text:
Košice | |||
City | |||
Top:St. Elisabeth Cathedral, Middle:Aerial view of Košice, Bottom left:Košice State theater (Štátne divadlo Košice), Bottom middle:View of Saint Michael's Chapel and Hlavná Street, Bottom right:Statue of Andrassy
Nickname: City of tolerance[1] | |||
Country | Slovakia | ||
Region | Košice Self-governing Region | ||
River | Hornád | ||
Elevation | 206 m (676 ft) | ||
Coordinates | 48°43′N 21°15′E / 48.717°N 21.250°ECoordinates: 48°43′N 21°15′E / 48.717°N 21.250°E | ||
Area | 242.768 km2 (93.733 sq mi) | ||
- urban | 1,776 km2 (686 sq mi) | ||
- metro | 2,709 km2 (1,046 sq mi) | ||
Population | 240,688 (2011-12-31) | ||
- urban | 355,047 | ||
- metro | 555,800 | ||
Density | 991 / km2 (2,567 / sq mi) | ||
First mentioned | 1230 | ||
Government | City council | ||
Mayor | Richard Raši (Smer - SD) | ||
Timezone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
- summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
Postal code | 040 00 | ||
Area code | +421-55 | ||
Car plate | KE | ||
Wikimedia Commons: Košice | |||
Statistics: MOŠ/MIS | |||
Website: www.kosice.sk | |||
Košice (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈkoʃitsɛ] ( listen), German: Kaschau, Hungarian: Kassa, Hungarian pronunciation: ['kɒʃːɒ] ( listen)) is the biggest city in eastern Slovakia and in 2013 was the European Capital of Culture together with Marseille, France. It is situated on the river Hornád at the eastern reaches of the Slovak Ore Mountains, near the border with Hungary. With a population of approximately 240,000, Košice is the second largest city in Slovakia after the capital Bratislava.
Being the economic and cultural centre of eastern Slovakia, Košice is the seat of the Košice Region and Košice Self-governing Region, the Slovak Constitutional Court, three universities, various dioceses, and many museums, galleries, and theatres. Košice is an important industrial centre of Slovakia, and the U.S. Steel Košice steel mill is the largest employer in the city. The town has extensive railway connections and an international airport.
The city has a well-preserved historical centre, which is the largest among Slovak towns. There are many heritage protected buildings in Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Art Nouveau styles with Slovakia's largest church: the St. Elisabeth Cathedral. The long main street, rimmed with aristocratic palaces, Catholic churches, and townsfolk's houses, is a thriving pedestrian zone with many boutiques, cafés, and restaurants. The city is well known as the first settlement in Europe to be granted its own coat-of-arms.[2]
The first written mention of the city was in 1230 as "Villa Cassa".[3] The Slovak name of the city comes from the Slavic personal name Koša with the patronymic Slavic suffix "-ice".[4] The city may derive its name from Old Slovak kosa, "clearing", related to modern Slovak kosiť, "to reap".[5] Though according to other sources the city name may derive from an old Hungarian[6] first name which begins with "Ko".[7] Historically, the city has been known as Kaschau in German, Kassa in Hungarian, Cassovia in Latin, Cassovie in French, Caşovia in Romanian, Кошице (Košice) in Russian, and Koszyce in Polish (see here for more names). Below is a chronology of the various names:[8][9][10]
Year | Name | Year | Name |
1230 | Villa Cassa | 1420 | Caschowia |
1257 | Cassa | 1441 | Cassovia, Kassa, Kaschau, Košice |
1261 | Cassa, Cassa-Superior | 1773 | Cassovia, Kassa, Kaschau, Kossicze |
1282 | Kossa | 1786 | Cassovia, Kascha, Kaschau, Kossice |
1300 | Cossa | 1808 | Cassovia, Kaschau, Kassa, Kossice |
1307 | Cascha | 1863–1913 | Kassa |
1324 | Casschaw | 1920–1938 | Košice |
1342 | Kassa | 1938–1945 | Kassa |
1388 | Cassa-Cassouia | 1945– | Košice |
1394 | Cassow |
The first evidence of inhabitance can be traced back to the end of the Paleolithic era. The first written reference to the Hungarian town of Košice (as the royal village - Villa Cassa) comes from 1230. After the Mongol invasion in 1241, King Béla IV of Hungary invited German colonists to fill the gaps in population.
The city was made of two independent settlements: Lower Košice and Upper Košice, amalgamated in the 13th century around the long lens-formed ring, of today's Main Street. The first known town privileges come from 1290.[12] The city grew quickly because of its strategic location on an international trade route from agriculturally rich central Hungary to central Poland, itself along a greater route connecting the Balkans and the Adriatic and Aegean seas to the Baltic Sea. The privileges given by the king were helpful in developing crafts, business, increasing importance (seat of the royal chamber for Upper Hungary), and for building its strong fortifications.[3] In 1307, the first guild regulations were registered here and were the oldest in Kingdom of Hungary.[13]
As a Hungarian free royal town, Košice reinforced the king's troops in the crucial moment of the bloody Battle of Rozgony in 1312 against the strong aristocratic Palatine Amadé Aba (family). In 1347, it became the second place city in the hierarchy of the Hungarian free royal towns with the same rights as the capital Buda. In 1369, it received its own coat of arms from Louis I of Hungary.[12] The Diet convened by Louis I in Košice decided that women could inherit the Hungarian throne.
The significance and wealth of the city in the end of the 14th century was mirrored by the decision to build a completely new church on the grounds of the previously destroyed smaller St. Elisabeth Church. The construction of the biggest cathedral in the Kingdom of Hungary - St. Elisabeth Cathedral - was supported by the Emperor Sigismund, and by the apostolic see itself. Since the beginning of the 15th century, the city played a leading role in the Pentapolitana - the league of towns of five most important cities in Upper Hungary (Bardejov, Levoča, Košice, Prešov, and Sabinov). During the reign of King Matthias Corvinus the city reached its medieval population peak. With an estimated 10,000 Hungarian inhabitants, it was among the largest medieval cities in Europe.[14]
The history of Košice was heavily influenced by the dynastic disputes over the Hungarian throne, which together with the decline of the continental trade brought the city into stagnation. Vladislaus III of Varna failed to capture the city in 1441. John Jiskra's mercenaries from Bohemia defeated Tamás Székely's Hungarian army in 1449. John I Albert, Prince of Poland, could not capture the city during a six-month-long siege in 1491. In 1526, the city homaged for Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. John Zápolya captured the city in 1536 but Ferdinand I reconquered the city in 1551.[15] In 1604, Stephen Bocskay occupied Košice during his insurrection against the Habsburg dynasty. Giorgio Basta, commander of the Habsburg forces, failed to capture the city, but Ferdinand I eventually recaptured it in 1606. Stephen Bocskay died in Košice on 29 December 1606 and was interred there.
On 5 September 1619, Gabriel Bethlen captured Košice in another anti-Habsburg insurrection. He married Catherine von Hohenzollern, of Johann Sigismund Kurfürst von Brandenburg, in Košice in 1626.[16] On 18 January 1644, the Diet in Košice elected George I Rákóczi the prince of Hungary. In 1657, a printing house and a college were founded by the Jesuits there. The city was besieged by kuruc armies several times in the 1670s and it revolted against the Habsburg emperor. The rebel leaders were massacred by emperor's soldiers on 26 November 1677. A modern pentagonal fortress (citadel) was built by the Habsburgs south of the city in the 1670s. Another rebel leader, Imre Thököly captured it in 1682, but the Austrian field marshal Aeneas de Caprara got it back on 1685. In 1704-1711 Prince of Transylvania Francis II Rákóczi made Košice the main base in his War for Independence. The fortress was demolished by 1713.
