text:
Use PowerPoint as a way to provide information or as a method for demonstrating knowledge, either way, it can be a very powerful program.
Using PowerPoint to develop accessible books is a wonderful approach that is perfect on any teacher's budget!! Buy a mic and make it into a talking PowerPoint! For younger students this is a great method for providing information, for older students it is a great way to have them demonstrate their knowledge. It is an ageless approach in any educational setting.
For students with severe disabilities, teachers can design presentation books for supporting the concept of cause and effect using switch access while accessing the core curriculum. You can use PowerPoint Stories to reinforce concepts being learned or for presenting social stories. Use PowerPoint to read books to students to reinforce the reading process or have students develop their own talking PowerPoint presentations as a report format or to make storybooks for younger students.
Developing PowerPoint Books is a form of making accessible books. Accessible Books are children's picture books in accessible formats.
- Books are scanned and images added to accessible software.
- Text is recorded using digitized (human reader) or synthesized (computer speech) speech.
- The graphics, text and narration are then available for reading on computer or touch devices.
- The student may use assistive technology to access the books.
- Comprehension enhanced through pictures.
- Recommended children's literature.
- Curriculum content at early reading levels.
- Locally relevant content for any age group.
Talking Books combine text and speech to help develop reading skills. They have application with young learners, remedial reading and students with severe disabilities or learning disabilities. The basic idea is to create some text on a PowerPoint slide and them attach recorded sounds to the text. As the user clicks on the text (or moves the cursor over it) the words are read aloud. To view talking books created with PowerPoint, you either need to have PowerPoint software installed on your computer or PowerPoint Viewer (which is FREE!) in Windows and Mac versions.
SET-BC has provided these videos:
SET-BC has provided these videos:
- Watch an overview on creating an accessible book - What Is An Accessible Book?
- Watch a demonstration of an accessible book - The Fishing Trip.
There are some talking stories on-line that you may wish to explore as examples. You may also wish to use these with your students. (Some of the following are using Flash instead of PowerPoint but the same type of presentations may be designed in PowerPoint.)
There are several on-line step-by-step guides for developing Talking PowerPoint. Find the one that you feel is the easiest to follow and begin your adventure!
Resources for digital images:
- Call Scottland has a wonderful Pdf grid which provides A Guide to Picture and Symbol Sets for Communication which would be a great resource for PowerPoints also!
Other Resources and Ideas:
- PowerPoint in the classroom from the "Electric Teacher" site
- Classroom Resources from Education World
- Elementary PowerPoint Presentations (Take these and add some sound to them!)
- More PowerPoint Games
Graphics and Multi-Media Websites:
HIAT has a great lists of resources of graphics and multi-media websites that may be used freely. Always remember copyright laws when using graphics. It is not legal to use just any picture you find on the Internet without breaking these laws.
PowerPoint it! It is a great way to produce for students and to have students produce for others. It is a program we greatly under use!
Have fun. It is amazing what one can do with the small price of a computer microphone.


text:
I e-filed my federal refund and the IRS paid turbo tax their fees on the 26th of February however when I go to the IRS website to track my refund it says they need more information and I will receive a letter within 30 days. After reviewing my tax return I noticed that my account number for my direct deposit was wrong. How do I change my bank information and could this be the hold up from the IRS?
I did receive my check about 4 1/2 weeks after I filed and about 3 weeks after the estimate date that I was given.
That would not hold up your refund, which the IRS would just mail to you. It is probably too late to change it now, but you might try when you respond to their letter.
Contribute an answer
People come to TurboTax AnswerXchange for help and answers—we want to let them know that we're here to listen and share our knowledge. We do that with the style and format of our responses. Here are five guidelines:
- Keep it conversational. When answering questions, write like you speak. Imagine you're explaining something to a trusted friend, using simple, everyday language. Avoid jargon and technical terms when possible. When no other word will do, explain technical terms in plain English.
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- Be concise. Aim for no more than two short sentences in a paragraph, and try to keep paragraphs to two lines. A wall of text can look intimidating and many won't read it, so break it up. It's okay to link to other resources for more details, but avoid giving answers that contain little more than a link.
- Be a good listener. When people post very general questions, take a second to try to understand what they're really looking for. Then, provide a response that guides them to the best possible outcome.
- Be encouraging and positive. Look for ways to eliminate uncertainty by anticipating people's concerns. Make it apparent that we really like helping them achieve positive outcomes.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Research Article
Reliability and validity of the Beck depression inventory in patients with Parkinson's disease
Article first published online: 31 JAN 2006
DOI: 10.1002/mds.20792
Copyright © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Additional Information
How to Cite
Visser, M., Leentjens, A. F.G., Marinus, J., Stiggelbout, A. M. and van Hilten, J. J. (2006), Reliability and validity of the Beck depression inventory in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord., 21: 668–672. doi: 10.1002/mds.20792
Publication History
- Issue published online: 4 MAY 2006
- Article first published online: 31 JAN 2006
- Manuscript Accepted: 20 AUG 2005
- Manuscript Revised: 15 AUG 2005
- Manuscript Received: 30 MAY 2005
Funded by
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. Grant Number: 0940-33-021
Options for accessing this content:
- If you have access to this content through a society membership, please first log in to your society website.
- If you would like institutional access to this content, please recommend the title to your librarian.
- Login via other institutional login options http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/login-options.
- You can purchase online access to this Article for a 24-hour period (price varies by title)
- If you already have a Wiley Online Library or Wiley InterScience user account: login above and proceed to purchase the article.
- New Users: Please register, then proceed to purchase the article.
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Please register to:
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Patients and/or caregivers may access this content for use in relation to their own personal healthcare or that of a family member only. Terms and conditions will apply.


text:
Article All pictures |
As a boot in water
Wading boots in their natural environment: the water. The constantly soaked boots will have to endure all kinds of hardships, and expecting them to last forever might be overly optimistic.
User comments |
GFF staff comment From: Martin Joergensen · martin·at·globalflyfisher.com LinkSubmitted March 2nd 2010
Jim, From: jim alway · jausa·at·optimum.net Link Submitted March 2nd 2010 how can that little elastic around the boot keep water out. |


text:
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Experience life as it was in our nation's yesterdays. Explore original buildings, homes, and shops reconstructed on 301 acres. Read more...
Popular byways and historic drives offer spectacular views of Virginia's fresh spring color. Read more...
Motor Mile Speedway, The More Info
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The River Company Restaurant and Brewery is located in Fairlawn, VA overlooking the New River. It is mere minutes from Radford University a... More Info
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Described by many experienced paranormal teams as the "most active location on the east coast" – a night at St Albans Sanatorium is not for t... More Info
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text:
The memory stick I need for this DCS-F828 is about 13/15" X 1/8"....larger than those on the market today.
The controls on the rear of the camera run along the bottom of the LCD monitor (except the media select switch).
Electronic Viewfinder
/ LCD Monitor switch This switch allows you to enable an image on either the LCD monitor or the Electronic Viewfinder. Sony has clearly chosen not to follow Minolta and HP in having a proximity sensor for the EVF. |
Display Pressing this button cycles through the screen display modes: Plain live view display (no overlay) Live view with overlaid information Live view with overlaid information and live histogram |
Self-timer / Thumbnail
index In record mode pressing this button engages or disengages the self-timer. In play mode it switches to a 3x3 thumbnail index view. |
Digital Zoom / Magnify In record mode this engages digital zoom. In play mode this button is used to magnify the displayed image. |
Image Review Instantly reviews the last image / movie, in this mode you can zoom into the image but not browse images on the media card. In my opinion it would have been far better to do away with the dedicated play mode and allow this button to enter a fully shooting-priority play mode. |
CF / | Compact Flash /
Memory Stick This switch controls which media slot the F828 is using. As soon as you flick the switch the camera examines the media in the slot and updates the number of frames remaining (record mode) or the displayed image (play mode). |
The button / switch controls on the right side of the lens barrel fall naturally under your left thumb. Most of the buttons are operated in the same way as described on the previous pages, that is you hold a button and turn the command dial to change the setting. The ring at the front of the lens barrel is the zoom ring, it is mechanically linked to the zoom mechanism and is smooth but just stiff enough so as not to be easily knocked, this dial has a rubber coating. The second dial is the focus-by-wire
Pop-up Flash Flick this spring loaded lever to pop-up the flash, this simply triggers the electronic release mechanism and the flash quickly lifts out of its housing. |
Flash mode Hold button and turn command dial. Auto Flash On Slow Sync Flash Off |
Metering mode Hold button and turn command dial. Multi-pattern Center-Weighted Average Spot |
Macro focus Press this button to toggle macro focus on or off. |
/BRK | Drive / Bracket
mode Hold button and turn command dial. Single Speed Burst (2.5 fps, max 7 frames, no LCD review during shooting) Framing Burst (2.3 fps, max 7 frames, LCD review after each shot) Multi Burst (16 images on a single 1 mp frame, custom interval) Bracket |
FOCUS | Focus mode This switch controls whether focusing is carried out automatically or manually by the focus-by-wire ring. |
Nightshot / Nightframing
mode Hold button and turn command dial. Off Nightshot Nightframing |
50 2 75 Discuss in the forums |


text:
Does your web browser cluttered with all sort of toolbars? If yes, you should do some cleanup process. You can choose to uninstall the toolbars one by one or get yourself Smart Toolbar Remover.
Smart Toolbar Remover is a lightweight application that allows you to remove unwanted toolbars from your browser window with ease.
Simply run the application after installation. The main window will display the list of installed toolbars on your browser. Just check the box next to each toolbar you want to remove and click the "Uninstall" button to get rid of the toolbars.
Smart Toolbar Remover is compatible with Windows 2000, XP, Vista and 7.
Acer Liquid E3 now selling in Malaysia, offered at RM599 for limited time
AVG Wifi Assist automatically turns off WiFi on your Android when not in range
Copyright © 2007 - 2015 My Tech Quest. All rights reserved. Powered by Wordpress and Hostgator.


