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Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 71–84
Role of the anterior temporal lobe in repetition and semantic priming:
evidence from a patient with a category-specific deficit
Elizabeth A. Kensingera,∗, Simona Siria,c,d, Stefano F. Cappac,d, Suzanne Corkina,b
aDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Clinical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
NE20-392, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
bMGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Functional and Structural Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
cVita Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
dIRCCS, Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
Received 1 November 2001; received in revised form 15 July 2002; accepted 22 July 2002
and semantic priming. Only the investigation of patients with selective lesions, however, can establish the necessity of these particular
generation) and a test of semantic priming to a patient (J.P.) with a category-specific deficit stemming from bilateral damage to the anterior
education-matched CON; ANOVAs indicated no interaction between group and prime condition. These findings suggest that the anterior
fusiform and anterior temporal lobe are not required for these priming effects. J.P. also showed normal repetition priming even for items
that he had never been able to name or to provide semantic information about. On the semantic priming task, J.P. showed normal levels
of priming across categories. When we separately analyzed his priming for items he could never name or access information about versus
items that he had been able to name on at least two testing sessions, we found priming for the latter items, but not for the former. This
result suggests that category-specific deficits resulting from damage to the anterior temporal lobes may disrupt the automatic, rapid access
of semantic information of some items.
© 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Perceptual priming; Conceptual priming; Semantic priming; Temporal lobectomy; Category-specific deficit
1. Introduction
tinction is between declarative (explicit) and non-declarative
(implicit) memory. Declarative memory refers to processes
requiring conscious or intentional retrieval of information.
Non-declarative memory, in contrast, demonstrates the ef-
fect of prior experiences on performance using tasks that do
not require conscious information retrieval. Priming encom-
passes non-declarative memory tasks that measure response
bias or reduction in response latency resulting from prior
exposure to identical or related information.
Priming is not monolithic, and a number of distinct types
of priming have been suggested. Repetition priming is one
subdivision, whereby prior exposure to a stimulus facilitates
or biases a response to a perceptually or conceptually iden-
∗Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-617-253-0784; fax: +1-617-253-1504.
E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (E.A. Kensinger).
tical stimulus. Semantic priming is another subset whereby
exposure to a stimulus facilitates or biases response to a
conceptually related (but not identical) stimulus.
2. Neural substrates supporting repetition priming
Even within these subtypes, dissociable processing mech-
anisms may underlie the priming effects. For example,
repetition priming may be separated into perceptual and
conceptual domains [28,29].
2.1. Perceptual repetition priming
Perceptual repetition priming refers to the facilitated pro-
cessing of an object or word due to its repetition. In the stan-
dard paradigm, participants study a list of objects or words,
and after a brief delay, perform what is presented as an un-
related task (e.g. identifying words flashed very briefly on
0028-3932/03/$ – see front matter © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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E.A. Kensinger et al./Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 71–84
the screen). Priming is measured as the reduction in latency
to identify previously presented as compared to unstudied
Perceptual priming appears to occur at a pre-semantic
and pre-lexical level: priming can occur for newly formed
representations (e.g. pseudowords) that have no pre-existing
representations [19,29,55]. In addition, levels of processing
manipulations do not alter the magnitude of the priming
effect [55]. Instead, the effect is modulated by perceptual
overlap at study and test: the effect is greatest when the
perceptual characteristics, such as font, size, and format,
remain constant [26,54,74].
Neuroimaging studies that have examined the neural sub-
strate of perceptual repetition priming in healthy adults have
frequently found priming-related decreases in activation in
a variety of cortical regions. Reductions in activation have
been discovered in visual areas including extrastriate occip-
ital cortex [6,7,45,52] and posterior fusiform regions [6,7].
Decreases in activation (for studied as compared to unstud-
ied items), also frequently extend into more anterior regions
of the inferior temporal cortex [6,7,75] and insular cortex
([7,48]; see [5,53] for review). These data suggest that repe-
tition priming may result in reduced neural activity in these
Neuroimaging studies of normal control participants,
however, cannot establish the necessity of brain regions [47]
because the areas activated by a particular task represent the
functional network correlated with a cognitive operation,
and may include components that are not required for task
performance. Investigations of patients with focal lesions,
in contrast, can pinpoint the anatomical regions whose
integrity is necessary for task performance.
ple studies in patients have indicated that posterior temporal-
occipital regions are needed for successful performance.
Patients with damage to these posterior regions do not show
perceptual repetition priming effects [9,17,30]. Only a few
lesion studies, however, have examined whether the more
anterior regions that also show modulation in neuroimaging
experiments are required for successful performance. Some
of these studies have suggested a role of the anterior tem-
poral lobe in item repetition effects: patients with anterior
temporal lobectomies show reduced ERP repetition effects
during explicit recognition tasks (e.g. patients show simi-
lar ERP responses to "old" and "new" words [49,60,65]),
suggesting altered responses to item repetition. Other re-
search examining performance on implicit measures of item
repetition, however, has pointed to preserved perceptual rep-
etition priming in patients with damage to the anterior tem-
poral lobes. Srinivas et al. [62] found that a patient with
bilateral anterior temporal lobe damage, resulting from se-
mantic dementia, showed normal levels of perceptual prim-
ing for novel and familiar objects. Geva et al. [20] also
found preserved perceptual priming (for proper names) in a
patient with prosopanomia and damage to the left temporal
The first goal of the present study was to examine per-
ceptual repetition priming for novel verbal material in a pa-
tient (J.P.) who had bilateral lesions of the anterior portion
of the temporal lobes. We asked whether the effects of rep-
etition of verbal material would be present with anterior
temporal lobe damage, thus allowing leverage on the ques-
tion of whether the anterior temporal regions implicated in
neuroimaging studies are critical for successful perceptual
repetition priming.
2.2. Conceptual repetition priming
The second goal of this study was to examine the neces-
sity of the anterior temporal lobes for conceptual repetition
priming. Support for a conceptual basis of repetition priming
comes from studies of cross-modal and masked-form repeti-
tion priming: for example, hearing a word will later facilitate
a response to the visually presented word [31], or seeing a
masked word prime can decrease naming latency for a pic-
ture [14]. These priming effects cannot rely on perceptual
similarity, because the study and test phases (or prime and
target elements) use different formats.
Neuropsychological data also support the dissociation of
perceptual and conceptual priming. Alzheimer's disease re-
sults in impaired performance on conceptual priming tasks,
such as category-exemplar generation [70] or word-stem
completion priming [8,18,23], but preserved performance
on perceptually based repetition priming tasks using pseu-
dowords [28,29] or novel visual stimuli [18]. Conversely,
damage to the temporo-occipital region impairs repetition
priming for pseudowords [29], but not for conceptual tasks
The neuroimaging studies that have addressed the neural
substrates of conceptual priming have found priming-related
changes in temporal regions including the middle and su-
perior temporal gyri [1,52], as well as (relatively posterior)
inferior temporal regions [7,59]. The literature examining
the effect of temporal lobe damage on conceptual repetition
priming is sparse. Nielsen-Bohlman et al. [43] found that pa-
tients with unilateral inferior temporo-occipital lesions were
impaired on word-stem completion priming tasks, which
are believed to rely on perceptual and conceptual features
[17–46]. These patients' lesions were located more poste-
riorly than that of J.P. To our knowledge, no studies have
assessed conceptual repetition priming in patients with bi-
lateral damage to the anterior portion of the temporal lobes.
This issue was, therefore, the second goal of the present
3. Are category-specific semantic deficits accompanied
by implicit conceptual knowledge?
Conceptual repetition priming and semantic priming are
impaired in patients with degenerative diseases that cause
widespread damage to the semantic knowledge system.
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E.A. Kensinger et al./Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 71–84
Alzheimer's disease patients are impaired on conceptual
priming tests, including category-exemplar generation [70]
and word-stem completion [8,18,23,28], as well as on se-
mantic priming tasks [4]. Similarly, patients with semantic
dementia frequently show impaired performance on seman-
tic priming tasks [39,40,42,69]. Although the temporal lobe
damage in these diseases is relatively diffuse, neuroimaging
studies suggest that the anterior temporal lobes may be par-
ticularly important for the priming effects: there appear to
be priming-related activation decreases in left inferior pre-
frontal cortex and left anterior temporal cortex [32,41]. To
our knowledge, no study has investigated semantic priming
in a non-demented patient with a relatively circumscribed
lesion in the anterior temporal lobes. We, therefore, sought
to determine whether J.P. would show normal levels of
semantic priming.
