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Apple Desktops Discussion of Apple's desktop machines including Mac Pro, iMac, Power Mac, and mini |
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Just passing along a tip for anyone interested in cracking open their Mini to upgrade memory, replace the hard drive, etc.
I used a 5-in-1 painter's tool to pop open the case instead of a putty knife. You can find one of these at just about any hardware or paint store. The advantage of the painter's tool is that the leading edge is beveled, making it much thinner than a putty knife. I was able to easily work the tool into the gaps without doing any damage. The painter's tool is also fairly stiff, and does a great job of popping open the tabs when you pull the handle to the outside (away from the center of the Mini). Regards, Trev |
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A History of the County of York: the City of York
in the 19th century, the oldest was BRIGGS'S CHARITY established, by a deed ... Charities CHARITIES 1 York appears always to have possessed ... York charities 3...
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Charities for the Poor
A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 7, the City of Birmingham
Charities for the Poor CHARITIES FOR THE POOR This section was completed in 1958. The charities described in it have been confined, ... contributions. The charities are those of...
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Shipley: Charities for the poor
A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 6 Part 2, Bramber Rape (North-Western Part) Including Horsham
Shipley Charities for the poor CHARITIES FOR THE POOR. A Mr. Briggs left £10 before 1724; 27 the income was possibly still being received in 1830. 28 A like sum left by a Mr. Smith at an unknown...
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Leyton: Education and charities
A History of the County of Essex: Volume 6
Leyton Education and charities EDUCATION. A school board was formed ... while the charity's income was applied to repayment of the debt. 38 The school, ... order. The charity's assets were...
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Report on the Charities of the Goldsmiths' Company
City of London Livery Companies Commission. Report; Volume 4
Report on the Charities of the Goldsmiths' Company GOLDSMITHS' COMPANY. PART I. TO THE CHARITY COMMISSIONERS FOR ENGLAND AND WALES. ... I have inquired into the condition and circumstances of the following...
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Editorial note
A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 7, the City of Birmingham
Briggs published their two-volume History of Birmingham (1951). This event ... and Briggs had touched somewhat lightly. In particular it was felt that in such sections as churches, schools, and charities...
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Supplementary Records: Stainton
Records Relating To the Barony of Kendale: Volume 3
to the use of my sister Agnes Briggs but left it solely to my discretion ... Thomas Briggs 10s. to buy him a ring; to his son Thomas, my nephew, 20s.; to his daughter Mary Briggs 40s.; to his...
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Editorial note and VCH county committee
A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 14, Lichfield
Trust, and the Charity of the Hospital of St. John the Baptist, Lichfield, ... J. H. Y. Briggs Mr. D. V. Fowkes Mr. R. Copeland Mr. L. J. Livesey Dr.
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Hemingbrough: Osgodby
A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 3, Ouse and Derwent Wapentake, and Part of Harthill Wapentake
to George Dawson. 55 It was conveyed by G. P. Dawson to Riley Briggs in 1861, together with 1,125 a. 56 Briggs died in 1913 and in 1919 his devisees sold ... called Osgodby Grange, which T. H. Simpson bought from...
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Canterbury: Gifts of land to the city
The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 11
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subset: commoncrawl


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Wednesday, February 6, 2013
- Report: U.S. Has Secret Drone Base in Saudi Arabia
- Opposition Leader Shot Dead in Tunisia
- Solomon Islands Hit by Deadly Tsunami After Earthquake
- Bulgaria Implicates Hezbollah in Bus Attack That Killed Israeli Tourists
- Obama Plans to Make 1st Visit to Israel as President
- British Lawmakers Vote in Favor of Same-Sex Marriage
- Hopes for Peace Talks Falter in Syria
- Colorado Lawmakers Seek to Hold Makers of Assault-Style Guns Liable
- FBI Data Shows U.S. Gun Sales Continue to Soar
- Judge Denies Request to Delay George Zimmerman's Trial in Trayvon Martin Case
- Sandy Victims Denounce Conditions in Temporary Housing
- Indigenous People Travel from Ecuador to Texas to Protest Sale of Amazon Land for Oil
- U.S. Post Office to Stop Delivering Mail on Saturdays
- Study Finds Racial Bias in Google Ad Results
- Pakistani Girl Shot by Taliban Speaks Out
Decade After Iraq WMD Speech at UN, Ex-Powell Aide Lawrence Wilkerson Debates Author Norman Solomon
Ten years ago this week, a defining moment occurred in the Bush administration's push to invade Iraq. On Feb. 5, 2003, then-Secretary of State General Colin Powell addressed the United Nations Security Council. His message was clear: Iraq possessed extremely dangerous weapons of mass destruction and Saddam Hussein was systematically trying to deceive U.N. inspectors by hiding prohibited weapons. A decade later, we host a debate between Powell's former aide, Col. Lawrence Wilkerson — who prepared the U.N. speech, only to later renounce it — and media critic Norman Solomon, author of "War Made Easy." "I don't believe the hype about that presentation having been the ultimate presentation ... that led us to war with Iraq," Wilkerson says of Powell's speech. "George W. Bush, Dick Cheney and others had decided to go to war with Iraq long before Colin Powell gave that presentation. ... It added to the momentum of the war. ... Frankly, we were all wrong. Was the intelligence politicized in addition to being wrong at its roots? Absolutely." In response, Solomon says, "We were not all wrong. As a matter of fact, many experts and activists and researchers, from the get-go, in 2002, were saying that the administration case for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq was full of holes. ... So, now to say, 'Well, it wasn't just us at the administration; other people believed it,' people believed it because they were propagandized by the administration, with massive assistance from the mass media." [includes rush transcript]
Lawmakers Threaten Funding of Brooklyn College for Hosting Event on BDS Campaign Against Israel
New York politicians are threatening to cut funding to Brooklyn College if the school hosts a forum Thursday night about the Palestinian-led campaign to boycott and divest from Israel. The Brooklyn College Political Science Department is among the event's co-sponsors. In response, a group of New York City councilmembers has raised the possibility of Brooklyn College losing taxpayer support. The councilmembers' threat is just one of several efforts by local lawmakers, from Congress on down, to pressure Brooklyn College to remove its sponsorship or even cancel the event. As the school vows to proceed with the event, we're joined by one of its featured speakers, author and activist Omar Barghouti, a founding member of the BDS movement and author of "Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions: The Global Struggle for Palestinian Rights." On BDS, Barghouti says, "It follows in the steps of the civil rights movement in this country and the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. ... It's just when we talk about Palestinian rights that some people are trying to criminalize and make it completely unacceptable speech to address Palestinian rights under international law." We're also joined by Glenn Greenwald, columnist for The Guardian and author of "With Liberty and Justice for Some: How the Law Is Used to Destroy Equality and Protect the Powerful." [includes rush transcript]
Bill McKibben: Ahead of Keystone XL Rally, Fossil Fuel Divestment Expands Across U.S. Campuses
Sterling College in Vermont announced on Tuesday it will soon become the third college in the United States to divest its endowment from 200 fossil fuel companies identified by the environmental group 350.org. Unity College in Maine and Hampshire College in Massachusetts were the first two schools to divest. Divestment campaigns are ongoing on more than 200 other campuses. "I think it's no surprise, really, that young people are starting to say, 'We've got to spend another 60, 70 years on this planet. We better do something fast,'" says Bill McKibben of 350.org. "And that something means standing up to the fossil fuel industry that's been in the way of rational change for a quarter-century now." McKibben is helping organize a Presidents' Day rally against the Keystone XL pipeline later this month, one he predicts will be the "biggest climate rally probably ever" in the United States. [includes rush transcript]
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U.S.-Backed Saudi War in Yemen Continues as Aid Groups Describe "Catastrophic" Humanitarian Crisis
Yemen: Saudi-Led Strikes Continue amid "Catastrophic" Situation
Report: European Plan Would Deport Most Migrants
Chile: Thousands Evacuated as Volcano Erupts
Japan: Radioactive Drone Lands on Roof of Prime Minister's Office
Senate Set to Approve Loretta Lynch After Trafficking Bill Passes
Report: FCC Move Could Derail Comcast-Time Warner Merger
Senate Panel OKs TPP Fast Track Despite Creative Move by Sanders
McConnell Introduces Bill to Extend NSA Bulk Spying
Baltimore: Witness Says Police Bent Freddie Gray Like a Pretzel
Michael Brown's Family Sues City of Ferguson
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Video: U.S. Marshal Smashes Woman's Phone as She Films Police
Clinton Foundation to Refile Tax Returns After Errors Revealed
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Louisiana Governor Jindal: Firms Won't Deter "Religious Freedom" Bill
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By Amy Goodman with Denis Moynihan
"Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds" reads the unofficial motto of the United States Postal Service. We now can add to that "nor a national security no-fly zone," as demonstrated by mailman Doug Hughes.
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The French international has been told he could play make a return to action after undergoing a liver transplant earlier this year
Barcelona defender Eric Abidalhas been told by the medical expert who performed his liver transplant that there is no reason he should not be able to play football again.The Frenchman was diagnosed with a tumor in his liver in March 2011 and underwent surgery shortly after, but complications arose which forced him into having an emergency transplant earlier this year.
"He always tell me that he is feeling great," said doctor García-Valdecasas.
"There is no objective reason why he won't be able to play again, but the most important thing is that he is alive and with a good life quality."
The focus now is on regaining the weight lost in the aftermath of the procedure and having already regained six kilos, through four daily gym sessions, Abidal's return may be sooner rather than later.


