text:
Vinicius Castro Souza
Herbarium ESA - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ - USP), Brazil.
Annual, biennial, perennial herbs or shrubs, sometimes climbers (Velloziella), hemiparasites or holoparasites on roots; rarely non-parasitic (Lindenbergia), usually producing orobanchin and iridoid compounds, turning plant black after drying. Leaves simple, opposite or less frequently alternate or whorled; sometimes scale-like; venation pinnate, palmate or one-veined; margin entire, serrate or sometimes deeply divided; without stipules. Inflorescence most racemose, frequently with bracts similar to normal leaves. Flowers mostly showy (bracts more attractive than flowers in Castilleja), bisexual; calyx gamosepalous, actinomorphic to zygomorphic, generally 4-5-lobed; corolla gamopetalous, zygomorphic, usually bilabiate, generally 5-lobed; stamens 4, rarely with a staminode, generally didynamous; epipetalous, alternating with corolla lobes, anthers dithecal or less frequently monothecal (Buchnera, Cordylanthus), introrse, opening by longitudinal slits or rarely by pores (some Euphrasia); gynoecium syncarpous of 2(-3-5) carpels, locules as many as carpels or 1, style 1, ovules many, placentation axile or parietal. Fruit a septicidal (sometimes also loculicidal) capsule. Seeds numerous, minute, testa often ornamented, usually wind-dispersed.
Notes on delimitation
- Orobanchaceae is positioned in Lamiales, as a probable sister to Paulowniaceae, but the evolutionary relationships between families of this order are still poorly known.
- Recent studies (summarized by Olmstead et al. 2001 and Tank et al., 2006) suggest that the traditional circumscription of Orobanchaceae should be reviewed to include some hemiparasitic genera traditionally included in Scrophulariaceae and Lindenbergia, a nonparasitic genus, probably basal in this group.
Distribution in the Neotropics
Throughout the Neotropics, especially the Andes and the highlands of Brazil.
- Agalinis Raf. (including Anisantherina Pennell, Brachystigma Pennell, Gerardia Benth. and Schizosepala G.M. Barroso): (80-90 species, with c. 40 in the Neotropics) from Canada to northern Argentina, with an Andean and a Central Brazilian centre of diversity.
- Aureolaria Raf.: (8 species) U.S.A. to Mexico.
- Bartsia L. (including Bellardia All.): (50-60 species, with c. 48 in the Neotropics) mainly Colombia, Venezuela and Peru to Chile and NW Andean Argentina, but also in tropical Africa, Europe and North America. Bartsia trixago L.is a cosmopolitan weed, probably with a Mediterranean origin, which occurs in Peru, Brazil (Molau, 1990) and Chile (Marticorena & Quezada, 1985).
- Buchnera L. (130-140 species, with 16 in the Neotropics) Africa (centre of diversity) and southern U.S.A. to Argentina.
- Castilleja Mutis ex L.f. (including Clevelandia Greene, Gentrya Breedlove & Heckard and Ophiocephalus Wiggins) - (200-210 species, with 80-90 in the Neotropics) Pantropical, with centre of diversity in North America.
- Conopholis Wallr. (2 species) eastern Canada through U.S.A., Mexico and Panama.
- Cordylanthus Nutt. ex Benth. (including Chloropyron Behr) (16 species, with 5 in the Neotropics) U.S.A. and Mexico.
- Eremitilla Yatskievych & J.L. Contreras (1 species) endemic to the state of Guerrero, Mexico.
- Escobedia Ruiz & Pav. (10-15 species) Mexico to South Brazil.
- Esterhazya J.C.Mikan (5 species, but many undescribed (Castro Sousa in prep.)) Brazil and Paraguay.
- Euphrasia L. (250-350 species, 15-20 in Latin America) cosmopolitan, mainly Asia and Europe, but also in Chile, Argentina and Bolivia.
- Lamourouxia Kunth (25-30 species) northern Mexico to Andean Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
- Magdalenaea Brade (1 species) endemic to the Pedra Dubois, Santa Maria Madalena in eastern Brazil.
- Melasma P.J. Bergius (including AlectraThunb.) (40-50 species, 4 in the Neotropics) Mexico to southern Brazil.
- Nothochilus Radlk. (1 species) endemic to the Serra do Caparaó in eastern Brazil.
- Orobanche L. (80-100 species, 3 in South America), Colombia, Chile, Peru and Argentina.
- Parentucellia Viv. (1 species) naturalized in Chile and Brazil, native in Europe.
- Pedicularis L. (400 species with 10 Neotropical species) from Mexico to Ecuador.
- Physocalyx Pohl (4 species) endemic to the Espinhaço Range in Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Seymeria Pursh (25-30, 15-20 in the Neotropics) U.S.A. to Central Mexico.
- Silviella Pennell (2 species) endemic to Mexico.
- Velloziella Baill. (3 species) Venezuela to southern Brazil.
Distinguishing characters (always present)
- Hemiparasitic or holoparasitic (except Lindenbergia).
- Herbs to shrubs.
- Simple leaves.
- Stipules absent.
- Calyx synsepalous.
- Zygomorphic corolla.
- Ovary superior.
- Ovules numerous.
Other important characters
Key differences from similar families
- In a traditional sense, Orobanchaceae could be differentiated from Scrophulariaceae by number of locules in the ovary (1 in Orobanchaceae, 2 in Scrophulariaceae).
- In the current circunscription, the main difference between the two families is the parasitic habit, not always obvious, since some Orobanchaceae, such as Esterhazya, Agalinis and Physocalyx can be robust shrubs, apparently independent of other plants.
- From Verbenaceae, Acanthaceae and Lamiaceae, which Orobanchaceae is sometimes confused, Orobanchaceae can be differentiated by the number of ovules (many in these three families and 1 in Orobanchaceae) in addition to the parasitic habit.
Number of genera
- Orobanchaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution, including about 100 genera and 2000 species. Of these, 21 genera and 300-330 species are native in the Neotropics and one (Parentucellia Viv.) is naturalised.
Useful tips for generic identification
Key to genera of Neotropical Orobanchaceae
The morphological distintion between some genera of Euphrasinae is unclear and the key, in this sense, is provisional, waiting for a comprehensive phylogenetic and morphological work concerning to this group.
1. Plants holoparasitic, without chlorophyll; ovary unilocular … 21. Plants hemiparasitic (mostly not evidently so), with chlorophyll; ovary bilocular … 4
2. Ovaries and fruits 5-ribbed, the outer surface muricate … Eremitilla2. Ovaries and fruits terete or slightly flattened, not ribbed, the outer surface smooth … 3
3. Sepals free or basally connate … Orobanche3. Sepals connate for most part of their length, forming a tube, sometimes with a longitudinal slit … Conopholis
4. Calyx strongly zygomorphic, sometimes spathe -like … 54. Calyx actinomorphic or almost so … 11
5. Climbers or scandent plants; corolla with the upper lip not domed … Velloziella5. Erect plants; corolla generally with the upper lip domed … 6
6. Anthers 1-thecate … Cordylanthus6. Anthers 2-thecate … 7
7. Leaves alternate; bracts showy (more than flowers) … Castilleja7. Leaves generally opposite or verticillate; bracts not showy … 8
8. Calyx spathe -like … Nothochilus 8. Calyx campanulate, not spathe -like … 9
9. Corolla ventricous (inflated) … Lamourouxia9. Corolla not ventricous … 10
10. Corolla with upper lip laterally compressed and entire or bilobed … Pedicularis10. Corolla with upper lip not laterally compressed and always entire … Bartsia
11. Corolla salver-shaped … 1211. Corola mostly campanulate or bilabiate, not salver-shaped … 13
12. Anthers 1-thecate; corolla up to 3 cm long; generally pink, purple or violet … Buchnera12. Anthers 2-thecate; corolla more than 3 cm long; white or cream … Escobedia
13. Corolla evidently 2-lipped … 1413. Corolla tubular, campanulate, subrotaceous or subglobose, not 2-lipped … 17
14. Corolla with upper lip laterally compressed … Pedicularis14. Corolla with upper lip not laterally compressed … 15
15. Sepals 5 … Parentucellia15. Sepals 4 … 16
16. Corolla inflated, red or pink and over 2.5 cm long … Lamourouxia16. Corolla not inflated, yellow, white, pink, generally under 2.5 cm long … 17
17. Corolla with upper lip entire; capsule ovoid to subglobose … Bartsia17. Corolla with upper lip generally bilobed; capsule oblong to lanceolate, flattened … Euphrasia
18. Corolla yellow … 1918. Corolla red, pink or orange … 23
19. Calyx with multipartite lobes … Agalinis19. Calyx not with multipartite lobes … 20
20. Corolla lobes longer or with the same size of the tube … Seymeria20. Corolla lobes smaller than tube … 21
21. Corolla tubular or subglobose … Melasma21. Corolla campanulate to funelform … 22
22. Stem erect; filaments lanose … Aureolaria22. Stem prostrate; filaments glabrous … Silviella
23. Leaves with serrate margins … Magdalenaea23. Leaves with entire margins … 24
24. Stamens exsert, anthers villous … Esterhazya24. Stamens included; anthers glabrous or almost so … 25
25. Corolla rose to pink; calyx not inflated, green or purple … Agalinis24. Corolla orange; calyx inflated, also orange … Physocalyx
Notable genera and distinguishing features
- Many genera have big and attractive flowers, with ornamental potential. These include Esterhazya, Escobedia, Agalinis and Physocalyx, but cultivation are difficult since they are parasites.
- Nothochilus - Monoespecific genus, endemic to Serra do Caparaó - Brazil.
- Magdalenaea - Monoespecific genus, endemic to Santa Maria Madalena region. Many recent expedictions were made ir order to find this species in field with no results. It is possible to be extincted.
- Eremitilla - Recently described genus, unique in having five carpels.
- Most species of Neotropical Orobanchaceae are native; only a few species are naturalised, including Bartsia trixago L. and Parentucellia viscosa (L.) Caruel.
- Nine genera of Orobanchaceae are endemic to the Neotropics.
- Five genera are also native in other New World regions (Canada and United States).
- Seven genera are also native in the Old World.
General notes
- This family include some damaging weeds such as the witchweeds (Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze, Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth. and allies) and they present in the agriculture in many countries, particularly in Africa and Asia, affecting very poor areas. The parasitic habit, plus the quick life cycle, and extraordinary capacity for propagation (thousands of small seeds carried by wind can be produced by a single plant), makes the species of Striga some of the worst weeds in the world.
- There is no record of Striga infestation in the Neotropics, but some areas in U.S.A. have been infected for decades, with little perspective of eradication.
- Considering that many places where Striga species occur in Asia and Africa have a climate similar to the Neotropics and also a similarity in crops cultivated, it is realistic to be concerned about these species. Buchnera, which is morphologically similar to Striga and its sister group, has many native Neotropical species, but there is no record of Buchnera species behaving as weeds.
Important literature
Barringer, K. & Burger, W. 2000. Flora Costaricensis, Family 193 Scrophulariaceae. Fieldiana Botany 41: 1-69.
Barroso, G.M. 1952. Scrophulariaceae indígenas e exóticas do Brasil. Rodriguésia 15(27): 9-64.
Chuang, T.I. & Heckard, L.R. 1991. Generic realignment and synopsis of Subtribe Castillejinae (Scrophulariaceae-Tribe Pediculareae). Syst. Bot. 16(4): 644-666.
D'Arcy, W.G. 1979. Flora of Panama: Scrophulariaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66(2): 173-272.
Díaz-Miranda, D. 1988. Genera of Scrophulariaceae in the Paramos of the Venezuelan Andes. Brittonia 40(2): 235-239.
Elias, S.I., Souza, V.C. & Glória, B.A. 2001. Anatomical confirmation of root parasitism in Brazilian Agalinis Raf. species (Scrophulariaceae). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 44(3): 303-311.
Ernst, W.R. 1972. Floral Morphology and Systematics of Lamourouxia (Scrophulariaceae: Rhinanthoideae). Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 6: 1-63.
Jřrgensen, P.M. 1999. Scrophulariaceae. In: Jřrgensen, P.M.& S. León-Yańes (eds.) Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75 891-899.
Marticorena, C. & Quezada, M. 1985. Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Chile. Gayana, Bot. 42: 1-157.
Méndez-Larios, I. & Villaseńor-Rios, J.L. 2001. La família Scrophulariaceae in México: diversidad y distribución. Bol. Soc. Bot. México 69: 101-121.
Molau, U. 1990. The genus Bartsia (Scrophulariaceae-Rhinanthoideae). Opera Bot. 102: 1-99.
Olmstead, R.G. & Reeves, P.A. 1995. Evidence for the polyphyly of the Scrophulariaceae based on chloroplast rbcL and ndhF sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82: 176-193.
Olmstead, R.G., Depamphilis, C.W., Wolfe, A.D., Young, N.D., Elisons, W.J. & Reeves, P.A. 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 348-361.
Oxelman, B., Kornhall, P., Olmstead, R.G. & Bremer, B. 2005. Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae. Taxon 54(2): 411-425.
Pennell, F.W. 1913. Studies in the Agalinanae, a subtribe of Rhinanthaceae. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 119-130.
Pennell, F.W. 1920. Scrophulariaceae of Colombia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 72: 136-188.
Pennell, F.W. 1928. Agalinis and allies in North America - I. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 80(10): 339-449.
Pennell, F.W. 1929. Agalinis and allies in North America - II. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 81(2): 111-249.
Pennell, F.W. 1931. Escobedia - A neotropical genus of the Scrophulariaceae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 83: 411-426.
Philcox, D. 1965. Revision of the New World species of Buchnera L. (Scrophulariaceae). Kew Bull. 18(2): 275-316.
Souza, V.C. 2001. Novidades taxonômicas em Esterhazya J.C. Mikan (Scrophulariaceae). Bradea 8(36): 221-226.
Souza, V.C. 2003. Scrophulariaceae. In: Wanderley, M.G.L., G.J. Shepherd, T.S. Melhen, A.M. Giulietti, M. Kirizawa (eds.), Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de Săo Paulo vol. 3: 297-321. Săo Paulo. FAPESP, Rima.
Souza, V.C., Elias, S.I. & Giulietti, A.M. 2001. Notes on Agalinis (Scrophulariaceae) from Brazil. Novon 11(4): 484-488.
Souza, V.C. & Giulietti, A.M. 1990. Scrophulariaceae de Pernambuco. Bol. Bot. Univ. Săo Paulo 12(1): 185-209.
Souza, V.C. & Giulietti, A.M. 2003. Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Scrophulariaceae. Bol. Bot. Univ. Săo Paulo 21(2): 283-297.
Souza, V.C. & Giulietti, A. M. 2009. Levantamento das espécies de Scrophulariaceae s.l. nativas do Brasil. Pesq. Bot. 60: 1-288
Souza, V.C. & Souza, J.P. 1997. Flora de Goiás e Tocantins - Coleçăo Rizzo: Scrophulariaceae. Goiânia. Universidade Federal de Goiás.
Standley, P.C. & Williams, L.O. 1973. Scrophulariaceae. In: Standley, P.C. & Williams, L.O. (eds.), Flora of Guatemala - Part IX, Number 4. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/4): 319-416.
Tank, D.C., Beardsley, P.M., Kelchner, S.A. & Olmstead, R.G. 2006. L.A.S. Johnson Review No. 7. Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. and their current disposition. Australian Syst. Bot. 19: 289-307.
Tank, D.C., Egger, J.M. & Olmstead, R.G. 2009. Phylogenetic Classification of Subtribe Castillejinae (Orobanchaceae). Syst. Bot. 34(1): 182-197.
Thieret, J.W. 1967. Supraspecific classification in the Scrophulariaceae: a review. Sida 3(2): 87-106.
Yatskievych, G. & Jiménez, J.L.C. 2009. A New Genus of Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae from Mexico. Novon 19(2): 266-276.
This treatment was produced with support from
Bolsista produtividade do CNPq
How to cite
Souza, V.C. (2012). Neotropical Orobanchaceae. In: Milliken, W., Klitgĺrd, B. & Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics. http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Orobanchaceae.htm.
Click images to enlarge
Agalinis angustifolia © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Habit of Agalinis brachyphylla © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Agalinis genistifolia © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Agalinis itambensis © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Agalinis ramosissima © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Buchnera lavandulaceae © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Buchnera longifolia © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Buchnera ternifolia © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Buchnera sp. ined. © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Habitat of Esterhazya nanuzae © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Esterhazya nanuzae © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Esterhazya splendida © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Melasma melampyroides © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Habitat of Physocalyx aurantiacus © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Physocalyx aurantiacus © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).
Physocalyx major © Vinicius C. Souza (ESALQ/USP).


