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US 20040088448 A1 Abstract A system is described herein where an embedded computer method for ('router') is provided for full-duplex (two-way) communication between devices and TCP/IP based networking. This system uses a process development component to configure communication between the router and devices. A controller is described that can manage device functions within a single router or among a collection of routers. This controller layer can be inside the router hardware or within the data-publishing layer. Each router is connected physically to devices using physical communication ports.
This method offers significant improvements over prior art with respect to open architecture process and control protocols. The result data from the device control protocol functions are easily available for complex processes and/or inter-device communication in real time based on data decision algorithms (in various formats). This method also describes a secure distributed method of using private networks for the devices and instruments.
Claims(7) 1. An embedded computer method and process (the 'router') for controlling and monitoring various devices and instruments wherein:
a. The control and/or the data communications protocol is chosen by the user of the process from an available list either locally or remotely over a network
b. These control and/or data communications protocols are implemented by the embedded computer method either locally or remotely over a network as specific control commands within the system for the devices and instruments, whose return results are interpreted into data that is captured within the system process format
c. These instrument commands have standard names for device or instrument functionality across different manufacturers
d. Algorithmic processing can be applied on the control information and data interpretation as part of the instrument or device process which can happen in real-time to the user interface as a set of numeric values or a chart or image or can be stored for subsequent conditional or repetitive processing
e. The process definition can be made using graphical programming which is interpreted as the operational sequences in the embedded computer method, or using programming and scripting languages (for example: C, C++, C#, Java, Perl, Python).
f. The raw and processed data is available for storage or archival within various databases
2. A method as described in
3. A method as described in
4. A method as described in
5. A method as where multiple embedded computers connected to devices or instruments can run the commands and data processing for one or more process in parallel.
6. A method where the multiple embedded computers ('routers') connected to devices or instruments can reside in a secure private network where the control and data are encrypted.
7. A method where device or instrument information in the process is available directly to the user interface using standard protocols.
Description [0001] 1. Technical Field [0002] This invention relates generally to the control of and data from devices and instruments using an embedded computer device (the 'router') and method, and in particular relates to the usage of communication and data protocols that are selected from a list of such available protocols and their interaction for standardized algorithmic processing, storage and retrieval formats. [0003] Current US Class: 7021183; 700/104; 702/31; 706/60; 714/26 [0004] 2. Description of the Background Art [0005] The source of data in any industry is from instrumentation, devices and humans (in the form of analysis, documentation and authorization). Instrumentation and devices are nowadays interconnected by automation platforms (for example: robots, mechanical jigs and fixtures). These 'information generators' produce large quantities of data in a small period of time. [0006] As the control of these devices and instruments and their data gets more complex, a management system is needed that formats the various communications protocols to control the instrument into one or more standard control protocols and one or more standardized data protocols. [0007] The data streaming from these instruments, ranging in complexity from binary actions by robots to large datasets per process or experiment that are output from complex instruments like Mass Spectrometers, have to be processed in real-time. Decisions are made upon this data which affect the quality and repeatability of processes which are the core of many automation efforts across industries. [0008] These processing algorithms have to act upon the data stream in real-time and have to make control decisions in real-time as well. The formatting and storage of the data has to be available for later process use. Error management from these devices and instruments have also been proprietary. As these automation processes run in a 24/7 mode, these processes are not manned 24/7. Error notification and monitoring is a critical part of quality and repeatability of these processes. Security and connection of these processes (and their data) across diverse geographical locations has remained a challenge. [0009] The technical staff needed to operate these instruments are either highly trained and qualified personnel who would rather be analyzing the data or personnel with sufficient qualifications that cycle through these processes making it very difficult to maintain consistency. [0010] Owing to the above factors, the cost per transaction for these processes is usually very high till the process become highly repeatable at which point they are ready for automation. Reducing the cost per transaction early in the process is essential for saving costs, increasing throughput and quality.
[0011] Other Publication References: [0012] "Standard Specification for Laboratory Equipment Control Interface (LECIS)", ASTM E1989-98 [0013] "LECIS Implementers Guide": http://www.lecis.orq/documents/interim LECIS Implementers Guide 3.0.pdf [0014] The DICOM Standard: http://medical.nema.orq/dicom.html [0015] DICOM Structured Reporting, Clunie D., 2001, [0016] http://www.dclunie.com/papers/spie mi 2001 SR manuscript.pdf [0017] The CANbus specification: http://www.canopen.orq/downloads/specifications/?268 [0018] "A TCP/IP Tutorial", January 1991, http://www.fags.org/rfcs/rfc1180.html [0019] "XML-RPC Specification", Winner, D., Jun. 15, 1999, http://www.xmlrpc.orq/spec [0020] The embedded computer system and method, (also referred to as 'bioinstrument'), allows for the controlling and monitoring of instruments, such as instruments or devices in a life science laboratory. A typical configuration of the system includes a process development component (step 102 in FIG. 1), a controller (step 103), router(s), instrument(s), and a monitor component (steps 109, 110 and 111). Each instrument is connected to a router (step 107). The routers are connected to the controller, which is in turn connected to the development component and monitor component. [0021] The development component allows a user to define processes for controlling and monitoring the instruments. A process comprises a series of steps to be performed in sequence or in parallel. For example, a process may include the steps of loading a vile, filling the vile, reading the barcode of the vile, and unloading the vile. A process is defined in a process definition format that has an XML portion (steps 700 to 706) and a code portion. [0022] The controller runs processes by communicating with the appropriate routers using a communications protocol, such as LECIS (FIG. 2, step 204). The controller sends commands to the routers to control the instruments as indicated by the process and receives instrument data and status information in response. The communications protocol used by a controller is installable in the sense that each instance of the system can use a communications protocol that is most appropriate to its environment. For example, LECIS may be appropriate for a life sciences lab, AUTO3P and DICOM for healthcare and CANbus or MODBUS may be appropriate for a manufacturing. [0023] The router includes an instrument or device controller interface, a control program for each instrument, and a multiplexer. The controller interface receives commands (of the installed communications protocol) from the controller and directs the control program for the appropriate instrument to perform the command. The control program then interacts with the instrument in the protocol of the instrument. The instruments and control programs may provide information, such as status and instrument readings, to the multiplexer for sending to the controller. The multiplexer multiplexes information from multiple instruments on a single communications link to the controller. [0024] The monitor component, which may be part of the controller, monitors the processes as they run. The monitor component may provide a graphic display of the steps of a process and display information relating to the step currently running. [0025] The system can be categorized into three main areas: [0026] A: Router [0027] B: Controller and [0028] C: User Interface. [0029] Router [0030] The main portion of the router is the Instrument Control Layer (FIG. 1, Step 103). The Instrument Control Layer provides a general interface to various instruments, both real and virtual (virtual instruments are instrument simulators). [0031] This interface is accessed via Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs). Device specific commands are kept in the ICL layer as far as possible. The user-selected protocol is wrapped in an RPC dialog (see FIG. 8, step 801). Other software can use the functions accessible via RPC to control instruments and collect data. As an example, the read function in a barcode control program can be called to read barcodes instead of sending the scanner specific command. Moreover, since all barcode control programs expose a similar set of functions, the operator can read barcodes by calling read in any barcode control program for multiple barcode scanner manufacturers. [0032] Controller [0033] The Controller acts like a bridge between the Instrument Control Layer (ICL) and the Application Layer. It communicates through the standard TCP/IP connection encrypted using SSL (Secure Socket Layer). The Controller is described in FIG. 4. [0034] For low-level ICL communication the controller uses Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) over standard protocols like LECIS. It parses the PRocess EMulator Interface (PREMI) file created by the ProcessManager and schedules the tasks for the process steps to ICL and controls the data coming out from the ICL using XML database for further use. Some examples are: a particular process step at execution time, error step, the raw data coming out from the devices, etc. [0035] The Application layer is a Web Application Server (WAS) which contains the Controller layer and converts this data in various formats such as Adobe Acrobat PDF, printable format, Excel, data processing, Graph and Chart oriented, etc. The WAS can be one of many commercial or open-architecture systems. [0036] User Interface [0037] The User Interface is divided into the Process Manager, Monitoring and Messaging components (FIG. 2): [0038] Process Manager Component [0039] The Process Manager (PM), a user-friendly tool used to define a lab process, can be executed by using the 'bioinstrument' application. This tool is part of the 'bioinstrument' application. [0040] Using this component the user can generate the Process XML in PREMI DTD (language DTD) which is understood and interpreted by the Controller in executing the lab process. [0041] All data are in non-proprietary, cross platform and easily editable XML Format. [0042] The advantage of this component is the 'drag-and-drop' user interface which shields the user creating the process from the complexities of defining a process manually. The output is the language generated which is understood, interpreted and executed by the Controller. [0043] This tool is available as a Web-based Application and can be accessed using a web browser (with the appropriate plugin applications). [0044] Monitoring Component [0045] The data from the process is sent to a monitoring application. [0046] This monitoring application can be a stand-alone web browser application or can be a feature in the Process Manager component. Both options use