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Thuraya PCO
Rural telephony solutions that make a difference to your business
Through the use of mobile satellite technology, Thuraya PCO-2110 provides a valuable channel of connectivity to enable people in rural communities and remote regions to keep in touch with the rest of the world. Offering seamless communication services, Thuraya PCO-2110 makes voice, fax, data and SMS services available in a user-friendly public telephone service station.
Fast Facts
Thuraya PCO-2110 is a cost-effective, feature-rich telecommunications solution that provides voice, fax, data and SMS services to isolated communities and rural villages. -
Other ProductsView all


text: Effectiveness of Postpartum Tdap Immunization in California Hospitals K. Winter, K. Harriman, R. Schechter, J. Chang, J. Talarico California Department of Public Health Background – Pertussis in infants • Pertussis is an acute and prolonged cough illness caused by Bordetella pertussis • Most severe disease occurs in infants <3 months of age § >60% of infected infants <1 year are hospitalized § All pertussis deaths in CA since 1998 have been in infants <3 months of age (n=43) • Infants do not start DTaP series until 2 months of age and are not fully protected until 18 months Pertussis hospitalizations in infants <1 year, by age in weeks – California, 2008 Background – Postpartum Tdap • Source of pertussis infection in infants has been linked to parents, most often mothers, in 20%- 55% of cases* • First pertussis vaccine for adolescents and adults licensed in 2005 (Tdap) • Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices recommended vaccination of close contacts of infants as part of 'cocooning' strategy in 2006 *Bisgard KM, et al. Infant pertussis: who was the source? Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23(11):985-989. Wendelboe AM, et al. Transmission of Bordetella pertussis to young infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26(4):293-299. Background – Pertussis on the rise • Pertussis is cyclical with peaks occurring every 3- 5 years. • Last peak occurred in 2005 when >3,000 cases were reported and 8 infants died in California • Data suggests that 2010 will be another peak year in California § 3 times as many cases were reported from January 1- May 31, 2010 as the same period in 2009 § 5 infants have died, all <3 months of age • This year we have an intervention: Tdap Epidemic curve of pertussis cases by month of report and deaths by month of onset– California, 2009-2010 X X 2009 death X 2010 death X X X X X X X Study Questions • Is postpartum Tdap vaccination an effective strategy to reduce transmission of B. pertussis to young infants? • How many birthing facilities in California have policies to administer Tdap vaccine to postpartum women? Methods • Distributed survey to Infection Preventionists and Labor and Delivery Managers at California hospitals with >50 births/year (n=267) § Does facility have a postpartum Tdap policy? § When (month/year) was it implemented? § Also obtained a brief description of the policy and description of any barriers to implementation • Attempted to identify birth hospital for all reported pertussis cases <4 months of age born 2006-2009 in California § For cases born 2006-2008: Matched pertussis cases to birth record (vital statistics) using name and DOB to identify birth hospital § For cases born 2009: Birth hospital reported on case report form Methods, continued • Calculated annual rate of pertussis among infants born in each facility (# cases/total births) • Compared pertussis incidence before and after Tdap policy implementation § If month of implementation was unknown, assumed to be January • Evaluated incidence over time in all hospitals Results • 744 infants <4 months of age were infected with pertussis § 537 (72%) hospitalized § 10 (1%) died § Hospital of birth identified in 620 (83%) • 214 of 267 (80%) facilities with >50 births responded to survey § 53 (25%) implemented a postpartum Tdap policy by the end of 2009 § First Tdap policy was implemented in January 2007 § 161 (controls) had no policy or were in process of implementation Results, continued • Pertussis incidence after postpartum Tdap policy implementation: § Declined or remained at 0 in 42 (79%) facilities § Increased in 11 (21%) facilities • Overall incidence in all facilities with a Tdap policy declined significantly after policy implementation § Before Tdap policy: 41.7 cases/100,000 births (95% CI 34.4-49.0) § After Tdap policy: 19.2 cases/100,000 births (95% CI 12.7-25.6) Results, continued • Pertussis incidence over time also declined significantly in hospitals with a postpartum Tdap vaccination policy from 2006 (when no postpartum Tdap policies existed) to 2009 (when 53 policies existed) • Increase in incidence was observed in control hospitals 2006 2009 Hospitals with Tdap policy (n=48) 46.8 (34.1-59.5) 23.8 (14.7-33.0) Hospitals with no Tdap policy (n=145) 29.7 (23.7-35.8) 35.7 (29.0-42.3) Overall pertussis incidence in infants <4 months of age statewide and in facilities with and without a postpartum Tdap policy – California, 2006-2009 Conclusions • Decline in pertussis incidence observed in facilities with a postpartum Tdap vaccination policy suggests that vaccinating new mothers may reduce transmission to infants. • Although recommended in 2006, only ¼ of birthing hospitals had implemented a postpartum Tdap policy by 2009. Additional efforts are needed to encourage facilities to adopt cocooning policies. Data limitations • Pertussis incidence for infants born late in 2009 incomplete (onset in 2010) • Vaccine uptake in facilities with a Tdap policy was unknown • Maternal vaccination status for infant cases unknown Recommendations • To increase postpartum Tdap uptake, CDPH is now recommending no minimum interval between Td and Tdap • CDPH also providing a limited quantity of free Tdap vaccine to birthing facilities to help establish cocooning programs • Include hospital of birth on case report form for infants <1 year of age § Identify hospitals with highest rates of pertussis and encourage to adopt postpartum Tdap policies


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It's all hotting up in the Canine Partners community. Deborah's swimming like mad, in readiness for her amazing swim across the Solent. Ken's coming to work with so much lycra he's barely recognisable. (It's not just a fashion statement - he also owns a bike). Holly's getting so excited by all the big bluebell walks she's organising that she can hardly sit still. And runners all across the south of England are in training for the Bright10 in the autumn. So if you can run, then run. If cycling's your thing, then by all means peddle like your life depends on it. If it's swimming that floats your boat, then go and get in that pool. Basically the whole Canine Partners family is doing whatever they can to raise funds and get fit at the same time, all in celebration of the fact that this is our 25th anniversary year. Read more
Puppy education and socialisation
Puppies are carefully selected using specially developed aptitude tests, which help to identify potential assistance dogs. Essential qualities include a gentle, co-operative nature, curiosity, a strong desire to be with people and a steady temperament. Most of our puppies are from the retriever-type breeds. Labradors, Golden Retriever, Flatcoats, GSD or, in many cases, crosses between these breeds. We also select some crosses between Poodles, Labradors or Retrievers, in case a Partner has allergies or uses respiratory equipment.
We have also trained rescue puppies to become assistance dogs, such as David and canine partner Zack. We have to pay for the majority of our puppies (approx £650) and get a few kindly donated, with plans to increase the training success rate and cut costs by breeding an increased number of our own puppies.
The puppies are cared for by volunteer "Puppy Parents" from the age of eight weeks to about fourteen months. By attending weekly training classes at one of our thirteen Puppy Training Satellites nationwide, Puppy Parents learn how to socialise puppies to every environment an assistance dog might work in, such as busy streets, shops, hospitals, supermarkets and workplaces.
Puppies are taught how to problem solve, a quality crucial to successfully working as an assistance dog at an exceptionally high level.
Andy Cook, CEO, explains the three stages of training a canine partner, from pup to fully trained working assistance dog. On this first page he focuses on stage one: puppy training.
After their puppy socialisation they move to the West Sussex Training Centre and our Advanced Trainers take over!
When our pups come into Advanced Training, at about 14 months old, we will then tailor-make their training to the needs of each individual. Training takes from 4-6 months and tasks will include:- Operating a pedestrian crossing or lift button
- Loading and unloading washing machines/tumble driers
- Retrieving a wide variety of items as required, for example keys, an inhaler, crutches or a phone
- Picking chosen items off supermarket shelves
- Handing over a purse and items at the checkout
- Assisting with dressing and undressing
- Carrying out a range of emergency response procedures
The Well-Being of our dogs
Our dogs receive a huge amount of praise, love and affection throughout the training programme, and are trained using the most up-to-date positive motivational training methods. All our dogs have the opportunity to play, relax and "just be dogs" and they lead full and rewarding lives with their Partners, who provide them with the best possible care. We oversee the well-being of all our dogs throughout their entire working lives and ensure they enjoy a happy retirement, when that time comes.


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ummm...this is stoopid
ok you say a word any word the next poster say the first thing that comes to mind .
for example : plate
then next person says like : yellow and so on
current games: wii sports and wii play
games i want to exsist: animal crossing for wii
2 wiimote 1 nunchuck
other game systems: nintendo ds, wii of course, and gameboy advance.
my wii is super rad
ummm...this is stoopid
Smoke two blunts then I smoke one more, go to the store then I buy five more.
Guitar Hero 3 Friend Code: 1719-1351-3665 PM me if u add me
SSBB Friend Code: 3909-7219-4799 PM if u add
whatever i am bored i don't expect any one to do it i made it to see who would i would not i am just boredOriginally Posted by ilovemywii
my wii is super rad
Try looking here for this type of crap


text: We will be going after them for sure. Not only for what I lost in this all (about 10,000$) but what all of our members lost. It's just plain wrong. They are claiming we were maxing out our connection, but that is still no reason to pull the plug withou warning


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Trade Talk showcases the businesses in the midstate and the people who make them work. From companies who make iconic products to the small family businesses and everyone in between, we have a little bit of everything in the midstate. Midstate companies keep the economy moving, people working and communities thriving throughout the midstate. Businesses can e-mail submissions to firstname.lastname@example.com.