text:
Ranked #67 of 124 for Best Wedding Caterer
I love that they will make a 100% custom menu for any event. Not many will do that. In fact I dont know of any caterers that will
Vote: BEST Caterer
We got lots of compliments on the taste of our wedding cake thanks to Starry Nights Catering!
Vote: BEST Cakes
We tasted SOOOO many cakes...and NONE compared to theirs. And so many great flavors to choose from! Top notch!
Vote: BEST Cakes
The 2014 Best of Western Washington awards are based on more than 413,000 votes from local Western Washington-area experts.
Best Dance Studio ⋅ Best Desserts ⋅ Best Gym ⋅ Best Local Radio Personality ⋅ Best Day Care


text:
Skyler Mornhinweg
Florida Parts Ways With Defensive Tackle Willis
Florida has parted ways with defensive tackle Gerald Willis.
Florida Teammates Fight Over Missing Cleats
Florida Gators football players are known to put up a good fight on the field, but Monday night a couple of players hashed it out – this time, against each other.
Florida's Burton Out vs FSU With Shoulder Injury
Florida running back Trey Burton won't return against Florida State because of a shoulder injury.
Georgia Southern Stuns Florida 26-20 In Swamp
GAINESVILLE (AP) — Kevin Ellison ran for two touchdowns, Jerick McKinnon had a huge score late and Georgia Southern stunned Florida 26-20 Saturday in what will go down as the worst loss in school history. No lower-division […]
Florida's Murphy, Bullard Sidelined With Injuries
Florida quarterback Tyler Murphy, defensive end Jonathan Bullard and receiver Demarcus Robinson won't play Saturday against Georgia Southern.
Frustrating Loss For Florida Gators
The frustration of Florida's fading season was evident on coach Will Muschamp's bandaged and bloodied right hand. The third-year Gators coach took questions after his team's fifth-straight loss, a 19-14 defeat to No. 11 South Carolina on Saturday night, with two fingers bandaged and a third knuckle bloodied after he struck a chalk board at halftime.


text:
[Date Index] [Thread Index] [Author Index]
Can anyone explain to me why the following two examples behave differently? Thanks. Mathematica 2.2 for IBM RISC System/6000 Copyright 1988-93 Wolfram Research, Inc. -- Terminal graphics initialized -- In[1]:= ComplexExpand[Log[1 / E^x]] Out[1]= -x In[2]:= ComplexExpand[Log[1 / (2 E^x)]] 1 Out[2]= Log[----] x 2 E E. Neely Atkinson neely at biomath.mdacc.tmc.edu


text: Welcome to our website! Check out our pages and feel free to leave comments! Calling all authors! We are putting out a short, free monthly Pagan e-newsletter called The Spirit. If you'd like to submit an article, it would be a great way to give people a taste for your writing or promote your group. Email us at firstname.lastname@example.com for more info. Check out our CafePress store for awesome Spero Publishing accessories! Spero Publishing is happy to partner with Dane County TimeBank! Check out their sites at http://dctb.timebanks.org/ and http://www.danecountytimebank.org/ if you are in Dane county or check out http://timebanks.org/ to see if it's in your area! We recommend https://sites.google.com/site/sientosordida/ to any ADULT looking for books to spice up their love life. Check back here frequently or like us on facebook for updates! |


text:
TheSpread is Pleased to Welcome GTBets as Our Newest Sportsbook Sponsor!
New Players Coming From TheSpread Can Enjoy a 100% Cash Signup Bonus. Click This Link to Join GTBets Now!
- Index
- » Other Sports
- » 2012 UFC on FX 2 Picks & Predictions
2012 UFC on FX 2 Picks & Predictions
2012 UFC on FX 2 Picks & Predictions
2012 UFC on FX 2 Picks & Predictions
By Drew Sharper
SYDNEY, Australia – UFC on FX 2 takes place on Friday night with a number of explosive and exciting bouts. Here are some picks to consider for tonight's card.
UFC on FX 2 will have its main card air live on FX at 9PM ET. The bouts will be held in the Allphones Arena in Sydney, Australia.
UFC Welterweight Bout – Thiago Alves (19-8) vs. Martin Kampmann (18-5)
Alves and Kampmann should put on a very entertaining fight, but I see Alves squeaking this one out. Kampmann would be wise to get the fight to the ground, but I don't think he has the strength to. I see this fight standing, where Alves will have the edge. Look for Thiago to win by unanimous decision. FREE PICK – Thiago Alves -140
UFC Flyweight Bout – Ian McCall (11-2) vs. Demetrious Johnson (14-2)
This will be the debut of the 125-pound division for the UFC but McCall is making his first jump into the octagon while Johnson has already competed three times in the UFC at 135 pounds. That will be the key here as he will not have the in-cage jitters that McCall will. Johnson doesn't allow his opponents to really think and McCall will have an active mind from the stage he is on. Look for Johnson to overwhelm McCall and get a first round submission. FREE PICK – Demetrious Johnson -325
UFC Middleweight Bout – Constantinos Philippou (9-2) vs. Court McGee (14-1)
This fight has the closest money line and should be a grind. Philippou will look to strike but I see McGee making this an ugly fight and using his grappling and clinching to earn a decision. He will push a fast pace for Philippou and not allow him to get into a comfortable striking range. FREE PICK – Court McGee -120
- Index
- » Other Sports
- » 2012 UFC on FX 2 Picks & Predictions
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text:
2 of 11 |
Even if your children are well-behaved peas in a pod (lucky you), they're probably distracting to one another during study time. Try to find a separate space for each of your children, or schedule quiet times for homework in designated spaces. If one child finishes her homework earlier than the other, try to encourage reading time or quiet time until the entire family is ready for some together time in common areas.
Next: Establish a Schedule
More on: Helping With Homework
6 Questions to Ask Before Getting Your Child a Cell Phone
At what age should you get your child a cell phone? Before you decide to add your child to your family plan, ask yourself these questions.
Find Today's Newest & Best Children's Books!
Looking for newly released books for your child? Try our new Book Finder tool to search for new books by age, type, and theme, brought to you by Galactic Hot Dogs.
10 Great Mother's Day Gifts for Grandma
Looking for a special Mother's Day gift for Grandma? Bring a smile to her face with one of these thoughtful and creative gift ideas!
Registered for Kindergarten — Now What?
Wondering what to do now that you've signed your child up for kindergarten? Try our award-winning Kindergarten Readiness app! This easy-to-use checklist comes with games and activities to help your child build essential skills for kindergarten. Download the Kindergarten Readiness app today!
Celebrate teachers May 4-8, 2015!
Moms and grandmas love homemade gifts!
Need ideas for what to do this weekend? We have it covered.
© 2000-2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Student Checklist for Public Interest Practicum
Required Intent Form for Public Interest Practicum
There are a variety of ways to satisfy the Public Service Requirement. These options are listed below.
If you have completed a minimum of 28 academic credit hours, you may satisfy the PSR in any of the following ways:
- An Externship for credit at a government agency; a judicial agency; a nonprofit (501(c)(3)) organization; or in a private law firm doing 50 hours of pro bono work under the auspices of the Legal Externship Office.
- An approved Public Interest Practicum or Pro Bono Research Project for either zero or one credit under the auspices of the Public Interest Office.
- A Sturm College of Law student law clinic under the auspices of the Student Law Office.
- A pre-approved Sturm College of Law course which has a practical public service component (current pre-approved courses are Federal Appellate Advocacy, Poverty and Low Wage Work In America, Street Law, the Graduate Tax Program's Low-Income Taxpayer Clinic, Trial Practice III: Instructor's Practicum, Trial Practice III: Mentor's Practicum, the International Criminal Law Practicum, Wills Lab, and the Probate Practicum). You must receive a "C" in order for the class to count for the PSR.
If you have completed one academic year (day or evening), even if you have not completed 28 academic credit hours, you may satisfy the PSR in the following way:
- An approved Public Interest Practicum or Pro Bono Research Project for zero credit.
If you have a particular project or opportunity that you would like to do, or if you are struggling to find an opportunity, please contact Alexi Freeman, Director of Public Interest, at firstname.lastname@example.com or by phone at 303-871-6788. We are more than happy to meet with you to help you find a suitable and enjoyable placement!


text:
NO more TEXANS!!
CNN, how many times do Lindsey Granham and John McCain have to tell you, you can't use the word "darK' in anything after this week. Can't use "White Horse" either. There goes something really imiportant, a good bottle of Scotch!
Pelosi is such a joke!
Obama is the best candidate in this election and whoever he picks as his VP will be the best candidate.
Iwouldn't trust Pelosi's judgement on anything,
Um dreams of taking Texas from red to blue? Sounds too good to be true, but if it high lights his support for Vets, could mean a big difference in VA and Fla.
This woman needs to learn no one cares, if she wanted to run things she should have ran for President. I can't stand her and her power trips. She's just as guilty for the partisanship in Washington as George Bush.
McSame's Camp: Wink, wink, Obama is a celebrity( envy), Race baiter( lies), Inexperienced( Gop b.s) by the way did i mention that i know nothing about the Economy and other issues really important to Americans, hopefully if i can keeep them distracted long enough with non-issues maybe i can yet steal this election(HELL NO!).
Obama 2008. DEMS WAKE UP!!! it's time we started pushing back against the Gop slime machine.
I have just Youtubed the man. He seems qualified.
What's with all this hogwash about "race card."
Senator Obama made reference to his skin color. That is legitimate.
McCain and his suggogate then gave a diatribe about the race card. That is not legitimate. The term race is 1) a social construct that has no validity, 2) socially divisive, 3) scientifically wrong, and 4) a myth. To state that Sen. Obama belongs to the black race is as ludicrous as to say Sen. Lieberman belongs to the Jewish race.