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NIST Authors in Bold
Author(s): | Peter J. Mohr; J Griffith; J. Sapirstein; |
Title: | Bound-state field theory approach to proton structure effects in muonic hydrogen |
Published: | May 17, 2013 |
Abstract: | A bound-state field theory approach to muonic hydrogen is set up using a variant of the Furry representation in which the lowest-order Hamiltonian describes a muon in the presence of a point Coulomb field, but the origin of the binding field is taken to be three charged quarks in the proton which are modeled as Dirac particles that move freely within a spherical well. Bound-state field theory techniques are used to evaluate one- and two-photon effects. Particular attention is paid to two-photon exchange diagrams, which include the effect of proton polarizability. In addition the modification of the electromagnetic self energy of the proton by the electric field of the muon is examined. Finally, the model is used to carry out a calculation of the static electric polarizability of the proton. |
Citation: | Physical Review A |
Issue: | 052511 |
Pages: | pp. 052511-1 - 052511-13 |
Keywords: | proton radius, muonic hydrogen, QED, proton polarizability, bag model |
Research Areas: | Atomic Physics |
PDF version: | Click here to retrieve PDF version of paper (689KB) |


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The International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies (ISART) is a US government-sponsored conference that brings together government, academia, and industry leaders for the purpose of collaborating on groundbreaking developments and applications of advanced radio technologies.
ISART 2015: Measurements, Models, Simulations, and Technologies for Improved Spectrum Sharing
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Synopsis of ISART Tutorials and Panel Topics
Visitor Information (includes information about special rate accommodations available through 12 April 2015 at the Boulder Courtyard by Marriott)
Co-located Events
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WSRD Meeting 9:00-11:00 a.m. on May 12: The Wireless Spectrum R&D (WSRD) Senior Steering Group (SSG) was formed in late 2010 to coordinate spectrum-related research and development activities both across the Federal government and with academia and the private sector. The May 2015 monthly WSRD meeting will take place the morning of May 12, just prior to the opening of ISART. For more information, visit the WSRD Web site.
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Post-ISART Workshop on May 15: Factors to Consider for Undertaking Realistic Mobile Broadband Sharing Studies: From 2012 through most of 2013, NTIA's Commerce Spectrum Management Advisory Committee (CSMAC), working with U.S. mobile industry participants and affected Federal agencies, investigated possible spectrum relocation and sharing options for federal government systems in the 1695-1710 MHz and 1755-1780 MHz bands to accommodate new commercial broadband (i.e., LTE) uses. The effort focused on resolving issues associated with widespread spectrum sharing of these bands across the United States. While the CSMAC work was able to provide a worthwhile initial assessment of the magnitude of the challenges posed by federal-commercial sharing, issues remain that must be addressed in order to further develop and refine the system compatibility models and simulations to maximize the potential for spectrum sharing. Prominent among these is the need for more sophisticated and accurate interference prediction models, together with more realistic simulations of the interference (LTE) operational environment. The purpose of this workshop is to discuss a plan of action to address short-comings in interference simulation of advanced radio technologies relevant to the proposed sharing scenarios. This forum could provide a basis for further collaborative research between the U.S. Government and mobile broadband industry on spectrum sharing issues to benefit all concerned. Representative members of the U.S. mobile industry describe how the mobile industry simulates advanced broadband networks (LTE) and what parameters are key (e.g., building entry loss, accurate non-line of sight propagation data, appropriate operational environments…) for spectrum sharing simulation studies. The focus will be on identifying those essential "must have" aspects of a typical complex mobile broadband system widely in use that are deemed necessary for a reasonable study and why they are important. This presentation will not necessarily address numerical values of parameters per se, but rather will highlight what factors are critical in LTE system modeling.


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GATE TO PLATE FOOD SERVICES, INC. Patent applications | ||
Patent application number | Title | Published |
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The Serra d'Estrella, with the cristal clear rivers are there to explore, in an aera full of nature and gastronomical highlights.
The appartment is 100m2 with a balcony of 25m2.
wooden floor
2 bedrooms 1 x double bed, 1 x single
1 bathroom with bath/shower
Livingroom with open kitchen with all necessary items including, fridge, combi microwave/hotairoven.
Lounge area with couch, stereo, television, DVD
Wifi availeble.
In winter the space is heating by a woodstove.
There is a pool 12m x 6m with mosaic tiles, seperate dressingroom shower and toilet area.
outdoor furnature which can be used and a number of nice terraces on the premises.
There is a BBQ aswell as an original wood oven to bake your own bread ,pizza,or traditional dish the artisinal way.
Use of own springwater out of the in granite escavated cave.
There is a pool table, a table football availeble for all the guests, aswell as other game's
Bicycles are availeble for guests.
Availeble on the first floor two bedrooms, double bed, with both separate bathrooms, if more space is needed.
Size | Sleeps up to 3, 2 bedrooms |
Will consider | Long term lets (over 1 month) |
Family friendly | Suitable for children over 5 |
Notes | Some pets are welcome - please contact the owner, No smoking at this property |
Features and Facilities
Luxuries | Internet access, DVD player |
Pool | Private outdoor pool (unheated), Shared outdoor pool (unheated) |
General | TV, Video player, CD player, Pool or snooker table, Games room, Safe, Satellite TV, Wi-Fi available |
Standard | Kettle, Toaster, Iron, Hair dryer |
Utilities | Cooker, Microwave, Fridge, Washing machine |
Rooms | 2 bedrooms, 1 bathrooms of which 1 Family bathrooms, Solarium or roof terrace |
Furniture | Double beds (1), Single beds (1), Dining seats for 4, Lounge seats for 4 |
Other | Linen provided, Towels provided |
Outdoors | Private outdoor pool (unheated), Shared outdoor pool (unheated), Balcony or terrace, Private garden, Shared garden, BBQ, Bicycles available |
Access | Secure parking |
About this location
The Central Portugal region
Oliveira do Hospital
About the owner
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Calendar last updated:20 Apr 2015
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2015 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering
If so, join us in Chicago for ISPCE 2015!
Whether you're looking to advance your career or you're just starting out, work at a start-up, or multinational corporation, need to learn the basics or the latest state-of-the-art design criteria, you should join over 200 industry leaders attending from all over the world. Make new connections, learn the latest global compliance requirements, and meet the rock stars of our specialized field at the 2015 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering!
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I have updated my review and giveaway policies page (now just titled Policies above). If you are entering a giveaway, please read and abide by the applicable policy.
I am no longer an Amazon Associate. I am currently working on updating my posts with links to various locations to buy books. One of the links I am including is to RJ Julia - this is my favorite local independent book store. You can shop their store online and have access to pretty much anything you are looking for. I do not have any affiliation with any of these sites - just looking to support my local indie book store.
Anyone looking for a new feed reader? My recommendation is Bloglovin'. I made the switch and love the layout, plus there is now an app for my phone. If you use Bloglovin' or have made the switch to another feed reader, please make sure you are following me on it so you miss none of the content here!
Sunday, February 20, 2011
Suddenly Sunday - A Winner and A Request for Your Help
Happy Sunday everyone! I hope you are all enjoying your weekend and maybe have tomorrow of for President's Day. I know I do and am very happy about it. Yesterday I accomplished little - had to go do the taxes in the morning and then prep and go out to a banquet and some dancing in the evening - where unfortunately my dress ripped (but at least it was on the way home - right down a seam). But had a great time anyway.
This week there will be a couple reviews as well as a spotlight on the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. The 100th anniversary is coming up next month and there are lots of celebrations and events and such that are going on. I also wanted to share some further reading on the subject and get you in the mindset for the new episode of American Experience that will be on the 28th of February.
Alright, so I'm sure you're all dying to know who the winner is of Madame Tussaud by Michelle Moran and the wonderful pair of Marie Antoinette earrings. Well, wait no longer! The winner is....
Congratulations! I hope you love the book and that the earrings look even better in person! I am sending out an email for your mailing info to pass on to the author. If I don't receive a response in 7 days I will select a different winner.
And now onto my request for some assistance. A couple weeks ago I premiered a new idea on the blog - Two Sides to Every Story. I have decided that I would like to keep this feature going - but I would like to solicit ideas from you guys. So I am looking for some suggestions for the subjects of the feature. It should be something that either has two sides to it (like York v. Lancaster for example) or something where their are differing opinions on a subject (such as Perkin Warbeck v. Richard, Duke of York). If you have any suggestions, just drop them in the form below - it will be easiest for me to collect the answers and access them. Thanks so much for your help in advance. Who knows, your idea could make it into the feature!
Suddenly Sunday is hosted byConfessions and Ramblings of a Muse in the Fog.
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I need help finding a rocker panel decal. It's basically a Mustang running and it seems to dissapear towards the back. I found it at one place but it was going for about $200. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks
thats just it. they are a christmas present for my girlfriend. they aren't for me. somebody please help.
decal On the 2003 pony package is what you are looking for , it is black and fades to white, my wife has it on her zincyellow convertible Mytoy


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Your little girl's dream-come-true. This beautiful doll house provides eight spacious rooms for play, including a fold-out patio area. Its folding feature allows ample room for accessories. And a grand staircase connects the first and second floors. From Fisher-Price.
T30603 — Fisher-Price Loving Family Grand Dollhouse w/ Family & Accessories
To choose your shipping method, add this item to your Shopping Cart, continue to Standard Checkout, and make your selection on the Shipping Method page.
Fisher Price
Fisher Price Sand N Play Build A Box
Fisher-Price iXL Handheld Electronic Learning System w/Software


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Welcome, Sign In
Gift Ideas for the Guy in Your Life
Description:Let's face it - guys can be hard to shop for. Not to fear; we took on the challenge of finding the best gifts out there for that special guy in your life. Whether he's the sophisticated type who appreciates a gorgeous silk bow tie or a soft cashmere beanie, or is the creative kind who's in need of a stylish tome to write down his daily musings, we've rounded up the gifts to please any persona. (1:49)
Source: PopSugar Fashion
Tags: Boyfriend Gift Ideas , Christmas gift ideas , FabSugar , holiday gifts 2012


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Comfortable, durable and affordable, the freshly updated Black Diamond Momentum is an all-around harness offering a clean combination of performance and value. Built to handle the rigors of everything from single-pitch cragging to 18-hour Grade IV ascents, the versatile Momentum has a lumbar-friendly, BD-exclusive bullhorn-shaped waistbelt made with dual-density foam. The four pressure-molded, easy-to-clip gear loops can comfortably handle a triple set of Camalots, plus Stoppers, biners and draws. Other features include: fixed, padded leg loops with adjustable/detachable rear risers, traditional double-back waistbelt buckle and a 15 kn-rated haul loop.
Style number BD651018