In the 17th century, Košice was the capital of Upper Hungary (in 1563-1686 as the seat of the "Captaincy of Upper Hungary" and in 1567-1848 it was the seat of the Chamber of Szepes county (Spiš, Zips), which was a subsidiary of the supreme financial agency in Vienna responsible for Upper Hungary). Due to Ottoman occupation, the city was the residence of Eger's archbishop from 1596 to 1700.[17] Since 1657, it has been the seat of the historic Royal University of Košice (Universitas Cassoviensis), founded by Bishop Benedict Kishdy. The university was transformed into a Royal Academy in 1777, then into a Law Academy in the 19th century. It ceased to exist in the turbulent year of 1921. After the end of the anti-Habsburg uprisings in 1711 the victorious Austrian armies drove the Ottoman forces back to the south and this major territorial change created new trade routes which circumvented Košice. The city began to decay and turned from a rich medieval town into a provincial town known for its military base and dependent mainly on agriculture.[18]
In 1723, the Immaculata statue was erected in the place of a former gallows at Hlavná ulica (Main Street) commemorating the plague from the years 1710-1711.[19] This was one of the centers of the Hungarian language regenerate movement which published the first Hungarian language periodical called the Magyar Museum in Hungary in 1788.[20] The city's walls were demolished step by step from the early 19th century to 1856; only the Executioner's Bastion remained with few parts of the wall. The city became a seat of its own bishopric in 1802. The city's surroundings became a theater of the war again during the Revolutions of 1848, when the Imperial cavalry general Franz Schlik defeated the Hungarian army on 8 December 1848 and 4 January 1849. The city was captured by the Hungarian army on 15 February 1849, but the Russian troops drove them back on 24 June 1849.[21]
At the beginning of the 19th century, there were three manufacturers and 460 workshops in 1828.[22] The first factories were established in the 1840s (sugar and nail factories). The first telegram message arrived in 1856 and the railway connected the city to Miskolc, Hungary in 1860. In 1873, there were already connections to Prešov, Žilina, and Chop (in today's Ukraine). The city gained a public transit system in 1891 when track was laid down for a horse-drawn tramway. The traction was electrified in 1914.[22] In 1906, Francis II Rákóczi's house of Rodosto was reproduced in Košice and his remains were buried in the St. Elisabeth Cathedral.[23]
After World War I and during the gradual break-up of Austria-Hungary, the city at first became a part of the transient "Eastern Slovak Republic", declared on 11 December 1918 in Košice and earlier in Prešov under the protection of Hungary. On 29 December 1918, the Czechoslovak Legions entered the city, making it part of the newly established Czechoslovakia. However, in June 1919, Košice was occupied again, as part of the Slovak Soviet Republic, a proletarian puppet state of Hungary. The Czechoslovak troops secured the city for Czechoslovakia in July 1919,[24] which was later upheld under the terms of the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.
World War II and after[edit]
The fate of Košice Jews[edit]
Jews had lived in Košice since the 16th century but were not allowed to settle permanently. There is a document identifying the local coiner in 1524 as a Jew and claiming that his predecessor was a Jew as well. Jews were allowed to enter the city during the town fair, but were forced to leave it by night, and lived mostly in nearby Rozunfaca. In 1840 the ban was removed, and before that there were a few Jews living in the town, among them a widow who ran a small Kosher restaurant for the Jewish merchants passing through the town.
Košice was ceded to Hungary, by the First Vienna Award, from 1938 until early 1945. The town was bombarded on 26 June 1941 by a still unidentified aircraft, in what became a pretext for the Hungarian government to declare war on the Soviet Union a day later.
The German occupation of Hungary led to the deportation of Košice's entire Jewish population of 12,000 and an additional 2,000 from surrounding areas via cattle cars to the concentration camps.
In 1946 after the war, Kosice was the site of orthodox Zionist revival, with a Mizrachi convention and a Bnei Akiva Yeshiva (school) for refugees, which, later that year, moved with its students to Israel.[25]
Today[clarification needed] there are only 8 men who pray at the Synagogue regularly, and they are assisted by Jewish students predominantly studying medicine at the town universities, from Israel.
The Soviets and Czechoslovakia[edit]
The town was captured by the Soviets in January 1945 and for a short time it became a temporary capital city of the restored Czechoslovak Republic until the Soviet Red Army reached Prague. Among other acts, the Košice Government Program was declared on 5 April 1945.[24]
At that time a large population of ethnic Germans in the area were expelled and sent on foot to Germany or to the Russian border.[26]
After the Communist Party seized power in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, the city became part of the Eastern Bloc. Several present day cultural institutions were founded and large residential areas around the city were built. The construction and expansion of the East Slovak Ironworks caused the population to grow from 60,700 in 1950 to 235,000 in 1991. Before the breakup of Czechoslovakia (1993), it was the fifth largest city in the federation.
Under Slovakia[edit]
Following the Velvet Divorce and creation of the Slovak Republic, Košice became the second largest city in the country and became a seat of a constitutional court. Since 1995, it has been the seat of the Archdiocese of Košice.
Košice lies at an altitude of 206 metres (676 ft) above sea level and covers an area of 242.77 square kilometres (93.7 sq mi).[27] It is located in eastern Slovakia, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the Hungarian, 80 kilometres (50 mi) from the Ukrainian, and 90 kilometres (56 mi) from the Polish borders. It is about 400 kilometres (249 mi) east of Slovakia's capital Bratislava and a chain of villages connects it to Prešov which is about 36 kilometres (22 mi) to the north.
Košice is situated on the Hornád River in the Košice Basin, at the easternmost reaches of the Slovak Ore Mountains. More precisely it is a subdivision of the Čierna hora mountains in the northwest and Volovské vrchy mountains in the southwest. The basin is met on the east by the Slanské vrchy mountains.
Košice lies in the north temperate zone and has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. It is characterized by a significant variation between hot summers and cold, snowy winters.
Climate data for Košice | |||||||||||||
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average high °C (°F) | 0.5 (32.9) |
3.2 (37.8) |
9.3 (48.7) |
15 (59) |
20.3 (68.5) |
23.2 (73.8) |
25.1 (77.2) |
25.1 (77.2) |
20.3 (68.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
6.2 (43.2) |
1.4 (34.5) |
13.66 (56.58) |
Average low °C (°F) | −5.6 (21.9) |
−3.9 (25) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
4.2 (39.6) |
8.9 (48) |
11.8 (53.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.2 (48.6) |
4.5 (40.1) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−3.9 (25) |
4.26 (39.67) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 25 (0.98) |
24 (0.94) |
26 (1.02) |
49 (1.93) |
70 (2.76) |
86 (3.39) |
83 (3.27) |
70 (2.76) |
53 (2.09) |
47 (1.85) |
42 (1.65) |
33 (1.3) |
608 (23.94) |
Avg. precipitation days | 13 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 145 |
Source: World Meteorological Organisation[28] |
Košice has a population of 240,688 (31 December 2011). According to the 2011 census, 73.8% of its inhabitants were Slovaks, 2.65% Hungarians, 2% Romani, 0.65% Czechs, 0.68% Rusyns, 0.3% Ukrainians, and 0.13% Germans. 19% of Košice's population did not declare their ethnic affiliation in the 2011 census.[29]
The religious makeup was 45% Roman Catholics, 16.6% people with no religious affiliation, 6.12% Greek Catholics, and 2.33% Lutherans, 2% Calvinists and 0.11 Jews.[30]
Historical demographics[edit]
According to the researchers the town had a German majority until the mid-16th century,[31] and by 1650, 72.5 percent of Cassovia population may have been Hungarians,[note 1] 13.2 percent was German, 14.3 percent was Slovak or of uncertain origin.[31] The Ottoman Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi mentioned that, the city was inhabited by "Hungarians, Germans, Upper Hungarians" in 1661.[31]
The linguistic makeup of the town's population underwent historical changes that alternated between a growth of the ratio of those who claimed Hungarian and those who claimed Slovak as their language. With a population of 28,884 in 1891, just under half (49.9%) of the inhabitants of Košice declared the then official Hungarian language as their main means of communication, 33.6% Slovak, and 13.5% German; 72.2% were Roman Catholics, 11.4% Jews, 7.3% Lutherans, 6.7% Greek Catholics, and 4.3% Calvinists.[32] The results of this census are questioned by some historians[33] by claiming that they were manipulated, in order to increase the percentage of the Magyar population in the period of Magyarization.