I saw the show – Pelosi appeared dishevelled and confused.
I truly believe that Rep. Chet Edwards will be the VP, she is just mentioning the others so people don't get mad about not picking Hillary. I really don't care, I am still not voting for Obama after how the DNC, Pelosi, Obama, and Dean did not do anything about speaking against those trashing Hillary!
NACY PELOSI NEEDS TO SHUT-THE-f*&k UP!!!!!!!HER DIARRHEA IS GETTING OUT OF CONTOL.......THERE IS ALL THIS RUN-OFF FROM HER MOUTH BUT IT DIARRHEA.....OF NO USE TO ANYONE....DEMOCRAT OR REPUBLICAN.........I PERSONALLY WON'T VOTE BECAUSE OF HER DIARRHEA MOUTH.......
Pelosi is a big part of the reason I am no longer a democrat. She was/is jealous of Hillary and she worked against her. I would not vote for ANYONE she suggests. The woman should resign.
Nancy Pelosi should go back into her dungeon and play with her whips. She's good for one thing: nothing.
Anybody but Clinton.
I can't think of any thing nice to say about plastic face Pelosi and do nothing congress. I can remember all of her now broken promises she made in 2004. I was thrilled when she took over as Speaker of the House and what a disappointment She needs to step down and put someone in who will help the American people.
she better worry about keeping her own positiion in california, she hasnt be a great speaker of the house as even dems know very well
he has good creds. with vets.
Whats the point of replying to these comments on the weekend when they ignored all of them on saturday. Now all it says is permalink? Why have a "leave your comment" here if you are planning to ignor it all?
CNN is in the tank for Obama. CNN has now become the most unreliable news network behind MSNBC.
Time to clean house in Washington, "5 weeks vacation for a job well done" give me a break. Vote all of them out and start over.
Obama should BAN Nancy Pelosi from speaking for him. First, he offended so many women and core Clinton supporters during the primaries. Two, she is the MOST unpopular speaker in history. Women know why she is against Clinton. Her calculation is that Hillary Clinton as a President or VP automatically puts her claim the the speakership in danger, because she is afraid many may not be comfortable with women holding two of the top leadership positions in the country. Obama should think of winning and NOT what Nancy Pelosi thinks. Think this: How come Ms. Pelosi has not proposed a female candidate for VP? Go figure...whatever happens, her era must end in January!!
Edwards is similar to the fake Evangelists – pretending to be for the "lowly peopl" and lives like a King off the back fo the "lowly people".
Pelosi is acting like the ultimate boss (she's not very bright as one can see as well) as well holding up votes that 75% of American People want. The Parliamentary morons need to be extracted from Congress; so should those who support the rich to the point of ridiculousness.
Jack C
Portland OR
Good – glad to hear he supports vets health care. Obama supports it too.
McCain voted against the increast in vets health care. McCain just doesn't understand – he must think they all came back to millionaire wives. That only happened for John McCain.
Obama '08


text:
1.the largest city in southern Alberta; an oil and gas center and a technology center for Alberta and most of western Canada
Advertizing ▼
definition of Wikipedia
ville du Canada (fr)[Classe...]
ville du monde (fr)[Classe...]
ville d'Amérique du Nord. (fr)[ClasseParExt.]
ville administrative d'un territoire (fr)[Classe]
parts; area; region; part of the country; district[ClasseParExt...]
Descripteurs EUROVOC (fr)[Thème]
(cathedral), (bishop), (council)[termes liés]
municipality - Canadian province[Hyper.]
citify, urbanise, urbanize - metropolitan[Dérivé]
ville d'Alberta (fr)[Classe...]
ville du Canada (fr)[ClasseParExt.]
capital, city, metropolis, urban center[Hyper.]
Calgary (n.)↕
Advertizing ▼
Calgary | |||
— City — | |||
City of Calgary | |||
From top left: Scotiabank Saddledome and Downtown Calgary, SAIT Polytechnic, Calgary Stampede, Canada Olympic Park, Lougheed House, Stephen Avenue, Calgary Zoo | |||
Nickname(s): C-Town, Cowtown, Heart of The New West, The Stampede City | |||
Motto: Onward | |||
Coordinates: 51°03′N 114°04′W / 51.05°N 114.067°WCoordinates: 51°03′N 114°04′W / 51.05°N 114.067°W | |||
Country | Canada | ||
Province | Alberta | ||
Region | Calgary Region | ||
Census division | 6 | ||
Established | 1875 | ||
Incorporated [1] - Town |
November 7, 1884 |
- City | January 1, 1894 | ||
Government | |||
• Mayor | Naheed Nenshi (Past mayors) |
• Governing body | Calgary City Council | ||
• Manager | Owen A. Tobert | ||
• MPs |
List of MPs
• MLAs |
List of MLAs
Area (2011)[2][3][4] | |||
• City | 825.29 km2 (318.65 sq mi) | ||
• Urban | 704.51 km2 (272.01 sq mi) | ||
• Metro | 5,107.55 km2 (1,972.04 sq mi) | ||
Elevation | 1,048 m (3,438 ft) | ||
Population (2011)[2][3][4] | |||
• City | 1,096,833 (3rd) | ||
• Density | 1,329.0/km2 (3,442/sq mi) | ||
• Urban | 1,095,404 | ||
• Urban density | 1,554.8/km2 (4,027/sq mi) | ||
• Metro | 1,214,839 (5th) | ||
• Metro density | 237.9/km2 (616/sq mi) | ||
• Demonym | Calgarian | ||
Time zone | MST (UTC−7) | ||
• Summer (DST) | MDT (UTC−6) | ||
Postal code span | T1Y to T3R | ||
Area code(s) | 403, 587 | ||
Website | calgary.ca |
Calgary /ˈkælɡᵊri/ is a city in the province of Alberta, Canada. It is located in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, approximately 80 km (50 mi) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. The city is located in the grassland and parkland natural regions of Alberta.
As of 2011, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,096,833[2] and a metropolitan population of 1,214,839, making it the largest city in Alberta, and the third-largest municipality and fifth-largest metropolitan area in Canada.[4]
Located 294 km (183 mi) south of Edmonton, Statistics Canada defines area between these cities as the "Calgary–Edmonton Corridor."[5]
Economic activity in Calgary is mostly centred on the petroleum industry and agriculture. In 1988, Calgary became the first Canadian city to host the Olympic Winter Games.
Before the Calgary area was settled by Europeans, it was inhabited by pre-Clovis people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years.[6] In 1787, cartographer David Thompson spent the winter with a band of Peigan encamped along the Bow River. He was the first recorded European to visit the area, and John Glenn was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873.[7]
The site became a post of the North-West Mounted Police (now the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or RCMP). The NWMP detachment was assigned in 1875 to protect the western plains from U.S. whisky traders, and protect the fur trade. Originally named Fort Brisebois, after NWMP officer Éphrem-A. Brisebois, it was renamed Fort Calgary in 1876 by Colonel James Macleod. It was named after Calgary on the Isle of Mull, Scotland. While there is some disagreement on the naming of the town, the museum on the Isle of Mull explains that kald and gart are similar Old Norse words, meaning "cold" and "garden", that were likely used when named by the Vikings who inhabited the Inner Hebrides.[8] Alternatively, the name might come from the Gaelic, Cala ghearraidh, meaning 'beach of the meadow (pasture)'.[citation needed]
The Calgary Fire of 1886 occurred on November 7, 1886. Fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $103,200. Although no one was killed or injured,[9] city officials drafted a law requiring all large downtown buildings to be built with Paskapoo sandstone, to prevent this from happening again.[10]
When the Canadian Pacific Railway reached the area in 1883, and a rail station was constructed, Calgary began to grow into an important commercial and agricultural centre. The Canadian Pacific Railway headquarters moved to Calgary in the 1990s. Calgary was officially incorporated as a town in 1884, and elected its first mayor, George Murdoch. In 1894, it was incorporated as "The City of Calgary" in what was then the North-West Territories.[11] After the arrival of the railway, the Dominion Government started leasing grazing land at minimal cost (up to 100,000 acres (400 km2) for one cent per acre per year). As a result of this policy, large ranching operations were established in the outlying country near Calgary. Already a transportation and distribution hub, Calgary quickly became the centre of Canada's cattle marketing and meatpacking industries.[citation needed]
Between 1896 and 1914 settlers from all over the world poured into the area in response to the offer of free "homestead" land. Agriculture and ranching became key components of the local economy, shaping the future of Calgary for years to come. The world famous Calgary Stampede, still held annually in July, grew from a small agricultural show and rodeo started in 1912 by four wealthy ranchers to "the greatest outdoor show on earth".[citation needed]
Oil was first discovered in Alberta in 1902,[12] but it did not become a significant industry in the province until 1947 when huge reserves of it were discovered. Calgary quickly found itself at the centre of the ensuing oil boom. The city's economy grew when oil prices increased with the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973. The population increased by 272,000 in the eighteen years between 1971 (403,000) and 1989 (675,000) and another 345,000 in the next eighteen years (to 1,020,000 in 2007). During these boom years, skyscrapers were constructed and the relatively low-rise downtown quickly became dense with tall buildings,[13] a trend that continues to this day.
Calgary's economy was so closely tied to the oil industry that the city's boom peaked with the average annual price of oil in 1981.[14] The subsequent drop in oil prices were cited by industry as reasons for a collapse in the oil industry and consequently the overall Calgary economy. Low oil prices prevented a full recovery until the 1990s.[citation needed]
With the energy sector employing a huge number of Calgarians, the fallout from the economic slump of the early 1980s was understandably significant, and the unemployment rate soared.[15] By the end of the decade, however, the economy was in recovery. Calgary quickly realized that it could not afford to put so much emphasis on oil and gas, and the city has since become much more diverse, both economically and culturally. The period during this recession marked Calgary's transition from a mid-sized and relatively nondescript prairie city into a major cosmopolitan and diverse centre. This transition culminated in February 1988, when the city hosted the 1988 Winter Olympics.[16] The success of these games[17] essentially put the city on the world stage.
