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Selected fares from Philadelphia to Port Au Prince
Departure | Arrival | Travel dates | Round-trip |
PHL | PAP | Fri, Aug 21 - Fri, Sep 4 | $569 |
PHL | PAP | Thu, Jun 11 - Tue, Jun 16 | $569 |
PHL | PAP | Fri, Aug 21 - Fri, Sep 4 | $580 |
PHL | PAP | Fri, Aug 21 - Fri, Sep 4 | $580 |
PHL | PAP | Tue, Jun 30 - Thu, Jul 30 | $772 |
PHL | PAP | Tue, Jun 30 - Thu, Jul 30 | $1,239 |
Philadelphia and Port Au Prince airports and terminals
Airports in Philadelphia PA, US
Philadelphia Airport (PHL)
Distance from City Center: 6.2 miles
Airports in Port Au Prince , HT
Mais Gate (PAP)
Distance from City Center: 0.5 miles
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Lowest roundtrip airfare in May from Philadelphia to Port Au Prince
Travel dates | Departure | Arrival | Stops: | Round-trip |
Leave Fri, May 29 | Philadelphia (PHL) | Port Au Prince (PAP) | Copa Airlines |
Return Tue, Jun 2 | Port Au Prince (PAP) | Philadelphia (PHL) | Copa Airlines |
Lowest roundtrip airfare in June from Philadelphia to Port Au Prince
Travel dates | Departure | Arrival | Stops: | Round-trip |
Leave Thu, Jun 11 | Philadelphia (PHL) | Port Au Prince (PAP) | jetBlue |
Return Tue, Jun 16 | Port Au Prince (PAP) | Philadelphia (PHL) | jetBlue |
Best one-week trip in June from Philadelphia to Port Au Prince
Travel dates | Departure | Arrival | Stops: | Round-trip |
Leave Sat, Jun 27 | Philadelphia (PHL) | Port Au Prince (PAP) | US Airways |
Return Sat, Jul 4 | Port Au Prince (PAP) | Philadelphia (PHL) | US Airways |
Lowest roundtrip airfare in July from Philadelphia to Port Au Prince
Travel dates | Departure | Arrival | Stops: | Round-trip |
Leave Mon, Jul 20 | Philadelphia (PHL) | Port Au Prince (PAP) | jetBlue |
Return Fri, Aug 21 | Port Au Prince (PAP) | Philadelphia (PHL) | jetBlue |
Flights to Port Au Prince
Information on Philadelphia Airports
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Toussaint Louverture International Airport
If you're in the market for a bargain on airfares, you should search for flights to Port Au Prince on Orbitz.com. Toussaint Louverture International Airport is the largest airport in Haiti and serves the population of Port Au Prince. It's located just six miles northeast of downtown. Air France, American Airlines, Copa Airlines, Delta, Spirit Airlines and United Airlines all have arriving flights at the airport on a daily basis. When you choose Orbitz.com as your trip-planning tool, you're guaranteed to find the best available tickets.
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Upon landing, international passengers travel aboard a shuttle bus to an area for processing by customs and immigration officials. After that, local taxis and rental car agencies are available for getting around the city and surrounding area.
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Port Au Prince has a tropical climate with no obvious seasons in the sense of temperature change. Daytime temperatures average around 90 degrees Fahrenheit all year, while nighttime lows only dip into the low 70s. However, there are distinct wet and dry seasons. March through November is considered the wet season, while the other three months of the year are relatively dry. During hurricane season, Port Au Prince is at risk of being struck by powerful storms churning through the Caribbean.
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Flight schedule for flights from Philadelphia to Port Au Prince on Sun, Apr 26, 2015
Carrier | Flight # | Departing | Arriving | Aircraft | Flight time | ||
Airport | Time | Airport | Time | ||||
American Airlines/American Airlines | AA2463/AA1120 | PHL | 5:45 AM | PAP | 11:56 AM | 738/763 | 6hr 11min |
American Airlines/US Airways | AA2463/US1120 | PHL | 5:45 AM | PAP | 11:56 AM | 738/763 | 6hr 11min |
US Airways/American Airlines | US2463/AA1120 | PHL | 5:45 AM | PAP | 11:56 AM | 738/763 | 6hr 11min |
US Airways/US Airways | US2463/US1120 | PHL | 5:45 AM | PAP | 11:56 AM | 738/763 | 6hr 11min |
American Airlines/Delta Air Lines | AA1739/DL685 | PHL | 7:50 AM | PAP | 2:24 PM | 319/320 | 6hr 34min |
American Airlines/American Airlines | AA1950/AA2277 | PHL | 8:00 AM | PAP | 4:30 PM | 321/738 | 8hr 30min |
American Airlines/US Airways | AA1950/US2277 | PHL | 8:00 AM | PAP | 4:30 PM | 321/738 | 8hr 30min |
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Randomized Trial of Behavioral Activation, Cognitive Therapy,
and Antidepressant Medication in the Prevention of Relapse and
Recurrence in Major Depression
Keith S. Dobson,
University of Calgary
Steven D. Hollon,
Vanderbilt University
Sona Dimidjian,
University of Colorado
Karen B. Schmaling,
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Robert J. Kohlenberg,
University of Washington
Robert Gallop,
West Chester University
Shireen L. Rizvi,
National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System
Jackie K. Gollan,
University of Chicago
David L. Dunner, and
University of Washington
Neil S. Jacobson
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Keith S. Dobson, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N
1N4, firstname.lastname@example.com Pre-publication manuscript. Please do not cite without permission (12/12/07).
Keith S. Dobson, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary; Steven D. Hollon, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University;
Sona Dimidjian, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado; Karen B. Schmaling, College of Health and Human Services,
University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Robert J. Kohlenberg, Department of Psychology, University of Washington; Robert Gallop,
Department of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, West Chester University; Shireen L. Rizvi, National Center for PTSD at the Boston
VA Healthcare System; Jackie K. Gollan, Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago; David L. Dunner, Department of Psychiatry
and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington; Neil S. Jacobson (deceased), Department of Psychology, University of Washington.
We dedicate this study and manuscript to the late Neil S. Jacobson, Ph.D. Dr. Jacobson was the originator of this study and shaped every
aspect of its inception and implementation. His untimely death in 1999 left an irreplaceable gap, but his ideas about behavior therapy
and his commitment to empirical inquiry have continued to serve as an inspiration and guide.
Sandra Coffman and Christopher Martell provided onsite supervision and treatment for the cognitive therapy and behavioral activation
conditions, respectively. Steve Sholl and David Kosins provided cognitive therapy. Ruth Herman-Dunn and Tom Linde provided
behavioral activation therapy. Linda Cunning, Steven Dager, Kerri Halfant, Helen Hendrickson, and Alan Unis provided
pharmacotherapy. Carolyn Bea and Chris Budech coordinated the pharmacotherapy conditions. Peggy Martin completed medical
evaluations for the study. Lisa Roberts, and Elizabeth Shilling assisted in the coordination of the study, and David Markley assisted in
the training and supervision of the clinical evaluators. Patty Bardina, Evelyn Mercier, Mandy Steiman, and Dan Yoshimoto were project
evaluators. Melissa McElrea, Kim Nomensen, and Eric Gortner provided research support. Marina Smith, Jennifer Jones, Patricia Symons,
Sonia Venkatraman, and Melissa Wisler conducted the adherence ratings. Virginia Rutter has been an unwavering supporter of this
research, for which we are extremely grateful.
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
J Consult Clin Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 June 1.
Published in final edited form as:
J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008 June ; 76(3): 468–477. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.3.468.
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University of Washington
This study followed treatment responders from a randomized controlled trial of adults with major
depression. Patients treated with medication but withdrawn onto pill-placebo had more relapse
through one year of follow-up, compared to patients who received prior behavioral activation, prior
cognitive therapy, or continued medication. Prior psychotherapy was also superior to medication
withdrawal in the prevention of recurrence across the second year of follow-up. Specific comparisons
indicated that patients previously exposed to cognitive therapy were significantly less likely to relapse
following treatment termination than patients withdrawn from medication, and patients previously
exposed to behavioral activation did almost as well relative to medication withdrawal at the level of
a nonsignificant trend. Differences between behavioral activation and cognitive therapy were small
in magnitude and not significantly different across the full two-year follow-up, and each was at least
as efficacious as continuation medication. These findings suggest that behavioral activation may be
nearly as enduring as cognitive therapy, and that both psychotherapies are less expensive and longer-
lasting alternatives to medication in the treatment of depression.
Behavioral Activation; Cognitive Therapy; Antidepressant Medication; Major Depression; Relapse;
Antidepressant medication (ADM) has been shown to prevent the return of symptoms
associated with major depression for as long as it is continued or maintained (APA, 2000).
However, there is little evidence that having taken medication does anything to alter the risk
factors that lead to subsequent relapse and recurrence and most patients with chronic or
recurrent depression are encouraged to stay on medication indefinitely (Hollon, Thase, &
Markowitz, 2002). Further, there is a recognized need for alternatives to medications, given
their potential for side effects and some patients' preferences for nonpharmacological treatment
for depression (Hollon & Shelton, 2001; van Schaik, et al, 2004).
In contrast to ADM, research has demonstrated that cognitive therapy (CT) has an enduring
effect that protects against relapse and possibly recurrence (Hollon, Stewart & Strunk, 2006;
Kovacs, Rush, Beck & Hollon, 1981; Simons, Murphy, Levine & Wetzel, 1986). For example,
a meta-analysis of the effects of cognitive therapy concluded that the one-year relapse rate for
patients previously treated with CT was approximately 25%, as compared to 50% for patients
previously treated with ADM (Gloaguen, Cottraux, Cucherat, & Blackburn, 1998). In fact, two
trials have now demonstrated that the preventative effect of prior CT is comparable in
magnitude to that produced by keeping patients on ADM (Evans et al., 1992; Hollon et al.,
2005). Importantly, the cost estimates in the Hollon et al. (2005) study favored prior CT by the
time of one year of follow-up, suggesting that CT is not only as clinically efficacious as ADM,
but also more cost-effective in the longer term (see also Antonuccio et al., 1997).
Although there is a considerable literature regarding the enduring effects of prior CT, less is
known about the relative long-term efficacy of other psychosocial treatments. In this regard,
it is important to evaluate the potential enduring effects of behavioral activation (BA; Jacobson,
Martell, & Dimidjian, 2001; Martell, Addis, & Jacobson, 2001). A component analysis of CT
suggested that an earlier version of BA was as efficacious as CT during acute treatment
(Jacobson et al., 1996), and no less enduring following treatment termination (Gortner, Gollan,
Dobson, & Jacobson, 1998). In a subsequent trial, an expanded BA model was found to be
comparable to ADM with respect to the reduction of acute distress regardless of level of initial
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severity, and superior to CT among more severely depressed patients (Dimidjian et al.,
The primary aim of this study was to determine the enduring effects of prior exposure to BA,
prior exposure to CT and continued treatment with ADM in the context of a placebo-controlled
trial. Enduring effects were examined relative to both relapse (the return of the treated episode
of depression) and recurrence (the onset of a new episode of depression) using the consensus
definitions established by the MacArthur group (Frank et al., 1991). It was anticipated that
both prior BA and prior CT would have enduring effects in the prevention of relapse that would
be comparable to continued medication, and superior to medication withdrawal, during a one-
year follow-up phase following acute treatment. Additionally, we investigated whether the
effects of prior psychosocial treatments extended beyond the prevention of relapse to the
prevention of recurrence during a second year follow-up after acute treatment. During this
second year, patients previously continued on ADM were withdrawn from medication. The
primary predictions during the second-year follow-up phase were that both prior BA and prior
CT would result in reduced rates of recurrence relative to ADM withdrawal. Finally, the direct
treatment costs for psychotherapy and medication were compared.
The participants for this study consisted of adult outpatients who responded to acute phase
treatment for depression from the Dimidjian et al. (2006) study, based in Seattle, Washington.
Participants in that study met criteria for DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorder (American
Psychiatric Association, 1994), based on diagnostic interviews, and also had scores of 20 or
above on the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and 14 or
above on the 17-item version of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD; Hamilton,
1960), and did not meet criteria for a number of common exclusion diagnoses in depression
psychotherapy studies. The University of Washington Institutional Review Board approved
the protocol1. All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment in the
Eligible participants were randomly assigned to an active acute phase treatment condition using
a computer-generated list (a subset of patients also were assigned to pill placebo during the
acute phase, but are not considered in the current report). These treatments were 16 weeks of
ADM (paroxetine) (n = 100), CT (n = 45), or BA (n = 43). Approximately twice as many
patients were randomized to ADM as compared to each of the psychotherapies, which allowed
half to be continued on medication and half to be withdrawn onto pill-placebo at the beginning
of the first year of follow-up. Therapists were trained and supervised on an ongoing basis to
ensure that the treatment protocols were enacted as planned. These included the standard
manual for cognitive therapy (Beck, Rush, Shaw & Emery, 1979), as well as the published
manual for behavioral activation (Martell, et al, 2001). Adherence ratings indicated that BA
consisted predominantly of behavioral strategies and CT consisted of a mixture of behavioral
and cognitive strategies. Competence ratings in the CT condition were in the acceptable range,
but were not collected in BA due to the lack of a competence measure (Dimidjian, et al.,
2006). ADM was conducted according to guidelines commonly used in such trials (Fawcett,
Epstein, Fiester, Elkin & Autry, 1987). The maximum dosage of paroxetine was 50 mg./day,
with dosages adjusted according to a predetermined regimen, up to a maximally tolerated
dosage. Of the patients originally assigned to an active treatment, 106 patients no longer met
1IRB approval inadvertently lapsed for approximately six weeks at the time of Dr. Jacobson's death; approval for use and publication
of data collected during that time period was subsequently granted by the IRB.
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diagnostic criteria at the end of the acute phase of treatment, and formed the sample for the
current study.
Measures of depressive severity and relapse/recurrence—The BDI-II (Beck et al.,
1996) is the most commonly used self-report measure of clinical depression severity. It consists
of 21 items, which yield a range of scores from 0 – 63. The psychometric criteria for the BDI-
II are generally held to be excellent when used with outpatients (Beck et al., 1996; Nezu, Ronan,
Meadows, & McClure, 2000). The 17-item version of the HRSD (Hamilton, 1960) is the most
commonly used interview measure of depression and is a widely employed to assess depression
severity in psychotherapy and antidepressant medication research (Nezu et al., 2000). The
Longitudinal Interview for Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE) (Keller et al., 1987) is a semi-
structured interview commonly employed to retrospectively assess the longitudinal course of
various psychiatric disorders, including major depression. Psychiatric status ratings (PSRs)
were obtained retrospectively for each study week and ranged from 1 (absence of
symptomatology) to 6 (definite and severe presence of symptomatology) for major depressive
disorder. In addition, the LIFE was used to obtain information about the initiation of other
treatments, with special attention to those for depression, which could have a significant effect
on the estimates of long-term benefits of treatment.
Definition of Relapse and Recurrence—Rates of relapse and recurrence served as the
primary outcome measures in this study. Relapse was defined as either HRSD scores of 14 or
greater, or PSRs of 5 or greater, for two successive weeks during the first year of follow-up,
whereas recurrence was defined using the same criteria during the second year follow-up. These
definitions are consistent with the MacArthur consensus criteria (Frank et al., 1991), and reflect
the notion that recently remitted patients are at elevated risk for a relapse into the symptoms
associated with the treated episode, whereas patients who have gone for a longer period time
have recovered from the index episode and that any subsequent symptom return represents the
onset of a wholly new episode or recurrence (Hollon et al., 2002).
Reliability of evaluators—Independent evaluators were trained, monitored and certified to
conduct study evaluations. Raters were blind to treatment condition and supervised weekly to
prevent rater drift. A randomly selected subset of taped follow-up interviews was rated by one
of two criterion judges. Intraclass correlation coefficients were computed between the original
evaluators' rating and the criterion judge (ICC 2, 1; Shrout & Fleiss, 1979). Results indicated
reliability of .98 for the HRSD (n = 27) and .79 for the weekly PSR depression ratings (n =
Participants were followed to the point of relapse or recurrence for up to two years following
response to acute treatment. The first year of follow-up compared four groups of acute phase
treatment responders; those who received prior CT (n = 30), those who received prior BA (n
= 27), and those who received prior ADM (n = 49), with the latter divided into two groups as
specified below. Patients who had received prior BA or prior CT received no further treatment
during any follow-up phase of the study. Treatment responders who had received ADM were
randomized by previous assignment, managed by the participant coordinator, and were
continued on active medication (cADM; n = 28) or withdrawn onto pill-placebo at the
beginning of the first year of follow-up phase according to a predetermined two-week taper
schedule (cPLA; n = 21). Patients in cADM and cPLA continued to see their
pharmacotherapists biweekly for the first two months and monthly thereafter during the rest
of the first year of follow-up, and were treated using standard clinical management strategies.
Pharmacotherapists, evaluators and patients were blind to medication status, meaning that the
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pharmacological portion of the trial was conducted triple-blind. cADM participants were
continued on the same dosage prescribed during acute treatment, with adjustments allowed as
clinically indicated. At the end of the first year of follow-up, cADM patients had their
medication discontinued using the same taper schedule as was used for the cPLA participants.
Patients in both cADM and cPLA were seen biweekly during the taper period, and were then
assessed during the second follow-up year. Participants who relapsed following withdrawal
onto pill-placebo were provided with free treatment by study therapists; patients who relapsed
in the other conditions were provided with referrals to appropriate community agencies.
Participants completed the outcome assessment instruments biweekly for the first two months
of the first year of follow-up phase, at the third month, and again at months six and twelve.
Assessments also were conducted at months 13, 14, 18, and 24 during the second follow-up
year. Additional ad hoc assessments were conducted whenever a new episode of depression
was suspected, based on elevated HRSD scores or reports of the participant or treating
Data Analysis
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences among groups on continuous
variables. Chi-square tests of independence were used for categorical variables, although the
Chi-square test was replaced by Fisher's exact test for small or empty cells. We first compared
patients who entered this study to those from the original sample who did not complete or failed
to respond to acute treatment, in order to assess the generalizability or external validity of the
findings (see Table 1 for a comparison of the total study sample, as opposed to those participants
who entered the current follow-up study). We next used the same sets of analyses to compare
the treatment groups at the beginning of this follow-up study, to ensure the differential retention
did not bias the internal validity of the study, or the causal inferences that could be drawn.
Differential retention can systematically undermine the comparability of groups achieved by
randomization at the start of the trial; if patients at differing levels of risk for relapse or
recurrence are more or less likely to complete or respond to the respective conditions, then
acute treatment can act as a "differential sieve" that systematically undermines the equivalence
produced by initial randomization (Klein, 1996). Given their cautionary role, p values were set
at p = .10 for these analyses.
Survival curves and rates of relapse and recurrence across the follow-up were estimated using
Cox Proportional Hazards Model (Collett, 1994; Cox & Oakes, 1984). The log-rank test was
used to compare survival rates across treatment conditions, and specific contrasts were
conducted using Cox regression for the survival curves. Statistical significance was set at p < .
05 (two-tailed). Specific comparisons were conducted between the active interventions (pCT,
pBA, and cADM) versus medication withdrawal (cPLA) across the first follow-up year with
respect to relapse. Similar analyses were applied to the data collected during the second follow-
up year to examine rates of subsequent recurrence, with the sample restricted to all recovered
patients who survived the first follow-up year without relapse. These analyses were conducted
comparing the two psychosocial interventions (pCT and pBA) versus patients withdrawn from
medication at the start of that period (cADM). Finally, the two psychosocial conditions (pCT
and pBA) were directly compared across the full two-year follow-up, since any preventive
effects associated with either should be robust with respect to both relapse and recurrence.
Patient Flow and Attrition
All patients were followed for 24 months of follow-up, unless the original episode returned
(relapse) or a new episode started (recurrence), or a participant wished to discontinue study
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participation, moved away, or was unavailable for follow-up evaluations (see Figure 1).
Patients who were lost to follow-up or who returned to treatment for depression in the absence
of a documented relapse were credited with the amount of time that they survived without
relapse or recurrence, up until the point that they were censored due to attrition (Kaplan &
Meier, 1958). Data were available to estimate risk to the point of relapse or recurrence for 92
of the 106 patients (86.8%) who entered the follow-up period. Most attrition occurred early in
the first year of follow-up, and consisted of 3 participants from prior CT, 5 from prior BA, 2
from cADM, and 4 from cPLA. Further, one participant in each of prior BA and CT were
censored due to receiving antidepressant medications outside of the study in the first year of