By the 1910 census, which is sometimes accused of being manipulated by the ruling Hungarian bureaucracy,[34] 75.4% of the 44,211 inhabitants claimed Hungarian, 14.8% Slovak, 7.2% German, and 1.8% Polish.[35] The Jews were split among other groups by the 1910 census, as only the most frequently used language and not ethnicity was registered.[36] The linguistic balance within the town limits began to shift towards Slovak after World War I with Slovakization in the newly established Czechoslovakia.[citation needed] As a consequence of the Vienna Awards, Košice was ceded to Hungary. During the German occupation of Hungary towards the end of World War II, approximately 10,000 Jews were deported by the Arrow Cross Party and the Nazis, and killed in Auschwitz.[37] The ethnic makeup of the town was dramatically changed by persecution of the town's large Hungarian majority (population exchanges between Hungary and Slovakia and slovakization) and by mass immigration of Slovaks into newly built communist-block-microdistricts, which increased the population of Košice four-times by 1989 and made it the fastest growing city in Czechoslovakia.[38]
Performing arts[edit]
There are several theaters in Košice. The Košice State Theater was founded in 1945 (then under the name of the East Slovak National Theater). It consists of three ensembles: drama, opera, and ballet. Other theaters include the Marionette Theater and the Old Town Theater (Staromestské divadlo). Due to the presence of Hungarian and Roma minorities, it also hosts the Hungarian "Thália" theater and the professional Roma theater "Romathan".[39]
Košice is the home of the State Philharmonic Košice (Štátna filharmónia Košice), established in 1968 as the second professional symphonic orchestra in Slovakia. It organizes festivals such as the Košice Music Spring Festival, the International Organ Music Festival, and the Festival of Contemporary Art.[40] It is also the home of the Philharmonia Cassovia orchestra.
Museums and galleries[edit]
Some of the museums and galleries based in the city include the East Slovak Museum (Vychodoslovenské múzeum), originally established in 1872 under the name of the Upper Hungarian Museum. The Slovak Technical Museum (Slovenské technické múzeum) with planetarium, established in 1947, is the only museum in the technical category in Slovakia that specializes in the history and traditions of science and technology.[41] The East Slovak Gallery (Východoslovenská galéria) was established in 1951 as the first regional gallery with the aim to document artistic life in present day eastern Slovakia.[42]
European Capital of Culture[edit]
In 2008 Košice won the competition among Slovakian cities to hold the prestigious title European Capital of Culture 2013. Project Interface aims at transformation of Košice from a centre of heavy industry to a postindustrial city with creative potential and new cultural infrastructure. Project authors bring to Košice a concept of creative economy - merging of economy and industry with arts, where transformed urban space encourages development of certain fields of creative industry (design, media, architecture, music and film production, IT technologies, creative tourism). The artistic and cultural program stems from a conception of sustained maintainable activities with long-lasting effects on cultural life in Košice and its region. The main project venues are:
- Kasárne Kulturpark - 19th century military barracks turned into new urban space with a centre of contemporary art, exhibition and concert halls and workshops for creative industry.
- Kunsthalle - a 1960s disused swimming pool turned into the first Kunsthalle in Slovakia.
- SPOTs - 1970s and 1980s disused heat exchangers turned into cultural "spots" in Communist-Era-block-of-flats districts.
- City park, Park Komenského and Mojzesova - revitalisation of urban spaces.
- Castle of Košice, Amfiteáter, Mansion of Krásna, Handicrafts Street - reconstruction.
- Tabačka - a 19th-century tobacco factory turned into a centre of independent culture.
The first and the oldest international festival of local TV broadcasters (founded in 1995) - The Golden Beggar, takes place every year in June in Košice.
The oldest evening newspaper is the Košický večer. The daily paper in Košice is Korzár. Recently, the daily paper Košice:Dnes (Košice:Today) came into existence.
TV stations based in Košice: TV Naša, TV Region and public TV broadcaster RTVS Televízne štúdio Košice.
Radio stations based in Košice: Radio Košice, Dobré rádio, Rádio Kiss, Rádio Šport, and the public broadcaster RTVS Rádio Regina Košice
Košice is the economic hub of eastern Slovakia. It accounts for about 9% of the Slovak gross domestic product.[citation needed] The steel mill, U.S. Steel Košice with 13,500 employees, is the largest employer in the city and the largest private employer in the country.[43] Other major sectors include mechanical engineering, food industry, services, and trade.[44] GDP per capita in 2001 was €4,004, which was below Slovakia's average of €4,400.[44] The unemployment rate was 11.4% in September 2005,[45] which was below the country's average 15.6% at that time.[46]
The city has a balanced budget of 2.78 billion Slovak korunas (almost €83 million, as of 2007) with a small surplus of 25 million korunas. The budget for the year 2008 consisted of projects with total spending of 2.82 billion korunas.[47]
The city centre, and most historical monuments, are located in or around the Main Street (Hlavná ulica) and the town has the largest number of protected historical monuments in Slovakia.[48] The most dominant historical monument of the city is Slovakia's largest church, the 14th century Gothic St. Elisabeth Cathedral; it is the easternmost cathedral of western style Gothic architecture in Central Europe,[48] and is the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Košice. In addition to St. Elisabeth, there is the 14th century St. Michael Chapel, the St. Urban Tower, and the Neo-baroque State Theater in the center of town. The Executioner's Bastion and the Mill Bastion are the remains of the city's previous fortification system. The Church of the Virgin Mary's Birth is the cathedral for the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Košice. Other monuments and buildings of cultural and historical interest are; the old Town Hall, the Old University, the Captain's Palace, Liberation Square, as well as a number of galleries (the East Slovak Gallery) and museums (the East Slovak Museum). There is a Municipal Park located between the historical city centre and the main railway station. The city also has a zoo located northwest of the city, within the borough of Kavečany.
Places of worship[edit]
Gallery of architecture[edit]
Gothic St. Elisabeth Cathedral
Košice is the seat of the Košice Region and since 2002 it is the seat of the autonomous Košice Self-governing Region. Additionally, it is the seat of the Slovak Constitutional Court. The city hosts a regional branch of the National Bank of Slovakia (Národná banka Slovenska) and consulates of Hungary, Belgium, Spain, Russia and Turkey.
The local government is composed of a mayor (Slovak: primátor), a city council (mestské zastupiteľstvo), a city board (mestská rada), city commissions (Komisie mestského zastupiteľstva), and a city magistrate's office (magistrát). The directly elected mayor is the head and chief executive of the city. The term of office is four years. The previous mayor, František Knapík, was nominated in 2006 by a coalition of four political parties KDH, SMK, and SDKÚ-DS. In 2010 he finished his term of office.[49] The present mayor is MUDr. Richard Raši, PhD., MPH. He was inaugurated on 21 December 2010.[50]
Administratively, the city of Košice is divided into four districts: Košice I (covering the center and northern parts), Košice II (covering the southwest), Košice III (east), and Košice IV (south) and further into 22 boroughs (wards):
District | Boroughs |
Košice I | Džungľa, Kavečany, Sever, Sídlisko Ťahanovce, Staré Mesto, Ťahanovce |
Košice II | Lorinčík, Luník IX, Myslava, Pereš, Poľov, Sídlisko KVP, Šaca, Západ |
Košice III | Sídlisko dargovských hrdinov, Košická Nová Ves |
Košice IV | Barca, Juh, Krásna, Nad jazerom, Šebastovce, Vyšné Opátske |
Košice is the second university town in Slovakia, after Bratislava. The Technical University of Košice is its largest university, with 16,015 students, including 867 doctoral students.[51] A second major university is the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, with 7,403 students, including 527 doctoral students.[52] Other universities and colleges include the University of Veterinary Medicine in Košice (1,381 students)[53] and the private Security Management College in Košice (1,168 students).[54] Additionally, the University of Economics in Bratislava, the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, and the Catholic University in Ružomberok each have a branch based in the city.
There are 38 public elementary schools, six private elementary schools, and three religious elementary schools.[55] Overall, they enroll 20,158 pupils.[55] The city's system of secondary education (some middle schools and all high schools) consist of 20 gymnasia with 7,692 students,[56] 24 specialized high schools with 8,812 students,[57] and 13 vocational schools with 6,616 students.[52][58]
Public Transport in Košice is managed by Dopravný podnik mesta Košice (literally the Public Transport Company of the city of Košice). The municipal mass transit system is the oldest one in present day Slovakia, with the first horse-car line beginning operation in 1891 (electrified in 1914).[22] Today, the city's public transportation system is composed of buses (in use since the 1950s), trams, and trolleybuses (since 1993).
