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US 4878908 A Abstract The disclosure relates to a prosthetic device and method for repairing a damaged blood vessel comprising a mat of fibers adjacent the bore of a tube having a disposition substantially parallel to the inner surface of the tube, the mat having a thickness of 0.5 mm to 5 mm.
Claims(9) 1. A prosthetic device comprising a tube of vascular diameter said tube comprising an electrostatically spun mat of fibres of diameter 0.1 to 25 microns of a biologically acceptable polymeric material which is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyamide or polyacrylonitrile, and fibres adjacent the bore of the tube having a disposition substantially parallel to the inner surface of the tube, said mat having a thickness of 0.5 mm to 5 mm.
2. A device according to claim 1 in which the fibres of the mat are of diameter 0.5 to 10 micron.
3. A device according to claim 1 in which the mat comprises non-woven fibres.
4. A device according to claim 1 in which the fibres of the mat are bonded one with another where they contact.
5. A device according to claim 1 the wall of which comprises a reinforcing component.
6. A device as in claim 5 wherein the thickness of the reinforcing component is less than the thickness of the mat.
7. A device according to claim 5 in which the reinforcement comprises a helical fibre.
8. A device as in claim 1 in which the tube is of internal diameter up to 3 centimeters.
9. A method of repairing a damaged blood vessel which comprises replacing at least a part of the damaged blood vessel with a prosthetic device comprising an electrostatically spun mat of fibres of diameter 0.1 to 25 microns of a biologically acceptable polymeric material which is selected from the group consisting of polyurethane, polyamide or polyacrylonitrile, and fibres adjacent the bore of the tube having a disposition substantially parallel to the inner surface of the tube, said mat having a thickness of 0.5 mm to 5 mm.
Description This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 014,114, Feb. 4, 1987, abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 824,944, Feb. 3, 1986, abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 728,458, May 1, 1985, abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 547,451, Oct. 31, 1983 abandoned. This invention relates to the production of fibrillar products by the electrostatic spinning of organic materials. The technique of electrostatic spinning of liquids, including solutions containing a fibre-forming material, is known and has been described in a number of patents as well as in the general literature. The process of electrostatic spinning involves the introduction of a liquid into an electric field, whereby the liquid is caused to produce fibres which tend to be drawn to an electrode. While being drawn from the liquid the fibres usually harden, which may involve mere cooling (where the liquid is normally solid at room temperature, for example), chemical hardening (for example by treatment with a hardening vapour) or evaporation of solvent (for example by dehydration). The product fibres may be collected on a suitably located receiver and subsequently stripped from it. The fibres obtained by the electrostatic spinning process are thin, of the order of 0.1 to 25 micron, preferably 0.5 to 10 micron and more preferably 1.0 to 5 micron in diameter. We have found that the fibres, if collected to form a mat of appropriate thickness may, because of the inherent porosity of the mat so obtained, provide a non-woven material having a wide variety of applications, depending upon the composition of the fibres, their density of deposition, their diameter, and their inherent strength, and the thickness and shape of the mat. It is also possible to post-treat such mats with other materials to modify their properties, for example to increase their strength or water resistance. Fibres having different properties may be obtained by adjusting their composition either by spinning a liquid containing a plurality of components, each of which may contribute a desired characteristic to the finished product, or by simultaneously spinning from different liquid sources fibres of different composition which are simultaneously deposited to form a mat having an intimately intermingled mass of fibres of different material. A further alternative is to produce a mat having a plurality of layers of different fibres (or fibres of the same material but with different characteristics e.g. diameter) deposited, say, by varying with time the fibres being deposited upon the receiving surface. One way of effecting such a variation, for example, would be to have a moving receiver passing in succession sets of spinnerets from which fibres are being electrostatically spun, said fibres being deposited in succession as the receiver reaches an appropriate location relative to the spinnerets. Thus, the present invention provides a mat comprising a plurality of fibres of organic material, said fibres being obtained by electrostatic spinning from a liquid comprising the material or a precursor thereof. Within the term mat we include deposits of electrostatically spun fibres in the form of three dimensional as well as two dimensional articles. The invention will be further understood from the following more detailed description taken with the drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an apparatus for electrostatically spinning and collecting fibres; FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of a second embodiment of a spinning and collecting apparatus; FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view of a third embodiment of a spinning and collecting apparatus; FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a wound dressing; and FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a vascular prosthesis between and connecting the transected ends of a natural blood vessel. According to one embodiment of the present invention we provide a shaped mat of electrostatically spun fibres in a form appropriate for use as a wound dressing. A particular advantage of the use of materials made from the electrostatically spun fibres is that the fibres may be of very small diameter, to give a mat with small interstices and consequently a high surface area. Where the dressing is formed from a wettable polymer, blood or serum escaping from the wound tends to penetrate the dressing and the high surface area encourages clotting. Such dressing may be used as emergency dressings to halt bleeding. As examples of suitable polymers we may mention polyurethanes. Where the dressing is formed from a non-wetting polymer a particular advantage is that if the interstices between the fibres are sufficiently small, averaging, say 1 to 100μ, tissue fluids, including blood, tend not to permeate the dressing, so that the fluids are retained adjacent to the wound, where clotting will occur. Subsequent removal of such a dressing is facilitated by the absence of blood clot permeating the dressing material. Furthermore, such dressings have the advantage that they are usually sufficiently porous to allow interchange of oxygen and water vapour between the atmosphere and the surface of the wound. As examples of suitable non-wetting polymers we may mention saturated polyesters, e.g. polyethylene terephthalate, fluorinated compounds, particularly fluorinated hydrocarbons, e.g. PTFE, and silicones. Such dressings may, of course, be associated with suitable supports or reinforcement, with mats of, say, woven fibres which have other desirable properties, or with surface or other treatment with materials having antiseptic or wound-healing properties. Blood clotting, for example, may be encouraged by incorporating clotting accelerators or inducers in or on the mat and/or on materials associated therewith in a wound dressing. Other components with which the mat may be associated include water-proof layers intended to protect the mat from undesirable effects of moisture, dirt etc. Preferably the wound dressing of the invention comprises a mat of flexible non-absorbent, porous, hydrophobic material, together with a non-absorbent backing layer. Such a backing layer is preferably made of hydrophobic material, but this is not essential. The dressing may also include means for applying pressure to the mat. Such means may be, for example, a stretchable elastic bandage. In a preferred embodiment the dressing comprises a backing layer, one surface of which has an adhesive facing, and on the same surface of the backing strip a porous mat of the material of the invention; optionally a pad of absorbent or non-absorbent material is located between the backing layer and the mat. Non-adherent dressings according to the invention have been tested for efficacy by applying them to the surface of a wound on a rabbit involving loss of an area of full thickness skin, and observing the progress of healing in comparison with control wounds. A dressing made from the preferred material allowed normal healing with little or no seepage of fluid through the dressing and minimal adherence of the dressing to the scab. According to a further embodiment of the invention we provide a shaped mat comprising electrostatically spun fibres in the form of a lining or surfacing to a component which may be in contact with body fluids such as blood and lymph. Such mats may be tubular, or of irregular shape. The difficulty of development of satisfactory blood and body tissue compatible surfaces, on, say, the walls of artificial hearts and other circulatory assisting devices, as well as compatible linings to damaged natural as well as artificial blood vessels, represents an obstacle to the development of safe artificial organs and tissues. We have found that the deposition upon the surfaces of such artificial organs and tissues of a lining of thin fibres of appropriate material may improve their blood and other tissue fluid compatability. It is desirable for this purpose, however, that the lining is very thin and the use of an electrostatically deposited fibrous coating has been shown to meet many of the critical requirements. The primary desiderata include (a) very small fibre diameters (small in relation to cell dimensions), so that fibre diameters of 0.1 micron to 10 micron, and particularly 0.5 to 5 micron are particularly appropriate. (b) The lining should be sufficiently porous to allow penetration of cells into it; ideally therefore the average pore dimension should be of the order of 5 to 25 micron, preferably 7 to 15 micron. (c) The lining should preferably be of the order of 10 to 50 micron in thickness. (d) The lining should be capable of being bonded to the article to which it constitutes a lining by some suitable means not involving a process destructive of the properties indicated above. (e) The lining should contain no materials harmful to the body or to the body cells or fluids which may come into contact with it. The technique of electrostatic spinning provides a method of forming such linings to accord perfectly with the dimensions and contours of the articles to be coated by making the surface of the article or positive or negative replica thereof the collector in an electrostatic spinning process. Materials suitable for the preparation of such linings include polymeric substances and in particular inert, polymeric substances. As preferred substances we would mention fluorinated hydrocarbons, e.g. PTFE which conveniently may be spun from a dispersion of the material in a suitable dispersing agent, and polyurethanes which may be spun from solution. In some applications the mat may be strong enough, or may be spun thick enough, to be used without a supporting article i.e. it will not properly be described as a lining. Thus self-supporting tubular devices may be electrostatically spun, for example vascular prosthetics may be prepared from polytetrafluoroethylene, from polyamides or from polyurethanes, etc. The electrostatically spun products, for example tubes or other shaped items, may as described above, be of sufficient strength to be employed as such, without reinforcement. However, it is usually preferred that the material is reinforced, for example by applying to one surface of the product a reinforcing layer, which itself may be electrostatically spun, or by incorporating reinforcement within the wall of the product itself. Thus we have reinforced electrostatically spun products by incorporating within the wall thereof a web which may be woven or non-woven, or an alternative arrangement of fibres. We particularly prefer to employ as reinforcement a helix of suitable fibre, said helix being located within the walls of a tubular product comprising electrostatically spun fibrous material. Although it is usual to enclose the reinforcement within the wall material we do not exclude the possibility of applying it to a surface of the product where its presence will not be disadvantageous. The thickness of reinforcement will be influenced inter alia by the thickness of the mat the location of the reinforcement and the reinforcement strength required. In general the thickness of the reinforcement will be less than that of the mat, although where the reinforcement lies at a surface of the mat and may project therefrom the thickness of the reinforcement may be thicker than that of the mat. Generally the thickness of the reinforcement (or of reinforcing fibres) will be of the order of 0.1 to 10 times the thickness of the mat preferably 0.2 to 0.8 times. Suitable reinforcing materials include metallic, polymeric or glass fibre. Such electrostatically spun tubes and other prosthetics have the advantage over tubes used hitherto in this application in generating a thinner layer of encapsulating natural tissue so that smaller diameter tubes may be used without the tube becoming clogged by natural tissue. The mats according to the present invention may be spun from a solution of or a dispersion of a polymer or its precursors. Polymers which may be conveniently spun from solution include high molecular weight fibre forming thermoplastics; in particular we would mention polyurethane, polyamides and polyacrylonitrile. Polymers which may conveniently be spun from dispersion include polytetrafluoroethylene and polyesters as well as those listed above. As an example of a polymer precursor which may be spun from solution we mention urea formaldehyde which may be cross-linked subsequent to spinning by treatment with acid vapour. Water soluble polymers, e.g. polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and polyethylene oxide, may be spun from aqueous solution. While we do not exclude the possibility that mats prepared from such materials may be used as prepared, preferably such mats are given at least a degree of insolubility in aqueous