Thanks in part to escalating oil prices, the economy in Calgary and Alberta was booming until the end of 2008, and the region of nearly 1.1 million people was home to the fastest growing economy in the country.[18] While the oil and gas industry comprise an important part of the economy, the city has invested a great deal into other areas such as tourism and high-tech manufacturing. Over 3.1 million people now visit the city annually[19] for its many festivals and attractions, especially the Calgary Stampede. The nearby mountain resort towns of Banff, Lake Louise, and Canmore are also becoming increasingly popular with tourists, and are bringing people into Calgary as a result. Other modern industries include light manufacturing, high-tech, film, e-commerce, transportation, and services. Calgary is considered a beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) study group.[20] The city has ranked highly[21] in quality of life surveys: 25th in 2006, 24th in 2007, 25th in 2008, 26th in 2009, 28th in 2010, and 33rd in the 2011 Mercer Quality of Living Survey,[22][23] and 5th best city to live in according to the Economist Intelligence Unit.[24] Calgary ranked as the world's cleanest city by Forbes Magazine in 2007.[25] Mercer also ranked the city as the world's first-placed eco-city for 2010.[26]
Calgary is located at the transition zone between the Canadian Rockies foothills and the Canadian Prairies. The city lies within the foothills parkland natural subregion of the parkland natural region and the foothills fescue subregion of the grasslands natural region.[27] Calgary's elevation is approximately 1,048 m (3,438 ft) above sea level downtown, and 1,084 m (3,557 ft) at the airport. The city proper covers a land area of 726.5 km2 (280.5 sq mi) (as of 2006)[28] and as such exceeds the land area of the City of Toronto.
There are two major rivers that run through the city. The Bow River is the largest and flows from the west to the south. The Elbow River flows northwards from the south until it converges with the Bow River near downtown. Since the climate of the region is generally dry, dense vegetation occurs naturally only in the river valleys, on some north-facing slopes, and within Fish Creek Provincial Park.[citation needed]
The city is large in physical area, consisting of an inner city surrounded by communities of various density. Unlike most cities with a sizeable metropolitan area, most of Calgary's suburbs are incorporated into the city proper, with the notable exceptions of the City of Airdrie to the north, Cochrane to the northwest, Strathmore to the east, and the Springbank and Bearspaw acreages to the west. Though it is not technically within Calgary's metropolitan area, the Town of Okotoks is only a short distance to the south and is considered a suburb as well. The Calgary Economic Region includes slightly more area than the CMA and has a population of 1,251,600[29] in 2008.
The city has undertaken numerous land annexation procedures over the years to keep up with growth; the most recent was completed in July 2007 and saw the city annex the neighbouring hamlet of Shepard, and place its boundaries adjacent to the hamlet of Balzac and within very short distances of the City of Airdrie and Town of Chestermere.[30] Despite this proximity, there are presently no plans for Calgary to annex either Airdrie or Chestermere, and in fact Chestermere's administration has a growth plan in the works that calls for it annexing the intervening land between the town and Calgary.[31]
The City of Calgary is immediately surrounded by two municipal districts, Rocky View County to the north, west and east; and Foothills No. 31 to the south.
The downtown region of the city consists of five neighbourhoods: Eau Claire (including the Festival District), the Downtown West End, the Downtown Commercial Core, Chinatown, and the Downtown East Village (also part of the Rivers District). The commercial core is itself divided into a number of districts including the Stephen Avenue Retail Core, the Entertainment District, the Arts District and the Government District. Distinct from downtown and south of 9th Avenue is Calgary's densest neighbourhood, the Beltline. The area includes a number of communities such as Connaught, Victoria Crossing and a portion of the Rivers District. The Beltline is the focus of major planning and rejuvenation initiatives on the part of the municipal government[32] to increase the density and liveliness of Calgary's centre.[citation needed]
Adjacent to, or directly radiating from the downtown are the first of the inner-city communities. These include Crescent Heights, Hounsfield Heights/Briar Hill, Hillhurst/Sunnyside (including Kensington BRZ), Bridgeland, Renfrew, Mount Royal, Mission, Ramsay and Inglewood and Albert Park/Radisson Heights directly to the east. The inner city is, in turn, surrounded by relatively dense and established neighbourhoods such as Rosedale and Mount Pleasant to the north; Bowness, Parkdale and Glendale to the west; Park Hill, South Calgary (including Marda Loop), Bankview, Altadore, and Killarney to the south; and Forest Lawn/International Avenue to the east. Lying beyond these, and usually separated from one another by highways, are suburban communities including Somerset, Country Hills, Sundance, and McKenzie Towne. In all, there are over 180 distinct neighbourhoods within the city limits.[33]
Several of Calgary's neighbourhoods were initially separate municipalities that were annexed by the city as it grew. These include Bowness, Montgomery, and Forest Lawn.
Calgary experiences a dry humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb, USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 3a).[34][35][36] with long, cold, dry, but highly variable winters and short, moderately warm summers. The climate is greatly influenced by the city's elevation and proximity to the Rocky Mountains. Calgary's winters can be uncomfortably cold; but warm, dry Chinook winds routinely blow into the city from over the mountains during the winter months, giving Calgarians a break from the cold. These winds have been known to raise the winter temperature by up to 15 °C (27 °F) in just a few hours, and may last several days. The chinooks are such a common feature of Calgary's winters that only one month (January 1950) has failed to witness a thaw over more than 100 years of weather observations.[citation needed] More than one half of all winter days see the daily maximum rise above 0 °C (32 °F).[citation needed]
Calgary is a city of extremes, and temperatures have ranged anywhere from a record low of −45 °C (−49.0 °F) in 1893 to a record high of 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) in 1919. Temperatures fall below −30 °C (−22 °F) on about five days per year,[37] though extreme cold spells usually do not last very long. According to Environment Canada, the average temperature in Calgary ranges from a January daily average of −8.9 °C (16.0 °F) to a July daily average of 16.2 °C (61.2 °F).[37]
As a consequence of Calgary's high elevation and aridity, summer evenings can be very cool. The average summer minimum temperature drops to 8 °C (46 °F). Calgary may experience summer daytime temperatures exceeding 29 °C (84 °F) anytime in June, July and August, and occasionally as late as September or as early as May. With an average relative humidity of 55% in the winter and 45% in the summer (15:00 MST),[37] Calgary has a dry climate similar to other cities in the western Great Plains and Canadian Prairies. Unlike cities further east such as Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa or even Winnipeg, humidity is rarely a factor during the Calgary summer.[citation needed]
The city is among the sunniest in Canada, with 2,405 hours of annual sunshine, on average.[37] Calgary International Airport in the northeastern section of the city receives an average of 412.6 mm (16.24 in) of precipitation annually, with 320.6 mm (12.62 in) of that occurring in the form of rain, and 126.7 cm (49.9 in) as snow.[37] Most of the precipitation occurs from May to August, with June averaging the most monthly rainfall. In June 2005, Calgary received 248 mm (9.8 in) of precipitation, making it the wettest month in the city's recorded history.[38] Droughts are not uncommon and may occur at any time of the year, lasting sometimes for months or even several years. Precipitation decreases somewhat from west to east; consequently, groves of trees on the western outskirts largely give way to treeless grassland around the eastern city limit.
Located in southern Alberta, Calgary can endure several very cold spells in most winters (although they are punctuated by warm spells). Snow depths of greater than 1 cm (0.39 in) are seen on about 88 days each year in Calgary, compared with about 74 days in Toronto. However, snowfall (and temperatures) can vary considerably throughout the Calgary region – mostly due to the elevation changes, and proximity to the mountains. The town of High River (37 km (23 mi) south of Calgary) receives on average 42 cm (17 in) more snow a year than at the Calgary Airport in north-east Calgary.[39][37] Temperatures tend to be slightly warmer in the southern areas of Calgary as well.
Calgary averages more than 22 days a year with thunderstorms, with most all of them occurring in the summer months. Calgary lies on the edge of Alberta's hailstorm alley and is prone to damaging hailstorms every few years. A hailstorm that struck Calgary on September 7, 1991, was one of the most destructive natural disasters in Canadian history, with over $400 million dollars in damage.[40] Being west of the dry line on most occasions, tornadoes are rare in the region.
