she gets an evil idea in her head, and tells Hope that Tommy just proposed to her.
When the newspapers arrive in the morning, and when the chief of police reads the story, he decides to find Tommy. Tommy tries to hide at the mediation meeting, posing as the dead mediator himself. He talks for a long while of patriotism and manages to prevent the aircraft workers from going on a strike.
Soon the chief of police find him and arrest him. Tommy loses his job and Hope regrets that she put the corpse in the coffin in the first place. She decides to make things right by bringing the corpse back, and involves Puddle in the plan. They all get arrested for wrongful handling of the dead body, but Tommy is promoted when the editor sees the corpse.
When the body is carried out through the hotel lobby, a passing man recognizes the body and with a clap of his hands brings the man back to life. It turns out he had just paralyzed the man with hypnosis. Everyone arrested is released again, and Tommy announces he is to get married. Hope believes it is Charity he intends to tie the knot with, but Tommy proposes to Hope. Charity is spanked for her mean prank, by everyone involved.[1]
- Joan Blondell – Hope Banner
- Binnie Barnes – Faith Banner
- Janet Blair – Charity Banner
- John Howard – Tommy Hopkins
- Robert Benchley – Wilburforce Puddle, hotel manager
- Hugh O'Connell – Chief of police
- Frank McGlynn Sr. – Josephus Wiegel, senior mortician
- Eric Blore – Charlemagne, looking for Charlie
- Paul Harvey – Fred Chambers, editor
- Una O'Connor – Maggie O'Callahan, scrubwoman
- Almira Sessions – Tessie Conarchy, scrubwoman
- Dorothy Vaughan – Mrs. McDougall, scrubwoman
- Charles Lane – Mortician
- Bess Flowers – Mortician's wife


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Welcome to Artcetera. Arts-and-entertainment writers and critics post movie news, concert updates, people items, video, photos and more. Share your views. Check it daily. Remain in the know. Contributors: Mary Abbe, Aimee Blanchette, Jon Bream, Tim Campbell, Colin Covert, Laurie Hertzel, Tom Horgen, Neal Justin, Claude Peck, Rohan Preston, Chris Riemenschneider, Graydon Royce, Randy Salas and Kristin Tillotson.
Staff Benda Bilili / Photo provided by Walker Art Center.
Visa problems have forced cancellation of the U.S. tour of the Congolese band Staff Benda Bilili, which included a concert date on Sept. 27 at the Cedar Cultural Center in Minneapolis.
The concert was part of a Walker Art Center-sponsored mini-festival of dance and music of the Congo, including a Sept. 23-24 performance by Faustin Linyekula and Studios Kabako, which remains on the schedule.
Fans of the canceled band have one consolation: a free screening of a documentary about Staff Benda Bilili at the Walker on September 22 (7:30 p.m.).
Ticket-buyers can get refunds via the venue where they purchased their tickets in person or via phone. The Cedar Box Office: 612-338-2674 ext 2, The Walker Art Center Box Office: 612-375-7600.


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Chremslach is a pancake made with matzo meal instead of flour. The pancakes are usually deep-fried, resembling fritters, but these are briefly pan-fried then baked.
8 servings (serving size: 2 chremslach and about 1/2 cup compote))
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- 1 c. matzo cake meal
- 0.25 c. dried currants
- 0.25 c. coarsely chopped walnuts
- 1.50 tsp. grated lemon rind
- 0.50 tsp. ground cinnamon
- 0.13 tsp. salt
- 1 c. water
- 1 tbsp. fresh lemon juice
- 0.50 tsp. vanilla extract
- 0.25 c. sugar
- Cooking spray
- Mixed fruit Compote
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Lightly spoon matzo cake meal into a dry measuring cup; level with a knife. Combine the matzo cake meal and next 5 ingredients (matzo cake meal through salt) in a large bowl; stir well. Add water, juice, vanilla, and egg yolks; stir with a fork until blended.
- Beat egg whites with a mixer at high speed until foamy. Gradually add 1/4 cup sugar, 1 tablespoon at a time, beating until stiff peaks form. Gently stir one-fourth egg white mixture into matzo mixture; gently fold in remaining egg white mixture. Cover and chill 15 minutes.
- Heat a large nonstick skillet coated with cooking spray over medium-high heat. Drop dough by tablespoons into pan; cook 1 minute per side or until lightly browned.