Košice railway station is a rail hub of eastern Slovakia. The city is connected by rail to Prague, Bratislava, Prešov, Čierna nad Tisou, Humenné, Miskolc (Hungary), and Zvolen. There is a broad gauge track from Ukraine, leading to the steel mill southwest of the city. The D1 motorway connects the city to Prešov and more motorways and roads are planned around the city.[59]
The Košice international airport is located south of the city. Regular direct flights from the airport are available to: London, Bratislava, Vienna, and Prague.[60] Regular flights are provided by Czech Airlines, Austrian Airlines, Danube Wings and Wizz Air and in code-share by KLM-Air France, Delta, Lufthansa, United and Etihad. At its peak in year 2008, it served 590,919 passengers but the number has since declined.[61]
The oldest annual marathon in Europe and the third oldest in the entire world, after the world famous Boston Marathon and the Yonkers Marathon. Košice Peace Marathon (founded in 1924.) is run in the historic part of the city organized every year on the first Sunday of October.
Ice hockey club HC Košice is one of the most successful Slovak hockey clubs. It plays in Slovakia's highest league, the Extraliga, and has won seven titles in 1995, 1996, 1999, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2013, and two titles (1986 and 1988) in the former Czechoslovak Extraliga. Since 2006, their home is the Steel Aréna which has a capacity of 8,343 spectators. Football club MFK Košice currently plays in the Corgoň Liga. It was the first club from Slovakia reach the group stages of the UEFA Champions League and is a two times domestic league winner (1998 and 1999). After relegation in 2003, the club returned to the Corgoň Liga in 2005.
Košice, along with Bratislava hosted the 2011 IIHF World Championship in ice hockey.
International relations[edit]
Twin towns — sister cities[edit]
Košice has several partner towns and sister cities around the world:[62]
Notable personalities[edit]
Saint Elizabeth of Hungary
Hungarian Lyricist Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos
Prince of Transylvania Stephen Bocskay
Prince of Transylvania Francis II Rákóczi
Hungarian linguist Ferenc Kazinczy
Slovak author Jonáš Záborský
Hungarian architekt Imrich Henszlmann
Painter Leopold Horowitz
Hungarian author Sándor Márai
Czechoslovak General Radola Gajda
Czech museologist Josef Polák
Slovak writer Anton Prídavok
Hockey player Ladislav Troják
Mayor and President of the Slovak Republic Rudolf Schuster
Women's tennis player Martina Hingis
See also[edit]
- List of people from Košice
- Košice Peace Marathon
- Military District of Kaschau
- Slovak National Uprising
- ^ Združenie Feman (2009). "Feman - Európsky festival kultúry národov a národností".
- ^ Lucinda Mallows: Slovakia: The Bradt Travel Guide, Globe Pequot Press, Connecticut, 2007
- ^ a b City of Košice (2005). "Short History of Košice". Retrieved 10 February 2008.[dead link]
- ^ "Z histórie Košíc - 13. storočie" (in Slovak). City of Košice. 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ Placenames of the world: origins and... - Google Books. Books.google.com. 2003-12-31. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- ^ "Old Hungarian names" (PDF). 2009. Retrieved 2009.
- ^ Magyar Nyelvtudományi Társaság (Society of Hungarian Linguistics), Magyar nyelv, Volume 18, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1922, p. 142, Cited: "Kokos (Kakas), Kolumbán (Kálmán), Kopov (Kopó), Kokot (Kakat hn.) stb. Bármely ilyen Ko- szótagon kezdődő tulajdonnévnek lehet a Kosa a származéka. E Kosa szn. van nézetünk szerint Kassa (régen Kossa -=: Kosa) város nevében is/Kokos (Kakas), Kolumbán (Kálmán), Kopov (Kopó), Kokot (Kakat hn.) etc., any proper nouns that begin with 'Ko' syllable may have Kosa derivative, in the name of Kassa as well (it's old form Kossa, Kosa)"
- ^ Vlastivedný Slovník Obcí na Slovensku, VEDA, vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava 1978.
- ^ Milan Majtán (1998), Názvy Obcí Slovenskej republiky (Vývin v rokoch 1773-1997), VEDA, vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava, ISBN 80-224-0530-2.
- ^ Lelkes György (1992), Mayar Helységnév-Azonosító Szótár, Balassi Kiadó, Budapest, ISBN 963-7873-00-7.
- ^ Matica slovenská, Kniha, Matica slovenská, 2008, p. 16
- ^ a b "Zaujímave letopočty z dejín mesta Košice - 1143-1560" (in Slovak). City of Košice. 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ "Z histórie Košíc - 14. storočie" (in Slovak). City of Košice. 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ R.O.Halaga: Právny, územný a populačný vývoj mesta Košíc, Košice 1967, p.54
- ^ "Pallas nagy lexikon" (in Hungarian). City of Košice. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ "Tenderlap" (in Hungarian). City of Košice. Retrieved 2008.
- ^ "A történeti Magyarország katolikus levéltárai / Eger" (in Hungarian). City of Košice. Retrieved 2008.
- ^ "Z histórie Košíc - 18. storočie" (in Slovak). City of Košice. n.d. Retrieved 23 January 2007.
- ^ "Immaculata". City of Košice. 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ "Kazinczy Ferenc" (in Hungarian). City of Košice. Retrieved 2008.
- ^ "MEK (Magyar Elektronikus Könyvtár)" (in Hungarian). City of Košice. Retrieved 2008.
- ^ a b c "Zaujímave letopočty z dejín mesta Košice (1657–1938)" (in Slovak). City of Košice. n.d. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
- ^ "Rákóczi in Košice 1906–2006 - Who was Ferenc II Rákóczi?". various. 24 February 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
- ^ a b "Z histórie Košíc - 20. storočie (Slovak)" (in Slovak). City of Košice. 2005. Retrieved 20 January 2008.[dead link]
- ^ Images of Jewish aftermath revival at Kosice
- ^ Forgotten Voices page 97
- ^ "Municipal Statistics". Statistical Office of the Slovak republic. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Košice". July 2011.
- ^ Štatistický úrad Slovenskej republiky
- ^ Štatistický úrad Slovenskej republiky
- ^ a b c Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 46-47 [2]
- ^ "A Pallas nagy lexikona; Az összes ismeretek enciklopédiája". X, Kacs−Közellátás (1 ed.). Budapest: Pallas Irodalmi és Nyomdai Részvénytársaság. 1895
- ^ Franz Joseph I of Austria and His Empire - Google Knihy. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
- ^ Teich, Mikuláš; Dušan Kováč; Martin D. Brown (2011). Slovakia in History. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ Atlas and Gazetteer of Historic Hungary 1914, Talma Kiadó
- ^ "Abaúj-Torna County". Retrieved 2008-01-26.
- ^ "Židia v Košiciach" (in Slovak). Retrieved 2008-01-26.
- ^ KOROTNOKY, Ľudovít (ed.). Košice : sprievodca. Košice : Východoslovenské tlačiarne, 1989. 166 s. ISBN 80-85174-40-5.
- ^ "Košice - metropola východného Slovenska" (in Slovak). Košice.info. 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ "The Slovak State Philharmonic, Košice - History". The Slovak State Philharmonic, Košice. n.d. Retrieved 2008.
- ^ "Slovenské technické múzeum - História múzea" (in Slovak). n.d. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ "Východoslovenská galéria" (in Slovak). cassovia.sk. n.d. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
- ^ a b "Urban Audit". Retrieved 2008-01-24.
- ^ "Hospodársko - ekonomické informácie" (in Slovak). City of Košice. 2005. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
- ^ "Nezamestnanosť podľa výberového zisťovania pracovných síl (2005–2006)" (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
- ^ "Uznesenie z II. rokovania Mestského zastupiteľstva v Košiciach, zo dňa 22. februára 2007" (RTF) (in Slovak). City of Košice. 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
- ^ a b "Town monument reserve - Košice". Slovak Tourist Board. 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2007.
- ^ "František Knapík". Retrieved 2011-03-19.
- ^ "Richard Raši". Retrieved 2011-03-19.