Climate data for Calgary International Airport | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Humidex | 15.6 | 21.9 | 21.7 | 27.2 | 31.6 | 33.3 | 36.9 | 36.0 | 32.9 | 28.7 | 22.2 | 19.4 | 36.9 |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
29.4 (84.9) |
32.4 (90.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
33.3 (91.9) |
29.4 (84.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
36.1 (97.0) |
Average high °C (°F) | −2.8 (27.0) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
4.0 (39.2) |
11.3 (52.3) |
16.4 (61.5) |
20.2 (68.4) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
12.1 (53.8) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −8.9 (16.0) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
4.6 (40.3) |
9.8 (49.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
10.8 (51.4) |
5.4 (41.7) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
4.1 (39.4) |
Average low °C (°F) | −15.1 (4.8) |
−12 (10.4) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
3.1 (37.6) |
7.3 (45.1) |
9.4 (48.9) |
8.6 (47.5) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −44.4 (−47.9) |
−45 (−49.0) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
−30 (−22.0) |
−16.7 (1.9) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−25.7 (−14.3) |
−35 (−31.0) |
−42.8 (−45.0) |
−45 (−49.0) |
Wind chill | −52.1 | −52.6 | −44.7 | −37.1 | −23.7 | −5.8 | −4.1 | −5.2 | −12.5 | −34.3 | −47.9 | −55.1 | −55.1 |
Precipitation mm (inches) | 11.6 (0.457) |
8.8 (0.346) |
17.4 (0.685) |
23.9 (0.941) |
60.3 (2.374) |
79.8 (3.142) |
67.9 (2.673) |
58.8 (2.315) |
45.7 (1.799) |
13.9 (0.547) |
12.3 (0.484) |
12.2 (0.48) |
412.6 (16.244) |
Rainfall mm (inches) | 0.2 (0.008) |
0.1 (0.004) |
1.7 (0.067) |
11.5 (0.453) |
51.4 (2.024) |
79.8 (3.142) |
67.9 (2.673) |
58.7 (2.311) |
41.7 (1.642) |
6.2 (0.244) |
1.2 (0.047) |
0.3 (0.012) |
320.6 (12.622) |
Snowfall cm (inches) | 17.7 (6.97) |
13.4 (5.28) |
21.9 (8.62) |
15.4 (6.06) |
9.7 (3.82) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
4.8 (1.89) |
9.9 (3.9) |
16.4 (6.46) |
17.6 (6.93) |
126.7 (49.88) |
% humidity | 56.6 | 54.3 | 51.9 | 40.9 | 42.8 | 45.8 | 45.7 | 44.8 | 45.1 | 42.9 | 54.6 | 56.1 | 48.5 |
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 9.0 | 6.9 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 11.3 | 13.4 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 9.3 | 6.3 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 113.6 |
Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 4.4 | 10.5 | 13.4 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 8.7 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 67.5 |
Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 9.7 | 7.6 | 9.4 | 6.3 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 3.8 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 56.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 117.4 | 141.4 | 177.6 | 218.8 | 253.7 | 280.3 | 314.9 | 281.9 | 207.7 | 180.5 | 123.9 | 107.4 | 2,405.3 |
Source: Environment Canada[37] |
Numerous plant and animal species are found within and around Calgary. The Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) comes near the northern limit of its range at Calgary.[41] Another conifer of widespread distribution found in the Calgary area is the White Spruce (Picea glauca).[citation needed]
Calgary has a number of multicultural areas. Forest Lawn is among the most diverse areas in the city and as such, the area around 17 Avenue SE within the neighbourhood is also known as International Avenue. The district is home to many ethnic restaurants and stores.[citation needed]
While many Calgarians continue to live in the city's suburbs, more central districts such as 17 Avenue, Kensington, Inglewood, Forest Lawn, Marda Loop and the Mission District have become more popular and density in those areas has increased.[citation needed] The nightlife and the availability of cultural venues in these areas has gradually begun to evolve as a result.[citation needed]
The Calgary Public Library is the city's public library network, with seventeen branches loaning books, e-books, CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays, audio books, and more. Based on borrowing, the library is the second largest in Canada, and sixth-largest municipal library system in North America. Nonetheless, it ranks twenty-fourth in Canadian per capita municipal funding, according to the Urban Libraries Council.[citation needed]
Calgary is the site of the Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium performing arts, culture and community facility. The auditorium is one of two "twin" facilities in the province, the other located in Edmonton, each being locally known as the "Jube." The 2,538-seat auditorium was opened in 1957[42] and has been host to hundreds of Broadway musical, theatrical, stage and local productions. The Calgary Jube is the resident home of the Alberta Ballet Company, the Calgary Opera, the Kiwanis Music Festival, and the annual civic Remembrance Day ceremonies. Both auditoriums operate 365 days a year, and are run by the provincial government. Both received major renovations as part of the province's centennial in 2005.[citation needed]
The city is also home to a number of theatre companies; among them are One Yellow Rabbit, which shares the EPCOR Centre for the Performing Arts with the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra, as well as Theatre Calgary, Alberta Theatre Projects and Theatre Junction Grand, culture house dedicated for the contemporary live arts. Calgary was also the birthplace of the improvisational theatre games known as Theatresports. The Calgary International Film Festival is also held in the city annually, as well as the International Festival of Animated Objects.[citation needed]
Visual and conceptual artists like the art collective United Congress are active in the city. There are a number of art galleries in the downtown, many of them concentrated along the Stephen Avenue and 17 Avenue corridors.[43] The largest of these is the Art Gallery of Calgary (AGC). Calgary is also home to the Alberta College of Art and Design.
A number of marching bands are based in Calgary. They include the Calgary Round-Up Band, the Calgary Stetson Show Band, the Bishop Grandin Marching Ghosts, and the two-time World Association for Marching Show Bands champions, the Calgary Stampede Showband, as well as military bands including the Band of HMCS Tecumseh, the Regimental Band of the King's Own Calgary Regiment, and the Regimental Pipes and Drums of The Calgary Highlanders. There are many other civilian pipe bands in the city, notably the Calgary Police Service Pipe Band.[44]
Calgary hosts a number of annual festivals and events. These include the Calgary International Film Festival, the Calgary Folk Music Festival, FunnyFest Calgary Comedy Festival, the Folk Music Festival, the Greek Festival, Carifest, Wordfest: Banff Calgary International Writers Festival, the Lilac Festival, GlobalFest, the Calgary Fringe Festival, Summerstock, Expo Latino, Calgary Gay Pride, Calgary International Spoken Word Festival,[45] and many other cultural and ethnic festivals. Calgary's best-known event is the Calgary Stampede, which has occurred each July since 1912. It is one of the largest festivals in Canada, with a 2005 attendance of 1,242,928 at the 10-day rodeo and exhibition.[46]
Several museums are located in the city. The Glenbow Museum is the largest in western Canada and includes an art gallery and First Nations gallery.[47] Other major museums include the Chinese Cultural Centre (at 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m2), the largest stand-alone cultural centre in Canada),[48] the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame and Museum (at Canada Olympic Park), The Military Museums, the Cantos Music Museum and the Aero Space Museum.
Numerous films have been shot in the general area. The television film Crossfire Trail (2001), starring Tom Selleck, was shot on a ranch near Calgary though the stated setting of the film is Wyoming.[citation needed]
The Calgary Herald and the Calgary Sun are the main newspapers in Calgary. Global, Citytv, CTV and CBC television networks have local studios in the city.
In large part due to its proximity to the Rocky Mountains, Calgary has traditionally been a popular destination for winter sports. Since hosting the 1988 Winter Olympics, the city has also been home to a number of major winter sporting facilities such as Canada Olympic Park (luge, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, downhill skiing, snowboarding, and some summer sports) and the Olympic Oval (speed skating and hockey). These facilities serve as the primary training venues for a number of competitive athletes. Also, Canada Olympic Park serves as a mountain biking trail in the summer months.
In the summer, the Bow River is very popular among fly-fishermen. Golfing is also an extremely popular activity for Calgarians and the region has a large number of courses.[citation needed]
Calgary hosted the 2009 World Water Ski Championship Festival in August, at the Predator Bay Water Ski Club which is situated approximately 40 km (25 mi) south of the city.[citation needed]
As part of the wider Battle of Alberta, the city's sports teams enjoy a popular rivalry with their Edmonton counterparts, most notably the rivalries between the National Hockey League's Calgary Flames and Edmonton Oilers, and the Canadian Football League's Calgary Stampeders and Edmonton Eskimos.[citation needed]
The city also has a large number of urban parks including Fish Creek Provincial Park, Nose Hill Park, Bowness Park, Edworthy Park, the Inglewood Bird Sanctuary, Confederation Park, and Prince's Island Park. Nose Hill Park is the largest municipal park in Canada. Connecting these parks and most of the city's neighbourhoods is one of the most extensive multi-use (walking, bike, rollerblading, etc.) path systems in North America.[49]
Calgary is renowned in professional wrestling tradition as both the home-city of the prominent Hart wrestling family and the location of the infamous Hart family "Dungeon", wherein WWE Hall of Fame member and patriarch of the Hart Family, Stu Hart[50], trained numerous professional wrestlers including "Superstar" Billy Graham, Brian Pillman, the British Bulldogs, Edge, Christian, Greg Valentine, Chris Jericho, Jushin Liger and many more. Also among the trainees were the Hart family members themselves, including WWE Hall of Fame member and former WWE champion Bret Hart and his brother, the 1994 WWF King of the Ring, Owen Hart.[50]
Club | League | Venue | Established | Championships |
Calgary Stampeders | Canadian Football League | McMahon Stadium | 1945 | 6 |
Calgary Flames | National Hockey League | Scotiabank Saddledome | 1980 | 1 |
Calgary Roughnecks | National Lacrosse League | Scotiabank Saddledome | 2001 | 2 |
Club | League | Venue | Established | Championships |
Calgary Canucks | Alberta Junior Hockey League | Max Bell Centre | 1971 | 9 |
Calgary Mustangs | Alberta Junior Hockey League | Father David Bauer Olympic Arena | 1990 | 1 |
Calgary Speed Skating Association | Speed Skating Canada | Olympic Oval | 1990 | 10 |
Calgary Hitmen | Western Hockey League | Scotiabank Saddledome | 1995 | 2 |
Calgary Oval X-Treme | Western Women's Hockey League | Olympic Oval | 1995 | 4 |
Calgary Mavericks | Rugby Canada National Junior Championship | Calgary Rugby Park | 1998 | 1 |
Calgary United F.C. | Canadian Major Indoor Soccer League | Stampede Corral | 2007 | 0 |
Cascade Swim Club | Swimming Canada | Talisman Centre | 1976 |
Downtown features an eclectic mix of restaurants and bars, cultural venues, public squares (including Olympic Plaza) and shopping. Notable shopping areas include such as The Core Shopping Centre (formerly Calgary Eaton Centre/TD Square), Stephen Avenue and Eau Claire Market. Downtown tourist attractions include the Calgary Zoo, the Telus World of Science, the Telus Convention Centre, the Chinatown district, the Glenbow Museum, the Calgary Tower, the Art Gallery of Calgary (AGC), Military Museum and the EPCOR Centre for the Performing Arts. At 2.5 acres (10,000 m2), the Devonian Gardens is one of the largest urban indoor gardens in the world,[51] and it is located on the 4th floor of The Core Shopping Centre (above the shopping). The downtown region is also home to Prince's Island Park, an urban park located just north of the Eau Claire district. Directly to the south of downtown is Midtown and the Beltline. This area is quickly becoming one of the city's densest and most active mixed use areas.[citation needed] At the district's core is the popular "17 Avenue", which is known for its many bars and nightclubs, restaurants, and shopping venues. During the Calgary Flames' playoff run in 2004, 17 Avenue was frequented by over 50,000 fans and supporters per game night. The concentration of red jersey-wearing fans led to the street's playoff moniker, the "Red Mile." Downtown is easily accessed using the city's C-Train light rail (LRT) transit system.