You can find Trade Talk, Central Pennsylvania Business Awards, 3-minute interviews and Midstate Real Estate Transactions and Business Openings every Friday at 12 p.m. at www.pennlive.com/business-news. Deborah Willwerth was named administrator at Heart of Lancaster Regional Medical Center. Previously she worked at Heart of Lancaster Regional Medical Center as the chief nursing officer from 2002-2008. Most recently she has been employed by Lancaster Regional Medical Center as chief operating officer. She will be replacing James Machado who recently moved to Georgia to become chief executive officer for a hospital.
Tori Wendle of Monaghan Twp. was hired as a real estate agent at the Camp Hill office of Coldwell Banker Homestead Group Select Professionals.
Jeff Lobach, a partner at The Law Office of Barley Snyder was appointed general counsel for the York County Community Foundation.
Paul Mahady Jr. of York Haven was hired by Murray Associates Architects in Harrisburg as a technician.
Dr. Milorad Marjanovic of Hummelstown has joined The Plastic Surgery Group of Lancaster General Health. He completed fellowship training in oculoplastic and facial aesthetic surgery at Paces Plastic Surgery in Atlanta, GA.
Robert E. McDonald of Fairview Twp. has joined the appraisal division of RSR Realtors as its new business development manager. Previously, he was a commercial loan officer for Centric Bank.
Yolanda Williams was promoted to director of food services at
Homeland Center in Harrisburg. She joined Homeland Center 13 years ago
as the assistant director of dietary needs. She is also an adjunct
nutrition professor at Harrisburg Area Community College. She previously
worked as a dietary supervisor at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.
S. Beckfield, a Professional Geologist joined Navarro & Wright in
New Cumberland as a Geotechnical Specialist. Previously, he worked at
Dawood Engineering.
Charles 'Chuck' H. Hegberg was hired as director of environmental services at Navarro & Wright in New Cumberland.
Andrew Sandusky of Upper Allen Twp. was hired as
senior associate for legislative affairs at Milliron Associates LLC in Harrisburg. Previously, he was a policy director for PA Dept. of Health.
The Hershey Federal Credit Union announced that the following were reelected to their board of directors: Ercoli DiVittore of Hershey and a retiree of The Hershey Company will serve as treasurer; Francois Houde of Annville and sales manager for Hershey Entertainment and Resorts will serve as secretary.
William F. Foos was named senior director of security services of Gannett Fleming in Harrisburg. He is a former lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army Reserves.
Michael R. Fraser was appointed as executive vice president of The Pennsylvania Medical Society effective August 19, 2013. Previously he worked for the Association of Maternal & Child Health Programs, a Washington, DC-based nonprofit, where he has served as chief executive officer since 2007. He succeeds Denise E. Zimmerman, who will retire from the position at the end of August, after working for the Society for more than 35 years.
Leadership York will accept applications for its flagship Leadership Training Program (LTP) through July 1. LTP is a nine-month, experiential course that educates participants about York County history, services and systems and community issues. Participants discover their individual learning styles and learn to work effectively with others by fine-tuning their leadership skills, enhancing their knowledge and receiving guidance in choosing and applying for a board, elected or appointed position. LTP provides access to additional opportunities for partnerships and new business relationships. Information: www.leadershipyork.org.


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place in Japanese literature
...Early Japanese Literature) tells of a journey made in 1277 by the nun Abutsu. A later autobiographical work that also contains extensive descriptions of travel is the superb Towazu-gatari ( c. 1307; "A Story Nobody Asked For"; Eng. trans. The Confessions of Lady Nijō) by Lady Nijō, a work (discovered only in...


text: Anomic Edit Classic editor History Talk0 34,189pages on this wiki Anomic can refer to: Anomie anomic aphasia This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. If an internal link referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Categories: Disambiguation Add category Cancel Save


text:
The U.S. economy added 169,000 jobs in August, the Department of Labor reported. Also, the unemployment rate dropped to 7.3%, although most of the reduction is attributed to people who have stopped looking for jobs. The numbers come as the Federal Reserve Bank weighs how and when it will scale back on its quantitative easing program.
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Politico (Washington, D.C.)Published in Brief:


text:
US 6899868 B2 Abstract The present invention relates to iodine demand disinfectants. It relates in particular to a process for preparing a polyiodide-resin for use as an iodine demand disinfectant wherein a porous strong base anion exchange resin in a salt form, is contacted with a material capable of donating a member absorbable by the resin so as to convert the resin to the polyiodide-resin. The adsorbable member is selected from the group comprising I2 and polyiodide ion having a valence of −1. The process is characterized in that conversion of the anion exchange resin to the polyiodide-resin is effected at elevated temperature and elevated pressure, the elevated temperature being 100 degrees C. or higher, the elevated pressure being greater than atmospheric pressure. The present invention also relates to disinfectant substance comprising an iodine (impregnated) resin as produced by the above process.
Claims(12) 1. A sterilisation dressing, for being applied to a lesion, said dressing comprising
a demand disinfectant component
and a carrier component,
said demand disinfectant component comprising of an iodinated anion exchange resin, said demand disinfectant component being held to said carrier component such that microorganisms are able to be brought into contact with said particles and be devitalized thereby, said carrier component is a polymer.
2. A dressing as defined in
3. A dressing as defined in
4. A dressing as defined in
5. A dressing as defined in
6. A dressing as defined in
7. A dressing as defined in
8. A dressing as defined in
9. A sterilization dressing, for being applied to a lesion, said dressing comprising a disinfectant component and a carrier component, said disinfectant component comprising an iodinated resin, said carrier component being configured so as to bold onto said disinfectant component such that microorganisms are able to be brought into contact with said particles and be devitalised thereby, said carrier component is a polymer.
10. A method for disinfecting a body fluid containing microorganisms, said method comprising contacting said body fluid with a demand disinfectant resin such that microorganisms therein contact said resin and are deactivated thereby, said disinfectant resin being an iodinated strong base anion exchange resin.
11. A method for disinfecting a body fluid as defined in
12. A method for disinfecting a body fluid as defined in
Description This is a continuation application of prior application U.S. Ser. No. 09/465,968, filed Dec. 14, 1999, now abandoned, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/803,869, filed Feb. 24, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,820, which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/256,425, filed Jul. 12, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,452, which is a Rule 371 of PCT Application Serial No. PCT/CA93/00378, filed Sep. 15, 1993, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/047,535, filed Apr. 19, 1993, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/957,307, filed Sep. 16, 1992, now abandoned. The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/957,307 filed Sep. 16, 1992 and of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/047,535 filed on Apr. 19, 1993. The present invention relates to a disinfectant substance comprising an iodine (impregnated) resin and to a process for the preparation thereof. The iodine/resin disinfectant may be used to sterilize a fluid such as, for example, water, air, as well as fluid exudate secreted at body lesions or traumas such as at cuts, burns , etc.; thus, the disinfectant may be used to devitalize microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses, etc . . . ) which may be present in the fluid (e.g. water, air, pus and the like). The treatment of fluid, such as water or air, with an iodine/resin disinfectant of the present invention may leave behind non-detectable (or acceptable) residual diatomic iodine in the fluid (e.g. water or air). The present invention in particular relates to a demand type broad spectrum resin-polyiodide (e.g. water, air, wound) disinfectant. Diatomic halogen (such as I2, Cl2, Br2, etc . . . ) has traditionally been used to disinfect water. Diatomic chlorine, for example, is a widely exploited disinfectant for controlling or eliminating micro-organisms which may be present in water. A disadvantage of a sterilization regime which exploits diatomic halogen is that the regime may leave behind unacceptable (residual) levels of halogen in the water once sterilization is complete. An iodine/resin product has, however, been proposed for use as a demand disinfectant, namely a disinfectant wherein iodine is released almost entirely on a demand-action basis. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,817,860, 3,923,665, 4,238,477 and 4,420,590 teach such a demand disinfectant wherein iodine is the active disinfectant agent; the entire contents of each of these patents is incorporated herein by reference. In accordance with the teachings of these patents the resin product may be used without fear of introducing unacceptable concentrations of diatomic iodine into the water to be sterilized. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,817,860 and 3,923,665 teach an iodine/resin demand disinfectant which is the reaction product obtained by contacting a strong base anion exchange resin with a suitable source of triiodide ions. The reaction product is taught as being very stable in the sense that the amount of iodine (e.g. I2) released into water from the reaction product is sufficiently low that the water disinfected thereby is immediately ready for use, ie. as drinking water. In accordance with the teachings of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,817,860 and 3,923,665 the procedure for preparing the iodine/resin comprises forming a triiodide ion (solution or sludge) by dissolving diatomic iodine in a water solution of a suitable alkali metal halide (e.g. KI, NaI, . . . ). The triiodide solution is in particular taught as being made with a minimal (i.e. minor) water content just sufficient to avoid causing the I2 to crystallize out; see example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,923,665. The resulting (solution) containing the triiodide ion is then contacted with the starting resin (under ambient conditions with respect to temperature (i.e. 25 to 30� C.) and pressure), the triiodide ions exchanging with the anion of the resin (e.g. exchange with chlorine, sulfate, etc., . . . ). The starting resin is taught as being a porous granular strong base anion exchange resin having strongly basic groups in a salt form wherein the anion thereof is exchangeable with triiodide ions. In accordance with the teachings of the above prior art references contacting is continued until the desired amount of triiodide has reacted with the strongly basic groups such that bacterially contaminated water is disinfected when passed through a bed of the obtained resin. After a suitable contact time the iodine/resin is (water) washed to remove water-elutable iodine from the resin product. However, as indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,238,477, it is difficult to use the procedures outlined in the two previously mentioned U.S. patents so as to obtain a homogeneous iodine/resin product containing only triiodide anions and wherein all of the active sites of the resin have been converted to triiodide ions. Accordingly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,238,477 teaches an alternate process whereby the iodine/resin may be produced. In accordance with this alternate impregnation/contact process, a suitable resin in the iodide form (I−) is contacted with water comprising diatomic iodine (I2) in solution, the water being recycled between a source of a predetermined amount of diatomic iodine and the resin. The process as taught by this latter patent, however, is a relatively complicated