- ^ "Technická univerzita Košice" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ a b "Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ "Univerzita veterinárneho lekárstva" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ "Vysoká škola bezpečnostného manažérstva" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ a b "Prehľad základných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ "Prehľad gymnázií v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ "Prehľad stredných odborných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ "Prehľad stredných odborných učilíšť a učilíšť v školskom roku 2006/2007" (PDF) (in Slovak). Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ Ján Gana (2007). "Highways and tunnels in Slovakia". Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ "Košice International Airport - Departures". Košice International Airport. 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
- ^ "Košice International Airport - Statistics". Košice International Airport. 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Twin cities of the City of Kosice". Magistrát mesta Košice, Tr. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
- ^ "Sister cities of Budapest" (in Hungarian). Official Website of Budapest. Retrieved 2009-07-01.[dead link]
- ^ "Kardeş Şehirler". Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Basın Koordinasyon Merkez. Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
- ^ "Our twin cities - Cottbus". http://www.cottbus.de/. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ "Twinnings". Niš City Hall. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ Plovdiv Sister cities
- ^ Plovdiv Twinning
- ^ "Serwis informacyjny UM Rzeszów - Informacja o współpracy Rzeszowa z miastami partnerskimi". www.rzeszow.pl. Retrieved 2010-02-02.[dead link]
- ^ "Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties". Saint Petersburg City Government. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
- ^ "Mobile's Sister Cities". City of Mobile. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Košice. |
- Official website of the town of Košice
- Official website of the European Capital of Culture - Kosice 2013
- Košice Tourist Board and Visitor Centre - official travel information
- DPMK - Public Transport Office Site
- Košice travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Tourist guide
- Tourist guide
- Cassovia Digitalis The Digital City Library (German/Slovakian/Hungarian/English)
- Košice at funiq.eu
World War II[edit]
- Interview with Ethel Frankfurter a Holocaust survivor from Košice
- Wehrmacht records of battles around Kosice (Kaschau)
- Kosice (Kaschau) Wehrmacht conditions not improved even after elimination of the Jews. Also volunteers sent to watch over seized Jewish property.
- The Myriad Chronicles - The failed Slovakian uprisal against Germany, from Kosice.
- WWI document of Austrian regiment in Kosice (German)
Images of WWII at Kosice[edit]
- A Jewish wedding at Kosice
- image of Kosice Jews in Sarospatak work camp in Hungary, 1941, and image of Dr. Albert (Belah) Fehr the Jewish doctor from Kosice at the nearby air field. An earlier image exists of him in uniform.
- ritual Jewish incense tower from Kosice, at a permanent exhibition at the Israel museum, retrieved from stolen Jewish artifacts of the holocaust.
- image of Neologic synagogue in Kosice and its interior and a view from the upper women's gallery.
- image of the Grand synagogue in Kosice
- Tombstone of last rabbi of Kosice Rabbi Moshe Friedlander, died 1967
- Burial site of 30 Jews killed on the roadside by the Germans, exhumed and buried in 1944
- Youth movement picnic Bnei Akiva Kosice circa 1941.


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Gerald Henderson
Nets say Thaddeus Young has a left knee strain, out Friday vs. Cavaliers
Mar 26, 2015, 8:00 PM EDT
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The Nets and Hornets talked but did not pull the trigger on a Brook Lopez trade recently.
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Dec 30, 2014, 10:31 PM EDT
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Fantastic play.
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Henderson and Kidd-Gilchrist are in a fight for the final starting spot on the team.
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Sep 21, 2014, 3:30 PM EDT
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Williams, who plays both forward positions, now favorite to replace Josh McRoberts in starting lineup
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The Chicago Bulls, at least on some level, aren't totally concerned with how they fare this season. Derrick Rose is already out for the year, and no matter how well everything else comes together, the superstar's injury limits the Bulls' upside in 2014. They already traded Luol Deng for zero assets that will help them…
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Dec 31, 2013, 11:00 PM EDT
Could it really be anything else? If we are talking about one play that we will be talking about a decade, two decades from now it will be Ray Allen's step back corner three that sent Game 6 of the NBA Finals to overtime. There was a lot that led up to it (including the…
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Dec 12, 2013, 8:00 AM EDT
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Bobcats' Gerald Henderson receives warning for violating league's anti-flopping rule (VIDEO)
Dec 4, 2013, 9:01 PM EDT
Gerald Henderson of the Bobcats became the latest player to be warned for violating the league's anti-flopping rule on Wednesday, and there's little doubt that his dive against the Mavericks on Tuesday was worthy of its distinction. With his back to the defender, Henderson simply takes a leap toward the sideline with the ball in…
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Iman Shumpert latest to receive warning for violating league's anti-flopping rule (VIDEO)
Nov 9, 2013, 6:30 PM EDT
It seems as though the league has been cracking down on flopping a little bit more than it did a season ago, at least through this campaign's first couple of weeks. A handful of players have already been issued initial warnings for violating the anti-flopping rule, and Iman Shumpert of the New York Knicks became…
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Nov 6, 2013, 2:18 AM EDT
Our grades from Tuesday night around the NBA, or what you missed while debating the Top 10 superhero movies… Indiana Pacers. They have been the best team in the NBA through the first week plus — they are undefeated at 4-0 thanks to a lock-down defense and Paul George. That defense is the best in…


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Took my 2003 suburban to get the fuel lines redone yesterday, the technician told me to keep an eye on the fuel composition sensor ( fuel comp sensor) he said that it looks swollen from corrosion and may fail, but it is a costly repair that they didn't say had to be done. Does anybody have any experience with this sensor? From what little bit I researched it, it has something to do with the flex fuel, and from other post I've read I can just unhook the sensor. any input would be greatly appreciated, the last thing I want to do is get stranded somewhere from a needless sensor.
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Texans Talk Football talk only please. Keep it to the game, the players, the coaches and management. |
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10-07-2007 | #221 |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
If someone chopped my knee and sent me landing on my head, I'd get up yelling too. Kubiak needs to have Johnson's back.
10-07-2007 | #222 |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
not if it's a QB, that's the way they're taught to do it, they always go low. no one ever gets injured in those situations, it's pretty rare, and hardly cheap.
10-07-2007 | #223 |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
i missed the game did that trash get a flag/penalty for clipping.
10-07-2007 | #224 | |
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Re: tj
Warning: This post may or may not contain sarcasm, satire, or humor in general. Read at your own risk! |
10-07-2007 | #225 |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
Well obviously someone got injured. I hate to see anyone injured, let alone a QB. Rare or not, it happened, unintentially<sp>, but it happened.
10-07-2007 | #226 | |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
What's NOT being disputed is that regardless of the legality of the block, it was a cheap block. And to answer your question, no penalty was given out on Trent Green. The only flag was the one against Travis Johnson for 'taunting' which is also being questioned. Was he taunting or jawing? That's also a matter of opinion.
Why are you teaching your hearing son ASL? He's not deaf. --Pflugerville Independent School District |
10-07-2007 | #227 | |
Hall of Fame
Re: tj
that is my take exactly. green bit off more than he could chew and realized it too late then turned his body right into TJ's knee. TJ knew that Green took a shot but didn't think it was as bad as it looked in slo-mo (which was pretty damn bad). At the end of the day its Green's fault. No one boohooed for TJ or the other texan that got blindsided during that play. I hope Green is ok and I hope that TJ uses this as motivation....maybe even more of an edge. He has played some good football for us this year and didn't do anything that bad on the field today.
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10-07-2007 | #228 |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
If Johnson had taken his helmet to Green's knee and somersaulted him on his head, the announcers would have been all over him.
10-07-2007 | #229 |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
Pretty sure Michael Vick and OJ Simpson would have something to say about who gets awarded "Worst Person in the NFL."
LOL. People are all kinds of fired-up over this. Seriously.....it was unfortunate for both players--One guy went low and attempted to take his knees out, the other guy got angry about the attempt. You guys are too funny.
10-07-2007 | #230 | |
Hall of Fame
Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
football is a violent game and if its to hot then get out of the kitchen. this ain't golf or tennis.
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10-07-2007 | #231 | |
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Re: tj
Too funny! Mark it on your calenders! Lost locker room! What a tool!
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10-07-2007 | #232 |
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Re: tj
he should've used it for motivation in the rest of the game, where he looked like crap. also, the Dolphins used it as motivation for sure, which is why Johnson was seen limping later in the game. and good riddance, hope he never plays again. would be an upgrade for the Texans, anyway.
10-07-2007 | #233 | |
Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
If he was going to block someone, make it a DB.