the Publisher layer to translate the information from the Router and/or other data sources on the customer network and package the information for the monitoring component. [0047] Messaging Component [0048] The messaging component allows users to monitor a lab process remotely. It runs on the server and acts as a central hub for transmission of data. This service can be enabled by selecting a few messaging icons at process creation and making it a part of the process the user needs to monitor during the process and a messaging priority that set according to the needs of the process. [0049] Monitoring is provided to alert users instantaneously regarding the status of a process or whenever the process behaves abnormally. In these instances, the monitoring service sends the user a message providing information and requesting action if that is set in the messaging queue. [0050] The messaging service offers alerts and monitoring by cell phone, email, paging and server logs. [0051] By default, the information from the process is logged onto the server and does not require user intervention. [0052] The present invention is fully understood from the description provided herein below along with the accompanying drawings, which are given by way of illustration only and are not limitive of the present invention, and wherein: [0053]FIG. 1 describes the overall architecture of the system [0054]FIG. 2 explains the embedded computer ('Router') and the Server layers [0055]FIG. 3 shows the high level network topology with the routers, devices/instruments and the corporate network [0056]FIG. 4 explains the Instrument Control Layer (ICL) [0057]FIG. 5 charts the flow of Data for the operation of the system [0058] The series of drawings in FIG. 6 show the Process Development methodology (and router configuration) using the Process Manager tool: [0059]FIG. 6.1: Process Navigation [0060]FIG. 6.2: General Flow [0061]FIG. 6.3: Add/Edit Device Class [0062]FIG. 6.4: Add/Edit Device [0063]FIG. 6.5: Add/Edit User [0064]FIG. 6.6: Process creation: Step 1 (example process) [0065]FIG. 6.7: Process design: Step 2 (example process) [0066]FIG. 6.8: Process design: Step 3 (example process) [0067]FIG. 7 walks through the PRocess EMulation Interface (PREMI) steps in XML, elucidating the grammar and syntax of the process using an example [0068]FIG. 8 shows an example implementation of a process using an example standard protocol—LECIS—and Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) [0069]FIG. 9 describes the way the Programming Language Interface is architected [0070]FIG. 10 explains the 'proc' structure in the Instrument Control Layer (ICL) [0071] (All numbers preceding with "Step" refer to the attached drawings) [0072] Router [0073] Each router is an embedded computer connected physically to many instruments or devices (described in FIG. 2, Steps 201 and 202). The router is comprised of a hardware/firmware interface comprising of: [0074] a: Conversion of multiple instrument protocols to standard protocol (e.g., LECIS, AUTO3P) (FIG. 2, Step 204) [0075] b: RPC architecture wherein the communication socket contains the standard protocol [0076] c: Communications protocol between router and instruments (FIG. 2, Step 203) [0077] d: Transportation of data from multiple instruments via one physical communication link (FIG. 2, Steps 211, 226, 227, 228) [0078] e: Transmission data between instruments through the router using standard protocols (FIG. 2, Step 204)) [0079] f: Post-processing of data before sending to database (FIG. 5, Step 513) [0080] g: Process feedback to instrument (e.g., analyze process image to see if a vial is full) [0081] Router Operation [0082] The examples discussed in the detailed operation of the router are with respect to the LECIS protocol. Other protocols follow the same architecture. [0083] The multiplexer is started at boot time and listens to port 1969, or another well-known port for communication between the controller and multiplexer. The controller makes a connection to the multiplexer when a process is started and keeps this connection open throughout the controller's lifetime. After connection, the controller will invoke these functions in the multiplexer: [0084] noop("InteractionID") [0085] download("ICP", "Host", "Port") [0086] run("ICP", "InteractionID") [0087] noop( ) sets the LECIS Interacion ID that will be used for the multiplexer. The Interaction ID is used by the multiplexer to route RPC requests to the ICPs or itself. Every ICP and the multiplexer has a unique Interaction ID. [0088] download( ) causes the multiplexer to download "ICP" by connecting to "Port" on some "Host". This is how the ICPs are brought into the Router depending on the instruments connected to it. There is one ICP per instrument connected to the Router. [0089] run( ) causes the multiplexer to execute an ICP. The InteractionID given is associated with an instance of a running ICP. In UNIX terms the InteractionID is used to identify each ICP process that is run by multiplexer. In run( ), a UNIX domain socket connection created to talk to the ICP and the ICP's stdin and stdout are modified so that they point to this UNIX socket connection. After run( ), the ICP will read RPC requests from its standard input and will return RPC results on standard output, both of which will point to UNIX socket that was opened by the multiplexer. This scheme was chosen so that ICPs could be written and tested independently of the multiplexer and the controller. The ICP writer can write an ICP and test it by giving RPC functions and function arguments on stdin and observing the results output to stdout. [0090] After the ICP is verified to work correctly by itself, it can be integrated with the multiplexer without any more source code changes. All the multiplexer and the ICP have to agree upon is a common format for RPC requests and RPC results. This format used will be explained later. [0091] After these three functions have returned successfully, RPC requests can be made to the ICPs themselves. [0092] Router Implementation [0093] This section will detail the implementation of the multiplexer and the RPC library, which is part of every ICP. The implementation of the ICPs themselves are instrument/device specific and is beyond the scope of this invention. [0094] The multiplexer ('Mux') [0095] The executable program for the multiplexer is called 'mux'. It resides on the bin directory on the Router Operating System. It is either run standalone at boot time or by the inetd superserver when requests arrive at port 1969. [0096] After it starts running, the multiplexer changes its working directory to '/home/[router_superuser]' and sets its effective user ID (UID) and group ID (GID) to the user [router_superuser]. It then creates a server socket and listens for RPC requests. The RPC communication between the controller and the multiplexer takes the form of LECIS interactions sequences. As an example the following is the LECIS standard implementation which has just enough interactions to make RPC calls and receive results. [0097] As a consequence of using LECIS interactions and semantics for RPC, the multiplexer is structured as a loop, reading and parsing LECIS interaction sequences, executing the interactions, waiting for results and sending them back. The main loop of the multiplexer looks like
[0098] A LECIS interaction sequence is read and tokenized using a lex generated scanner and parsed into an argument vector by parse( ), much like the vector created by the shell for the main( ) function in any C program. The vector v [ ], and the count of arguments in the vector c, are used by do_lecis( ) to determine the interaction handler function that will be executed in the finite state machine which is run for each RPC request/response sequence. [0099] If no interactions are waiting, any pending results will be collected by getres( ) and is sent back using sndres( ). It is written this way because RPC results from calls to ICPs can arrive asynchronously. Note that getres( ) is used to collect results from calls to ICP child processes only. RPC functions in the multiplexer are always executed synchronously. A typical interaction sequence for a RPC request to add 2 numbers using the LECIS protocol as an example is shown below:
[0100] The lines marked TSC: these are LECIS interaction sequences sent by the controller (Task Sequence Controller in LECIS terminology—see FIG. 4, Step 401). [0101] The lines marked SLM: these are the LECIS responses sent by the multiplexer (Standard Laboratory Module according to the LECIS protocol—See FIG. 4, Step 402). Note that in this implementation, the multiplexer acts like the SLM for all ICPs instead of the LECIS way, which would have been one SLM for each ICP (FIG. 4, Step 403). [0102] DateTime is any unique number (usually the current date and time string) used to identify each LECIS interaction set. [0103] The system, however, uses it to identify uniquely each process (ICP or multiplexer) which is the target of an RPC request. EventDateTime is the date and time at which an SLM event (results received by the multiplexer, etc) were noted. [0104] The RPC function to be executed is the first parameter to the RUN_OP interaction sequence and the arguments to that function are the remaining parameters. The results of the RPC request are returned as an OP_RESULT interaction. The first parameter of OP_RESULT is a boolean which indicates success/failure of the RPC request. The second parameter is the raw result from the RPC call. For example, if the RPC request had been a read ( ) to a barcode ICP, the barcode value read would have been passed back here. [0105] The third and last parameter is an informational message intended for the user, indicating why an RPC request succeeded or failed. All RPC requests generate this fixed format result. [0106] The OP_STARTED interaction is sent after the specified RPC has been executed (synchronously) in the multiplexer or (asynchronously) dispatched to the ICPs. The OP_COMPLETED and the associated ACK interaction for it indicates the completion of a complete RPC request/response. [0107] It is important to note that although the current implementation allows interleaving of interaction sequences to different processes as part of "parallelizing" RPC requests, it does not allow this for the same process. In other words, each RPC request/response to a particular process is considered atomic and no other RPC calls can be made until the previous one has completed. This restriction is due to the proc structure that is maintained for preserving state of each running process. This structure will be described later. [0108] One unique feature of this embodiment is the RPC implementation for this invention is that unlike other RPC mechanisms like SUN-RPC, RMI or CORBA, no compile time stub/skeleton or interface code generation is needed for RPC to work. LECIS RPC function checking is completely at run-time and the user need not know the actual number or type of parameters within the RPC functions. Each RPC function handler will check the number and type of its arguments and generate an error on improper arguments, giving the user the opportunity to correct the RPC call and try again. For instance, in the previous example, if the add ( ) function had been given only one parameter instead of two, the RPC interaction sequence would have looked like this:
[0109] The failure of the RPC call is indicated by the FALSE (0) boolean parameter of the OP_RESULT interaction and the correct usage is presented as the third parameter. Though currently not implemented, it will be easy to add a function like list_function_help (function_name) to display the usage for function_name, to make it more user friendly. [0110] This scheme was chosen so that a user could try out RPC calls interactively using a process editor while coding the sequence of RPC calls (steps) needed to execute a process. The intent is to have the user write down the process steps using a simple process language like:
[0111] and if for example, the user was not sure of the syntax for barcode.read( ), he could type barcode. list_function_help(read) in a separate window in the process editor to see the help for read( ) before continuing with the process definition. A more detailed example is shown in FIG. 8. [0112] The Router 'Proc' Structure [0113] Since RPC requests can be interleaved between processes, quantities like the current interaction's automaton, tokens in an interaction including results of the RPC request, need to be stored on a per process basis. There is a proc structure to hold the necessary "context" until an RPC request completes. [0114] Each process executed by the multiplexer and the multiplexer itself has a proc structure associated with it. The proc structures are chained together in a linked list with the multiplexer's proc structure forming the list head. [0115]FIG. 10 shows the details of the proc structure. The fields in the proc structure are: [0116] The process id of the process. [0117] A boolean indicating if the process has died. [0118] A boolean indicating that this process structure belongs to the multiplexer. The multiplexer is treated differently. [0119] A boolean indicating if the results of RPC calls are available. [0120] Two boolean variables used for keeping track of the LECIS RPC interaction state. [0121] The interaction handler that is being executed. [0122] If the process structure describes an ICP process, this is the value of the UNIX domain socket via which RPC requests are sent and results read. [0123] The current FSM (finite state machine) state. [0124] The count of arguments in the parsed interaction. [0125] The current interaction parsed into an argument vector. [0126] The name of the process executing. [0127] The interaction id that is used to uniquely identify a running process. [0128] The result structure used to hold the result of an RPC request. [0129] The fields in the structure have been described before. [0130] A pointer to the next proc structure in the list or a NULL indicating the end. [0131] Multiplexer Detail [0132] After the multiplexer has created the server socket and read the first interaction of a LECIS RPC sequence, do_lecis( ) is called with the parsed interaction vector. Since this is the first time that do_lecis has been called, it initializes the multiplexer's proc structure and starts up the finite state machine to handle the rest of the RPC sequence. [0133] There is a separate handler for each of the different types of interactions that can be received from the controller: [0134] nextevent( ) which handles the NEXTEVENT interaction [0135] ack( ) which handles the ACK interaction [0136] run_op( ) which handles the RUN_OP interaction where most of the work is done. [0137] run_op( ) copies the parsed interacton vector which constitutes part of the "contexf" of an RPC request into the process's proc structure, allocates space for the result that will be collected in getres( ) and calls do_call( ) to dispatch the RPC request. [0138] do_call( ) checks an internal table to see if the call is internal (intended for the multiplexer) of external (must be passed to an ICP). Internal calls will finish by calling mkres( ) to fill the multiplexer's result structure which will later be returned by sndres( ) as an OP_RESULT interaction. External calls are handled by dispatch( ) which uses snd( ) to write the RPC request to the UNIX domain socket connecting the multiplexer and the ICP.snd( ) formats the RPC request to manner expected by the LRPC (LECIS RPC) library linked into each ICP. [0139] The format is simply: [0140] "function" "arg1" "arg2". . . "argn" [0141] Results for external calls will be collected asynchronously by getres( ) and returned by sndres( ). The most important internal function is run( ) which executes an ICP after it has been downloaded by download( ).run( ) creates a UNIX domain socket, calls fork to create a child process and then it executes [0142] do_child( ) in the child process which redirects the child's stdin/stdout to point to the UNIX socket created in run( ), and [0143] do_parent( ) in the original multiplexer process to create a new process structure, link it to the multiplexer's proc structure and fill it with initial values. After this has been done, the ICP is ready to field RPC requests. [0144] ICPs and LRPC library [0145] The ICPs and the LRPC (FIG. 9, Step 902) library are the remaining pieces in the ICL layer. Every ICP is linked with the LRPC library. The LRPC library is provided as an example implementation. Other libraries follow the similar schema for connectivity and data processing. The LRPC library provides a simplified communication interface to the multiplexer. The ICP writer provides functions that will be called by the LRPC library on RPC requests. [0146] A skeleton ICP program looks like this:
[0147] The skeleton starts by including the header files it needs, then it includes the "lrpc.hh" header file to pick up prototypes for the Irpc_add_xxx( ) functions and dispatch( ). It then includes its own header files. main( ) starts out by adding some function classes. These function classes were introduced to group related functions (initialization functions, process related functions, real-time functions) together for the Process Manager tool. Some functions, for example, initialization functions like set_device( ) and init( ) must be called before any other functions can be run. The Process Manager or the Controller can make sure that all the functions in the init class are called before an instrument is used in a process. After adding the required classes (the init and info are mandatory), the skeleton adds functions to the classes defined, thereby registering these functions with the LRPC library. The arguments to lrpc_add_function ( ) are the function names exported to the outside world (basically a label), the class to which to the function should be added and the function that should be called when a RPC request for the exported function name arrives. [0148] Calling dispatch( ) will block the ICP, waiting for RPC requests dispatch( ) which is implemented in the LRPC library reads from stdin and will call the functions registered as required. The RPC functions like set_device( ) or init( ) are passed an argument vector and the count of arguments in the vector like for main( ). Each RPC function is responsible for checking the number and types of the arguments it receives. After the RPC requests are processed, the results are sent back using lrpc_send_result( ), which takes the same three arguments referred earlier in the skeleton program. [0149] The results are printed to stdout. This method of reading RPC requests from stdin and spitting results onto stdout allows the ICPs to be written and tested standalone. [0150] Router Security [0151] Since the communication between the Router and the Controller/Publisher may go through non-trusted networks, or via wireless infrastructure, all communication between the Router and Controller is encrypted. Each Router to Controller connection has a Secure Socket Layer (SSL) implementation (FIG. 2, Steps 209, 227, 214, 224 and FIG. 3, Steps 302, 304). [0152] Router Implementation of a Secure Tunneling Scheme: 'stunnel' [0153] The 'stunnel' program is designed to work as SSL encryption wrapper between remote client and local ('inetd'-startable) or remote server. The concept is that having non-SSL aware daemons running on the system can be easily setup to communicate with clients over the secure SSL channel. [0154] stunnel will negotiate an SSL connection using the OpenSSL or SSLeay libraries. It calls the underlying crypto libraries, so stunnel supports whatever cryptographic algorithms were compiled into the crypto package in the Operating System. [0155] stunnel supports standard SSL encryption with three levels of Authentication: [0156] a: No peer certificate authentication [0157] b: Peer certificate authentication [0158] c: Peer certificate authentication with locally installed certs only [0159] stunnel protects against [0160] a: Interception of data by intermediate hosts [0161] b: Manipulation of data by intermediate hosts [0162] c: And additionally, if compiled with libwrap support: [0163] IP source routing, where a host can pretend that an IP packet comes from another, trusted host. [0164] DNS spoofing, where an attacker forges name server records [0165] Controller Implementation [0166] For RPC Interface, Router uses 'stunnel'. The controller uses SSL Java language library. The cipher suite used between is ADH-RC4-MD5 with 1024 bit key encryption. Other cipher suites can be used if they are synchronized between the Router and the Controller layers. All the supported cipher suites enabled in the Java Security package are enabled. The SSL handshake protocol enables the most secure cipher suite available on both the Router and the Controller. [0167] The file transfer is also secured using 'sftp' as the secured means of data transfer. The 'sftp' server is running on the Router side and the controller uses the sftp client. [0168] Setting Up 'Stunnel' on the Router Side [0169] 1. generate the stunnel private key [0170] a. generate Router key [0171] openssl req-new-x509-days 365-nodes-config stunnel.cnf-out stunnel.pem-keyout stunnel.pem [0172] b. generate Diffie-Hellman parameters, and appends them to the pem file [needed to sync with Controller side] [0173] openssl gendh 1024>> stunnel.pem [0174] c. protect the key [0175] chmod 600 stunnel.pem [0176] 2. Launch stunnel [0177] a. Standalone mode: [0178] For testing purposes, stunner can be launched by the command line interface by giving the command stunnel-f-C 'ADH-RC4-MD5'-d 1969-1 mux [0179] b. inetd mode: [0180] The stunner program is started by default through inetd dispatching mechanism which will launch the mux program on the Router. [0181] Programming Language Independence for Creating Process Programs or Scripts. [0182]FIG. 9 shows the details of the multiple programming language interface available to the user. When the users selects the Protocol Class(es) for Control and Data, the specific Protocol classes are derived from the Super Class. A library is built for each programming or scripting language (for example: C, C++, Java, Perl) and available within the system for the collection of programming and scripting langauges. [0183] The user selects a programming or scripting language and creates a process 'written' in that language. The library for that particular language is used to compile the process program with compilation and editing tools that are available. This compiled process program is dispatched to the Routers by the Controller (descirbed below) and run within the Routers. [0184] The monitoring and error processing layers can be graphical or a command line based interface. [0185] The Controller [0186] The controller is used for: [0187] a: Converting process definition into communications protocol [0188] b: Load balancing based on synchronized time (multiplexer) [0189] c: Setting of actual parameters at execution time [0190] Logical Data Flow Description (All numbers in parenthesis refer to FIG. 5): [0191] 1) After user authentication (Step 501), the user will use ProcessManager tool (Steps 502, 503) to create PREMI file (Step 504) and validate for its syntax. [0192] 2) Save the PREMI file through PREMI Language Introduction Layer (Step 503) to XML DB (Step 512). [0193] 3) All the ProcessManager created user files, device files, process files are saved into XML DB (Step 512) in an XML format. [0194] 4) To execute the process the user will use the ProcessMonitor Interface (Step 502). [0195] 5) The Instrument Control data (Step 505) will parse the PREMI file and controller layer (Step 504) will do the task scheduling to the Router through Remote Procedure Calls (RPC). [0196] 6) The communication between the RPCClient (Step 507) and RPCServer (Step 508) are in standard protocol (LECIS protocol formatting is illustrated in FIG. 7). [0197] 7) The Device Control Programs (Step 510) take care of the RPC calls and control the Devices/Instruments (Step 511). [0198] 8) The process result comes out from the Router (Steps 510, 509, 508, 507), that can be controlled by Controller layer (Step 506) and Instrument Control Data (Step 504). [0199] 9) All the process data are formatted into the XML database (DB) (Step 512). After a certain period the data from the internal XML DB can be archived or transferred to customer databases (Step 515). [0200] 10) Using DB Translation Layer (Step 513) the data is transformed into specific database formats (for example Oracle® database format, Postgres database format, Microsoft® SQL Server database format). (Step 515) [0201] 11) Using Data Translation Layer (Step 514) the data is translated into various data display formats (for example Adobe Portable Document Format, Microsoft Excel Format, Microsoft Word Format). [0202] The Process