medium, e.g. by cross-linking with a suitable reagent. Where the mats are spun from a dispersion the spinning material comprises preferably also a solution of an additional component which acts to enhance the viscosity of the suspension and to improve its fibre forming properties. Most convenient for this purpose, we have found, is an additional organic polymeric material which subsequent to fibre formation, can, if desired, be destroyed during sintering. The preferred spinning material, then, is a solution or suspension which preferably comprises an organic polymer in an amount such that it is capable of forming a fibre and has cohesion properties such that the fibre form is retained during any post fibreization hardening until the fibre has hardened sufficiently not to lose its fibrous shape on detachment from a support where this is appropriate. Where mats are spun from solution they comprise point bonded fibres and are often strong enough for use without any further treatment. Where mats are spun from dispersion they often have a tendency to be friable, being mere agglomerations of discrete particles held together in the form of fibres by the additional organic polymeric component present. Preferably such mats are sintered so that the particles soften and flow into each other and the fibres may become point bonded. In the case of PTFE sintering may conveniently be carried out between 330� C. and 450� C., preferably between 370� C. and 390� C. Sterilisation may proceed concurrently during the sintering process. The sintering temperature in the case of PTFE is usually sufficiently high to destroy completely any undesirable organic component in the final product, e.g. material added solely to enhance viscosity or emulsifying agent. The additional organic component need be employed only in a relatively small proportion (usually within the range 0.001 to 12% and preferably 0.01 to 3%) by weight of the suspension, although the precise concentration for any particular application can easily be determined by trial. The degree of polymerisation of the additional organic component is preferably greater than about 2000 units linearly; a wide range of such polymers is available. An important requirement is solubility of the polymer in the selected solvent or suspending medium which is preferably water. As examples of water-soluble polymeric compounds we may mention polyethylene oxide, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyvinyl alcohol; where an organic medium is employed to prepare the spinning material, either as the sole liquid solvent or as a component thereof, a further wide range of organic polymeric compounds is available, for example polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate. The degree of polymerisation of the polymer will be selected in the light of required solubility and the ability of the polymer to impart the desired properties of cohesion and viscosity to the fibreizable liquid. We have found that generally the viscosity of the fibreizable liquid whether due solely to the presence of the fibreizable polymer or partly contributed to by the additional organic polymer should be greater than 0.1 but not greater than 150 poise. Preferably it is between 0.5 to 50 poise and more preferably between 1 and 10 poise, (viscosities being measured at low shear rates). The viscosity required using a given additional organic polymer will vary with the molecular weight of the polymer, i.e. the lower the molecular weight the higher the final viscosity needed. Again, as the molecular weight of the polymer is increased a lower concentration of it is required to give good fibreization. Thus, as examples we would mention that in the preparation of polytetrafluoroethylene mats we have found that using a polyethylene oxide of MW 100,000 as the additional organic polymer a concentration of about 12% by weight relative to the PTFE content is needed to give satisfactory fibreization, whereas with a MW of 300,000 a concentration of 1 to 6% may be adequate. Again, at a MW of 600,000 a concentration of 1 to 4% is satisfactory, while at a MW of 4�106 a concentration as low as 0.2% may give good fibreization. The concentration of the fibreizable polymer will depend upon the amount required to provide adequate fibre properties, and will be influenced also by the need to produce a liquid of appropriate viscosity and speed of fibre hardening. Thus in the case of a dispersion we may use a concentration within the range 25% w/w to saturation, (in the case of a dispersion, `saturation` means the maximum concentration which may be included without destroying the useful spinnability of the liquid) preferably 40 to 70% and more preferably 50 to 60%, and in the case of a solution we may use a concentration within the range 10 to 60% w/w, preferably 20 to 35% w/w. It will be appreciated that the concentration of the components must each be adjusted to take account of the presence and concentration of any other and their relative effects upon viscosity, etc. The spinning material should have some electrical conductivity, although this may vary between quite wide limits; for example we prefer to employ solutions having conductivity within the range 1�10-6 to 5�10-2 mhos cm-1. Any convenient method may be employed to bring the spinning material into the electrostatic field, for example we have supplied the spinning liquid to an appropriate position in the electrostatic field by feeding it to a nozzle from which it is drawn by the field, whereupon fibreization occurs. Any suitable apparatus can be employed for this purpose; thus we have fed the spinning material from a syringe reservoir to the tip of an earthed syringe needle, the tip being located at an appropriate distance from an electrostatically charged surface. Upon leaving the needle the material forms fibre between the needle tip and the charged surface. Droplets of the spinning liquid may be introduced into the field in other ways, which will be apparent to the skilled man, the only requirement being that they can be held within the field at a distance from the electrostatically charged surface such that fibreization occurs. For example they could be carried into the field on, say, a continuous carrier, e.g. a metal wire. It will be appreciated that where the liquid is fed into the field through a nozzle, several nozzles may be used to increase the rate of fibre production. Alternative means of bringing the fibreizable liquid into the charge field may be employed, for example a perforated plate (the perforations being fed with fibreizable liquid from a manifold) may be employed. In one embodiment the surface to which the fibres are drawn is a continuous surface, as of a drum, over which passes a belt which may be withdrawn from the region of charge, carrying with it the fibres which have been formed and which have become attached thereto. Such an arrangement is shown in the attached drawings in which FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of apparatus for the continuous producton of fibres. In FIG. 1, 1 is an earthed metal syringe needle supplied from a reservoir with spinning material at a rate related to the rate of fibres production. Belt 2 is of gauze driven by a driving roller 3 and an idler roller 4 to which is fed an electrostatic charge from a generator 5 (in the apparatus illustrated a Van de Graaff machine). Removal of the fibre mat 6 from belt 1 is by any convenient means, for example by suction or by air jet, or it may be removed by juxtaposition of a second belt, or a second roller. Preferably it is cut and lifted off. In the Figure the mat is shown being picked up by a roller 7 rotating against the belt. The optimum distance of the nozzle from the charged surface is determined quite simply by trial and error. We have found, for example, that using a potential of the order of 20 Kv a distance of 5-35 cm is suitable, but as the charge, nozzle dimensions, liquid flow rate, charged surface area etc. are varied so the optimum distance may vary, and it is most conveniently determined as described. Alternative methods of fibre collection which may be employed include the use of a large rotating cylindrical collecting surface substantially as described, the fibres being collected from another point on the surface by a non-electrically conducting pick-up means instead of being carried away on the belt. In a further embodiment the electrostatically charged surface may be the sides of a rotating tube, the tube being disposed coaxially with the nozzle and at an appropriate distance from it. Alternatively deposition of fibres and the formation of a tube may occur on a cylindrical former. The former may be made from any of a variety of materials. A metallic former is preferred and aluminium is particularly preferred. The tube may be removed from the former by a variety of methods. In particular it may be mentioned that a polyurethane tube is preferably peeled from an aluminium former while an aluminium former may be dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution to obtain a PTFE tube. To facilitate peeling the polyurethane tube from the aluminium former, the latter may be conveniently covered with a layer of flexible polyurethane foam. The electrostatic potential employed will usually be within the range 5 Kv to 1000 Kv, conveniently 10-100 Kv and preferably 10-50 Kv. Any appropriate method of producing the desired potential may be employed. Thus, we illustrate the use of a conventional van de Graaff machine in FIG. 1 but other commercially available and more convenient devices are known and may be suitable. It is, of course, important that the electrostatic charge is not conducted from the charged surface and where the charged surface is contacted with ancillary equipment, for example a fibre collecting belt, the belt should be made of a non-conducting material (although it must not, of course, insulate the charged plate from the material to be fibreized. We have found it convenient to use as the belt a thin Terylene (RTM) net of mesh size 3 mm wide). Obviously all supporting means, bearing etc. for the equipment will be insulated as appropriate. Such precautions will be obvious to the skilled man. To allow high production rates, hardening of the fibres should occur rapidly and this is facilitated by the use of concentrated fibreizing liquids (so that the minimum liquid has to be removed), easily volatile solvents (for example the liquid may be wholly or partly of low boiling organic liquid) and relatively high temperatures in the vicinity of the fibre formation. The use of a gaseous, usually air, blast, particularly if the gas is warm, will often accelerate hardening of the fibre. Careful direction of the air blast may also be used to cause the fibres, after detachment, to lay in a desired position or direction. However, using conditions as described in the Examples no particular precautions were needed to ensure rapid hardening. We found that during its formation and travel from the nozzle to the belt sufficient hardening (dehydration in the case described) occurred at ambient temperature without the need for auxiliary hardening treatment. Mats prepared according to the present invention may be between a few microns and a few centimeters thick, the choice of thickness will depend on the particular application. Thus for a lining the thickness may be between 5μ and 100μ, preferably between 10μ and 50μ and for a wound dressing the thickness may be between 25μ and 1500μ, preferably between 50μ and 1000μ. The pore size of mats prepared according to the invention may be between 0.001μ and 500μ. For linings the mat should be sufficiently porous to allow penetration of cells into it, preferably the average pore dimension should be of the order of 5 to 25μ, particularly preferably between 7 and 15μ. For wound dressings the pore size will depend on the hydrophobicity of the polymer used and on the application i.e. whether adherent or non-adherent. Typical values of average pore dimension are, for an adherent polyurethane wound dressing 50 to 100μ and for a non-adherent polytetrafluoroethylene wound dressing 1 to 50μ. The as-spun mats usually have porosities in the range 55% to 95%, which may be reduced to as low as 1% by an appropriate compressive post-treatment. The porosity will depend on the particular application, typical porosity values are, for a lining 75% and for an adherent wound dressing 80% and a non-adherent wound dressing 60%. By the term porosity we mean the percentage of the total volume of the mat which is free space. Where dispersions are employed as the spinning material, the particle size may be between 0.01μ and 1μ preferably it is between 0.1μ and 0.3μ. The high surface area of the mats according to the present invention affords a method of immobilising a range of active moieties so that they are constrained to act at the site of application and do not percolate throughout the body. Moieties which may be immobilised include enzymes, drugs and active carbon. These moieties may be added to the spinning solutions or dispersions or the mats may subsequently be treated with them. While in some applications a mat of high surface area i.e. fine fibres is needed, in others a mat of high porosity is needed. Our copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 617529/75 discloses methods for obtaining a desired porosity/specific area combination, namely by addition of an electrolyte to the spinning material or by post-spinning compression of the mat. PTFE and polyesters are the preferred polymers for non-wetting applications but we do not exclude the possibility that they be used in wettable applications after incorporation of a wettable additive. The wettable additive is preferably although not necessarily an inorganic material, conveniently a refractory material, and should have appropriate stability within the conditions of use. While the wettable additive is preferably stable to body fluids and is not leached too rapidly, if at all, we do not exclude the possibility that reaction or dissolution may not in some instances be useful or desirable. It is also obviously important that the presence of the wettable additive should not weaken the mat to such an extent that handling or use is made unduly difficult or that dimensional stability is affected to an undesirable degree. The preferred additive is an inorganic oxide or hydroxide, and examples of such materials are zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, chromic oxide, and the oxides and hydroxides of magnesium and calcium, although any other suitable material or mixtures of such materials may be employed. Methods for incorporating a wettable additive into the mat are disclosed in our copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 617529/75. The invention is particularly useful in providing