Attractions on the west side of the city include the Heritage Park Historical Village historical park, depicting life in pre-1914 Alberta and featuring working historic vehicles such as a steam train, paddle steamer and electric streetcar. The village itself comprises a mixture of replica buildings and historic structures relocated from southern Alberta. Other major city attractions include Canada Olympic Park, which features Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, and Spruce Meadows. In addition to the many shopping areas in the city centre, there are a number of large suburban shopping complexes in the city. Among the largest are Chinook Centre and Southcentre Mall in the south, Westhills and Signal Hill in the southwest, South Trail Crossing and Deerfoot Meadows in the southeast, Market Mall in the northwest, Sunridge Mall in the northeast, and the newly built CrossIron Mills just north of the Calgary city limits, and south of the City of Airdrie.
Downtown can be recognized by its numerous skyscrapers. Some of these structures, such as the Calgary Tower and the Scotiabank Saddledome are unique enough to be symbols of Calgary. Office buildings tend to concentrate within the commercial core, while residential towers occur most frequently within the Downtown West End and the Beltline, south of downtown. These buildings are iconographic of the city's booms and busts, and it is easy to recognize the various phases of development that have shaped the image of downtown. The first skyscraper building boom occurred during the late 1950s and continued through to the 1970s.[citation needed] After 1980, during the recession, many high-rise construction projects were immediately halted.[citation needed] It was not until the late 1980s and through to the early 1990s that major construction began again, initiated by the 1988 Winter Olympics and stimulated by the growing economy.[citation needed]
In total, there are 10 office towers that are at least 150 m (490 ft) (usually around 40 floors) or higher. The tallest of these is The Bow(Encana headquarters), which is the tallest office tower in Canada outside Toronto.[52] Calgary's Bankers Hall Towers are also the tallest twin towers in Canada. Several larger office towers are planned for downtown: Jamieson Place, Eighth Avenue Place (two towers), Centennial Place (two towers), City Centre (two towers), and the highly anticipated (although only rumoured) Imperial Oil and First Canadian Centre II towers.
As of 2008, there were 264 completed high-rise buildings, with 42 more under construction, another 13 approved for construction and 63 more proposed.[citation needed]
To connect many of the downtown office buildings, the city also boasts the world's most extensive skyway network (elevated indoor pedestrian bridges), officially called the +15. The name derives from the fact that the bridges are usually 15 ft (4.6 m) above grade.[53]
In nearby Airdrie at the Calgary/Airdrie Airport the Airdrie Regional Airshow is held every two years. In 2011 the airshow featured the Canadian Snowbirds, a CF-18 demo and a United States Air Force F-16.[54][55]
Population history | ||
Year | Pop. | ±% |
1891 | 3,876 | — |
1901 | 4,091 | +5.5% |
1906 | 11,967 | +192.5% |
1911 | 43,704 | +265.2% |
1916 | 56,514 | +29.3% |
1921 | 63,305 | +12.0% |
1926 | 65,291 | +3.1% |
1931 | 83,761 | +28.3% |
1936 | 83,407 | −0.4% |
1941 | 88,904 | +6.6% |
1946 | 100,044 | +12.5% |
1951 | 129,060 | +29.0% |
1956 | 181,780 | +40.8% |
1961 | 249,641 | +37.3% |
1966 | 330,575 | +32.4% |
1971 | 403,319 | +22.0% |
1976 | 469,917 | +16.5% |
1981 | 592,743 | +26.1% |
1986 | 636,107 | +7.3% |
1991 | 710,795 | +11.7% |
1996 | 768,082 | +8.1% |
2001 | 878,866 | +14.4% |
2006 | 988,193 | +12.4% |
2011 | 1,096,833 | +11.0% |
Source: Statistics Canada [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66] [67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][2] |
In the 2011 Census, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,096,833 living in 423,417 of its 445,848 total dwellings, a 10.9% change from its 2006 population of 988,812. With a land area of 825.29 km2 (318.65 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,329.027/km2 (3,442.165/sq mi) in 2011.[2]
The city's population according to its 2011 municipal census is 1,090,936,[77][78] a 1.8% or 19,421 resident increase over its 2010 municipal census population of 1,071,515.[79][80]
According the 2006 Statistics Canada federal census, there were 988,193 people living within the city proper.[28] Of this population, 49.9% were male and 50.1% were female.[28] Children under five accounted for approximately 6.1% of the resident population. This compares with 6.2% in Alberta, and 5.3% for Canada overall.[28][81]
In 2006, the average age in the city was 35.7 years of age compared with 36.0 for Alberta and 39.5 years of age for all of Canada.[28][81]
In 2001, the population was 878,866,[82] while in 1996 Calgary had 768,082 inhabitants.
Between 2001 and 2006, Calgary's population grew by 12.4%. During the same time period, the population of Alberta increased by 10.6%, while that of Canada grew by 5.4%.[28][81] The population density of the city averaged 1,360.2 /km2 (3,523 /sq mi), compared with an average of 5.1 /km2 (13 /sq mi) for the province.[28]
A city-administered census, conducted annually to assist in negotiating financial agreements with the provincial and federal governments, showed a population of just over 991,000 in 2006. The population of the Calgary Census Metropolitan Area was just over 1.1 million, and the Calgary Economic Region posted a population of just under 1.17 million in 2006. On July 25, 2006, the municipal government officially acknowledged the birth of the city's one millionth resident, with the census indicating that the population was increasing by approximately 98 people per day at that time.[83] This date was arrived at only by means of assumption and statistical approximation and only took into account children born to Calgarian parents. A net migration of 25,794 persons/year was recorded in 2006, a significant increase from 12,117 in 2005.[84]
Christians make up 67% of the population, while 25% have no religious affiliation. There are also Muslims (2.7%), Buddhists (1.8%), and Sikhs (1.4%).[85]
In 2006, Calgary's largest visible minority groups were Chinese (6.7%), South Asian (5.7%), Filipino (2.5%), and Black (2.1%), while 2.5% of the city's population identified themselves as Aboriginal.[28]
Ethnic Origin [86] | ||
Ethnic group | Population | Per cent |
Canadian | 233,470 | 26.80% |
English | 228,435 | 26.22% |
Scottish | 171,755 | 19.72% |
German | 140,305 | 16.11% |
Irish | 139,600 | 16.03% |
French | 85,450 | 9.81% |
Ukrainian | 59,770 | 6.86% |
Chinese | 56,100 | 6.44% |
Visible minorities and Aboriginal population | |||
Canada 2006 Census | Population | % of Total Population | |
Visible minority group Source: [87] |
South Asian | 56,210 | 5.7 |
Chinese | 65,365 | 6.7 | |
Black | 20,540 | 2.1 | |
Filipino | 24,920 | 2.5 | |
Latin American | 13,125 | 1.3 | |
Southeast Asian | 15,410 | 1.6 | |
Arab | 11,245 | 1.1 | |
West Asian | 5,930 | 0.6 | |
Korean | 6,710 | 0.7 | |
Japanese | 4,490 | 0.5 | |
Mixed visible minority | 6,605 | 0.7 | |
Other visible minority | 1,915 | 0.2 | |
Total visible minority population | 232,465 | 23.7 | |
Aboriginal group Source: [87] |
First Nations | 10,095 | 1 |
Métis | 13,505 | 1.4 | |
Inuit | 230 | 0 | |
Total Aboriginal population | 24,420 | 2.5 | |
White | 722,600 | 73.8 | |
Total population | 979,485 | 100 |
Calgary is generally considered a conservative city, dominated by traditional small-c social conservatives and fiscal conservatives.[88] As the city is a corporate power-centre, a high percentage of the workforce is employed in white-collar jobs. The high concentration of oil and gas corporation led to the rise of Peter Lougheed's Progressive Conservative Party in 1971.[89] During the 1990s the city's mainstream political culture was dominated by the right-wing Reform Party of Canada federally, and the Progressive Conservatives provincially.
The Green Party of Canada has also made inroads in Calgary, exemplified by results of the 2011 federal election where they achieved 7.7% of the vote across the city, ranging from 4.7% in Calgary Northeast to 13.1% in the Calgary Centre-North riding.[90] The right-wing Alberta Alliance became active during the 26th Alberta general election and campaigned for fiscally and socially conservative reforms. However, the Alberta Alliance and its successor, the Wildrose Alliance, did not manage to make inroads in the 2008 provincial election.
However, as Calgary's population has increased, so has the diversity of its politics. One growing alternative movement was recently active during the 2000 World Petroleum Congress demonstrations and the 2002 J26 G8 Protests. Protesters were a mix of locals and outsiders. The city has chapters of various activist organizations, as well as an Anti-Capitalist Convergence.[citation needed]
Calgary is governed in accordance with Alberta's Municipal Government Act (1995).[91] Calgarians elect 14 ward aldermen and a mayor to Calgary City Council every three years. The next election is scheduled for October 2013, at which point the title of alderman will be changed to councillor.[92] Naheed Nenshi was elected mayor in the 2010 municipal election.