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I hate to go there but much as it is politically incorrect to say so, many of my Ugandan brethren are either not terribly intelligent thoughtful or they didn't utilize the time they spent in their primary school English lessons very well. If you rule out those two possibilities, then the word 'delusional' comes to mind.
Take these Facebook responses below to President Museveni's interview with a foreign reporter from the BBC:
Culture and heritage to protect? Independence? No gays in Africa? Did these guys actually listen to Museveni's words? He confirmed that gays have always been part of the African fabric!
And if Uganda was truly independent, why do these people think their president would be spending all this time talking about homosexuality to foreign journalists?
In primary school, I recall that we would always have a lesson after taking periodic tests when we would go through with the teacher making what we called "corrections." It would appear that the people above who cannot understand the simplest English now need these corrections. It would be years too late but, hey, better late than never, yes?
Related articles
- Ugandan President Museveni Warns of 'Promotion of Homosexuality' from Western Countries (towleroad.com)
- Museveni again rubbishes the notion that gays are a Western import (sebaspace.wordpress.com)


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Description [edit]
Brewing Grounds is a great place to bring a book and grab your caffeine fix. They offer an expansive menu and great coffee. Besides being Milwaukee's only 100% fair trade coffee shop, the entire shop is run by volunteers.
Interactive map
Recent articles about Brewing Grounds for Change
Kickstarting Compassionate Cake: Milwaukee's vegan cakery
By Lori Fredrich - Oct. 27, 2011What happens when a community rallies in support of a common cause? Ask Jessica … Read more...


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its black or a very dark purp color....... i was wondering if you guys know what it is and whats it called.
I actually just got a nug of this black crunchy weed and I wanted to know if it's laced with anything before I smoke it...I can't handle laced weed, makes me faint but I really want to smoke this nug that came in my bag of green...if anyone knows plz fill me in
Wow i actually believed him for a sec. XD. But i think without a higher res. picture we're not ganna be able to tell.
i think.... you shouldent buy weed unless its good. i would never buy "crunchy" or " Black" weed. only BRIGHT GREEN SEEDLESS BUDS!.
in the UK importers were weighing down weed with quatz and powdered glass and shit. Does it crunch and crack between your teeth and will it scratch the vinyl on a cd case, dont smoke it
i've heard of a strain called "black widow" it turns black when its done and my freind says its the best weed he's ever smoked. check out the seed company "Mr. Nice" they carry black widow.
haha. do you people know what its like to smoke. TOP QUIALTY BUD? not that hillbilly shit thats discolored and they call it Nugs. lol


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August 02, 2014 |
2 LA cops seriously injured after crash with dump truck
The officers were upgraded from critical to stable condition following the collision. |
July 31, 2014 |
Ohio pursuit ends in fatal crash
July 25 pursuit led to the death of a 21-year-old man. |
July 31, 2014 |
Grandma thanks Idaho trooper for traffic stop
Woman wrote a note to the Idaho State Police thanking the trooper for the kindness he showed her grandchildren during the stop. |
July 30, 2014 |
Texas cop has brush with death during traffic stop
As the officer spoke with the driver he pulled over, a pickup came within inches of side-swiping him before grinding to a halt. |
July 29, 2014 |
Driver plows into Mustang during traffic stop
Dash cam video has been released capturing a driver slamming into a vehicle pulled over to the side of the road during a Texas traffic stop June 20. |
July 29, 2014 |
Officer mistakenly fires gun in bizarre Iowa pursuit
July 20 pursuit ended with police smashing the windows of a vehicle and an accidental discharge of one of their service weapons. |
July 25, 2014 |
Wis. pursuit ends in gun battle
After driving around two sets of stop sticks, a deputy performed a PIT maneuver and was quickly met with gunshots from the suspect. |
July 24, 2014 |
Mich. cop attacked, dragged before shooting suspect in pursuit
As the officer started to place the suspect under arrest, he began fighting the cop and reentered his vehicle – dragging the officer for a few feet as he sped off. |
July 23, 2014 |
Shooting into and out of a vehicle
Shannon Thrasher of Athens Guns tests theories on shooting into and out of vehicles, using them for cover, shooting out of windshields versus exiting the car, and more. |


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So it's cold and snowy here in NYC today and all I can do is think back to warmer weather and of course throwing on a pair of sandals and kicking back in the sun. 42 more words
Tags » Cruise Collection
The perfect present from Gucci: the new Flora print
Frida Giannini, Gucci creative director, first revived the Flora collection in 2005, ten years later, she teamed up with Canadian artist Kris Knight to reinterpret the flowered pattern for the cruise 2015 collection. 97 more words
Louis Vuitton - Cruise 2015 Mask collection
The French house's Cruise 2015 Mask Collection is based on a huge successful six-months-long fair in 1931, when Gaston–Louis Vuitton displayed his own personal collection of African tribal masks at the Paris Colonial Exhibition. 166 more words
Chanel Cruise Collection 2015
Hiya darlings!
Chanel goes Tokyo Street Fashion for their 2015 Cruise collection. The collection is gorgeous and I doubt even their 2015 S/S collection will be able to top it. 142 more words
Jimmy Choo - Vices Collection
Jimmy Choo does Cruise very well and its Cruise '15 may be one of the best the designer has ever done. In its latest Cruise '15 collection, Jimmy Choo has unveiled five bejeweled footwear looks combined with exotic skins including Emerald, Ruby, Sapphire and Black Diamond styles. 106 more words