novel synthetic blood vessels (`vascular prostheses`) or components thereof. The vascular prostheses of the invention will usually be in the form of a simple tube having a bore of circular cross-section and of substantially constant diameter along its length. However, the diameter of the bore may vary, regularly or irregularly, e.g. the bore may taper or it may include constrictions, and/or the cross-sectional appearance of the bore may depart from the circular, for example it may be oval or rectangular or any other shape as may be appropriate. When the bore departs from the circular, the dimensions referred to above will usually be the maximum dimensions. The exterior of the prosthesis may follow the contour of the bore, or it may be of different configuration; it may comprise reinforcing components which may, for example, be circular, spiral or longitudinal, and may be rigid, elastic, flexible or partially flexible (e.g. in a predetermined direction.) The configuration of the prothesis will be such that it fulfills the physical requirements of its function, for example it may have a configuration, e.g. include a constriction, such that its attachment to or incorporation into an adjacent vessel is facilitated, or it may be such that flexure of the prosthesis and/or vessel is encouraged or restricted in certain directions. Such synthetic vessels will usually be within the range 0.3 to 3 cm, preferably 0.4 to 2 cm and more preferably 0.8 to 1.5 cm in internal diameter. The thickness of the wall of the prosthesis may vary within wide limits, and will be influenced inter alia by the strength and/or elasticity which is desired in the product. Again, the thickness may be different in different parts of the prosthesis. However, we prefer that a substantial portion of the wall should be of thickness of the order of 0.5 mm, to 5 mm, more preferably 1 to 3 mm. The actual dimension of the prosthesis will, of course, be selected in the light of its intended function and location, and of course they may be prepared upon a mandrel of corresponding dimensions and configuration. The prosthesis of the invention may be of any of a variety of configurations, for example it may be a straight or bent tube, a loop, an anastamosis or it may bifurcate. Such forms may be obtained by spinning upon a mandrel of suitable shape. Where appropriate the mandrel may be made removable from within the prepared prosthesis for example by collapse (where, say, an inflatable metal coated mandrel is used), by dissolution (where a soluble conducting mandrel has been employed) or melting. The preferred prostheses comprise fibres of an appropriate polyurethane selected from the wide range of materials available, selected on the basis of ease of fabrication, lack of toxicity, solubility, mechanical properties, degree of biodegradability, etc. all of which requirements will be familiar to the skilled man. While it is preferred that a completely polymerised polyurethane dissolved in a suitable solvent (together with other additives as required) is used as the spinning solution we do not exclude the possibility of spinning incompletely polymerised polyurethane, completion of polymerisation being effected during or after spinning. Thus for example, it is possible to spin an incompletely polymerised polyurethane product onto an inflatable mandrel in one configuration, inflate the mandrel to stretch the formed product, for example to increase its porosity to a desired degree, and then to cure the product in its expanded condition. The use of fibres of small diameter e.g. 0.1 to 10 micron and particularly 0.4 to 10 micron is preferred and preferably at least the part of the prosthesis adjacent the bore will be porous, preferably having the majority of pores of the order of 5 to 25, preferably 7 to 15 microns in diameter, although the mean pore diameter may sometimes advantageously be less, e.g. 1 to 5 microns. Composite prostheses having different components e.g. wall layers in a multi-layer walled product, may be prepared for example either by sequential deposition of layers of fibres of different characteristics (physical or chemical) by the same or different preparative or deposition techniques. Thus, coatings or layers (inner and/or outer) may be applied to an electrostatically spun prosthesis by electrostatic deposition or other suitable technique, including dipping the prosthesis into or spraying it with a suitable composition. The following Examples illustrate the invention: The apparatus was as shown in FIG. 1. The belt was of "Terylene" (RTM) net 15 cm wide, the nozzle diameter was 0.25 mm, located 15 cm from the surface of the charged roll which had a diameter of 10 cm and width 16 cm. To 80 gms of an aqueous dispersion of PTFE of number average median particle size 0.22 microns (Standard Specific Gravity of the polymer being 2.190) containing 3.6% by weight, based on the weight of the dispersion, of surfactant "Triton X100" (Rohm and Haas) and having a PTFE solids content of 60% by weight was added 20 gms of a 10% (by weight) aqueous solution of polyethylene oxide (PEO) of average molecular weight (MW) of 2�105. The final composition contained 48% by weight PTFE and about 2% by weight PEO (conductivity 1.8�10-4 mhos cm-1). The suspension was thoroughly mixed and fed to the nozzle by an earthed syringe injector. The electrode was charged to -20 Kv and a fine jet of liquid was drawn from the nozzle and collected on the receiving surface. The fibres so collected were found to be dry and of even cross-section (1.0-2.0μ). The fibres were very friable and were removed carefully from the collector, dried at 80� C. and then sintered on a bed of titanium dioxide at 380� C. for 15 minutes. After this treatment the mat, 200μ thick, was found to have retained its fibrous structure having fibres between 1 and 2μ diameter and was quite strong. The contact angle of the mat, measured by a modified method of Owens and Wendt, (Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1969 13 pp 1741-1747) was 137� and in the hydrostatic head test (BS 2823) a pressure of 50 cm of water failed to penetrate the mat. A disc of the mat (1.3 cm diameter) was applied to the surface of a wound on a rabbit involving loss of an area of full thickness skin. The rate of reepithelialisation was slightly better than that of a comparable open wound. No seepage of body fluid into the mat was observed. The preparation was repeated to give an as-spun mat 800μ thick, having a porosity of 83% and a pore size distribution shown in Table 1. The mat was compressed to a thickness of 300μ for 3 min at 100� C. and 400 psi and then heated at 380� C. for 15 minutes. The resulting mat was 400μ thick and had a porosity of 59% and a pore size distribution as shown in Table 2. TABLE 1______________________________________Pore Size Distribution of As-Spun MatPore Diameter (μ) % of Pores with Smaller Diameter______________________________________100 10060 808 502 30______________________________________ TABLE 1______________________________________Pore Size Distribution of Treated MatPore Diameter (μ) % of Pores with Smaller Diameter______________________________________100 10015 852.5 752 671.2 50______________________________________ Example 1 was repeated except that 1 gm of potassium chloride was added to the spinning composition to give a conductivity of 1.2�10-2 mhos cm-1. The resulting fibres, after sintering, had diameters of 0.5-1.4. Example 1 was repeated except that the polyethylene oxide had an average molecular weight of 2�105. The resulting fibres, after sintering, had diameters of 0.9-1.6μ and the mat was 50μ thick. The contact angle of the mat, measured as in Example 1, was 123� and the mat supported a 16.5 cm column of water. Example 1 was repeated except that the collecting surface was a metal gauze as shown in FIG. 2, upon which the fibre mat was supported during the subsequent sintering process. The process of Example 1 was repeated using a spinning solution comprising a 25% solution of polyurethane ("Daltoflex" 330S), in dimethyl formamide/methyl ethyl ketone (conductivity 1�10-6 mhos cm-1) the collecting surface being a metal tube (10) having a sleeve (11) of flexible open-cell polyurethane foam (see FIG. 3), the tube being rotated at 100 rpm. The polyurethane fibres formed had an average diameter of 2-4 microns, and were collected in the form of a tube which after completion of spinning to give a layer about 2 mm thick could be peeled from the foam. The process of Example 5 was repeated except that the product was collected as a flat mat 75μ thick. The contact angle of the mat, measured as in Example 1, was 73� and the mat supported a 1.5 cm column of water. A portion of the mat was tested for efficacy as in Example 1. The healing wound appeared neat and tidy with the absence of any gross texture. The process of Example 1 was repeated using an aluminium tubular collector having walls 0.5 mm thick, the PTFE being collected directly onto the metal. A first layer of PTFE was deposited on the collector, a close helix of Nicrome wire (0.2 mm diameter) was then applied over the PTFE, followed by another layer of PTFE fibres, and the entire composite tube, on the collector, sintered. The tube was then removed from the aluminium collector by dissolving the latter in concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. The process of Example 7 was repeated using as the helical winding glass fibre of diameter 0.02 mm. Several layers of the glass fibre were employed. Tubes of diameters 1 to 10 cm have been prepared by the methods described in Examples 7 and 8. A lining to a former of irregular contour was obtained by employing a porous conducting former and applying suction to the surface away from that upon which fibres were deposited sufficient to cause the fibrous mat formed to conform to the contour of the former. Such a lining could be attached to, say, an artificial body component, by use of an appropriate adhesive, e.g. nylon in formic acid or polyurethane in DMF. A dust mask for pollen filtration was made by preparing a pattern shaped accurately to fit over the nose and mouth, metallising the surface of the pattern to make it adequately conducting and depositing upon the pattern a mat about 3 mm thick of polyurethane fibres which after drying could be removed from the pattern and provided an accurately contoured face mask which was both light in weight and fairly elastic. Mats obtained generally as described in Example 1, 10 cm in diameter and having average fibre diameter 1-2 microns, average pore size 5 microns and porosity about 80% have been employed as air filters and where, the properties of the polymer are appropriate, as filters for liquids e.g. water or beer. Where the mat is of hydrophobic material, e.g. PTFE, pressure may be required to force an aqueous liquid through it. However a degree of hydrophobicity is desirable, for example where the mat is employed as a diaphragm for, say blood or other liquid oxygenation. Using a cylindrical stainless steel former (1.6 cm diameter) charged to 20 Kv, a 10% solution of polyurethane ("Daltomold" 338E) in dimethyl formamide was electrostatically spun through one needle at the rate of 0.7 g of PU/hour. The tubular structure produced had a wall thickness of 0.4 mm, a total pore volume of 1800 mm3 /g and a median pore radius of 9.4 microns and consisted of approximately 10 micron polymer nodules cross linked together by 0.4μ diameter fibres. A section of this product was implanted by suturing into the descending aorta of a pig for 10 days after which the pig was killed and the graft examined. The gross findings showed it to be patent with no sign of intravascular thrombosis. Histologically, there was evidence of connective tissue and capillary ingrowth between the fibres of the prosthesis. Example 1 was repeated except that a 10% by weight solution of a polyamide (Maranyl A100) in formic acid was used as the spinning material. The fibres collected were dry and had even cross-sections (0.06-0.5μ). The preparation was repeated using a 16% by weight solution of Maranyl A100 in formic. The fibres collected were dry and had even cross sections (0.70-2.8μ). Example 1 was repeated except that a 12% by weight solution of polyacrylonitrile in dimethyl formamide was used as the spinning material. The fibres collected were dry and had even cross-sections (0.8-1.4μ). EXAMPLE 14 Example 1 was repeated except that a 10% by weight solution of a polyacrylonitrile/vinyliden chloride copolymer (Viclan A85/02) in tetrahydrofuran was used as the spinning material. The fibres collected were dry and of even cross-section (1.0-2.0μ). A wound dressing (FIG. 4) was prepared comprising a woven textile backing 12 having an adhesive surface layer 13, a pad of absorbent material 14 covered by a mat 15 of electrostatically spun material prepared as described in Example 1. The adhesive 13 of the backing is protected by cover strips 16 which are removed prior to application of the dressing. An axially rotating aluminium tube of 1.5 cm diameter was charged to 50 Kv and a 12% solution of polyurethane ("Daltermold" 338E) in dimethyl formamide was electrostatically spun on to the tube through a bank of 24 needles at the rate of 1 gm/needle/hour. The tube produced had a wall of 2 mm consisting in the main of 0.5μ diameter fibres bonded where they are contacted. The tube was implanted by suturing into the descending aorta of a pig. After 6 months the graft was examined and showed a well attached thin intima, intramural capillary growth and a firmly attached adventitial layer. There was no thrombosis. Patent Citations
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Written on: 09/02/2004 by jayrnr (1 review written)
Good Points
Excellent ship, wonderful staff who always have a smile on their faces. Food great.
Bad Points
Not much to do in Margareta Isla. Have to pay to get any medication as you must see the doctor first, even to get eye drops.
General Comments
Airtours Sunbird was very clean and spacious ship. Lot's to do on board, although the children do not seem to want to keep to the pool they are meant to be in and this can be a pain. Food excellent although other cruises I have been on, there has been food available all day and most of the night and this one only serves at specific times. Cabins small but well designed with lot's of storage space. Drinks on board very well priced. I would go on this ship again with a different itenery than West Indies explorer.
As rated by our community of reviewers
" Standards Have Plumetted " Read More
Written by exchefdiner7311
" Needs Improvement " Read More
" Royal Faulty Tower on the High Seas " Read More
" Not a good cruise for kids " Read More
Written by pharveye
" I liked everything about this cruise, friendly staff, good services... " Read More
Written by Maggeon