As a corollary of this goal, we wanted to examine whether
J.P. would show different priming effects for spared and im-
paired categories, on tasks of conceptual repetition as well
as semantic priming. We found no studies that systemat-
ically examined this issue in non-demented patients with
category-specific semantic deficits (but see [56,72] for rele-
vant discussion). One study [39] examined semantic prim-
ing in a patient with advanced semantic dementia who had a
deficit primarily for non-living objects, that patient showed
impaired semantic priming (also see [3] for a similar study
in Alzheimer's disease patients). It is an open question as
to whether such findings generalize to patients with re-
stricted category-specific deficits in the absence of demen-
tia. We were interested in examining whether a patient with
a stable, category-specific deficit on tasks requiring naming
or explicit generation of semantic knowledge would show
category-specific impairments on implicit memory tasks that
rely on rapid and automatic processes.
4. Present experiment
To investigate whether repetition and semantic priming
were intact following an anterior temporal lobe lesion, we
administered three tests of repetition priming (pseudoword
identification, masked-form priming, and category-exemplar
generation) and one test of semantic priming to J.P. and con-
trol participants. Within the domains of conceptual repeti-
tion priming and semantic priming, we wanted to discover
whether J.P.'s priming capacities would differ for categories
on which he showed preserved semantic processing as com-
pared to categories on which he was impaired. While it is
clear that J.P.'s declarative semantic knowledge is impaired
for select categories of information, this investigation sought
evidence about whether his deficit extended to automatic,
implicit processes. We, therefore, analyzed J.P.'s priming
with words from spared and impaired categories. We believe
that this study is the first to examine, in a non-demented
patient, whether category-specific naming deficits extend to
tasks that require automatic, fast-access to information, or
whether the deficits are confined to tasks that require declar-
ative, intentional access of information (see [3,39,69] for
similar studies in demented patients).
5. Methods
5.1. Participants (patient J.P.)
At the time of testing, J.P. was a 27-year-old, right-handed
college graduate. His cognitive abilities were normal apart
from a stable category-specific deficit.
5.1.1. Case history
In September 1995, at age 22, J.P. was admitted to the
Berkshire Medical Center, Pittsfield, MA, with a 2-week
history of severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. A CT
scan revealed a left temporal lobe lesion. MRI confirmed
the left-hemisphere damage and showed right-hemisphere
abnormality as well. J.P. was diagnosed with herpes sim-
plex encephalitis and started on treatment with Acyclovir.
Despite treatment, his condition worsened, and he became
increasingly confused and lethargic. A CT scan revealed
hemorrhage in the left anterior temporal lobe with uncal
herniation. Due to the progression of the herniation, a left
temporal lobectomy with resection of the hematoma was
performed. He improved gradually following the surgery
and was discharged from the hospital in October 1995. In
June 1997, he was sufficiently improved to return to col-
lege. Only the naming impairment remained a concern. In
June 1999, J.P. graduated from college, and he began work
as an engineer, the following month.
5.1.2. Neuroanatomical lesion
An MRI scan performed in 1999 using a 3 Tesla Signa
System scanner revealed the left anterior temporal lobe le-
sion as well as right-hemisphere signal abnormality (Fig. 1).
Sulcal widening and enlargement of the right temporal horn
indicated shrinkage of the right anterior temporal lobe. Bi-
lateral signal abnormality was seen in the fusiform gyrus and
in the white matter lateral to the temporal horn. The pos-
terior third of the inferior temporal and fusiform gyri were
spared bilaterally.
5.1.3. Category-specific semantic deficit
J.P.'s category-specific deficit has been tracked from 1996
to 2001. His performance has been stable over that time,
and he has been consistently impaired on the categories:
fruits, vegetables, birds, insects, and musical instruments.
In contrast, his performance on other categories has been
relatively preserved.
J.P. was tested on the same picture naming task [61] in
1996, 1997, and 1999. On all three occasions, he was im-
paired on the categories of fruits (1996—20%, 1997—50%,
1999—50%), vegetables (1996—25%, 1997—50%, 1999—
50%), birds (1996—37.5%, 1997—62.5%, 1999—50%),
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E.A. Kensinger et al./Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 71–84
Fig. 1. Location of J.P.'s lesion. In the left-hemisphere, J.P.'s lesion included the entire temporal pole (the area of resection; see arrows in A and B) and
extended to the anterior third of the superior temporal gyrus. The middle temporal gyrus appeared damaged in its anterior half (A, B). The left lateral
ventricle was larger than the right (A, B, C). Signal abnormality was seen in the anterior fusiform gyrus bilaterally (B); the posterior third of the anterior
fusiform gyrus was spared (C).
insects (1996—62.5%, 1997—75%, 1999—62.5%), and
musical instruments (1996—37.5%, 1997—50%, 1999—
37.5%). He also showed a deficit in the domain of flowers
(10%), on a different set of pictures (from Lorraine Tyler,
personal communication). In contrast, he showed relatively
normal performance for the categories of animals (1996—
75%, 1997—100%, 1999—100%), clothing (1996—87.5%,
1997—87.5%, 1999—100%),
1997—100%, 1999—100%), and parts of the human body
(1996—100%, 1997—100%, 1999—100%). This pattern
of spared and impaired performance remained when items
were matched for familiarity and visual complexity [58].
In 2001, J.P. was tested with a different set of pictures
[11] and again was found to be impaired on the categories
of fruits and vegetables (34%), birds (45%), flowers (8%),
and musical instruments (36%). Insects were not included
on this task. His naming ability was relatively preserved for
animals (81%), clothing (92%), furniture (93%), vehicles
stability not only in the categories in which he is impaired,
but also with the particular items. A χ2-test of association
indicated a consistency between the first and second testing
sessions that exceeded that expected by chance (χ2= 7.54,
P < 0.05), and also between the second and third sessions
(χ2= 11.49, P < 0.001).
J.P.'s deficit extends to accessing semantic informa-
tion. He is impaired at identifying the real-life colors of
black-and-white line drawings from impaired categories
(e.g. he said that a pumpkin was purple) but not from
spared categories. This deficit existed when he was asked
to name the color of the objects, and when he was asked
to pick out the color of yarn that would best match the
color of an object. J.P. also showed deficits in matching an
object to its definition, for the above-mentioned categories
(fruit—25%; vegetable—37.5%; birds—75%; insects—
75%; instruments—75%) but not for spared categories (all
100%). He also scored below normal on tasks requiring
him to answer questions regarding the functional and visual
properties of fruits and vegetables (<75%, only these two
categories were assessed on this task). More details on his
category-specific deficit are reported in [56].
5.1.4. General cognitive function
In testing sessions conducted between 1997 and 2000, we
assessed J.P.'s overall cognitive function. We report here the
relevant scores on tests of visual ability, attention, frontal
lobe function, memory, and I.Q. More details are reported
in [58].
5.1.5. Visual acuity
J.P.'s visual acuity and depth perception were normal
as assessed by: Snellen Acuity Test, Randot Stereo Acuity
Test (Stereo Optical, Chicago, IL), and the Vistech Contrast
Sensitivity Test (Vistech Consultant, Dayton, OH). He also
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E.A. Kensinger et al./Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 71–84
Table 1
J.P.'s scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (A) and Wechsler Memory Scale (B) as a function of testing session
October 1995 February 1996April 1996 June 1997August 2000
Full scale I.Q.
Verbal I.Q.
Performance I.Q.
128 100
April 1996 June 1997July 1999August 2000
General memory
Verbal memory
Visual memory
Attention and concentration
Delayed memory
versity Color Vision Test [16]; Ishihara Test for color blind-
ness [25]; Farnsworth Dichotomous Test for color blindness
[13]; and Lanthony Color Test [33]).
His score on the Benton Facial Recognition Test [34] was
normal compared to that of 20 age- and education-matched
CON (J.P.'s score = 45, CON mean = 47.76, S.D. = 3.57),
as were his scores on the Hidden Figures Test [67] (25/27
both Parts IV and V, all within the time limits). His copy of
the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figures Test [44] was perfect.