- Place chremslach on a baking sheet; bake at 350 degrees F for 10 minutes. Serve with Mixed Fruit Compote.


text:
ESPN.com: NBA | [Print without images] |
Webber gives the Sixers another scoring option. |
" | Talk about a guy that does it all. He loves to pass and he has a very high basketball IQ. We haven't had a physical, intimidating low-post presence like him for a while. " | |
-- Sixers foward Kyle Korver on new teammate Chris Webber |
Mitch Lawrence, who covers the NBA for the New York Daily News, is a regular contributor to ESPN.com.


text:
Web Research, Admin support, VA, Writing, Data Mining Professional
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text:
Shepard Cary receipt from Isaac L. Cornelius, Fort Fairfield, 1848
Contributed by Cary Library
Purchase a reproduction of this item on VintageMaineImages.com.
Shepard Cary, prominent Houlton merchant, legislator and lumberman was agent for the Aroostook Boom Company at Ft. Fairfield.
The company gathered white pine timber "sticks" harvested in the Aroostook River Watershed and arranged for their transportation, often to Fredericton, New Brunswick. Many of the logs were shipped farther downriver to St. John, New Brunswick.
Shepard Cary's brother-in-law Collins Whitaker served as his principal agent at St. John, as well as U.S. Consul there. With this receipt Isaac L. Cornelius acknowledged receipt of a raft of 71 sticks of white pine timber for which he was to be paid 5 pounds upon delivery at Spring Hill (Fredericton).
The receipt, dated May 15, 1848, shows a continuation of the earlier spelling of "Arestook," despite the fact that the spelling of "Aroostook" was chosen officially in 1839 when Aroostook County separated from Washington County.
Other Information
- Title: Shepard Cary receipt from Isaac L. Cornelius, Fort Fairfield, 1848
- Creator: Cornelius, Isaac L.
- Creation Date: 1848-05-15
- Subject Date: 1848-05-15
- Town: Fort Fairfield, Fredericton, Spring Hill
- County: Aroostook, York
- State: ME, NB
- Media: ink on paper
- Dimensions (cm): 24 x 19
- Object Type: Text
For more information about this item, contact:
Cary Library
107 Main Street, Houlton, ME 04730
(207) 532-1302
Cross Reference Searches
LC Subject Headings
Logs--Transportation--New Brunswick
Receipts (Acknowledgements)
Lumber industry--Maine
Cornelius, Isaac L.
Cary, Shepard
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* Sterling regains some ground vs safe haven dollar
* Bank downgrades knock appetite for riskier currencies
* Weale says scope for more QE without inflation worry
By Nia Williams
LONDON, June 22 (Reuters) - Sterling steadied against the safe-haven dollar on Friday, paring losses from the previous day when a ratings downgrade of the world's major banks knocked investor appetite for perceived riskier currencies.
British banks Barclays, HSBC and RBS were among 15 banks downgraded by ratings agency Moody's on Thursday.
Some analysts said the pound may edge higher as traders who built up long dollar positions in anticipation of the Moody's downgrade take profits, although concerns about the escalating euro zone debt crisis were likely to limit investor appetite for riskier assets.
"Against a general backdrop of weaker U.S. data and bank downgrades the dollar has been stronger and all other major currencies, sterling included, have been weak," said Michael Derks, chief strategist at FxPro.
"But traders might be closing out short positions so sterling and other non-dollar currencies could creep a little higher today."
Sterling rose 0.1 percent to $1.5605, with market players expecting resistance at the 200-day moving average around $1.5749.
The euro dipped 0.2 percent against sterling to 80.25 pence. Commerzbank technical strategists said a firm break below that level would open the door to a test of the 3-1/2 year low of 79.50 pence hit in May.
Strategists said moves in sterling in coming weeks would be driven by speculation over whether Bank of England policymakers will vote to expand the 325 billion pound asset purchase programme to boost growth at their July meeting.
Policymaker Martin Weale, who voted with the 5-4 majority against extending the purchases this month, said in a speech on Thursday that the central bank had scope for more monetary stimulus without creating inflation risks.
Quantitative easing can be seen as negative for a currency as it increases the supply of pounds in the system, although some analysts said signs policymakers would take active steps to protect the UK economy from the euro zone crisis may be taken as sterling positive.