10-08-2007 | #234 | |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
Sig by False Start - Thanks man Govern my country, NOT MY LIFE! |
10-08-2007 | #235 |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
I promise you had Green got right back up he would be in the wrong for this and the National media would ignore it completely.
But forget it, its behind me now. Travis should let it go too, we have a big game next week against the Jags. |
10-08-2007 | #236 |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
I think the on-field incident was a regrettable accident.
What I DO have a big problem with is TJs post game locker room interview. I watched it on the NFLN and you can hear teammates telling him to cool down etc. while TJ just let it rip about Green going for his knees, etc. and if someone does that to me I do this... (bleep) .. It was embarrassing. Apparently someone told the coaches because 20 minutes later he came back and apologized. |
10-08-2007 | #237 |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
Just watching Mike & Mike In The Morning and Golic totally defended TJ's position. I couldn't believe my eyes. Then Greeny The Weenie went after TJ for screwing up the Wizard Of Oz reference..lol.
I don't blame TJ either. I give Trent Grenn props for having such a pair for attempting that block. Glad to see Trent doing OK and TJ still walking. |
10-08-2007 | #238 | |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
Bocking below the waist, i.e. the knees, is allowed neat the LOS.
In the open field, i.e. on 20 yard loss, it is not allowed. As taken from NFL.com; link Quote:
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10-08-2007 | #239 |
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Re: TJ Worst person in the NFL
i was just thinking tj's going to be vilified nationally by MMQB fatso peter king- him and green are bum-chums so watch for him to dog tj totally
10-08-2007 | #240 | |
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Re: tj
We need concensus, I'm getting so confused here
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I just spoke with Ashton regarding booking to Orlando, Fl. and he was by far the most helpful, pleasant, and delightful representative that I have ever dealt with. I am so grateful that I made the call ...Read More -Clare
Peninsula Airways informally known as PenAir was founded in the year 1955. The airline is headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska. It is one of the largest airlines operating service in Alaska and also flies to some of the East Coast destinations. It functions out of its main base in Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. It has another primary hub located in Boston Logan International Airport. Cold Bay Airport, Dillingham Airport, Alaska King Salmon Airport, and Unalaska Airport act as the secondary hubs for the airline. At present, it flies to about 16 destinations. Anchorage, Aniak, Cold Bay, Dillingham, Dutch Harbor/Unalaska, King Salmon, McGrath, Sand Point, St. George, St. Paul, and Unalakleet are some of the cities served by the airline. Its fleet of 36 aircrafts comprises Saab 340, and Grumman G-21A Goose series planes. Its frequent flyer program is called Alaska Airlines Mileage Plan. It is a pet friendly airline. Travel Classes: The airline offers service across single class- Economy Class. In-flight Services and Amenities Economy Class


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Find a Business in Dauphin, Manitoba.
Dauphin, Manitoba Business Directory: Shopping & Specialty Stores
YP Canada offers Shopping & Specialty Stores contact listings for in and about the Dauphin, Manitoba region. With the most comprehensive business listings you can find in Canada, Yellow Pages.ca gets you connected. If you live around Dauphin, find new independently reviewed products and services close to you, with YP.ca .
- Artificial Flower & Plant Arrangements Dauphin
- Artificial Flower & Plant Manufacturers & Wholesalers Dauphin


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Qui gon jin's Lightsaber
by sirmakesalot, published
Another lightsaber mega project. This one is a likeness (though not an accurate one) of Qui gon jin's lightsaber that Kenobi used to slice Darth Maul in two! I incorporated a BlinkM into it so I can choose the colour.
Recent Comments
view allon a related note, make it 28.00 cm, in small parts less than 8 in tall, like the lightsaber w internal componets
i just bought a 3d printer and loved making the lightsaber w internal componets. could you make a few more lightsabers for me to print? (possibly mace windu's)
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Print each component in the zip file once but when setting up your slicing profile, use multiply to create 3 rows of four columns to generate twelve body rings. (print two to tweak your profile so they fit well) All parts will print without support and I left a tolerance of .2mm for all intersecting parts. I used my own slicing profile not the Replicator accelerated defaults; the parts come out over size and wont fit well. I used .2mm layer height, 2 extra shells and 20% infill. The parts are thin and will print very nicely and be smooth and solid. Assembly is as follows, Stack all 12 of the body rings to make the handle body then put the top section on, glue them as you go and make sure they are straight. I used acetone to put the outer sheath together from the inside so it didn't leave a mess, I took a piece of 1 inch acrylic rod, sanded it down and polished one end to make the light blade. Using a BlinkM RGB programable light to change the colour, I taped it with electrical tape to seal it on the end of the blade inside the 'saber. You could make the program look like the blade is shorting in and out. I wired up 2x 3V button cell batteries on a removable wire and there it glows! I wrapped electrical tape as a spacer to fit the saber to the blade nicely and easily. It makes a good light seal also. Then put the sheath on the bottom components post, Slide the body section together. I went a step further and used spray foam and some paint to mimic the blade melting through a wall or door. I used a bright orange base with red and yellow highlights. It makes a great light or table decoration! A real conversation starter too! The republic awaits!
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on a related note, make it 28.00 cm, in small parts less than 8 in tall, like the lightsaber w internal componets
i just bought a 3d printer and loved making the lightsaber w internal componets. could you make a few more lightsabers for me to print? (possibly mace windu's)
I reckon that the fire/lava looks like a chunk of meat. Awesome lightsabers by the way. Your lightsaber with internal componets is what I use to impress my friends of what a 3D printer can do.
Yeah it did turn out looking like a hunk of meat. It is a tough thing to replicate.I use the megasaber project for the same end also.


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Boutique Hotel in Empuriabrava - 343340
From $112 / night
Hide Property Details
Description from the manager
- 2 bedrooms
- 2 bathrooms
- Sleeps 6
- Apartment
Bedrooms: 2
Bathrooms: 2
Sleeps: 6
Type: Apt. / Condo
Boutique Hotel in Empuriabrava - 343340Description from the manager
House :The apartment in Empuriabrava has 2 bedrooms and has capacity for 6 people. The apartment is nice, is modern, and has 60 m². It is located right next to the beach. It has views to the sea. The house is situated in an animated neighborhood next to the sea.The accommodation is equipped with the following things: elevator, garden furniture, terrace, barbecue, iron, air conditioning (heat/cold), air conditioned in the living room and in some bedrooms, communal swimming pool, covered car parking in the same building, tv, satellite.In the vitroceramic open plan kitchen, refrigerator, microwave, washing machine, dishwasher, dishes/cutlery,...Read more
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Additional Physical Format: | Online version: Wiley, Harvey Washington, 1844-1930. Principles and practice of agricultural analysis. Easton, Pa., Chemical Pub. Co., 1906-14 (OCoLC)596328525 |
Document Type: | Book |
All Authors / Contributors: |
Harvey Washington Wiley |
OCLC Number: | 2330023 |
Description: | 3 volumes illustrations, plates, tables, diagrams 23 cm |
Contents: | v. 1. Soils.-v. 2. Fertilizers and insecticides.-v. 3. Agricultural products. |
Responsibility: | By Harvey W. Wiley ... |
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Penn State University Lecturer Salaries in Erie, PA
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Just a word of caution. I know this should go without saying, but still..... We had a CRT ADR on the day we ended up getting into BOG. I made that ADR in the midst of all that madness on the day they were first released on 8/20. I honestly don't recall cancelling CRT, mostly because the phone lines were such a mess that day. And since I hadn't seen a refund come through, I assumed I just hadn't cancelled it yet. Today I called to cancel. The operator told me it had been cancelled on 8/20 but didn't say a word about the refund. I asked about it but she said she was sure they must have done it. I just spent the last hour going over all my CC records since then and couldn't find it for anything. So I called back again and spoke with a new agent. She found that it had indeed been cancelled but the refund never released. Huh? Whatever. The refund is finally on its way now. Just a word to the wise. Double check everything.
A similar thing happened to us! We showed up for our ressie, and they told us we weren't on the list, and after giving them our ressie number, waiting a long time and trying 2 managers it was found in the "auto cancelled" file.... For what reason, no one could figure out since it was pre-paid. Caused A LOT of panic and embarrassment.... We had to pay again because they said it had been cancelled and refunded to our card. I looked all the way up to my 179 day mark to look for the refund on my card and it wasn't there. I had to call Disney when we got home from our trip and they said they had no clue as to why it was cancelled in the first place nor why it was never refunded.