Development Component [0203] Process Manager Details [0204] See FIGS. 6.1 to 6.8 for reference [0205] Device Class Add/Edit [0206] Device Class Add: This is the first step for any user to start with the Process Manager. The Device Class information needs to be entered before proceeding (FIG. 6.2, Step 6203). [0207] The initial usage of he Device Class shows all the available abstracted device classes, which the user can choose and set the Device Class's static properties and dynamic properties (functions written on the RPC driver layer) with the arguments for those functions also enter the Device control file for a particular device type. On clicking "Save", the Process Manager sends all the data to the server, which is stored in a XML database. This is to be done only once for each Device Type (FIG. 6.2, Step 6213). [0208] Device Class Edit: Once user adds a Device Class, this information is available for editing. The user will get a list of Device Classes (FIG. 6.3, Step 6301), which has been added earlier. By selecting a particular Device Class (Step 6302) which s/he wants to edit, the user will get all the information stored for that Particular Device Class and s/he is allowed to make changes for all control information set like static functions, dynamic functions, arguments and the control file name (Step 6303). [0209] Device Add/Edit [0210] Device Add: Once the Device Class information is stored in the database (Step 6205), the user can configure a particular Router ip/port for a particular device class. The user will get a list of Device Class added to the database. [0211] On selecting a particular Device Class user will get an option to enter the device name, its IP address, Port and Priority (Step 6403). Validation is provided to check whether that particular device Name/IP & Port has already been configured for a Router. [0212] On clicking "Save" if the validation does passes the application will update the configuration in the XML database otherwise it will display a message to change the existing information. [0213] Device Edit: Once the device is configured for a particular Router, it will be available for editing (step 6207). All devices configured will appear in the toolbar with a unique device identification label entered by the user. On dragging and dropping a particular device icon onto the work area, the tool retrieves the selected device's information from the server and displays it on the screen so that the user can make changes to the configuration. [0214] Validation has been provided to check whether that particular device name/ip address and port has already been configured for a router. [0215] On clicking save if the validation passes the application update the configuration in the XML database (Step 6406), If validation fails, the application displays a message to change the existing information. [0216] The user can delete the device configuration provided it is not allocated to any currently stored processes. [0217] Process Add/Edit [0218] Process Add: This option helps the user define a process with already configured device and control information (Step 6208). The 'drag-and-drop' device feature shields the user from the complexity of the configuration of the device configuration/control information and helps the user to define a lab process easily and quickly. [0219] Selecting the devices for the process is available on the first screen (Step 6601): [0220] This screen is for selecting the Device Class and setting the static functions (initialization functions for the device) before executing the process. [0221] The screen then displays all configured devices. The user has to 'drag-and-drop' the Device Class icon to the work area to set the static functions for the device. Once the icon is dropped into the work area, property window appears on the right side wherein the user can set the device name, static functions and arguments for those functions. [0222] If the user wishes to delete a particular device after dragging to the work area., s/he can do so by merely clicking on the close icon on the top right corner of the device class icon. After he has selected all the devices and set the initialization functions the user can click "Create" (Step 6602). [0223] Creating the process graphically is available once the devices in the processes are selected: This screen is for setting the dynamic functions and process sequence, which will be executed after the initialization functions, are completed in a process (Step 6702). [0224] The screen then displays all the devices, which s/he has added, in the previous screen. [0225] The user must 'drag-and-drop' the device icon to the work area to set the process steps, dynamic functions and arguments for those functions. [0226] After dragging the icons which user wants to include in that particular process, the user can connect the devices together. After the two device icons are connected, the property window appears, where the user has to set the dynamic functions and arguments for that function (which will be executed when the process is running). The user will have a option to set "on success" or "on error" for that particular step what action he wants to perform at that point in the process execution (if that step is an "on error" step the user can set the repeat function on error and no of times to repeat that step before notifying the user again). Each two device icons connected by a function constitutes a granular "step" in the process. [0227] E-mail and GSM can be added to particular steps and the user can set options to receive a message on either successful or unsuccessful execution of a particular process step or both to that user's cell phone number and email ID (Step 6702 lower screen). [0228] The user needs to add "Start" icon in the beginning of the process and an "End" icon to the end of the process. Before saving the process, the user can make changes to the process like deleting devices, adding new devices and resetting the process flow (Step 6802). [0229] On clicking "Proceed", a dialog box appears to enter the process name and description. On clicking "Save" Process manager sends the name to server for validation (Step 6803). If the process name is unique, the application sends the PREMI XML file generated to the server which is updated in an XML database (Step 6805). [0230] Process Edit: All created processes will be available for editing. [0231] The screen shows all available processes for that user, which can be selected (by dragging a particular process icon to work area) for editing. To delete a process that is not allocated to any user, the user can 'drag-and-drop' that process icon to the trash bin and that process information is deleted from the database. If a process is allocated to several users, the application presents the user list. [0232] On selecting a particular process for edit, the Process Manager gets all the process information from the XML database. [0233] The Process Edit screen follows the same logic as the process add screen steps, where the devices selected for the process are shown: [0234] According to the selected process in the first screen, the Process Manager displays the icons in the work area for which user can make changes (static function and arguments) or delete a particular device. When the user selects particular device for editing, in the property window already selected function and device name are displayed so that the user can make changes. The user can drag and drop device class icons from the toolbar and set the initialization functions again. [0235] Once the devices selected are added, deleted or edited, the second screen of the process allows the user to edit the actual process flow: [0236] Here the process image with the flow of the already saved process is displayed. [0237] The user will have all options to make changes or s/he can delete particular steps and add different devices or change the dynamic functions. The user can also add E-mail and GSM for any step or device. All features available during the creation of the process are available during process editing. [0238] On clicking "Proceed" the application displays the current process name, which can be changed. This is saved in the XML database on the server in the PREMI XML Document Type Definition (DTD) format. [0239] User Add/Edit [0240] User Add: In this option the administrative ('admin') user can add a user list to the database. The user can also assign process to a particular user (Step 6502). [0241] By dragging a new user icon to work area the admin user will receive the option to enter all user information, starting with the login name and password. Other user information is also entered like Name, Address, Phone numbers, e-mail, and other process related information like groups and permissions for specific devices. Validation is done for already allocated login Id. [0242] If the user's login identifier already exists, the user has to change the login name. The entered information is saved in a XML database on the server (Steps 6504, 6505). [0243] User Edit: In this option the admin user can edit user information and make changes to assigned process(es) to a particular user. The admin user can also delete a particular user. [0244] The admin user will see all available user icons. To edit them s/he has to 'drag-and-drop' that icon to the work area. For deleting s/he has to drop that icon to the trash bin. Then the admin user can make changes to the existing user information and save the changes in the XML database (Step 6505) [0245] The Process Definition Format [0246] XML format and code (see FIG. 7) [0247] Preprocess Steps: (step 701) [0248] The pre-process information is stored inside the parent tag <process_devices/>. [0249] The devices used by the process are stored in its child node <device/>. [0250] The static pre-process functions with arguments are specified inside <dev_function/> [0251] Process Steps: (Step 702) [0252] Sequential process steps are assigned with different unique sequence numbers and the parallel process steps come under common sequence numbers. The <seq> tag contains the sequence number. [0253] The dynamic process functions with arguments are specified in its child node <dev_function/> [0254] Error Handling Steps: (step 704) [0255] The error handling information is stored inside <dev_rersult><if><else><failure> [0256] Using the "no" attribute the user can repeat the same step 'n' number of times. [0257] Using the "prompt" attribute the user can display or hide the error message or display it in the GUI and ask for user input. By using the 'STOP' tag the user can stop the process. [0258] Onsuccess Steps: (step 703) [0259] The onsuccess information is stored inside <dev_rersult><if><success>. [0260] The user can go to the next step by saying 'NEXTEVENT' tag and stop the process by using the 'STOP' value. [0261] The user can display any message during the process run by using the <prompt> tag. [0262] The user can view the data from the device(s) by using the <process_fn> tag. [0263] Messaging Steps: (step 705) [0264] Using this method with the "on success" and/or "on error" the user can communicate with the process using handheld devices. For example: [0265] <gsm>send(cellNumber,errorMsg)</gsm> [0266] <email>send(emailID,subject,errorMsg)</email> [0267] Loop Steps: (step 706) [0268] The loop information is stored in the <execute_action> tag. [0269] Using <while> the user can define the number of times s/he want to execute the process from (<from>) step to the (<to >) step.
[0270] The Monitoring Component [0271] The Monitoring component is a web browser based application that is sent to the user upon authentication. [0272] The monitoring component has the following display components: [0273] process diagram during execution results of each step during display of process diagram [0274] physical location of instruments [0275] errors with the step(s) the error occurred [0276] possible decision points for user to intervene and make a decision on [0277] charts and figures either of the data stream or that is complied from data [0278] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention, with examples illustrating the standard protocols, have been described in detail for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims. Referenced by
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Ahlam is a 26-year-old married woman. She is the mother of two children. She lives in Ashrafia, Amman, Jordan.