Sample Characteristics
Treatment responders who entered the follow-up did not differ significantly from those patients
who failed to complete or respond to acute treatment on any of the characteristics listed in
Table 1. The average age of participants was approximately 40, in a sample that was
predominantly female and Caucasian. Slightly less than half of the sample was married or
living with a partner, and approximately half had children and were college graduates. Slightly
more than half the sample met criteria for recurrent depression, and participants had, on
average, 1.11 prior episodes of depression. About a third of the sample met the criteria for
chronic depression (more than 2 years in duration) for the treated episode, with melancholic
and atypical subtypes being somewhat less common (21.7% and 14.2%, respectively).
Few of the indices explored in Table 1 met criteria for possible confounds that could have
biased the subsequent survival analyses. Gender, which had differentiated treatment groups at
the outset of the acute phase (Dimidjian et al., 2006), also differentiated among the treatment
groups at the end of the acute phase of treatment, X2 (2) = 10.42, p < .01. Residual depression,
as measured by the BDI-II at post test, also was significantly different between prior CT (mean
= 9.57, SD = 8.74), prior BA (mean = 6.59, SD = 6.35), and ADM (mean = 5.61, SD = 5.05),
F (2, 103) = 3.40, p = .037, and was a significant predictor in survival analyses, as higher
residual levels of depression were associated with lower levels of survival.
We had some concerns about using post-treatment BDI scores as a covariate in the survival
analyses because such an adjustment could create a bias in favor of the group with higher
residual scores, which in this case was CT. At the same time, adjusting for a significant predictor
of subsequent outcome should reduce variance in outcomes, and thereby enhancing design
power. Analyses were conducted both ways, with no evidence of any bias in favor of cognitive
therapy, but with considerable gain in precision when post-treatment BDI scores were used as
a covariate. Given these considerations and the patterns observed in the data, survival analyses
were conducted using both gender and post treatment BDI scores as covariates.
Prevention of Relapse
In order to give a picture of overall rates of relapse and recurrence, Figure 2 presents the survival
curves across the entire two-year follow-up phase of the study, but we focus first on rates of
relapse across the first year of follow-up. As can be seen in Figure 2, relapse was especially
likely to occur at the start of the first follow-up year, especially for medication responders
withdrawn onto pill-placebo (cPLA). The rates of relapse during the first follow-up year,
estimated from the Cox regression analysis, were 39% for prior CT, 50% for prior BA, 53%
for cADM, and 59% for medication withdrawal (cPLA). When considered as a set, the active
treatments (prior CT, prior BA, cADM) were superior to withdrawal onto pill-placebo (cPLA),
X2 (1) = 4.07, p = 0.04. When considered separately, prior CT was significantly superior to
cPLA (X2 (1) = 5.30, p = 0.02) and prior BA demonstrated a nonsignificant trend, X2 (1) =
2.81, p = 0.09, but cADM was not significantly different from cPLA, X2 (1) = 0.97, p = 0.33.
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As an index of the effect sizes for treatment groups, hazard ratios were calculated between
cPLA and each of the respective active treatments. Prior exposure to CT was associated with
a hazard ratio of 0.36 relative to cPLA. The relative reduction in risk, computed by subtracting
the hazard ratio from 1.0, indicated that prior exposure to CT reduced risk for relapse by 64%
relative to medication withdrawal. This is quite similar to the 70% reduction in risk shown in
another recent trial (Hollon et al., 2005). cADM was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.67
relative to cPLA, or a reduction of risk of about 33%, which was somewhat lower than the 50%
reduction observed in that same earlier trial by Hollon and colleagues (2005). Prior exposure
to BA was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.49 and a reduction of risk of 51%. This is only
slightly lower than the reduction in risk observed for prior CT in both the current study and
the earlier study by Hollon and colleagues (2005) and is at least comparable to the magnitude
of the effect typically observed for continuation medication (Hollon et al., 2002).
Prevention of Recurrence
We next considered whether the enduring effects of psychotherapy extended to the prevention
of recurrence in recovered patients. These comparisons focus on data from the second half of
Figure 2, but for the sample of 48 patients who survived the first follow-up year without relapse.
Patients in cADM were withdrawn from medications at the beginning that period. As illustrated
in Figure 3, the enduring effect of prior psychotherapy extended to the prevention of recurrence.
The rates of recurrence during the second follow-up year, estimated from the Cox regression
analysis, were 24% for prior CT, 26% for prior BA, and 52% for prior cADM. The effect of
prior psychotherapy (prior CT and prior BA) evidenced a nonsignificant trend, compared to
the effect of prior cADM, X2 (1) = 3.58, p = 0.06. The specific comparisons between prior CT
and prior cADM, X2 (1) = 2.71, p = .10, and between prior BA and prior cADM, X2 (1) = 1.40,
p = .24, were not significant.
As an index of the effect size of these differential recurrence rates, prior exposure to either CT
or BA was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.37 relative to prior cADM, meaning that both
CT and BA reduced risk for recurrence by about 63% relative to medication withdrawal. This
result is somewhat lower than the 85% reduction in risk for recurrence shown by prior exposure
to CT relative to medication withdrawal following in the study by Hollon and colleagues
The survival analyses conducted in the second year of follow-up provided an opportunity to
replicate the enduring effects of prior psychotherapy relative to medication withdrawal, but it
was somewhat underpowered since it was restricted to only that subset of the sample that
showed full recovery. We therefore repeated the survival analysis across the entire 2 year
follow-up period (excluding the cPLA group). This comparison tested the long-term effects of
prior BA and prior CT, relative to a group of patients who were continued on medication for
the first year and then withdrawn from medication in the second (cADM). Although
pharmacotherapists often keep their patients on medications indefinitely, many do not, and this
specific comparison addresses the enduring effects of the two psychosocial interventions
relative to patients who were successfully treated with medications and then withdrawn.
Further, this comparison provided a potential replication of the analyses conducted in the first
year of follow-up, in which prior psychotherapy was compared to medication withdrawal.
The overall effect for treatment was significant, X2 (2) = 6.59, p = 0.04, as the two psychosocial
treatments (prior CT and prior BA) were superior to continuation medication followed by
medication withdrawal (cADM). When considered separately, prior CT was significantly
superior to cADM, (X2 (1) = 5.97, p = 0.02, while prior BA exhibited a nonsignificant trend
in the same direction, X2 (1) = 3.09, p = 0.08. When considered from the perspective of hazard
ratios and relative reduction of risk of recurrence, prior exposure to BA was associated with a
hazard ratio of .53 and reduction of risk of 47% relative to cADM. Exposure to prior CT was
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associated with a hazard ratio of .42 relative to cADM, or a reduced risk of recurrence of 58%.
As can be seen in Figure 2, the bulk of the differences occurred when cADM patients were
withdrawn from medications at the beginning of year two.
Because CT has demonstrated enduring treatment effects (Hollon, et al.,2006), and as it
typically provided a somewhat larger advantage relative to medication withdrawal, as
compared to BA, the two psychotherapies were directly compared with the maximal power
provided by the full two-year comparison. CT and BA did not significantly differ, X2 (1) =
0.32, p = 0.57. Exposure to prior CT was associated with a hazard ratio of .73 relative to prior
BA, or a reduction in risk of 27%.
Sustained Response and Recovery
Although survival analyses often are used to examine rates of relapse and recurrence, they are
susceptible to bias due to differential retention, since only those patients who both complete
and respond to acute treatment are included in the former and only recovered patients who stay
free from relapse are included in the latter. As a consequence, we also examined rates of
"sustained response," defined as the proportion of patients initially assigned to each condition
who completed and responded to acute treatment, and who then remained free from relapse
across the first 12 months of follow-up, adjusted for censored observations (see Hollon et al.,
2005). Although translating serial outcomes into a single dichotomous metric does sacrifice
power to some extent, it has the advantage of being representing the full "intent-to-treat" sample
and is therefore not susceptible to bias due to differential retention.
The percentages at the top of each bar in Figure 4 represent the sustained response in each
treatment condition at the end of the year 1 follow-up; the lower portion of the prior CT and
BA bars represent the sustained response (i.e. sustatined recovery) at the end of the second
year of follow-up. Only 20% of the cPLA patients evidenced a sustained response through the
end of the first follow-up year, as compared to 23% of the cADM patients. By way of contrast,
44% of the patients initially assigned to prior CT and 34% of the patients initially assigned to
prior BA experienced a sustained response through the end of the first follow-up year. What
this means is that over a third of the patients initially assigned to psychotherapy showed
sustained outcomes across the course of acute treatment and the first follow-up year, as
compared to less than a quarter of the patients initially assigned to pharmacotherapy. Using all
patients initially assigned to treatment (N = 188), sustained response varied significantly across
groups, X2 (3) = 7.87, p < .05. Pairwise comparisons revealed only that prior CT had a greater
sustained response than both cADM, X2 (1) = 5.03, p = .02, and cPLA, X2 (1) = 5.78, p = .016.
Pooling within the different types of treatment, the effects of the two prior psychotherapies
was also significantly different than the medication conditions, X2 (1) = 6.69, p = .01.
Across the second follow-up year, rates of "sustained recovery" (recovered patients who were
subsequently free of recurrence) were 35% for prior CT and 28% for prior BA. Although rates
of sustained recovery were not calculated for the prior cADM patients, as they were withdrawn
from medications at that point, the rate of sustained recovery could have been no better than
23% rate of sustained response shown by this group at the start of the second follow-up year
even if they had been maintained on medication. These results indicate that brief treatment
with either CT or BA is as efficacious over the long run as keeping people on ADM.
Comparative Costs of Treatment
Figure 5 presents the direct costs of the psychotherapies as compared to medication treatment.
The cost estimates for this trial represent approximate costs in Seattle, Washington at the time
of the trial. Psychotherapy costs were about $2000 per patient during the acute treatment phase
(estimated at an average of 20 sessions per patient, at $100 per 50-minute session). Over that
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same interval, ADM cost about $1000 to provide per patient, with about half of that expense
going to pay for physician time (12 sessions per patient at $75 per 20-minute session) and the
other half going to pay for medications (about $125 per month). However, from the end of
acute treatment forward, the costs for ADM continued largely as before (session frequency
was reduced to monthly sessions, but medication costs remained unchanged). As can be seen
in the figure, the cumulative costs intersected at the ninth month of continuing medication
treatment, as ongoing ADM became more expensive than prior psychotherapy.
Power Considerations
Only 106 treatment responders were available to enter the first year of the follow-up and only
48 recovered patients survived without relapse (or attrition) to complete the second year. This
loss to follow-up was especially a concern with respect to the medication withdrawal condition
(cPLA) during the first year of the follow-up, to which only 21 patients were assigned, and the
BA condition during the second year of follow-up, which consisted of only 13 recovered
patients. Power levels for the year 1 survival rates ranged from 0.05 for the comparison between
cADM and prior BA, to a maximum of 0.42 for the comparison between cPLA and prior CT
(Lakatos, 1988). Power values for the year 2 survival rates were 0.75 for the cADM- Prior BA
comparison, .89 for the cADM- prior CT comparison, and 0.07 of the comparison between the
two psychotherapy conditions. In that latter instance, we would have needed a minimum of 16
patients per group to achieve a conventional 80% level of power in a survival analysis. Based
on our observed sample sizes and recurrence rates within the psychotherapy conditions, we
had 61.1% power to detect a clinically meaningful difference in recurrence rates, defined as a
30% difference between the prior psychotherapy and prior medication groups.
The overall pattern of results observed in this study was that prior psychotherapy, either in the
form of cognitive therapy or behavioral activation, had an enduring effect that was at least as
efficacious as continuing patients on medications and that held for the prevention of relapse
and possibly recurrence. Evidence for this enduring effect was clearer for prior CT than for
BA (differences relative to medication withdrawal were typically fully significant for the
former and with non-significant trends for the latter), but differences between the two
psychosocial interventions never approached statistical significance and were relatively small
in magnitude. Although psychotherapy was more expensive to provide initially, and while no
formal statistical comparisons of costs among treatment conditions were conducted, the
cumulative cost of continued medications proved to be more expensive by the end of the first
year of follow-up in this study. To the extent that the effects of psychotherapy endure over
time, as is clearly the case for CT and appears to be the case for BA, the cost savings could be
CT is one of the best-supported treatments for depression (DeRubeis & Crits-Christoph,
1998), and is the only psychotherapy to date that has demonstrated an enduring effect in the
treatment of depression (Hollon, et al., 2006). For this reason, the indication that BA also may
have a comparable enduring effect to CT, but not found for patients successfully treated with
medications, is particularly noteworthy. Moreover, these indications build on the findings from
the acute phase of the trial, in which both BA and ADM each produced superior results to CT
for more severely depressed patients (Dimidjian et al., 2006).
If BA does have an enduring effect, how might it achieve this result? BA emphasizes the role
of behavior change in overcoming depression, consistent with the BA principles of increasing
activity and approaching, rather than avoiding, difficult situations (Martell, et al., 2001). These
ideas are instantiated repeatedly during acute treatment make these ideas highly salient and
thus recall at times of potential relapse. Approaching and solving problems during treatment
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also may fundamentally alter the environmental context in which the person lives, potentially
reducing the likelihood of negative events that trigger risk for depression. In effect, BA is
implemented in a manner that is intended to both teach coping skills and to reduce future risk.
The same is true for CT, which adds an emphasis on cognitive change, but otherwise takes a
similar skills-training approach (Coffman et al., 2007). Both BA and CT had sustained
responses that were not significantly different across the current trial. The mechanisms that
underlie the enduring effect for CT are still not well understood (Hollon et al., 2006). Future
research is needed to evaluate potentially common and unique mechanisms of change in each
Medication treatment is considered the standard of care for depression in current psychiatric
guidelines, with an indefinite length of treatment recommended for those with chronic or
recurrent episodes (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Frank, et al, 1990). However,
although antidepressant medications generally are safe and efficacious, there is little evidence
that they alter the course of the disorder. Even recovered patients are at substantial risk for
recurrence once they stop taking medication (Hollon, et al, 2002). Since depression is often
chronic or recurrent (Kessler et al., 2003) any treatment that has an enduring effect is
particularly worthwhile. In the current study, even though we found little evidence of a
preventive effect for continuation medication, it was striking how rapidly even recovered
patients experienced a recurrence when medications were withdrawn. In contrast, CT provided
evidence of sustained benefit, and there were nonsignificant trends in the same direction for
Beyond the enduring clinical benefit of CT and possibly BA, these findings suggest that there
may be additional implications for health care delivery with regard to treatment costs. As
suggested by Antonuccio and colleagues (1997), if psychotherapy truly has enduring effects,
it may prove to be more cost-effective than long-term medication treatment. Although more
elaborate models for econometric evaluations of treatments exist (Ramsey, Willke, Briggs,
Brown, Buxton, et al., 2005), our relatively simple cost data suggest that the psychosocial
interventions may be less expensive over the long run than keeping patients on medication.
These findings also were consistent with direct cost estimates recently reported by Hollon and
colleagues (2005). The current cost estimates were limited in time and place to when and where
the study was conducted; however, the findings do suggest that more sophisticated econometric
analyses should be considered in future trials.
There are several limitations that are worthy of comment. First, the study was conducted in the
setting where BA was first developed, so it is possible that investigator allegiance may have
biased the study in favor of that modality. We attempted to ensure that the other modalities
were adequately implemented by involving investigators with allegiances to those approaches
and appeared to succeed to the extent that we found strong acute effects for ADM and an
enduring effect for CT, but replication of the study in other settings would be of significant
value to the field. Second, any long-term follow-up study can be biased by differential retention
among the treatment groups. Only slightly more than half of the patients originally randomized
into active treatment during the acute phase of the trial were eligible for participation in the
subsequent follow-up phase, which raises the possibility that differential retention may have
biased the results (Klein, 1996). Although our analyses related to the issue of differential
retention did not find any reason for concern, this possibility cannot be dismissed with respect
to characteristics that we did not consider.
Third, although the pharmacotherapy conditions were conducted triple blind in the first year
of follow-up, we did not assess the success of maintaining the blind. Forth, we conducted more
frequent assessments at the beginning of each follow-up year, when patients were being brought
off medications, and it is possible that we may have missed later relapses or recurrences.
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Nonetheless, we made every effort to obtain a continuous record of symptom status over time
and patients in each condition were assessed according to the same common schedule. Fifth,
there were also a number of constraints on the implementation of the treatments for research
purposes that do not reflect usual patterns of clinical practice (cf., Schulberg, Block, Madonia,
Scott, Lave, Rodriguez, et al. 1997). For instance, pharmacotherapists were limited to the use
of a single medication throughout the trial and the taper schedule was relatively brief, and
psychotherapists were required to terminate treatment at the end of the acute phase and not
permitted to offer booster sessions or other ongoing contacts. Increased flexibility of the
treatment protocols could be used in future trials to maximize the external validity of findings.
Finally, aspects of the follow-up portion of the study lacked power for some comparisons. We
had originally planned to run about half again as many subjects as we did, but the grant was
not renewed in the wake of Neil Jacobson's untimely death, thus limiting the overall sample
size. Given these constraints, it is notable that we were able to detect differences between the
prior psychotherapies and medications conditions, and even a non-significant trend for BA.
Given the limited study power, these results speak both to the promise of BA and to the
importance of replication.
Although the current results are promising, they also highlight areas of concern for future
research. Although the two psychosocial interventions had enduring effects that were
comparable to keeping patients on medications, slightly less than half of the patients initially
randomized showed sustained clinical response in the best of treatments and only about a
quarter to a third of those patients evidenced sustained recovery across the full two years.
Therapists in this trial were highly experienced and worked under conditions often considered
ideal, including the provision of frequent supervision by experts. These benefits are rarely
available in community settings (Westen, Novonty, & Thompson-Brenner, 2004). Thus,
research on the continued improvement of psychosocial treatments for depression, particularly
with a focus on prevention of relapse and recovery, and in settings with higher ecological
validity, is warranted (Dozois & Dobson, 2004).
Overall, the current results suggest that BA may have an enduring effect that approaches that
produced by CT in the treatment of major depression. Prior CT was clearly superior to
medication withdrawal and prior BA did almost as well (at the level of a nonsignificant trend).
Each was at least as effective as continued medication and at a lower cost. BA also was more
efficacious than CT in the acute treatment of more severely depressed patients in this trial
(Dimidjian et al., 2006). In aggregate, these results suggest that behavioral interventions for
depression may deserve greater consideration than they have received in recent decades.
This research was supported by grant MH55502 (R01) (Dr. Jacobson (deceased)/Dr. Dunner) from the National
Institute of Mental Health. GlaxoSmithKline provided medications and pill-placebos for the trial. Preliminary results
were presented at the 37th Annual Convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston,
MA, November 21, 2003, and the Annual Convention of the American Psychiatric Association, New York City, May,
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Figure 1.
Consort flow chart.
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Figure 2.
Cumulative proportion of treatment responders who survived without relapse over the two
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Showing 1 to 4 of 4 comments.
- 1
stevesw - 925 days ago
shame its not clearer - looks like great cock and loads of cum. Wondered if he was smooth
stevesw - 925 days ago
love to have bumped into him out cycling. would have got my cock out and had a wank too!
Noddy10 - 926 days ago
good wank
Robbysride - 927 days ago
WOW what a HOT load,, excellent would ride him, uhh i mean ride with him any day ;)
- 1