Definitely pay attention. Last month we were on DDP and when booked ADR's they were done under it. I had linked my KTTW to my credit card to make things easier if we ran out of the cash we took for the day. Well long story short we ate at CRT for breakfast under the DDP. While at the airport the next day I was looking at my statement online and had a $179 charge from Disney and didn't know what it was for, especially since I did receive the invoice for the purchased that morning and that was not included. I called first thing the next morning and was advised that even though it was covered under the DDP they still charged it to my credit card. They did however apologize profusely and I had my refund in 3 days. I guess mistakes can happen and be rectified. It kind of makes me antsy to link my credit card again.
Wow. This all makes me wonder just how often this kind of stuff happens! Yikes! I haven't linked a CC to my KTTW card in years, mostly since we started using the dining plan. For this very reason. Just to update my original post........ I got my refund yesterday. At least after spending all that time going through my records it didn't take long for the refund to post.


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Strasburg dominant in third AFL start
Updated: October 28, 2009, 2:08 PM ET
By Jason Grey
Now that's more like it.
The third start of Washington Nationals phenom Stephen Strasburg at the Arizona Fall League was a big rebound from a previous outing that the right-hander called a "learning experience."
Four days after he allowed eight runs and failed to get out of the third inning, Strasburg kept the opposing Surprise Rafters squad hitless over his first four frames before giving up a leadoff double in the fifth and exiting due to pitch count one strikeout later.
More importantly, it was how he looked getting those outs that made the outing impressive and made him seem more like the pitcher I saw when he was an amateur. He struck out five -- three swinging -- and made a couple of hitters look bad in doing so.
To read more of Jason Grey's scouting report on Stephen Strasburg's third AFL start, you must be an ESPN Insider.
Become an insider and get access to all our articles and tools.
View Insider Benefits »Magazine subscribers: activate your Insider account.


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Edwin Turney
This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2008) |
Edwin James Turney (March 26, 1929, Brooklyn, New York - October 15, 2008[1]) is best known as one of the founders of Advanced Micro Devices serving as the Vice President of Sales and Administration from 1969 to 1974.
Early life[edit]
Ed Turney was born in Brooklyn, New York. His early years were spent in Ridgewood and later in Huntington, Long Island. At the age of 18, he enlisted in the US Navy where he received his first training in electronics. Turney graduated 3rd in his class from the U.S. Naval School, Electronics Technicians at the U.S. Naval Training Center in Great Lakes, Illinois.
After leaving the Navy, Turney worked for a brief time back on his native Long Island for the Long Island Lighting Company. His next stop was at Philco as a TechRep Field Engineer.
Turney's career took off when, in 1969, he joined Fairchild Semiconductor as Sales Engineer. Within two years, he was promoted to Director of Sales and Marketing, Computer Market based in corporate headquarters, Silicon Valley, California.
In 1969 Fairchild Semiconductor was taken over by Motorola management. This was the impetus for the founding of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD).
AMD was founded by Jerry Sanders, John Carey, Sven Simonsen, Ed Turney, Jack Gifford and three members of Gifford's team, Frank Botte, Jim Giles and Larry Stenger.
As Vice President, Sales and Administration, Turney was responsible for worldwide sales, purchasing, material, customer service, plus numerous diversified administrative and contractual functions. Under Turney's reign, sales grew incrementally at 20% per quarter to approximately $65,000,000 from first production in April 1970 through December 1974.
Ed Turney's next position was as Vice President, Worldwide Marketing and Sales at Electronic Arrays. In Turney's two year stint from 1974 to 1976 he increased sales from $6M to $22M propelling the company into becoming the world's largest Read-Only Memory manufacturer at the time. The company was subsequently acquired by NEC of Japan.
In December, 1976, Ed joined Intersil as Vice President, Worldwide Marketing and Sales. He had been solicited by the Board Chairmen of both companies at the time of acquisition of Intersil by Advanced Memory Systems to integrate sales and marketing for the combined companies and to formulate and execute consolidated business plans. Turney developed and implemented a multi-year, award-winning advertising campaign to create a new image for the company. He received the EFFIE Award, given for the most effective advertising commercials. At that time, Intersil was the only semiconductor company in the nation to have received the award.
Turney died on October 15, 2008, of brain cancer at age 79. He was buried on October 18 at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery, 22555 Cristo Rey Drive, Los Altos. He is buried in St. Theresa's Court next to his mother, Rose.[1]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (April 2008) |
- ^ a b Steven Schwankert (2008-10-17). "AMD co-founder Turney dies". Network World.
Further reading[edit]
- The Spirit of AMD by Jeffrey L. Rodengen ISBN 0-945903-21-9
- Inside Intel: Andy Grove and the Rise of the World's Most Powerful Chip Company by Tim Jackson ISBN 0-452-27643-8
- The Making of Silicon Valley: A One Hundred Year Renaissance by Ward Winslow and John McLaughlin ISBN 0-9649217-0-7


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1. L.A. is my lady (with Quiny Jones) [VINYL] - Frank Sinatra
Frank is getting a bit old for singing in this one but he still has enough left for a good album. Quincy Jones really shines in this.
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17. Frank Sinatra at the Sands with Count Basie - Frank Sinatra
One of the best live albums ever made and Frank's best live effort. A must have for Sinatra fans.
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47. Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers Blue Note... - Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers
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Now you're cooking with confidence!
Dora Cupcake RingsCharm loved ones with Dora's dainty cupcake rings on Valentine's Day! |
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Lonmin: Employees returning to work
Comment on this storyJohannesburg - Platinum producer Lonmin on Wednesday declined to say how many of its employees had returned to work in the platinum belt in the North West, maintaining it was "a process".
"We are not going to be providing a blow-by-blow insight of the number of people returning because that's what incites violence," spokeswoman Sue Vey told Sapa.
"It is a process. People are returning to work but there has been intimidation."
She could not provide details of the intimidation she was referring to.
Impala Platinum corporate relations manager Alice Lourens and Anglo-American Platinum spokeswoman Mpumi Sithole could not be reached for comment.
Earlier, North West police said the SA Police Service began escorting buses to mines as some striking miners returned to work.
"We are escorting buses that are transporting workers to work, those who want to go back to work, and protecting people," Brigadier Thulani Ngubane said.
"Everything is in place. Police are out and about doing their work."
Meanwhile, around 5000 defiant miners gathered at the Wonderkop Stadium in Marikana, near Rustenburg, on Wednesday, refusing to return to work.
Members of the Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (Amcu) at Lonmin, Implats, and Amplats in Rustenburg and at Northam in Limpopo downed tools on January 23 demanding a basic monthly salary of R12,500.
The strike has cost the companies over R14 billion in revenue and workers have lost more than R6bn in earnings.
Lonmin warned that it might implement restructuring that could lead to job losses if striking mineworkers failed to return to work on Wednesday.
The company set May 14 as the deadline for employees to end the almost four-month-old strike.
Fears of friction between strikers and miners wishing to return to work arose when Amcu objected to employers approaching miners with their wage offer directly in a bid to end the strike.
On Monday, police said three miners were killed and six others stabbed while on their way to work.
A 60-year-old miner had been stabbed to death, another miner died after being set alight, and a third mineworker and his wife were strangled to death. - Sapa
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How to Organize Your Old Blog Posts & Pictures
You have all your thoughts an ideas in your blog, now your looking for an organized way to get them across to your readers. Here's a few steps to take to achieve this and a sense of a clean and organized blog!
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- Call of Duty: Black Ops 3
Official Reveal Trailer - Batman: Arkham Knight
All Who Follow You - Xenoblade Chronicles X
Showcase - Rainbow Six Siege
British Counter Terrorism Unit Trailer - Call of Duty: Black Ops 3
Ember Teaser - Axiom Verge
PC Trailer - Total War: Warhammer
Announcement Trailer
- Far Cry 3
Patch 1.05 - Assassin's Creed 3
Patch v1.02 to v1.03 - Far Cry 3
Patch 1.04 - Far Cry 3
Patch 1.02 - Ghost Recon: Future Soldier
Patch 1.4 to 1.5 - Max Payne 3
Patch v188.8.131.52 - Max Payne 3
Patch v184.108.40.206
Several themes have developed over the course of this lengthy and dramatic gaming generation, one of which is the importance of multiplatform games. Exclusives have become less commonplace as developers have sought the increased revenue of releasing to more than one platform. Sony has taken note of this and plans to completely turn around the PlayStation's reputation as a second-rate multiplatform console.