Ahlam is looking to get a loan of 700 JOD, so she can buy more vegetables and food for trading.
Ahlam is under 30 years old, so she has requested a youth loan.
Additional Information
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This loan is helping support a borrower who is 30 or under. Because many young people lack business experience or established credit histories, it can be even more difficult for them to access financial services. By funding this youth loan, you are expanding opportunity for a young person with limited resources.
About Tamweelcom
Tamweelcom was ranked among the top ten microfinance institutions worldwide in 2007 and 2008 by the Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX). Tamweelcom offers loan products tailored to the needs of micro-entrepreneurs in Jordan, including vocational and solar power loans, loans for aspiring entrepreneurs starting a project from home, and loans for established small businesses. Tamweelcom's non-financial services include training and permanent showrooms for clients to develop and market their products, as well as educational grants for children to attend private school. Through a partnership with Jordan's largest telecommunications company, Tamweelcom is the first microfinance institution in the Middle East and North Africa to allow clients to make monthly loan repayments with their mobile phones.For more information, please visit Tamweelcom's website.
About Jordan
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Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
A loan of $1,000 helped Ahlam to buy more food and vegetables for trading.
- Repayment Term
- 18 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- May 23, 2012
- Listed
- Jul 1, 2012
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Possible
- Ended:
- Nov 2, 2013

subset: commoncrawl


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Gophers women fight not to miss the NCAAs for a fourth year in a row.
At the Williams Arena in a game between Penn State and the U of M women's basketball team, U of M head coach Pam Borton exhorted her troops during a timeout .
Katie Loberg was in grade school when the Gophers women's basketball team made its run to the Final Four in 2004, and as she matured into a standout at Princeton High School it became easy for her to envision herself following in the footsteps of Lindsay Whalen, Janel McCarville and other names.
Now the 6-4 senior is staring at the end of her college career and the distinct possibility she will never appear in an NCAA tournament.
"It's very upsetting," Loberg said. "It's something you dream about doing since you're little, and watching the Gophers go in 2004, I just kind of figured it was a given, something that was going to happen."
The Gophers would be out of the tournament for a fourth consecutive year if their season was being judged as of now. But Minnesota gets another chance to pad that résumé — an overall record of 18-12 and 7-9 in the Big Ten — at this week's Big Ten tournament, with a Thursday opener against an Ohio State team that the Gophers have already beaten twice.
Minnesota breathed some life into its NCAA hopes by winning its final two conference games — including a victory over league champ Penn State, which Minnesota would face again in the second round of the Big Ten tournament. The Gophers might no longer need to win the Big Ten tournament to secure an NCAA bid, although anything less would leave them on that precarious perch known as "the bubble."
"I think we're in a great situation," Gophers coach Pam Borton after her team's strong conference finish, which included victories in the final two road games, at Ohio State and Indiana.
A tournament run would certainly help silence Borton's critics. The Gophers suffered a fourth losing conference season in a row and have seen attendance slump to under 3,500 from almost 10,000 in 2003-04. Borton, who received a two-year contract extension — taking her through 2015-16 — in June from outgoing AD Joel Maturi, also failed to land either of the state's two McDonald's All-America high school seniors: Braham's Rebekah Dahlman (Vanderbilt) and Hopkins' Nia Coffey (Northwestern).
"That's just the nature of the business," Borton said of the criticism. "When we start worrying about what everyone else is saying, then we're worried about the wrong things."
Optimistic about future
Borton says she is optimistic about the future, both long and short term. The Gophers have been competitive against every team in the Big Ten with the exception of two one-sided losses to Nebraska — 84-63 on Jan. 20 and 80-56 on Feb. 3. And Nebraska is in the opposite bracket of the conference tourney.
The key for the Gophers, as it has been throughout the season, will be playing consistent defense. Borton's trademark before this season was a tough, hard-nosed defense and an offense that was at times difficult to watch. But this winter the team has reversed its recent history, with All-Big Ten sophomore guard Rachel Banham fueling an offense that leads the Big Ten in field-goal percentage (.449) and is No. 2 in the conference in scoring (behind Penn State). Conversely, the Gophers are 11th in points allowed (66.1 per game) and opponent field-goal percentage (.400).
"We've always been able to be in games because we can defend teams," Borton said. This team? Not so much.
"We've played 1-3-1, 2-3 zone, different things in our man-to-man," she said. "We've tried trapping, full-court stuff — a lot of different things. But it's just like it's something different every time down the court."
Borton is hopeful a corner was turned with excellent defensive performances in those road victories over Ohio State and Indiana.
"The team's been up and down," said Banham, who led the Big Ten in scoring. "We've had some really good wins, and some really bad losses. But every team goes through that. I think every day, every game, we've gotten better and learned. So overall, we've gone up."
Big additions to come
That's the direction Borton believes her program is headed. Despite losing out on Dahlman and Coffey, next year's newcomers will include 6-5 redshirt Swedish center Amanda Zahui and two guards with size — Joanna Hedstrom of Minnetonka and Stabresa McDaniel from Texas — something the coach says her team needs to contend.
She also has four commitments for the 2014 class, led by New Richland-Hartland-Ellendale-Geneva's Carlie Wagner, a guard most rate on a par with Coffey and Dahlman. The Gophers also have commitments from a pair of Ohio centers and Benilde-St. Margaret's point guard Grace Coughlin.
Miami - D. Phelps | 6:05 PM |
Washington - J. Zimmermann |
NY Yankees - C. Whitley | 6:07 PM |
Toronto - R. Dickey |
Philadelphia - A. Harang | 6:10 PM |
Atlanta - A. Wood |
Tampa Bay - J. Odorizzi | 6:10 PM |
Boston - C. Buchholz |
Los Angeles - C. Kershaw | 6:20 PM |
Milwaukee - K. Lohse |
Chicago Cubs - T. Wood | 7:10 PM |
St. Louis - C. Martinez |
Oakland - J. Hahn | 7:10 PM |
Minnesota - P. Hughes |
Texas - R. Detwiler | 7:10 PM |
Houston - D. Keuchel |
Arizona - J. Collmenter | 7:40 PM |
Colorado - T. Matzek |
Seattle - F. Hernandez | 9:05 PM |
LA Angels - M. Shoemaker |
San Diego - T. Ross | 9:15 PM |
San Francisco - M. Bumgarner |
NY Rangers | 6:30 PM |
Washington |


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Published January 04, 2013
| Reuters
Lululemon Lemon Shares Take a Hit
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text: Inateck Online via Amazon offers the Inateck 13.3" Envelope Sleeve for MacBook Air / Pro in Grey for $16.99. Coupon code "Q53V9CNT" cuts it to $10.99. Plus, Prime members receive free shipping. (Non-members can spend $35 or more to qualify for free shipping; otherwise, shipping costs $8.28.) That's $26 off and the lowest total price we could find. Designed specifically for MacBook Air and Pro, it also fits most 11" laptops and features two back pockets, and a small felt bag for a power adapter or mouse. Deal ends May 10.


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Tyrann Mathieu Pictures
GLENDALE, AZ - DECEMBER 08: Free safety Tyrann Mathieu #32 of the Arizona Cardinals is taken off the field on a cart after an injury during the third quarter of the NFL game against the St. Louis Rams at the University of Phoenix Stadium on December 8, 2013 in Glendale, Arizona. The Cardinals defeated the Rams 30-10. (Photo by Christian Petersen/Getty Images)


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meldrcI am concerned with structural injustice & poverty, I am concerned with consumption & population growth & preserving the environment & ecosystems. I am concerned with creating a better, healthier, & ultimately more resilient & localized world for everyone, for all creatures (or as many as possible) Private MessagesMust be logged in to send messages. |
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Today's edition features in living color a marijuana plant with the headline, "Blowing smoke: Pot measure called 'plan' to help Crist beat Scott," written by the great Tribune political reporter William March.
It's an extremely provocative photo followed by a provocative headline, but as you read the story you realize the reality-that the perception that liberals will flock to the polls because they support medical marijuana (or just marijuana, period) more than conservatives and thus this will boost Crist's electoral chances, is simply poppycock.
As March reports, there is certainly that perception out there. But the bare truth was revealed earlier this week from the Public Policy Polling survey. The poll showed 65 percent of Floridians asked support the medical marijuana initiative, while 23 percent oppose (down from an earlier poll that showed 82 percent of Floridians support the measure).
Juxtapose that with the governor's race, where the screaming headline was the fact that Rick Scott is now in a virtual statistical tie with Charlie Crist, with the Democrat up 43-41 percent. Obviously if the initiative was drawn up solely to bring more support to Crist to the race (a charge made in the piece by GOP political consultant Alex Patton), it ain't working.
It is true that younger people who generally don't participate in off-year elections are prone to get more involved at the ballot box when such measures are on the ballot. But it's up to Democrats to somehow stimulate those potential voters to look at the other down-ballot choices, because for a variety of reasons some of those voters may not be engaged at all in those partisan races. Or in fact, could be young Republicans or Libertarians. It's only January and we still don't even know if the medical marijuana measure will be on the ballot, but hopefully this paranoid theory about an effort to clandestinely put Crist back in the governor's mansion will now be taken off the table.