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Olympia Cremina Routine Maintenance & Troubleshooting FAQ
Olympia Cremina Routine Maintenance & Troubleshooting FAQ
How often do I need to descale my machine?
If you have very hard tap water, it is generally recommended that you use filtered, softened or bottled water to minimize scale buildup. The best approach to take is to concern yourself with scale before it is manifested in a problem. Scale can appear as white lines in the water level sight glass tube, white patches on the sides of the boiler, or on the element. An inspection light, and a good look inside the boiler, is the best approach to determining if descaling is needed. As a rule of thumb use water with proper mineral content, inspect, and you will find only a very occasional need to descale the machine. All chemical descalers have an effect on the surfaces which they contact, so prevention is a better approach than frequent descaling.
If I do need to descale, how do I do it, and what do I use?
All chemical descalers are based on some organic acid formulation. Dilute citric acid, or dilute acetic acid (vinegar) are common food safe descalers. We prefer dilute citric acid. Some proprietary descalers use a combination of acids - be sure to read the label for compatibility information.
A proper descaling citric acid solution should be no more than 1 tablespoon of citric acid crystals per liter of water. To descale your machine, prepare the solution, fill the boiler, power the machine on to heat, allow to sit approximately one hour, empty the descaler from the machine, and rinse repeatedly before using the machine.
My boiler cap sputters - what is wrong with it?
The Olympia boiler cap contains a Vacuum Breaker Valve (also called an "Empty Valve"), it will have either a ball bearing, which seats to an o-ring, or a weighted shaft with an o-ring seal. The seal, and seat of the valve can become fouled with mineral scale. The simple solution to this problem is, with the machine cold, remove the cap insert by pressing on the edge of the insert with your thumb - this will pop up the opposite edge so you can remove it. Add a few drops of vinegar to the top of the shaft or the hole in the brass fitting & let stand for 15 minutes, approximately. The vinegar will dissolve the scale. Rinse the cap, and replace the insert, before use.
Is there any maintenance I need to do to the steam faucet?
The best advice for increased longevity of the steam faucet seals is to not overtighten the knob. There is a Viton seal on the end of the steam faucet shaft which seals against a brass ring. Over tightening, beyond just having the steam stop, will reduce the life of this seal. The seals in the steam valve will generally last a very long time with no maintenance issues.
How to I change the Pressure Switch Setting?
The Pressure Switch, or Pressurestat (pstat) is located inside the case of the machine. To access the switch, remove the boiler cap, remove the large nut on the boiler neck (watch out for scratching the top plate), lift off the top plate and drip cup (note there is a ground wire attached to the top plate, and one attached to the case). Remove the back case. Pressurestat is located on the steam knob side, front corner. On the top of it there is a screw with indications of plus (+), and minus (-) A small increment of screw turn in either direction will affect the pressure setting.
Is there anything else inside the case that I need to maintain?
No. But, if you have the case off, look around! Check for evidence of scale at any fitting - white patches, green patches on fittings, discolorations or wet spots - there shouldn't be any.
What do I need to do to maintain the group?
There are 2 issues at play here - one is cleaning, the other is lubrication. Both are generally done during the same session - clean, then lube. There are 2 different methods for approaching group maintenance. One is with the group removed from the machine, the other with the group attached to the machine. I find removing the group the simplest. The new Cremina machines use a group to boiler seal which can be reused, so no replacement part is needed generally.
With the machine unplugged, and cold, and with the boiler water level below the point where the group attaches (you may empty the machine but it's not necessary as long as the level is low!):
Loosen & remove the 4 socket head cap bolts that hold the group onto the boiler, using a hex key tool (Allen wrench). Lift the group away from the machine. Looking up into the bell of the group you will see the dispersion screen which is held in place by the Portafilter Gasket. Using a thin, probe tool, on the screen side, slide it along beside the gasket, and pull the gasket out - it will usually come out together with the screen, as one unit. If there are coffee oils apparent under the screen, soak it in coffee cleaner, wipe out with cloth, hold it up to a light to see that the holes are not clogged. A toothbrush works well for cleaning the screen.
Lift the lever so the piston moves up, into the cylinder, to the top. Wipe the cylinder walls clean with a cloth, apply a small dab of lubricant - we recommend Dow111 Silicone Valve Lubricant. Don't over apply it - it doesn't take much! Spread the lube around the walls of the cylinder, run the piston back down to the bottom, and wipe off any excess lubricant. Place the portafilter gasket on the group screen, at the bottom edge, install the screen over the cylinder, push the gasket into place using a blunt tool. Using the portafilter with no basket in it, as a tool, finish pushing the screen with gasket into place by locking the portafilter in. Install the group back onto the boiler, with the 4 socket head cap bolts, tightening them in an X pattern.
The alternate method is to do the same cleaning & lubrication but with the group still on the machine. This is done by first emptying all the water from the machine, lay the machine on it's back (use a towel or other protective material), and proceed with the above described maintenance. Once you become experienced this takes only a very few minutes!
How often should I maintain the group?
Of course, it depends on your level of use. I recommend at least once a month. A good maintenance schedule helps to ensure the best performance, and best longevity of the seals, and the machine in general.
My lever feels jumpy, draggy, jerky, what is wrong?
Almost all issues relating to the 'feel' of the lever can be traced back to cleaning & lubrication.
What should I do, if anything, about the lever pins & yoke?
Lever pins & yoke should be kept clean, and lubed. We recommend Dow111, or our Pin Lube for the pins. An occasional applicating of a drop or two with a toothpick at the yoke pin holes, the through axle hole, the rear bushing slot and the pins - it doesn't take much, just a little lubrication on all of the mating surfaces will help keep the action smooth & wear free. The rule of thumb - if it moves, lube it!
How often should I change the seals - just in case or to prevent a problem?
There are 2 kinds of seals in the machine - passive, and active. The passive seals are those used in places where parts don't move - sight glass, heating element, group to boiler, etc. In the case of passive seals the machine is assembled, heat cycled, and fittings retightened. These seals last a very long time, and we don't recommend changing unless there is a leak, or a steam sputter you notice. Usually it can be solved easily by a minor tightening of a fitting or part - this is due to heat cycling & normal use.
The active seals are ones in locations where there are moving parts - boiler cap, steam valve, piston rod seal & piston seals, as well as the portafilter gasket. These seals should be replaced upon failure - again, manifested in a leak or problem. Current materials of Viton, and silicone for many of these seals allow them to last a long time, as long as the regular maintenance is done. Changing seals to 'prevent' a problem is generally not necessary or recommended under most circumstances.
But, what about the piston seals?
The piston & cylinder is the heart of the machine. The piston has 2 seals on it, that are u-cup type, responsible for keeping the pressurized water in the group from leaking out, and for creating the pressure when you pull the espresso shot. Inadequate lubrication or seal wear can manifest itself in drips while the machine is heating up. This is an indication that you need to go a bit farther into the group than in your normal cleaning. You may need new piston seals, but perhaps not... If you do need to change the piston seals, the 2011 Cremina is very simple - while doing your cleaning you may have noticed a hex head screw on the face of the brass piston. The seals can be changed without removing lever pins, piston rod, etc. Using a hex wrench, loosen & remove the screw, and pull the brass piston out of the cylinder. This allows you to examine, clean & lubricate the entire cylinder surface inside the group, clean, inspect & lubricate the piston seals, and if you detect some damage to a seal (if the drip on warm up is the problem it will likely be the top seal) then replace. If you detect no damage, then replace the cleaned & lubed piston into the cylinder making sure that the leading edge of the seal slides nicely into the cylinder, and doesn't become pinched or torn. Replace the screw in the face of the piston, replace the dispersions & portafilter as you did in your routine maintenance.
Should I keep extra seals on hand 'just in case'?
Not a bad idea - having them on hand means less down time! Every espresso machine will need new seals or gaskets sooner, or later. No reason to change them recreationally, but it's good to have a spare for the piston at least!
My machine is a month old, and it drips - what is wrong?
A very common thing that happens when a person receives a lever machine - the first thing they want to do is pump the lever up & down! Absolutely understandable, and absolutely should be avoided. Do not cold pump, or dry pump the lever. This will aggressively move the lubricant away from the seals, causing premature wear, or dripping. The group is designed to function while it is full of hot water. The lubricant does not properly function when cold, or in a dry situation - it needs both heat, and water to function properly (and water itself is part of the lubrication of the machine!). Dry dragging, or cold dragging can damage the seals. Your machine cylinder needs to be warm, and wet to function properly. Most often removing the piston, cleaning & reapplying lubricant to the seals & piston/cylinder will solve the problem.
Where can I get more information about making repairs myself - I don't want to ship my machine!
The new model Cremina is nearly identical to the old models of the Cremina - there have been some changes, but much of the information we've covered regarding vintage Olympia Cremina is also applicable to a new model.
Copyright 2014
Orphan Espresso


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So EA has its own indie bundle now. Yes, I'm aware that hardly makes any sense. At the very least, each game is part of the EA Partners program, which means the devs do, in fact, own their IPs – not EA. That said, it's all a bit silly, right? Especially in the past year or so, EA's once again become synonymous with gaming's fe-fi-fo-fumming, goose-that-lays-golden-eggs-milking corporate side. It is, to be frank, the near-comically polar opposite of the indie "scene." Clearly, though, EA's trying to evoke a certain reaction by co-opting that word. But that, in itself, strikes me as problematic, because gaming's least gentle giant is right: "indie" has a connotation now, and it's very much coloring the expectations of gamers and indie developers alike. To be a developer of independent games and to be "indie" are now two entirely different things.
Posts Tagged 'indie bundle'
Spring Fling: Indie Royale Births A New Bundle
By Nathan Grayson on April 18th, 2012.
Spring time has always been a bit of a double-edged sword for me. On one hand, there are flowers and refreshing breezes, and the sun smiles like in an old black-and-white cartoon, except with a chillingly sinister undertone because it's kind of pissed about global warming these days. But, on the other, crippling allergies render me incapable of drawing breath. Fortunately, thanks to Indie Royale's spring bundle, I can now take my mind off my sputtering, purple-faced death by partaking of a nice selection of indie games on the cheap. So that's nice.