The city has an operating budget of $2.1 billion for 2007, supported 41% by property taxes. Property taxes collected equal $757 million annually, with $386 million from residential and $371 million from non-residential properties. City employees salary, wages, and benefits make up 54% of expenditures.[dated info][citation needed]
Two school boards operate independently of each other in Calgary, the public and the separate systems. Both boards have 7 elected trustees each representing 2 of 14 wards. The School Boards are considered to be part of municipal politics in Calgary as they are elected at the same time as City Council.[93]
Calgary is represented by twenty-five provincial MLAs, including twenty Progressive Conservatives, three Liberals, and two members of the Wildrose Party. For exactly fourteen years (from December 14, 1992, to December 14, 2006), the provincial premier and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Alberta, Ralph Klein, held the Calgary-Elbow seat. Klein was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in 1989 and resigned on September 20, 2006.[94] He was succeeded as provincial premier and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party by Ed Stelmach, MLA for Fort Saskatchewan-Vegreville. Following this leadership change, Calgary saw its leadership and representation on provincial matters further reduced as its representation on the provincial cabinet was reduced from eight to three[95] with only one Calgary MLA, Greg Melchin, retaining a cabinet seat. In June 2007, Ralph Klein's old riding, a seat the PC Party held since it took office in 1971 fell to Alberta Liberal Craig Cheffins during a by-election.[96] In the run up to the 2008 general election, pundits predicted significant Tory losses in traditional stronghold that many felt was being taken for granted and ignored.[citation needed]
The 2008 Alberta general election saw the Liberals increase their seat count in the city by one to five. While the results in Calgary were not particularly surprising given the grievances especially in Central Calgary with the Stelmach administration, the fact that they happened in the face of significant PC gains in Edmonton was. The Liberals were reduced to nine seats overall, meaning for the first time ever the majority of their caucus represented Calgary ridings.[citation needed]
All eight of Calgary's federal MPs are members of the Conservative Party of Canada (CPC).[97] The CPC's predecessors have traditionally held the majority of the city's federal seats. The federal electoral district of Calgary Southwest is held by Prime Minister and CPC leader Stephen Harper. Coincidentally, the same seat was also held by Preston Manning, the leader of the Reform Party of Canada, a predecessor of the CPC. Joe Clark, former Prime Minister and former leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (also a predecessor of the CPC), held the riding of Calgary Centre. Of Canada's 22 prime ministers, two have represented a Calgary riding while prime minister. The first was R. B. Bennett from Calgary West, who held that position from 1930 to 1935.
Employment by industry[82] | ||
Industry | Calgary | Alberta |
Agriculture | 6.1% | 10.9% |
Manufacturing | 15.8% | 15.8% |
Trade | 15.9% | 15.8% |
Finance | 6.4% | 5.0% |
Health and education | 25.1% | 18.8% |
Business services | 25.1% | 18.8% |
Other services | 16.5% | 18.7% |
Calgary is recognized as a Canadian leader in the oil and gas industry as well as for being a leader in economic expansion.[98] Its high personal income,[99] low unemployment and high GDP per capita[100] have all benefited from increased sales and prices due to a resource boom,[98] and increasing economic diversification. Because of these strengths, Calgary is designated as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[20] Also, Calgary was one of the top 200 cities worldwide, by the Brookings Institution, that had a top performing local economy for 2011. The city was ranked first nationally, and 51st in the world, in that aspect.[101]
Calgary benefits from a relatively stronger job market in Alberta, is part of the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor, one of the fastest growing regions in the country. It is the head office for many major oil and gas related companies, and many financial service business have grown up around them. Small business and self-employment levels also rank amongst the highest in Canada.[102] It is also a major distribution and transportation hub with high retail sales.[99]
Calgary's economy is decreasingly dominated by the oil and gas industry, although it is still the single largest contributor to the city's GDP. In 2006, Calgary's real GDP (in constant 1997 dollars) was C$52.386 billion, of which oil, gas and mining contributed 12%).[103] The larger oil and gas companies are BP Canada, Canadian Natural Resources Limited, Cenovus Energy, Encana, Imperial Oil, Suncor Energy, Shell Canada, TransCanada, and Nexen, making the city home to 87% of Canada's oil and natural gas producers and 66% of coal producers.[104]
Labour force (2006)[28] | |||
Rate | Calgary | Alberta | Canada |
Employment | 72.3% | 70.9% | 62.4% |
Unemployment | 4.1% | 4.3% | 6.6% |
Participation | 75.4% | 70.9% | 66.8% |
As of 2010, the city had a labour force of 618,000 (a 74.6% participation rate) and 7.0% unemployment rate.[105][106] In 2006, the unemployment rate was amongst the lowest of the major cities in Canada at 3.2%,[107] causing a shortage of both skilled and unskilled workers.[108]
In 2010 the "Professional, Technical and Management" Industry accounted for over 14% of employment and the areas of "Architectural, Engineering and Design Services" and "Management, Scientific and Technical Services" employment levels far exceed Canadian levels. Though Trade employs 14.7% of the work force, its percentage of total employment is not higher than the Canadian average. Levels of employment in Construction are both fairly high, exceed Canadian averages, and have grown 16% between 2006 and 2010. Health and Welfare services, which account for 10% of employment, have grown 20% in that period.[98][109]
Calgary Economic Development "Top Calgary Employers" (2006) lists top employers as such:[110] large industrial employers include Nova Chemicals leading this category with 4,900 employees while others with more than 2,000 employees include Nexen, Canadian Pacific Railway, CNRL, Shell Canada and Dow Chemical Canada. Other private sector employers include Shaw Communications (7,500 employees), along with Telus, Mark's Work Wearhouse, and Calgary Co-op. In the public sector, the largest employer is the Calgary Zone of the Alberta Health Services (22,000). The City of Calgary (15,000), the Calgary Board of Education and the University of Calgary are also large employers.[106][111][112]
Calgary is increasingly becoming home to Canadian corporate head offices. It has the second highest concentration of head offices in Canada, behind only Toronto, and has the highest head office employment per capita in the country.[99][102][113] Some large employers with Calgary head offices include Canada Safeway Limited, Westfair Foods Ltd., Suncor Energy, Agrium, Flint Energy Services Ltd., Shaw Communication, and Canadian Pacific Railway.[111] CPR moved its head office from Montreal in 1996 and Imperial Oil moved from Toronto in 2005. EnCana's new 58-floor corporate headquarters, the Bow, will become the tallest building in Canada outside of Toronto.[114]
WestJet is headquartered close to the Calgary International Airport,[115] and Enerjet has its headquarters on the airport grounds.[116] Prior to their dissolution, Canadian Airlines [117] and Air Canada's subsidiary Zip were also headquartered near the city's airport.[118] Although the main office is now based in Yellowknife, Canadian North, purchased from Canadian Airlines in September 1998, still maintain the operations and charter offices in Calgary.[119][120]
In the 2011-2012 school year, 100,632 K-12 students enrolled in 221 schools in the English language public school system run by the Calgary Board of Education.[121] With other students enrolled in the associated CBe-learn and Chinook Learning Service programs, the school system's total enrollment is 104,182 students.[121] Another 43,000 attend about 95 schools in the separate English language Calgary Catholic School District board.[122] The much smaller Francophone community has their own French language school boards (public and Catholic), which are both based in Calgary, but serve a larger regional district. There are also several public charter schools in the city. Calgary has a number of unique schools, including the country's first high school exclusively designed for Olympic-calibre athletes, the National Sport School.[123] Calgary is also home to many private schools including Mountain View Academy, Rundle College, Rundle Academy, Clear Water Academy, Chinook Winds Adventist Academy, Webber Academy, Delta West Academy, Masters Academy, Menno Simons Christian School, West Island College and Edge School.
Calgary is also home to Western Canada's largest public high school, Lord Beaverbrook High School, with 2,241 students enrolled in the 2005–2006 school year.[dated info][124] Currently the student population of Lord Beaverbrook is 2,013 students (2009) and several other schools are equally as large; Western Canada High School with 2035 students (2009) and Sir Winston Churchill High School with 1983 students (2009).
Calgary is the site of five major public post-secondary institutions. The University of Calgary is Calgary's primary large degree-granting facility, and enrolled 28,807 students in 2006.[125] Other post-secondary institutions include Mount Royal University, with 13,000 students, granting degrees in a number of fields; and SAIT Polytechnic, with over 14,000 students, provides polytechnic and apprentice education, granting certificates, diplomas and applied degrees.
Smaller post-secondary institutions include Bow Valley College, and Alberta College of Art and Design.
There are also several private institutions including Ambrose University College, the official Canadian university college of the Church of the Nazarene, the Christian and Missionary Alliance, St. Mary's University College, and DeVry University.
Calgary's daily newspapers include the Calgary Herald and the Calgary Sun. Like most other major Canadian cities, Calgary is served by cable television stations Global, CTV, CBC, and CityTV. Network affiliate programming from the United States originates from Spokane, Washington. There are a wide range of radio stations, including a station for First Nations and the Asian Canadian community.
Calgary International Airport (YYC), in the city's northeast, is a transportation hub for much of central and western Canada. In 2010 it was the fourth busiest in Canada by aircraft movements,[126] and third busiest by aircraft movments,[127] is a major cargo hub,[citation needed] and is a staging point for people destined for Banff National Park.[128] Non-stop destinations include cities throughout Canada, the United States, Europe, Central America, and Asia. Calgary/Springbank Airport, Canada's eleventh busiest,[127] serves as a reliever for the Calgary International taking the general aviation traffic and is also a base for aerial firefighting aircraft.
Calgary's presence on the Trans-Canada Highway and the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) mainline (which includes the CPR Alyth Yard) also make it an important hub for freight. The Rocky Mountaineer and Royal Canadian Pacific operates railtour service to Calgary; Via Rail no longer provides intercity rail service to Calgary.[citation needed]
Much of Calgary's street network is on a grid where roads are numbered with avenues running east–west and streets running north–south. Until 1904 the streets were named; after that date, all streets were given numbers radiating outwards from the city centre.[129] Roads in predominantly residential areas as well as freeways and expressways do not generally conform to the grid and are usually not numbered as a result. However, it is a developer and city convention in Calgary that non-numbered streets within a new community have the same name prefix as the community itself so that streets can more easily be located within the city.
