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Gigantenfrom 7 customer reviews
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Product Description
Players compete to earn the most money in the world of Oil Exploration. Players explore the oil fields with their trucks and decide whether to establish oil rigs on the sites they find. Each established well produces one barrel of oil per day, which must be transported back to the refineries via rail line or it will be lost. Since the rail line gradually extends across the board throughout the game, transporting any oil found beyond the current range of the rail line is more costly. Money is earned by selling the oil to one of the three oil companies, but the price is always fluctuating, and each company will only make one purchase per round, so players compete to sell in an auction. The game ends when the public rail line reaches the far side of the board, at which time each player earns a bonus for the value of his remaining oil wells, and the development of his rail line. Adding this to the money each player has earned through oil sales, the player with the most money wins the game.
Product Awards
Finalist, 1999
6th place, 1999
Product Information
Wilko Manz Manufacturer(s):
Kosmos Artist(s):
Franz Vohwinkel Year: 1999
Players: 3 - 4
Time: 70 - 90 minutes
Ages: 10 and up
Weight: 1,730 grams
Language Requirements: Game components are language-independent. An English translation of the rules is provided.
Product Reviews
Average Rating: 3.9 in 7 reviews
Giganten (Giant) provides an excellent evening of gaming into the world of oil. Like my 1974 MB King Oil, it is a visually appealing game with a large game board, colorful playing pieces, (trucks, trains, oil rigs) and easy to read cards. Each player attempts to amass the most money through three 'phases', exploration (moving your truck accross the board to oil sites), development (building rigs, and providing transport to the refineries with your train) and bidding (selling of your oil at the three refineries). Players can stymie their opponents through card play, i.e. drive back their trains, but as everyone can see what cards are chosen, you can usually counter that attack.
The most dramatic phase of the game is in the bidding. This delevops into an intense 'poker room' feel as your 'Licenses' as kept secret. Get caught bluffing and you will pay dearly.
The adage 'money is like manure,... it doesn't do any good unless you spread it around' truly defines the strategy of 'Giganten'. While prices at the three refineries fluctuate widely, it is good foresight to store oil at all three refineries. Going for the financial 'kill' at the highest selling refinery will not win over a balanced bidding attack at all three refineries.
'Giganten' is for any gamer that enjoys a 'poker room' feel to his/her game night without getting covered in crude.
Anyone familiar with German games knows that, in most cases, the theme is as important to the game as the type of paper the rules are written on--the list of games (even great ones) that fit that description is too large for me to write here. Giganten is a nice change of pace, as the theme permeates what is a delightful game.
I won't go into the mechanics of the game, as they are well-documented here. I will just say that playing the game is a tactile treat, with the chunky plastic pieces. I must admit that I was somewhat less than impressed with the cardboard oil site chits, however; they could have easily been made of that same chunky plastic!
Once the players understand the order of events the beauty of the game appears. The 'exploration-drilling-production-sales' turn structure allows the game's theme to shine through. If you don't feel like an oilman during the play of the game, you must have a hole in your soul!
I give the game 4 stars rather than 5 because of its length. Each time I've played the game it has taken nearly two hours for the black train to reach the end of the track. A theme, even as engaging as Giganten's, can only hold one's full attention and entertain for so long.
Even with that quibble, however, I do enjoy the game and heartily recommend it.
The most impressive thing about Giganten is the bits. Part of the Kosmos 'Spiele Gallerie' line, the bits are impressive. There are little oil derricks, a little molded train for each player, a neat molded dumptruck, a very thick game board, and little stock cards for everyone (hint: read the cards... it's very funny). The bits alone are impressive enough to make me like the game.
On to the game play... first note that this is not a language intensive game and the rule translation is very good. The rules are straightforward and the game mechanic is clean and straight forward if not a little regimented.
The object of the game is to get the most money at the end of the game. This is accomplished by moving your truck to an oil derrick tile (prospecting), paying for the oil that you find and erecting an oil well (excavating), having the oil produced and sending it to the market on your train (transporting), and selling your oil at market from the oil reserves of one of three oil conglemerates (selling).
This entire process is carried out in turn order and is accomplished by the choosing of cards that allow you to allocate certain resources... similar to Lowenherz, and has been described in other reviews.
Anyway, the mechanic is very clean but can be passionless depending on the group that you are playing with. The only other complaint is that the oil is discovered randomly, which can sometimes disrupt the balance of the game.
This is a game that I would give three stars to if playing with rather shy and reserved gamers, and four with a more competitive group.
Overall I like the game, and will play it again once in while. Recommended.
All the prior reviews give a good description of the game play and beautiful bits. What makes this game great for me, is it is a strategy game that my wife will play.
We have enjoyed playing Giganten with other couples. Giganten is best played with four, and has enough strategy and auction tactics to engage the gamer (me), while being approachable for my wife and visiting friends who are not 'Hardcore Gamers'.
For hardcore gamers, this may not be the best game. But it is fun, and serves as a bridge to even more complex, brain-burning games.
I've played a few hundred different European games over the past three years, and will readily admit to getting just a little blase after game upon game full of beautiful components. I wasn't expecting anything I hadn't seen before when I opened Giganten, but boy, was I suprised. The production values in this game are stunning, from huge board, attractive cards, to detailed plastic game pieces.
The theme here is oil. You prospect for it, drill for it, transport it, store it, and finally try to sell it - all for that elusive commodity, cash! Game turns follow these steps in a rigid sequence of play, turn after turn, until the end of the game. The critical phase of any turn is selecting your action card for the turn. Several are revealed and each player claims one. This card drives the upcoming turn for that player, describing how many movement points they can use, how many sales licenses they are picking up, as well as any special actions they can perform.
Movement points are used in two ways - driving your little pickup truck across the board prospecting for drilling sites, and moving your transport locomotive along the outside edge of the board. The trucks move across a gridded board dotted with face down oil well chips. The underside of the chip may be examined to determine if this oil well is worth developing because some are much better than others in terms of oil yield. To transport the oil off the board economically, your locomotive must stay level with, or move beyond, your oil wells. Thus movement points must be carefully split between truck and locomotive movement.
After movement is performed, players get the opportunity to purchase oil wells. Oil wells yield 1 'barrel' of oil per turn per well, and these barrels are transported off the board for storage in holding tanks in one of three oil companies.
Oil sales are handled via bidding with license cards, which are picked up when you claim your action card for the turn. Only one player can sell oil from each company each turn, and must win the bid in order to sell. Bidding can be very cagey, as the license cards can be of value '1' or '2', and bluffing is allowed. It is a perfectly valid tactic to drive up a bid at one company to weaken a player's hand of licenses. The winner of the bid may sell their oil for the current price at that company (these prices drift from turn to turn via a special dice roll, or via the action cards).
During the game, a special black locomotive is busy chugging along the outside of the board. This servers two functions; one as a potential oil transporter for players who have their locomotive lagging behind their drilling sites; the other as the end of the game trigger. Each turn the black locomotive will advance a variable number of spaces, and when it has travelled the length of the board the game ends immediately. Players are then paid out for oil wells/barrels still on the board, with bonuses based on how far each player advanced their locomotive. Most cash held wins the game.
This game rates three stars for me, with a bonus star for the components. It is a solid design that plays well with no obvious faults. By far the most important decision a player will face during a turn is which action card to choose. This drives the strategy for the rest of the turn, and to be honest it's fairly obvious what you'll be doing. I have no hesitation in recommending the game, but be prepared for the rather regimented turn structure and light game play.
Giganten surprises the gamer with its complexity and its variation. After playing Crude and other stock/oil games over the years, I didn't think a game could be manufactured that would have discovery, stock options, bidding, and transport all rolled into one.
Granted, Giganten offers the gamer at least five different steps in each turn. You have to get used to bidding with oil licenses. First, you draw a card to determine the movement of the black locomotive. Second, you roll the 'specially numbered' die to determine the up or down value of the three different oil companies. Third, you draw five cards from the 'yellow' deck as the starting player. These cards are selected by the other players and you use them to determine movement, up and down values of oil prices, number of licenses given, and movement of locomotives. The rotation of the starting player each turn provides quite a volatile game.
The remaining of the five cards in a four-player game is discarded. Now, the players involve themselves in the oil business. They move only their truck or locomotive or a combination. I started by moving my truck to the first available overturned counter showing one oil derrick. You may stop at each derrick you pass and look under the counter for the number of wells you may drill. Your last stop with the truck is where you will start drilling. Now, let's say you have 8 movement points on your 'yellow card.' You may divide these points, for example, with half going to your colored locomotive and half to your truck. You want to provide movement for the locomotive, because your locomotive has to be either in line with your truck or ahead of your truck for the oil to be transported.
The spirited part of the game then begins with the bidding. You bid for each of the three companies and the ability to place your 'crude' marker on the particular oil company. When the 'crude' markers are removed from your discovered company, they are placed on one or more of the three oil companies, Hudson, Jet, and Standard Oil. You then determine how your license bidding will occur with the other players. The licenses are labeled 1 or 2. Let's say you bid 6 for Hudson to sell some of your oil. Another player bids 7, but that is a bluff. That player has to surrender half of his license cards to the player on the left for his or her inaccuracy in bidding. The highest bid, as you imagined, then sells the oil to the bank, based on the current price, and the number of 'crude' markers. You may run your crude markers beyond the '2' limit in each of three oil companies, anticipating a price killing. However, the additional 'crude' markers are considered overflow and may have to be sold at $1,000 each, because you lost the bid.
Naturally, players try to run up the price in certain of the three companies to make that 'killing.' The player with the highest money wins the game.
In the meantime, what else can happen? Your truck moves through the board and encounters '2' oil red-sided derricks on a counter. That counter cannot be checked, and you have to drill for whatever score is underneath. At one point in the game, I only found '2's' and suffered accordingly, instead of the usual 4's and 5's for 'crude' markers. When you reach the '3' derricks, you may look but have to pay more money to drill. The derrick drilling goes this way: $4,000 for '1' derrick, $6,000 for '2' derrick, and $8,000 for '3' derrick.
The locomotive problem becomes a messy situation. Let's say one player has a card to move back all the locomotives on the board, except his or hers. The locomotive squares are numbered 1's, 2's, and 3's near the end of the board. You could lose a chance to transport the oil to market on your locomotive, because the other player reduced the number of squares your locomotive can operate in. Then, you have to pay the black locomotive (to the bank) or the farthest ahead locomotive $3,000 for the privilege of transporting your oil. Players late in the game enjoy these nasty cards that allow the backward movement of other people's locomotives.
In figuring your money winnings at the end of the game, you may add $1,000 for each 'crude' marker still on the board and in all of the three oil companies. The figures for our four-player game totaled $113,000, $93,000, $54,500, and $52,000 respectively.
One of our players said it was the best oil game he had ever played. Another player voiced how competitive the game was. I know I should have placed more 'crude' markers in Standard Oil when given the chance and tons of licenses to bid for the privilege.
This is a game I really wanted to like. The components look great (and I mean over the top great here), but after a few plays I came to the conclusion that the game just isn't up to spec. It's not bad, mind you - you could certainly do a lot worse - but Giganten just doesn't have a lot to recommend it.
I think there are a couple reasons. First, the game is divided clearly into two almost unrelated parts: drilling for oil and selling oil. The selling oil bit is interesting, as it is essentially a bidding game with some unusual twists. The problem is in the drilling half of the game which is almost completely pointless. There is neither any interesting decision making involved nor any player interaction to speak of.
Throw in some fairly heavy-handed randomness (the wildcat have a big impact on the game, and the action cards that move people's trains backwards are extremely powerful), and the interesting bidding mechanisms are just not interesting enough to make the game as a whole engaging. There isn't enough strategy to make it intellectually engaging, nor enough player interaction to make it fun.
I found the game moderately interesting for the first couple plays, but by plays #3 & #4 I was bored and by play #5 I had no interest in playing again. Not a truly bad game, really, but we have been blessed with such a big selection of excellent games in the past 5 years that Giganten is hard to recommend. A somewhat unusual choice for Spiel des Jahres Nominee, in my opinion.