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That's it! Tottenham beat Dnipro and progress to the last-16 of the Europa League. Tottenham 3 Dnipro 1 (Agg: 3-2). Benfica next for Tim Sherwood's side.
90+5 -
Excellent from Kane. Kulakov fouls and receives a yellow card.
90+4 -
Dawson gets a yellow for a really late tackle. Dnipro free-kick in a dangerous area.
90+3 -
Rotan has played well tonight but he receives a yellow card for pulling Dembele back.
90 -
Kane comes on for Soldado.
88 -
Townsend off, Lennon on.
85 -
Fedetskiy off, Kulakov on. Earlier Kankava was replaced by Seleznyov.
84 -
Sandro off Bentaleb on for Spurs.
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This documentation is work-in-progress and unorganized.
These functions cut hierarchical clusterings into flat clusterings or find the roots of the forest formed by a cut by providing the flat cluster ids of each observation.
Function | Description |
fcluster | forms flat clusters from hierarchical clusters. |
fclusterdata | forms flat clusters directly from data. |
leaders | singleton root nodes for flat cluster. |
These are routines for agglomerative clustering.
Function | Description |
linkage | agglomeratively clusters original observations. |
single | the single/min/nearest algorithm. (alias) |
complete | the complete/max/farthest algorithm. (alias) |
average | the average/UPGMA algorithm. (alias) |
weighted | the weighted/WPGMA algorithm. (alias) |
centroid | the centroid/UPGMC algorithm. (alias) |
median | the median/WPGMC algorithm. (alias) |
ward | the Ward/incremental algorithm. (alias) |
These routines compute statistics on hierarchies.
Function | Description |
cophenet | computes the cophenetic distance between leaves. |
from_mlab_linkage | converts a linkage produced by MATLAB(TM). |
inconsistent | the inconsistency coefficients for cluster. |
maxinconsts | the maximum inconsistency coefficient for each cluster. |
maxdists | the maximum distance for each cluster. |
maxRstat | the maximum specific statistic for each cluster. |
to_mlab_linkage | converts a linkage to one MATLAB(TM) can understand. |
Routines for visualizing flat clusters.
Function | Description |
dendrogram | visualizes linkages (requires matplotlib). |
These are data structures and routines for representing hierarchies as tree objects.
Function | Description |
ClusterNode | represents cluster nodes in a cluster hierarchy. |
leaves_list | a left-to-right traversal of the leaves. |
to_tree | represents a linkage matrix as a tree object. |
These are predicates for checking the validity of linkage and inconsistency matrices as well as for checking isomorphism of two flat cluster assignments.
Function | Description |
is_valid_im | checks for a valid inconsistency matrix. |
is_valid_linkage | checks for a valid hierarchical clustering. |
is_isomorphic | checks if two flat clusterings are isomorphic. |
is_monotonic | checks if a linkage is monotonic. |
correspond | checks whether a condensed distance matrix corresponds with a linkage |
num_obs_linkage | the number of observations corresponding to a linkage matrix. |
[Sta07] | "Statistics toolbox." API Reference Documentation. The MathWorks. http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/stats/. Accessed October 1, 2007. |
[Mti07] | "Hierarchical clustering." API Reference Documentation. The Wolfram Research, Inc. http://reference.wolfram.com/mathematica/HierarchicalClustering/tutorial/HierarchicalClustering.html. Accessed October 1, 2007. |
[Gow69] | Gower, JC and Ross, GJS. "Minimum Spanning Trees and Single Linkage Cluster Analysis." Applied Statistics. 18(1): pp. 54–64. 1969. |
[War63] | Ward Jr, JH. "Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function." Journal of the American Statistical Association. 58(301): pp. 236–44. 1963. |
[Joh66] | Johnson, SC. "Hierarchical clustering schemes." Psychometrika. 32(2): pp. 241–54. 1966. |
[Sne62] | Sneath, PH and Sokal, RR. "Numerical taxonomy." Nature. 193: pp. 855–60. 1962. |
[Bat95] | Batagelj, V. "Comparing resemblance measures." Journal of Classification. 12: pp. 73–90. 1995. |
[Sok58] | Sokal, RR and Michener, CD. "A statistical method for evaluating systematic relationships." Scientific Bulletins. 38(22): pp. 1409–38. 1958. |
[Ede79] | Edelbrock, C. "Mixture model tests of hierarchical clustering algorithms: the problem of classifying everybody." Multivariate Behavioral Research. 14: pp. 367–84. 1979. |
[Jai88] | Jain, A., and Dubes, R., "Algorithms for Clustering Data." Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1988. |
[Fis36] | Fisher, RA "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems." Annals of Eugenics, 7(2): 179-188. 1936 |
Copyright (C) Damian Eads, 2007-2008. New BSD License.
A tree node class for representing a cluster. Leaf nodes correspond to original observations, while non-leaf nodes correspond to non-singleton clusters.
The to_tree function converts a matrix returned by the linkage function into an easy-to-use tree representation.
Seealso: |
The number of leaf nodes (original observations) belonging to the cluster node nd. If the target node is a leaf, 1 is returned.
Returns: |
The identifier of the target node. For , corresponds to original observation . For < , corresponds to non-singleton cluster formed at iteration .
Returns: |
Returns a reference to the left child tree object. If the node is a leaf, None is returned.
Returns: |
Returns a reference to the right child tree object. If the node is a leaf, None is returned.
Returns: |
Returns True iff the target node is a leaf.
Returns: |
Performs preorder traversal without recursive function calls. When a leaf node is first encountered, func is called with the leaf node as its argument, and its result is appended to the list.
For example, the statement:
ids = root.pre_order(lambda x: x.id)
returns a list of the node ids corresponding to the leaf nodes of the tree as they appear from left to right.
Parameters: |
Returns: |
Performs average/UPGMA linkage on the condensed distance matrix y. See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.
Parameters: |
Returns: |
Seealso: |
Performs centroid/UPGMC linkage. See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.
The following are common calling conventions:
Z = centroid(y)
Performs centroid/UPGMC linkage on the condensed distance matrix y. See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.
Z = centroid(X)
Performs centroid/UPGMC linkage on the observation matrix X using Euclidean distance as the distance metric. See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.
Parameters: |
Returns: |
Seealso: |
Performs complete complete/max/farthest point linkage on the condensed distance matrix y. See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.
Parameters: |
Returns: |
Calculates the cophenetic distances between each observation in the hierarchical clustering defined by the linkage Z.
Suppose p and q are original observations in disjoint clusters s and t, respectively and s and t are joined by a direct parent cluster u. The cophenetic distance between observations i and j is simply the distance between clusters s and t.
Parameters: |
Returns: | (c, {d}) - c : ndarray
Checks if a linkage matrix Z and condensed distance matrix Y could possibly correspond to one another.
They must have the same number of original observations for the check to succeed.
This function is useful as a sanity check in algorithms that make extensive use of linkage and distance matrices that must correspond to the same set of original observations.
Arguments: |
Returns: |
Plots the hiearchical clustering defined by the linkage Z as a dendrogram. The dendrogram illustrates how each cluster is composed by drawing a U-shaped link between a non-singleton cluster and its children. The height of the top of the U-link is the distance between its children clusters. It is also the cophenetic distance between original observations in the two children clusters. It is expected that the distances in Z[:,2] be monotonic, otherwise crossings appear in the dendrogram.
Z : ndarray The linkage matrix encoding the hierarchical clustering to render as a dendrogram. See the linkage function for more information on the format of Z.
truncate_mode : string The dendrogram can be hard to read when the original observation matrix from which the linkage is derived is large. Truncation is used to condense the dendrogram. There are several modes:
- None/'none': no truncation is performed (Default)
- 'lastp': the last p non-singleton formed in the linkage
are the only non-leaf nodes in the linkage; they correspond to to rows Z[n-p-2:end] in Z. All other non-singleton clusters are contracted into leaf nodes.
- 'mlab': This corresponds to MATLAB(TM) behavior. (not
implemented yet)
- 'level'/'mtica': no more than p levels of the
dendrogram tree are displayed. This corresponds to Mathematica(TM) behavior.
- p : int The p parameter for truncate_mode.
color_threshold : double For brevity, let be the color_threshold. Colors all the descendent links below a cluster node the same color if is the first node below the cut threshold . All links connecting nodes with distances greater than or equal to the threshold are colored blue. If is less than or equal to zero, all nodes are colored blue. If color_threshold is None or 'default', corresponding with MATLAB(TM) behavior, the threshold is set to 0.7*max(Z[:,2]).
get_leaves : bool Includes a list R['leaves']=H in the result dictionary. For each , H[i] == j, cluster node appears in the th position in the left-to-right traversal of the leaves, where and .
orientation : string The direction to plot the dendrogram, which can be any of the following strings
- 'top': plots the root at the top, and plot descendent
links going downwards. (default).
- 'bottom': plots the root at the bottom, and plot descendent
links going upwards.
- 'left': plots the root at the left, and plot descendent
links going right.
- 'right': plots the root at the right, and plot descendent
links going left.
labels : ndarray By default labels is None so the index of the original observation is used to label the leaf nodes.
Otherwise, this is an -sized list (or tuple). The labels[i] value is the text to put under the th leaf node only if it corresponds to an original observation and not a non-singleton cluster.
count_sort : string/bool For each node n, the order (visually, from left-to-right) n's two descendent links are plotted is determined by this parameter, which can be any of the following values:
- False: nothing is done.
- 'ascending'/True: the child with the minimum number of
original objects in its cluster is plotted first.
- 'descendent': the child with the maximum number of
original objects in its cluster is plotted first.
Note distance_sort and count_sort cannot both be True.
distance_sort : string/bool For each node n, the order (visually, from left-to-right) n's two descendent links are plotted is determined by this parameter, which can be any of the following values:
- False: nothing is done.
- 'ascending'/True: the child with the minimum distance
between its direct descendents is plotted first.
- 'descending': the child with the maximum distance
between its direct descendents is plotted first.
Note distance_sort and count_sort cannot both be True.
show_leaf_counts : bool
When True, leaf nodes representing original observation are labeled with the number of observations they contain in parentheses.