subset: commoncrawl


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Stanton E Quail
Sunnyvale, CA
Basic information on Stanton E Quail, Sunnyvale CA. Find Stanton E Quail's age, gender, possible aliases, relationship status and professional status.
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(408) ***-**** - Sunnyvale, CA
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Apr 10
Zaha Hadid designs Aria and Avia lamps for Slamp
Crafted for the Italian brand Slamp, the Aria and Avia light lamps are magnificently designed by famous architect Zaha Hadid. These monochrome pendants are currently on exhibition at the Euroluce lighting show at Milan Fairgrounds from 9th to 14th of April. The Aria lamp beautifully blends together the architectural design along with the intrinsic ethereal materials used. It is a fascinating pendant light firxture that not only enchants the observer but also spreads a romantic ambience. This ...


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217. GTcooliebai
Quoting Cotillion:We're still behind in Hurricanes and Major Hurricanes and with Cape Verde Season coming to an end soon, one might imagine the Caribbean will open up for business. I'm thinking 7 more named storms, 4 more Hurricanes, and 2 Major Hurricanes are left on the table. |


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I sell these bows to dealers only, please contact the nearest dealer to you to take advantage of this excellent deal!
If you are wholesaler and want to see prices for these bows click here.
Gryphon Stringed Instruments 211 Lambert Ave. Palo Alto, CA..94301 650-493-2131 E-mail: email@example.com Web site: http://www.gryphonstrings.com
Palo Alto Violins 441 California Ave Palo Alto, Ca 94301 650-327-8465
Roland Feller 551 Divisidero St. San Francisco, CA 944117 415-567-3708
David Forbes 3632 NW 37th Terrace Gainsville, FL 32606 352-375-2609
Curt Bryant 9 Appleton Terrace Warertown, MA 02172 617-924-2044
Howard Needham 9713 Corkran Lane Bethesda, MD 20817 301-365-7447
Clemens Violins 6353 Clayton Road Saint Louis, MO 63117 314-727-4787
Bill Koucky 4656 Garden Court Traverse City, MI 49684 616-947-6966
Carl Becker & Sons 1313 5th Street SE Minneapolis, MN 55414 612-379-3843
Robert Ames 190 Desoto Ave. Maywood, NJ 07607 201-368-3435
Luthier's Cave 166 Selborne Chase Fairport, NY 14450 716-425-1803
The String House 1531 Monroe Ave. Rochester, NY 14618 800-828-3528
William Salchow 250 West 54th St. Rm 805 New York, NY 10019 212-596-4805
John Montgomery 509 Hillsborough Street Raleigh, NC 27603 919-821-4459
Terry Carlin 2021 Murray Hill Rd. Cleveland, OH 44106 216-791-2440
We have a full line violin shop, specializing in custom work, pickups, colored violins, specialty and hard to find items, Educator Series instruments, lessons, rental, repairs and restorations, secure online ordering available on our website.
Applebaum Violins 525 Washington St. SE Olympia, WA 98501 360-956-1238
Roy Quade 623 25th Ave. NE Calgary, Alberta T2E1Y6 Canada 403-277-9373
Bow Making Supplies PO Box 263, Little River, CA 95456 Phone: 707-937-0570 U.S. Toll Free: 866-834-0425 Call any time & leave a message Fax: 707-937-0570
BowWorks sells all of the materials needed to make bows for stringed instruments.If you are a bow maker, bow restorer, or practice the craft of bowmaking as a hobby, BowWorks has the materials you need.Steven Beckley makes fine violin bows, viola bows and cello bows.
This web site and all of it's content, text and images, are copyrighted.Copyright © 1986 - 2015 Steven Beckley All rights reserved.
Planet Chicken Design


text:
De Forest, Robert W. (Robert Weeks), 1848-1931
From Library of Congress Name Authority File
De Forest, Robert W. (Robert Weeks), 1848-1931
Instance Of
Scheme Membership(s)
Collection Membership(s)
- Forest, Robert W. de (Robert Weeks), 1848-1931
- DeForest, R. W. (Robert Weeks), 1848-1931
- De Forest, Robert Weeks, 1848-1931
Exact Matching Concepts from Other Schemes
Earlier Established Forms
- De Forest, Robert Weeks, 1848-1931
- found: nuc86-97776: Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs. Plan of New York and ... [MI] 1922 (usage on NN rept.: Robert W. De Forest)
- found: LC data base, 2/8/88 (hdg.: De Forest, Robert Weeks, 1848-1931; usages: Robert W. De Forest; R.W. DeForest)
Change Notes
- 1988-02-08: new
- 2008-03-07: revised
Alternate Formats