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text: The Hottest Girls to Throw Out the First Pitch for the Chicago Cubs Or White Sox ChicagoCubsVideoWhite Sox by WindyCityFan - Dec 30, 2014 Prev1 of 22NextUSE TO BROWSE Like most other cities with major league baseball, the Chicago teams normally have a guest throw out the ceremonial first pitch before every game. Sometimes it's a child or former player, other times it's a smokin' hot celebrity looking for attention. Over the years the Chicago Cubs and White Sox have had some hotties grace the mound, it's important that you know who they are. Even though the Cubs have a few more than the White Sox, they've both had their share of celebrities in the park. Let's begin, let us know if we missed any and we will add them. Danica Patrick (July 2012 – Cubs) Race car driver Danica Patrick throws out a ceremonial first pitch before a game between the Chicago Cubs and the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 07, 2006 at Wrigley Field in Chicago, Illinois. She was there again in 2012. Prev1 of 22NextUSE TO BROWSE FacebookTwitterGoogle+E-mailReddit Download Sports Mockery's New App! From Around the Web <


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That is one HECKUVA'N exhaust. <--- Note the intended punctuation here. :D
Oh yeah, so it does. <3 Thanks, I wasn't particularly sure what was going on there at all. Lol. xD <3 But jeez, exhaust that high? It is the exhaust, huh? ;_; You would think that wouldn't be allowed, period. I'm pretty sure the exhaust product isn't as light as air, so even if its higher than someones head, its going to come down on top of them. Not nice at all. -Thumbs down- : ( Wonder who's bright idea that was.
Pretty car in the first pic there. <3 :D