no_plot : bool When True, the final rendering is not performed. This is useful if only the data structures computed for the rendering are needed or if matplotlib is not available.
no_labels : bool When True, no labels appear next to the leaf nodes in the rendering of the dendrogram.
leaf_label_rotation : double
Specifies the angle (in degrees) to rotate the leaf labels. When unspecified, the rotation based on the number of nodes in the dendrogram. (Default=0)
leaf_font_size : int Specifies the font size (in points) of the leaf labels. When unspecified, the size based on the number of nodes in the dendrogram.
leaf_label_func : lambda or function
When leaf_label_func is a callable function, for each leaf with cluster index . The function is expected to return a string with the label for the leaf.
Indices correspond to original observations while indices correspond to non-singleton clusters.
For example, to label singletons with their node id and non-singletons with their id, count, and inconsistency coefficient, simply do:
# First define the leaf label function. def llf(id): if id < n: return str(id) else: return '[%d %d %1.2f]' % (id, count, R[n-id,3]) # The text for the leaf nodes is going to be big so force # a rotation of 90 degrees. dendrogram(Z, leaf_label_func=llf, leaf_rotation=90) show_contracted : bool When True the heights of non-singleton nodes contracted into a leaf node are plotted as crosses along the link connecting that leaf node. This really is only useful when truncation is used (see truncate_mode parameter).
link_color_func : lambda/function When a callable function, link_color_function is called with each non-singleton id corresponding to each U-shaped link it will paint. The function is expected to return the color to paint the link, encoded as a matplotlib color string code.
For example:
dendrogram(Z, link_color_func=lambda k: colors[k])colors the direct links below each untruncated non-singleton node k using colors[k].
Returns: |
Forms flat clusters from the hierarchical clustering defined by the linkage matrix Z. The threshold t is a required parameter.
Arguments: |
Returns: |
T = fclusterdata(X, t)
Clusters the original observations in the n by m data matrix X (n observations in m dimensions), using the euclidean distance metric to calculate distances between original observations, performs hierarchical clustering using the single linkage algorithm, and forms flat clusters using the inconsistency method with t as the cut-off threshold.
A one-dimensional numpy array T of length n is returned. T[i] is the index of the flat cluster to which the original observation i belongs.
Arguments: |
Returns: |
This function is similar to MATLAB(TM) clusterdata function.
Converts a linkage matrix generated by MATLAB(TM) to a new linkage matrix compatible with this module. The conversion does two things:
- the indices are converted from 1..N to 0..(N-1) form, and
- a fourth column Z[:,3] is added where Z[i,3] is represents the number of original observations (leaves) in the non-singleton cluster i.
This function is useful when loading in linkages from legacy data files generated by MATLAB.
Arguments: |
Returns: |
Calculates inconsistency statistics on a linkage.
Note: This function behaves similarly to the MATLAB(TM) inconsistent function.
Parameters: |
Returns: |
Determines if two different cluster assignments T1 and T2 are equivalent.
Arguments: |
Returns True if the linkage passed is monotonic. The linkage is monotonic if for every cluster and joined, the distance between them is no less than the distance between any previously joined clusters.
Arguments: |
Returns: |
Returns True if the inconsistency matrix passed is valid. It must be a by 4 numpy array of doubles. The standard deviations R[:,1] must be nonnegative. The link counts R[:,2] must be positive and no greater than .
Arguments: |
Returns: |
Checks the validity of a linkage matrix. A linkage matrix is valid if it is a two dimensional nd-array (type double) with rows and 4 columns. The first two columns must contain indices between 0 and . For a given row i, and (i.e. a cluster cannot join another cluster unless the cluster being joined has been generated.)
Arguments: |
Returns: |
(L, M) = leaders(Z, T):
Returns the root nodes in a hierarchical clustering corresponding to a cut defined by a flat cluster assignment vector T. See the fcluster function for more information on the format of T.
For each flat cluster of the flat clusters represented in the n-sized flat cluster assignment vector T, this function finds the lowest cluster node in the linkage tree Z such that:
- leaf descendents belong only to flat cluster j (i.e. T[p]==j for all in where is the set of leaf ids of leaf nodes descendent with cluster node )
- there does not exist a leaf that is not descendent with that also belongs to cluster (i.e. T[q]!=j for all not in ). If this condition is violated, T is not a valid cluster assignment vector, and an exception will be thrown.
Arguments: |
Returns: | (L, M)
Returns a list of leaf node ids (corresponding to observation vector index) as they appear in the tree from left to right. Z is a linkage matrix.
Arguments: |
Returns: |
Performs hierarchical/agglomerative clustering on the condensed distance matrix y. y must be a sized vector where n is the number of original observations paired in the distance matrix. The behavior of this function is very similar to the MATLAB(TM) linkage function.
A 4 by matrix Z is returned. At the -th iteration, clusters with indices Z[i, 0] and Z[i, 1] are combined to form cluster . A cluster with an index less than corresponds to one of the original observations. The distance between clusters Z[i, 0] and Z[i, 1] is given by Z[i, 2]. The fourth value Z[i, 3] represents the number of original observations in the newly formed cluster.
The following linkage methods are used to compute the distance between two clusters and . The algorithm begins with a forest of clusters that have yet to be used in the hierarchy being formed. When two clusters and from this forest are combined into a single cluster , and are removed from the forest, and is added to the forest. When only one cluster remains in the forest, the algorithm stops, and this cluster becomes the root.
A distance matrix is maintained at each iteration. The d[i,j] entry corresponds to the distance between cluster and in the original forest.
At each iteration, the algorithm must update the distance matrix to reflect the distance of the newly formed cluster u with the remaining clusters in the forest.
Suppose there are original observations in cluster and original objects in cluster . Recall and are combined to form cluster . Let be any remaining cluster in the forest that is not .
The following are methods for calculating the distance between the newly formed cluster and each .
method='single' assigns
for all points in cluster and in cluster . This is also known as the Nearest Point Algorithm.
method='complete' assigns
for all points in cluster u and in cluster . This is also known by the Farthest Point Algorithm or Voor Hees Algorithm.
method='average' assigns
for all points and where and are the cardinalities of clusters and , respectively. This is also called the UPGMA algorithm. This is called UPGMA.
method='weighted' assigns
where cluster u was formed with cluster s and t and v is a remaining cluster in the forest. (also called WPGMA)
method='centroid' assigns
where and are the centroids of clusters and , respectively. When two clusters and are combined into a new cluster , the new centroid is computed over all the original objects in clusters and . The distance then becomes the Euclidean distance between the centroid of and the centroid of a remaining cluster in the forest. This is also known as the UPGMC algorithm.
method='median' assigns math:d(s,t) like the centroid method. When two clusters and are combined into a new cluster , the average of centroids s and t give the new centroid . This is also known as the WPGMC algorithm.
method='ward' uses the Ward variance minimization algorithm. The new entry is computed as follows,
where is the newly joined cluster consisting of clusters and , is an unused cluster in the forest, , and is the cardinality of its argument. This is also known as the incremental algorithm.
Warning: When the minimum distance pair in the forest is chosen, there may be two or more pairs with the same minimum distance. This implementation may chose a different minimum than the MATLAB(TM) version.
- Q : ndarray
A condensed or redundant distance matrix. A condensed distance matrix is a flat array containing the upper triangular of the distance matrix. This is the form that pdist returns. Alternatively, a collection of observation vectors in n dimensions may be passed as a by array.
- method : string
The linkage algorithm to use. See the Linkage Methods section below for full descriptions.
- metric : string
The distance metric to use. See the distance.pdist function for a list of valid distance metrics.
Returns: |
Returns the maximum statistic for each non-singleton cluster and its descendents.
Arguments: |
Returns: |
Returns the maximum distance between any cluster for each non-singleton cluster.
Arguments: |
Returns: |
Returns the maximum inconsistency coefficient for each non-singleton cluster and its descendents.
Arguments: |
Returns: |
Performs median/WPGMC linkage. See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.
The following are common calling conventions:
Z = median(y)
Performs median/WPGMC linkage on the condensed distance matrix y. See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.
Z = median(X)
Performs median/WPGMC linkage on the observation matrix X using Euclidean distance as the distance metric. See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.
Parameters: |
Returns: |
Seealso: |
Returns the number of original observations of the linkage matrix passed.
Arguments: |
Returns: |
Changes the list of matplotlib color codes to use when coloring links with the dendrogram color_threshold feature.
Arguments: |
the color codes is the order in which the colors are cycled through when color thresholding in the dendrogram. |
Performs single/min/nearest linkage on the condensed distance matrix y. See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.
Parameters: |
Returns: |
Seealso: |
Converts a linkage matrix Z generated by the linkage function of this module to a MATLAB(TM) compatible one. The return linkage matrix has the last column removed and the cluster indices are converted to 1..N indexing.
Arguments: |
Returns: |
Converts a hierarchical clustering encoded in the matrix Z (by linkage) into an easy-to-use tree object. The reference r to the root ClusterNode object is returned.
Each ClusterNode object has a left, right, dist, id, and count attribute. The left and right attributes point to ClusterNode objects that were combined to generate the cluster. If both are None then the ClusterNode object is a leaf node, its count must be 1, and its distance is meaningless but set to 0.
Note: This function is provided for the convenience of the library user. ClusterNodes are not used as input to any of the functions in this library.
Parameters: |
Returns: |
Performs Ward's linkage on a condensed or redundant distance matrix. See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.
The following are common calling conventions:
Parameters: |
Returns: |
Seealso: |
Performs weighted/WPGMA linkage on the condensed distance matrix y. See linkage for more information on the return structure and algorithm.
Parameters: |
Returns: |
Seealso: |