A neuro-ophthalmological examination in July 1999 re-
vealed a modest refractive error in the left eye, correctable
with pinhole to better than 20/20. Acuity in the right eye
was better than 20/20. The only possible abnormality was
detected in the right homonymous superior quadrant of the
visual field. According to the neuro-ophthalmological re-
port, this deficit "was subtle ... and should not be disrup-
tive for any visual tests." A neurological examination was
5.1.6. Attention and frontal lobe function
J.P. performed normally on tests of frontal lobe func-
tion, including the Stroop Test [64] (109 words, 74 color,
58 color/words, means for 20 age- and education-matched
CON = 112.2, 79.3, 48.7) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
[22,38] (6 categories, 10 total errors, no perseverative er-
rors). His forward digit span was 8 and his backward digit
span was 7.
5.1.7. Memory
J.P.'s scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale and Wechsler
Adult Intelligence Scale [73] are reported in Table 1. His
1h recall of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figures Test [44]
was normal (23/36, 20 age- and education-matched CON =
23.9, S.D. = 3.42). On the Recognition Memory Test [71],
J.P. showed normal memory for faces (44/50) but impaired
recognition for words (36/50). His poor performance on this
task is due, at least in part, to the inclusion of words from
impaired categories.
5.1.8. Healthy control participants
J.P.'s performance was compared to that of 10 age-,
education- and sex-matched control participants (CON).
They were MIT undergraduate or graduate students whom
we screened to eliminate those with a history of alcoholism,
major heart disease, cancer, or neurological or psychiatric
disorders. All participants were right-handed native English
speakers. They were tested individually and were remuner-
ated at a rate of US$ 10 per hour for their participation.
5.2. Tasks
5.2.1. Repetition priming
220.127.116.11. Pseudoword repetition priming (adapted from
The studied stimuli were 38 six-letter pseudowords
Participants first were shown each pseudoword for 2000ms
and were asked to pronounce it as it appeared on the com-
puter screen.1They were asked to be consistent in their
pronunciation of the pseudowords, but not to worry about
whether their pronunciation was "correct." They saw 16
pseudowords presented once and 16 pseudowords presented
three times (once within each third of the list). Because
repetition priming effects can be small, and because we
were comparing the priming effects of a single patient to
a group of CON, we wanted to assure that the magnitude
of priming in the CON was sufficient to allow comparison
with that of J.P. We, therefore, used item repetition because
this manipulation has been shown to increase the size of
1This task deviates from the method used in some perceptual priming
tasks in that there are both visual-perceptual (study-test presentation) and
auditory (participants' pronunciation) components. Nonetheless, this task
has been used to measure priming of perceptual identification in numerous
studies comparing performance of patients with Alzheimer's disease [29],
bilateral occipital lobe lesions [30], and medial temporal lobe lesions
[30]. The reliability of this task has been measured in a large group of
healthy participants; priming effects elicited by the task show sensitivity
to perceptual manipulations just as do other perceptual priming tasks
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E.A. Kensinger et al./Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 71–84
the priming effect [27,30]. Three filler pseudowords were
presented at the beginning and end of the list to remove
primacy and recency effects.
This study phase was followed by a perceptual identifi-
cation task. Participants were told that they would perform
a task unrelated to the study task. They were instructed that
a series of "nonsense words" would appear briefly on the
computer screen and that they were to identify each of the
words by pronouncing them aloud. Each trial was preceded
by a fixation cross ("+") in the middle of the screen. Partici-
pants were asked to fixate on that cross in preparation for the
appearance of the pseudoword. On each trial, a pseudoword
was then flashed on the computer screen and replaced by a
backward mask ("######") which remained on the screen
for 250ms. In this way, participants were shown 64 pseu-
dowords (16 had been presented once in the study list; 16
had been presented three times; and 32 had not been stud-
ied). These pseudowords were initially presented for 20ms.
If the pseudoword was not identified correctly, it was pre-
sented in another trial at a longer duration (30ms). Addi-
tional increments of 10ms were used until the participant
could correctly pronounce each of the pseudowords. The
dependent measure was the stimulus exposure duration at
which participants correctly identified pseudowords: a prim-
ing effect would be indicated by a significant reduction in
the exposure time necessary to identify studied as compared
to unstudied words.
22.214.171.124. Category-exemplar generation priming (adapted
from [30,36]).
On day 1, participants completed a cate-
gory fluency task with eight categories: for each category,
they were asked to generate as many category-exemplars as
possible in 60s. This measure established a fluency baseline.
On day 2, participants first studied a list of low-typicality
exemplars from eight categories (e.g. "papaya"; [2]). This
list included five exemplars from each of the eight cate-
gories (presented in random order), as well as four filler
items at the beginning and end of the list. Participants
were asked to indicate whether each object was natu-
ral or man-made. We chose this task because priming is
greater following semantic as compared to non-semantic
processing of words at study [63]. After a brief delay, and
in what was presented as an unrelated task, participants
were asked to generate as many exemplars as possible
in 60s, from a category whose exemplars comprised the
prior study (e.g. "fruit"). Priming was measured as the
increased proportion of target exemplars generated within
the first eight items in the primed condition relative to
the baseline condition. We selected four categories (flow-
ers, fruits, vegetables, instruments) from those in which
J.P. showed impairment in naming and accessing seman-
tic information, and four categories (weather, parts of
the human body, clothing, animals) in which J.P. showed
normal performance. Priming effects were calculated for
(a) all categories, (b) impaired categories, and (c) spared
18.104.22.168. Masked-form repetition priming (adapted from
Participants viewed 52 black-and-white line draw-
ings of common objects [61] on a computer screen. On half
of the trials, a word prime that was identical to the picture
name (e.g. chair—CHAIR) preceded the picture. On the
other half of the trials, the word prime was unrelated to the
target picture name, but began with the same phoneme (e.g.
check—CHAIR). Each unrelated prime was a word of the
same length as the corresponding target. Words were pre-
sented in uppercase, black letters; pictures were presented
as black-on-white drawings.
Each trial consisted first of a forward pattern mask, pre-
sented for 500ms. Participants were asked to fixate in the
middle of the mask. The mask was immediately followed by
the presentation of the prime word, for 25ms. This prime
word was then immediately followed by the presentation of
a backward mask (15ms). The presentation of the target pic-
ture immediately followed this mask. The picture stayed on
the screen until participants responded, and a voice-activated
response time was measured. The next trial sequence fol-
lowed a 3s delay.
There were a total of 52 trials. On 26 trials, the word
named the picture; on 24 trials, the word was semantically
unrelated to the picture. Half of the pictures (distributed
equally across the related and unrelated prime conditions)
were items for which J.P. showed preserved naming and se-
ing, animals), and half were items for which J.P. showed
impaired naming and semantic access (taken from the cat-
egories of fruit, instruments, vegetables). We defined items
as impaired if J.P. had been unable to name or to give se-
mantic information about the item in at least three testing
sessions conducted over a 4-year span. We considered items
to be spared if J.P. had never made an error in naming or in
giving semantic information about the item in testing ses-
sions spanning the 4-year period. Spared and impaired items
were matched for word length and number of syllables.
No mention was made of the existence of a word prime,
and consistent with the results of Ferrand et al. [14], partic-
ipants appeared to have little consciously accessible infor-
mation about the prime. J.P. and seven CON were unaware
that a word had been presented, and the remaining three
CON indicated that they believed a "letter string" had been
presented, but were unsure whether it was a real word, and
indicated that they could not read the word.
Priming was measured as the facilitation in naming time
for items preceded by their name as compared to items pre-
ceded by a semantically unrelated word. We analyzed this
priming effect separately for (a) all items, (b) spared items,
and (c) impaired items.
5.2.2. Semantic priming
18.104.22.168. Lexical decision priming (adapted from [35]).
The stimuli were based on category-exemplar word pairs
[2]. Participants were given 140 trials. On each trial, there
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E.A. Kensinger et al./Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 71–84
was first a row of three asterisks (∗∗∗) presented for 200ms;
then, a blank screen was presented for 200ms; following the
blank screen was a 140ms warning tone, followed again by a
blank screen for 200ms. The prime word was then presented
for 400ms, and after a 50ms delay, the target stimulus was
presented. Participants were asked to make a lexical deci-
sion about the target word by pressing a button labeled "W"
for word or "N" for non-word; response time was recorded.