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Apartamento Salmerones I
From $141 / night
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Description from the owner
- 2 bedrooms
- 1 bathrooms
- Sleeps 4
- Apartment
Bedrooms: 2
Bathrooms: 1
Sleeps: 4
Type: Apt. / Condo
Apartamento Salmerones IDescription from the owner
Apartamento Salmerones offer you the opportunity to stay for a time in a historical and charming Spanish house dated 1910, where you are going to feel like at home. The house is situated in the heart of the Alhama de Granada town, just two minutes walk from both, the City Council and the cliffs, famous for their exceptional beauty.
The house is equipped with all necessary amenities, that today's traveler may need, such as heating, solar panel hot water and air conditioning. The apartment is also adapted to provide access to the disabled people.
Located midway between Malaga and Granada, both of the cities are only one hour drive from Alhama de ...Read more
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About the owner
Ana M.
Ana M.
Response rate 75%
Response time Within a day
Calendar updated 5 months ago
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Apartamento Salmerones I
Alhama de Granada, Andalusia, Spain
Additional Location Information
Alhama de Granada is located in the southwestern part of the Granada province and 59 km from Granada city. The beautiful beaches of Torre Del Mar are only 49 km away from the Apartaments, Malaga city is only 79 km from Alhama de Granada. The location is perfect for everyone who likes visiting the mountains, the beach and the countryside, everything situated just about an hour from the cities of Malaga and Granada.
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Mountain nearby, Rural retreats