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Usher Wallpapers
•Constant FREE UPDATES with NEW PICTURES
The One And Only wallpaper application on the market for Usher Fans.Check out the screenshots and see for yourself. You will not be disappointed!
- 50 high quality wallpapers of Your favourite star: Usher
- easy to set as wallpaper
- supports retina display
- no internet connection required
- no annoying Adds in the app
All trademarks and copyrights are owned by their respective owners. It is used only for the purpose of review, criticism and entertainment. No copyright violations are intended under the fair use clause.
What's new
Minor bug fixes
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- Last changed:
- Dec 21, 2013
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- Entertainment
- Developer:
- Anna Molnar
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- 1.1
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- No data
- Other Apps By This Developer
• 50 Cent Wallpapers
• Adam Lambert Wallpapers
• Bella Thorne Wallpapers
• David Henrie Wallpapers
• Debby Ryan Photo Booth
• Desktop Clock - Ariana Grande Edition
• Louis Tomlinson Desktop Clock
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• One Direction Slider
• Photo Booth - Ariana Grande Edition
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• Slider for Victorious Fans
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• Wrestling Superstars Desktop Clock
• Wrestling Superstars Slider
• Zac Efron Wallpapers!
• Zendaya & Bella Slider
• Zendaya Desktop Clock
• Zendaya Wallpapers


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Thanks for taking the time to report this user. Your participation helps keep Airbnb a safe and trusted community, and it doesn't go unnoticed!
i am from chorley ,lancashire,england.living in dorset,southern england.like travelling in my motorhome,photography and (email hidden) self-employed,working at my own business.
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Alan stayed with us for 1 month. Alan was a very pleasant guest and a very nice man. We would have no problem in recommending Alan as a trustworthy caring guest.


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Mon-Fri: 7am-1am EST / Sat-Sun: 7am-11pm EST
If you placed an order on ApplianceHelp.com the order is still valid and you can check on its status and make changes here on PartSelect.com. Click here for more details.
ApplianceGeneral Electric Microwave
Level of DifficultyReally easy
Time to do repair15 - 30 mins
Age of Appliance5 - 10 years
Tools Screw drivers
3 out of 4 people found this instruction helpful
First I figured out how to take the door apart to remove two hidden screws, once that was done it was easy to install the new part. The part came extremely fast and worked well. The picture with each part labeled helped too!
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Part Number: PS232102


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Quick View Lubitsch Musicals by Ernst Lubitsch April 1, 2014 | DVD Out of stock online used copies from $33.88 The Love Parade, Monte Carlo, The Smiling Lieutenant, One Hour with You See Details $48.99 , or used from $33.88was $62.99
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More Like This
- More like Esprit
- Gender:
- Female
- Material:
- Metal
- Color:
- Brown
- Spring Hinges:
- Yes
- Progressive Eligible:
- No
- Lens Width:
- Lens Height:
- Bridge Width:
- Arm Length:
- Frame Width:
- 51 mm
- 26 mm
- 17 mm
- 140 mm
- 130 mm
Size Match
How will I know if these frames fit?Product Description
Esprit ET17330 535 Brown eyeglasses are sporty and vibrant. This full metal frame has a matte brown exterior and contrasting lime green interior for a playful combination. The temples are accented with a neon green rubber insert marked with a distinct Esprit logo.About the Brand
Esprit is defined by bold, yet simple styles that are rooted in relaxed Californian lifestyles. Together with the latest fashion trends, this brand statement leads to authentic, inspirational products created with passion and attention to detail. For comfort and quality, the Esprit eyewear collection awaits.Rates estimated for shipping to:
United States
United States
- Eyeglasses and Sunglasses Shipping is FREE for all orders! No minimum or coupon code required.
- Contact Lenses and Accessories UPS - $9.99 Shipping time 3-5 business days. Does not include handling time.
For free shipping on Contact Lens orders over $49 – Use code FSOVER49 at checkout.If you're not completely happy with your item, return it to us for FREE!
Within 365 day of purchase, you may return your order in its original condition. See Return Policy.
Within 365 day of purchase, you may return your order in its original condition. See Return Policy.
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Latino Life
Elaine Ayala comments on Latino news, cultura y más.
Posts filtered on Tag
Bush, Latino-friendly; Perry, not so much
Gov. Perry's address to Latino elected officials is one to watch.
[Read More]
Rubio is the 'great neoconservative hope'
Where Rubio is old school, Paul is the skeptic who questions 'nation-building and democracy promotion.'
[Read More]
Anti-Latino census lawsuit linked to Tea Party
There's at least one link between the first lawsuit challenging the counting of undocumented immigrants to the Tea Party in Texas.
[Read More]
Catholics vote GOP; Latinos Catholics don't
While Catholic voters are trending more conservative, Latino Catholics are staying Democratic, author says.
[Read More]
Council's vote sends messages to Legislature, Arizona and us
City Council's vote on Arizona's anti-immigration law sends messages to the Texas Legislature, Arizona and San Antonians themselves.
[Read More]
Patriot's Day being twisted by extremists into a 'Hatriot' holiday
Patriot's Day has turn into a 'Hatriot' holiday.
[Read More]
Cuéntame's second video exposes racism in Tea Party
Cuentame project aim to expose racism in the Tea Party movement.
[Read More]
New video series exposes hate speech in Tea Party 'movement'
Latinos fighting back against the racist underpinnings of Tea Party politics and division.
[Read More]
Daily Beast: GOP's Reagan memories idealized
The GOP has amnesia. Is there a history professor in the house?
[Read More]
As comments go, Harry Reid's gaff just doesn't register as racist
Racism in America deserves open forum, but Harry Reid's comment aren't worthy of spearheading that important discussion.
[Read More]
Show More


text:
Tashaun Gipson News
Tashaun Gipson: INT Leader Bothered By Headaches
by Football News
Cleveland Browns safety Tashaun Gipson did not participate in Tuesday's practice due to headaches, according to The Cleveland Plain Dealer. Gipson, the NFL's leader in interceptions, will likely undergo testing for a concussion... Read more
NFL Players Cash In Through Performance-Based Pay
by Jimmie Kaylor
On March 14, several NFL players received a nice surprise from the NFLPA in the form of performance-based pay bonuses. Players who outperformed their current contracts were the most heavily compensated... Read more
Safety Is Priority No. 1 For Browns In Free Agency
by Steven King
Safety first. That is the message on the sign posted at the gate to the construction site as GM Ray Farmer and coach Mike Pettine get their first crack together at rebuilding the Cleveland Browns... Read more
Browns Hope Facelift On Defense And Special Teams Sticks
by Steven King
The defense of the Browns – at least their scheme – is changing once again... Read more
Greco One Of Many Browns To Wrestle Playing Time In 2013
by Steven King
Before last season started, DT Billy Winn, LB James-Michael Johnson, S Tashaun Gipson and G John Greco were hardly household names on the Cleveland Browns. Three were rookies... Read more


text:
The spring issue is here
Find out what Sofia Vergara wants from her modern smart home. Get your copy today for big savings off newsstand prices.
Big Blue believes the brain lays out a technology roadmap for computing, including "electronic blood" that both powers and cools machines. Here's a look at some of its work at its Zurich research lab.


text:
Several people asked me to comment on the $1 trillion coin proposal endorsed by New York Times columnist and Noble Prize winner Paul Krugman.I did so yesterday in a satirical post Krugman Supports the $1 Trillion Coin; Why Stop There? I Support the $1 Quadrillion Coin.In response to the above article, I have received several emails wondering where the money comes from. For example reader Tom writes ...
Hello Mish,Thank you for your hard work and honest voice in producing this blog, I follow it daily. There is something that I do not understand in the platinum coin proposal. Where does the treasury come up with the trillion to purchase the platinum? Is this money printed from thin air? If the treasury had a spare trillion to purchase platinum they would not need to give it to the fed, simply use the trillion to finance more worthless deficit spending, a blatantly bad idea given the very low return we are now experiencing on stimulus.Thanks,Tom
There is a lot of crazy talk out there regarding the minting of a $1 trillion coin to get around the debt ceiling.Today Paul Krugman hopped on the $1 trillion bandwagon in his New York Times article Be Ready To Mint That Coin.
Should President Obama be willing to print a $1 trillion platinum coin if Republicans try to force America into default? Yes, absolutely. He will, after all, be faced with a choice between two alternatives: one that's silly but benign, the other that's equally silly but both vile and disastrous. The decision should be obvious.For those new to this, here's the story. First of all, we have the weird and destructive institution of the debt ceiling; this lets Congress approve tax and spending bills that imply a large budget deficit — tax and spending bills the president is legally required to implement — and then lets Congress refuse to grant the president authority to borrow, preventing him from carrying out his legal duties and provoking a possibly catastrophic default. Enter the platinum coin. There's a legal loophole allowing the Treasury to mint platinum coins in any denomination the secretary chooses. Yes, it was intended to allow commemorative collector's items — but that's not what the letter of the law says. And by minting a $1 trillion coin, then depositing it at the Fed, the Treasury could acquire enough cash to sidestep the debt ceiling — while doing no economic harm at all.So why not?
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Boehner Comments on Death of al-Qaida Hostages
Chelsea Clinton Address Foundation Transparency
Loretta Lynch Confirmed As Next Attorney General
Gen. David Petraeus Makes Statement After Guilty Plea
Mark Halperin: When Will Rubio Get Barrel Time?


text: It's the show-down (sort of) we've all been waiting for. The battle of the hybrid hypercars from the performance powerhouses of Europe: Ferrari LaFerrari, McLaren P1 and Porsche 918 Spyder. No one publication has managed to get their hands on all three just yet, but this video has – and with a Koenigsegg Agera R thrown in for good measure.


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Start Your Divorce
Divorce Support Home
Child Custody
Custody Help Forum
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How to Win Child Custody ($74.95)
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FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) about child custody and visitation issues. If you are getting a divorce and have children this area will help you better understand the issues of your divorce that will include your children.