text:
Dog Eat Doug by Brian Anderson
- January 26, 2013
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Comments (18) (Please sign in to comment)
The cat is on top of the raised garage door. How'd that happen !?
@Gweedo - It's legal here !!! - Murray
Ancient Kitten Secret. :)
Finally …. Sophie!
Hit the Down button. Kitty'll come down, one way or another!
Gweedo: The same way both cats got up on the ceiling fan a couple of weeks ago.
while i have no dought that the artist intended to draw a cat, it still looks like a chiwawa.
Do you mean doubt? Sorry, I am seriously asking. I don't know dought.
Cats are snakes with fur.
Where there's a will, there's a way, and when it comes to investigating new places cats have a lot of will
I see our resident Troll is still threatening to drop the strip (bye already) and is so upset about the addition of the kittens it has lost its' ability to spell
If I left my garage door up all night anybody could walk in my house! At least here, if a burglar tries to walk in, Cat can pounce on his head. LOL
I hope Sophie and the kitties will end up being good friends. Just like Sophie is with Doug.
I've read several 'complaints' this week about how the kitties are drawn. I, too, was taken aback at first glance, however, their alien faces appeal to me. You don't know what he kitties are thinking because you see the alien face. We've had practically exclusive kitty because Brian was introducing them and their peculiar, exceedingly polite relationship. Now the fun can begin.
I love how Brian has drawn Hobo and Cheese; alien-like heads are a trait of the inscrutable feline domesticus.
But I wonder why Brian hasn't drawn "ticklish whissers (a.k.a. whiskers)" with which to torment/tickle both Doug and Sophie. Love Sophie's nonchalance in 3rd panel. She's got it under control…training Hobo on who's boss!
You rock, Brian! -
Yes they are :) as the owner of a 19 lb Maine coon mix I've watched peoples faces when I take him out.
Most folks are used to 5-7lb typical tabbys. - Load the rest of the comments (3).
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Patient Reviews
Patient Reviews ? Write a Review
Overall Rating:
Total Ratings5 |
Total Reviews3 |
The doctor was great spent alot of time with his patients and really cares its just to bad he is stuck with a staff that is rude and nasty. This ppl are just can't use a Computer, send an email or Fax a Referal so don't ask for anything or they will curse you out in Spanish yell and slam down the phone, don't bother to ask for the Doctor because he don't talk to patients unless they are in the office. OMG!! The screwed up my referal twice and the day of my appointment was unable to even Fax a new new to the Doctor so I would not recommend this Centre for anyone. My regrets to the DR.
Great doctor with a good bedside manner. He actually allowed me to explain my problems in detail which was very refreshing. Very caring.
Great human being,corteous,very knowledgeable. Just the doctor I needed it.