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Humanitarian agencies are increasingly engaged in research in conflict and post-conflict settings. This is justified by the need to improve the quality of assistance provided in these settings and to collect evidence of the highest standard to inform advocacy and policy change. The instability of conflict-affected areas, and the heightened vulnerability of populations caught in conflict, calls for careful consideration of the research methods employed, the levels of evidence sought, and ethical requirements. Special attention needs to be placed on the feasibility and necessity of doing research in conflict-settings, and the harm-benefit ratio for potential research participants.
Despite the fact that conflicts are widespread in several parts of the world and continue to affect the daily lives of many thousands of people, there is a relative dearth of published information on the plight, health status and challenges facing such populations. This is largely due to the fact that in countries affected by armed conflict, local medical and health research efforts are often compromised by limited infrastructure, lack of human resources (both in terms of numbers and capacity) and insecurity. Medical and health policy research is thus limited. When it is done, it is often conducted by international non-governmental and humanitarian aid organizations who are the main actors on the scene.
There are several issues of ethical concern specific to the design and conduct of research in conflict settings.
First, many developing countries with fragile political climates, and particularly conflict-affected countries, often lack capacity to provide adequate scientific and technical guidance and monitor research ethics. As a consequence, international agencies may apply divergent ethical standards, some of which may not be in accordance with international human rights or humanitarian law [1]. (This has been a particular concern with respect to the activities of pharmaceutical companies that have been accused of deliberately circumventing their own national ethical standards and taking advantage of loosely enforced or poorly elaborated ethical guidelines in developing countries [2].)
Second, humanitarian organizations who might need to conduct qualitative and quantitative surveys as part of their relief operations are often not trained in the ethical appraisal of research as this is often not perceived as being part of their core mandate.
Third, lack of infrastructure and human resources, as well as the presence of violence, can limit both access to populations over time and the ability to conduct research. As a consequence, conventional research methodologies when applied to conflict settings without due adaptation may compromise the quality of the eventual results. For example, recent Iraq mortality surveys have been heavily criticized on the basis that sampling methods assumed homogenous distributions of violence and static makeup of households, which are uncharacteristic of conflict settings [3,4]. As a consequence, study results are similarly compromised in their ability to inform and impact policy.
Finally, international governmental and non-governmental organizations may face political pressure and barriers to research. In particular, the dissemination of sensitive findings might culminate in expulsion of organisations from conflict areas or penalisation of individuals or both. An example is given by the imprisonment in 2005 of a representative of a humanitarian organisation for the publication of data exposing the extent of sexual violence in Darfur [5]. Humanitarian organizations that have reported on human rights abuses and medical/nutritional emergencies in certain countries have been forced to withdraw from those countries or have been expelled.
Despite these issues, there is a clear justification and necessity to conduct research in conflict zones in order to improve knowledge of specific health interventions and their outcomes and bring to light the plight of populations caught in conflict. Not striving to do so may contribute to their vulnerability and add to complacency among those who are responsible or contribute to their unfortunate plight.
This paper discusses some of the main considerations for organisations and individuals engaged in research in conflict settings, and provides guidance on the main ethical principles to be applied.
Why do research in conflict settings?
Humanitarian agencies such as Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) are undertaking an increasing amount of research in conflict settings, often with the support of academic institutes and actors. For example, the number of peer-reviewed articles published by MSF has increased 10-fold in the last 7 years; this includes research in conflict-settings such as Chad, Liberia, Chechnya and the Democratic Republic of Congo (http://www.fieldresearch.msf.org webcite).
There are several reasons for specifically undertaking research in conflict settings. The main ones include: reporting on the health and humanitarian consequences of conflict; investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of specific interventions; and validating models of delivery.
Reporting on the health and humanitarian consequences of conflict
Retrospective mortality surveys are the most common method applied in conflict settings to estimate the most important consequences of conflict on health status as indicated by standardized "death rates". The death rates in under five and over five age groups are often used as the most important parameter to judge the necessity of emergency humanitarian action [6]. Such techniques have generated valuable information regarding the impact of a number of conflicts, including those in DRC [7], Iraq [8], Myanmar [9], Sudan [10] and Congo Brazzaville [11]. Information on the nature of trauma or surgical wounds, levels of malnutrition, and surveillance of epidemiological data allow proper needs-assessments, the need for specific nutritional interventions or specific action to control specific epidemics.
Despite the availability of proposed methodologies [12] there is considerable variance in the quality of the implementation. Given the highly-politicized nature of conflict this can lead to debate about the legitimacy of the research findings [13]. This can result in a particular mode of action or inaction on the part of the warring parties, and have consequences in terms of the application of international humanitarian and human rights law.
Statistical measures alone will fail to capture the full impact of modern warfare on individual/population health and human rights, and non-consequentialist outcomes such as the gathering of personal witness testimony (from victims of injustice) or bearing witness (in the case of care providers) form an important part of the overall picture and provide evidence for action and redress [14]. Testimony also plays an important part in contributing to 'historical truth' and can contribute to post-conflict reconciliation efforts [15]. Other methodologies are emerging in response to the recognition that the impact of conflict on civilian populations should not be assessed by mortality rates alone. Mental health surveys are increasingly applied in conflict settings to estimate the consequences of violence and such survey results have been published for conflicts in a diversity of settings, including Sri Lanka [16], Sierra Leone [17], and Chechnya [18]. These surveys generally include questions on the experience of conflict, together with an assessment of general and psychosocial health. There are a number of specific challenges associated with conducting such research in conflict settings, in particular the validity of the survey tools used [19].
Investigating specific interventions
Certain interventions are designed to support populations caught in conflict and research cannot therefore be easily conducted anywhere else. Examples include psychosocial interventions for psychosocial trauma-mitigation [20], micronutrients to manage anaemia in malnourished populations displaced by conflict [21], and trauma surgery [22]. In other instances, a study may be undertaken on an intervention for a condition that is not specifically conflict-related, but which predominates in or is exacerbated by conflict settings. The control of human African trypanosomiasis in the Republic of Congo is one such example [23]. For some contexts, general evidence isn't enough to inform policy change and local evidence is required: the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy for the treatment of malaria is an example where MSF and other agencies were involved in the conduct of a numerous drug efficacy studies, including in conflict-affected areas, as a precondition to being able change drug regimens [24].
Validating models of delivery
Humanitarian agencies are concerned about improving approaches to the delivery of care. Research is particularly relevant in this area to assess the feasibility and provide a sound evidence-base for promoting new approaches. Examples include community-based therapeutic feeding for malnourished infants [25], the delivery of tuberculosis treatment in unstable settings [26], and HIV care and treatment for populations caught in conflict [27].
Epidemiological approaches have contributed to increasing accountability within the humanitarian sector, with most organisations today referring to agreed indicators outlined by such initiatives as the Sphere Project to guide their interventions [6]. Such minimum standards aim to improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the relief. Such indicators however cannot remain static and need to evolve dynamically over time as there might be variations in the epidemiology of disease, socio-demographic patterns and the environment where conflict occurs [28].
Core elements of research in conflict settings
Types of evidence
Traditionally, evidence-based medicine relies on the collection of quantitative data through epidemiological methodology. More broadly, evidence is the basis for inferences and the generation and testing of hypotheses and can take many forms. Humanitarian action relies on a broad range of evidence that includes quantitative data gathered from surveys and routine programme monitoring and qualitative information gathered via questionnaires, narrative accounts, policy analysis and expert inputs [14].
The type and quality of evidence gathered should be tempered by the circumstances being described and ability and limitations in undertaking specific research. Human rights violations are difficult to capture in numbers and may better be described through a qualitative approach through for example the collection of personal witness testimony. In terms of quantitative data collection, it should be recognized that the implementation of randomized-controlled trial designs in unstable settings is rarely feasible. In such circumstances rapid assessments may be the only feasible option for data collection. Nevertheless, provided clear methods are followed and measurements are carefully conducted, rapid approaches can still yield scientifically valid data. Moreover, it may be the only data available that can guide assessments of immediate needs and guide the implementation of relief efforts.
While there are inherent difficulties in collecting high quality data in conflict settings, there is an obligation to ensure that the research methodology being applied is of the highest standard, whether this is via a simple qualitative survey (gathering testimonies of refugees fleeing conflict) or a cohort study (most commonly the retrospective analysis of routinely collected data). The type of research methodology applied can influence both the scientific validity of the data collected and the requirements for ethical review.
Scientific validity
The conditions of instability inherent to conflict settings create a number of barriers to undertaking high-quality scientific research. Basic data collection systems may be absent or poorly implemented; insecurity may limit movement and the ability to collect new data through surveys; the unpredictability of the setting may preclude study designs that require a large sample size or a long follow-up period; the displacement of populations will limit the potential for conducting prospective studies requiring return visits. Studies that require follow-up information on patients might also prove impossible.
Given such considerations, it is not surprising that most studies emanating from conflict settings are dependent on routinely collected data or rapid surveys. There is nevertheless still scope to improve the study design, the implementation of studies and their analysis and reporting in conflict settings.
Study design
The development of study protocols can be greatly improved through collaboration with groups outside the conflict setting. Literature reviews, protocol writing, and the testing and validation of questionnaires, can all be done in a stable setting with expert support. Validated data collection and survey tools can be prepared in advance so that such studies can be rapidly implemented.
The validity of simple observational studies can also be greatly improved by relatively straightforward modifications such as randomization in the sampling strategy and blinding of data analysts.
Study Implementation
One major challenge to research done by humanitarian agencies is that the study team is composed of people who are also involved in the delivery of aid. Research rightly takes second-place to the provision of life-saving assistance, but the result is that often the research is poorly conducted or abandoned altogether. While this is understandable, it raises ethical concerns (engaging research participants without completing the research) and is a waste of resources. As far as possible, the initiation of research should be preceded by a feasibility analysis and resource commitment to see it through to completion. The designation of dedicated study personnel, including people trained in research methods, should be encouraged to avoid the diversion of human resources to other activities (recognizing that expansion of teams is not always possible in insecure settings). As expatriate turnover in conflict situations is high, involving and training a core group of national collaborating researchers would facilitate continuity of the research and would constitute a resource pool for the future. The possibility of identifying a pool of responsive academics or resource persons to help support specific tasks (such as protocol review or statistical analysis) could also be considered.
Analysis and reporting
The analysis and reporting of data requires expertise that is often not found in those involved in aid delivery. The reliability of the data analysis can often be substantially improved by involving epidemiologists and/or statisticians who are capable of undertaking more robust analyses. Editorial skills should also be sought to assist in writing papers for peer-reviewed publications. Far too much valuable information lies in drawers of aid agency offices because nobody has the time nor the expertise to write up and publish the findings.
Ethical requirements
The requirement for ethical review depends on the research methodology and the specific population involved. This would vary depending on if the research involves routine monitoring and evaluation, hypothesis testing, or clinical research.
Routine Monitoring and evaluation
Routine monitoring and evaluation provides valuable data that can inform future interventions. Examples include the reporting of the provision of antiretrovirals in conflict [27], and prison settings [28], improving approaches to the management of severe malnutrition [29] and outcomes of treatment of infectious diseases that predominate in conflict settings [30]. Humanitarian agencies are first and foremost care providers, and their contribution to the evidence base is most often done in this way because the implications in terms of additional resources are minimal, and analyses can be done post hoc, once the emergency has passed.
The generation of such information does not normally require ethical review [31]. But this does not mean that such work is free from ethical considerations. In particular, if data derived from routine assistance programmes to vulnerable groups is reported, particular care must still be taken to ensure their vulnerability is not further exploited, or worsened [32]. Confidentiality issues, anonymity of personal identity within datasets, and the right to refuse participation are all fundamental ethical considerations that cannot be compromised.