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Shop Confidently with Bose At Bose.ca, our goal is simple: Satisfy every customer throughout Canada. We're always proud to deliver our innovative products—but we're also proud to provide a safe, secure shopping experience for our customers.
Your security on Bose.ca Whether you're browsing or making a purchase, your privacy and security are of the utmost importance to us. Any information you share remains completely safe and anonymous—we use it only to help fulfill any request you may have.
Our safe shopping experienceBose.ca provides a secure environment using best-in-class data security to safeguard your information at all times.
Any details you share with Bose.ca are encrypted, making them unreadable as they travel to our servers. Bose.ca uses Verisign, a proven data security provider, to keep your online information under lock and key.
Speaking of lock and key, all Bose.ca data is kept in a separate facility known for its advanced, comprehensive security, system safety, and 24-hours-a-day, 7-days-a-week service.
Bose in Canada We understand why Canadian shoppers prefer companies located in Canada. That's why Bose has a thriving presence throughout the country, ready to serve you whether you shop online, in stores or by phone.
Regardless of your shopping preference, we deliver all Bose® products from our warehouse in Markham, Ontario. (If you ever need a repair, it's done there too.) Since shipping occurs within Canada, you'll never pay any unexpected costs, like additional international fees or duties.
Online: Online shoppers can enjoy the site you're on now, Bose.ca, developed just for Canadian customers. The site is available in both English and French languages, and features in-depth product information and Canada-only offers. All prices are listed in Canadian dollars only (rather than a clunky conversion of US dollars), with any applicable Canadian sales tax or shipping costs clearly stated. And if you ever require a refund from a returned purchase, it comes directly—and easily—from Bose.
In stores: The first Bose stores in Canada opened in Edmonton and Vancouver during Fall 2003. Today shoppers can find stores in Toronto, Montreal and our newest home, Calgary. The Demonstration Specialists in every Bose store provide one-on-one customer attention so you can learn about—and try—any product.
By phone: The friendly specialists at our Canadian call centre have been answering questions, discussing products and placing orders since the centre opened in October 2003. Of course, both English and French are spoken, and our experts are ready to answer your questions about Bose products and technologies. What's the latest in surround sound? Which Wave® system is best for your needs? They're happy to talk, at 1-800-465-2673.
Bose throughout Canada You don't have to be online or in a store to enjoy Bose performance. Here are other places where Bose sound makes a difference:
In cars: Step into a vehicle from one of these manufacturers and you're likely to find a Bose automotive sound system:
In venues and stores: Attend a soccer match at BMO Field in Toronto or a performance at Quebec's Image Mill, and you'll experience one of our Bose premium professional sound systems. You can even enjoy Bose sound at Jacob women's apparel shops throughout Canada. No matter what the acoustic situation, from the driver's seat of a luxury car to a store's fitting room, every Bose automotive and professional system is customized for optimal listening.


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Cream cheese is a soft, mild-tasting cheese. Traditionally spread on bagels, used as a dip for fruit and vegetables, or as a key ingredient in recipes such as cheesecake, cream cheese is easy to make and a perfect option for beginning and experienced cheesemakers alike. Each packet contains both starter culture and rennet. Just add milk! Full instructions included.
Includes 4 packets of direct-set starter culture.
Cream Cheese Culture Ingredients: Sucrose, maltodextrins, lactic bacteria (Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis, Lactococcus lactis supsp. cremoris), Rennet
Click here for instructions for making cream cheese.
What is a direct-set culture? A direct-set culture is a one-time-use culture, and cannot be recultured (i.e., perpetuated beyond the single batch). Direct-set cultures are often preferred by cheesemakers as they require no maintenance or care. Simply keep the packets in the freezer and remove what you need for your recipe when it's time to make cheese. Most direct-set cultures contain multiple doses to inoculate multiple batches.
Actual product may differ from image shown above.
Questions on Cream Cheese Starter Culture
- From Judy at 4/13/2012 8:57 AM
- From Kathy at 4/23/2012 5:08 PM
- From HJ at 4/28/2012 11:51 PM
- How many ounces does ONE batch make?
- Each packet of this product will culture between 2 and 4 quarts of milk. Once the milk is cultured, you need to strain it to get the thick consistency of cream cheese, which will reduce the volume... so depending on how much whey you strain out, you may get around half the volume (or more, or less).
- Do you find this question helpful? Yes No
- From Kathy at 5/1/2012 2:27 PM
- When using raw milk, do I leave the cream in the milk or should I strain it off? Or, does it matter? I wanted to keep the cream and make butter with it.
- You can try skimming off the cream, but your cheese may turn out very dry and may not press or age properly. Reduced fat cheeses have additives, because taking the fat out changes the texture.
Try making butter from a different batch of milk, and save the fatty cream for the cream cheese, for best results. - Do you find this question helpful? Yes No
- From Jennifer at 5/22/2012 8:45 PM
- Can this be used with non-dairy milk?
- We had our cheese expert test this. Here were her results: It does NOT work. I tried it with almond and rice milk, and while they are slightly soured, neither had sufficient solids to turn into anything. It does work with coconut, but not as well as dairy kefir grains do.
- Do you find this question helpful? Yes No
- From Diane at 1/4/2013 10:00 AM
- Can I use this culture to make cheese with raw milk?
- Yes you can. Use the instructions included with the starter for either pasteurized or raw milk. You can click this link to instructions as well: http://www.culturesforhealth.com/how-to-make-cream-cheese-recipe
- Do you find this question helpful? Yes No
- From Brianna at 2/2/2013 8:55 PM
- Does whole milk need to be used? Or can skim milk be used?
- The fat in whole milk provides the smooth, creamy thickness that cream cheese is known for. If you use skim milk, you will probably get quite a bit of liquid drained off, and a thin, sparse "cream cheese." Commercially sold reduced-fat cream cheeses use thickeners and stabilizers for body and texture. If you add thickeners and/or stabilizers to skim milk, you could use this culture to make a fairly palatable cream cheese.
- Do you find this question helpful? Yes No
- From jackie at 2/27/2013 7:41 PM
- From Tal at 5/10/2013 3:30 AM
- Can the cream cheese made from this starter be frozen for use later? Should I salt it before freezing or after?
- You can freeze cream cheese, but the texture will likely change when thawed. It can be more crumbly. Whipping once thawed may help the consistency. Salt should be added prior to freezing.
- Do you find this question helpful? Yes No
- From fran at 2/27/2014 9:36 AM
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Back to the product pageCustomer Reviews
- Total Success! Review by Vicki
Quality Price Value My first try at making any kind of cheese --- a Total Success! Extremely easy. Wonderful taste and texture, not gummy like store-bought. I love it plain; adding seasonings/herbs could be nice. A quart of commercial Half&Half yielded close to a pound of cream cheese.
(Posted on 4/13/2015)
- so easy and so delicious Review by girlgenius
Quality Price Value This was a very easy and fun cheese to make. Next time I will make the maximum amount possible with the culture packet as after the whey drains out it was not as much cheese as I had thought it would yield. Wow, it was so delicious. I used our local low temp non pasturized full fat milk and added just a bit of local cream. I will make more next time to dedicate it for a cheesecake.
(Posted on 3/15/2015)
- no guilt cream cheese! Review by Jan
Quality Price Value I love cream cheese, especially whipped but I never felt good about eating something made from regular cowmilk (not grassfed etc...) So now I can make it easily using our local grass fed cow's milk and feel great about it. It was very very easy to make and I kept it in the stainless steel pan and just popped it on the mantel above the woodstove for warmth until it was set. It has a slight sour taste and is light and fluffy. I love it and no more icky store cream cheese for us
(Posted on 2/22/2015)
- Tastes great and easy to make Review by Jessica
Value Quality Price I just made some cream cheese a few days ago and it turned out great. The only reason I gave it 4 stars for price is that I originally wanted to make cream cheese to save money, but after buying the starter and realizing that one starter packet costs about the same as a brick of cream cheese (not including the price of the milk) I realized that making my own cream cheese wasn't as economical as making my own yogurt. No matter, the cream cheese tastes great and it was a good experience.
(Posted on 10/12/2014)
- BEST cream cheese EVER! Review by SprCch
Price Value Quality This culture made the BEST cream cheese I've ever tasted! I added 1/8 teaspoon of sea salt when complete. It is SO good!! Quick, easy and anyone can do it! :)
(Posted on 6/12/2014)
- Works great! Review by Tereasa
Price Value Quality I ordered the cream cheese starter culture and I swear it was at my house the next day. Fast delivery. I have used it once and it works very well and is very simple. It was my first time to make cream cheese, I just followed the directions and wa la, cream cheese! I'm looking forward to seeing what else they have and what you can make at home with clean products.
(Posted on 5/30/2014)
- easy Review by valerie
Price Value Quality The product was just as described and easy to use. I just followed the included instructions and made amazing cream cheese!! I was shocked at how easy it was! I added chives and garlic powder :) yummy!!!
(Posted on 12/25/2013)
- cream cheese starter culture Review by deb
Price Value Quality works great, everything in one little packet, nothing to measure.
(Posted on 12/22/2013)
Starter cultures, rennet for cheese making and cultured vegetables, juices and condiments are sensitive to excessive heat. Once your order has shipped, an e-mail with tracking information will be sent to you. We encourage you to use the tracking information to anticipate the arrival of your items so they can be removed from the mail box and stored in the refrigerator promptly.
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text: So you are interested in the possibility of launching a career in the culinary arts? You more than likely have questions and want to make certain that a career as a chef is the right path for you. You may think that in order to become a chef, all you need is an education from a top culinary arts school. What you really need is much more than a piece of paper. This article will provide you with information on how to get ready to become a chef.So what traits, requirements or characteristics should a successful chef possess?ENDURANCEEndurance is having the strength and power to stick it out when the going gets rough and never give up. Do you think you have what it takes?A career as a chef is not like many jobs you are used to. It's nothing like an office job where you sit at a desk all day and stare at a computer screen playing solitaire when it gets slow, calling up your buddies or surfing the Internet. Sure there are points in any job where things can get busy and stressful, but nothing can really compare to the stress of a busy restaurant environment.You will have to learn to do things on the job that others are not willing to do, and with a smile on you face. You will have to work weekends and holidays. You will get filthy and sweaty. Your back and feet will hurt. You will get cut, burned and bruised. You will want to sit down and take a break, but you can't because you have 20 more orders to complete before the lunch rush is over.A busy day at the restaurant can take its toll on your mind and body, so it is very important that you are prepared. Just like a marathon runner spends hours running and preparing him or herself mentally and physically for the big race, so should a chef prepare him or herself for the physical and mental demands of the job. So if you are not already practicing a healthy lifestyle including a healthy diet, exercise and adequate sleep, then you should begin today. It will make life as a chef easier.SPEED & ACCURACYThe bottom line in any successful restaurant is pleasing the customer. And what exactly pleases a customer more than a delicious meal? Its getting their food in a timely manner. People are impatient and hate waiting too long for their dinner to come out, so a chef needs to work fast. Not only do you have to work fast, but you have to work smart as well. Everything needs to be done right or you will inevitably receive complaints from the customers. While we can't please everyone, too many complaints will ultimately hurt your career.So how does a chef make certain that everything runs smoothly and is done quickly during a busy rush? One answer is intelligent preparation. Otherwise known as "Mise en place" in Culinary Terminology.Mise en place, when translated from French, literally means "setting in place." So before the actual cooking process begins, the chef will prepare all the necessary ingredients and cookware. This usually includes measuring out all of the ingredients and placing them into individual bowls. All of your necessary cooking equipment like knives, spatulas, blenders and cutting boards are made available and the ovens are preheated. Once you begin cooking, you will realize how important preparation is. The cooking process becomes much easier because you don't have to stop during the cooking process to prepare anything, and in a busy restaurant every second counts.PATIENCEAs a chef, you will need to develop a lot of patience.Everything is not going to go your way in the beginning. There is the chance that you will never reach the level that you originally set out for, but that is simply the reality of this profession. Not every chef makes it to the top as a head chef or a star on Food Network. This doesn't mean you shouldn't try and become a chef and strive to be the best you can be, you just need to keep things in perspective.Don't let anything on the job discourage you or keep you from reaching your goals as a chef. You may not always get noticed for all the hard work that you do. You may not get that raise you were hoping for. Your co workers may dislike you and talk behind your back. These are just normal situations of any profession really and you have to live with it and shrug it off. Sooner or later you will get your break and get noticed so hang in there.SKILLS & TECHNIQUESThere is absolutely no reason why you need to wait until you get accepted into Culinary School, or get your first job, before you start learning how to become a chef. There are a myriad of cooking books, articles, tv shows and cooking videos available to the aspiring chef , and you should take advantage of this wealth of information and training starting today. So turn on the Food Network, grab a few good books and start cooking! Live and breathe cooking. Cook for your friends and family. Practice with your "Mise en place". Learn about all the different tools and equipment that a professional chef uses. Learn the different types of cooking methods like braising, parboiling, sauteing and simmering. Learn how to slice, dice and chop. The more you learn now, the more experience you will have, and the easier it will be to learn in school or on the job.I hope this article has given you a better idea on what it takes to become a chef and has given you the frame of mind you need to make it in this industry.