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The Broadview Anthology of Short Fiction, Second Edition
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- Publisher: Broadview Press Ltd
- Format: Paperback | 375 pages
- Dimensions: 152mm x 226mm x 20mm | 522g
- Publication date: 25 July 2012
- Publication City/Country: Peterborough
- Edition: 2, Annotated
- Edition statement: 2nd annotated edition
- Sales rank: 667,822
Product description
Broadview's popular anthology of short fiction now includes even more fresh, diverse, and contemporary selections.
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Julia Gaunce is the author of the novel Rocket Science (Pedlar Press, 2000). Suzette Mayr is the author of four novels, the most recent of which is Monoceros (Coach House Books, 2011). She teaches creative writing at the University of Calgary. Don LePan is the founder and President of Broadview Press and the author of Animals: A Novel (Vehicule Press, 2009). Marjorie Mather and Bryanne Miller are the Publisher and Assistant English Editor, respectively, at Broadview Press.
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"The second edition of The Broadview Anthology of Short Fiction will appeal to instructors, students, and general readers alike. The stories are international in scope, with a strong Canadian component, and cover a broad temporal and generic range, from the nineteenth-century Gothic fiction of Hawthorne and Poe to the contemporary graphic fiction of Shaun Tan. While the collection is built around a solid core of canonical stories by the likes of Joyce, Perkins Gilman, Carver, Atwood, and others, the editors have made some bold and fresh selections, resulting in a diverse and distinctive anthology."--Herb Wyile, Acadia University