In the news - Democrats in Tallahassee are trying to make an issue out of the problems with the state's unemployment website, CONNECT. Yesterday several of them blasted Governor Scott for being out of touch with the concerns of everyday Floridians because of his lack of urgency on the issue.
In Tampa, a task force released a report on the Police Department's troubled DUI unit, and guess what? Ain't no real problem at all, despite those bad things you read about in the paper last year.
And speaking of Tampa Police, they have been making arrests on the homeless over the past year, as a new ordinance passed that cracked down on panhandling makes its intended impact.
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Dr. Susan D. Sweat, MD
Urological Surgery
- 10701 Nall Ave Ste 100
Overland Park, KS 66211 - 2 Locations
- (913) 338-5585
Dr. Susan D. Sweat graduated from the University of Kansas School of Medicine in 1994. She works in Overland Park, KS and 1 other location and specializes in Urological Surgery. Dr. Sweat is affiliated with Menorah Medical Center, Research Medical Center, Saint Lukes South Hospital and Shawnee Mission Medical Center Inc. She speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Female
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Urological Surgery
Medical School: University of Kansas School of Medicine; Graduated 1994
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


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Filling Empty Bowls with kindness in Enumclaw | Slideshow
This year's edition of the Empty Bowls project, which helps feed people in need on the Plateau, took place at the Enumclaw High commons.
Empty Bowls is an international, grassroots effort that seeks to raise awareness of the fight against hunger in local communities and raise money to support local food banks. In Enumclaw, Plateau Outreach Ministries and the Kiwanis Food Bank are beneficiaries.
In advance, potters create handcrafted bowls. On the day of the event, guests arrive for a simple soup meal and choose a unique bowl which they keep as a reminder of all the empty bowls in the world.
Admission is $20 and tickets will be available at the door. Bowls will be available on a first come, first served basis.
The local Empty Bowls project is spearheaded by a committee representing organizations like Arts Alive!, Enumclaw Rotary, the Enumclaw School District, Enumclaw Kiwanis, Plateau Outreach Ministries and the pottery department at Green River Community College, plus Enumclaw Mayor Liz Reynolds.
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Hotels, Restaurants and Leisure
Company Overview of Scott Enterprises Incorporated
Company Overview
Scott Enterprises Incorporated, a hospitality company, owns and operates hotels, conference/banquet halls, resorts, franchised restaurants, and an indoor water park. Its hotel amenities include an indoor pool, sauna, fitness center, rooms, inns, and guest laundry facilities. The company also provides hospitality management consulting services. Scott Enterprises Incorporated was incorporated in 1957 and is based in Erie, Pennsylvania.
2225 Downs Drive
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Founded in 1957
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ThinkStock [ Woman's Body Found Near Trash Bin in Fridley By The Associated Press March 3, 2014 Anoka County authorities are investigating after a woman's body was found near a trash container in Fridley. Read More|Comment Category: AP Stories, State/Regional News Tags: body found, fridley, fridley police, trash bin Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!
[ Body Found Floating In Fridley Pond By Lee Voss April 11, 2011 The body of a man has been found floating in a pond at a Fridley nature reserve. Someone walking near a pond at the Springbrook Nature Center called police after spotting the body Monday morning. Read More|Comment Category: State/Regional News Tags: anoka county sheriff's department, body found, fridley police, fridley pond, springbrook nature center Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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A showdown between DirecTV (DTV) and Viacom (VIA) over carriage fees reaches an impasse after...
A showdown between DirecTV (DTV) and Viacom (VIA) over carriage fees reaches an impasse after the companies can't work out a last-minute deal. Though Viacom has publicly stated that DirecTV might drop all of its channels as of midnight tonight, DirecTV says (tweet) it has no intention of taking the dramatic action.
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14 August 2012 19:57 [Source: ICIS news]
HOUSTON (ICIS)--A US agency on Tuesday increased its estimates of the nation's oil reserves by 18.5%, while natural gas reserves fell by 25%.
In a new estimate from the US Geological Survey (USGS), the mean potential undiscovered, conventional reserve additions for the US total 32bn bbl of oil, 291 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of natural gas and 10bn bbl of natural gas liquids.
The previous mean USGS estimates from onshore and underlying state waters are 27bn bbl of oil and 388tcf of natural gas, according to the US Department of the Interior.
The estimates are for technically recoverable oil and gas and do not include reserve growth estimates for federal offshore areas, the Interior Department said.
Reserve growth is the increase in estimated volumes of oil and natural gas that can be recovered from known fields.
Unconventional oil and gas accumulations, such as shale gas, tight gas and tight oil were removed from the data set for this study.
Region |
Mean Barrels of Crude Oil |
Mean Cubic Feet of Natural Gas |
Mean Barrels of Natural Gas Liquid |
1. Alaska/Pacific Region |
20bn |
32tcf |
1bn |
2. Colorado Plateau/Basin & Range |
2bn |
18tcf |
1bn |
3. West Texas/Eastern New Mexico |
4bn |
52tcf |
3bn |
4. Gulf Coast |
3bn |
144tcf |
4bn |
5. Midcontinent/Eastern Region |
2bn |
45tcf |
1bn |
Totals |
32bn |
291tcf |
10bn |
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Megachurch pastor Matt Chandler preached recently at his Texas church that showing favoritism to the wealthy while neglecting the poor is a sin.
Megachurch pastor Matt Chandler preached recently at his Texas church that showing favoritism to the wealthy while neglecting the poor is a sin.
Mars Hill campuses are beginning to announce which path they are choosing for their members.
Can a megachurch survive the departure of its megastar pastor? For Seattle's Mars Hill Church, it's an open question.
Two former Mars Hill leaders have alluded to returning to the church since Mark Driscoll has resigned from his position as senior pastor of the megachurch.
Megachurch pastor Rick Cole has pledged that he will live on the streets of Sacramento for two weeks or until he can raise $100,000 for homeless people in the area.
Megachurch pastor James MacDonald has reportedly asked the congregation of his Harvest Bible Chapel to forgive they way he publicly disciplined church elders in 2013.
Al Mohler, acclaimed theologian and president of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, has reportedly called out Hillsong Church for minimizing the gospel.
Seattle-based Mars Hill Church has announced that three of its campuses will be closing their doors due to financial problems.
Does God promise us happiness? Not necessarily. Happiness is based on happenings. Nowhere does Scripture promise that Jesus' followers will always be happy and prosperous.
A megachurch in Texas has launched a tithing initiative that will refund 100 percent of offerings it receives in a 90 day period if God does not follow his promise of blessing those who give.


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Various Medium-High Voice Play Along: 2 items found
Twenty-Four Italian Songs and Arias - Medium High Voice (Book/CD)
(of the 17th and 18th Centuries). Composed by Various. For Piano, Vocal (medium high voice). Vocal Collection. Baroque, Classical Period and Play Along. Difficulty: medium-difficult. Collection and accompaniment CD. Vocal melody, lyrics and piano accompaniment. 100 pages. G. Schirmer #LB1722B. Published by G. Schirmer (HL.50481592)
Usually leaves our warehouse: Within 24 hours
30 Italian Songs and Arias
(of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries). Composed by Various. Edited by Roger Nichols. For medium-high voice and piano. This edition: Urtext. Play along. Songbook and accompaniment CD. Text Language: Italian/English. 144 pages. Published by Edition Peters (PE.P07743A)
Usually leaves our warehouse: Within 24 hours


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Carmen, Bohol
Carmen | |
Municipality | |
Map of Bohol with Carmen highlighted |
Location within the Philippines | |
Coordinates: 9°49′N 124°12′E / 9.82°N 124.2°ECoordinates: 9°49′N 124°12′E / 9.82°N 124.2°E | |
Country | Philippines |
Region | Central Visayas (Region VII) |
Province | Bohol |
District | 3rd district of Bohol |
Incorporated | 1 March 1869 |
Barangay | 29 (see § Barangays) |
Government[1] | |
• Type | Sangguniang Bayan |
• Mayor | Ricardo Toribio (UNA) |
• Vice mayor | Pedro Budiongan |
• Town Council |
Area[1] | |
• Total | 248.04 km2 (95.77 sq mi) |
Population (2010)[2] | |
• Total | 43,579 |
• Density | 180/km2 (460/sq mi) |
Time zone | PST (UTC+8) |
ZIP code | 6319 |
Income class | 2nd class |
Website | carmen-bohol |
† ^ by final order of Governor General Jose de la Gandara |
Carmen is a second income class municipality located in the heart of the province of Bohol, Philippines. It comprises 29 barangays with an area of 248.04 square kilometres (95.77 sq mi). According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 43,579.[2]
The world-famous Chocolate Hills are the main tourist attraction of this town with 1,776 hills. Aside from the hills, there are forests, caves and waterfalls to discover.
Carmen was originally part of the municipality of Bilar and called Imbaya, after the name of a stream in the settlement. During the Spanish time, it was inhabited by not more than fifty families. In 1868, the people of Carmen petitioned for its independence since its population grew to an unprecedented number. The town of Carmen was founded on March 1, 1869 by final order of Governor General Jose de la Gandara and renamed at the same time in honor of the Lady of Carmel of Spain. In 1874, the town of Carmen had its separate parish with Father Pedro Nolasco San Juan as the first parish priest.
Being influenced by Spanish culture and tradition, all barangays of Carmen have a patron saint as well as a Spanish name, who are celebrated in an annual barangay fiesta.
In World War II, Carmen served as the stronghold of the guerrilla resistance movement and the local civil government because of its strategic location. Even at present, the municipality still serves the same purpose of being the provincial center of dynamic activities.