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Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science (CPNSS)
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Bradley, Richard and Stefansson, H. Orii (2015) Counterfactual desirability The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 1-72. ISSN 1464-3537 (In Press)
Bradley, Richard and Dietrich, Franz and List, Christian (2014) Aggregating causal judgments Philosophy of Science , 81 (4). 491-515. ISSN 0031-8248
Bradley, Richard and Drechsler, Mareile (2013) Types of uncertainty Erkenntnis, 79 (6). 1225-1248. ISSN 0165-0106
Bradley, Richard and Thompson, Christopher (2012) A (mainly epistemic) argument for multiple-vote majority rule Episteme, 9 (1). 63-79. ISSN 1742-3600
Bradley, Richard and Thompson, Christopher (2012) A (mainly epistemic) case for multiple-vote majority rule Episteme, 9 (01). 63-79. ISSN 1742-3600
Bradley, Richard (2012) Restricting preservation: a response to Hill Mind, 121 (481). 147-159. ISSN 0026-4423
Bradley, Richard (2012) Multidimensional possible-world semantics for conditionals Philosophical Review, 121 (4). 539-571. ISSN 0031-8108
Bradley, Richard (2011) Conditionals and supposition-based reasoning Topoi, 30 (1). 39-45. ISSN 0167-7411
Bradley, Richard (2010) Proposition-valued random variables as information Synthese, 175 (Supp1 ). 17-38. ISSN 0039-7857
Bradley, Richard and List, Christian (2009) Desire-as-belief revisited Analysis, 69 (1). 31-37. ISSN 0003-2638
Bradley, Richard (2009) Preference kinematics In: Grüne-Yanoff, Till and Hansson, Sven Ove, (eds.) Preference Change: Approaches From Philosophy, Economics and Psychology. Theory and decision library A, 42. Springer, Berlin, Germany & New York, USA, 221-242. ISBN 9789048125920
Bradley, Richard (2009) Revising incomplete attitudes Synthese, 171 (2). 235-256. ISSN 0039-7857
Bradley, Richard (2009) Becker's thesis and three models of preference change Politics, Philosophy and Economics, 8 (2). 223-242. ISSN 1470-594X
Bradley, Richard and List, Christian (2008) Desire-as-belief revisited LSE Choice Group working paper series, vol. 4, no. 3. The Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science (CPNSS), London School of Economics, London, UK.
Bradley, Richard (2008) V-comparing evaluations Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 108 (1part1). 85-100. ISSN 0066-7374
Bradley, Richard (2008) Becker's thesis and three models of preference change LSE Choice Group working paper series, vol. 4, no. 1. The Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science (CPNSS), London School of Economics, London, UK.
Bradley, Richard (2007) A defence of the Ramsey Test Mind, 116 (461). 1-21. ISSN 0026-4423
Bradley, Richard (2007) Impartiality in 'Weighing Lives' Philosophical Books, 48 (4). 292-302. ISSN 0031-8051
Bradley, Richard (2007) Consensus by aggregation and deliberation Hommage a Wlodek: Philosophical Papers Dedicated to Wlodek Rabinowicz (1 January 2007) Website
Bradley, Richard (2007) Reaching a consensus LSE Choice Group working paper series, vol. 3, no. 3. The Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science (CPNSS), London, UK.
Bradley, Richard (2007) Reaching a consensus Social Choice and Welfare, 29 (4). 609-632. ISSN 1432-217X
Bradley, Richard (2007) A unified Bayesian decision theory Theory and Decision, 63 (3). 233-263. ISSN 1573-7187
Bradley, Richard (2007) The kinematics of belief and desire Synthese, 156 (3). 513-535. ISSN 1573-0964
Bradley, Richard (2006) Taking advantage of difference of opinion Episteme, 3 (3). 141-155. ISSN 1742-3600
Bradley, Richard (2006) Adams conditionals and non-monotonic probabilities Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 15 (1-2). 65-81. ISSN 0925-8531
Bradley, Richard and Dietrich, Franz and List, Christian (2006) Aggregating causal judgements Department of Government, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
Bradley, Richard (2006) A unified Bayesian decision theory LSE Choice Group working paper series, vol. 1, no. 1. The Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science (CPNSS), London, UK.
Bradley, Richard (2005) Bayesian utilitarianism and probability homogeneity Social Welfare and Choice, 24 (2). 221-251. ISSN 0176-1714
Bradley, Richard (2005) Ramsey's representation theorem Dialectica, 58 (4). 483-497. ISSN 0012-2017
Bradley, Richard (2005) Radical probabilism and Bayesian conditioning Philosophy of Science, 72 (2). 342-364. ISSN 0031-8248
Bradley, Richard (2004) Ramsey's representation theorem Dialectica, 58 (4). 483-497. ISSN 0012-2017
Bradley, Richard (2002) Indicative conditionals Erkenntnis, 56 (3). 345-378. ISSN 0165-0106
Bradley, Richard (2002) 'The kinematics of belief and desire Erkenntnis, 56 (3). 345-378. ISSN 0165-0106
Bradley, Richard (2002) Les Conditionnels et la Revision des Croyances In: Livet, Pierre, (ed.) Révision des Croyances. Traité Des Sciences Cognitives. Hermes Science Publications, Paris, France, 67-82. ISBN 9782746204690
Bradley, Richard (2002) Book review: John Broome 'ethics out of economics' Mind, 111 (444). 837-841. ISSN 0026-4423
Bradley, Richard (2001) Book review: James M. Joyce 'foundations of causal decision theory' Economics and Philosophy, 17 (2). 275-294. ISSN 1474-0028
Bradley, Richard (2001) Ramsey and the measurement of belief In: Corfield, David and Williamson, Jon, (eds.) Foundations of Bayesianism. Applied logic series. Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, UK, 263-290. ISBN 9781402002236
Bradley, Richard (2000) Book review: Steven Rappaport 'models and reality in economics' Economics and Philosophy, 16 (1). 147-174. ISSN 1474-0028
Bradley, Richard (2000) Conditionals and the logic of decision Philosophy of Science (Proceedings), 67 (S1 [Pr). S18-S32. ISSN 0031-8248
Bradley, Richard (2000) A preservation condition for conditionals Analysis, 60 (267). 219-222. ISSN 0003-2638
Bradley, Richard (1999) Book review: Roger Backhouse 'explorations in economic methodology: from Lakatos to empirical philosophy of science' British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 50 (2). 316-318. ISSN 0007-0882
Bradley, Richard (1999) More triviality Journal of Philosophical Logic, 28 (2). 129-139. ISSN 0022-3611
Bradley, Richard (1999) Conditional desirability Theory and Decision, 47 (1). 23-55. ISSN 1573-7187
Bradley, Richard (1998) A representation theorem for a decision theory with conditionals Synthese, 116 (2). 187-229. ISSN 1573-0964
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Tag Results: Sonny Corinthos
March 23, 2013 GH's Maurice Benard Relates: "We Can Be Doing More With The Mob, But They Know What They're Doing!"
December 18, 2012 Sonny Corinthos Vs. Victor Newman! Would You Like To See The Ultimate Soap Smackdown? GH's Maurice Benard Would!
December 4, 2012 A December To Remember On GH: Feuding Fathers, The Return Of Lucy, A Shocked Anna!
September 10, 2012 As GH Is On The Move Today, Maurice Benard Says Of Cartini: "They"ve Been Able To Make This Show Into An Ensemble!"
August 31, 2012 FIRST LOOK: General Hospital Promo! It's Sonny Corinthos Vs. Jerry Jacks! Can The Mobster Save Port Charles?