text:
A pistol that fires a signal flare gives the flare an initial speed (muzzle speed) of 185 m/s. (a) If the flare is fired at an angle of 55° above the horizontal on the level salt flats of Utah, what is its horizontal range? You can ignore air resistance. (b) If the flare is fired at the same angle over the flat Sea of Tranquility on the moon, where g = 1.6 m/s2, what is its horizontal range? I am just going blank i tried solving for range but am lost
Resolve the initial velocity into horizontal and vertical components. Use what you know about motion with constant acceleration to figure out how long it will take for an object moving upward with the vertical component of the flare velocity to return to the ground. The horizontal motion of the flare has no effect on the vertical motion, so the time in flight depnds only on the initial vertical velocity and the acceleration. Once you have the time in flight, use the (constant) horizontal component of velocity to figure out how far the flare moves horizontally; that is the range.
Thanks i finaly got it it took me a while This is what i did 185*sin55 =V(ertical speed) V/g = T(ime to stop vertically) T*2=total time 185*cos55 = v(horizontal speed) t*v=R(horizontal range) I did the same for the moon g = 1.6 Thanks


text:
Business / Aviation
All Nippon Airways 787
In early November All Nippon Airways became the first operator of the new Boeing 787, a carbon composite airplane that promises lower operating costs and some interesting developments in cabin technology. Monocle's Gabriel Leigh takes the 787 on a Japanese domestic flight to see just how much it lives up to the hype.
- Video Journalist
- Gabriel Leigh


text:
Just go to the manufacturers' homepages and look up their maximum power consumption, add and a percentage (maybe 50%) to figure out what you should get. Remember that cooling and overclocking use power as well. Your new PC sounds so weak though that even the used 600W PSU allows for some small upgrades, f ex RAM, HDDs and CPU.
You can often change the PSU fairly easily without taking out anything first. What you want to avoid with the PSU is use too close to its potential as it might crash your computer from time to time and get worse over time as it degrades.


text:
Zebrafish Letterbox LbNA # 58471
Owner | LunarLassie |
Placed Date | Jun 24 2011 |
County | Kitsap |
Location | Waterfront Park, Winslow, WA |
Boxes | 1 |
Found By | |
Last Update |
Down street from The Bainbridge Island Commons, walk down the left dirt path from the front of the boat stage.Hop down the rocks and walk left until you reach an overhanging branch marked LOVE. The letterbox is hidden around here. The Zebrafish letterbox/geocache also has a twin called the Angelfish Letterbox,which is very close by.


text:
Friday, May 2, 2003
© Copyright 2015
Clayton News Daily
By Trina Trice
Below an American flag waving in the wind, Clayton County residents gathered to bow their heads and pray for the country. First Baptist Church in Jonesboro and Shiloh Baptist Church sponsored a noon prayer meeting, something the former has done for the past several years, said the Rev. Dean Haun, in conjunction with the National Day of Prayer. The first Thursday of May has been designated for the annual event. "We know the Clayton County Minister's Conference sponsors the breakfast and another group sponsors one at night," Haun said. "We do this at noon, so we can cover the entire day in prayer." At Thursday's prayer meeting, ministers encouraged the prayers for federal, state, and local leaders, as well as, for the entire nation. "This day annually has been a day to pray for our nation, a direction for our nation, and future and for our own spiritual walk with God," Haun said. Shiloh Baptist Church members Eva Maria Collier and Aretha Wright attended the prayer meeting. "I came here because I love the Lord and I'm very concerned about our nation," Collier said. "I think this is wonderful. It should be done all over the world in times like these." Wright brought her three-year-old son. "We really need to lift our hearts up in prayer," Wright said. "I hope its something we can do monthly. It's nice for" her son "to see us praying for our nation and for our troops. I want him to get in the habit of praying." Several local and state officials attended the meeting, including State Rep. Victor Hill, D-College Park who said, "As a police officer and an elected official, I need double prayers. I need all I can get." Another National Day of Prayer meeting was Thursday night at the Old Courthouse in Jonesboro. Sponsors said it was a fitting time to pray for the soldiers fighting for the country and for the national leaders. History of National Day of Prayer 1775 - The first Continental Congress called for a National Day of Prayer. 1863 - Abraham Lincoln called for such a day. 1952 - Congress established National Day of Prayer as an annual event by a joint resolution, signed into law by President Harry S. Truman. 1988 - The law was amended and signed by President Ronald Reagan, designating the National Day of Prayer as the first Thursday in May.More like this story
- 'Day of Prayer' observed in Clayton ( May 7, 2004 )
- Commandments spark local debate as well ( August 23, 2003 )
- Prayer rally to stress unity ( August 5, 2005 )
- 'Prayer for such a time as this' ( May 13, 2010 )
- 'I'm just going to miss our community'
Dean Haun prepares to say good-bye to First Baptist Church of Jonesboro ( November 8, 2007 )


text: Want to be among the first to watch ABC's new series? Would you like the chance to see some of television's biggest stars in person? Fans will have those opportunities and many more at the inaugural D23 EXPO, where the entire world of Disney comes together under one roof, Sept. 10-13 at the Anaheim Convention Center.


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Subject: | [TowerTalk] New Cushcraft Tribanders |
From: | firstname.lastname@example.com (Jim Miller) |
Date: | Thu, 6 Nov 1997 17:08:48 -0500 |
Strange, specs are mentioned in Cushcraft ad in my magazine. No big deal; they have not shipped any X9's yet; first X7 shipped last Friday, per Cushcraft. Will take several months B-4 they are really out there for feedback. 73 Jim -- FAQ on WWW: http://www.contesting.com/towertalkfaq.html Submissions: firstname.lastname@example.com Administrative requests: firstname.lastname@example.com Problems: email@example.com Search: http://www.contesting.com/km9p/search |
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8 posts tagged with Book by infini.
Displaying 1 through 8 of 8.
Nothing new under the sun
So how did medieval readers locate books, especially when they owned a lot of them? The answer lies in a neat trick that resembles our modern GPS : a book was tagged with a unique identifier (a shelfmark) that was entered into a searchable database (a library catalogue), which could subsequently be consulted with a handheld device (a portable version of the catalogue). Here is how to plot the route to a specific book in the medieval library.[more inside]
Let's talk about margins
Sketchbooks del Toro
Late in 2013, Guillermo del Toro released a voluminous book, entitled Cabinet of Curiosities: My Notebooks, Collections, and Other Obsessions. As he explains in the video, the 256-page hardcover is a selection from his notebooks, where the director developed many of the monstrosities we've seen on screen. The Guardian notes that there's something of da Vinci's notebooks in del Toro's records: the small, neat script, mixed in with the wonderfully detailed sketches, combine to give the impression of del Toro doing his best to record the torrent of his imagination before the thoughts disappear. In this post, we include a number of these images.Previously [more inside]
What put the uncanny in the valley?
NextNature's Koert van Mensvoort writes about Ukranian woman, Valeria Lukyanova, who is a body artist also known as the Human Barbie. Believed to be fake, she's proven herself to be a real live human being. He takes this opportunity to remind us about Anthropomorphobia – the fear of recognizing human characteristics in non-human objects, in an essay exploring the Twilight between Person and Product.
I married adventure
Before Joy Adamson went to Africa, before Margaret Mead sailed to Samoa, before Dian Fossey was even born, a Kansas teenager named Osa Leighty married Martin Johnson. Whether dancing to jazz in Congorilla or meeting headhunters in Borneo, her life with Martin ultimately led to hours of pioneering documentary footage, books, movies and more. Her autobiography inspired a Kate Spade purse, a perfume and her marriage an entire line of clothing while her joie de vivre put her on the cover of a book on trailblazing women of history. Osa Johnson went on to become a character in a play, in a poem while her married life gave birth to a museum (or two). When Osa met Martin, she married adventure.
Yugo Lada
To get one large point out of the way: In the new book, The Socialist Car: Automobility in the Eastern Bloc, several contributors rapidly acknowledge the oxymoron of the title as well as the practice of owning a car in the former Soviet Empire. The private automobile, that avatar of western individualism, is difficult to square with collectivist notions. And once its owners were at the wheel, these socialist automobiles were often difficult to reconcile with notions of mechanical reliability. More than one contemporary joke appears in the text; the introduction, for instance offers, "Why does a Trabant have a heated rear window? To keep your hands warm when pushing it." All that aside, the collection of essays edited by Lewis Siegelbaum, is a fascinating look at automobile use, production, and urban planning behind the Iron Curtain. It reveals a system that, if far from socialist or egalitarian in origin, created a culture of automobile use distinct from the western world.
The plane the plane
This month Penguin launches a redesigned series of six classic titles, called Penguin Ink. But the 'ink' is not printers ink, but that of a more visceral kind.
A long time ago, in a galaxy far away...
Since Georges Melies' 1902 'Trip to the Moon' cinema has been in love with science fiction. The romance has been rocky though, with many potential classics lost to spiralling budgets or studio whim. David Hughes the author of a new book, The Greatest Sci-Fi Movies Never Made, shares his favourites with us - The Top 10 Greatest Sci Fi movies never made Via The Times online