(Editing by Catherine Evans)
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text:
Did I ever tell you about the time
I was changed into a rabbit
That's right, I was
Changed into a rabbit by the midnight owl
That's right, the midnight owl
You don't believe me, ask the red fox
He saw it, shook him so bad he ran tucky tail
Didn't even chase me that night
And you know he likes to chase rabbit
How I come to be there? That's another story
I was trying to get home, walking the flattire road
When the midnight owl swoops on my shoulder
Wings flapping in my ear, I jump right out of my skin
I think that's how he did it, I jumped right out of my skin
Rabbit looking for a place to hide, he jumped right in
So there I was, a scared little rabbit
On the flattire road, looking for a place to hide
And all I know about rabbits is what I've seen on cartoon TV
Rabbit eats a carrot, but what eats a rabbit?
I'll tell you what eats a rabbit, shakeashake eats a rabbit
I'm there by the side of the road when
I hear a shakeashake sliding up from the ditch
A low, slow snaky sound, louder shakeashake
Louder shakeashake
Slithers up beside me, white fangs hanging
In the moonlight, poison for my neck
Me, just a little rabbit
I don't know what to do when a shakeashake moves
Then I hear the wind whisper jump little rabbit
I jumped so high you never saw my shadow land
And my heart is beating faster now
Oh, much faster now
I'm across a field and looking for a hideyhole
Wishing I was home in my safe snugabed
A helzahowl is baying, and the red fox goes running by
But he's no time for chasing me, the helzahowl is chasing him
Fox gives a wink instead and then he climbs inside the moon
I'm wishing I could rest, my heart pounding
In my chest but tonight is just for jumping
And for hopping, not for stopping
Helzahowl is on me in the yellow of a tooth
And his snarl has got me cornered by the beetleberry tree
I'm just a little rabbit, just a scared little rabbit
I don't know what to do when a helzahowl moves
Then I hear the wind whisper jump little rabbit
So I jump into the tree, where he couldn't follow me
And that is how I found the midnight owl
Who who who sleeps in the beetle berry tree
I was just a little rabbit, but he woke with such
A start that he jumped right out of his skin
And that is how I did it, see, I jumped right in
I flew to the moon where I found the red fox
And I can tell you he was sure
Surprised to see the likes of me
He winks and chases me once
Around the moon for old time's sake
And then I drop him off at six o'clock
And he and I agree we would get our story straight
We got our story straight and I'm sticking to it now
I was changed into a rabbit, but please don't ask me how
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text:
Mount Olive men travel to UNC Wilmington for exhibition game Saturday
Published in Sports on November 4, 2005 1:59 PM
Don't look now, but "March Madness" is here. Actually, March Madness is still about four months away, but Mount Olive hoops season is under way. Mount Olive opens its 2005-06 season Saturday as the Trojans travel to Wilmington, N.C., to...Please log in to see full story.
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text:
How can you pick Penn St. to win it all with your picks. I would say you have Minn winning it all with 2 champs, 8 all americans, and 2 rnd of 12s.
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How can you pick Penn St. to win it all with your picks. I would say you have Minn winning it all with 2 champs, 8 all americans, and 2 rnd of 12s.
I like to see some out of the box thinking!
1. I love the picks (especially 125). I have been bored with the lack of posting the last few days. Bored no more!
2. About Penn State - the Lions would have to pick up bonus in every match they win to finish in first. With them not even making R12 in 4 weights (133, 141, 149, HWT) they might even need to pick up bonus points in some of the matched they lose, which is hard.
Those are some crazy picks and I doubt any of your shocking prediction wil happen, but I feel confident that something equally or more shockong will happen,b ecasue it does every year.
You've got all of Minnesota wrestling above seed, save Dardanes at 141. Gopher fan?
Yes Gopher fan. But... Minnesota guys outperforming their seeds is due to a number of factors. The Gophers wrestled one of the toughest schedules this year so they have more losses than most other guys. Wrestling with Injuries/illness resulted in some uncharacteristic losses. Seeding committee just plain blew it on a few (Storley, Ness, & Schiller)
I am guessing team score was based mostly on guessing and not on the actual picks. The one that of course won't happen in this universe is Grajales finishing second, everything else has at least a 1%-5% chance of happening
Hey why pick if you can't pick with your heart, I had six PSU finalists in my first draft! Still you're right; Minny got jobbed on a number of seeds and they, like Iowa, always seem to overachieve in the tourney. Why'd you leave Nick out, he is seeded 8th after all?