Calgary Transit provides public transportation services throughout the city with buses and light rail. Calgary's rail system, known as the C-Train was one of the first such systems in North America (behind Edmonton LRT and San Diego Trolley) and consists of three lines (two routes) on 48.8 km (30.3 mi) of track (mostly at grade with a dedicated right-of-way carrying 42% of the downtown working population). In the fourth quarter of 2009, the C-Train system had an average of 266,100 riders per weekday, the third-busiest light-rail system in North America behind the Monterrey Metro,[130] and the Toronto streetcar system.[131] The bus system has over 160 routes and is operated by 800 vehicles.[132][133]
As an alternative to the over 260 km (160 mi) of shared bikeways on streets, the city has a network of multi-use (bicycle, walking, rollerblading, etc.) paths spanning over 635 km (395 mi).[49]
Calgary has three major adult acute care hospitals and one major pediatric acute care site; the Foothills Medical Centre, which is the largest hospital in Alberta, the Peter Lougheed Centre, the Rockyview General Hospital, and the Alberta Children's Hospital, which is the largest hospital in the prairie provinces for sick children, respectively. They are all overseen by the Calgary Zone of the Alberta Health Services, formerly the Calgary Health Region. Calgary is also home to the Tom Baker Cancer Centre, the leading cancer centre in Alberta (located at the Foothills Medical Centre), the Grace Women's Health Centre, which provides a variety of care, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute. In addition, the Sheldon M. Chumir Centre (a large 24 hour assessment clinic), and the Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre (RRDTC), as well as hundreds of smaller medical and dental clinics operate in Calgary. The Faculty of Medicine of the University of Calgary also operates in partnership with Alberta Health Services, by researching cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes, joint injury, arthritis and genetics.[134]
The four largest Calgary hospitals have a combined total of more than 2,100 beds, and employ over 11,500 people.[135]
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
The presence of the Canadian military has been part of the local economy and culture since the early years of the 20th century, beginning with the assignment of a squadron of Strathcona's Horse. After many failed attempts to create the city's own unit, the 103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles) was finally authorized on April 1, 1910. Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Calgary was established as Currie Barracks and Harvie Barracks following the Second World War. The base remained the most significant Department of National Defence (DND) institution in the city until it was decommissioned in 1998, when most of the units moved to CFB Edmonton. Despite this closure there is still a number of Canadian Forces Reserve units, and cadet units garrisoned throughout the city. They include HMCS Tecumseh Naval Reserve unit, The King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC), The Calgary Highlanders, both headquartered at the Mewata Armouries, 746 Communication Squadron, 41 Canadian Brigade Group, headquartered at the former location of CFB Calgary, 14 (Calgary) Service Battalion, 15 (Edmonton) Field Ambulance Detachment Calgary, 14 (Edmonton) Military Police Platoon Calgary, 41 Combat Engineer Regiment detachment Calgary (33 Engineer Squadron), along with a small cadre of Regular Force support. Several units have been granted Freedom of the City.
The Calgary Soldiers' Memorial commemorates those who died during war time or while serving overseas. Along with those from units currently stationed in Calgary it represents the 10th Battalion, CEF and the 50th Battalion, CEF of the Canadian Expeditionary Force.
The economic boom and rapid growth recently experienced in Calgary has led to issues such as urban sprawl and an infrastructure backlog. With no geographical barriers to its growth besides the Tsuu T'ina First Nation, the city has seen suburbs spread increasingly further out at an accelerated rate. This has led to difficulties in providing necessary transportation infrastructure to Calgary's population.
With the redevelopment of the Beltline and the Downtown East Village at the forefront, efforts are underway to vastly increase the density of the inner city, but this has not stopped the rate of sprawl.[136] In 2003, the combined population of the downtown neighbourhoods (the Downtown Commercial Core, the Downtown East Village, the Downtown West End, Eau Claire, and Chinatown) was just over 12,600. In addition, the Beltline to the south of downtown had a population of 17,200,[137] for a total of around 30,000.
Because of the growth of the city, its southwest borders are now immediately adjacent to the Tsuu T'ina reserve. Recent residential developments in the deep southwest of the city have created a demand for a major roadway heading into the interior of the city,[138] but because of complications in negotiations with the Tsuu T'ina, the construction has not yet begun.[139]
The city has many socioeconomic issues including homelessness.[140] Certain portions of downtown core and inner city have been singled out as being home to much higher proportions of disadvantaged residents, as well as some neighbourhoods in the city's east. The share of poor families living in very poor neighbourhoods increased from 6.4% to 20.3% between 1980 and 1990.[141]
Although Calgary and Alberta have traditionally been affordable places to live, substantial growth (much of it due to the prosperous energy sector and the northern oil sands projects) has led to increasing demand on real-estate. As a result, house prices in Calgary have increased significantly in recent years, but have stagnated over the last half of 2007, and into 2008.[142] As of November 2006, Calgary is the most expensive city in Canada for commercial/downtown office space,[143] and the second most expensive city (second to Vancouver) for residential real-estate. The cost of living and inflation is now the highest in the country, recent figures show that inflation was running at six per cent in April 2007.[144]
In March 2008, City Council approved a pilot project to test closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras. A total of sixteen CCTV cameras were to be installed in three downtown locations. They were to be deployed in the East Village and along the Stephen Avenue Mall. The project began in early 2009, primarily being led by Animal & Bylaw Services.[145]
Although the city has a relatively low crime rate when compared to other North American cities, gangs and drug-related crime have increased along with the recent economy growth. In 2009, 62 additional police officers were deployed as foot patrols in the downtown area.[146]
The City of Calgary maintains trade development programs, cultural and educational partnerships in twinning agreements with six cities:[147][148]
City | Province/State | Country | Date |
Quebec City | Quebec | Canada | 1956 |
Jaipur | Rajasthan | India | 1973 |
Naucalpan | Mexico State | Mexico | 1994 |
Daqing | Heilongjiang | China | 1995 |
Daejeon | Chungnam | South Korea | 1996 |
Phoenix | Arizona | USA | 1997 |
This section requires expansion. |
Find more about Calgary on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
Images and media from Commons |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
News stories from Wikinews |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
Source texts from Wikisource |
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Book: Calgary | |
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. |
Cochrane | Airdrie | Rocky View County | ||
Canmore | Chestermere | |||
Calgary | ||||
Tsuu T'ina Nation 145 Bragg Creek |
Okotoks | Foothills No. 31 |
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Posted: 08/22/2014 - Lawyers for Boston Marathon bombing suspect Dzhokhar Tsarnaev are asking a judge to dismiss indictments and put proceedings in the case on hold over concerns about the jury selection process in federal court.
Posted: 08/22/2014 - A former high school band director charged with having sex with students in Alabama says "there's always more than one side to the story."
Posted: 08/22/2014 - Two central Kentucky firefighters are still hospitalized a day after they were shocked by a power line while helping out with an "ice bucket challenge."
Updated: 08/21/2014 - A new study finds that 63 trillion gallons of water have been lost to drought in the western United States, enough to blanket the region with 5 inches of water.
Posted: 08/21/2014 - Former GOP presidential candidate Mitt Romney and his vice presidential running mate, Paul Ryan, are reuniting publicly for the first time since their unsuccessful bid for the White House two years ago.
Updated: 08/22/2014 - A woman started an act of kindness chain that lasted for hours at a Starbucks drive-thru in Florida.
Posted: 08/21/2014 - An investigator says a northern New York couple used a dog to lure two Amish sisters from their family farm stand with a plan to turn them into slaves.
Posted: 08/21/2014 - Authorities say they've identified the couple whose selfie was snapped with a Southern California burglary victim's phone.
Posted: 08/21/2014 - Gov. Jay Nixon is ordering the Missouri National Guard to begin withdrawing from Ferguson, where nightly scenes of unrest have erupted since a white police officer fatally shot an unarmed black 18-year-old.
Posted: 08/21/2014 - A U.S. official says the Islamic State militants who beheaded American journalist James Foley in Syria had demanded $132.5 million - or 100 million Euros- in ransom for his release.
Posted: 08/21/2014 - A doctor at the hospital that treated two American aid workers who were infected with the deadly Ebola virus in Africa says their discharge poses no public health risk.
Updated: 08/27/2014 - Attorney General Eric Holder sought Wednesday to reassure the people of Ferguson about the investigation into Michael Brown's death and said he understands why many black Americans do not trust police, recalling how he was repeatedly stopped by officers who seemed to target him because of his race.
Posted: 08/20/2014 - Prosecutors say a Canadian drug kingpin who was one of New York's biggest marijuana suppliers and was dubbed the Pot Playboy has been sentenced to 27 years in prison for leading a $1 billion international drug trafficking enterprise.
Posted: 08/20/2014 - Prosecutors say two teenagers suspected of plotting a mass shooting at a suburban Los Angeles high school have denied charges that they made criminal threats against a third boy.
Posted: 08/20/2014 - FBI Director James Comey says Islamic State extremists who executed journalist James Foley are "savages" and that the agency is helping investigate the killing.
Posted: 08/20/2014 - Senior Obama administration officials say the U.S. military launched a secret mission earlier this summer to rescue a number of Americans held captive by militants in Syria but failed to find them.


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You hit it hard – you've watched the best fighters and perfected your own technique. Show off your hardcore skills in the OG fight shorts by Punishment Athletics. These shorts feature an adjustable elastic waist with a hook and loop closure fly, along with bold printed graphics down either side that will make you look like a pro. Keep training, dude – you'll be in that ring in no time!
- 100% Polyester
- Elastic waistband with drawstring
- Hook and loop closure fly
- Imported
- Inseam measures approx. 6''
- Screen print graphics
- Woven graphics
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