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Creature Tech: Biomimicry (ages 8-10) must have completed second grade & turned 8 by June 1st Did you know that squid movement was the inspiration for jet propulsion? Or that bat echolocation was the inspiration for sonar? Discover how engineers imitate nature's best ideas to create new technological solutions for human problems. Join us for a week of inspirational engineering as we explore the science of biomimicry. You can learn a lot from Mother Nature!
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Quantity | 1 Piece |
Casing Color | Black |
Material | Zinc alloy + glass |
Emitter Type | LED |
Total Emitters | 1 |
Light Color | White |
Rated Voltage | 12V |
Power | 3W |
Luminous Flux | 140LM |
Color Temperature | 6000K |
Connector Type | N/A |
Application | Reversing Light,Daytime Running Light |
Other Features | Water resistant |
Packing List | 1 x Car eagle eye light |
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nice light use on my car on left on right under mirror exterior.very easy to install and light have no beam and powerfull for 3w and 140LUMEN
I bought a pair of these lights for back-up lights on my ATV. They are very bright. A nice wide spread that is very useful. I really only needed one, but having two is just fine. The amount of light is good, as you can do... Read more
* fairly compact size * nut-mount kit * cables are long enough * shining brightly * almost does not get hot * good manufacturing quality * waterproof the actual light output of around 80 lumens. while the slightly warm, at... Read more
very light ,, I install it as daytime running light.. very visible and easy to install ,, the screw is very accesible when you put in the fender of the car.. you can use it as foglight too,, very versatile light..my friend... Read more
The brightness is good. Mounting method is nice and easy to make. The consumption is 80mA at 12,9V. This makes a power of 1W. This is lower than the 3W stated in the description of the light. Although an 1W light its is I... Read more
The brightness is good. Mounting method is nice and easy to make. The consumption is 80mA at 12,9V. This makes a power of 1W. This is the... Read more
very light ,, I install it as daytime running light.. very visible and easy to install ,, the screw is very accesible when you put in the... Read more
the light was very bright. even a samll led,but very bright in morning and night. It can be use as daytime running light. This is such as... Read more
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We spoke with the police chief from the area where the assault took place. Since the medical report made no mention of the violent nature of the assault, and despite the fact that police had seen Wendy's bruises and cuts, the officer following her file said that there was nothing he could do.
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In the hope to meet shortly again, and make the absence of "Feeesh 'n Cheeese", Manhattan Fish Market (MFM) Singapore is throwing a farewell party for it with a 1 for 1 promotion.
Simply flash the coupon image below on your mobile device or print and present it to the counter staff to redeem. Valid for Dine in only from 12pm to 5pm. Only 1 free Feeesh N Cheeese (worth $13.90) with every purchase of Feeesh N Cheeese. Other terms and conditions apply
See ad image for more details
Click on thumbnail[s] to enlarge. Sales on until 30 Jun 2012
Get FREE luggages worth up to $430 when you sign up for a HSBC Visa credit card (2-year annual fees waiver) at www.hsbc.com.sg.


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Dolphins CBs hurting? No problem vs. Browns
Miami Dolphins 23, Cleveland Browns 10: What went right for the Browns
A few things did go right in the Browns' 23-10 loss to the Dolphins. Their run defense, Jordan Cameron's play and Joe Haden vs. Mike Wallace were bright spots.Source: cleveland.com -
Cleveland Browns' loss to the Miami Dolphins: What went wrong for the Browns
Browns had a tough all-around day on offense with poor quarterback play and shoddy protection.Source: cleveland.com -
Defense Dominates in Dolphins' 23-10 Win Over Browns
Dimitri Patterson makes an incredible interception during the first half. Courtesy of MiamiDolphins.com The Dolphins did what they had to do in Sunday's opener in Cleveland to head back to Miami 1-0. Clearly, it wasn't a perfect performance from Joe Phi…Source: dolphinsgab.com -
Rapid Reaction: Dolphins 23, Browns 10
CLEVELAND -- Some thoughts on the Miami Dolphins' 23-10 victory against the Cleveland Browns at FirstEnergy Stadium: What it means: The Dolphins improved to 1-0 and won their regular-season opener for the first time since 2010. This victory was key, bec…Source: ESPN.com -
Rapid Reaction: Dolphins 23, Browns 10
My thoughts on the Cleveland Browns' 23-10 loss to the Miami Dolphins: What it means: New regime, same result. In the first game of the Joe Banner-Rob Chudzinski era, the Browns had a similar look of past teams: a solid defense and a struggling offense,…Source: ESPN.com -
Quick Slants from Miami Dolphins opening victory over Cleveland Browns
The Cleveland Browns have lost 14 out of their last 15 season openers.Source: cleveland.com -
Game Recap: Dolphins 23, Browns 10
CLEVELAND -- The Cleveland Browns fell, 23-10, to the Miami Dolphins in the regular-season opener Sunday at FirstEnergy Stadium.Source: clevelandbrowns.com -
Browns lead Dolphins, 7-6, at halftime
CLEVELAND -- The Cleveland Browns held a 7-6 lead over the Miami Dolphins at halftime of the regular-season opener.Source: clevelandbrowns.com -
Live blog: Dolphins at Browns
Join our ESPN.com NFL experts as they break down the Miami Dolphins' visit to the Cleveland Browns. Contribute your thoughts and questions beginning at 1:00 p.m. ET. See you there.Source: ESPN.com -
Browns vs. Dolphins - Week 1
A little more than eight months after we last saw them in real game action, the Cleveland Browns return to the field on Sunday to open the 2013 NFL season. The Browns will be at home, naturally, taking on the Miami Dolphins. Cleveland is 1-13 in season …Source: theclevelandfan.com -
Game Day Open Thread: Dolphins at Browns — Week 1
Week 1 is finally here for the Dolphins, who must find a way to win on the road in Cleveland Make this open thread your one stop for discussion throughout the morning and during this afternoon's game in Cleveland between the Dolphins and Browns. I'll be…Source: dolphinsgab.com -
Cleveland Browns vs. Miami Dolphins: 8 things to watch
Eight things to watch during tomorrow's opener between the Browns and Dolphins, including Rob Chudzinski's debut, Brandon Weeden vs. Ryan Tannehill and Trent Richardson vs. the world.Source: cleveland.com -
Cleveland Browns opted for QB Brandon Weeden over Dolphins' Ryan Tannehill: Did they make the right choice?
The Browns passed up quarterback Ryan Tannehill in the 2012 draft and opted for Trent Richardson and Brandon Weeden instead. Did they make the right choice? Or did they let another franchise quarterback get away?.Source: cleveland.com -
Cleveland Browns get the nod to beat Miami Dolphins: staff predictions
Writers unanimous in picking Browns over Dolphins.Source: cleveland.com -
What to watch: Dolphins at Browns
After a much-hyped offseason, the Miami Dolphins will travel to face the Cleveland Browns in their regular-season debut. This is an important game for Miami to set the tone for the start of the 2013 season. Here are three things to watch from Miami's pe…Source: ESPN.com
Cleveland Browns: What they said after losing to the Miami Dolphins (video)
The Browns don't have any excuses following the season-opening loss.Source: cleveland.com-
Locker Room Buzz: Miami Dolphins
CLEVELAND -- Observed in the locker room after the Miami Dolphins' 23-10 victory against the Cleveland Browns. Patterson in good spirits: Dolphins starting cornerback Dimitri Patterson (groin) didn't finish the game and was getting evaluated in the trai…Source: ESPN.com -
Miami Dolphins halftime notes
CLEVELAND -- The Miami Dolphins trail the Cleveland Browns, 7-6, at halftime. Here are some notes at intermission: Miami's defense got off to a fast start. The Dolphins forced three interceptions in the first half off Browns starting quarterback Brandon…Source: ESPN.com -
On my way to Cleveland
I'm spending Saturday afternoon traveling from Miami to Cleveland. The Dolphins have a road game Sunday against the Browns, as both teams will try to set the right tone for the 2013 season. This is close to a must-win game for the Dolphins, who have a b…Source: ESPN.com
Cleveland Browns Iso: CB Joe Haden vs. WR Mike Wallace (video)
CB Joe Haden holds his own in his battle with Dolphins wide receiver Mike Wallace.Source: cleveland.com -
Browns, Weeden shake off picks, take halftime lead vs. Miami
Three of the Browns' first-half drives ended in interceptions. However, one finished in a touchdown, and that was enough to stake Cleveland to a lead at halftime against Miami on Sunday. Tight end Jordan Cameron hauled in a seven-yard touchdown late in …Source: profootballtalk.com -
1st-half thoughts: Turning up heat
Browns Senior Editor Vic Carucci gives his thoughts on the first half of the season-opener against the Dolphins.Source: clevelandbrowns.com -
Ahtyba Rubin ruled out for Dolphins game, CB Buster Skrine to start: Cleveland Browns vs. Miami Dolphins pregame updates
Rubin is out for the Dolphins game with his calf injury, but cornerback Buster Skrine (shoulder) will start.Source: cleveland.com