system of pumps, vessels, heaters, etc.; by exploiting a fluidized bed, it in particular may lead to a significant degree of resin bead attrition, i.e. particle breakup. The processes as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,817,860 and 3,923,665 are carried out at ambient temperature and ambient pressure conditions. The U.S. Pat. No. 4,238,477 teaches that the contact may occur at a higher temperature such as 60 to 95� C. but that the temperature must be a non-boiling temperature (with respect to water); see column 3 lines 55 to 66. The above referred to U.S. patents teach the use of the demand disinfectant iodinated resins for treating water; see also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,298,475 and 4,995,976 which teach water purification devices or systems which exploit iodinated resins. None of these patents teaches the use of the iodinated resins for the purpose of sterilizing air. It is also known to use iodine tincture for sterilising wounds. The sterilisation effect of iodine tincture is short lived; this means that the tincture must be reapplied on a regular basis to maintain the sterilisation effect. However, such solutions may also damage or destroy the tissue around the wound if applied too liberally and too often. Additionally, the direct application of such solutions to a lesion or wound is usually accompanied by a painful sensation. Accordingly it would be advantageous to have a iodine/resin product which has improved characteristics over known or commercially available iodine/resin disinfectant products. It would also be advantageous to have an alternate process for the preparation of a iodine/resin product (which has improved characteristics over the previously known iodine/resin). It would be advantageous to have an alternative effective demand disinfectant (e.g. bactericidal) resin and an effective technique for the manufacture thereof. It would, in particular, be advantageous to have an iodine/resin demand disinfectant having a relatively low level of iodine bleed into a fluid (such as water or air) being treated as well as an iodine impregnation process for obtaining such iodinated resin. It would also be advantageous to have a means whereby lesions, such as for example wounds or burns, may be treated in order to facilitate healing by devitalising microorganisms which may already be in the area of the lesion and further to prevent microorganisms from having access to such lesion (i.e. a dressing), i.e. to inhibit access from any outside biovectors such as for example airborne, waterborne, spital borne, blood borne, particulate borne microorganisms and the like. It would additionally be advantageous to have a means for inhibiting or preventing microorganisms from contacting predetermined areas of the body such as the skin (e.g. a protective textile for making protective clothing). In accordance with a general aspect, the present invention provides a process for preparing a demand disinfectant resin, said disinfectant resin being an iodinated strong base anion exchange resin, (i.e. a demand disinfectant-resin comprising polyiodide ions, having a valence of −1, the ions being absorbed or impregnated into the resin as herein described),
In accordance with the present invention the disinfectant-resin may be one in which diatomic iodine is incorporated. The disinfectant polyiodide-resin may in particular be triiodide-resin. Thus, for example, the iodine-substance may comprise triiodide ion of formula I3 −, i.e. so as to form a disinfectant-resin which comprises (absorbed) triiodide ions of formula I3 −. The terms �triiodide�, �triiodide ion� and the like, as used in the context herein, refer to or characterize a substance or a complex as containing three iodine atoms and which has a valence of −1. The triiodide ion herein therefore is a complex ion which may be considered as comprising molecular iodine (i.e. iodine as I2) and an iodine ion (i.e. I−). Similarly the terms �polyiodide�. �polyiodide ions� and the like, refer to or characterize a substance or a complex as having three or more iodine atoms and which may be formed if more of the molecular iodine combines with the monovalent triiodide ion. These terms are more particularly described in the above referred to U.S. patents. In accordance with a further aspect, the present invention provides a process for preparing a demand disinfectant resin, said disinfectant resin being an iodinated strong base anion exchange resin, (i.e. a demand disinfectant-resin comprising polyiodide ions, having a valence of −1, the ions being absorbed or impregnated into the resin as herein described),
The strong base anion exchange resin may be in a salt form such as for example a chloride or hydroxyl form. The conversion in accordance with the present invention may essentially or at least partially be effected at said elevated temperature and elevated pressure. The conversion, in accordance with the present invention, may, thus for example, be effected in one, two or more stages. For example, the elevated pressure/temperature conditions may be divided between two different pairs of elevated pressure/temperature conditions, e.g. an initial pressure of 15 psig and a temperature of 121� C. and a subsequent pressure of 5 psig and a temperature of 115� C. If the conversion is to be carried out in two stages, it may for example, comprise a first stage followed by a second stage. The first stage may, for example, be effected at low temperature conditions (e.g. at ambient temperature and ambient pressure conditions) whereas the second stage may be effected at elevated conditions such as described herein. Thus, the present invention, in accordance with another aspect provides a process for preparing a demand disinfectant resin, said disinfectant resin being an iodinated strong base anion exchange resin, (i.e. a demand disinfectant-resin comprising polyiodide ions, having a valence of −1, the ions being absorbed or impregnated into the resin as herein described),
In accordance with a further particular aspect, the present invention provides a process for preparing a demand disinfectant resin, said disinfectant resin being an iodinated strong base anion exchange resin, (i.e. a demand disinfectant-resin comprising polyiodide ions, having a valence of −1, the ions being absorbed or impregnated into the resin as herein described),
In accordance with the present invention, for the first stage, the low temperature may, for example, be a non-boiling temperature of not more than 95� C.; e.g. 15 to 60� C.; e.g. ambient temperature or room temperature such as a temperature of from about 15� C. to about 40� C., e.g. 20 to 30� C. The pressure associated with the low temperature condition of the first stage may, for example, be a pressure of from 0 (zero) to less than 2 psig; the pressure may in particular be essentially ambient pressure (i.e. a pressure of less than 1 psig to 0 (zero) psig; 0 psig reflecting barometric or atmospheric pressure). In accordance with the present invention, for the second stage, the elevated temperature may, for example, be: a temperature of 102� C. or higher; e.g. 105� C. or higher; e.g. 110� C. or higher; e.g. 115� C. or higher; e.g. up to 150� C. to 210� C.; e.g. 115� C. to 135� C. The elevated pressure associated with the elevated temperature condition of the second stage may, for example, be: a pressure of 2 psig or greater; e.g. 5 psig or greater; e.g. 15 psig to 35 psig; e.g. up to 100 psig. The present invention further relates to any demand disinfectant resin, the disinfectant resin being an iodinated strong base anion exchange resin which is the same as an iodinated strong base anion exchange resin prepared in accordance with a process as defined herein; an iodinated resin the same as a resin prepared in accordance with the (particular) process described herein is one which has the same low iodine bleed characteristic, i.e. the iodine is (more) tenaciously associated with the resin than for previously known iodinated resins. It in particular relates to a demand disinfectant resin, the disinfectant resin being an iodinated strong base anion exchange resin whenever prepared in accordance with a process as defined herein. The present invention also relates to the use of iodinated resins to disinfect fluids containing microorganisms, such fluids including air, water, pus, and the like. The iodinated resin may for example be a known resin such as discussed herein, a resin in accordance with the present invention, nylon based resin beads impregnated with iodine (such as MCV resin from MCV Tech. Intn'l Inc.), and the like. Thus the present invention also provides a method for disinfecting air containing airborne microorganisms, said method comprising passing said air over a disinfectant resin such that airborne microorganisms contact said resin and are devitalized thereby, said disinfectant resin comprising an iodinated resin. The disinfectant resin may, for example, be a demand disinfectant resin. The disinfectant resin may, for example, comprise an iodinated strong base anion exchange resin. The present invention further provides a system for disinfecting air containing airborne microorganisms, said system comprising
The present invention additionally provides a combination comprising
The present invention in a more particular aspect provides a sterilisation dressing, for being applied to a lesion, (such as a sore, a wound (e.g. cut), an ulcer, a boil, an abrasion, a burn or other lesion of the skin or internal organ), said dressing comprising
The demand disinfectant for the above mentioned method and system for treating air as well as for the combination and the dressing may be an iodinated resin produced in accordance with the present invention or it may be a known demand disinfectant iodinated resin such as for example as mentioned herein. The demand disinfectant depending on the intended use may take on any desired form; it may be bulk form; it may be in sheet form; it may be in particulate or granular form (e.g. particles of resin of from 0.2 mm to 1 cm in size), etc. . . . It is to be understood herein, that if a �range� or �group of substances� is mentioned with respect to a particular characteristic (e.g. temperature, presssure, time and the like) of the present invention, the present invention relates to and explicitly incorporates herein each and every specific member and combination of sub-ranges or sub-groups therein whatsoever. Thus, any specified range or group is to be understood as a shorthand way of referring to each and every member of a range or group individually as well as each and every possible sub-ranges or sub-groups encompassed therein; and similarly with respect to any sub-ranges or sub-groups therein. Thus, for example,
It is also to be understood herein that �g� or �gm� is a reference to the gram weight unit; that �C� is a reference to the celsius temperature unit; and �psig� is a reference to �pounds per square inch guage�. In drawings which illustrate example embodiments of the present invention: In accordance with the present invention, the elevated temperature may as mentioned above, for example, be in the range of from 105� C. to 150� C.; the elevated pressure may be 5 psig and up. In accordance with the process of the present invention the anion exchange resin may, for example, as described below, be a quaternary ammonium anion exchange resin; the anion exchange resin may be in the chloride form Cl−, in the hydroxyl form OH−; etc. . . . In accordance with the present invention the obtained iodide-resin may be treated prior to use to remove any water-elutable iodine from the iodide-resin. The treatment (e.g. washing) may be continued until no detectable iodine is found in wash water (the wash water initially being ion free water). Any suitable (known) iodine test procedure may be used for iodine detection purposes (see for example the above mentioned U.S. patents. In accordance with the present invention, the absorbable iodine substance may, for example, be provided by a composition consisting of mixture of KI, I2 and a minor amount of water, the mole ratio of KI to I2 initially being about 1; the expression �minor amount of water� as used herein shall be understood as characterizing the amount of water as being sufficient to avoid I2 crystallization. The present invention in a further aspect provides an enhanced iodine/resin demand disinfectant product in which more iodine may be distributed throughout and be more tenaciously associated with the resin (e.g. beads) than with the previously known or commercially available techniques, the disinfectant being produced by a process as described herein. The invention more particularly provides an enhanced triiodide-resin disinfectant. The present invention can be practised with any (known) strong base anion exchange resin (for example, with those such as are described in more detail in the above-mentioned U.S. patents such as U.S. Pat. No. 3,923,665). A quaternary ammonium anion exchange resin is, however, preferred. As used herein, it is to be understood that the expression �strong base anion exchange resin� designates a class of resins which either contain strongly basic �cationic� groups, such as quaternary ammonium groups or which have strongly basic properties which are substantially equivalent to quaternary ammonium exchange resins. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,923,665 and 3,817,860 identify a number of commercially available quaternary ammonium resins, as well as other strong base resins including tertiary sulphonium resins, quaternary phosphonium resins, alkyl pyridinium resins and the like. Commercially available quaternary ammonium anion exchange resins which can be used in accordance with the present invention include in particular, Amberlite IRA-401 S, Amberlite IR-400 (Cl−), Amberlite IR-400 (OH−), Amberlite IR-402 (Cl−), etc., (from Rohm & Hass) which may be obtained in granular form. These resins may for example, contain quaternary ammonium exchange groups which are bonded to styrene-divinyl benzene polymer chains. The resins which may be used herein may be in a hydroxyl form, a chloride form or in another salt (e.g. sulphate) form provided that the anion is exchangeable with the iodine member (e.g. with triiodide ion). The starting resin may, for example, be granular (i.e. comprise a plurality of particles) such that the final product will likewise have a granular or particulate character; the granular form is advantageous due to the high surface area provided for contact with microorganisms. The starting resin may, for example, comprise granules having a size in the range of from 0.2 mm to 0.8 cm (e.g. of from 0.35 mm to 56 mm). Commercially available resins such as those mentioned above are available in the salt form (e.g. as the chloride) and in the form of porous granular beads of various mesh sizes; the resin may of course be used in a bulk or massive form such as a plate, sheet, etc. . . . In accordance with the present invention, for example, a resin may be converted from a non-iodide form (e.g. a chloride form, a sulphate form) to the I3 − form. Suitable halide salts include alkali metal halides (such as KI, NaI, . . . ); potassium iodide is preferred. Alternatively, an iodide form of the resin may be used and the resin contacted with a source of diatomic iodine. In accordance with the present invention any material or substance capable of donating an iodine-member absorbable by the anion exchange resin so as to convert the anion exchange resin to the desired polyiodide-resin may be used, as long as the denotable iodine-member thereof is a polyiodide ion having a valence of −1 and/or diatomic iodine. Examples of such materials in relation to iodine are shown in the above mentioned U.S. patents; e.g. compositions comprising iodine (I2) and alkali metal halide (KI, NaI, etc. . . . , KI being preferred) in association with water. Alternatively, if the resin is in an iodide salt form (I−1) the material may comprise the corresponding iodine in gaseous form. Thus, for example, if a triiodide-resin is desired the resin may be contacted with an alkali metal iodide/I2 mix wherein the iodide and the diatomic iodine are present in more or less stoichiometric amounts (i.e. a mole ratio of 1); see the previously mentioned U.S. patents. By applying stoichiometric amounts of the iodine ion and iodine molecule (i.e. one mole of I2 per mole of I−1), the iodide sludge will comprise substantially only the triiodide ions. If stoichiometric excess quantities of I2 are used some of the higher polyiodide ions may be formed. Preferably, no more than the stoichiometric proportions of I− and I2 are used in the initial aqueous starting sludge so that substantially only triiodided attaches to the resin. For example iodine may be combined with sodium, potassium or ammonium iodide and some water. The composition will contain monovalent iodine ion which will combine with diatomic iodine (I2) to form polyiodide ion. The molar ratio of iodine ion to diatomic iodine will dictate the nature of the polyiodide ion present, i.e. triiodide ion, mixtures of triiodide ion and other higher polyiodides ions, pentaiodide ion, etc. . . . Using about 1 mole of iodine ion per mole of diatomic iodine the formation of triiodide ion will be favoured. If stiochiometric excess of diatomic iodine is used this will favour the formation of higher polyiodides. The determination of the (total) amount of iodine to be contacted with the resin, residence times etc. . . . , will depend upon such factors as the nature of the polyiodide it is desired to introduce into the structure of a resin; the nature of the starting resin (i.e. porosity, grain size, equivalent exchange capacity of the resin, etc.), etc. . . . Thus, for example, to determine the amount of iodine required to prepare a polyiodide resin, the equivalent exchange capacity of the resin needs to be known. If necessary, this can be readily determined for example by the procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,817,860 (column 9, lines 15 to 28). The components of the process may be chosen such that the obtained iodinated strong base anion exchange resin may comprise a strong base anion exchange resin component which represents from 25 to 90 (preferably 45 to 65) percent by weight of the total weight of the obtained iodinated resin. The conversion at elevated conditions, in accordance with the present invention, may be effected in a reactor which is pressure sealable during conversion but which may be opened for recovery of the resin product after a predetermined reaction time. The process may thus be a batch process wherein conversion at elevated temperature and pressure is effected once the reactor is sealed. In accordance with the present invention the reactor may be sized and the amount of reactants determined so as to provide a void space in the reactor during reaction. In the case, for example, wherein the material having the denotable iodine-member is a sludge of alkali metal/I2 and water, the weight ratio of sludge to resin may be 1:1 or higher, eg. 1:1 to 5:1; a weight ratio of 1:1 (if Amberlite 401-S is used as the resin) is preferred so as to minimize the amount of unabsorbed iodine which must be washed from the iodine/resin product. The high temperature/pressure contact conditions may as mentioned above be chosen with a view to maximizing the iodine content of the obtained iodine (e.g. iodine) demand resin. In accordance with the present invention conversion of the resin to a polyhalide (e.g. I3 −) form may be effected at elevated temperature greater than 100� C., for example in the range of 105� C. to 150� C. (e.g. 110-115� C. to 150� C.); the upper limit of the temperature used will, for example, depend on the characteristics of the resin being used, i.e. the temperature should not be so high as to degrade the resin. As mentioned in order to effect the conversion at elevated pressure, the conversion may take place in a closed vessel or reactor. The pressure in such case may be a function of the temperature such that the pressure may vary with the temperature approximately in accordance with the well known gas equation PV=nRT, wherein V=the constant (free) volume of the reactor, n=moles of material in the reactor, R is the universal gas constant, T is the temperature and P is the pressure. In a closed vessel, the temperature of the system may therefore be used as a means of achieving or controlling the (desired) pressure in the vessel depending upon the makeup of the Iodine mix in the reactor. Thus in accordance with the present invention, a reaction mix disposed in a pressure sealed reactor may be, for example, subjected to a temperature of 105� C. and a pressure of 200 mmHg, the pressure being induced by steam. Alternatively, a relatively inert gas may be used to induce and\or augment the pressure in the reactor. Thus, a pressurized relatively inert gas may be injected into a sealed reactor. The chosen gas must not unduly interfer with the production of a suitable iodinated resin. The high temperature/pressure treatment may be conducted in a closed reactor in the presence of (trapped air), a non-interfering gas such as iodine itself or of some other relatively inert (noble) gas; the pressure as mentioned above may be augmented by the pressuring gas. Air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen or the like may also be used as a pressuring gas, if desired, keeping in mind, however, that the use thereof must not unduly interfer with the production of a suitable iodinated resin. If pressure is to be induced by steam then as mentioned below steps should be taken to isolate the reaction mix from (excess) water. In accordance with the present invention, the elevated pressure is any pressure above ambient. The pressure may, for example, be 1 psig or higher, e.g in the range from 5 to 50 psig; the upper limit of the pressure used will also, for example, depend on the characteristics of the resin being used, i.e. the pressure should not be so high as to degrade the resin. The residence or contact time at the elevated conditions is variable depending upon the starting materials, contact conditions and amount of (tenaciously held) iodine it is desired to be absorbed by the anion exchange resin. The contact time may thus take on any value; usually, however, it is to be expected that it will be desired that the contact time (under the conditions used) be sufficient to maximize the amount of (tenaciously held) iodine absorbed from the material containing the absorbable iodine moiety. The residence time may for example be as little as 5 to 15 minutes (in the case where a preimpregnation step is used as shall be described below) or several hours or more (up to 8 or 9 hours or more). The residence time exploited for elevated the conditions, in any event, will as mentioned above depend on the starting material, temperature and pressure conditions, etc. . . . ; it may vary from several minutes to 8 or 9 hours or more; the upper time limit will in any event also, for example, depend on the characteristics of the resin being used, i.e. the residence time should not be so high as to degrade the resin. Preferably, the contact at high temperature/pressure is preceded by an initial impregnation or absorption step (first stage). Such first stage may be carried out for only a few minutes (e.g. for from 1 to 10 minutes or more) or for up to 24 hours or more (e.g. for from one hour or more i.e. for from three to twenty-four hours). The time period of the initial stage may be relatively short. The time period, for example, may be a few minutes or so and may correpond to the time necessary to just mix the reactants together; in this case the conversion may be considered to be essentially carried out in a single stage at elevated conditions. The residence time of the first stage will also be predetermined with a view to the end product resin desired. For example, a water containing sludge of triiodide ions can be contacted with a salt form of the starting resin at ambient (i.e. room) temperature and pressure conditions to obtain an intermediate iodide-resin reaction product including residual iodine-substance. This step is preferably carried out in a batch reactor; the obtained intermediate composition comprising an intermediate iodide-resin may then be subjected to the higher temperature and pressure in accordance with the present invention in batch fashion as well. Such a first stage may be used to initiate buildup of iodine within the resin matrix. In accordance with the present invention an iodide-resin demand disinfectant may, for example, be obtained by
More particularly an iodide/resin demand disinfectant may be obtained using the following sequence of steps:
A small hole is necessary when a container such as a glass flask is used in order to avoid a too great pressure difference being built up between the interior of the flask and the interior of the autoclave which might cause the flask to collapse. The hole in any event is just large enough to more or less allow for the equalization of pressure and to maintain a positive pressure in the flask relative to the interior of the autoclave such that any foreign material such as water vapour is inhibited from flowing into the flask. A more sturdy pressure resistant container could of course be used such that, depending on the construction of the container and the temperature/pressure conditions prevailing in the autoclave, the hole may be avoided. Alternatively, instead of using a separate container to hold the reaction mix and placing it in a separate autoclave, a single autoclave/container may be used serving to hold and heat the reaction mix under pressure; such a container must of course be constructed so as to be able to resist the predetermined reaction conditions. The iodide-resin compound formed as described herein can be used as a demand disinfectant to disinfect water by batch contacting the contaminated water with the resin; continuous processing as mentioned in U.S. Pat. No. 3,923,665 is also possible. Thus water containing viable bacteria (to be killed) may be passed through a fixed bed of porous granular iodine/resin material. The maximum permissible flow rates for total bacterial sterilization may vary with the concentration of the polyiodide (e.g. triiodide) groups in the resin, bed depth, bacterial count, etc. . . . The disinfection process may be monitored by taking samples of water after passage through the bed. Potable innocuous water may thus be readily produced in accordance with the present invention without the incorporation of objectionable amounts of free iodine therein as a result. The resin may be used with any (known) water treating devices such as for example those shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,749,484 and 4,978,449. In accordance with a further aspect, however, as mentioned above, the present invention also provides a method for disinfecting air containing airborne microorganisms. The method may comprise passing the air over a demand disinfectant resin such that airborne microorganisms contact said resin and are devitalized thereby, the demand disinfectant resin comprising an iodinated strong base anion exchange resin. The method may, for example, include passing the air through a bed of granules of iodinated resin so that the air courses over the granules (in a serpentine manner) as the air makes its way through the bed. The maximum permissible flow rates for total bacterial sterilization may vary with the concentration of the polyiodide groups in the resin, bed depth, bacterial count, etc. . . . The iodinated strong base anion exchange resin may comprise a strong base anion exchange resin component which represents from 25 to 90 (preferably 45 to 65) percent by weight of the total weight of the iodinated resin. In accordance with an additional aspect, the present invention provides a system for disinfecting air containing airborne microorganisms, said system, for example, comprising
An air path means may define an air inlet and an air outlet. The resin may be disposed between said inlet and outlet or be disposed at the inlet or outlet. The air path means may take any form. It may take the form of ductwork in a forced air ventilation system with the demand disinfectant comprising a bed of resin granules through which the air is made to pass, the bed otherwise blocking off the air path. Alternatively the air path means may be defined by a cartridge used for a gas mask, the cartridge having an inlet and an outlet for air; the iodinated resin for the cartridge may, if desired, be present as a bed of granules, granules incorporated into a (fluid) porous carrier (e.g. tissue, polyurethane foam, etc.) or alternatively take a more massive form such as a plate(s), a tube(s), a block(s), etc. . . . Cartridge type gas masks are known; such gas masks may be obtained for example from Eastern Safety Equipment Co., Mosport, N.Y., USA. The C-50 cartridge from a gas mask (from Glendale Protecting Technologies Inc. Woodbury, N.Y., USA) may for example be adapted to hold a bed of resin of granules of the present invention. Referring to The resin disposed in the air path could of course take on any form other than granules such as blocks, plates, tubes etc. . . . The iodinated demand disinfectant resin for air treatment may be any (known) iodinated resin so long as the iodinated resin is capable of devitalizing airborne microorganisms (i.e. microorganisms transported by air) coming into contact therewith. It may, for example, be a resin as proposed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,923,665 and 4,238,477; in this case, however, it may be necessary to use the resin in conjunction with an iodine scavenging material if the resin gives up too much iodine to the air. The iodine scavenging material may be an activated carbon material or an un-iodinated strong base anion exchange resin as described herein. Alternatively, as mentioned above, iodinated resin may advantageously be a resin made in accordance with the present invention; in this case the resin need not be used in conjunction with an iodine scavenging material such as a (known) exchange resin, activated carbon, catalyst, etc., since an iodinated resin made in accordance with the process of the present invention may liberate iodine into the air in an amount below acceptable threshold limits for breathing by human beings. If desired the iodinated resin for the treatment of air or water may be some type of mixture of iodinated resins, e.g. a mixture of a known iodinated resin and an iodinated resin prepared in accordance herewith. As mentioned above, the present invention in a further aspect provides a combination which may act as a sterilization barrier with respect to microorganisms. The sterilization combination may, for example, be incorporated into protective wearing apparel or be configured as a sterilization dressing for lesions such as for example, wounds and burns; the sterilisation barrier combination can be configured to be or not to be air breathable. A sterilization dressing of the present invention advantageously may take the form of a flexible porous cellular polymeric foam sheet having a spongy aspect and having dispersed within the polymeric matrix thereof particles of a demand disinfectant comprising a (known) iodinated resin or an iodinated resin as described herein. The sterilization sheet may be placed over a burn area to maintain the burn area in a sterilized state during the healing process. The disinfectant particles are distributed throughout the polymeric matrix and have surfaces projecting into the open pores of the spongy matrix; the spongy matrix acts as a sponge so that on the body side thereof it can soak up fluid such as pus which exude from the burn lesion. Once within the body of the matrix any microorganisms in the fluid or pus can contact the disinfectant resin particles and become devitalized as a result. On the other hand, any microorganisms on the opposite side of the sterilization barrier which attempt to pass through the barrier are also subject to being contacted with the disinfectant and are also devitalised. A (flexible) phamaceutically acceptable hydrophilic foam matrix may be obtained by reacting water with HYPOL foamable hydrophilic polyurethane polymer; the HYPOL polymer starting material may be obtained from W. R. Grace & Co. Lexintington Mass. U.S.A. Water reacts to cross link the HYPOL polymer; if water is added quickly or at relatively high temperature foaming occurs and a foam product is obtained. The carrier component may, as necessary, also be oil or fat loving, e.g. for dealing with individuals with high cholesterol levels. If desired the iodinated resin for the sterilisation combination may be some type known iodinated resin, a resin prepared in accordance herewith, or a mixture of iodinated resins, e.g. a mixture of a known iodinated resin and an iodinated resin prepared in accordance herewith. Turning back to the process of the present invention, if commercially available materials are to be used to make the iodine/resin then, depending on the purity thereof, the starting materials may have to be treated to remove components which may interfer with the absorption of the halide into the resin. Water if present in the initial reaction mix should be free of interfering elements such as interfering ions. Distilled or ion free water is preferably used for washing. The following materials may be used to prepare a triiodide resin in accordance with the present invention:
Using the above substances a resin cramed with triiodide (i.e. a triiodide jam-backed resin) may be obtained as indicated in the following examples. For the following examples, the following procedure for the evaluation of iodine (I2) and Iodide (I−), was conducted according to �standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 17e Ed.�:
i) Resin
A mixture of iodine (I2) and potassium iodide (KI) is prepared by mixing together, in an erlenmyer flask, 60.00 grams of iodine and 40.00 grams of potassium iodide (in both cases on a dry weight basis). Thereafter R/O water is admixed slowly drop by drop with the mixture until a metallic looking sludge is obtained (e.g. with the addition of about 5.00 grams of water). The obtained iodine/potassium iodide sludge is then ready for use in example 2 hereinbelow. The aqueous iodine sludge, as obtained above, is placed in a 500.00 ml Erlenmyer flask and is slowly heated to, and maintained at 40 degrees celsius for a few minutes. Once the temperature of the sludge reaches 40� C., the washed resin, obtained as above, is slowly admixed with the iodine sludge in 10.00 gram portions every 8 minutes until all of the washed resin is within the erlenmyer flask. The 500 ml Erlenmyer flask, containing the obtained starting mix (comprising the I2/KI mixture and the washed resin�approximately 100 grams of each of the starting materials), is then sealed with a cork and is placed in a shaking water bath (Yamato BT: −25) for a period of 16 hours. The temperature of the water in the shaking bath is maintained at about 20 degrees celsius during this time period. At the end of the time period, the Erlenmyer flask is removed from the shaking bath; at this point the removed flask contains an preimpregnation mix comprising impregnated resin and remaining I2/KI. The Erlenmyer flask is sized such that at the end of this (initial) impregnation step, it is only 50% filled with the in process resin, etc, i.e. there is a void volume above the impregnation mix. NOTE: If processing of the treated resin is stopped at this point and the obtained resin is suitably washed, a resin is obtained in accordance with the prior art i.e. U.S. Pat. No. 3,923,665. The cork of the Erlenmyer flask of EXAMPLE 2 removed from the shaking bath and including the obtained impregnation nix comprising impregnated resin and remaining I2/KI, is changed for a cork having a small diameter perforation passing therethrough (i.e. of about 3 mm in diameter). With the perforated cork in place, the Erlenmyer flask is disposed within a (steam pressure) autoclave along with a suitable amount of water. With the autoclave (pressure) sealed about the flask, the autoclave is heated. Heating proceeds until an internal temperature and pressure of 115 degrees Celsius and 5 psig respectively is reached. Once those parameters have been reached, they are maintained for 15 minutes of processing time. Thereafter the autoclave is allowed to slowly cool for 50 minutes of cooling time (until the internal pressure is equal to ambient pressure) before removing the Erlenmyer flask containing a (raw) product resin demand disinfectant in accordance with the present invention. The (raw) disinfectant of Example 3 is removed from the autoclave Erlenmyer flask and placed in another 2000 ml Erlenmyer flask. 1400 ml of R/O water at 20 degrees Celsius is admixed with the resin in the flask and the slurry is shaken manually for 3 minutes. The wash water is thereafter removed from the flask by decantation. This wash step is repeated 7 more times. The entire wash cycle is repeated twice (i.e. eight water washes per cycle) but using water at 45 degrees Celsius for the next wash cycle and then with water at 20 degrees Celsius for the last wash cycle. The washed iodine-resin is then ready to use. The following resins were examined with respect to certain physical characteristics:
In the examples which follow the above resins will be referred to using the above designations, i.e. I-D, Resin I-A, etc. The resins were examined in a drip dried state, i.e. the resins were used after being drip dried using wathman filter paper and a funnel (for a 5 minute dry period). 25 ml and 100 ml flasks were used for the study. The flaskes were weighed empty. The flasks were then filled with resin and were then subjected to a manual vibration sequence (approximately 2 impulses per second for two minutes) in order to settle the resin, the volume of the settled resin was then noted. The density was obtained by weighing a filled flask and subtracting the weight of the empty flask so as to obtain the weight (grams) per unit volume (ml) of the resin. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
The same procedure as described above for example 5.1 was used except that the initial resin materials were dried simultaneously for 12 hours at 55 degrees Celsius, and placed in desiccant for 2 hours during cooling. The results are shown in Table 2 below.