In 2013 a magnitude 7.2 earthquake shook Central Visayas region with its epicenter within Carmen municipality.
Carmen comprises 29 barangays:
- Alegria
- Bicao
- Buenavista
- Buenos Aires
- Calatrava
- El Progreso
- El Salvador
- Guadalupe
- Katipunan
- La Libertad
- La Paz
- La Salvacion
- La Victoria
- Matin-ao
- Montehermoso
- Montesuerte
- Montesunting
- Montevideo
- Nueva Fuerza
- Nueva Vida Este
- Nueva Vida Sur
- Nueva Vida Norte
- Poblacion Norte
- Poblacion Sur
- Tambo-an
- Vallehermoso
- Villaflor
- Villafuerte
- Villarcayo
Population census of Carmen | ||
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
1990 | 34,573 | — |
1995 | 36,797 | +1.17% |
2000 | 40,713 | +2.19% |
2007 | 43,153 | +0.81% |
2010 | 43,579 | +0.36% |
Source: National Statistics Office[2][3] |
The Chocolate Hills[edit]
The Chocolate Hills are considered one of the natural Wonders of the World, composed of 1,776 cone-shaped hills. The origin of its name comes from the fact that the hills turns brown in the hot summer days.
The Chocolate Hills Complex is the main destination for best viewing of the Chocolate Hills. It located in brgy Buenos Aires, Carmen, Bohol. The complex is composed of two chocolate hills developed years and years ago and has been transformed into a complex complete with a cemented road going up, restaurant, conference room, swimming pool, activity area with water fountain, 200+ steps with covered deck rest stops along the way and metal railing to aide the climb up to the 360-degree Observation Deck, Virgin Mary Grotto, with tall pine trees to shade the steps. The Chocolate Hills Complex also developed new building structures with different accommodations to cater to visitors that wish to stay overnight in the middle of the Chocolate Hills. Unfortunately the complex including the lookout area was severely damaged by the 2013 earthquake.
The origin and myths[edit]
There are several myths and beliefs as to how the Chocolate Hills came into existence. One myth is that of two giants fighting, throwing dirt balls against each other, that is why the chocolate hills are uniformly shaped that transformed into cone-shape hills after several rains. Another myth is that of a giant sobbing tears into the ground creating the hills formation.
The accepted scientific explanation is that the Chocolate Hills where formed from the seabed and coral reefs which gradually rose up and were drained. Rain then washed away the softer areas creating the hills which are mainly composed of limestone.
- ^ a b "Municipality of Carmen". Province of Bohol. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay: as of May 1, 2010" (PDF). 2010 Census of Population and Housing. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
- ^ "Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City and Municipality: Central Visayas: 1995, 2000 and 2007" (PDF). National Statistics Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2011.
Online resource[edit]
External links[edit]
- Official Website of the Municipality of Carmen
- The Chocolate Hills
- Provincial Government of Bohol
- CarmenBOHOL.com
- Municipality of Carmen
- Bohol
Sagbayan | Danao | Dagohoy | |
Batuan | Sierra Bullones | |||
Valencia |


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Tackling age-related diseases through better prevention 14/05/2014 - 10:00Health & ConsumersIn an attempt to address the challenges of ageing and demographic change in Europe, a group of MEPs has agreed to work together to bring disease prevention to the top of the European agenda on active and healthy ageing both at EU and national level.
Reframing the longevity and ageing 20/02/2014 - 09:31GeneralThe problem of an ever ageing population is not unsolvable, especially if retirement is not an obligation. What may prove tricky is what measures to take to keep older people active, ambitions and hungry for achievement, writes Žiga Turk. 3
How to escape the intergenerational injustice trap in Europe's aging societies 13/09/2013 - 16:43Future EUPoliticians are likely to be influenced by the electorate's demographic power structures. With European societies aging rapidly, how are policy makers going to overcome this bias? Invest tax revenues in intergenerational measures and allow parents to cast proxy votes for their children, says Daniel Schraad-Tischler.
Blind Europeans divided by living standards, united by obstacles 24/10/2012 - 08:35Eye on Active AgeingSPECIAL REPORT / Research shows that living standards for the blind vary considerably across the European Union, but a uniformly ageing demographic and the challenges of modern technology afflict all people with visual impairments in the same way.1
Blind rights activist: 'In the UK, 66% of visually impaired are unemployed' 23/10/2012 - 08:38Eye on Active AgeingThere are huge variations in employment conditions for visually impaired Europeans, but those countries offering more modern solutions do not always provide the best chances, says Fred Reid.
Sharp contrast in jobless levels for Europe's blind 23/10/2012 - 07:59Eye on Active AgeingSPECIAL REPORT/Unemployment rates amongst the visually impaired in Europe are highest in Romania, at 90%, and lowest in Sweden, where it dips below 60%, findings of an ongoing EU-backed research project show.
Germany eyes implants for ageing population 19/10/2012 - 08:11Eye on Active AgeingSPECIAL REPORT / With an ageing population and blindness on the rise, German ophthalmic experts are taking strides to find innovative solutions to the sight crisis looming over Europe with pioneering implant technology.1
French population to match Germany's by 2055 10/04/2012 - 07:46Social Europe & JobsThe population of France is forecast to match that of Germany – currently the largest in Western Europe – by 2055, reports Carine Fourteau of Mediapart.


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"My son has Special Needs and Dr. Quackenbush and his staff have been AMAZING with him. Where he once feared and fought going to the dentist, he now ..."
"Dr Tandy and her staff are top notch! They are very nice and explain what needs to be done and take care of it"
"Excellent Dentist with a great office staff. I would recommend Dr Bevans to everyone, he is gentle and cares about his patients."
"I just don't normally do revue's but my daughter had had a horrible experience with another dentist, and through a recomendation I saw him. I will never go ..."


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Let me make sure I understand: the old man has a bad back, so you want to avoid climbs, but you're not concerned about the 40-plus-pound pack he'll be hauling? As long as you don't hold me legally responsible, here are five fantastic dog-friendly hiking spots that hopefully won't put your pops in traction.
Appalachian Trail, Virginia
Surprisingly enough, the 101-mile portion of the Appalachian Trail that traces the ridgetops of the Blue Ridge through Shenandoah National Park is largely free of dramatic climbs and descents. For much of the time, it parallels the gently sloping path of Skyline Drive, even offering access to the park's two lodges and the Lewis Mountain Cabins
Dolly Sods Wilderness, Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia
This stark, scrub-filled preserve that lies on a high plateau in West Virginia's Monongahela National Forest is so exposed to severe weather patterns sweeping down from the north that there are more Canadian than US species inhabiting its grassy balds and bogs. There are nearly 30 miles of cairn-marked trails within Dolly Sods, which connect to other paths in the surrounding areas of the Monongahela. Primitive camping is permitted, but campfires aren't.
Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historic Park, DC to Maryland
It's not exactly backcountry, but if you're looking for gentle terrain and a pleasant long-distance hike, one of your prime options on the East Coast is the on the towpath of the C&O Canal, which stretches 184 miles from Georgetown in Washington, DC, to Cumberland, Maryland, near the Potomac River. Along the way are 30 established campsites, all within less than a half-day's walk from each other (nps.gov/choh).
Metacomet Trail, Connecticut
Hikers from southern New England often overlook the untouched scenery of inland Connecticut in favor of more rugged alternatives in the Berkshires, Green Mountains, and Adirondacks. As a result, the forgiving but remote Metacomet Trail remains relatively secret. It meanders roughly 60 miles along Connecticut's Metacomet Ridge to the Massachusetts border , passing waterfalls, ponds, and dramatic cliffs. Much of the Metacomet runs through private lands, so you'll need to get permission from landowners to set up your tent. Ctxguide.com's forums have good information, as does the New England Trail site.
Cutler Coast Public Reserved Land, Maine
The Cutler Coast, a 1,200-acre swath of bogs, blueberry-filled grasslands, pine forests and rocky cliffs on the edge of the Bay of Fundy, isn't really a backpacking destination. Instead, you hike about four miles from the parking lot to a small camping area on the coast and use it as your base camp for day hiking the parklands' 20 miles of impeccably maintained trails.


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Yearbook Pre-sale
Published on April 07, 2015
Yearbook pre-sale is going on now. $20. Please contact Gallegos. Last day of pre-sale will be May 1. Price will increase to $25 afterwards.
Spanish Poetry Recital
Published on April 07, 2015
Spanish Poetry Recital at Centenial High School on April 17 at 5:30pm.
Come support our students!
Winter Performance
Published on January 21, 2015
Our Winter Performance will be on February 7 from 2-5pm at Onate Performing Arts Center.
Tickets are on sale now. Seating is limited.
Vacancy Announcement
Published on January 21, 2015
La Academia Dolores Huerta Middle School: A Dual Language Charter Middle School with a tradition of excellence in academics, visual and performing arts has the following position vacancy:
Social Studies Teacher - K-8, Social Studies Endorsement required, Bilingual Preferred
Applications will be accepted until February 13.
Please send a letter of interest and resume to:
La Academia Dolores Huerta
Attn: Octavio Casillas
1480 N. Main
Las Cruces, NM 88001
La Academia is an Equal Opportunity Employer and does not discriminate on the basis of Race, National Origin, Age, Sex, Marital Status, or handicap in compliance with federal and state laws.
Published on December 15, 2014


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Simply confirm your registered email address below and click "Reset Password." We will immediately email you a link back to the site where you can enter a new password for this account.