Another consideration when publishing routinely collected data is the possible harm to an individual's autonomy who had not been informed of, or given the possibility of consenting to the use of their clinical data. This has been debated in submissions for publication of such data relating to the provision HIV/AIDS care in prisons in resource-limited settings [31] and the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis in a conflict-affected country [33]. The view taken by the journal ethics committees in both instances was that the benefit of making the data available outweighed any potential harms of publishing such anonymized data.
What is arguably a far greater consideration is the obligation to report such data, particularly where this relates to a new approach to delivering care as the experience might have much wider implications for policy and practice. Humanitarian agencies will often use routinely collected data to inform their own programmes but will not invest in the resources and expertise to analyse such data further and share this information in the public domain, often because the emergency has passed and the focus has moved elsewhere [34]. In its most extreme form, the withholding of information or its sub-optimal utilisation when it could broadly serve to improve individual and public health outcomes can be viewed as a violation of the common good. This notion is based on the argument that solidarity and the recognition that health, human rights, economic opportunities, and development are all intimately linked [35]. In this way, information gathered for specific programme purposes may in fact have the potential to influence a much broader set of concerns, and this potential must be considered and exploited wherever possible.
Hypothesis testing
If a research hypothesis is to be tested – even by interrogating routinely collected data – new knowledge is being generated and there might be ethical considerations. Deciding on whether ethical review or oversight is needed or not is a particularly grey area to assess for humanitarian actors who are involved in the routine delivery of care and not familiar with the research process. In general, it is recommended that all studies destined for public dissemination be subjected to ethical review and advice until routine standards are set.
Clinical studies
Clinical studies clearly require ethical review, but such studies ought to be exceptional. Agencies considering undertaking clinical studies in conflict settings should be challenged to justify why the study cannot be undertaken in non-conflict settings. Examples of such justifiable exceptions include the study of new medicines to treat human African trypanosomiasis, a parasitic disease whose spread is directly related to conflict and the disruption of vector control programmes [36].
Ethical challenges to research in conflict settings
General considerations
Ethical norms and standards for medical research have been established since Nuremberg and are elaborated in such documents as the CIOMS guidelines [37]. (see Additional File 1) A number of issues have emerged as being of particular relevance to developing countries but are also applicable to conflict settings [38]. These are outlined below.
Additional file 1. Further reading. Additional resources related to research ethics in conflict settings.
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Informed consent
Informed consent is an integral part of acknowledging an individuals' autonomy and protecting those with diminished autonomy (eg prisoners, refugees, children). In research this translates into taking practical steps to respect confidentiality and ensure privacy. The process of obtaining informed consent must be sensitive to the norms, customs and sensitivities of the local environment. A high degree of illiteracy, or mistrust of authority may mean that signing a consent form is meaningless or even dangerous. At worst, the need for informed consent has been overlooked entirely [2]. In humanitarian crises, researchers are also often the providers of assistance, and particular care must be taken to ensure that consent or refusal to participate is in no way interpreted as being linked to the provision of assistance [38].
Research design
Particular problems have arisen with respect to the application of standards of care: should this be set according to the country in which the research is being undertaken, or according to the country of origin of the researchers, or the best available standard-of-care worldwide? According to the Declaration of Helskinki [39]: "The benefits, risks, burdens and effectiveness of the new method should be tested against those of the best current prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic methods." However, the definition of 'best current' has been debated, particularly in countries in which the international gold standard will be unattainable for many years to come [40].
Ethics review
The capacity of ethics review boards in developing countries is highly variable; some countries in conflict have no ethics review board at all. To what extent researchers must seek approval from other ethics boards, and to what extent this is practical or appropriate, is not always clear. In any case when there is a need for ethical scrutiny and no local ethical board is available, ethical review by a board outside the setting is still better than nothing.
Benefits to participants
Maximizing the benefits of research for participants requires that researchers provide practical guarantees that the study population will benefit in some way from the research being conducted. The Declaration of Helsinki states that: "At the conclusion of the study, every patient entered into the study should be assured of access to the best proven prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic methods identified by the study." This is not always possible. For example, if the treatment for a chronic disease is being tested in a country where no such treatment is provided, should the researchers be obliged to provide such treatment to study participants and if so, for how long? This was a very real challenge to those implementing antiretroviral therapy in resource-poor settings once this started to became more widely available as from 2001.
Specific Considerations
In addition to the above general concerns, there are a number of concerns that are of particular importance in conflict settings.
Populations exposed to conflict have heightened vulnerability resulting from physical and mental distress, the collapse of normal coping mechanisms, and deliberate targeting (for example because they belong to a particular ethnic group). They may be subject to multiple human rights abuses [1]. The potential for exploiting a situation of "differential power" which could lead to denying or compromising the rights of individuals is difficult to control.
Asking someone to talk about experiences that were frightening, humiliating or degrading can increase the level of trauma associated with the event. Efforts should be made to assess individuals in a particular group who are particularly vulnerable and as far as possible excluded them from research. Examples of such individuals may include victims of recent violence, groups at high risk of stigmatization and minors. In particular, gathering information from victims of sexual violence requires a heightened level of sensitivity to a range of issues such as religious beliefs, cultural and social values, the legal environment, and gender issues [41]. In practice, this could mean seeking information from secondary sources. Extensive interviewing with victims of violence should be carried out only in very exceptional circumstances, and by trained investigators with a clear methodology and possibilities for referral for psychosocial support.
There may be a need for an increased level of confidentiality of study data in situations where even the simplest information (household composition, age of males) could provide information to support deliberate targeting of individuals/groups by perpetrators of violence.
Finally, being mindful of the population's physical vulnerability means taking into consideration the timing and duration of assessment to avoid disruption of essential service delivery. This means, for example, avoiding the conduct of interviews during the time when food distributions occur (a problem that was recently observed to occur in Darfur).
Necessity of conducting research in conflict settings
It can be questioned to what extent populations placed under such stress should be subjected to research – it has for example been argued that refugees for example should never be subjected to medical research [42]. However, this argument rests on the assumption that optimal knowledge exists, and further improvements in delivery are unnecessary, an assumption that is difficult to accept. Civilians caught in conflict have basic rights to medical and other assistance, and those involved in the delivery of such assistance have a duty to optimize the efficiency and relevance of their work. Indeed, it may be unethical not to generate knowledge intended to evaluate or improve delivery of services in such contexts. For example, the provision of antiretroviral therapy to people in conflict settings was recommended against [6] until pilot programmes proved that it could be done effectively (Culbert et al 2007). Categorically excluding certain vulnerable groups from research altogether may contribute to their vulnerability by preventing the design and improvement of interventions specifically tailored to their needs, and may in fact violate principles of social justice by leaving them worse off than they otherwise would have been.
Research in conflict settings is necessary to answer important questions specifically related to health care of populations caught in conflict. But it must also be acknowledged that researchers may have a personal interest in conducting research in a conflict setting when in fact the research question could be posed in any number of more stable settings [43]. The necessity of conducting research in conflict settings to answer questions that could just as easily be answered in a non-conflict setting should be questioned, both because of the heightened vulnerability of populations caught in conflict, and the particular logistical and security (and so cost) implications of undertaking research in conflict settings.
Finally, the multitude of international organizations that are often present in disaster settings and gathering information for various reasons – operational planning and evaluation, advocacy, and operational research – can lead to an over-assessment of populations: for example in Darfur it has been reported that some communities have been surveyed more than five times [44].
Feasibility of implementing research and delivering its benefits
Conflict settings are by definition dynamic and subject to rapid deterioration. This can have serious implications for the implementation of research. Essential supplies may be limited; structures in which research is being conducted (eg hospitals and health centres) may be destroyed; data collection systems may be disrupted; research teams may have to evacuate and the study populations may become displaced. The design and conduct of research must take into account the dynamic environment in which the research will be conducted to maximize the chances that such research will be completed.
The feasibility of delivering benefits of research should also be carefully considered. The 2002 CIOMS Guidelines state that "the research is responsive to the health needs and the priorities of the population or community in which it is to be carried out; and any intervention or product developed, or knowledge generated, will be made reasonably available for the benefit of that population or community" [37]. However, this may be difficult to guarantee in a conflict setting where both investigators and participants may be displaced due to insecurity.
An ethical framework for research in conflict settings
In June 2003 the international aid agency MSF established an independent ethics review board for the assessment of research conducted in settings where it works, many of which are conflict or post-conflict settings. This independent ethics review board developed a set of practical benchmarks for the ethical conduct of research, based on an ethical framework drafted by some members of the US National Institutes of Health [38] (Table 1). The framework was tested over a period of 18 months to assess its utility and feasibility. In the last 5 years the framework has since been used to review over 50 proposals, and while a review of the specific relevance of each benchmark is warranted, the framework has been found to be overall well adapted to the settings where MSF conducts research.
Table 1. Ethical framework for research: benchmarks used by MSF
The main principles elaborated in this framework are: (i) collaborative partnership (ii) community engagement (iii) social value (iv) scientific validity (v) fair selection of study participants (vi) favourable harm-benefit ratio (vii) informed consent (viii) respect for recruited participants and (ix) independent review. The interpretation of these principles, and considerations for their implementation in conflict-settings, are summarized in Table 1.
Despite arguments that it is unethical to conduct research on vulnerable populations caught in conflict, health research is essential to achieving the goals of promoting and enhancing the delivery of life-saving interventions.
Conflict settings are characterized by instability and rapidly change in circumstances and pose major challenges to the conduct of research. Given these challenges and concerns, those engaged in research should first reflect on the necessity of conducting research in such settings, and the feasibility of seeing the research through to completion.
There is much scope to improve the quality of research methodologies implemented in conflict settings through validation of survey tools, the establishment of clear protocols, and training in a broader use or research methodologies that can be applied in such settings. This implies training for humanitarian actors engaged in research methods, and greater collaboration with experts to support the design and analysis, and potentially also the implementation of research. Adequate resources should be made available to support research in conflict settings, including the potential to engage specialized staff from academic or other settings to support research, either directly or indirectly. Finally, concepts of scientific validity may need to be modified for conflict situations.
There are a number of particular ethical issues associated with the conduct of research in conflict settings; these relate primarily to the vulnerability of participants. Efforts are needed to improve the knowledge and capacity of international organizations about international ethical guidelines associated with medical and health policy research. At the same time, ethics review boards need to engage people with established experience in the specific demands of conducting research in conflict settings, and those ethical considerations that require special attention. Research approaches should be informed by and consistent with international human rights and humanitarian laws as well as ethical guidance.
Finally, greater attention should be paid to the dissemination of the results of research, to ensure that essential information is shared as widely as possible to the benefit of all those engaged in improving the wellbeing of populations caught in conflict.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed to the writing, revision and supportive literature reviews in the preparation of this manuscript, and read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was supported by a grant from the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT).
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This bed is handmade of pine and uses some recycled and reclaimed wood elements to help garner its rustic charm. FSC-certified.