While speaking with 4Gamer.net, Sony President Shuhei Yoshida shared his ambition for making the PS4 the leader for multiplatform titles. He said:
We need to make sure users consider the PS4 version to be the best and the one that they want to play.
He continued:
That might mean that the graphics are better, the controller is more comfortable, or the point I mentioned earlier about the console being more user-friendly, like you don't have to turn the power on and off or you can switch between your game and Netflix at will.
Judging by early PS4 specifications and rumors of the next Xbox, Sony might be in prime position next generation. Its choice of going with a unified platform that ditches the conventions of the PS3's Cell technology were specifically decided upon with developers in-mind. Its advanced GPU is also likely to be the most powerful of the competition giving it the high potential it needs going into the future.
But there are other factors, too, one of which is the console's install base. Developers are increasingly conscious about whether or not their investment on a platform is worth it; some developers have already ditched the Wii U following poor software sales despite its 2GB of RAM. The PS4 has to sell well in order for its multiplatform titles to receive a healthy amount of attention during development. If it performs well enough then companies who have made Xbox their lead platform during the last generation may reconsider.
Sony is going into the next generation understanding how important the multiplatform edge is, and understanding is the first step to execution.
GrgoljBlaster | May 05 2013, 11:16 am EDT | |
They want to be the very best... | ||
finaleve: ...like no one ever was. |
PerfectXtreme | May 05 2013, 11:31 am EDT | |
Stupid press release "We want to be the best..." Is that to say up until this point they wanted to be the worst? |
260077 | May 05 2013, 12:45 pm EDT | |
LOL "Best For Multiplatform Games" Wrong...... Pc is best for multiplats... |
SubForce: Not true, as we all know most multi platform titles a… 260077: where have you been? only a few are ports rest are de… |
Erandore | May 05 2013, 04:52 pm EDT | |
X360 are the base of almost all game now. (i'm Ps3 fan) But for the next generation isn't the case. All are multiplatform "friemdly",all will have streaming, all are low-budget pc. | ||
Whisky: I refuse to be "friemdly" |
finaleve | May 05 2013, 05:57 pm EDT | |
Honestly? They need to be. One of the fatal flaws of the multiplatform scene was that when a publisher makes the game available to all, they cater to the 360 because of the disc space. Some games actually take a hit because of that (Look at Skyrim). I myself actually played most of my games on the 360 (though I've moved on to PC as of late). When a game only comes out on consoles, I will pick it up for 360. PS3 has some exclusives worth noting but reality of it was, my 360 got the most use. Part of the reason why I personally wanted MGS4 to come to 360 (even though I bought the special edition on PS3 well before I owned one). We'll see what happens with M$'s unveiling of it's next gen console. A lot hangs on that announcement. |
thestewieman | May 06 2013, 05:10 am EDT | |
Microsoft has already lost simply because they don't have any good first-party games to speak off... |
Whisky | May 06 2013, 05:16 pm EDT | |
I own both consoles (Wii doesn't count, LOL) and a high end PC.... and I have been playing a lot of PC lately. Borderlands 2 just simply reset all my expectations of what a game should be... I'm sure I will be unsatisfied from now on. |


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Entrepreneur from Melbourne, Australia with a love for good food, good friends, photography and travel!!
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Very lovely person. Really easy to communicate. Clean and respectful. I recommend him and would like to invite again to my place.
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James and his friend were very friendly and warm guests. Left the place in better shape than it was.
James stayed at my apartment in February 2013 for a week. I have nothing but compliments about this guest. The apartment looked honestly as clean as I left it before they arrived. James communicated promptly via texts when needed and respected all the house rules. I would recommend James and he is welcome to come back anytime.
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I would be interested in hearing from any current students/recently graduated doctors that went from nursing to medicine.
I am currently a advanced nurse practitioner working in General Practice and am applying for GEM 2013. I have a few questions/queries.
If there is anyone who would be able to share their experience and be happy to answer a few questions then I would be grateful to hear from you.
Nursing then medicine?
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I can't say much but seeing as no-one's replied yet, may I suggest Davey.jones who is a member here who managed to get a place after years of nursing. He'll probably be able to help more.
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And we've been saying Toriyama is a worthless writer? Aerith, a character that was so well written that some people cried when she died in FFVII, was written by him: Source: VG24/7 Also, not only did he do all the character development for Aerith, but he also was the main director of FFX and wrote the back story of all the party members. He also edited the script to show more romance between Tidus and Yuna: Source: Wikipedia It seems that FFX fans owe this man a lot for how FFX turned out in story and character development. It's almost criminal how FFX fans can just allow him to be mocked and disrespected. Toriyama deserves a defence force more than any other employee at Squenix, IMO.
"Aerith" is the Japanese name for her, and some fans prefer that. Also, she's not a well-written character. She's a well-written plot device.
I can't think of two more disregarded female characters in FF. Their "characters" took a backseat to their larger than life quests. It wasn't about Yuna or Aeris, it was about being a summoner or an Ancient. Whatever character each of these two had was incidental.
Pretty much. Still felt like Aeris had a bit more of a character to her due to the teasing, flirting and chemistry. (she was well are a three way was forming with Tifa yet never acted antagonistic or bitter towards her rival in love) Yuna felt like just her role and very weak in comparison and gave into Tidus' feelings for her and Seymour's manipulations.
So It seems that every character I have ever hated in Final Fantasy was written by Toriyama, I thought Aeris was a terrible character as well as the entire cast of FFX, This doesn't surprise me in the slightest that every terrible character is his doing.
Aeris also took a backseat to Tifa's larger than life breasts. But seriously, I would never consider FFX's cast as an example of superior writing. Interesting to know he was responsible for that.
Nonsense. People change over time. Yoshio Sakamoto once headed one of the greatest games of all time, Super Metroid. Now, all anyone remembers him for is Other M.
I'll give you that. Eiji Aonuma is another person who has fallen in the eyes of his respective fanbase. I'm still shocked till this day that I see people calling for him to be outed from the Zelda series.
FFX's weakest points to me are it's characters and plot. The fact that Toriyama was responsible for that doesn't impress me in the least, lol.
Exactly , FFX is nowhere close to being in my top 5 FF's, ill take Vaan over Tidus anyday. And Seymour...so much wasted potential
The thing that makes Aeris/Aerith likable for most people is because of what happens to her. How unexpected everything was and the way Cloud reacted made her more likable than she really was IMO. She got a bit annoying during the game, but once shit hit the fan she became one of my favorites. As for X, the vast majority of the cast isn't even one dimensional. They're like half dimensional lol. Tidus, Yuna, and Auron felt like the only playable characters with and substance to them. For me this game was more about how the characters (mainly Tidus and Yuna) interacted with each other on their journey rather than their back stories or character archetypes.
Actually I had a girlfriend when i was 17 with long brown hair, who was pretty skinny (bulimic actually) and liked pink, and even liked to plant flowers all around her (retarded) farmer-parents house... and looked quite a lot like Aeris. So when I was like 20 and played final fantasy 7 she was instantly my girl over that bar-loving bimbo Tifa. She was weird and didnt have any friends too, I LIKE that in a girl So when the the long white haired dude stabbed her through the chest I figured, no way.. she's alive.. right up until the end of the game.. 'no way, she's alive' we got to find yang and rydia in ff4 still alive.. where WAS aeris?? I think i'm still waiting to find out she's still alive somehow... But It's all good, I have gotten over her, I have Lightning now. Thank you Motomu Toriyama (don't you dare kill Lightning in ffxiii-3.. I'll find you...)
Aerith was always one of my favorite characters, i just liked everything about her. I also liked most of the FFX character. But I never cared for Yuna. She just seemed annoying to me and not very attractive for the so called love interest. Both FFVII and FFX overall has great character development and plots. My 2 favorite games in the series.