On 120 trials, participants were shown a category word (e.g.
"fruit") followed by a target word that was either a category-
exemplar (e.g. "apple"), an unrelated word (e.g. "robin"),
or a pseudoword. Of the 120 target words, 40% were exem-
plars of the prime; 30% were unrelated to the prime; and
30% were pseudowords. On 20 trials, the word "blank" ap-
peared rather than a category word. We kept the relatedness
proportion low, because a low proportion of semantically
related trials reduces the likelihood that participants' perfor-
mance reflects attentional, rather than automatic, processes
[66,68]. Participants were asked to make a lexical deci-
sion about the target word by pressing the letter "W" for
word or "N" for non-word. Priming effects were measured
as the difference in reaction time between trials with a
category-exemplar target versus an unrelated target word.
We selected items for which J.P. showed impaired naming
and semantic access (taken from the categories of fruits and
musical instruments), and items for which J.P. showed nor-
mal performance (from the categories of animals and cloth-
ing). For impaired categories, unrelated target words were
categories, unrelated target words were items on which his
performance was preserved. As in the masked-form priming
task, impaired items were defined as those that he had been
unable to name or generate semantic information about in
at least three testing sessions. Spared items were those that
he had always been able to name. Items used in spared and
impaired categories were matched for word length and num-
ber of syllables. Related and unrelated words were matched
for frequency. Items used in this task were different from
those used in the cross-form repetition priming study or the
category-exemplar generation study. Priming effects were
computed for (a) all categories, (b) impaired categories, and
(c) spared categories.
5.3. Data analysis
We considered J.P. to be impaired when he performed
2 S.D. or more below the CON mean. We could not per-
form conventional parametric significance tests (t-tests or
ANOVAs) across participants because these tests require
within-group variances that cannot be obtained with a
one-subject design (as with J.P.). We did, however, perform
paired t-tests across items to look at the difference between
the mean reaction times and scores of the two groups (J.P.
and CON). All P-values reported are two-tailed. We also
conducted repeated-measures ANOVA across items with
item type (primed versus unprimed; spared versus impaired)
as a between-item factor, and group (J.P. or CON) as a
within-item factor.
6. Results
6.1. Perceptual repetition priming
6.1.1. Pseudoword repetition priming
We were interested in examining the effect of study ex-
posure on the time needed to identify pseudowords. To this
end, we conducted ANOVAs across items separately for
CON and for J.P., with study exposure (studied, unstudied)
as a within-items factor. These ANOVAs indicated that CON
showed a significant effect of prior study (F = 16.5, P <
0.001) as did J.P. (F = 5.3, P < 0.05). We then examined
whether the magnitude of this priming effect was similar in
J.P. and CON by conducting an ANOVA across items with
study exposure as a within-items factor and group (CON,
J.P.) as a between-items factor. This ANOVA indicated a sig-
nificant effect of prior study (F = 16.3, P < 0.001) but no
effect of group and no group X study exposure interaction
(P > 0.2). Subsequent t-tests indicated that J.P. (t = 3.6,
P < 0.01) and CON (t = 3.5, P < 0.01) were faster to
identify studied than unstudied words (Table 2).
We also examined the effect of study repetitions (one,
three) on time to identify pseudowords. We first conducted
ANOVAs across items separately for CON and J.P., with
repetition as a within-items factor. These ANOVAs indicated
that CON showed a significant effect of study repetition
(F = 13.2, P < 0.001) as did J.P. (F = 9.6, P < 0.001).
To examine whether the magnitude of the priming effect was
similar in J.P. and CON, we conducted an ANOVA with rep-
etition as a within-items factor and group as a between-items
factor. The ANOVA found a significant effect of study rep-
etitions (F = 8.8, P < 0.01) but no effect of group and no
group X study repetition interaction.
We also looked at J.P.'s rank among the CON, based
on the percentage difference of priming shown, e.g. (RT
studied − RT unstudied)/RT studied. We divided by the RT
to studied words to account for occasions on which J.P. per-
formed more slowly (for studied and unstudied items) than
CON. J.P. performed within 1 S.D. of the CON mean for
words studied once, three times, and for unstudied words.
He showed facilitated identification of studied versus un-
studied words equal to or greater than five CON, and he
Table 2
Perceptual identification: time to identify words (in ms), as a function of
number of prior exposures and group
Mean identification time in ms (S.D.)
0 Exposures1 Exposure 3 Exposures
34.2 (7.0)
31.9 (8.9)
23.2 (4.4)
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E.A. Kensinger et al./Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 71–84
repetitions greater than that of three CON. These rankings
support the conclusion that J.P. showed a normal magnitude
of perceptual priming with pseudowords.
6.2. Conceptual repetition priming
6.2.1. Masked-form repetition priming
To examine whether J.P. and CON showed significant
priming, we conducted ANOVAs on the naming times for
pictures with word condition (related, unrelated) as a within-
items factor. CON showed a significant effect of word con-
dition (F = 72.1, P < 0.001) as did J.P. (F = 17.2, P <
0.01). To determine whether the magnitude of the priming
effect was equivalent in J.P. and CON, an ANOVA was con-
ducted with word condition as a within-items factor, and
group as a between-items factor. This ANOVA indicated a
marginal effect of group (F = 3.15, P < 0.10) and a sig-
nificant effect of word condition (F = 24.7, P < 0.01),
but no group X word condition interaction. The group ef-
fect was due to the fact that J.P. was slower than CON at
naming pictures preceded by either their correct name or a
semantically unrelated word (t = 2.69, P < 0.01). His re-
action times deviated by more than 2 S.D. from the CON
mean. The lack of a group×word condition interaction sug-
gests that while J.P. was slower overall, he showed similar
cross-form repetition priming effects to CON (Table 3).
We also ranked J.P.'s priming performance among that of
CON. J.P. showed facilitation levels greater than those of
four CON. This result further supports the conclusion that
J.P. showed normal cross-form repetition priming.
6.2.2. Comparison of impaired and preserved categories
When items were divided into categories in which J.P.
showed preserved or impaired naming capacities, for spared
categories, his reaction times were within 1 S.D. of the CON
mean, and he did not differ significantly from the CON
mean (P > 0.10; see Table 4). He was, however, slower for
impaired categories (t = 2.1, P < 0.05), and he was equally
slow (as compared to CON) when the target picture was
preceded by its lexical label or an unrelated word (ANOVA
indicated no category type X prime condition interaction;
P > 0.10). Paired t-tests indicated that his priming effects
did not differ significantly from CON for either spared or
impaired categories (P > 0.10).
Repeated-measures ANOVA with category type (spared,
impaired) and item type (primed, unprimed) as between-
items factors, and group as a within-items factor, were con-
ducted to look at the effect of J.P.'s category-specific deficit
Table 3
Time to name pictures (in ms), as a function of prime type and group
Mean identification time in ms (S.D.)
Semantically unrelatedCorrect word Facilitation
1073 (135)
975 (96)
98 (58)
Table 4
Time to name pictures (in ms), as a function of prime type and item type
Mean identification time in ms (S.D.)
Unrelated wordRelated wordFacilitation
Spared items
1089 (180)
1019 (132)
70 (49)
Impaired items
1103 (162)
967 (133)
136 (74)
on priming. The ANOVA showed no effect of category type
or group, and a marginal interaction of group and category
type (J.P. was slower for impaired than spared categories;
F = 3.5, P < 0.10), but there were no other significant
interactions. Critically, there were no interactions between
group, category type, and prime type. These results indicate
that J.P.'s priming effects are equivalent to those of CON,
and do not differ between spared and impaired categories.
For spared and impaired categories, the magnitude of J.P.'s
priming effects were within 1 S.D. of the CON mean. For
spared categories, he showed priming greater than five CON,
and for impaired categories he showed priming greater than
six CON. These rankings, therefore, also support the con-
clusion that J.P. showed normal priming effects for spared
and impaired categories of items.