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Jason Mraz - American singer-songwriter Jason Mraz performs a sold out show at the Ziggo Dome - Amsterdam, Netherlands - Friday 6th February 2015
Jason Mraz - Jason Mraz performs an acoustic concert for a sold out crowd at the Carre Theatre - Amsterdam, Netherlands - Wednesday 1st October 2014
Parodies like "Word Crimes" and "Tacky", and a strong social media campaign, helped the comedian to his first Number 1.
Weird Al Yankovic's latest parody album Mandatory Fun took Number 1 on the Billboard album chart this week, proving that a devoted fanbase still counts for something. With sharp parodies of hits from the past year – most notably, Robin Thicke's Blurred Lines and Pharrell Williams' Happy – the album was released July 15 through Way Moby and RCA Records, and sold 104,000 copies in the week ending July 20, according to Nielsen SoundScan.
Weird Al is coming for your album sales.
Weird Al's win marks a record of sorts – the first comedy album to hit Number 1 since Allan Sherman topped the bill in 1964 with My Son, The Nut. It's also Weird Al's first Billboard Number 1. Ever.
Continue reading: Accordion-wielding Grammar Geek, Weird Al, Tops Billboard 200. Best Chart Week Ever?
Jason Mraz - Today Show 2014 Toyota Concert Series - New York City, New York, United States - Friday 18th July 2014
The singer-songwriter is celebrating the release of his new album with an extensive New York tour.
Jason Mraz has announced plans for a tour of New York, playing one show in each of the five boroughs. The Grammy-winning pop star announced today (16th July) that he will tour the boroughs in September to celebrate the release of his new album, YES!, in a press conference held at the Empire State Building.
The San Deigo-based singer-songwriter, who had a colossal hit with 'I'm Yours,' has returned with a new album that was released on Tuesday. Mraz laid the groundwork for his all-encompassing tour of New York with a successful show at Madison Square Garden last year.
The 37 year-old Virginian native attended college in New York in the 1990s and has never lost his attraction to the diversity and energy of the world-famous district
Continue reading: Jason Mraz Announces 5-Borough New York Tour To Celebrate 'YES!'
Jason Mraz - American Idol Season 13 Finale - Arrivals and Press Room - Los Angeles, California, United States - Wednesday 21st May 2014
Jason Mraz - Celebrities attend Fox's 'American Idol' XIII Finale at Nokia Theatre L.A. Live - Los Angeles, California, United States - Wednesday 21st May 2014