1.0 gm of each of the different resins was boiled in 20 ml of water with a concentration of 5% by weight of sodium thiosulphate. Boiling was conducted for 20 minutes whereafter the water mixture was set aside to air cool for 12 hours. The resin was then recovered and washed with 50 ml of a boiling water solution of sodium thiosulphate. Thereafter the resin was dried in an oven for 12 hours at 105 degrees. The iodine desorbed resin was weighed in each case and the weight difference was used to calculate the % by weight of the initial resin represented by the active iodine removed. The results are shown in Table 3 below.
100.00 gm of each resin was mixed with 125 ml of water in Erlenmyer flask which was sealed airtight. The water mixture was allowed to stand 20 degrees Celsius for 7 days. A water sample was then taken from each water mixture and subjected to a standard method for testing water for the presence of Iodine using the Leuco Crystal Violet Iodometric Spectrophotometer Technique so as to obtain the �ppm� concentration of iodine in the water. The results are shown in Table 4 below.
Two grams of dry resin was examined with a microscope having a micrometer scale system and sized by eye. The results are shown in Table 5 below.
Simultaneous tests were conducted to compare the antimicrobial activity of a disinfectant resin in accordance with the present invention (resin I-A, above) and a prior art disinfectant resin (resin I-D, above). A series of batch solutions was prepared; each batch solution contained a different microorganism. A batch solution was divided into test portions so that the comparative tests could be carried out against each of the resins at the same using a respective test portion of the batch solution; the volume of the test portions was 150 liters. The same amount of each of the resins was supported in a respective fixed bed configuration (i.e. the resins were disposed in a cylinder 1 cm high having an internal diameter of 3 cm). The respective test solutions were allowed to pass downwardly through each of the resins in the same fashion and at the same flow rate (i.e. the test conditions were the same for each resin). The tests were carried out at ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. The microorganisms and test results were as follows:
The assay technique consisted of inoculating healthy BGM cells with a small amount of filtered water at regular intervals. If a virus particle were present, a plaque would be observed on the cellular bed thru the gellified maintenance media which contained a vital stain. A test solution containing Poliovirus 1 (A.T.C.C VR-59) at an initial concentration of 1�107 pfu per liter was passed through the fixed bed of each resin at a flow rate of 125 ml/min to 200 ml/min. The treated volume of solution for each resin was 150 liters in total. Sampling of the effluent or treated solution was effected at intervals corresponding with a predetermined percentage of the test portions having passed through the resins. The results are shown in Table 6b below:
An iodine bleed test was conducted on the Resin I-A and Resin I-D mentioned above. The tests were conducted as follows:
The results of the tests are given in the graph shown in The bacteriocidal longevity of the Resin I-A and Resin I-D were determined for purposes of comparison. Two fixed resin bed devices were provided, one device loaded with one of the resins and the other device loaded with the other resin; each device was loaded with 75.00 grams of a respective resin. The tests for each resin bed were conducted simultaneously. For each resin bed, the solution to be treated was passed therethrough at a flow rate of 2.0 liters per minute, with an initial concentration of Klebsiella Terrigena 1�107 cfu/100 ml. The effluent was tested at intervals for the presence of viable bacteria. As may be seen in the graph of An iodinated resin (Resin I-A′) was prepared following the procedures of examples 1 to 4 except that for the resin, Amberlite IR-400 (OH−) (was used and for the procedure of example 3 the elevated temperature and pressure conditions were set at 121� C. and 15 psig respectively. Resin I-A′ was used in the following examples. Two cartridges as illustrated in The cartridges were each disposed in a system as illustrated in In operation a cartridge 1 was releasably placed in position (e.g. snap fit, etc.) and the vacuum pump activated so as to draw outside air (indicated by the arrow 13) into the housing 8. The air passed through the cartridge 1 as shown by the arrows 14. The air leaving the cartridge 1 was then directed to the collector station 10. The air entering the collector station 10 impinged upon a iodine collector solution 15 (comprising double reverse osmosis water, i.e. R/O water) in the collector station 10. Air leaving the collector station 10 thereafter passed through the pump 11 and was exhausted to the outside air. Using the above described system, each, cartridge was submitted to an air velocity therethrough of 0.7 Liter/per minute for a period of 50 minutes. The collector station 10 included 50 ml purified R/O water (the water was then subjected to standard optical coloration techniques (i.e. the Leuco violet technique as referred to in example 5.4 above), to determine the total iodine content). The results of the tests are shown in table 10a:
Thus, for example, if a gas mask cartridge as discussed above contained 50.0 gm of iodinated resin, the resins would emit the level of iodine set out in table 10c below Thus, while the Resin I-D releases 50% more iodine than the maximum T.L.V. indicated above, the Resin I-A′ (of the present invention) releases iodine at a level well below the T.L.V. The Resin I-A′ could thus be used without an iodine scavenger; this would, for example, simplify the construction of a gas mask cartridge. The known Resin I-D on the other hand could also be used but it would require some sort of iodine scavenger (e.g. activated carbon) to obtain the necessary iodine T.V.L. level. Resin I-A′ was evaluated for its biocidal capacity on direct contact with Klebsiella Terrigena in relation to a time reference and a humidity content variation; namely water content variations of 110%, 50% & 0% (relative to the weight of dry resin) and time variations of 2, 5, 10, and 15 seconds. After preparing the three resins with their respective humidity content 25 glass rods were sterilized. A vial containing 25 ml of the inoculum (Klebsiella Terrigena: 109�ml) was also prepared. The testing proceeded as follows with respect to the dry resin. A glass rod was immersed in the inoculum and then immersed in the dry resin for 2 seconds. The glass rod was then washed in 100 ml phosphate buffer to wash out the microorganisms. Following the standard method for evaluation of water, the collected sample was then plated and incubated. This procedure was then repeated for 5, 10 and 15 seconds. The procedure was also repeated for the two other different humidity content batches of Resin I-A′. The results of the test are shown in table 11a.
As may be seen from table 11a, the Resin I-A′ whether wet, humid or dry destroys large quantities of resistant bacteria in direct contact, and this destruction occurs on a relatively rapid time base as demonstrated above. A study was done to evaluate the biocidal effectiveness of dry Resin I-A′ versus Klebsiella Terrigena. The system used was the system illustrated in FIG. 5. The system included an atomizer 7 (of known construction) disposed in a housing 8 provided with an air opening 9. The system had a vacuum pump 11 for the displacement of air through the system. The system included an air sterilizer 12 comprising a hollow housing 10 inches high by about 2.5 inches in inner diameter and filled with about 1.5 kilograms of Resin I-A′; the sterilizer has an air inlet and outlet. The air path through the cartridge 1 is designated by the arrows 14. The atomizer 7 contained an inoculum 16 (Klebsiella Terrigena: 107�100 ml). For the test, the air flow at arrow 13 was set at 30 liters per minute and the air inflow at arrow 17 for the atomizer was set at 8 liters per minute; the atomizer 7 injected mist or spray 18 of inoculum into the air in the air path and the inoculated air then passed through cartridge 1 as shown by the arrows 14. A cartridge 1 as illustrated in A study was carried out using the system shown in FIG. 6. To the extent that members of the system are the same as those used in the system illustrated in An inoculum 20 of the thermophilic bacteria Bacillus Pumilus was prepared and injected at a concentration of 103/liter of influent air. A cartridge mask containing 65.00 gm of Resin I-A′ was prepared as for the previous example. The test ran for 30 minutes. All effluent (velocity at arrow 13 being 30 liters per minute) was collected on the microbiological filter paper 19 (from millepore), then lain in a T.S.A. (trypticase Soy Agar) and incubated. the results showed total eradication of Bacillus Pumilus. This test was performed with Bacillus Subtilis in a mixture of 40% active bacteria/60% spores. The system shown in Once the 80 minutes ended, the millepore filter paper was collected, lain on T.S.A. (after neutralisation of potential iodine with sodium thiosulfate 5%) and incubated for 48 hours at 37 degree celsius. The results show a total eradication of micro-organisms. In order to assess the retention factor of micro-organisms on inert materials this test was performed. Also, to evaluate the migration factor of the biological vector, a sequential incubation was performed. Two gas cartridges were built in accordance with
Simultaneously, the two cartridges were, once inserted in their respective testing chamber, submitted to a velocity of 23 liter per minutes for 40 minutes with a microbiological load of 40 bacteria per liter in the influent. Once the test period completed, the two cartridges were dissected in sterile conditions and the microbiological filter paper recovered. Each materials composing the masks were individually as well as the filter paper were incubated in T.S.A. for 48 hours at 37 degree celsius. The results are shown in table 11 b.