We were also interested in whether there would be any
effect on performance for always-impaired items (ones J.P.
a span of 5 years) as compared to usually-impaired items
(ones J.P. had named in one or two testing sessions). We,
therefore, conducted an ANOVA across items, with level of
impairment (always-impaired, usually-impaired) and prime
condition (primed, unprimed) as within-items factors. An
ANOVA indicated no effect of impairment, a significant ef-
fect of prime condition (F = 17.0, P < 0.05), and no im-
pairment X prime condition interaction. We hasten to add
that due to the small sample size, we had little power to
detect an interaction; nonetheless, these results provide sug-
gestive evidence that J.P. showed priming for items on which
he was always-impaired, as well as on items for which he
was usually-impaired. The similar magnitude of the priming
effects for always-impaired and sometimes impaired items
support this conclusion (Table 5).
Table 5
Time for J.P. to name pictures (in ms), as a function of prime type and
consistency of impairment
Mean identification time in ms
(between-item S.D.)
Unrelated word Related wordFacilitation
1504 (401)
1383 (351)
1235 (308)
1146 (102)
269 (64)
236 (52)
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E.A. Kensinger et al./Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 71–84
Table 6
Percentage of first eight words generated that were target words, as a
function of study condition and group
Number of words
Unstudied Studied
0.47 (0.76)
5.16 (2.09)
6.2.3. Category-exemplar priming
To examine whether J.P. and CON showed priming
based on prior study of category-exemplars, we conducted
ANOVAs separately for J.P. and CON with prime condi-
tion (primed, unprimed) as a within-items factor. These
ANOVAs indicated that CON showed a significant effect of
prime condition (F = 7.0, P < 0.05), as did J.P. (F = 18.1,
P < 0.01). We then conducted an ANOVA with prime
condition as a within-items factor, and group (CON, J.P.)
as a between-items factor, to examine whether the magni-
tude of priming was similar in J.P. and CON. This ANOVA
indicated a significant effect of prime condition (F = 17.6,
P < 0.001), but no effect of group or group X prime con-
dition interaction. These results suggest that J.P. showed
a similar level of category-exemplar priming as did CON
(Table 6).
We also ranked J.P.'s performance among CON. J.P. per-
formed within 1 S.D. of the CON mean, and his level of
priming was equal to or greater than that of all but one CON.
This ranking supports the conclusion that J.P. showed nor-
mal conceptual2priming on this task.
6.2.4. Comparison of spared and impaired categories
Paired t-tests conducted across items showed that J.P.
and CON demonstrated similar category-exemplar prim-
ing effects for spared and impaired categories (P > 0.10)
(Table 7). The ANOVAs conducted separately for spared
and impaired categories indicated an effect of prime con-
dition (for spared categories, F = 5.8, P < 0.05; for
impaired categories, F = 8.1, P < 0.05) but no effect of
group or interaction between group and prime condition.
Subsequent t-tests indicated no difference in the magnitude
of the priming effect for J.P. and CON for spared categories
or impaired categories (P > 0.3). We could not analyze
always-impaired versus usually-impaired items because,
due to the low typicality exemplars used in this experiment,
J.P.'s performance on these items had not been assessed
on multiple testing sessions. For spared and impaired cat-
egories, J.P. performed within 1 S.D. of the CON mean.
Rankings placed his priming effects above those of three
CON for spared categories, and six CON for impaired cat-
egories, further suggesting that J.P.'s priming effects were
normal for spared and impaired categories.
2We did not include a levels-of-processing manipulation in this task;
we, therefore, cannot rule out contributions of perceptual priming to
performance on this task.
Table 7
Percentage of first eight words generated that were target words, as a
function of study condition, category type, and group
Mean percentage generated
Unstudied Studied
Spared categories
0.31 (0.98)
3.44 (3.11)
Impaired categories
0.63 (1.3)
6.9 (4.8)
6.3. Semantic priming tasks
6.3.1. Lexical decision priming
To examine whether J.P. and CON showed priming on
this task, we first conducted ANOVAs across items sepa-
rately for the two groups, with prime condition (primed, un-
primed) as a within-items factor. These analyses indicated
that CON showed a significant effect of priming condition
(F = 4.79, P < 0.05) as did J.P. (F = 3.86, P < 0.05). To
examine whether J.P. showed a similar magnitude of prim-
ing as CON, we conducted an ANOVA with group (J.P.,
CON) as a between-items factor. This analysis revealed a
significant effect of group (F = 12.05, P < 0.01; J.P. was
slower than CON), an effect of prime condition (F = 4.26,
P < 0.05), and no interaction between group and prime
condition. Subsequent t-tests also indicated no difference
in the magnitude of priming effects between J.P. and CON
To further clarify whether J.P. showed similar priming to
CON, we examined his ranking among CON. J.P. performed
within 1 S.D. of the CON mean for all categories; he showed
a magnitude of priming equal to or greater than six of the
CON. These results support the conclusion that J.P. showed
normal lexical decision priming.
6.3.2. Comparison of impaired and preserved categories
To investigate whether J.P.'s level of priming was differ-
ent for spared and impaired categories, we conducted an
ANOVA with category type (spared, impaired) and prime
condition (primed, unprimed) as within-items factors, and
dicated an effect of group (F = 12.0, P < 0.01; J.P. slower
than CON) and prime condition (F = 26.2, P < 0.001),
no effect of category type, and no significant interactions.
We also conducted an ANOVA to examine how the category
type (spared, impaired) affected the magnitude of the prim-
ing effect in J.P. and CON. This ANOVA indicated no effect
of group or category type, and no group by category type
interaction on the magnitude of the priming effect (Table 8).
These results suggest that J.P. showed normal lexical deci-
sion priming for items on which he showed impaired nam-
ing and semantic access, as well as for items on which he
showed normal performance.
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E.A. Kensinger et al./Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 71–84
Table 8
Time for J.P. and CON to make a lexical decision (in ms), as a function
of prime type and item type
Mean identification time in ms (S.D.)
Unrelated categoryRelated category Facilitation
Spared items
630 (65)
563 (50)
67 (32)
Impaired items
650 (66)
591 (54)
59 (28)
Table 9
Time for J.P. to make a lexical decision (in ms), as a function of prime
type and consistency of impairment
Mean identification time in ms
(between-item S.D.)
Unrelated word Related wordFacilitation
651 (37)
780 (105)
681 (99)
604 (139)
−30 (72)
176 (94)
Before accepting this conclusion, however, we wanted to
investigate whether J.P.'s priming performance differed for
items he could never name as compared to items for which
he had been able to accurately name on one or two testing
sessions (Table 9). To this end, we conducted an ANOVA
with impairment level (always, usually) and prime type (re-
lated, unrelated) as within-item factors. This ANOVA indi-
cated an effect of prime type (F = 17.4, P < 0.05), no ef-
fect of impairment type, and a marginal interaction between
prime type and impairment type (F = 7.2, P < 0.07). To
rule out the possibility that this was a pattern that CON
would show (possibly due to unbalanced factors between
the items, because we could not control these for factors,
such as word length), we ran an ANOVA as above, but with
group (J.P., CON) as a between-items factor. This analysis
revealed a significant effect of group (F = 9.9, P < 0.001),
a marginal effect of prime condition (F = 2.8, P < 0.10),
a significant interaction between impairment type and prime
condition (F = 10.1, P < 0.01), and a three-way interac-
tion between group, impairment type, and prime condition
(F = 8.3, P < 0.01). Despite the small sample size, these
results suggest that J.P.'s priming was significantly reduced
for items that he could never name or access semantic infor-
mation about, as compared to items that he was sometimes
able to name. The magnitude of the priming effects supports
this conclusion (Table 9): J.P. showed a priming effect for
items on which he was usually-impaired, but not for items
on which he was always-impaired.
7. Discussion
The first goal of this study was to examine whether the
anterior temporal lobes were required for perceptual repe-
tition priming. To this end, we tested a patient (J.P.), who
had bilateral damage to the anterior temporal lobes, on a
perceptual repetition priming test using novel verbal stimuli
(pseudowords). Consistent with prior patient studies using
non-verbal stimuli [62] or proper names [20], J.P. showed
normal perceptual repetition priming. This result suggests
that the anterior temporal lobes are not required for percep-
tual repetition priming.
The second goal of this study was to investigate the role
of the anterior temporal lobe in conceptual repetition prim-
ing. Again, we found that J.P. showed normal performance
on category-exemplar priming and masked-form repetition
priming, both thought to rely primarily on conceptual as
compared to perceptual processes.