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I'm running a Monarch plus now and its a great shock. I just want more tuning options.
Before I plop cash down I'm hoping to get some feedback and see if this is a good shock for this bike. I've tried the other sub-forums but no response. The Bandit does need some platform support for it to be a good pedaler. I figure I can dial in some LSC on the CCDB air to help with that.
What do you think?
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Yellen Has `No Clue' on Free Markets, Stockman Says
Sept. 18 (Bloomberg) -- David Stockman, former director of the Office of Management and Budget under President Ronald Reagan, talks about Federal Reserve and U.S. fiscal policy, and the potential choice of Janet Yellen to succeed Fed Chairman Ben S. Bernanke.
Stockman, speaking with Betty Liu on Bloomberg Television's "In the Loop," also talks about financials and industry regulations. (Source: Bloomberg)


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What makes a great web design? I believe great design can capture the uniqueness of the brand. Users should be able to feel in control of the site navigation in order to get to where they want rapidly. It also needs to be fashionably functional, which can be achieved by incorporating user interface and user experience to anticipate and better serve the users' needs while meeting the organization's goals. This is what I strive toward with every website I design.
Great web design can be accessible with functional web development. If people can't physically experience what the company has to offer offline, they should be able to experience it online. In order to help both the end-users and the organizations reach their goals, I integrate online marketing principles into my designing and coding practice. My focus is front-end web development where I can concentrate on design and user experience to bring the vision to life.
One of my biggest fears is wasting other people's time. For websites, people go online to find content, thus I look for ways where I can help people navigate to their destination to get the information they seek quickly.
Other than increasing productivity, I like to do research and connect the dots that help other people make sense of patterns, which is another factor that draws me into user experience design.
Below are the tools, coding languages and frameworks I use to structure my design and development.
Adobe Photoshop
Adobe InDesign
Adobe Illustrator
Adobe Dreamweaver
Adobe Coldfusion
Zurb Foundation
MS Visual Studio
MS SQL Server
If you think I am the right person for your project, or simply just want to say hi to brighten my day, please feel free to do so using this form below!


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Audi Gas / Fuel Caps
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May 29th, 2010, 11:45 PM | #1 |
Senior Member
(SOLD)1947 willys Cab and axles **PRICE REDUCED**(SOLD)
I picked up a 1947 Willy's cab and frame, Cab is VERY Solid, Needs door glass, I was Going to Put on a different frame and put a small block in it but things have changed. Not sure what To ask for it but I will start at 650.00 obo, Have title. Frame was shortened years ago and was used as a plow truck. Motor runs, Has the l134 Flathead, Call me 231-590-2298
Last edited by Dieselguy123; June 5th, 2010 at 07:57 PM. |
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May 30th, 2010, 09:53 AM | #6 |
Senior Member
Its made of wood with angle iron frame, seems pretty solid, I thought you meant the original box. Actually the truck is closer to you right now, it is in Fife lake. Let me know if you need something.
Last edited by Dieselguy123; May 30th, 2010 at 10:03 AM. |
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Ali Baba's Wee Booties
From Team Fortress Wiki
" | " |
Ali Baba's Wee Booties are a community-created primary weapon for the Demoman. They are a pair of steel pointed boots, curved up at the tip, that replace the Demoman's standard boots.
These boots provide the player with a +25 health bonus. In addition, they triple the player's turning control while charging with either the Chargin' Targe or Splendid Screen, allowing the Demoman's charge to be maneuvered more easily. Any kills while charging with this weapon equipped will result in a 25% charge recovery.
This weapon functions in exactly the same way as the Bootlegger.
Item set
One Thousand and One Demoknights | |
Effect |
No effect |
See also: Crafting
Mantreads | Gloves of Running Urgently | Ali Baba's Wee Booties | ||
+ | = |
Class Token - Demoman | Slot Token - Primary | Scrap Metal | Possible Results | |||||||||||||||||||
+ | + | = |
As a crafting ingredient
Refined Metal | 1,001 Demoknights weapon | Sultan's Ceremonial | ||
x4 | + | = |
Reclaimed Metal | Chargin' Targe | Ali Baba's Wee Booties | Tide Turner | |||
+ | + | = |
Update history
June 23, 2011 Patch (Über Update)
- Ali Baba's Wee Booties were added to the game.
- Added Ali Baba's Wee Booties to the whitelist for Medieval mode.
- Fixed Ali Baba's Wee Booties not drawing correctly on disguised Spies.
October 13, 2011 Patch (Manniversary Update & Sale)
- Fixed Demoman weapons primary/secondary being backwards in the loadout screen.
- [Undocumented] Added Collector's quality.
- Fixed several cosmetic items not cloaking properly for the Spy.
December 22, 2014 Patch (Smissmas 2014)
- Added +25% Demo Charge meter on charge kill.
- [Undocumented] The Ali Baba's Wee Booties now have a 200% increase in turn control rather than 100%.
- If a Spy changes their disguise from a different class to a Demoman wearing either Ali Baba's Wee Booties or the Bootlegger, their disguise weapon will be that of the previous disguise. For example, if they were a Pyro wielding the Degreaser before changing to a Demoman wearing the Booties/Bootlegger, their disguise will still be wielding the Degreaser, but be a Demoman to enemy players.
- This item cannot be worn with the Baphomet Trotters, Buck Turner All-Stars, Flashdance Footies, Highland High Heels, Pickled Paws, Sole Saviors or Teufort Tooth Kicker, as they occupy the same equip region.
- Ali Baba is a fictional character from the story "Ali Baba & the Forty Thieves", a short story featured in the book One Thousand and One Nights, the latter of which was the inspiration for the Demoman's One Thousand and One Demoknights pack.
- The boots are styled after a particular form of shoe curved at the toe that was popular in the Middle East between the twelfth and nineteenth centuries.
See also


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Indian Style Veggie Omelet Sandwich
Here's an easy to make, grab-it-and-run, sandwich with full of flavor and loaded with all kind of different veggies. This recipe is especially for kids, but it can be a nutritious part of almost any-one's diet. Very satisfying and fulfilling!
Egg | 1 | |
Green pepper | 1 Tablespoon | |
Chopped carrot | 1 Tablespoon | |
Chopped mushroom | 1 Tablespoon | |
Tomato ketchup | 1 Teaspoon | |
Oil | 2 Teaspoon | |
Black pepper | 1⁄4 Teaspoon | |
Grated garlic | 1 Teaspoon | |
Green chilies | 1⁄4 Teaspoon | |
Red chilli powder | 1 Pinch | |
Turmeric powder | 1 Pinch | |
Salt | To Taste |
Heat 2 tsp oil add green pepper, carrot, grated garlic, green chillies and cook for 3 to 4 minutes.
Add mushrooms and cook for minute.
Break egg in mixing bowl and add tsp of milk and whisk is well.
Add red chilli powder, salt, turmeric powder, black pepper, coriander leaves and mix well.
Now pour egg mixture on veggies, drop some oil around omelet and cook till the time omelet is done from both the sides.
Butter the sides of bread, take omelet and place on bread slice, place cheese slice on omelet, some chopped tomatoes,
Place the other bread slice on the omelet and roast from both the sides till it gets nice crust and gets golden color.
Recipe Summary
Difficulty Level:
Frying PanDish:


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Site members have full access to this case. | Member Entrance | Join Here | Learn More | |
On Friday evening, March 15, 2002, and Saturday afternoon, March 16, 2002, Deputy P.J. Watson and Officer Maria Richards canvassed Dale King's neighborhood on South Lamar Boulevard in Oxford. The neighbors were questioned about whether they had seen Mr. King during the time of the murder - the night of January 13, 2002, or the early morning hours of January 14, 2002. The interviews summarized are the most relevant to the investigation. With the exception of the following, all neighbors stated they had retired before 11:00 p.m. on the night in question:


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Truss, Catherine (2001) Complexities and Controversies in Linking Human Resource Management and Organisational Outcomes. Journal of Management Studies . (The full text of this publication is not currently available from this repository. You may be able to access a copy if URLs are provided)
The full text of this publication is not available from this repository. (Contact us about this Publication) | |
Official URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00275 |
Our understanding of the way in which human resource management (HRM) is linked to organizational performance is still limited, despite recent advances that use a quantitative approach to argue for a strong positive relationship between 'High Performance Work Practices' and firm financial performance. These studies are limited by their reliance on a single informant in each organization, and their emphasis on financial performance at the expense of a broader range of outcome variables. This paper contributes to the debate by analysing in detail the human resource policies and practices of one case-study organization over a two-year time period, using a variety of methodologies and drawing on a broad range of informants across the organization. Instead of devising a list of 'best practice' HRM from the literature and testing its impact on performance, we instead invert the question and take a firm that is financially successful and ask what HR policies and practices it uses. We also examine the way in which these policies are enacted. This methodology enables us to show that even successful organizations do not always implement 'best practice' HRM, and that there is frequently a discrepancy between intention and practice. Outcomes at the individual and organizational levels are complex and often contradictory; we question the extent to which is it possible or meaningful to attempt to measure the interrelationship between HRM, at the level of the formal system, and organizational performance, without taking into consideration the role played by the informal organization in the process and implementation of HR policies.
Item Type: | Article |
Subjects: | H Social Sciences > H Social Sciences (General) |
Divisions: | Faculties > Social Sciences > Kent Business School > Industrial Relations/HRM |
Depositing User: | J. Ziya |
Date Deposited: | 30 Sep 2010 12:01 |
Last Modified: | 10 Jun 2014 13:25 |
Resource URI: | https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/25688 (The current URI for this page, for reference purposes) |
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Chantelle Bunce
Fanpopping since February 2007
- Female, 27 years old
- Kent, None
- My Websites: Total Hollyoaks, Doctor Who Online
- Favorite Movie: GreenstretFavorite Musician: James Morrison , Timberland , 50 Cent , Anything Hip Hop and R&B ReallyFavorite Book or Author: Harry Potter **Can't Beat It** and Autobiographies (cant spell it)
My Wall
gave me props for my videos …
For the Ugly Betty sneak peek! I can't wait! I love Ugly Betty!!!!
Posted over a year ago
gave me props for my videos …
hey sweetie! how are you? just wanted to stop by and say hi, and see how ya doing. hey will you check out my spot on here? its on my page, its called childhood memories. i think you might like it. =P let me know k. holler at me later! dont be a stranger =P
Posted over a year ago


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The Nokia 6700 classic digital microphone module is being mounted or connected to the keypad UI ( user interface) flex assembly. You may need to check the UI flex first for possible damaged and replace it, if found out. The solution below shows the connection line paths of the microphone on nokia 6700 classic. You may need to check this connection line paths too; Before replacing the microphone module.
Nokia 6700c Microphone ( MIC - Mouthpiece ) Problem solution - MIC ways
The highlighted components and tracing spots on the solution above is useful for a wet damaged nokia 6700c for this line paths may possibly cut-off and result to microphone problem on nokia 6700 classic


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Nice to meet you on Audiko.net! You can just download a free Aventura ringtones for your iPhone or mobile. Suit yourself your favorite snippet from your favorite composition - Angelito, SOLO POR UN BESO, EL MALO, or any other track. Then download the prepared Aventura ringtones to your mobile, and enjoy Bachata music by Aventura every time your phone rings. If you adore Bachata or maybe R&B and Salsa music, then you will probably like Wisin y Yandel, Ivy Queen, or elvis crespo as well. For all who want a free Aventura ringtone, we also recommend listening to Dance, Reggaeton, and Latino. You can receive your tone both in the MP3 and m4a formats, supported by both mobile phones and iPhones. Just select a track, and choose free Aventura ringtones download option.
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Top free ringtones
Name | ||
Dile al Amor | ||
El malo | ||
Obsesion | ||
Por Un Segundo | ||
Su Veneno | ||
Solo Por un Beso | ||
Tu jueguito | ||
El Perdedor | ||
Amor De Madre | ||
Mi Corazoncito |


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Bobb Trimble Tickets
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Past Tour Dates for Bobb Trimble
Bobb Trimble Tour Dates 2013
date city state venue 03/15/2013 Cambridge MA TT The Bears Bobb Trimble Tour Dates 2012
date city state venue 10/19/2012 Somerville MA P.A.'s Lounge


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Who likes Spock/Uhura too?
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June 17 2013, 11:20 AM
Lieutenant Junior Grade
Location: Virginia
Re: Who likes Spock/Uhura too?
Clancy_s wrote:
seven14 wrote:
Once I knew the interactions were there it helped me appreciate them the 2nd time around---I didn't cross my eyes when I saw Spock run to Uhura and stand there like a stiff because I knew now they really are holding hands under the camera range or better seen, as you say, from a different angle.
You might be interested in this YT interview - it's Zach and Chris but at the end the interviewer asks Zach about staying in character for Spock when doing romantic scenes.
Thank you Clancy_s
I must admit that I do still think the direction was off on this movie as regards Zach's Spock to Uhura....I simply feel the 1st movie made moves so far ahead (with the Spock and Uhura relationship) and in this movie "something" was tamped down and even with all these pretty gifs of Spock and Uhura touching hands or standing near one another (which I am very appreciative of) Spock still remains a bit off to me.
I will just have to deal with my feelings on this and hope for the better in the 3rd installment. I have a more better and broader understanding that there is more there that I couldn't see in the movie and that I now know exist in the comics and the novel so I am positive over all...more so than I was when I first posted after seeing the movie only once.
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