We've found your existing D-Club account. Please login below to complete the Facebook login process.
Join Terrie Carr and Team 'DHA for a fun day for you and your dog. Support the Denville Animal Shelter and check out the fun vendors and your dog can take a dip too!


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In a recent story for NPR's All Things Considered, Madeleine Brand discusses new theories about the Dark Ages, the medieval spice trade, and the Black Plague with Chana Joffe-Walt and Adam Davidson.
EuropeanCultures of Europe Dark Ages really more "gray," say economists
Submitted by Milica on Tue, 2010-02-23 15:17
In a recent story for NPR's All Things Considered, Madeleine Brand discusses new theories about the Dark Ages, the medieval spice trade, and the Black Plague with Chana Joffe-Walt and Adam Davidson. New merchant: Paternoster Ladies opens its doors online
Submitted by paternosterladies on Sat, 2010-02-13 17:38
Paternoster Ladies recently opened their new online shopping portal, using the Etsy e-commerce hosting provider. Paternoster Ladies
Submitted by Justin on Fri, 2010-02-12 18:36
Paternoster Ladies produces one-of-a-kind handmade medieval rosaries, paternosters and chaplets for sale. Their line uses historically available materials to create items inspired by medieval sources such as museum examples and artwork of the time period. Many of their raw materials come from upcycling antique and vintage beads and findings, and the results are pure heaven.
Around the world with Father Christmas
Submitted by Milica on Tue, 2009-12-22 10:19
Christmas traditions are cherished around the world. One that is nearly universal is the legend of a friendly spirit who delivers gifts during the Christmas season. TopTenz.net offers their list of Top 10 Santa Legends From Around the World.
Latin students create wiki for the "Study of Ancient Gaul and Ancient Celtic Culture"
Submitted by Milica on Wed, 2009-12-16 20:20
Students of the John Carroll School Latin 2 class found themselves dissatisfied with their textbook depiction of ancient Celts and Gauls. Their solution? Create a wiki of online links relating to the subject. (map)
War of Troy Tapestry returns to the V&A
Submitted by Milica on Sat, 2009-11-28 17:37
Once a jewel of the Victoria and Albert Museum, the War of Troy Tapestry was removed from exhibit twenty years ago "when it became too damaged to display." Now, after 4,000 hours of restoration, the tapestry will once again take a place of honor in the museum. (photos)
Minnesota professor to receive grant for medieval globalization research
Submitted by Milica on Fri, 2009-10-23 19:54
University of Minnesota professor Susan Noakes has received a US$70,000 grant for two years for a project entitled "Globalization of the Middle Ages." The research will be funded by the university's Imagine Fund.
Roman skeleton really Goth
Submitted by Milica on Tue, 2009-10-20 19:15
The 5th century skeleton of a man, discovered in 1972 in Gloucester, England, has been identified as a Goth, originating from east of the Danube River. Experts feel that the man was most likely a Roman soldier.
Austrian museum photos online
Submitted by Racaire on Mon, 2009-10-05 15:43
Racaire reports that she has posted a number of albums of photos from her recent museum excursions on her Flickr website.
Roman military camps found on Austrian amber road
Submitted by Milica on Sun, 2009-10-04 17:20
The discovery of three Roman military camps "will rewrite the history of the Romans in Austria," said Stefan Groh, the leader of the Austrian Archeological Institute team which discovered the camps near Strebersdorf. The sites were found on the amber road, the ancient trading route which runs through the country.
Return of the Plague Doctor
Submitted by Rozani on Wed, 2009-09-30 12:23
Bring out your dead! These words will ring true once again in our current Middle Ages. The sights and sounds of the season will bring forth the return of The Plague Mask, October 29 through November 1 at Ft. Gaines in Dauphin Island, Alabama.
Debunking medieval map myths
Submitted by Milica on Thu, 2009-09-10 16:56
In a 2002 article for the website Strange Horizons, Michael Livingston looks at three modern myths about medieval maps, and discusses what medieval maps truly were.
Fleamarket find might be Templar artifact
Submitted by Milica on Sat, 2009-09-05 18:18
Christie's auction house in London is trying to verify claims that an ornately-decorated piece of wood, found at an English car boot sale, might be the door of a Templar tabernacle, dating from between 700 and 1200 C.E. (photo)
Golden Dwarf
Submitted by The Dwarf on Thu, 2009-09-03 03:00
The Golden Dwarf is a seller of quality renaissance, medieval, and pirate clothing, costumes, garb, armor, weapons, and accessories for LARP, Reenactment, Ren-Faires, and SCA.
Fabric Dragon
Submitted by Fabric Dragon on Thu, 2009-08-27 14:34
Fabric Dragon sells many items, but of especial interest to most SCAdians are the linen threads in multiple weights and colors, silk threads in multiple weights, colors, and degree of twist, beads (including those small enough to use easily in embroidery) and pearls of various types.
New excavations at Black Sea fortress
Submitted by Milica on Tue, 2009-08-25 16:13
After a 6th century earthquake destroyed the town of Dionisopolis, Byzantine emperors built a stronghold at Balchik, overlooking the Black Sea. Now a new team of experts hope to reveal more secrets of the site.
Winter Tree Crafts
Submitted by WinterTreeCrafts on Sun, 2009-08-09 13:33
Winter Tree Crafts provides locally hand-made SCA armour and leather goods of high quality at a reasonable price. They offer both custom and in-stock armour with an eye to authenticity.
Lost Knowledge: Timbrel vaulting
Submitted by Broom on Wed, 2009-07-29 17:08
A look at the largely-lost Medieval art of timbrel vaulting structures and the related, more modern (late 19th century) system of interlocking terracotta tiles which create what are known as Guastavino domes, after their inventor, Rafael Guastavino.
Fish shortage drove medieval fishermen to sea
Submitted by Milica on Thu, 2009-06-25 17:48
A new study by James Barrett from Cambridge University's McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, shows that around 1,000 C.E., medieval people were forced to begin fishing in the ocean due to a shortage of fresh water fish.
Armor photos from the Tinguely Museum
Submitted by Milica on Wed, 2009-06-17 17:20
Richard Blackmoore reports that a collection of high resolution photos of 15th and 16th century armor are available to download from the Tinguely Museum website.
Defining the Middle Ages
Submitted by Milica on Sat, 2009-06-13 08:09
Many re-enactors have difficulty defining the time period of the Middle Ages or the term "medieval." Wikipedia can help. The free encyclopedia has a comprehensive page with many links that can help answer questions about what the Middle Ages really were all about.
Swiss Guard may open ranks to women
Submitted by Milica on Thu, 2009-06-11 17:37
The 500-year-old Swiss Guard, which protects the Vatican, may revoke its centuries-old ban on service by women, according to Commander Daniel Anrig. "I can imagine them for one role or another," he told Italian television.
Inbreeding may have led to the demise of the Hapsburgs
Submitted by Milica on Thu, 2009-05-21 11:44
A new study by geneticists from the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain shows that inbreeding may have weakened the male line and brought about the end of the Hapsburg dynasty. The last king, Charles II of Spain, died in 1700 without male heirs.
Medieval treasures in Nashville until June 7, 2009
Submitted by Milica on Sun, 2009-05-17 16:44
Residents of Nashville, Tennessee have the rare opportunity to view "some of the finest medieval art in the United States" when the Frist Center for the Visual Arts presents Medieval Treasures from the Cleveland Museum of Art now through June 7, 2009.
SCAdian expert on Deadliest Warrior
Submitted by Milica on Tue, 2009-05-12 15:33
YouTube has video clips available of the Spartan vs Ninja episode of Spike TV's Deadliest Warrior program. The Spartan expert on the program is the SCA's own Sir Balin of Tor (Barry Jacobsen).
[ACR] Fourth Crusade
Submitted by Milica on Sun, 2009-05-10 15:09
The year is 1203. Crusading zeal is at its height, but the Muslims still control the Holy Land. From the Purple Palace in Constantinople reigns Emperor Alexius III, heir to the once-mighty Roman Empire. Eight centuries later, the year is 2009. Come recreate one of the greatest sieges in history. Constantinople may have fallen during the Fourth Crusade, but this time the Byzantines have one thing that they lacked in 1203-Haus Von Drachenklaue!
World Digital Library launches with 1,200 documents
Submitted by Milica on Mon, 2009-05-04 11:28
The World Digital Library, Unesco's project to "promote curiosity and understanding across cultures," has launched its website with 1,200 documents ranging from a" 1,000-year-old Japanese novel to the earliest known map to mention America by name."
Medieval Astronomy from Melk Abbey on APOD
Submitted by SCAScot on Wed, 2009-04-29 09:58
An medieval manuscript page from the notes for an astronomy lecture by Magister Wolfgang de Styria offers a glimpse at pre-Renaissance thinking in the astronomical field.
Dog Skeletons Indicate Medieval Custom of Sacrifice
Submitted by Ursula on Thu, 2009-04-23 07:50
A discovery of multiple buried dog skeletons in a medieval town outside Budapest suggests that the custom of animal sacrifice was much more widespread in early Christian Hungary than previously thought.
New York celebrates Henry Hudson's discovery of New Amsterdam
Submitted by Milica on Tue, 2009-04-21 16:43
In commemoration of the Henry Hudson's 400th discovery of the City of New Amsterdam, the Museum of the City of New York will present "Amsterdam/New Amsterdam: The Worlds of Henry Hudson," an exhibition of 275 artifacts housed in a replica of the hull of Henry's triple-masted ship. The exhibit runs through September 2009.
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