It is always difficult to make strong conclusions based
on null results, that is, the non-significant interaction term
in ANOVAs or non-significant results of t-test comparisons.
Our ability to detect an impairment for some items on the
semantic priming task, however, suggests that the null re-
sults on the repetition priming tasks are not likely to have
resulted from insufficient power. Further, the fact that J.P.
consistently showed priming effects within 1 S.D. of the
control participants' mean, and consistently ranked within
the middle third of control participants in the magnitude of
his priming effects, substantiates the claim that his repetition
priming ability was preserved.
Although damage to J.P.'s temporal lobes was bilateral,
his lesion was greater in the left-hemisphere than in the
right (Fig. 1). This asymmetry leaves open the possibility
that the right anterior temporal lobe retained some function
that allowed J.P. to perform the priming tasks successfully.
It seems unlikely, however, that this asymmetry explains
his preserved priming performance because neuroimaging
studies have typically found behavioral repetition priming
to be associated with decreased activation in left temporal
regions [1,7,45,50].
Despite these caveats, the results of this study suggest
that although neuroimaging studies indicate that the anterior
temporal lobe region is recruited for the performance of
repetition priming tasks, it is not required. Although this in-
vestigation cannot speak directly to what regions do support
repetition priming, the combined evidence from neuroimag-
ing, neuropsychology, and the locus of J.P.'s lesion, suggests
that perceptual repetition priming may be supported by more
posterior regions, including extrastriate cortex, posterior
temporal cortex, and fusiform gyri. Neuroimaging studies
have implicated these brain regions in repetition priming
[6,7,45,51,75], and patients with damage to occipito-
temporal regions are incapable of showing perceptual repe-
tition priming [30]. Although some studies have suggested
a right-hemisphere predominance for perceptual repetition
priming [17,30], other studies have provided evidence that
left-hemisphere processes are sufficient for priming [76].
Conceptual repetition priming likely depends on poste-
rior temporo-parietal regions. These regions have shown
priming-related decreases in activation [1,52], and patients
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E.A. Kensinger et al./Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 71–84
with damage to these regions are impaired on conceptual,
but not perceptual, priming tasks [28,43]. These posterior
regions were spared in J.P., and their preservation likely ac-
counts for his normal repetition priming effects.
This study also examined what effect J.P.'s category-
specific semantic deficit would have on his conceptual and
semantic priming performance. This analysis allowed us to
look more closely at whether J.P. showed abnormal per-
formance based on impaired versus spared categories, or
for always-impaired versus usually-impaired items. These
breakdowns were important, because a deficit on a small
subset of items could have been masked by priming on the
remainder of the items. By analyzing J.P.'s performance on
spared and impaired items we were able to (a) examine
whether his priming was spared, as suggested by his perfor-
mance when collapsing across all categories of items, (b) in-
vestigate whether J.P. appeared to have automatic access to
information that he could not retrieve explicitly, and (c) ex-
amine whether his pattern of performance differed for tasks
of conceptual repetition priming and semantic priming.
primarily on conceptual processes (category-exemplar gen-
eration and masked-form priming), J.P. performed normally.
The magnitude of his priming was equal to that of control
participants, and there was no effect of category type (spared
or impaired). In addition, we found no evidence for different
priming effects for items on which J.P. was always-impaired
as compared to items for which J.P. was usually-impaired.
His rankings compared to CON were similar for spared and
impaired categories of items. These results support our ini-
tial conclusions, namely, that repetition priming was spared
in J.P.
This finding suggests that, despite being unable to gen-
erate names or semantic information about items explicitly,
J.P. retained some representation of those items that could
be used in implicit memory paradigms. In particular, we
suggest that J.P. may have spared lexical representations,
even for items that he cannot explicitly name or provide
semantic information about, and that these representations
may support his conceptual repetition priming. Our logic
for this hypothesis is as follows: category-exemplar gener-
ation is thought to rely primarily on conceptual rather than
perceptual features [30,63], as is the masked-form repeti-
tion task used in this study [14,15]. This conceptual effect
does not appear to be reliant on semantic information [15]
but rather on lexical representations. Studies with amnesic
patients also suggest that intact lexical representations are
required for conceptual representation priming: a study with
the densely amnesic patient H.M. [46] revealed that he did
not show word-stem completion priming if he did not have
a premorbid lexical representation of the word. Similarly,
normal control participants do not show word-stem comple-
tion priming for words that they cannot pronounce correctly
(i.e. do not have a lexical representation of [46]).
These results suggest that conceptual repetition priming
requires a lexical representation of the word, and does not
occur when lexical information is unavailable. If J.P. did not
have a lexical representation of the items, we would, there-
fore, expect him to show impaired priming on the category-
exemplar generation or masked-form repetition priming
experiments. In contrast, our finding that his conceptual
priming effect was normal, even for items on which he was
always-impaired on declarative semantic tasks, suggests that
he retained a preserved lexical representation of the words.
J.P.'s performance on the semantic priming task showed
a different pattern than his performance on the concep-
tual repetition priming tasks. He showed normal levels of
semantic priming overall, for spared and impaired cate-
gories. When we compared his priming effect for items on
usually-impaired, however, we found that he did not show
priming for items he had never been able to name or access
semantic information about (always-impaired items) but did
access semantic information about (usually-impaired items).
This finding differed from the conceptual priming results,
where no differences were seen between always-impaired
We suggest two alternatives that could account for this
very selective impairment in semantic priming: J.P. may
not have had any semantic representations for the always-
impaired items, or he may have a severely degraded seman-
tic network for these items. In other words, J.P. may not
have shown semantic priming because he no longer had any
representation of the always-impaired items. It is also possi-
ble, however, that J.P. retained some representation of those
items, but that his semantic network was disrupted such that
the categorical information was no longer connected to the
exemplar, thus preventing semantic priming.
J.P.'s performance on the semantic priming task is not
inconsistent with his performance on the repetition priming
tasks because the repetition priming tasks do not rely on
semantic representations [15], and semantic priming does
not appear to be reliant only on lexical representations
[10,15,37]; but see [12,57]. Rather, the dissociation be-
tween his preserved performance for always-impaired items
on the conceptual repetition priming tasks and impaired
performance for the always-impaired items on the semantic
priming tasks suggests that in J.P., and possibly in other
patients with category-specific deficits, the lexical repre-
sentations of the items may be spared while the semantic
representations of the items are degraded or destroyed. This
result converges with other evidence indicating that lexical
and semantic representations can be stored in different brain
regions (for review see [24]).
A caveat must be noted, however: the items used in the
conceptual repetition priming tasks were different from
those used in the semantic priming task. It cannot be ruled
out, therefore, that the dissociation between these tasks
arises not because of the reliance on lexical versus seman-
tic representations, but rather because of differences in the
particular items. J.P. may have, by chance, retained lexical
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E.A. Kensinger et al./Neuropsychologia 41 (2003) 71–84
and semantic representations of items used on the concep-
tual repetition priming tasks, and neither lexical or seman-
tic representations of items used on the semantic priming
task. We do not believe that this explanation fully captures
the data, however, because even for items for which J.P.
successfully showed priming on the conceptual repetition
priming tasks, he still appeared to have a very degraded
semantic representation. Even when J.P. showed robust
repetition priming for an item, he typically was unable to
retrieve any substantial amount of information about that
item. For example, although he produced coconut as a fruit
on the category-exemplar generation task, he could not cor-
rectly determine its color, taste, or how you would eat it.
In contrast, for spared items, priming an item would enable
him not only to place it in the correct category, but also to
be able to explicitly retrieve detailed information about the
item, including its color, shape, use, etc.
J.P.'s impairment on the semantic priming task is some-
what consistent with the performance of two patients with
semantic dementia [40,69]. These individuals did not show
priming for categories, but did for functional properties. It is,
therefore, possible that category representations are particu-
larly disrupted, while semantic representations of functional
information may be relatively spared [69]. Unlike these pa-
tients, however, J.P. did not show overall deficits in semantic
priming; his deficits were present only for a small subset of
items. His overall semantic priming levels, and his priming
for all other item types (spared items, and impaired items
which he had been able to name on at least one occasion)
was normal.