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By Tom Neale - Published June 26, 2009 - Viewed 1413 times
Tom's Tips About Night Sky and Your Boat
- Your boat can allow you to be closer to the stars than most other people in the civilized parts of the world ever imagined. If you seek out an isolated anchorage at night, far from the lights of cities and towns, and look up, you'll see stars and constellations that you would probably never see from your home, unless you live way out in the country.
- Our favorite places to look at the night sky have been far out in the ocean on overnight passages, or in remote anchorages in the Bahamas.
- The farther out you are, not only is there less light pollution, there is less haze from dust and smoke to dim your view of the stars.
- Learn names and stories of stars and constellations. It'll give you an entirely new perspective on boating, on nature, and on life. And if you have children along, it can teach them an awe of the universe in a manner unequaled.
- If you want to read a lot of technical stuff about the solstice, you can find more than you probably ever wanted to know on the www. Check out these sites, as examples, and others. Of course, you can also just Google it. http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/summersolstice.htm or http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/SummerSolstice.htm
Go to www.tomneale.com for other information
Boating and water sports involve risk. Any comments herein should be followed at your own risk. You assume all responsibility for risk or injury to yourself or others. Any person or entity that uses this information in any way, as a condition of that use, agrees to waive and does waive and also hold authors harmless from any and all claims which may arise from or be related to that use.
Copyright 2004-2009 Tom Neale
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Israel April Currency Reserves Rise to Record $77.4 Billion
May 5 (Bloomberg) -- Israel's foreign currency reserves increased to a record in April as the central bank resumed purchases after a one-month hiatus.
Reserves rose to $77.4 billion from $74.5 billion at the end of the previous month, the Bank of Israel said in an e-mailed statement today. The Bank of Israel purchased close to $1.5 billion in April, it said.
Changes in exchange rates resulted in a gain of $1.5 billion, the bank said.
The central bank has been buying foreign currency in most months since March 2008, more than doubling reserves, in an effort to moderate shekel gains and help exporters compete.
To contact the reporter on this story: Alisa Odenheimer in Jerusalem at email@example.com.
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Andrew J. Barden at barden@bloomberg.