As may be seen from table 11 b the Resin I-A′ eradicated all bacteria and no living micro-organism can live in the resin bed. The Glass beads on the other hand have a mechanical filtering capacity in regards to the biological vector but migration occurs rapidly thus obtaining �tnc� results (too numerous to count) on the upstream mesh and the beads themselves. The migration keeps on going through the filter until it reaches the microbiological paper filter in large number. Also, the glass beads filter becomes severely contaminated, causing a disposal problem. This test was performed to establish the biocidal effectiveness of the Resin I-A′ in regards to the microbiological eradication of Bacillus Subtilis. The system of Two cartridges as illustrated in A positive control yielded a concentration of 275 cfu/liter of air at the microbiological sampling site. The results show total eradication for both cartridges. A cartridge of The test was done using the impinger technique (of FIG. 5), with 300 ml of sterile water. Once the 3 hours completed the water from the impinger was filtered on a microbiological membrane as referred in standard method for analysis of water and waste water 17 th edition, pp. 9-97 To 9-99. The growth media was trypticase soy agar. The results after incubation for 48 hours at 37.5 degree celsius was total eradication. Resin I-A′, Resin I-B′, Resin I-B″ and Resin I-A″ were prepared as follows:
The iodine content of the above iodinated resins was determined in accordance with the procedure outlined in example 5.3. The resins were also subjected to an iodine bleed test as outlined in example 7. The results are shown in table 12 below:
As may be seen from table 12, subjecting the resin to a high temperature/pressure treatment results in the iodine being more tenaciously fixed to the resin at different iodine concentrations. The procedure of example 11.6 was followed using 30 grams of Resin I-B″ and Bacillus Subtilis at a concentration of 275000 cfu per cubic meter. It was found that the Resin I-B″ eradicated only 7 to 10% of the microorganisms. The results of the test show that the Resin I-B″ is not as effective at eradicating microorganisms from air as is the Resin I-A′; it would be necessary to have substantially more of Resin I-B″ in order to totally sterilize air as compared with the Resin I-A′. Resin 1A, Resin 2B, Resin 3A and Resin 4B were prepared as follows:
As may be seen from table 14, subjecting the starting iodine\resin mixture to a treatment at essentially atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 100� C. to 105� C. or lower (resin 2B and 4B) does not result in the iodine being as tenaciously fixed to the resin as when using both a temperature above 100� C. and a pressure above atmospheric pressure (resins 1A and 3A). The following starting materials were used to prepare a sterilisation foam dressing:
The sterilisation foam barrier was prepared as follows:
The following starting materials were used to prepare a band-aid sterilisation dressing:
The sterilisation strip barrier was prepared as follows:
The foam type sterilisation dressing obtained from example 15.1 was tested as follows:
The strip type sterilisation dressing obtained from example 15.2 was tested exactly as above for the foam dressing with exactly the same results. The same studies as described in example 15.3 were carried out except that the lesion was a burn created with a 1.0 cm red hot rod; the hot rod was firmly held against the skin for about 3 to 4 seconds. The same Inoculum as in example 15.3 was injected beneath the burn area and also dabbed onto the surface of the burned skin. Exactly the same results were obtained for the two types of dressings as were obtained for the tests of example 15.3. The foam type sterilisation dressing obtained from example 15.1 was tested as follows:
The same procedure as for example 15.5 was used except that instead of being maintained in a bath of inoculum, the inoculum was applied using an atomiser the same as that used for example 11.2 for artificial creation of airborne infection of a wound; the inoculum used also had 109 cfu/ml rather than 107 cfu/100 ml as in example 15.6. 4 ml of the inoculum was sprayed directly on the wound of the control animals and on the dressing covering the wound of the test animals; the inoculum was so applied every hour for 8 hours with 72 hours of incubation. The same results as in example 15.5 were obtained.
Alternatively, the sterilisation barrier may take on a band-aid type aspect as shown in FIG. 8. The combination shown has a flexible carrier component 36. A central portion of one side of the carrier component 36 has fixed thereto a plurality of beads or particles (one of which is designated by the reference numeral 37) of demand disinfectant iodinated resin. The resin beads 37 are fixed to the surface by a suitable adhesive which is pharmacetically acceptable and which will maintain the beads on the carrier component even if exposed to water or body fluids or exudates. The portion of the band surface 38 which surrounds the centrally disposed beads 36 may also be provided with any (known) adhesive which may for example be able to releasably stick the combination to the skin (e.g. a latex based adhesive). The carrier component 36 may, as desired be permeable or impermeable to fluids such as air, water, pus; prefereably, the carrier is permeable to gas such as air, water vapour, etc. at least in the region of the resin beads fixed thereto, i.e. this region is air breathable. The carrier component 36 may be of any suitable pharmaceutically acceptable (plastics) material (e.g. the carrier component may be a porous hydrophobic material permeable to air and water vapour such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,953,566 and 4,194,041�Gore-Tex). The carrier component complete with an adhesive face may be obtained from Peco Marketing ltd., Montreal, Quebec under the name �Compeed�. The foam sterilisation barrier or dressing 39 as shown in The foam matrix for the sterilisation barriers of As mentioned above a (flexible) phamaceutically acceptable hydrophilic foam matrix may be obtained using water and HYPOL foamable hydrophilic polyurethane polymer starting material from W. R. Grace & Co. Lexintington Mass. U.S.A. The pore or cell size of the foam barrier may be adjusted in known manner; for example by altering the reaction temperature. For example in the case of HYPOL a temperature of about 50 to 70� C. may be used to obtain small pore sizes and a lower temperature of about 35 to 45� C. may be used to obtainer larger sized pores. The flexible foam layer 47 can be made in any known manner provided that disinfectant resin particles are dispersed in the reaction mixture during the reaction such that the end product foam also has the resin particles dispersed in the foam matrix and any microorganism able to penetrate into an interior cell of the foam may be able to contact a resin particle exposed into the cell and be devitalised thereby. The foam barrier as in the case of the foam dressings mentioned may be configured to be permeable to fluids such as air, water, etc. The textile material 46 may be formed by first forming a sheet of the sterilisation foam; by providing sheets of the desired outer layers; and then gluing the elements together such that the foam is sandwiched between the two other outer layers. Alternatively, a mold may be used wherein opposed surfaces of the mold are provided with a respective outer layer; the foam starting materials are introduced between the layers; and foaming activated such that the foam layer is produced in situ. Although shown with two outer layers the combination of Additionally although the foam sterilisation barrier has been described in relation to a flexible foam it may be a stiff foam depending upon the application; again the stiff foam matrix may be prepared in known manner. An alternate embodiement of the sandwich type textile may be made wherein the foam matrix is omitted; in this case the beads may be placed between the outer layers and the beads may be fixed in place for example by an adhesive or by melt fusion depending on the nature of the layers (e.g. melt fusion may be considered if the layers are of thermoplastics material; the textile may of course be so made as to preserve the flexibility of the combination. Patent Citations
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Summer 2012 Box-Office Predictions
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Senior Schmoe
Join Date: Nov 2011
Posts: 837
Originally Posted by
Definitely. Some have argued that the Ledger death is what boosted The Dark Knight's grosses so much, and while that may have been a factor, the fact of the matter is that people loved that movie and went to see it multiple times. I'm banking on Rises setting the opening weekend record, topping Potter's $169 million.
Definitely agree that this has the potential to beat Potter's record. As the others said I definitely agree TDKR, will make easily over 500 million, I have friends and people I know excited for this movie who don't follow movie news and aren't cinephiles. I have heard a ton of people saying they will be there opening day and it is only February. I think that it will easily go over 500 million maybe over 600 depending on WOM.
I doubt Battleship will tank, the similarity to Transformers will definitely boost it in my opinion. I hope John Carter doesn't fail, but its not looking to hot right now from what I have seen.
I think The Avengers might do better than 400 million, just a hunch but who knows.
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14.06.2012 - Technology in Islamic banking |
Western banks operating in the Islamic banking market need to understand the cultural differences to implement technology sucessfully. The question about whether differences arise when implementing technology in an Islamic bank in comparison to one that operates under a Western conventional' model attracts a mixed and sometimes contradictory response. However, modern Islamic banking is only about 40 years old and it has developed the most within the last 10 years. This means that it is comparatively immature, and so it has some catching up to do...............................................Full Article: Source |