J.P.'s preserved priming for many items may signify that,
for the majority of items, J.P. retains a semantic representa-
tion, including categorical information. For these items, his
deficit may stem primarily from an access deficit, which was
overcome on the implicit, semantic priming, task. In con-
trast, the items he could never name or generate semantic
information about likely no longer have existing semantic
representations, or have severely disrupted representations.
Thus, for these items, he was unable to show a priming ef-
fect on the lexical decision task, on which semantic repre-
sentations are required.
These analyses must be interpreted with caution because
they were conducted on a small subset of items. Never-
theless, they provide putative evidence that patients with
category-specific deficits can show access and representa-
tion deficits, and that the type of deficit may differ de-
pending on the specific items. Although the dissociation
between access and representational deficits appears to be
useful in categorizing patients with aphasia, it may be less
useful for understanding category-specific semantic deficits.
It is possible that the different lesion sites in patients with
category-specific semantic deficits versus individuals with
aphasia increase the probability of their having a mixed pat-
tern of access and representation deficits.
In summary, this study found that repetition priming was
spared in a patient with bilateral lesions that invaded the
anterior fusiform gyrus and anterior temporal lobe, even
for items about which the patient consistently failed to re-
trieve information in explicit tests. This result provides evi-
dence that these brain regions are not required for repetition
priming based either on perceptual or conceptual informa-
tion. These regions, however, may be necessary for semantic
priming: J.P. showed deficits on this task for at least a small
subset of items. J.P.'s preserved performance on the concep-
tual priming task, together with his impaired performance
for always-impaired items (but not other items) on the se-
First, we propose that J.P. retains a lexical representation of
all items (even items for which he always shows intentional
access deficits), but does not retain an intact semantic rep-
resentation for always-impaired items. Second, we suggest
that J.P.'s category-specific deficit does not arise from a pure
access deficit or a pure representational deficit; rather, his
deficit may result from a combination of these factors, and
may depend on the specific item.
E.A.K. was supported by a Howard Hughes Medical In-
stitute Predoctoral Fellowship. We thank Joseph Locascio
for statistical advice; Gilberto Gonzalez for reading the MR
scan and for preparing Fig. 1; Margaret M. Keane for ad-
vice about stimulus lists; Lorraine Tyler for use of nam-
ing stimuli; and Morris Moscovitch, Gail O'Kane, and two
anonymous reviewers, for comments on a prior version of
this manuscript. We thank J.P. for his participation in this
study, and the staff of the MIT Clinical Research Center
(supported by NIH Grant RR00088), and the neurologists
at Massachusetts General Hospital, for the care provided to
J.P. and to all participants.
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text:
NEW YORK (MarketWatch) -- The Canadian dollar reached parity versus the U.S. currency on Tuesday, breaking higher than the greenback for the first time since July 2008. The greenback USDCAD, -0.08% was recently trading fractionally lower, with one U.S. dollar buying C$1.0022. It fell as low as 99.98 Canadian cents earlier in the session.
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The North Face Denali Thermal Jacket
Weight |
34.0 oz / 680 g |
Body Fabric |
234 g / sq m (6.9 oz / sq yd) Polartec® Thermal Pro™ 100% Polyester High Loft Fleece |
Abrasion Fabric |
70D 85 g / sq m (2.5 oz / sq yd) Plain Weave Polyester |
Where to Buy
Manufacturer's Description
Visit The North Face's Denali Thermal Jacket page.
Retailers' Descriptions
Here's what other sites are saying:
On Sale. Free Shipping. The North Face Women's Denali Thermal Jacket FEATURES of The North Face Women's Denali Thermal Jacket Zip-in-compatible integration with complementing garments from The North Face Abrasion-reinforced shoulders and chest Secure Napoleon pocket Two secure-zip hand pockets Elastic-bound cuffs Media pocket Hem cinch-cord SPECIFICATIONS of The North Face Women's Denali Thermal Jacket Average Weight: 34.0 oz / 680 g Center Back Length: 26in. Body: 288 g/m2 (8.49 oz/yd2) 100% polyester Polartec Thermal Pro fleece Panel: 50D 84 g/m2 (2.48 oz/yd2) 100% polyester This product can only be shipped within the United States. Please don't hate us.
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Rely on this fleece jacket that's crafted of technically advanced, high-loft Thermal Pro for an outstanding warmth-to-weight ratio. Wind-resistant and rugged enough to be worn as an outer layer in cool temperatures, this fleece jacket is also zip-in compatible with shells from The North Face when worn as an insulating midlayer.
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text:
Gilley's Dallas Schedule
Gilley's Dallas Tickets
Affordable Gilley's Dallas tickets are available now through TicketsInventory.com in Dallas. View available Gilley's Dallas tickets, schedule of events, as well as a Gilley's Dallas seating chart.
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( Reuters photo / May 9, 2011 )
A fish jumps as water is deposited into the Bonnet Carre spillway from the Mississippi River in Norco, Louisiana. The Mississippi River was approaching record flood levels and forcing area residents from their homes. Officials opened portions of the Bonnet Carre spillway near the refining hub of Norco, Louisiana, to send Mississippi River water to Lake Pontchartrain.
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Don't laugh! Those silly little characters can mean big business. Consider the Pillsbury Doughboy, the Jolly Green Giant, the M&Ms characters, the Aflac duck and the Geico Gecko. This character is especially useful for communicating about money, cash, dollar bills, dollars, finance, lending, credit, banking, economics, business and anything to do with money management or investing. Companies that might use him include accountants, banks, financial advisers, lenders, loan officers, mortgage lenders, loan sharks, cashiers, financial institutions, credit counselors, credit counselling businesses, auditing companies and auditors.
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Kids and Dating
When are kids old enough to date?
34% | Twelve and up is okay. | ||||||
37% | Not before they're 15. | ||||||
25% | By the time they're 17. | ||||||
4% | Never. | ||||||
5916 Total votes cast. |
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Rewarding Good GradesIs it okay to reward good grades with cash?
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Investigators in China observed extensive off-target effects when applying CRISPR-mediated gene editing in human zygotes.
Investigators in China observed extensive off-target effects when applying CRISPR-mediated gene editing in human zygotes.
A newly discovered protein promotes immunity to viruses and cancer by triggering the production of cytotoxic T cells.
A Harvard team shows how cells label and recognize proteins for degradation.
Submissions are officially open for this year's Top 10 Innovations contest.
Scientists find a common genetic variant in mothers that decreases the chance of successful pregnancy.
A scientist jumps at the chance to study the blood of four Ebola survivors to better understand how the immune system responds to the deadly virus.
In Chapter 12, "Of Mice and Men," author Sue Armstrong recounts the point at which researchers moved from working with p53 in tissue culture to studying the gene in animal models.
Scientist to Watch Yvonne Saenger explains recent advances in using biomarkers to identify cancer patients who might benefit most from immunotherapy.
Fate mapping allows researchers to follow cancer progression from its cell type of origin.
Treating cancer by shutting down the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway


text:
Jenna Dewan on Witches of East End Set | Pictures
Wow! Jenna Dewan Sports a Sexy Costume as She Gets Back to Work Postbaby
Jenna Dewan got back to work yesterday as she shot scenes for her upcoming TV show, Witches of East End, in Vancouver. Jenna gave birth to her daughter, Everly Tatum, in London in May. She also celebrated her four-year wedding anniversary with Channing Tatum on July 11. The very next day, Jenna tweeted about heading to a table read for her new series, which is based on the novel of the same name and set to debut this Fall.
Jenna went through a couple of wardrobe changes during her day at work yesterday, looking slim and trim in a sexy lace tank and skinny jeans and a maxi dress. During a break from the action, Jenna stifled a yawn while she chatted with two of her costars on the Lifetime show, Mädchen Amick and Rachel Boston. In the drama, Jenna and Rachel play daughters to Julia Ormond's character, both of whom are unaware they're part of a long familial line of witches.