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63 year old man | Cambridge, ON, CAN | Seeking women 30-56 within 50 miles
Active within 24 hours
If its meant to be , it will
I'm active , enjoy running -2-3 times weekly. In the better weather I do enjoy cycling as well. I"d like to spend time hiking as well. I would like to spend time , with my activities and perhaps enjoying something new. I do work , in sales and enjoy my job , most of the time ! Looking for someone fun to enjoy with. Where it goes , best friends or more is up to us.
Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Auto racing / Motorcross, Baseball, Cycling, Football, Hockey, Running, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
Don't display my sign
Middle of the Road
Favourate spot would be a good Italian resturant. I do have a favourate that I go too , but always on the look out for another. I'd like to enjoy more of the Niagara wine area in Ontario.
I enjoy being outdoors , running or cycling. Would like to enjoy outdoor activites as well.
I am an active runner and do enjoy running 2-3 times each week. In the better weather I do enjoy cycling; I do enjoy movies, mostly action types. Dinners out , at a favourate resturant is always nice.
Him | What he is looking for | |
Appearance | ||
Height: | 5'9" (175cms) | 5'0" (152cms) to 5'11" (180cms) |
Body type: | About average | Slender, About average, Athletic and toned |
Eyes: | Hazel | No preference |
Hair: | Salt and pepper | No preference |
Lifestyle | ||
Smoke: | No Way | No Way |
Drink: | Social Drinker | No preference |
Occupation: | Sales / Marketing | No preference |
Income: | I'll tell you later | No preference |
Relationship: | Currently Separated | No preference |
Have kids: | Yes, and they live away from home (2) | No preference |
Wants kids: | I'll tell you later | No preference |
Background | ||
Ethnicity: | White / Caucasian | Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian |
Faith: | Christian / Catholic | No preference |
Languages: | English | English |
Education: | Some college | No preference |


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Race the Spring Dual Against CF in 2015
Race date: Saturday, April 25, 2015.
We are excited to let you know that the registration for the Spring Dual Against CF is now open! Your support brings everyone affected by CF closer to a cure.
Individual/Relay – 2 mile run, 12 mile bike, 2 mile run | 8:30AM start
Kid's Dual – .5 mile run, 1.75 mile bike, .35 mile run | Start after Adult Awards – approx 10:30AM
The Kid's Dual is for those ages 7-17. For racers that are 14+ and feel they can finish the individual Dual or a portion of the relay, feel free to sign up for full Dual distance race. For the littles, ages 2+, there will be a Kids Fun Run. No registration is required.


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Key things you need to know aboutDr. Kardooni:
Dr. Kardooni's Experience
Research training, expertise and qualifications
Dr. Kardooni's Specialties
- Neuroradiology
- View 1 specialty and 2 board certifications
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Hospital Quality
The right hospital is as important as the right doctor
- Valley Hospital Medical Center
- 620 Shadow Lane
- Las Vegas, NV 89106
- Spring Valley Hospital Medical Center
- 5400 South Rainbow Boulevard
- Las Vegas, NV 89118
9 Facts About Hospital Quality
Patients' risk of dying during a hospital stay for heart bypass surgery could be 85.2% lower, on average, at a hospital rated 5 stars compared to a hospital rated 1 star for that procedure. Choosing the right hospital is critical to your health. View Slideshow
Patient Satisfaction
Patients' feedback on their experience with Dr. Kardooni
Be the first to evaluate Dr. Kardooni by taking our Patient Satisfaction Survey.
Your feedback will help other patients make informed decisions, and let the doctor know how he's doing.
8 Facts About Patient Satisfaction Surveys
Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
Appointments & Offices
Check insurance plans, locations and make an appointment
- University Physicans Radiology
- University Physicans Radiology
- 530 S Jackson St Ste C07
- Louisville, KY 40202
7 Tips to Prepare for Your Appointment
The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready


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Accoring to the US Census Bureau, Lauvray ranked #139,757 in frequency out of 151,671 surnames for which statistics were released from the 2000 Census. 110 people, or approximately 1 in every 2,452,383 individuals in the US had this surname in 2000.
Source: "Genealogy Data: Frequently Occurring Surnames from Census 2000", US Census Bureau.
Histopolis currently has 0 grave(s) with the surname Lauvray.
The surname Lauvray has a Soundex code of L160. The following 300 surname(s) may sound similar to Lauvray since they share the same Soundex code.


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Most Popular Photo Last Year: August 13, 2013
6 3 Share TweetPrayer is one of the strongest and most powerful things that bind people together.
Shooting indoors can be challenging because of the limited amount of available light. More so if you are shooting inside a sacred place where you need to be quiet. Props to hervinsyah for doing such a great job in this panorama! Using a Lomography Horizon Perfekt loaded with Kodak Ektachrome E100SW, he gave us a perfect glimpse of the peaceful ambiance shared by the people praying together.
written by icequeenubia on 2014-08-13 in #news #most-popular-photo-last-year #community-recap


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Latest news, top stories, and community events,
J.R. Celski signs with 24 Hour Fitness
Federal Way resident and Olympic short track speedskater J.R. Celski recently signed a partnership with 24 Hour Fitness, the largest privately-owned U.S. fitness chain and the official fitness center sponsor of the 2010 U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Teams.
Celski will appear in the brand's Olympic marketing campaign before February's Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, B.C., make promotional appearances at local clubs, and develop signature workouts that will be available in-club and online at www.24hourfitness.com.
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Make Your "Five-Oh" Go Faster and Smoother
Learn how to pump up the volume in your pony.
It's a long way from Detroit to Milan, but Hudson's attempt to bridge that gap was nothing less than amazing.
V-8 power makes this the best C1 ever.
In just a few short years, Walter P. Chrysler took his company from an unknown automotive manufacturer to fourth in the industry, with...
Giving a 1927 Chrysler a really personal touch...and 3,000 rivets.
Dodge's assembly plant on Monroe Street was a testament to the highs and lows of the American automobile industry.
Putting a unique grille on your hot rod, rat rod, or custom is easier than you think.
Ford was just ramping up production of their new 1942 models when World War II rerouted production for a greater cause.
A peek inside "Flatjack" Jack Meyer's amazing flathead Ford collection.
Mustang's third body style emerges.
Giving credit to the man who many consider the reason for the Corvette's long lasting success.
We've picked 11 classics, built between 1965 and 1998 that we feel offer a great blend of style, individuality, performance and some cases,...
Upgrading a 1966 Mustang's Baer system from two-piston PBR caliper to six-piston Baer caliper.
After a light refresh Roger Moore's "other" spy car is ready to take to the screen again.
After four decades of slumber one of Zagato's finest creations returns to the limelight.
We pick what we think are the five best Lamborghinis ever.
Following a two-year absence, the ragtop M6 is back with more power and loads of high-tech gear.
If not for the Corvette Sebring Racer, the life of the Corvette may have been a brief one.
Watch as the experts from Steele Rubber Products show you how to replace these often forgotten but very important window seals.
Watch as the experts from Steele Rubber Products show you just how quick and easy it can be to remove and replace your trunk seal.
Watch as the experts from Steele Rubber Products show you how to replace the door seals on a Ford truck.
Watch as the experts from Steele Rubber Products show you how to remove and replace the often overlooked bumpers that keep your hood and...
Lancia turned the docile Delta into a rip-snorting racing machine.
From normal hatchback to fierce racer, here are the highlights of the Lancia Delta Integrale story.
New car plus old styling equals retro cool!
These rods are keeping true to their roots.
The best old haulers of SEMA
There was plenty of American iron at the historic races.
Chevrolet's pony car was more popular than ever this year.
These speed machines looked fast even standing still.
Who needs roads when there are rigs like this!
No more explanation needed, these are just some cool rides.
American iron wasn't all that was on the show field.
Now we're talking! Here's where cubic inches meet cubic dollars.
A fitting finale for an amazing Ford filled event!
These family haulers are getting more and more popular.
In this video the Flex picks off a modded Mustang GT.
Raw power in a sculpted shell, these cars look fast even when sitting still.
Editor Brian Medford visits Alexander Automotive in downtown Franklin, TN to see some special cars. This Buick happens to be a GSX with a...
Camaros are always a SEMA favorite, and this year was no different.
Chevrolet's latest evolution of the Corvette was right at home with the classics.
These purpose built cars showcase the beauty of speed.
Everything old is new again in these updated rides.
Here are the big money lots from the 2010 Scottsdale event
First generation Corvettes shine in the sun!
AutoTrader.com Employees Show Off Their Rides!
Celebrating 50 years of the 911, this was a banner year for the marque.
Lonny Childress of Gateway Classic Mustang pilots their 5.0L Coyote mod motor powered '69 Mustang Sportsroof around Hallett Motor Racing...
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A new tradition begins that will surely become a fan favorite.
Gallery: Oddities
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text: Cute little coffee shop. They have a large variety of drinks and because I couldn't decide I got the coffee of the day which was a salted caramel mocha, very good! And my boyfriend got a big chocolate chip muffin that was good too. The prices are normal for coffee and the guy who took our order was... read more


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8:00 PM ET, April 10, 2009
Xcel Energy Center, Saint Paul, Minnesota
K. Johnsson (Wild - D): Goals: 1, Assists: 0
D. Fritsche (Wild - C): Goals: 1, Assists: 1
M. Bergeron (Wild - D): Goals: 2, Assists: 0
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Limited-time feature
45 year old man | Naples, FL, USA | Seeking women 25-46 within 50 miles
Take chances
I have lived in S. Florida for 18 yrs and Naples for just 2 years. I am originally from St Louis. After highschool I attended University of Kansas(Lawrence, KS), University of Missouri(Columbia,MO), Saint Louis University(St Louis, MO), University of Arizona(Tuscon, AZ), Nova Southeastern University(Ft Lauderdale,FL), and spent some time in San Diego in between. I received a B.S. degree in Business Administration and a doctorate degree in Pharmacology. All of that and I have always hated school??? School is boring, life is exciting. I am looking for someone who likes adventure. Seriously considering moving to Costa Rica this summer to experience the Pura Vida way of life. Wanna go? What an adventure that would be...
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Wine tasting
Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Football, Golf, Hockey, Inline skating, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs, Exotic Pets, Horses
Middle of the Road
Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL
I like to play tennis 3-4 times/week, play guitar, eat out at fun restaurants, go to the beach, run, sing
Its So Easy(and other lies) by Duff McKagan Costa Rica for expats Rosetta Stone-Spanish Level 5
Him | What he is looking for | |
Appearance | ||
Height: | 6'0" (182cms) | 3'0" (91cms) to 8'11" (271cms) |
Body type: | Athletic and toned | Slender, Athletic and toned |
Eyes: | Brown | No preference |
Hair: | Light brown | Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde |
Lifestyle | ||
Smoke: | No Way | No preference |
Drink: | Social Drinker | No preference |
Occupation: | Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness | No preference |
Musician |
Income: | $100,001 to $150,000 | No preference |
Relationship: | Divorced | No preference |
Have kids: | No | No preference |
Wants kids: | Not sure | No preference |
Background | ||
Ethnicity: | White / Caucasian | No preference |
Faith: | Christian / Catholic | No preference |
Languages: | English, Spanish | No preference |
Education: | PhD / Post Doctoral | No preference |


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Oh Noes! Scratch project cannot display.Flash player is disabled, missing, or less than version 10.2.
Fly your ship through legions upon legions of pixelated warfare! Use the arrow keys to move and [space] to shoot.
Heck, there's even a pause button! Hit [p] to pause the game!
This is the first of three levels, I think. All art and music by me. Feel free to use (but with credit, of course!)
Add your ideas! You could try:


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EPiServer Find Delivers Improved Acquisition, Retention and Increased Conversion Rates
Chicago, Illinois & Stockholm, Sweden, May 20th 2014
Digital marketing solutions provider applies search technology in new ways to unlock even more business value and enhance customer experience
EPiServer, a global software provider for innovative ecommerce and digital marketing solutions, today announced the release of EPiServer Find, a next generation search solution that helps businesses solve important acquisition, retention and increased conversions of digital marketing and ecommerce sites. The new solution offers multiple benefits for aspiring digital leaders, including agility by creating automatic landing pages and an ROI increase on existing content. With EPiServer Find, organizations can better position themselves to reach new and existing customers by elevating their sites to create an enhanced user journey and ultimately drive long-term business results.
Traditional search technology, while providing inherent business value, presents challenges to marketers in terms of how to implement long-tail search strategies which are often time-consuming and labor-intensive. EPiServer Find approaches search technology in a new and innovative way by allowing marketers to create a landing page of content built off of traffic from a traditional search. From a digital experience, the new solution leverages long-tail search to optimize marketing strategies so that the results are dynamically created to not only improve business efficiency from the marketer's perspective, but also deliver a great customer experience.
"This is not just another 'site search' box to park on the page header, we've applied search technology in a strategic and innovative way," said Bob Egner, VP of Product Management at EPiServer. "This latest release is part of our long-term strategy to address key challenges of today's ecommerce and digital marketing landscapes. Attracting customers is only part of the problem, retaining them is the major initiative. EPiServer Find combines customer- behavior analytics and forward-thinking technology to simplify this traditionally difficult process. Through this solution, we're proud to say we can provide enterprises the opportunity to improve customer experience by enhancing relevance."
With EPiServer Find organizations are able to address three key challenges involving:
1. Acquisition: EPiServer Find alleviates the daunting and labor-intensive task of providing valuable, SEO-optimized landing pages for high volumes of search queries. With the new solution, products and content can easily be presented for highly-specific search terms. Using faceting technology together with optimized editorial content, EPiServer Find lets organizations quickly create landing pages that are consistently updated to reflect the best products or content for any given global search term at all times.
2. Retention: Consumers require digestible content that caters to their needs. EPiServer Find allows organizations the freedom to set content and products free from internal structures. Content and products are now focused on the needs of the customer through personalization and faceted navigation. Enterprises can adjust items to every visitor, without manual changes, driving long-lasting loyalty by creating a convenient and impactful customer experience.
3. Conversion: Raising conversion rates is a major initiative and goal of any business. EPiServer Find helps businesses achieve this by increasing relevance and carefully guiding customers to the product or piece of content that aligns with what they need. Auto-suggestions that learn from past behavior, related queries that encourage more specific searches and behavioral boosts that keep the most popular items for any search query at the top of the results page, all help business address the challenge or converting retention into conversion.
Folk High Schools, a company focused on adult education enlisted EPiServer's Find solution to help potential and current students chose courses based on content searches and predictive analytics. "Education is a competitive market and it is integral to our institution that we drive traffic and ensure that we reach our conversion goals," says Fredrik Olén, Information Service at Folk High Schools. "EPiServer Find enables us to automatically present the right content to the right persona and provide students that come to our site options that align with their search, as well as a quick and simple path to conversion for those who have already predetermined what they would like to study. The new solution also guides us in how we can further optimize our content, based on behavioral analytics, which will ultimately lead to higher conversion rates and drive results that are top of mind."
The platform also provides a brand new environment for marketers and merchandisers to explore search queries, optimize and correct the queries that do not necessarily perform to their full potential. This not only allows the customer's voice to be heard but also offers a clear benefit to merchandisers and marketers to make better business decisions based on data. These analytics offer the opportunity for enterprises to turn a problem into a solution in a matter of minutes, enhancing customer experience and optimizing retention, acquisition, and conversion, all within an organizations internal departments.
News Source : EPiServer Find Delivers Improved Acquisition, Retention and Increased Conversion RatesMore User Press Releases
- EPiServer named a Web Content Management Systems Contender by Global Independent Research Firm
- EPiServer and Ektron Combine to Create Most Complete Digital Experience Platform in the Cloud
- EPiServer receives growth equity investment from Accel-KKR
- CDS, Syzygy and Creative Jar Won Partner of the Year Awards
- Booking.com best in the UK travel sector for mobile experience
- Gartner Positions EPiServer in the Visionaries Quadrant of the Magic Quadrant for Web Content Management
- EPiServer positioned for growth as UK demand for ecommerce and digital solutions increases
- iOS dominates UK mobile commerce with 11.6m iPhone users making at least one purchase a month
- Rabobank and eFocus win EPiServer Awards 2014
- Survey: B2C Retailers share lessons learned with upstart B2B merchants - search and email drive transactions
This press release is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Read full copyright information here.


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Rome Accommodation Piazza di Spagna II
From $153 / night
Hide Property Details
Description from the owner
- 2 bedrooms
- 1 bathrooms
- Sleeps 4
- Apartment
Bedrooms: 2
Bathrooms: 1
Sleeps: 4
Type: Apt. / Condo
Rome Accommodation Piazza di Spagna IIDescription from the owner
Located on the fifth floor of a historic palazzo on the corner of Via del Babuino and the Spanish Steps, the apartment is able to sleep two adults and two children, while its large panoramic windows offer delightful views over the rooftops and flower-filled terraces of Rome, the 16th century Villa Medici on the Pincio hill and a glimpse of Trinità dei Monti church.
The apartment ranges over two floors, the lower of which has a large bright sitting room with a double sofa bed, a dining area with a dining table and a small well-equipped kitchen. The fireplace is not useable but nevertheless adds an original touch to the flat.
On the upper floor, ...Read more
About the owner
About the owner
Rome Accommodation.NET
Rome Accommodation.NET
Response rate 65%
Response time Within a day
Calendar updated today
Overall rating4.5 / 5.0 based on 93 reviews and 20 properties
Rome Accommodation Piazza di Spagna II
Rome, Lazio, Italy
Additional Location Information
One of the most exclusive areas of central Rome, Via del Babuino is the street which connects the Spanish Steps to Piazza del Popolo and is thus one of the fundamental axes of the famous Rome shopping triangle.
The apartment is located close to Via Margutta, one of the liveliest cultural areas of the city, now home to numerous art galleries and fashionable restaurants, but once the area in which the artists of Rome had their studios and the street in which Federico Fellini lived for many years.
In addition, the nearby Via Condotti is one of the smartest fashion shopping streets in Italy. Indeed the haute couture boutiques and jewellers, fine restaurants and famous bars with which the area is populated make it a pleasant place to stroll at any time of the day or night.
More About This Location
City vacations
Getting There
Car is not necessary
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Also appearing: Efterklang
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Never miss another 'Foals' show
Albert Sessions Evening: Foals + Efterklang
Foals announce their first solo London show since O2 Academy Brixton in 2010. They will play the prestigious Royal Albert Hall on Thursday March 28th as part of the Albert Sessions.
This event takes place at Royal Albert Hall, which has achieved Silver Status for disabled access from Attitude Is Everything.
Foals formed in Oxford in 2005. The band's musical influences are varied, with members citing minimal techno, Arthur Russell, the Irish based math rock band The Redneck Manifesto, Krautrock bands such as Harmonia, and Talking Heads as their main sources of inspiration. Their musical style, however, can be more directly linked to various genres such as math rock, indie Rock or New rave.
Foals tour dates
Haunting and evocative alternative electronica from Denmark's Efterklang. Like Sigur Ros, Mum or A Silver Mt Zion before them, their largely instrumental music manages to both inspire and arouse the senses whilst remaining accessible for most. Beautiful stuff.
Efterklang tour dates
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- 19 people currently track this event
Venue Facts
Venue: Royal Albert Hall
Disabled Access: Silver Status
Website: royalalberthall.com
Enquiries: 020 7589 8212
Bookings: 0845 401 5034
Seating Plan: View the Seating Plan
→ South Kensington 10 min walk
→ Gloucester Rd 11 min walk
→ Knightsbridge 13 min walk


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Growing A Greener World
Behind The Scenes Of A Flower Show (Seattle, Wa)
Series Website »Episode Guide »
A firsthand look at how these display gardens are created and how to get the most from your visit to any show.
Holly is on a mission to get to know more Vermonters, what inspires them, what makes them tick, and to learn how Vermont PBS can better serve. Watch the video...
A second HD broadcast service offering alternative programming and more content from local and regional producers.


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What does SECORD mean in Military?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand SECORD in the Governmental field in general and in the Military terminology in particular.
Secure Cord Switchboard
Find a translation for SECORD in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss this SECORD abbreviation with the community:
Use the citation below to add this abbreviation to your bibliography:
"SECORD." Abbreviations.com. STANDS4 LLC, 2015. Web. 21 Apr. 2015. <http://www.abbreviations.com/term/593794>.


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May 18, 2012
hello friday
Hello Friday.
The weekend is in sight and so are all the possibilities.
I am planning on spending some time potting up some flowers and spreading mulch. My husband has promised me a steak dinner after a quick trip to our local nursery. Sounds just about perfect to me.
How about you? What are your plans?
xo, Patty
18 comments:
well since you asked ;-) , my plans are to be very busy!
I own a balloon/and clown (for birthdays) company.
I am blowing up 150 balloons to be delivered by 10 a.m. and face painting and making balloon animals for 2 parties in the afternoon and then blowing up balloons for delivery Sunday a.m. Teaching preschool during the week and being very busy with parties, my house is a wreck! So tonight? I clean! Can't wait! I want a clean house!!!Oh that does sound perfect! We are having dinner with friend on Saturday night. I will be puttering in the garden on Saturday. Sunday is our oldest daughter's birthday. 31...oh my!!! Where oh where did all of the years go? We will be having dinner and dessert with her and her family.
You have fun!!!This weekend calls for traveling for a grandson's birthday. I was up early,making potato salad and baked beans for Sat. evening BBQ. Only need to pick up ice after work, throw everything in the vehicle and I'm off. Just a 3 hr drive and then lots of visiting! But my garden is calling, but it will have to wait. Grand kids come first!
ReplyDeleteI just love your mantel. That whole room is darling with all your sunny windows. I am stealing your radish in a jar idea as on of my pics today on the blog but with full credit of course. Have a great weekend. Quinn's party is today so I am looking forward to that. Let's go yardsaling one weekend.