- Really though, is this Taylor Swift's secret twin? — Us Weekly
- Suzanne Somers opens up about losing John Ritter — HuffPost Celebrity
- James Franco and Amber Heard cozy up on the red carpet — Lainey Gossip
- Maury Povitch discusses the weirdest paternity test result he's seen — Dlisted
- Zendaya comments on the return of Fashion Police — ET
- See Sam Smith's weight-loss transformation! — JustJared
- Miley Cyrus steps out for a sunny hike in LA — Hollywood Tuna
- Get a glimpse of Darren Criss's Hedwig in action — Pink Is the New Blog
- Here's why Gwyneth Paltrow quit the food stamp challenge — The Superficial
- Could this be Marina and the Diamonds' new single? — popbytes


text:
Turner Classic Movies (Firm)
From Library of Congress Name Authority File
Turner Classic Movies (Firm)
Instance Of
Scheme Membership(s)
Collection Membership(s)
Exact Matching Concepts from Other Schemes
- found: Edwards, Dianna. Picture show, 2003: Front cover (Classic movie posters from the TCM archives), t.p. verso (Turner Classic Movies. An AOL Time Warner Company.), back cover (Picture show is a visual feast of rare, vintage movie posters from the archives of Turner Classic Movies.)
- found: Turner Classic Movies website, www.tcm.com, accessed Aug. 2, 2011: (Turner Classic Movies offers television programming on its cable networks; the website itself offers DVDs, books, and movie-related merchandise for purchase, and classic movie-related links, databases, forums, blogs, film clips and podcasts, some for subscribed members only.)
Change Notes
- 2003-06-01: new
- 2011-08-03: revised
Alternate Formats


text:
Steve Bridges
Steve Bridges | |
Bridges and George W. Bush at the White House Correspondents' Dinner
Born | Dallas, Texas[1] |
May 22, 1963
Died | March 3, 2012 Los Angeles, California |
(aged 48)
Nationality | American |
Genres | Stand-Up, Impressionist |
Steve Bridges (May 22, 1963 – March 3, 2012) was an American comedian, impressionist, and actor who "developed a repertoire of over 200 impressions, including TV characters Barney Fife and Homer Simpson, broadcasters Tom Brokaw, Paul Harvey and Rush Limbaugh, and political leaders Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Arnold Schwarzenegger".[2]
In 2006, he appeared alongside President George W. Bush at the White House Correspondents' Association dinner, mimicking the president by voicing the president's "inner thoughts" during Bush's presidential speech.[3] His accurate portrayal of Bush led to Bridges being cast as the president in episodes of both JAG and its spin-off, NCIS.
Bridges was a Biola University alumnus.[4]
- Nurses (1994) as Torrance
- The District (2000)
- ER (2001) as Leone
- Lange Flate Ballær 2 (2008) as General of the U.S. Navy
As George W. Bush[edit]
- JAG episode "Dangerous Game" (2002)
- NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service episode "Yankee White" (2003)
- Whoopi episode "The Vast Right Wing Conspiracy" (2003)
- George Lopez (2003)
- Comedy Central Roast of Jeff Foxworthy (2005)
- Merry F#%$in' Christmas (2005)
- The Tonight Show with Jay Leno
- White House Correspondents Dinner (2006)
- Blue Collar Comedy Tour: One For the Road (Yankee Doody Dandy segment)
- The View (May 29, 2006)
- Larry King Live (2006)
- Lange Flate Ballær II (2008) (Norwegian movie)
- I Love the New Millennium (2008)
On March 3, 2012, Bridges was found dead by his maid in his Los Angeles home after he failed to return a call the day before. According to his agent, Bridges had just returned from performing in Hong Kong and went to bed complaining that he felt "super-jetlagged".[5] His death was ruled an accident, with the probable cause "upper airway anaphylaxis" from a severe allergic reaction.[6]
- ^ George W. Bush impersonator Steve Bridges dies at 48 - latimes.com
- ^ Biography at SteveBridges.com (paragraph 3)
- ^ "'Double-You' Bush delights media". BBC NEWS. 30 April 2012.
- ^ Bartlo, Jenna (15 March 2012). "Alumnus Steve Bridges' Legacy Remembered". Biola University. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- ^ "Bush impersonator dies at 48". CNN. 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Family announces results of coroner's report". Stevebridges.com. Retrieved 2014-07-24.
External links[edit]
- Steve Bridges at the Internet Movie Database
- Steve Bridges at AllMovie
- Comedy Central Bio
- Steve Bridges Official Site
- Bridges impersonates Bush with Bush
- Steve Bridges Profile Page - Video clip, speaking topics
- "George W. Bush impersonator Steve Bridges dies at 48"


text:
Blazers upset No. 7 Summerville
Unranked Ridge View stunned No. 7 Summerville 54-52 in the Class 4A state playoffs on Saturday in the Lowcountry.
It was the second straight road win in the playoffs for the Blazers, who improved to 15-10. Ridge View hits the road again on Tuesday for a third-round game against No. 5 Goose Creek.
Jordan Portee's two free throws with 32 seconds remaining in the game proved to be the decisive points, but the Blazers had to sweat out repeated Green Wave scoring attempts the rest of the way. Summerville had three shots in the closing seconds, missing them all including a 3-pointer at the buzzer by John Jenkins who scored 32 points.
Portee led a balanced scoring effort with 14 points. Tre'von Howell backed Portee with 10 points while Jose Roman and Jarrell Brantley chipped in eight points apiece.
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Huawei's First Windows Phone Hits Walmart this Month
Replying to: Straight Talk by The_Sweeper
Re: Straight Talk
Not bad for a Walmart phone. Old technology but itll do.
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Popular Subjects
Soul to Soul, the eagerly awaited new book from world-renowned inspirational teacher and philosopher Gary Zukav, marks a significant step forward in the evolution of his work. Beautifully written, it is comprised of two parts. The first section, 'Soul Subjects' consists of over 60 brief but enormously compelling and profound stories of people's ... Read More
Soul to Soul, the eagerly awaited new book from world-renowned inspirational teacher and philosopher Gary Zukav, marks a significant step forward in the evolution of his work. Beautifully written, it is comprised of two parts. The first section, 'Soul Subjects' consists of over 60 brief but enormously compelling and profound stories of people's lives that embody the 'felt experience', offering insights and wisdom that are truly meaningful. The second section, 'Soul Questions' combines psychological insight and deep spirituality, providing fascinating answers to well over 100 fundamental questions about the true essence of human existence that will be of enduring value to readers. Written with maturity of voice and with compassion, it is a landmark new title in the field of spiritual intelligence. Read Less
2007, Free Press
Hardcover, Very Good
Auburn, WA, USA
$0.99 $26.00
2008, Free Press
Trade paperback, Good
Once Upon A Time Books
Tontitown, AR, USA
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Yankee Clipper Books
Windsor Locks, CT, USA
Hardcover, Good
Blue Cloud Books
Phoenix, AZ, USA
Trade paperback, Fair
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Better World Books
Mishawaka, IN, USA
Trade paperback, Very Good
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2008, Trade paperback
2007, Hardcover
2007, Audiobook CD
2007, Trade paperback
Publishers Weekly, 2007-08-27In 1990 Zukav shifted from science (1980 National Book Award for The Dancing Wu Li Masters) to the realm of the soul (The Seat of the Soul, etc.), ultimately scaling the New York Times bestseller list four times. This new work claims to be written directly from his heart, and the personal, intimate tone fulfills that promise. The first half explores "soul subjects," or "observations of physical circumstances plus a recognition of what they mean." The second half answers philosophical ponderings labeled here as "soul questions." In very brief essays both sections address key subjects: love, fear, choice, responsibility, letting go, trusting life's processes. In Zukav's understanding, we are all attending Earth School, where in repeated incarnations we are given opportunities to fulfill our soul's mission. He cogently asserts that as more of us gain multi-sensory perception-the ability to intuit meaning beyond data gathered by our five senses-we are coming to understand how our choices impact our every moment and therefore our soul's work. Zukav's Green Beret background seems to inform his writing style: blunt, terse, effective, commanding. Rich in insight and compassion, Zukav's advanced efforts will likely zoom to the top again. His probing choice-revenge or compassion-regarding September 11th is alone more than worth the cost of the book. (Oct. 23) (c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved
The Seat of the Soul
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Soul Stories
Spiritual Partnership: The Journey to Authentic Power
The Heart of the Soul: Emotional Awareness
How to Know God: The Soul's Journey into the Mystery of Mysteries
A Return to Love: Reflections on the Principles of a Course in Miracles
The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment