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Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Fiber optic temperature sensor
SciTech Connect (OSTI)
Our fiber optic temperature measurement sensor and system is a major improvement over methods currently in use in most industrial processes, and it delivers all of the attributes required simplicity, accuracy, and cost efficiency-to help improve all of these processes. Because temperature is a basic physical attribute of nearly every industrial and commercial process, our system can eventually result in significant improvements in nearly every industrial and commercial process. Many finished goods, and the materials that go into them, are critically dependent on the temperature. The better the temperature measurement, the better quality the goods will be and the more economically they can be produced. The production and transmission of energy requires the monitoring of temperature in motors, circuit breakers, power generating plants, and transmission line equipment. The more reliable and robust the methods for measuring these temperature, the more available, stable, and affordable the supply of energy will become. The world is increasingly realizing the threats to health and safety of toxic or otherwise undesirable by products of the industrial economy in the environment. Cleanup of such contamination often depends on techniques that require the constant monitoring of temperature in extremely hazardous environments, which can damage most conventional temperature sensors and which are dangerous for operating personnel. Our system makes such monitoring safer and more economical.
Rabold, D.
Optical temperature sensor using thermochromic semiconductors
DOE Patents [OSTI]
Optical thermometry is a growing technological field which exploits the ability of certain materials to change their optical properties with temperature. A subclass of such materials are those which change their color as a reversible and reproducible function of temperature. These materials are thermochromic. This invention is a composition to measure temperature utilizing thermochromic semiconductors.
Kronberg, J.W.
Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor for PEM Fuel Cells
E-Print Network [OSTI]
Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor for PEM Fuel Cells S.W. Allison, T.J. McIntyre, L.C. Maxey, M Objectives · Develop a low cost, robust temperature sensor for monitoring fuel cell condition and performance Hydrogren and Fuel Cells Merit Review Meeting May 19-22, 2003, Berkeley, California #12;Program Goals
Thin-film fiber optic hydrogen and temperature sensor system
The invention discloses a sensor probe device for monitoring of hydrogen gas concentrations and temperatures by the same sensor probe. The sensor probe is constructed using thin-film deposition methods for the placement of a multitude of layers of materials sensitive to hydrogen concentrations and temperature on the end of a light transparent lens located within the sensor probe. The end of the lens within the sensor probe contains a lens containing a layer of hydrogen permeable material which excludes other reactive gases, a layer of reflective metal material that forms a metal hydride upon absorbing hydrogen, and a layer of semi-conducting solid that is transparent above a temperature dependent minimum wavelength for temperature detection. The three layers of materials are located at the distal end of the lens located within the sensor probe. The lens focuses light generated by broad-band light generator and connected by fiber-optics to the sensor probe, onto a reflective metal material layer, which passes through the semi-conducting solid layer, onto two optical fibers located at the base of the sensor probe. The reflected light is transmitted over fiber optic cables to a spectrometer and system controller. The absence of electrical signals and electrical wires in the sensor probe provides for an elimination of the potential for spark sources when monitoring in hydrogen rich environments, and provides a sensor free from electrical interferences. 3 figs.
Nave, S.E.
Accomplishments during the Phase I of a program to develop and demonstrate technology for the instrumentation of advanced powerplants are described. Engineers from Prime Research, LC and Babcock and Wilcox Research Center collaborated to generate a list of potential applications for robust photonic sensors in existing and future boiler plants. From that list, three applications were identified as primary candidates for initial development and demonstration of high-temperature sensors in an ultrasupercritical power plant. A matrix of potential fiber optic sensor approaches was derived, and a data set of specifications for high-temperature optical fiber was produced. Several fiber optic sensor configurations, including interferometric (extrinsic and intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer), gratings (fiber Bragg gratings and long period gratings), and microbend sensors, were evaluated in the laboratory. In addition, progress was made in the development of materials and methods to apply high-temperature optical claddings to sapphire fibers, in order to improve their optical waveguiding properties so that they can be used in the design and fabrication of high-temperature sensors. Through refinements in the processing steps, the quality of the interface between core and cladding of the fibers was improved, which is expected to reduce scattering and attenuation in the fibers. Numerical aperture measurements of both clad and unclad sapphire fibers were obtained and used to estimate the reduction in mode volume afforded by the cladding. High-temperature sensors based on sapphire fibers were also investigated. The fabrication of an intrinsic Fabry-Perot cavity within sapphire fibers was attempted by the bulk diffusion of magnesium oxide into short localized segments of longer sapphire fibers. Fourier analysis of the fringes that resulted when the treated fiber was interrogated by a swept laser spectrometer suggested that an intrinsic cavity had been formed in the fiber. Also, an unclad sapphire fiber was tested as a temperature sensor at moderate temperatures (up to 775 C).
Russell G. May; Tony Peng; Tom Flynn
Ultra-High Temperature Sensors Based on Optical Property
In this program, Nuonics, Inc. has studied the fundamentals of a new Silicon Carbide (SiC) materials-based optical sensor technology suited for extreme environments of coal-fired engines in power production. The program explored how SiC could be used for sensing temperature, pressure, and potential gas species in a gas turbine environment. The program successfully demonstrated the optical designs, signal processing and experimental data for enabling both temperature and pressure sensing using SiC materials. The program via its sub-contractors also explored gas species sensing using SiC, in this case, no clear commercially deployable method was proven. Extensive temperature and pressure measurement data using the proposed SiC sensors was acquired to 1000 deg-C and 40 atms, respectively. Importantly, a first time packaged all-SiC probe design was successfully operated in a Siemens industrial turbine rig facility with the probe surviving the harsh chemical, pressure, and temperature environment during 28 days of test operations. The probe also survived a 1600 deg-C thermal shock test using an industrial flame.
Nabeel Riza
New Optical Sensor Suite for Ultrahigh Temperature Fossil Fuel Application
Accomplishments of a program to develop and demonstrate photonic sensor technology for the instrumentation of advanced powerplants and solid oxide fuel cells are described. The goal of this project is the research and development of advanced, robust photonic sensors based on improved sapphire optical waveguides, and the identification and demonstration of applications of the new sensors in advanced fossil fuel power plants, where the new technology will contribute to improvements in process control and monitoring.
John Coggin; Tom Flynn; Jonas Ivasauskas; Daniel Kominsky; Carrie Kozikowski; Russell May; Michael Miller; Tony Peng; Gary Pickrell; Raymond Rumpf; Kelly Stinson-Bagby; Dan Thorsen; Rena Wilson
Novel, fiber optic, hybrid pressure and temperature sensor designed for high-temperature gen-IV reactor applications
A novel, fiber optic, hybrid pressure-temperature sensor is presented. The sensor is designed for reliable operation up to 1050 C, and is based on the high-temperature fiber optic sensors already demonstrated during previous work. The novelty of the sensors presented here lies in the fact that pressure and temperature are measured simultaneously with a single fiber and a single transducer. This hybrid approach will enable highly accurate active temperature compensation and sensor self-diagnostics not possible with other platforms. Hybrid pressure and temperature sensors were calibrated by varying both pressure and temperature. Implementing active temperature compensation resulted in a ten-fold reduction in the temperature-dependence of the pressure measurement. Sensors were also tested for operability in a relatively high neutron radiation environment up to 6.9x10{sup 17} n/cm{sup 2}. In addition to harsh environment survivability, fiber optic sensors offer a number of intrinsic advantages for nuclear power applications including small size, immunity to electromagnetic interference, self diagnostics / prognostics, and smart sensor capability. Deploying fiber optic sensors on future nuclear power plant designs would provide a substantial improvement in system health monitoring and safety instrumentation. Additional development is needed, however, before these advantages can be realized. This paper will highlight recent demonstrations of fiber optic sensors in environments relevant to emerging nuclear power plants. Successes and lessons learned will be highlighted. (authors)
Palmer, M. E.; Fielder, R. S.; Davis, M. A. [Luna Innovations, Incorporated, 2851 Commerce St., Blacksburg, VA 24060 (United States)
Extreme Environment Silicon Carbide Hybrid Temperature & Pressure Optical Sensors
This final report contains the main results from a 3-year program to further investigate the merits of SiC-based hybrid sensor designs for extreme environment measurements in gas turbines. The study is divided in three parts. Part 1 studies the material properties of SiC such as temporal response, refractive index change with temperature, and material thermal response reversibility. Sensor data from a combustion rig-test using this SiC sensor technology is analyzed and a robust distributed sensor network design is proposed. Part 2 of the study focuses on introducing redundancy in the sensor signal processing to provide improved temperature measurement robustness. In this regard, two distinct measurement methods emerge. A first method uses laser wavelength sensitivity of the SiC refractive index behavior and a second method that engages the Black-Body (BB) radiation of the SiC package. Part 3 of the program investigates a new way to measure pressure via a distance measurement technique that applies to hot objects including corrosive fluids.
High-temperature fiber optic cubic-zirconia pressure sensor - article no. 124402
There is a critical need for pressure sensors that can operate reliably at high temperatures in many industrial segments such as in the combustion section of gas turbine engines for both transportation and power generation, coal gasifiers, coal fired boilers, etc. Optical-based sensors are particularly attractive for the measurement of a wide variety of physical and chemical parameters in high-temperature and high-pressure industrial environments due to their small size and immunity to electromagnetic interference. A fiber optic pressure sensor utilizing single-crystal cubic zirconia as the sensing element is reported. The pressure response of this sensor has been measured at temperatures up to 1000{sup o}C. Additional experimental results show that cubic zirconia could be used for pressure sensing at temperatures over 1000{sup o}C. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a novel cubic-zirconia sensor for pressure measurement at high temperatures.
Peng, W.; Pickrell, G.R.; Wang, A.B. [Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA (United States)
The goals of the first six months of this project were to lay the foundations for both the SiC front-end optical chip fabrication as well as the free-space laser beam interferometer designs and preliminary tests. In addition, a Phase I goal was to design and experimentally build the high temperature and pressure infrastructure and test systems that will be used in the next 6 months for proposed sensor experimentation and data processing. All these goals have been achieved and are described in detail in the report. Both design process and diagrams for the mechanical elements as well as the optical systems are provided. In addition, photographs of the fabricated SiC optical chips, the high temperature & pressure test chamber instrument, the optical interferometer, the SiC sample chip holder, and signal processing data are provided. The design and experimentation results are summarized to give positive conclusions on the proposed novel high temperature optical sensor technology.
Nabeel A. Riza
The goals of the first six months of this project were to begin laying the foundations for both the SiC front-end optical chip fabrication techniques for high pressure gas species sensing as well as the design, assembly, and test of a portable high pressure high temperature calibration test cell chamber for introducing gas species. This calibration cell will be used in the remaining months for proposed first stage high pressure high temperature gas species sensor experimentation and data processing. All these goals have been achieved and are described in detail in the report. Both design process and diagrams for the mechanical elements as well as the optical systems are provided. Photographs of the fabricated calibration test chamber cell, the optical sensor setup with the calibration cell, the SiC sample chip holder, and relevant signal processing mathematics are provided. Initial experimental data from both the optical sensor and fabricated test gas species SiC chips is provided. The design and experimentation results are summarized to give positive conclusions on the proposed novel high temperature high pressure gas species detection optical sensor technology.
The goals of the first six months of this project were to lay the foundations for both the SiC front-end optical chip fabrication as well as the free-space laser beam interferometer designs and preliminary tests. In addition, a Phase I goal was to design and experimentally build the high temperature and pressure infrastructure and test systems that will be used in the next 6 months for proposed sensor experimentation and data processing. All these goals have been achieved and are described in detail in the report. Both design process and diagrams for the mechanical elements as well as the optical systems are provided. In addition, photographs of the fabricated SiC optical chips, the high temperature & pressure test chamber instrument, the optical interferometer, the SiC sample chip holder, and signal processing data are provided. The design and experimentation results are summarized to give positive conclusions on the proposed novel high temperature optical sensor technology. The goals of the second six months of this project were to conduct high temperature sensing tests using the test chamber and optical sensing instrument designs developed in the first part of the project. In addition, a Phase I goal was to develop the basic processing theory and physics for the proposed first sensor experimentation and data processing. All these goals have been achieved and are described in detail. Both optical experimental design process and sensed temperature are provided. In addition, photographs of the fabricated SiC optical chips after deployment in the high temperature test chamber are shown from a material study point-of-view.
Ultra-High Temperature Sensors Based on Optical Property Modulation and Vibration-Tolerant Interferometry
The goals of the second six months of the Phase 2 of this project were to conduct first time experimental studies using optical designs and some initial hardware developed in the first 6 months of Phase 2. One focus is to modify the SiC chip optical properties to enable gas species sensing with a specific gas species under high temperature and pressure. The goal was to acquire sensing test data using two example inert and safe gases and show gas discrimination abilities. A high pressure gas mixing chamber was to be designed and assembled to achieve the mentioned gas sensing needs. Another goal was to initiate high temperature probe design by developing and testing a probe design that leads to accurately measuring the thickness of the deployed SiC sensor chip to enable accurate overall sensor system design. The third goal of this phase of the project was to test the SiC chip under high pressure conditions using the earlier designed calibration cell to enable it to act as a pressure sensor when doing gas detection. In this case, experiments using a controlled pressure system were to deliver repeatable pressure measurement data. All these goals have been achieved and are described in detail in the report. Both design process and diagrams for the mechanical elements as well as the optical systems are provided. Photographs or schematics of the fabricated hardware are provided. Experimental data from the three optical sensor systems (i.e., Thickness, pressure, and gas species) is provided. The design and experimentation results are summarized to give positive conclusions on the proposed novel high temperature high pressure gas species detection optical sensor technology.
The goals of the Year 2006 Continuation Phase 2 three months period (April 1 to Sept. 30) of this project were to (a) conduct a probe elements industrial environment feasibility study and (b) fabricate embedded optical phase or microstructured SiC chips for individual gas species sensing. Specifically, SiC chips for temperature and pressure probe industrial applications were batch fabricated. Next, these chips were subject to a quality test for use in the probe sensor. A batch of the best chips for probe design were selected and subject to further tests that included sensor performance based on corrosive chemical exposure, power plant soot exposure, light polarization variations, and extreme temperature soaking. Experimental data were investigated in detail to analyze these mentioned industrial parameters relevant to a power plant. Probe design was provided to overcome mechanical vibrations. All these goals have been achieved and are described in detail in the report. The other main focus of the reported work is to modify the SiC chip by fabricating an embedded optical phase or microstructures within the chip to enable gas species sensing under high temperature and pressure. This has been done in the Kar UCF Lab. using a laser-based system whose design and operation is explained. Experimental data from the embedded optical phase-based chip for changing temperatures is provided and shown to be isolated from gas pressure and species. These design and experimentation results are summarized to give positive conclusions on the proposed high temperature high pressure gas species detection optical sensor technology.
The goals of the this part of the Continuation Phase 2 period (Oct. 1, 06 to March 31, 07) of this project were to (a) fabricate laser-doped SiC wafers and start testing the SiC chips for individual gas species sensing under high temperature and pressure conditions and (b) demonstrate the designs and workings of a temperature probe suited for industrial power generation turbine environment. A focus of the reported work done via Kar UCF LAMP lab. is to fabricate the embedded optical phase or doped microstructures based SiC chips, namely, Chromium (C), Boron (B) and Aluminum (Al) doped 4H-SiC, and to eventually deploy such laser-doped chips to enable gas species sensing under high temperature and pressure. Experimental data is provided from SiC chip optical response for various gas species such as pure N2 and mixtures of N2 and H{sub 2}, N{sub 2} and CO, N{sub 2} and CO{sub 2}, and N{sub 2} and CH{sub 4}. Another main focus of the reported work was a temperature sensor probe assembly design and initial testing. The probe transmit-receive fiber optics were designed and tested for electrically controlled alignment. This probe design was provided to overcome mechanical vibrations in typical industrial scenarios. All these goals have been achieved and are described in detail in the report.
Fluorescent temperature sensor
The present invention is a fluorescent temperature sensor or optical thermometer. The sensor includes a solution of 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane within a 1-butyl-1-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid solvent. The 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane remains unassociated when in the ground state while in solution. When subjected to UV light, an excited state is produced that exists in equilibrium with an excimer. The position of the equilibrium between the two excited states is temperature dependent.
Baker, Gary A [Los Alamos, NM; Baker, Sheila N [Los Alamos, NM; McCleskey, T Mark [Los Alamos, NM
Extreme temperature robust optical sensor designs and fault-tolerant signal processing
Silicon Carbide (SiC) probe designs for extreme temperature and pressure sensing uses a single crystal SiC optical chip encased in a sintered SiC material probe. The SiC chip may be protected for high temperature only use or exposed for both temperature and pressure sensing. Hybrid signal processing techniques allow fault-tolerant extreme temperature sensing. Wavelength peak-to-peak (or null-to-null) collective spectrum spread measurement to detect wavelength peak/null shift measurement forms a coarse-fine temperature measurement using broadband spectrum monitoring. The SiC probe frontend acts as a stable emissivity Black-body radiator and monitoring the shift in radiation spectrum enables a pyrometer. This application combines all-SiC pyrometry with thick SiC etalon laser interferometry within a free-spectral range to form a coarse-fine temperature measurement sensor. RF notch filtering techniques improve the sensitivity of the temperature measurement where fine spectral shift or spectrum measurements are needed to deduce temperature.
Riza, Nabeel Agha (Oviedo, FL); Perez, Frank (Tujunga, CA)
Spatially distributed temperatures at the base of two mountain snowpacks measured with fiber-optic sensors
-optic sensors Scott W. TYLER,1 Susan A. BURAK,2 James P. MCNAMARA,3 Aurele LAMONTAGNE,3 John S. SELKER,4 Jeff melting patterns and the effects of solar heating on southwest-facing slopes. These proof
Selker, John
Fiber optic geophysical sensors
A fiber optic geophysical sensor in which laser light is passed through a sensor interferometer in contact with a geophysical event, and a reference interferometer not in contact with the geophysical event but in the same general environment as the sensor interferometer. In one embodiment, a single tunable laser provides the laser light. In another embodiment, separate tunable lasers are used for the sensor and reference interferometers. The invention can find such uses as monitoring for earthquakes, and the weighing of objects.
Homuth, Emil F. (Los Alamos, NM)
Fiber optic coupled optical sensor
A displacement sensor includes a first optical fiber for radiating light to a target, and a second optical fiber for receiving light from the target. The end of the first fiber is adjacent and not axially aligned with the second fiber end. A lens focuses light from the first fiber onto the target and light from the target onto the second fiber.
Fleming, Kevin J. (Albuquerque, NM)
Fiber optic vibration sensor
A fiber optic vibration sensor utilizes two single mode optical fibers supported by a housing with one optical fiber fixedly secured to the housing and providing a reference signal and the other optical fiber having a free span length subject to vibrational displacement thereof with respect to the housing and the first optical fiber for providing a signal indicative of a measurement of any perturbation of the sensor. Damping or tailoring of the sensor to be responsive to selected levels of perturbation is provided by altering the diameter of optical fibers or by immersing at least a portion of the free span length of the vibration sensing optical fiber into a liquid of a selected viscosity.
Dooley, Joseph B. (Harriman, TN); Muhs, Jeffrey D. (Lenoir City, TN); Tobin, Kenneth W. (Harriman, TN)
A fiber optic vibration sensor utilizes two single mode optical fibers supported by a housing with one optical fiber fixedly secured to the housing and providing a reference signal and the other optical fiber having a free span length subject to vibrational displacement thereof with respect to the housing and the first optical fiber for providing a signal indicative of a measurement of any perturbation of the sensor. Damping or tailoring of the sensor to be responsive to selected levels of perturbation is provided by altering the diameter of optical fibers or by immersing at least a portion of the free span length of the vibration sensing optical fiber into a liquid of a selected viscosity. 2 figures.
Dooley, J.B.; Muhs, J.D.; Tobin, K.W.
A fiber optic geophysical sensor is described in which laser light is passed through a sensor interferometer in contact with a geophysical event, and a reference interferometer not in contact with the geophysical event but in the same general environment as the sensor interferometer. In one embodiment, a single tunable laser provides the laser light. In another embodiment, separate tunable lasers are used for the sensor and reference interferometers. The invention can find such uses as monitoring for earthquakes, and the weighing of objects. 2 figures.
Homuth, E.F.
Optical displacement sensor
An optical displacement sensor is disclosed which uses a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) coupled to an optical cavity formed by a moveable membrane and an output mirror of the VCSEL. This arrangement renders the lasing characteristics of the VCSEL sensitive to any movement of the membrane produced by sound, vibrations, pressure changes, acceleration, etc. Some embodiments of the optical displacement sensor can further include a light-reflective diffractive lens located on the membrane or adjacent to the VCSEL to control the amount of lasing light coupled back into the VCSEL. A photodetector detects a portion of the lasing light from the VCSEL to provide an electrical output signal for the optical displacement sensor which varies with the movement of the membrane.
Carr, Dustin W. (Albuquerque, NM)
Integrated-optic fluid sensor using heat transfer
Science Journals Connector (OSTI)
An integrated-optic fluid sensor utilizing the heat-transfer phenomenon is proposed. An optical waveguide interferometer is used to convert the temperature of the waveguide surface...
Enokihara, Akira; Izutsu, Masayuki; Sueta, Tadasi
High Temperature Optical Gas Sensing
Broader source: All U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office Webpages (Extended Search)
Optical Gas Sensing Optical Gas Sensing Opportunity Research is active on optical sensors integrated with advanced sensing materials for high temperature embedded gas sensing applications. Patent applications have been filed for two inventions in this area and several other methods are currently under development. These technologies are available for licensing and/or further collaborative research from the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). Organizations or individuals with capabilities in optical sensor packaging for harsh environment and high temperature applications are encouraged to contact NETL to explore potential collaborative opportunities. Overview Contact NETL Technology Transfer Group firstname.lastname@example.com
Fiber optic hydrogen sensor
An apparatus and method for detecting a chemical substance by exposing an optic fiber having a core and a cladding to the chemical substance so that the chemical substance can be adsorbed onto the surface of the cladding. The optic fiber is coiled inside a container having a pair of valves for controlling the entrance and exit of the substance. Light from a light source is received by one end of the optic fiber, preferably external to the container, and carried by the core of the fiber. Adsorbed substance changes the transmissivity of the fiber as measured by a spectrophotometer at the other end, also preferably external to the container. Hydrogen is detected by the absorption of infrared light carried by an optic fiber with a silica cladding. Since the adsorption is reversible, a sensor according to the present invention can be used repeatedly. Multiple positions in a process system can be monitored using a single container that can be connected to each location to be monitored so that a sample can be obtained for measurement, or, alternatively, containers can be placed near each position and the optic fibers carrying the partially-absorbed light can be multiplexed for rapid sequential reading by a single spectrophotometer.
Buchanan, Bruce R. (1985 Willis, Batesburg, SC 29006); Prather, William S. (2419 Dickey Rd., Augusta, GA 30906)
Apparatus and method for detecting a chemical substance by exposing an optic fiber having a core and a cladding to the chemical substance so that the chemical substance can be adsorbed onto the surface of the cladding. The optic fiber is coiled inside a container having a pair of valves for controlling the entrance and exit of the substance. Light from a light source is received by one end of the optic fiber, preferably external to the container, and carried by the core of the fiber. Adsorbed substance changes the transmissivity of the fiber as measured by a spectrophotometer at the other end, also preferably external to the container. Hydrogen is detected by the absorption of infrared light carried by an optic fiber with a silica cladding. Since the adsorption is reversible, a sensor according to the present invention can be used repeatedly. Multiple positions in a process system can be monitored using a single container that can be connected to each location to be monitored so that a sample can be obtained for measurement, or, alternatively, containers can be placed near each position and the optic fibers carrying the partially-absorbed light can be multiplexed for rapid sequential reading, by a single spectrophotometer.
Buchanan, B.R.; Prather, W.S.
An apparatus and method are described for detecting a chemical substance by exposing an optic fiber having a core and a cladding to the chemical substance so that the chemical substance can be adsorbed onto the surface of the cladding. The optic fiber is coiled inside a container having a pair of valves for controlling the entrance and exit of the substance. Light from a light source is received by one end of the optic fiber, preferably external to the container, and carried by the core of the fiber. Adsorbed substance changes the transmissivity of the fiber as measured by a spectrophotometer at the other end, also preferably external to the container. Hydrogen is detected by the absorption of infrared light carried by an optic fiber with a silica cladding. Since the adsorption is reversible, a sensor according to the present invention can be used repeatedly. Multiple positions in a process system can be monitored using a single container that can be connected to each location to be monitored so that a sample can be obtained for measurement, or, alternatively, containers can be placed near each position and the optic fibers carrying the partially-absorbed light can be multiplexed for rapid sequential reading by a single spectrophotometer. 4 figs.
High temperature, minimally invasive optical sensing modules
A remote temperature sensing system includes a light source selectively producing light at two different wavelengths and a sensor device having an optical path length that varies as a function of temperature. The sensor receives light emitted by the light source and redirects the light along the optical path length. The system also includes a detector receiving redirected light from the sensor device and generating respective signals indicative of respective intensities of received redirected light corresponding to respective wavelengths of light emitted by the light source. The system also includes a processor processing the signals generated by the detector to calculate a temperature of the device.
Battery system with temperature sensors
A battery system to monitor temperature includes at least one cell with a temperature sensing device proximate the at least one cell. The battery system also includes a flexible member that holds the temperature sensor proximate to the at least one cell.
Wood, Steven J.; Trester, Dale B.
Silicon fiber optic sensors
A Fabry-Perot cavity is formed by a partially or wholly reflective surface on the free end of an integrated elongate channel or an integrated bounding wall of a chip of a wafer and a partially reflective surface on the end of the optical fiber. Such a constructed device can be utilized to detect one or more physical parameters, such as, for example, strain, through the optical fiber using an optical detection system to provide measuring accuracies of less than aboutb0.1%.
Pocha, Michael D. (Livermore, CA); Swierkowski, Steve P. (Livermore, CA); Wood, Billy E. (Livermore, CA)
High pressure fiber optic sensor system
The present application provides a fiber optic sensor system. The fiber optic sensor system may include a small diameter bellows, a large diameter bellows, and a fiber optic pressure sensor attached to the small diameter bellows. Contraction of the large diameter bellows under an applied pressure may cause the small diameter bellows to expand such that the fiber optic pressure sensor may measure the applied pressure.
Guida, Renato; Xia, Hua; Lee, Boon K; Dekate, Sachin N
A battery system includes a platform having an aperture formed therethrough, a flexible member having a generally planar configuration and extending across the aperture, wherein a portion of the flexible member is coextensive with the aperture, a cell provided adjacent the platform, and a sensor coupled to the flexible member and positioned proximate the cell. The sensor is configured to detect a temperature of the cell.
Wood, Steven J; Trester, Dale B
Optical high acidity sensor
An apparatus and method for determining acid concentrations in solutions having acid concentrations of from about 0.1 Molar to about 16 Molar is disclosed. The apparatus includes a chamber for interrogation of the sample solution, a fiber optic light source for passing light transversely through the chamber, a fiber optic collector for receiving the collimated light after transmission through the chamber, a coating of an acid resistant polymeric composition upon at least one fiber end or lens, the polymeric composition in contact with the sample solution within the chamber and having a detectable response to acid concentrations within the range of from about 0.1 Molar to about 16 Molar, a measurer for the response of the polymeric composition in contact with the sample solution, and, a comparer of the measured response to predetermined standards whereby the acid molarity of the sample solution within the chamber can be determined. Preferably, a first lens is attached to the end of the fiber optic light source, the first lens adapted to collimate light from the fiber optic light source, and a second lens is attached to the end of the fiber optic collector for focusing the collimated light after transmission through the chamber.
Jorgensen, Betty S. (Jemez Springs, NM); Nekimken, Howard L. (Los Alamos, NM); Carey, W. Patrick (Lynnwood, WA); O'Rourke, Patrick E. (Martinez, GA)
Fiber optic moisture sensor
A method and apparatus for sensing moisture changes by utilizing optical fiber technology. One embodiment uses a reflective target at the end of an optical fiber. The reflectance of the target varies with its moisture content and can be detected by a remote unit at the opposite end of the fiber. A second embodiment utilizes changes in light loss along the fiber length. This can be attributed to changes in reflectance of cladding material as a function of its moisture content. It can also be affected by holes or inserts interposed in the cladding material and/or fiber. Changing light levels can also be coupled from one fiber to another in an assembly of fibers as a function of varying moisture content in their overlapping lengths of cladding material.
Kirkham, R.R.
Drexel University Temperature Sensors
This document summarizes background information and presents results related to temperature measurements in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) National Scientific User Facility (NSUF) Drexel University Project 31091 irradiation. The objective of this test was to assess the radiation performance of new ceramic materials for advanced reactor applications. Accordingly, irradiations of transition metal carbides and nitrides were performed using the Hydraulic Shuttle Irradiation System (HSIS) in the B-7 position and in static capsules inserted into the A-3 and East Flux Trap Position 5 locations of the ATR.
K. L. Davis; D. L. Knudson; J. L. Rempe; B. M. Chase
Fiber-optic liquid level sensor
A fiber-optic liquid level sensor measures the height of a column of liquid through the hydrostatic pressure it produces. The sensor employs a fiber-optic displacement sensor to detect the pressure-induced displacement of the center of a corrugated diaphragm.
Weiss, Jonathan D. (Albuquerque, NM)
Design guidelines for optical resonator biochemical sensors
In this paper, we propose a design tool for dielectric optical resonator-based biochemical refractometry sensors. Analogous to the widely accepted photodetector figure of merit, the detectivity D*, we introduce a new sensor ...
Kimerling, Lionel C.
Integrated optical tamper sensor with planar waveguide
A monolithic optical tamper sensor, comprising an optical emitter and detector, connected by an optical waveguide and placed into the critical entry plane of an enclosed sensitive region, the tamper sensor having a myriad of scraps of a material optically absorbent at the wavelength of interest, such that when the absorbent material is in place on the waveguide, an unique optical signature can be recorded, but when entry is attempted into the enclosed sensitive region, the scraps of absorbent material will be displaced and the optical/electrical signature of the tamper sensor will change and that change can be recorded.
Carson, R.F.; Casalnuovo, S.A.
Abstract--A low noise optical sensor and biocompatible microscale optical filters for integrated fluorescence sensors
Abstract--A low noise optical sensor and biocompatible microscale optical filters for integrated fluorescence sensors were developed and tested. The sensor was fabricated in a 0.5 µm CMOS process. The measured reset noise of the sensor is reduced by a factor of 10 compared to conventional active pixel
Maryland at College Park, University of
Sandia National Laboratories: Sensors & Optical Diagnostics
Sensors & Optical Diagnostics New Polarized-Depolarized Measurement Capability Extends Use of RamanRayleigh Methods to More Flame Types On April 23, 2014, in Capabilities, CRF,...
Optical sensor of magnetic fields
An optical magnetic field strength sensor for measuring the field strength of a magnetic field comprising a dilute magnetic semi-conductor probe having first and second ends, longitudinally positioned in the magnetic field for providing Faraday polarization rotation of light passing therethrough relative to the strength of the magnetic field. Light provided by a remote light source is propagated through an optical fiber coupler and a single optical fiber strand between the probe and the light source for providing a light path therebetween. A polarizer and an apparatus for rotating the polarization of the light is provided in the light path and a reflector is carried by the second end of the probe for reflecting the light back through the probe and thence through the polarizer to the optical coupler. A photo detector apparatus is operably connected to the optical coupler for detecting and measuring the intensity of the reflected light and comparing same to the light source intensity whereby the magnetic field strength may be calculated.
Butler, M.A.; Martin, S.J.
NETL: Gasification - Single-Crystal Sapphire Optical Fiber Sensor
Gasifier Optimization and Plant Supporting Systems Gasifier Optimization and Plant Supporting Systems Single-Crystal Sapphire Optical Fiber Sensor Instrumentation Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Center for Photonics Technology Project Number: DE-FC26-99FT40685 Project Description Phase I - The Photonics Laboratory at Virginia Tech has successfully developed a novel temperature sensor capable of operating at temperatures up to 1600 °C and in harsh conditions. The sensor uses single-crystal sapphire to make an optically-based measurement and will fulfill the need for the real-time monitoring of high temperatures created in gasification processes. Phase II - Based on a successful Phase I laboratory demonstration of a Broadband Polarimetric Differential Interferometric (BPDI) temperature sensor, Virginia Tech's Phase II development objective is to further the development of the sensor for industrial use in slagging coal gasifiers. This will include ruggedizing the design of the sensor and creation of a suitable protective housing such that it can be placed into existing ports of coal gasifiers. The potential industrial use of the sensor will be determined through full-scale testing and development. The sensor design and fabrication has been completed and is undergoing testing. Overall performance and survivability of the sensor will be determined.
Interferometric fiber optic displacement sensor
A method is presented to produce a change in the optical path length in the gap between two single mode optical fibers proportional to the lateral displacement of either fiber end normal to its axis. This is done with the use of refraction or diffraction at the interface between a guiding and non-guiding media to change the direction of propagation of the light in the gap. A method is also presented for laying a waveguide on a cantilever so that the displacement of the tip of the cantilever produces a proportional path length change in the gap by distancing the waveguide from the neutral axis of the cantilever. The fiber is supported as a cantilever or a waveguide is deposited on a micromachined cantilever and incorporated in an interferometer which is made totally on a silicon substrate with the use of integrated-optic technology. A resonant element in the form of a micro-bridge is incorporated in the ridge waveguide and produces a frequency output which is readily digitizeable and immune to laser frequency noise. Finally, monolithic mechanical means for phase modulation are provided on the same sensor substrate. This is done by vibrating the cantilever or micro-bridge either electrically or optically. 29 figs.
Farah, J.
Carbon nanotube temperature and pressure sensors
The present invention, in one embodiment, provides a method of measuring pressure or temperature using a sensor including a sensor element composed of a plurality of carbon nanotubes. In one example, the resistance of the plurality of carbon nanotubes is measured in response to the application of temperature or pressure. The changes in resistance are then recorded and correlated to temperature or pressure. In one embodiment, the present invention provides for independent measurement of pressure or temperature using the sensors disclosed herein.
Ivanov, Ilia N; Geohegan, David Bruce
Optical Sensor Technology Development and Deployment
The objectives of this ESP (Enhanced Surveillance) project are to evaluate sensor performance for future aging studies of materials, components and weapon systems. The goal of this project is to provide analysis capability to experimentally identify and characterize the aging mechanisms and kinetics of Core Stack Assembly (CSA) materials. The work on fiber optic light sources, hermetic sealing of fiber optics, fiber optic hydrogen sensors, and detection systems will be discussed.
B. G. Parker
Efficient recovery of petroleum reserves from existing oil wells has been proven to be difficult due to the lack of robust instrumentation that can accurately and reliably monitor processes in the downhole environment. Commercially available sensors for measurement of pressure, temperature, and fluid flow exhibit shortened lifetimes in the harsh downhole conditions, which are characterized by high pressures (up to 20 kpsi), temperatures up to 250 C, and exposure to chemically reactive fluids. Development of robust sensors that deliver continuous, real-time data on reservoir performance and petroleum flow pathways will facilitate application of advanced recovery technologies, including horizontal and multilateral wells. This is the final report for the four-year program ''Optical Fiber Sensor Technologies for Efficient and Economical Oil Recovery'', funded by the National Petroleum Technology Office of the U.S. Department of Energy, and performed by the Center for Photonics Technology of the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech from October 1, 1999 to March 31, 2003. The main objective of this research program was to develop cost-effective, reliable optical fiber sensor instrumentation for real-time monitoring of various key parameters crucial to efficient and economical oil production. During the program, optical fiber sensors were demonstrated for the measurement of temperature, pressure, flow, and acoustic waves, including three successful field tests in the Chevron/Texaco oil fields in Coalinga, California, and at the world-class oil flow simulation facilities in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Research efforts included the design and fabrication of sensor probes, development of signal processing algorithms, construction of test systems, development and testing of strategies for the protection of optical fibers and sensors in the downhole environment, development of remote monitoring capabilities allowing real-time monitoring of the field test data from virtually anywhere in the world, and development of novel data processing techniques. Comprehensive testing was performed to systematically evaluate the performance of the fiber optic sensor systems in both lab and field environments.
Anbo Wang; Kristie L. Cooper; Gary R. Pickrell
Reactive Grasping Using Optical Proximity Sensors
We propose a system for improving grasping using fingertip optical proximity sensors that allows us to perform online grasp adjustments to an initial grasp point without requiring premature object contact or regrasping ...
Nangeroni, Paul
Low-Cost Fiber Optic Pressure Sensor
The size and cost of fabricating fiber optic pressure sensors is reduced by fabricating the membrane of the sensor in a non-planar shape. The design of the sensors may be made in such a way that the non-planar membrane becomes a part of an air-tight cavity, so as to make the membrane resilient due to the air-cushion effect of the air-tight cavity. Such non-planar membranes are easier to make and attach.
Sheem, Sang K. (Pleasanton, CA)
Electro-optic high voltage sensor
A small sized electro-optic voltage sensor capable of accurate measurement of high levels of voltages without contact with a conductor or voltage source is provided. When placed in the presence of an electric field, the sensor receives an input beam of electromagnetic radiation into the sensor. A polarization beam displacer serves as a filter to separate the input beam into two beams with orthogonal linear polarizations. The beam displacer is oriented in such a way as to rotate the linearly polarized beams such that they enter a Pockels crystal having at a preferred angle of 45 degrees. The beam displacer is therefore capable of causing a linearly polarized beam to impinge a crystal at a desired angle independent of temperature. The Pockels electro-optic effect induces a differential phase shift on the major and minor axes of the input beam as it travels through the Pockels crystal, which causes the input beam to be elliptically polarized. A reflecting prism redirects the beam back through the crystal and the beam displacer. On the return path, the polarization beam displacer separates the elliptically polarized beam into two output beams of orthogonal linear polarization representing the major and minor axes. The system may include a detector for converting the output beams into electrical signals, and a signal processor for determining the voltage based on an analysis of the output beams. The output beams are amplitude modulated by the frequency of the electric field and the amplitude of the output beams is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field, which is related to the voltage being measured.
Davidson, James R. (Idaho Falls, ID); Seifert, Gary D. (Idaho Falls, ID)
Electro-optic voltage sensor head
The invention is an electro-optic voltage sensor head designed for integration with existing types of high voltage transmission and distribution apparatus. The sensor head contains a transducer, which comprises a transducing material in which the Pockels electro-optic effect is observed. In the practice of the invention at least one beam of electromagnetic radiation is routed into the transducing material of the transducer in the sensor head. The beam undergoes an electro-optic effect in the sensor head when the transducing material is subjected to an E-field. The electro-optic effect is observed as a differential phase a shift, also called differential phase modulation, of the beam components in orthogonal planes of the electromagnetic radiation. In the preferred embodiment the beam is routed through the transducer along an initial axis and then reflected by a retro-reflector back substantially parallel to the initial axis, making a double pass through the transducer for increased measurement sensitivity. The preferred embodiment of the sensor head also includes a polarization state rotator and at least one beam splitter for orienting the beam along major and minor axes and for splitting the beam components into two signals which are independent converse amplitude-modulated signals carrying E-field magnitude and hence voltage information from the sensor head by way of optic fibers.
Crawford, Thomas M. (Idaho Falls, ID); Davidson, James R. (Idaho Falls, ID); Woods, Gregory K. (Cornelius, OR)
Optical Fiber Sensor Technologies for Efficient and Economical Oil Recovery
The overall goal of this project was to develop reliable cost effective sensors for application in the down-hole environment. The physical parameters measured by these sensors were temperature, pressure, flow and acoustic signals. Sensor head configurations for each of the physical measurands were optimized to increase the sensitivity to the particular measurand of interest while decreasing the cross-sensitivity to the other physical measurands and to environmental influences. In addition, the optical signal demodulation electronics was designed to be insensitive to environmental influences while maintaining the required resolution, precision and accuracy of the parameter being sensed. The influence of potentially detrimental agents such as water in the down-hole environment was investigated as well as methods to protect both the optical fiber and the sensor from these detrimental effects.
Wang, a.; Pickrell, G.; Xiao, H.; May, r.
Optical vibration sensor fabricated by femtosecond laser micromachining
We fabricated an optical vibration sensor using a high-repetition rate femtosecond laser oscillator. The sensor consists of a single straight waveguide written across a series of three pieces of glass. The central piece is mounted on a suspended beam to make it sensitive to mechanical vibration, acceleration, or external forces. Displacement of the central piece is detected by measuring the change in optical transmission through the waveguide. The resulting sensor is small, simple, and requires no alignment. The sensor has a linear response over the frequency range 20 Hz-2 kHz, can detect accelerations as small as 0.01 m/s{sup 2}, and is nearly temperature independent.
Kamata, Masanao; Obara, Minoru; Gattass, Rafael R.; Cerami, Loren R.; Mazur, Eric [Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522 (Japan); Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (United States)
Accurate measurement of temperature is essential for the safe and efficient operation and control of a wide range of industrial processes. Appropriate techniques and instrumentation are needed depending on the temperature measurement requirements in different industrial processes and working environments. Harsh environments are common in many industrial applications. These harsh environments may involve extreme physical conditions, such as high-temperature, high-pressure, corrosive agents, toxicity, strong electromagnetic interference, and high-energy radiation exposure. Due to these severe environmental conditions, conventional temperature sensors are often difficult to apply. This situation has opened a new but challenging opportunity for the sensor society to provide robust, high-performance, and cost-effective temperature sensors capable of operating in those harsh environments. The focus of this research program has been to develop a temperature measurement system for temperature measurements in the primary and secondary stages of slagging gasifiers. For this application the temperature measurement system must be able to withstand the extremely harsh environment posed by the high temperatures and corrosive agents present in these systems. Real-time, accurate and reliable monitoring of temperature for the coal gasification process is important to realize the full economic potential of these gasification systems. Long life and stability of operation in the high temperature environment is essential for the temperature measurement system to ensure the continuous running of the coal gasification system over the long term. In this high temperature and chemically corrosive environment, rather limited high temperature measurement techniques such as high temperature thermocouples and optical/acoustic pyrometers are available, each with their own limitations. In this research program, five different temperature sensing schemes based on the single crystal sapphire material were thoroughly investigated to determine an optimal approach for on-line, real-time, reliable, long-term monitoring of temperatures inside the coal gasification environment. Among these were a sapphire fiber extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) sensor; an intensity-measurement based polarimetric sapphire sensor and a broadband polarimetric differential interferometric (BPDI) sapphire sensor. Based on the current evaluation and analysis of the experimental results, the broadband polarimetric differential interferometric (BPDI) sensor system was chosen for further prototype instrumentation development because of it's superior performance compared to the other systems. This approach is based on the self-calibrating measurement of the optical path length differences in a single-crystal sapphire disk, which is a function of both the temperature dependent birefringence and the temperature dependent dimensional changes.
A. Wang; G. Pickrell; R. May
Accurate measurement of temperature is essential for the safe and efficient operation and control of a wide range of industrial processes. Appropriate techniques and instrumentation are needed depending on the temperature measurement requirements in different industrial processes and working environments. Harsh environments are common in many industrial applications. These harsh environments may involve extreme physical conditions, such as high-temperature, high-pressure, corrosive agents, toxicity, strong electromagnetic interference, and high-energy radiation exposure. Due to these severe environmental conditions, conventional temperature sensors are often difficult to apply. This situation has opened a new but challenging opportunity for the sensor society to provide robust, high-performance, and cost-effective temperature sensors capable of operating in those harsh environments. The focus of this research program has been to develop a temperature measurement system for temperature measurements in the primary and secondary stages of slagging gasifiers. For this application the temperature measurement system must be able to withstand the extremely harsh environment posed by the high temperatures and corrosive agents present in these systems. Real-time, accurate and reliable monitoring of temperature for the coal gasification process is important to realize the full economic potential of these gasification systems. Long life and stability of operation in the high temperature environment is essential for the temperature measurement system to ensure the continuous running of the coal gasification system over the long term. In this high temperature and chemically corrosive environment, rather limited high temperature measurement techniques such as high temperature thermocouples and optical/acoustic pyrometers are available, each with their own limitations. In this research program, five different temperature sensing schemes based on the single crystal sapphire material were thoroughly investigated to determine an optimal approach for on-line, real-time, reliable, long-term monitoring of temperatures inside the coal gasification environment. Among these were a sapphire fiber extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) sensor; an intensity-measurement based polarimetric sapphire sensor and a broadband polarimetric differential interferometric (BPDI) sapphire sensor. Based on the current evaluation and analysis of the experimental results, the BPDI sensor system was chosen for further prototype instrumentation development because of it's superior performance compared to the other systems. This approach is based on the self-calibrating measurement of the optical path length differences in a single-crystal sapphire disk, which is a function of both the temperature dependent birefringence and the temperature dependent dimensional changes.
Microbend fiber-optic chemical sensor
A microbend fiber-optic chemical sensor for detecting chemicals in a sample, and a method for its use, is disclosed. The sensor comprises at least one optical fiber having a microbend section (a section of small undulations in its axis), for transmitting and receiving light. In transmission, light guided through the microbend section scatters out of the fiber core and interacts, either directly or indirectly, with the chemical in the sample, inducing fluorescence radiation. Fluorescence radiation is scattered back into the microbend section and returned to an optical detector for determining characteristics of the fluorescence radiation quantifying the presence of a specific chemical.
Optical fiber sensor for membrane submicrometer vibration measurement
This paper presents an optical fiber sensor for membrane submicrometer vibration measurement. The sensor is designed ultimately for low-cost medical audiometric applications such as...
Prokopczuk, Krzysztof; Rozwadowski, Krzysztof; Aleksandra Starzy?ska, M D; Doma?ski, Andrzej W
Flexible Optical Chemical Sensor Platform for BTX
An in-plane flexible sensor platform for \\{BTXs\\} detection was developed using low-cost patterning techniques and foil-based optical components. The platform was produced by a combination of laser patterning, inkjet printing and capillary filling. Key optical components such as lightguides, optical cladding layers and metallic interconnections were realized on low cost substrates such as paper and PET. The sensing mechanism is based on the change in fluorescence spectra of a reporter dye, supported over a porous matrix. Detection limits down to 1�ppm for benzene, toluene and xylene have been measured. Response times down to a few seconds were observed for different gas concentrations.
Juan Diego Arias Espinoza; Viacheslav Sazhnikov; Sami Sabik; Dmitriy Ionov; Edsger Smits; Sandeep Kalathimekkad; Geert Van Steenberge; Michail Alfimov; Ma?gorzata Po?niak; El?bieta Dobrzy?ska; Ma?gorzata Szewczy?ska; Krzysztof Benczek; Herman Schoo
Electro-optical voltage sensor head
A miniature electro-optic voltage sensor system capable of accurate operation at high voltages. The system employs a transmitter, a sensor disposed adjacent to but out of direct electrical contact with a conductor on which the voltage is to be measured, a detector, and a signal processor. The transmitter produces a beam of electromagnetic radiation which is routed into the sensor where the beam undergoes the Pockels electro-optic effect. The electro-optic effect causes phase shifting in the beam, which is in turn converted to a pair of independent beams, from which the voltage of a system based on its E-field is determined when the two beams are normalized by the signal processor. The sensor converts the beam by splitting the beam in accordance with the axes of the beam's polarization state (an ellipse whose ellipticity varies between -1 and +1 in proportion to voltage) into at least two AM signals. These AM signals are fed into a signal processor and processed to determine the voltage between a ground conductor and the conductor on which voltage is being measured.
Woods, Gregory K. (Idaho Falls, ID)
Single-Crystal Sapphire Optical Fiber Sensor Instrumentation for Coal Gasifiers
Single-Crystal Sapphire Optical Fiber Single-Crystal Sapphire Optical Fiber Sensor Instrumentation for Coal Gasifiers Description Accurate temperature measurement inside a coal gasifier is essential for safe, efficient, and cost-effective operation. However, current sensors are prone to inaccurate readings and premature failure due to harsh operating conditions like high temperature (1,200-1,600 °C), high pressure (up to 500 pounds per square inch gauge [psig]),
Phase sensor for solar adaptive-optics
Wavefront sensing in solar adaptive-optics is currently done with correlating Shack-Hartmann sensors, although the spatial- and temporal-resolutions of the phase measurements are then limited by the extremely fast computing required to correlate the sensor signals at the frequencies of daytime atmospheric-fluctuations. To avoid this limitation, a new wavefront-sensing technique is presented, that makes use of the solar brightness and is applicable to extended sources. The wavefront is sent through a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer. A small, central part of the wavefront is used as reference and is made to interfere with the rest of the wavefront. The contrast of two simultaneously measured interference-patterns provides a direct estimate of the wavefront phase, no additional computation being required. The proposed optical layout shows precise initial alignment to be the critical point in implementing the new wavefront-sensing scheme.
Kellerer, Aglae
Multiplexed Sensor for Synthesis Gas Compsition and Temperature
The overall goal of this project has been to develop a highly sensitive, multiplexed TDL-based sensor for CO{sub 2}, CO, H{sub 2}O (and temperature), CH{sub 4}, H{sub 2}S, and NH{sub 3}. Such a sensor was designed with so-called 'plug-and-play' characteristics to accommodate additional sensors, and provided in situ path-integrated measurements indicative of average concentrations at speeds suitable for direct gasifier control. The project developed the sensor and culminated in a real-world test of the underlying technology behind the sensor. During the project, new underlying measurements of spectroscopic constants for all of the gases of interest performed, in custom cells built for the project. The envisioned instrument was built from scratch from component lasers, fiber optics, amplifier blocks, detectors, etc. The sensor was tested for nearly a week in an operational power plant. The products of this research are expected to have a direct impact on gasifier technology and the production of high-quality syngas, with substantial broader application to coal and other energy systems. This report is the final technical report on project DE-FG26-04NT42172. During the project we completed all of the milestones planned in the project, with a modification of milestone (7) required due to lack of funding and personnel.
Steven Buckley; Reza Gharavi; Marco Leon
University of Illinois Temperature Sensors
This document summarizes background information and presents results related to temperature measurements in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) National Scientific User Facility (NSUF) University of Illinois Project 29609 irradiation. The objective of this test was to assess the radiation performance of ferritic alloys for advanced reactor applications. The FeCr-based alloy system is considered the lead alloy system for a variety of advanced reactor components and applications. Irradiations of FeCr alloy samples were performed using the Hydraulic Shuttle Irradiation System (HSIS) in the B-7 position and in a static capsule in the A-11 position of the ATR.
New and Underutilized Technology: Wireless Temperature Sensors | Department
Broader source: Energy.gov (indexed) [DOE]
Wireless Temperature Sensors Wireless Temperature Sensors New and Underutilized Technology: Wireless Temperature Sensors October 4, 2013 - 4:45pm Addthis The following information outlines key deployment considerations for wireless temperature sensors within the Federal sector. Benefits Wireless thermostats are connected into a building automation system. Ease of adding temperature sensors in more zones allows for greater spatial resolution of zone temperatures, increasing confidence in control improvements through thermostat reset. Application Wireless temperature settings are applicable in most building categories. Key Factors for Deployment Ease of moving thermostats increases diagnostic capabilities in checking existing hard-wired thermostats. Ranking Criteria Federal energy savings, cost-effectiveness, and probability of success are
Lakes as sensors in the landscape: Optical metrics as scalable sentinel responses to climate change
Lakes as sensors in the landscape: Optical metrics as scalable sentinel responses to climate change, Edgewater, Maryland Abstract As the lowest point in the surrounding landscape, lakes act as sensors to respond to changes in air temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation at timescales ranging from
Williamson, Craig E.
Sensors and Actuators A xxx (2004) xxxxxx Micromachined silicon force sensor based on diffractive optical
Sensors and Actuators A xxx (2004) xxxxxx Micromachined silicon force sensor based on diffractive-based force sensor integrated with a surface micromachined silicon-nitride probe for penetration and injection that is designed to only be sensitive to axial deflections of the probe. The optical-encoder force sensor exhibits
Quake, Stephen R.
Ultra-High Temperature Distributed Wireless Sensors
Research was conducted towards the development of a passive wireless sensor for measurement of temperature in coal gasifiers and coal-fired boiler plants. Approaches investigated included metamaterial sensors based on guided mode resonance filters, and temperature-sensitive antennas that modulate the frequency of incident radio waves as they are re-radiated by the antenna. In the guided mode resonant filter metamaterial approach, temperature is encoded as changes in the sharpness of the filter response, which changes with temperature because the dielectric loss of the guided mode resonance filter is temperature-dependent. In the mechanically modulated antenna approach, the resonant frequency of a vibrating cantilever beam attached to the antenna changes with temperature. The vibration of the beam perturbs the electrical impedance of the antenna, so that incident radio waves are phase modulated at a frequency equal to the resonant frequency of the vibrating beam. Since the beam resonant frequency depends on temperature, a Doppler radar can be used to remotely measure the temperature of the antenna. Laboratory testing of the guided mode resonance filter failed to produce the spectral response predicted by simulations. It was concluded that the spectral response was dominated by spectral reflections of radio waves incident on the filter. Laboratory testing of the mechanically modulated antenna demonstrated that the device frequency shifted incident radio waves, and that the frequency of the re-radiated waves varied linearly with temperature. Radio wave propagation tests in the convection pass of a small research boiler plant identified a spectral window between 10 and 13 GHz for low loss propagation of radio waves in the interior of the boiler.
May, Russell; Rumpf, Raymond; Coggin, John; Davis, Williams; Yang, Taeyoung; O'Donnell, Alan; Bresnahan, Peter
Waveguide-based optical chemical sensor
The invention provides an apparatus and method for highly selective and sensitive chemical sensing. Two modes of laser light are transmitted through a waveguide, refracted by a thin film host reagent coating on the waveguide, and analyzed in a phase sensitive detector for changes in effective refractive index. Sensor specificity is based on the particular species selective thin films of host reagents which are attached to the surface of the planar optical waveguide. The thin film of host reagents refracts laser light at different refractive indices according to what species are forming inclusion complexes with the host reagents.
Grace, Karen M. (Ranchos de Taos, NM); Swanson, Basil I. (Los Alamos, NM); Honkanen, Seppo (Tucson, AZ)
Triangularly phase-modulated optical fiber ring resonator sensor
An optical fiber ring resonatory sensor system has been demonstrated by applying a triangular phase modulation signal to a fiber loop. The dynamic range for detection of optical phase...
Chien, Pie-Yau; Pan, Ci-Ling
Excess optical quantum noise in atomic sensors
Enhanced nonlinear optical response of a coherent atomic medium is the basis for many atomic sensors, and their performance is ultimately limited by the quantum fluctuations of the optical read-out. Here we demonstrate that off-resonant interactions can significantly modify the quantum noise of the optical field, even when their effect on the mean signal is negligible. We illustrate this concept by using an atomic magnetometer based on the nonlinear Faraday effect: the rotation of the light polarization is mainly determined by the resonant light-induced spin alignment, which alone does not change the photon statistics of the optical probe. Yet, we found that the minimum noise of output polarization rotation measurements is above the expected shot noise limit. This excess quantum noise is due to off-resonant coupling and grows with atomic density. We also show that the detection scheme can be modified to reduce the measured quantum noise (even below the shot-noise limit) but only at the expense of the reduced rotational sensitivity. These results show the existence of previously unnoticed factors in fundamental limitations in atomic magnetometry and could have impacts in many other atom-light based precision measurements.
Irina Novikova; Eugeniy E. Mikhailov; Yanhong Xiao
Side-emitting fiber optic position sensor
A side-emitting fiber optic position sensor and method of determining an unknown position of an object by using the sensor. In one embodiment, a concentrated beam of light source illuminates the side of a side-emitting fiber optic at an unknown axial position along the fiber's length. Some of this side-illuminated light is in-scattered into the fiber and captured. As the captured light is guided down the fiber, its intensity decreases due to loss from side-emission away from the fiber and from bulk absorption within the fiber. By measuring the intensity of light emitted from one (or both) ends of the fiber with a photodetector(s), the axial position of the light source is determined by comparing the photodetector's signal to a calibrated response curve, look-up table, or by using a mathematical model. Alternatively, the side-emitting fiber is illuminated at one end, while a photodetector measures the intensity of light emitted from the side of the fiber, at an unknown position. As the photodetector moves further away from the illuminated end, the detector's signal strength decreases due to loss from side-emission and/or bulk absorption. As before, the detector's signal is correlated to a unique position along the fiber.
Optical interferometry at ultra low temperatures
We have developed optical, interferometric methods for investigations of interfaces at ultra low temperatures. In our scheme conventional optical windows are avoided: laser illumination (He-Ne) is guided into the cryostat via a single-mode optical fiber and images are taken using a CCD sensor mounted inside the 4-K vacuum can. A real-time video camera has been successfully used in investigations of superfluid {sup 3}He down to 0.6 mK whereas a slow-scan camera has been employed for optimal contrast in low-intensity imaging of liquid/solid interfaces (reflection coefficient {approximately}10{sup -6}). The investigated topics include (1) superfluid {sup 3}He surface in rotation and during rapid deceleration, (2) hydrodynamics of thin superfluid {sup 3}He layers, (3) superfluid/solid interface in {sup 4}He, and (4) wetting of superfluid {sup 4}He by normal {sup 3}He in phase separated mixtures. A vertical resolution of 10 nm and even below has been achieved in these studies.
Hakonen, P.J.; Alles, H.; Babkin, A.V.; Ruutu, J.P. [Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Espoo (Finland)
Fiber-optic oxygen sensor using molybdenum chloride cluster luminescence
Fiber-optic oxygen sensor using molybdenum chloride cluster luminescence Ruby N. Ghosh,a) Gregory L on a reflection-mode fiber-optic oxygen sensor based on the 3 O2 quenching of the red emission from hexanuclear molybdenum chloride clusters. Measurements of the probe operating in a 0%21% gaseous oxygen environment have
Ghosh, Ruby N.
Fiber-Optic Long-Line Position Sensor
Energy Innovation Portal (Marketing Summaries) [EERE]
Sandia National Laboratories has developed a side-emitting fiber optic position sensor and method of determining an unknown position of an object by using the sensor.� Non-electrical position sensors like the one developed by Sandia are desirable for use in hazardous environment, e.g., for measuring the liquid level in gasoline or jet fuel tanks.� This sensor is an attractive option because it does not�introduce electrical energy, is insensitive to electromagnetic interference,...
We have developed optical, interferometric methods for investigations of interfaces at ultra low temperatures. In our scheme conventional optical...3He down to 0.6 mK whereas a slow-scan camera has been...?6). Th...
P. J. Hakonen; H. Alles; A. V. Babkin; J. P. Ruutu
High temperature thermometric phosphors for use in a temperature sensor
A high temperature phosphor consists essentially of a material having the general formula LuPO.sub.4 :Dy.sub.(x),Eu.sub.(y), wherein: 0.1 wt %.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.20 wt % and 0.1 wt %.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.20 wt %. The high temperature phosphor is in contact with an article whose temperature is to be determined. The article having the phosphor in contact with it is placed in the environment for which the temperature of the article is to be determined. The phosphor is excited by a laser causing the phosphor to fluoresce. The emission from the phosphor is optically focused into a beam-splitting mirror which separates the emission into two separate emissions, the emission caused by the dysprosium dopant and the emission caused by the europium dopent. The separated emissions are optically filtered and the intensities of the emission are detected and measured. The ratio of the intensity of each emission is determined and the temperature of the article is calculated from the ratio of the intensities of the separate emissions.
Allison, Stephen W. (Knoxville, TN); Cates, Michael R. (Oak Ridge, TN); Boatner, Lynn A. (Oak Ridge, TN); Gillies, George T. (Earlysville, VA)
Dual port temperature sensor tag for passive UHF RFID systems
Dual port temperature sensor tag for passive UHF RFID systems J. Virtanen Rauma Research Unit and to simplify the measurement procedure. Design/methodology/approach The sensor tag is based on a dual port sensing concept in which two ports are used to obtain sensor readings. By utilizing two ports instead
Elsherbeni, Atef Z.
High temperature, optically transparent plastics from biomass
temperature, optically transparent plastics from biomass At a Glance Rapid, selective catalytic system to produce vinyl plastics from renewable biomass Stereoregular...
Lightweight Integrated Optical Sensor for Atmospheric Measurements on Mobile Platforms
The goal of the Phase I program was to develop a novel open path sensor platform technology based on integration of semiconductor waveguides with efficient optoelectronic components on a monolithic platform. The successful Phase I effort resulted in demonstration of a novel optical resonator structure based on semiconductor high contrast gratings (HCGs) that will enable implementation of an ultra-compact, low-power gas sensor suitable for use on mobile platforms. Extensive numerical modeling was performed to design a device optimized for measuring CO2 at a wavelength for which a laser was available for proof of concept. Devices were fabricated and tested to match the target wavelength, angle, and operating temperature. This demonstration is the first implementation of HCGs at the wavelengths of interest and shows the flexibility of the proposed architecture for gas sensing applications. The measured cavity Q was lower than anticipated due to fabrication process challenges. The PSI and UC Berkeley team has identified solutions to these challenges and will produce optimized devices in a Phase II program where a prototype sensor will be fabricated and tested.
Parameswaran, Krishnan R. [Physical Sciences Inc.
Sensors and Actuators B 118 (2006) 135141 Low temperature indium oxide gas sensors
Sensors and Actuators B 118 (2006) 135141 Low temperature indium oxide gas sensors M. Sucheaa rights reserved. Keywords: Metal oxide thin films; InOx; Gas sensors; Ozone 1. Introduction The interest's attractive for many areas such as transparent electrodes for solar cells and flat panel displays
Large-area fiber-optic chemical sensors
Pacific Northwest Laboratory is developing a large-area chemical sensor that combines chemically selective coatings and optical spectroscopy to detect target compounds. The chemically selective material is incorporated into the cladding of an optical fiber waveguide. The material is interrogated using optical spectroscopic techniques to determine the concentration of target compounds. The optical interrogation method includes two spectroscopies: visible-near infrared absorption spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. This work develops the physical and mathematical models of such a sensor and provides a set of tools with which to make design predictions for the large-area chemical sensors. The theoretical relationships derived herein allow the use of bulk absorption parameters and bulk Raman coefficients to predict sensor performance.
Bliss, M.; Craig, R.A.
Vibration-insensitive fiber-optic current sensor
The measurement of the electric current with an optical fiber sensor can be made insensitive to external vibrations that act on the leading fiber by using a circuit involving a...
Pistoni, Natale C; Martinelli, Mario
Cloaking a sensor for three-dimensional Maxwell's equations: transformation optics approach
P. Sheng, �Transformation optics and metamaterials,� Nat.sensor via transformation optics,� Phys. Rev. E 83, 016603 (October 2011 / Vol. 19, No. 21 / OPTICS EXPRESS 20518 13. G.
Chen, Xudong; Uhlmann, Gunther
The work performed during the UCR Innovative Concepts phase I program was designed to demonstrate the chemical sensing capabilities of nano-cermet SPR bands at solid oxide fuel cell operating conditions. Key to this proposal is that the materials choice used a YSZ ceramic matrix which upon successful demonstration of this concept, will allow integration directly onto the SOFC stack. Under the Innovative Concepts Program the University at Albany Institute for Materials (UAIM)/UAlbany School of NanoSciences and NanoEngineering synthesized, analyzed and tested Pa, and Au doped YSZ nano-cermets as a function of operating temperature and target gas exposure (hydrogen, carbon monoxide and 1-dodecanethiol). During the aforementioned testing procedure the optical characteristics of the nano-cermets were monitored to determine the sensor selectivity and sensitivity.
Michael A. Carpenter
Extrinsic fiber optic displacement sensors and displacement sensing systems
An extrinsic Fizeau fiber optic sensor comprises a single-mode fiber, used as an input/output fiber, and a multimode fiber, used purely as a reflector, to form an air gap within a silica tube that acts as a Fizeau cavity. The Fresnel reflection from the glass/air interface at the front of the air gap (reference reflection) and the reflection from the air/glass interface at the far end of the air gap (sensing reflection) interfere in the input/output fiber. The two fibers are allowed to move in the silica tube, and changes in the air gap length cause changes in the phase difference between the reference reflection and the sensing reflection. This phase difference is observed as changes in intensity of the light monitored at the output arm of a fused biconical tapered coupler. The extrinsic Fizeau fiber optic sensor behaves identically whether it is surface mounted or embedded, which is unique to the extrinsic sensor in contrast to intrinsic Fabry-Perot sensors. The sensor may be modified to provide a quadrature phase shift extrinsic Fizeau fiber optic sensor for the detection of both the amplitude and the relative polarity of dynamically varying strain. The quadrature light signals may be generated by either mechanical or optical means. A plurality of the extrinsic sensors may connected in cascade and multiplexed to allow monitoring by a single analyzer.
Murphy, Kent A. (Roanoke, VA); Gunther, Michael F. (Blacksburg, VA); Vengsarkar, Ashish M. (Scotch Plains, NJ); Claus, Richard O. (Christiansburg, VA)
Intrinsic Fabry-Perot optical fiber sensors and their multiplexing
An intrinsic Fabry-Perot optical sensor includes a thin film sandwiched between two fiber ends. When light is launched into the fiber, two reflections are generated at the two fiber/thin film interfaces due to a difference in refractive indices between the fibers and the film, giving rise to the sensor output. In another embodiment, a portion of the cladding of a fiber is removed, creating two parallel surfaces. Part of the evanescent fields of light propagating in the fiber is reflected at each of the surfaces, giving rise to the sensor output. In a third embodiment, the refractive index of a small portion of a fiber is changed through exposure to a laser beam or other radiation. Interference between reflections at the ends of the small portion give rise to the sensor output. Multiple sensors along a single fiber are multiplexed using an optical time domain reflectometry method.
Wang, Anbo (Blacksburg, VA)
Fiber optic hydrophone sensor arrays using low reflectance internal mirrors
A new design of fiber optic hydrophone sensor arrays phics. using low reflectance internal mirrors in optical fibers is investigated. The mirrors are produced by fusion arc splicing of two fibers, one of which has a thin film of TiO2 on the end. A...
Lee, Jong-Seo
Adaptable Sensor Packaging for High Temperature Fossil Fuel Energy System
Adaptable Sensor Packaging for High Adaptable Sensor Packaging for High Temperature Fossil Fuel Energy Systems Background The Advanced Research Sensors and Controls Program is leading the effort to develop sensing and control technologies and methods to achieve automated and optimized intelligent power systems. The program is led by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and is implemented through research and development agreements with other
Optics-less Sensors for Localization of Radiation Sources
A new family of radiation sensors is introduced which do not require any optics. The sensors consist of arrays of elementary sub-sensors with natural cosine-law or similar angular sensitivity supplemented with a signal processing unit that computes optimal statistical estimations of source parameters. We show, both theoretically and by computer simulation, that such sensors are capable of accurate localization and intensity estimation of a given number of radiation sources and of imaging of a given number of sources in known positions. The accuracy is found to be dependent only on the sub-sensors noise level, on the number of sub-sensors and on the spacing between radiation sources.
H. J. Caulfield; L. P. Yaroslavsky; Ch. Goerzen; S. Umansky
Powering Wireless Sensor Nodes with Ambient Temperature Changes
.25 ambient temperature change. Author Keywords Sensing, Thermal energy harvesting, battery-free sensors. ACM to consider power harvesting as a potential solution. In this paper, we present a thermal power harvester in battery technology. Power harvesting provides an alternative solution for developing sensors that can last
Manchak, John
High-Temperature Zirconia Oxygen Sensor with Sealed Metal/Metal...
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Indexed Site
High-Temperature Zirconia Oxygen Sensor with Sealed MetalMetal Oxide Internal Reference High-Temperature Zirconia Oxygen Sensor with Sealed MetalMetal Oxide Internal Reference...
Design of the microstructured optical fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensors with enhanced microfluidics
The concept of a Microstructured Optical Fiber-based Surface Plasmon Resonance sensor with optimized microfluidics is proposed. In such a sensor plasmons on the inner surface of...
Hassani, A; Skorobogatiy, M
Distributed Optical Sensor for CO2 Leak Detection
Optical Sensor for CO Optical Sensor for CO 2 Leak Detection Opportunity Research is active on the technology "Distributed Optical Sensor for CO 2 Leak Detection," for which a Patent Application has been filed. This technology is available for licensing and/or further collaborative research from the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). Overview The availability of fossil fuels to provide clean, affordable energy is essential for domestic and global prosperity and security well into the 21st century. However, there are concerns over the impacts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere-particularly carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Carbon capture and storage in geologic formations is a promising technology to reduce the impact of CO
Temperature measurement method using temperature coefficient timing for resistive or capacitive sensors
A method and apparatus for temperature measurement especially suited for low cost, low power, moderate accuracy implementation. It uses a sensor whose resistance varies in a known manner, either linearly or nonlinearly, with temperature, and produces a digital output which is proportional to the temperature of the sensor. The method is based on performing a zero-crossing time measurement of a step input signal that is double differentiated using two differentiators functioning as respective first and second time constants; one temperature stable, and the other varying with the sensor temperature. 5 figs.
Britton, C.L. Jr.; Ericson, M.N.
Pseudovertical Temperature Profiles in a Broad Valley from Lines of Temperature Sensors on Sidewalls
Pseudovertical temperature �soundings� from lines of inexpensive temperature sensors on the sidewalls of Utah�s Salt Lake valley are compared with contemporaneous radiosonde soundings from the north, open end of the valley. Morning [0415 mountain ...
C. David Whiteman; Sebastian W. Hoch
Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot ultrasound sensor
of a novel type of ultrasound fiber-optic sensor was studied theoretically and experimentally. The sensor consists of a continuous length of single mode optical fiber into which two dielectric internal mirrors have been built to form a Fabry...-Perot Interferometer A Fabry-Perot interferometer consists of two parallel partially reflecting mirrors separated by a distance L generally much longer than the wavelength X of the light (see fig. 1) . If a light wave with amplitude A~ and coherence length several...
Alcoz, Jorge Jose
Fiber optic sensors for environmental applications: A brief review
Understanding the flow a groundwater quality. This understanding is achieved by measurement of the appropriate chemical and physical subsurface parameters. The ideal measurement would accurately assess a parameter without affecting the parameter or its environment. Fiber optic spectroscopy offers some of the most promising techniques for accurate, non-invasive measurements of environmental parameters. Fiber optic sensors for subsurface applications are currently being developed by several Department of Energy laboratories. Some of these sensors have been successfully deployed in the field and are attaining the goals of accurate, noninvasive, real time measurements in the subsurface.
Rossabi, J.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of evanescent-wave absorption sensors for extreme temperature applications
Recently, significant developments in evanescent wave absorption sensors have been demonstrated for high temperature sensing applications based upon the optical responses of advanced thin film materials. We will demonstrate how such sensors can be utilized in a mode that allows for chemical or temperature sensing starting from basic theoretical considerations. We will also present experimental high temperature sensing results for fabricated sensors. Potential applications of the sensors to be discussed include a range of high temperature systems relevant for fossil energy and combustion monitoring such as industrial combustors or reaction vessels, solid oxide fuel cells, and gas turbines. In these applications, even a small increase in operating efficiency realized via careful observation of in-process parameters and implementation of real-time process controls can result in dramatic savings across the energy industry, illustrating the necessity of pursuing such techniques. It is hoped that sensors of the type described here will allow for unprecedented measurement-access to processes which present challenging high-temperature and chemically reactive environments.
Buric, Michael P. [U.S. DOE; Ohodnicki, Paul R. [U.S. DOE; Chorpening, Benjamin T. [U.S. DOE
Optical temperature indicator using thermochromic semiconductors
A reversible optical temperature indicator utilizes thermochromic semiconductors which vary in color in response to various temperature levels. The thermochromic material is enclosed in an enamel which provides protection and prevents breakdown at higher temperatures. Cadmium sulfide is the preferred semiconductor material. The indicator may be utilized as a sign or in a striped arrangement to clearly provide a warning to a user. The various color responses provide multiple levels of alarm.
Electro-optic voltage sensor with Multiple Beam Splitting
A miniature electro-optic voltage sensor system capable of accurate operation at high voltages without use of the dedicated voltage dividing hardware. The invention achieves voltage measurement without significant error contributions from neighboring conductors or environmental perturbations. The invention employs a transmitter, a sensor, a detector, and a signal processor. The transmitter produces a beam of electromagnetic radiation which is routed into the sensor. Within the sensor the beam undergoes the Pockels electro-optic effect. The electro-optic effect produces a modulation of the beam's polarization, which is in turn converted to a pair of independent conversely-amplitude-modulated signals, from which the voltage of the E-field is determined by the signal processor. The use of converse AM signals enables the signal processor to better distinguish signal from noise. The sensor converts the beam by splitting the beam in accordance with the axes of the beam's polarization state (an ellipse) into at least two AM signals. These AM signals are fed into a signal processor and processed to determine the voltage between a ground conductor and the conductor on which voltage is being measured.
Woods, Gregory K. (Cornelius, OR); Renak, Todd W. (Idaho Falls, ID); Crawford, Thomas M. (Idaho Falls, ID); Davidson, James R. (Idaho Falls, ID)
Electro-optic voltage sensor with beam splitting
The invention is a miniature electro-optic voltage sensor system capable of accurate operation at high voltages without use of the dedicated voltage dividing hardware typically found in the prior art. The invention achieves voltage measurement without significant error contributions from neighboring conductors or environmental perturbations. The invention employs a transmitter, a sensor, a detector, and a signal processor. The transmitter produces a beam of electromagnetic radiation which is routed into the sensor. Within the sensor the beam undergoes the Pockels electro-optic effect. The electro-optic effect produces a modulation of the beam's polarization, which is in turn converted to a pair of independent conversely-amplitude-modulated signals, from which the voltage of the E-field is determined by the signal processor. The use of converse AM signals enables the signal processor to better distinguish signal from noise. The sensor converts the beam by splitting the beam in accordance with the axes of the beam's polarization state (an ellipse) into at least two AM signals. These AM signals are fed into a signal processor and processed to determine the voltage between a ground conductor and the conductor on which voltage is being measured.
Woods, Gregory K. (Cornelius, OR); Renak, Todd W. (Idaho Falls, ID); Davidson, James R. (Idaho Falls, ID); Crawford, Thomas M. (Idaho Falls, ID)
On-Road Vehicle Detection Using Optical Sensors: A Review
1 On-Road Vehicle Detection Using Optical Sensors: A Review Zehang Sun1 , George Bebis2 and Ronald are expected to add up to 1%-3% of the world's gross domestic product [1]. With the aim of reducing injury
Bebis, George
Optical fiber sensors for smart materials characterization
Optical and optical fiber methods may be used to characterize materials and structures. Their advantages for such applications include their immunity to electromagnetic interference, high sensitivity, resolution and dynamic range, and ability to operate in harsh environmental conditions. This paper describes the application of such methods to the characterization of smart materials and structures during their fabrication, in-service lifetime, and damage and degradation.
Claus, R.O. [Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA (United States). Electrical Engineering Dept.
Fabry-Perot fiber optic sensor using multimode laser diode
heating and cooling cycles. Also, a sporadic waveform on top of the periodic waveform is observed. This is due to mechanical drift in the feedback loop between the thermoelectric cooler and the temperature controller as previously mentioned. Fig. 11... fiber and later reaches a transducer, which takes the form of an integrated optics device, bulk optical components or a fiber optic device, placed within the sensing environment. The optical signal is modulated within the sensing region...
Chu, Siu Yi Andrew
The objective of the proposed work is to develop an intelligent distributed fiber optical sensor system for real-time monitoring of high temperature in a boiler furnace in power plants. Of particular interest is the estimation of spatial and temporal distributions of high temperatures within a boiler furnace, which will be essential in assessing and controlling the mechanisms that form and remove pollutants at the source, such as NOx. The basic approach in developing the proposed sensor system is three fold: (1) development of high temperature distributed fiber optical sensor capable of measuring temperatures greater than 2000 C degree with spatial resolution of less than 1 cm; (2) development of distributed parameter system (DPS) models to map the three-dimensional (3D) temperature distribution for the furnace; and (3) development of an intelligent monitoring system for real-time monitoring of the 3D boiler temperature distribution. Under Task 1, the efforts focused on developing an innovative high temperature distributed fiber optic sensor by fabricating in-fiber gratings in single crystal sapphire fibers. So far, our major accomplishments include: Successfully grown alumina cladding layers on single crystal sapphire fibers, successfully fabricated in-fiber gratings in single crystal sapphire fibers, and successfully developed a high temperature distributed fiber optic sensor. Under Task 2, the emphasis has been on putting into place a computational capability for simulation of combustors. A PC workstation was acquired with dual Xeon processors and sufficient memory to support 3-D calculations. An existing license for Fluent software was expanded to include two PC processes, where the existing license was for a Unix workstation. Under Task 3, intelligent state estimation theory is being developed which will map the set of 1D (located judiciously within a 3D environment) measurement data into a 3D temperature profile. This theory presents a semigroup-based approach to the design and training of a system type neural network which performs function extrapolation. The assumption of the semigroup property suffices to guarantee the existence of a generic mathematical architecture and operation which is explicit enough to support the direct design and training of a neural network.
Kwang Y. Lee; Stuart S. Yin; Andre Boheman
Fiber Optic Cryogenic Sensors for Superconducting Magnets and Superconducting Power Transmission lines at CERN
The design, fabrication and tests of a new generation of superconducting magnets for the upgrade of the LHC require the support of an adequate, robust and reliable sensing technology. The use of Fiber Optic Sensors is becoming particularly challenging for applications in extreme harsh environments such as ultra-low temperatures, high electromagnetic fields and strong mechanical stresses offering perspectives for the development of technological innovations in several applied disciplines.
Chiuchiolo, A; Cusano, A; Bajko, M; Perez, J C; Bajas, H; Giordano, M; Breglio, G; Palmieri, L
Impurity-doped optical shock, detonation and damage location sensor
A shock, detonation, and damage location sensor providing continuous fiber-optic means of measuring shock speed and damage location, and could be designed through proper cabling to have virtually any desired crush pressure. The sensor has one or a plurality of parallel multimode optical fibers, or a singlemode fiber core, surrounded by an elongated cladding, doped along their entire length with impurities to fluoresce in response to light at a different wavelength entering one end of the fiber(s). The length of a fiber would be continuously shorted as it is progressively destroyed by a shock wave traveling parallel to its axis. The resulting backscattered and shifted light would eventually enter a detector and be converted into a proportional electrical signals which would be evaluated to determine shock velocity and damage location. The corresponding reduction in output, because of the shortening of the optical fibers, is used as it is received to determine the velocity and position of the shock front as a function of time. As a damage location sensor the sensor fiber cracks along with the structure to which it is mounted. The size of the resulting drop in detector output is indicative of the location of the crack.
A shock, detonation, and damage location sensor providing continuous fiber-optic means of measuring shock speed and damage location, and could be designed through proper cabling to have virtually any desired crush pressure. The sensor has one or a plurality of parallel multimode optical fibers, or a singlemode fiber core, surrounded by an elongated cladding, doped along their entire length with impurities to fluoresce in response to light at a different wavelength entering one end of the fiber(s). The length of a fiber would be continuously shorted as it is progressively destroyed by a shock wave traveling parallel to its axis. The resulting backscattered and shifted light would eventually enter a detector and be converted into a proportional electrical signals which would be evaluated to determine shock velocity and damage location. The corresponding reduction in output, because of the shortening of the optical fibers, is used as it is received to determine the velocity and position of the shock front as a function of time. As a damage location sensor the sensor fiber cracks along with the structure to which it is mounted. The size of the resulting drop in detector output is indicative of the location of the crack. 8 figs.
Weiss, J.D.
Optical fiber-based fluorescent viscosity sensor Mark A. Haidekker and Walter J. Akers
Optical fiber-based fluorescent viscosity sensor Mark A. Haidekker and Walter J. Akers Department bound to a fiber-optic tip without loss of viscosity sensi- tivity. The optical fiber itself may be used to molecular rotors in solution. An optical fiber-based fluorescent vis- cosity sensor may be used in real
Theodorakis, Emmanuel
A 16 mm3 autonomous solar-powered sensor node with bi-directional optical communication for distributed sensor net-
Abstract A 16 mm3 autonomous solar-powered sensor node with bi- directional optical communication for distributed sensor net- works has been demonstrated. The device digitizes inte- grated sensor signals, a 2.6 mm2 SOI solar cell array, and a micromachined four-quadrant corner-cube retroreflector (CCR
Kahn, Joseph M.
Titanium dioxide based high temperature carbon monoxide selective sensor
Titanium dioxide based high temperature carbon monoxide selective sensor Nancy O. Savagea , Sheikh as a trap for the oxidation products of CO and CH4. Upon oxidation of CO on ALC, carbonate species were detected, whereas the reaction of CH4 produced negligible carbonate species. The insensitivity of the ALC
Dutta, Prabir K.
Optical Fiber Sensor Technologies for Optical Fiber Sensor Technologies for Efficient and Economical Oil Recovery Final Technical Report Reporting Period Start Date: 1 October 1998 Reporting Period End Date: 31 March 2003 Principal Investigator: Anbo Wang Principal Report Authors: Kristie L. Cooper, Gary R. Pickrell, Anbo Wang Report Issued: June 2003 DOE Award Number: DE-FT26-98BC15167 Submitted by: Center for Photonics Technology Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Blacksburg, VA 24061-0111 ii Disclaimer: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or
An integrated optical sensor for GMAW feedback control
The integrated optical sensor (IOS) is a multifunction feedback control sensor for arc welding, that is computer automated and independent of significant operator interaction. It is based on three major off-the-shelf'' components: a charged coupled device (CCD) camera, a diode laser, and a processing computer. The sensor head is compact and lightweight to avoid interference with weld head mobility, hardened to survive the harsh operating environment, and free of specialized cooling and power requirements. The sensor is positioned behind the GMAW torch and measures weld pool position and width, standoff distance, and postweld centerline cooling rate. Weld pool position and width are used in a feedback loop, by the weld controller, to track the weld pool relative to the weld joint, thus allowing compensation for such phenomena as arc blow. Sensor stand off distance is used in a feedback loop to control the contact tip to base metal distance during the welding process. Cooling rate information is used to infer the final metallurgical state of the weld bead and heat affected zone, thereby providing a means of controlling post weld mechanical properties.
Taylor, P.L.; Watkins, A.D.; Larsen, E.D.; Smartt, H.B.
The integrated optical sensor (IOS) is a multifunction feedback control sensor for arc welding, that is computer automated and independent of significant operator interaction. It is based on three major ``off-the-shelf`` components: a charged coupled device (CCD) camera, a diode laser, and a processing computer. The sensor head is compact and lightweight to avoid interference with weld head mobility, hardened to survive the harsh operating environment, and free of specialized cooling and power requirements. The sensor is positioned behind the GMAW torch and measures weld pool position and width, standoff distance, and postweld centerline cooling rate. Weld pool position and width are used in a feedback loop, by the weld controller, to track the weld pool relative to the weld joint, thus allowing compensation for such phenomena as arc blow. Sensor stand off distance is used in a feedback loop to control the contact tip to base metal distance during the welding process. Cooling rate information is used to infer the final metallurgical state of the weld bead and heat affected zone, thereby providing a means of controlling post weld mechanical properties.
6189-47, Session 10 Optical spatial filtering velocimetry sensor for real-time
transforming system instead, the sensor will allow measurement of rotational vibration without direct6189-47, Session 10 Optical spatial filtering velocimetry sensor for real-time in-plane vibration-contact, low-cost optical sensor for real time detection and active vibration control of mechanical devices
Performance characterization of an internsity-modulated fiber optic displacement sensor
A testbed simulating an intensity-modulated fiber optic displacement sensor is experimentally characterized, and the implications regarding sensor design are discussed. Of interest are the intensity distribution of the transmitted optical signal and the relationships between sensor architecture and performance. Particularly, an intensity-modulated sensor's sensitivity, linearity, displacement range, and resolution are functions of the relative positioning of its transmitting and receiving fibers. In this paper, sensor architectures with various combinations of these performance metrics are discussed. A sensor capable of micrometer resolution is reported, and it is concluded that this work could lead to an improved methodology for sensor design.
Moro, Erik Allan [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Todd, Michael D [Los Alamos National Laboratory; Puckett, Santhony D [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Sensors and Actuators A 125 (2006) 170177 Thin film temperature sensor for real-time measurement
allows for an accurate placement of the temperature sensor within the fuel cell. Simulation results show protons, but too much water can lead to local flooding. With poor thermal management, short-term effects will be a performance loss due to either membrane dry-out or diffusion media flooding, and long-term effects
Mench, Matthew M.
Optical High Voltage Sensor with Oil- and Gas-free Insulation
We present an electro-optic high voltage sensor with novel oil- and gas-free insulation based on capacitive electric field steering. The sensor's accuracy is within �0.2% in a...
Marchese, Sergio V; Wildermuth, Stephan; Steiger, Olivier; Pascal, Joris; Bohnert, Klaus; Eriksson, G�ran; Czyzewski, Jan
Theoretical and practical response evaluation of a fiber optic sensor for chlorinated hydrocarbons in water
The response behavior of a polymer-coated mid-infrared fiber optical sensor for chlorinated hydrocarbons in water is evaluated practically and theoretically. The sensor ... - and tetrachloroethylene obtained in a...
E. Rosenberg; R. Krska; R. Kellner
New IR Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensor for in Situ Measurements of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Water
In this work the development and validation of a new MIR fiber-optic physicochemical sensor system for the continuous in situ analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) in...
Krska, R; Taga, K; Kellner, R
Fiber optic sensors for nuclear power plant applications
Studies have been carried out for application of Raman Distributed Temperature Sensor (RDTS) in Nuclear Power Plants (NPP). The high temperature monitoring in sodium circuits of Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) is important. It is demonstrated that RDTS can be usefully employed in monitoring sodium circuits and in tracking the percolating sodium in the surrounding insulation in case of any leak. Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) cable is commonly used as overhead power transmission cable in power grid. The suitability of RDTS for detecting defects in ACSR overhead power cable, is also demonstrated.
Kasinathan, Murugesan; Sosamma, Samuel; BabuRao, Chelamchala; Murali, Nagarajan; Jayakumar, Tammana [Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu-603102 (India)
Novel Gas Sensors for High-Temperature Fossil Fuel Applications
SRI International (SRI) is developing ceramic-based microsensors to detect exhaust gases such as NO, NO{sub 2}, and CO in advanced combustion and gasification systems under this DOE NETL-sponsored research project. The sensors detect the electrochemical activity of the exhaust gas species on catalytic electrodes attached to a solid state electrolyte and are designed to operate at the high temperatures, elevated pressures, and corrosive environments typical of large power generation exhausts. The sensors can be easily integrated into online monitoring systems for active emission control. The ultimate objective is to develop sensors for multiple gas detection in a single package, along with data acquisition and control software and hardware, so that the information can be used for closed-loop control in novel advanced power generation systems. This report details the Phase I Proof-of-Concept, research activities performed from October 2003 to March 2005. SRI's research work includes synthesis of catalytic materials, sensor design and fabrication, software development, and demonstration of pulse voltammetric analysis of NO, NO{sub 2}, and CO gases on catalytic electrodes.
Palitha Jayaweera; Francis Tanzella
An optical fiber Faraday effect current sensor for power system applications
Optical fiber sensors have many inherent properties which make them ideal for applications within electric power systems. The dielectric isolation achieved in using optical fiber has fostered research in the areas of communication and sensing...
Short, Shayne Xavier
Energy conversion in Er3+ doped chalcogenide fibers for gas optical sensor
Er3+ doped chalcogenide fibers are used to convert a 4.3 �m optical signal into an 800 nm radiation with the aim of developing an all-optical infrared gas sensor with a detection in...
Anne-Laure, Pel�; Doualan, Jean-Louis; Braud, Alain; Nazabal, Virginie; Moncorg�, Richard; Camy, Patrice
Development of a Three-Dimensional Ball Rotation Sensing System using Optical Mouse Sensors
to the case of a ball wheel. The system measures surface speed by using two or more optical mouse sensorsDevelopment of a Three-Dimensional Ball Rotation Sensing System using Optical Mouse Sensors Masaaki Kumagai and Ralph L. Hollis Abstract-- Robots using ball(s) as spherical wheels have the advantage
IDENTIFICATION OF DAMAGE TYPES IN CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC LAMINATES BY A NOVEL OPTICAL technology. PZT sensors have been being used as AE sensors. However, because this kind of sensor has bulk
Boyer, Edmond
Optics-less smart sensors and a possible mechanism of cutaneous vision in nature
Optics-less cutaneous (skin) vision is not rare among living organisms, though its mechanisms and capabilities have not been thoroughly investigated. This paper demonstrates, using methods from statistical parameter estimation theory and numerical simulations, that an array of bare sensors with a natural cosine-law angular sensitivity arranged on a flat or curved surface has the ability to perform imaging tasks without any optics at all. The working principle of this type of optics-less sensor and the model developed here for determining sensor performance may be used to shed light upon possible mechanisms and capabilities of cutaneous vision in nature.
Leonid Yaroslavsky; Chad Goerzen; Stanislav Umansky; H. John Caulfield
Field Test of High Temperature Corrosion Sensors in a Waste to Energy Plant
A field trial of electrochemical corrosion rate sensors was conducted over a five month period to monitor fireside corrosion in a waste to energy (WTE) plant. The unique 3-electrode air-cooled corrosion sensors, each including a thermocouple to monitor sensor temperature, were installed in four different ports at approximately the same level of the WTE boiler. A total of twelve sensors were tested, six with electrodes using the carbon steel boiler tube material, and six using the nickel-chromium weld overlay alloy for the electrodes. Corrosion rates and temperatures of the sensors were monitored continuously through the trial. Measurements of sensor thickness loss were used to calibrate the electrochemical corrosion rates. Air cooling of the sensors was found to be necessary in order to bring the sensors to the temperature of the boiler tubes, to better match the corrosion rate of the tubes, and to increase survivability of the sensors and thermocouples. Varying the temperature of the sensors simulated corrosion rates of boiler tubes with steam temperatures above and below that in the actual WTE plant. Temperatures of two of the sensors were successfully held at various controlled temperatures close to the steam temperature for a three hour test period. Corrosion rates of the two materials tested were similar although of different magnitude. An expression relating the corrosion rate of the boiler tube material to the corrosion rate of weld overlay was determined for a 7 day period in the middle of the field trial. Results from the field trial suggest that corrosion rate sensors controlled to the outer waterwall temperature can successfully monitor fireside corrosion in WTE plants and be used as a process control variable by plant operators.
Matthes, S.A.; Covino, B.S., Jr.; Bullard, S.J.; Williamson, K.M.
300�C Capable Electronics Platform and Temperature Sensor System For Enhanced Geothermal Systems
Broader source: Energy.gov [DOE]
Project objectives: Enable geothermal wellbore monitoring through the development of SiC based electronics and ceramic packaging capable of sustained operation at temperatures up to 300?C and 10 km depth. Demonstrate the technology with a temperature sensor system.
Fiber-Optic Sensors: Playing Both Sides of the Energy Equation
Fiber-optic sensors are playing an emerging role in both new energy-generation technologies-including wind, solar and geothermal-and approaches for improving recovery of our existing...
Sanders, Paul E
Fiber Optic Evanescent Field Sensor for Hydrocarbon Monitoring in Air and Water applying UV Absorption
A fiber optic sensor for the monitoring of organic pollutants in air and water is presented. The UV absorption spectra of hydrocarbon soluble in special polymer fiber claddings are...
Schwotzer, G; Latka, I; Lehmann, H; Willsch, R
Multiplexed fiber-optic sensors using a dual-slope frequency-modulated source
We propose and demonstrate a multiplexed fiber-optic sensor system using a dual-slope (triangular) frequency-modulated laser source. The restrictions in the selection of beat...
Temperature Control Framework Using Wireless Sensor Networks and Geostatistical Analysis for Total Spatial Awareness
) intelligent control, and (3) home automation [1]. Home automation is the use of products to link services presents a novel framework for intelligent temperature control in smart homes using Wireless Sensor Home; Intelligent Temperature Control; Wireless Sensor Network; WSN; Context Awareness; Geostatistical
Fan, Jeffrey
Microcantilever heater-thermometer with integrated temperature-compensated strain sensor
The present invention provides microcantilever hotplate devices which incorporate temperature compensating strain sensors. The microcantilever hotplate devices of the present invention comprise microcantilevers having temperature compensating strain sensors and resistive heaters. The present invention also provides methods for using a microcantilever hotplate for temperature compensated surface stress measurements, chemical/biochemical sensing, measuring various properties of compounds adhered to the microcantilever hotplate surface, or for temperature compensated deflection measurements.
King, William P. (Champaign, IL); Lee, Jungchul (Champaign, IL); Goericke, Fabian T. (Wolfsburg, DE)
The overall goal of this project is to conduct fundamental studies on advanced ceramic materials and fiber optic devices for developing new types of high temperature (>500{degree}C) fiber optic chemical sensors (FOCS) for monitoring fossil (mainly coal) and biomass derived gases in power plants. The primary technical objective is to investigate and demonstrate the nanocrystalline doped-ceramic thin film enabled FOCS that possess desired stability, sensitivity and selectivity for in-situ, rapid gas detection in the syngas streams from gasification and combustion flue gases. This report summarizes research works of two integrated parts: (1) development of metal oxide solid thin films as sensing materials for detection and measurement of important gas components relevant to the coal- and biomass-derived syngas and combustion gas streams at high temperatures; and (2) development of fiber optic devices that are potentially useful for constructing FOCS in combination with the solid oxide thin films identified in this program.
Junhang Dong; Hai Xiao; Xiling Tang; Hongmin Jiang; Kurtis Remmel; Amardeep Kaur
An experimental investigation of the sensitivity of a buried fiber optic intrusion sensor
A distributed fiber optic sensor with the ability of detecting and locating intruders on foot and vehicles over long perimeters (>10 km) was studied. The response of the sensor to people walking over or near it and to vehicles driving nearby...
Kuppuswamy, Harini
AOI [3] High-Temperature Nano-Derived Micro-H2 and - H2S Sensors
The emissions from coal-fired power plants remain a significant concern for air quality. This environmental challenge must be overcome by controlling the emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) throughout the entire coal combustion process. One of the processes which could specifically benefit from robust, low cost, and high temperature compatible gas sensors is the coal gasification process which converts coal and/or biomass into syngas. Hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur compounds make up 33%, 43% and 2% of syngas, respectively. Therefore, development of a high temperature (>500�C) chemical sensor for in-situ monitoring of H2, H2S and SO2 levels during coal gasification is strongly desired. The selective detection of SO2/H2S in the presence of H2, is a formidable task for a sensor designer. In order to ensure effective operation of these chemical sensors, the sensor system must inexpensively function within harsh temperature and chemical environment. Currently available sensing approaches, which are based on gas chromatography, electrochemistry, and IR-spectroscopy, do not satisfy the required cost and performance targets. This work focused on the development microsensors that can be applied to this application. In order to develop the high- temperature compatible microsensor, this work addressed various issues related to sensor stability, selectivity, and miniaturization. In the research project entitled �High-Temperature Nano-Derived Micro-H2 and -H2S Sensors�, the team worked to develop micro-scale, chemical sensors and sensor arrays composed of nano-derived, metal-oxide composite materials to detect gases like H2, SO2, and H2S within high-temperature environments (>500?C). The research was completed in collaboration with NexTech Materials, Ltd. (Lewis Center, Ohio). NexTech assisted in the testing of the sensors in syngas with contaminate levels of H2S. The idea of including nanomaterials as the sensing material within resistive-type chemical sensor platforms was to increase the sensitivity (as shown for room temperature applications). Unfortunately, nanomaterials are not stable at high temperatures due to sintering and coarsening processes that are driven by their high surface to volume ratio. Therefore, new hydrogen and sulfur selective nanomaterial systems with high selectivity and stability properties in the proposed harsh environment were investigated. Different nano-morphologies of zirconate, molybdate, and tungstate compounds were investigated. The fabrication of the microsensors consisted of the deposition of the selective nanomaterial systems over metal based interconnects on an inert substrate. This work utilized the chemi-resistive (resistive- type) microsensor architecture where the chemically and structurally stable, high temperature compatible electrodes were sputtered onto a ceramic substrate. The nanomaterial sensing systems were deposited over the electrodes using a lost mold method patterned by conventional optical lithography. The microsensor configuration with optimized nanomaterial system was tested and compared to a millimeter-size sensor e outcomes of this research will contribute to the economical application of sensor arrays for simultaneous sensing of H2, H2S, and SO2.
Perepezko, John; Lu-Steffes, Otto
NRA-00-OES-08 A one-year pilot study for the inclusion of active optical sensors into PALACE
NRA-00-OES-08 1 A one-year pilot study for the inclusion of active optical sensors into PALACE, newly-developed solid-state, active optical sensors that measure chlorophyll a fluorescence of ancillary sensors as part of the ARGO program. The ARGO program, if funded at the level of effort proposed
Boss, Emmanuel S.
Low-temperature hermetic sealing of optical fiber components
A method for manufacturing low-temperature hermetically sealed optical fi components is provided. The method comprises the steps of: inserting an optical fiber into a housing, the optical fiber having a glass core, a glass cladding and a protective buffer layer disposed around the core and cladding; heating the housing to a predetermined temperature, the predetermined temperature being below a melting point for the protective buffer layer and above a melting point of a solder; placing the solder in communication with the heated housing to allow the solder to form an eutectic and thereby fill a gap between the interior of the housing and the optical fiber; and cooling the housing to allow the solder to form a hermetic compression seal between the housing and the optical fiber.
Kramer, Daniel P. (Centerville, OH)
Compact, low-cost, and high-resolution interrogation unit for optical sensors
Compact wavelength detectors that resolve wavelength changes in the subpicometer range over a broad spectral range are presented. A photodiode array or position sensor device is coated with a linear variable filter that converts the wavelength of the incident light into a spatial intensity distribution. The centroid of the spatial distribution is determined by a differential readout of the two elements of the photodiode array or the position sensor device. The device can interrogate any optical sensor that produces a wavelength shift in response to a stimulus. The potential of this device was tested by interrogating fiber-Bragg-grating sensors.
Kiesel, Peter; Schmidt, Oliver; Mohta, Setu; Johnson, Noble; Malzer, Stefan [Palo Alto Research Center Inc., 3333 Coyote Hill Road, Palo Alto, California 94304 (United States); Max Planck Research Group, Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, Guenther-Scharowsky-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen (Germany)
Separation of CO2 Using Ultra-Thin Multi-Layer Polymeric Membranes for Compartmentalized Fiber Optic Sensor Applications
Optic Sensor Applications by Benjamin Davies B.Eng., University of Guelph, 2011 A Thesis Submitted for Compartmentalized Fiber Optic Sensor Applications by Benjamin Davies B. Eng., University of Guelph, 2011 Supervisory trapping occurring through mineralization within the first 20-50 years. A fiber optic based monitoring
Victoria, University of
Integrated optical sensor platform for multiparameter bio-chemical analysis
There is growing demand for robust, reliable, low cost, and easy to use sensor systems that feature multiparameter analysis in many application areas ranging from safety and security...
L�tzow, Peter; Pergande, Daniel; Heidrich, Helmut
Multipoint Pressure and Temperature Sensing Fiber Optic Cable for Monitoring CO2 Sequestration
This report describes the work completed on contract DE-FE0010116. The goal of this two year project was to develop and demonstrate in the laboratory a highly accurate multi-point pressure measurement fiber optic cable based on MEMS pressure sensors suitable for downhole deployment in a CO2 sequestration well. The sensor interrogator was also to be demonstrated in a remote monitoring system and environmental testing was to be completed to indicate its downhole survivability over a lengthy period of time (e.g., 20 years). An interrogator system based on a pulsed laser excitation was shown to be capable of multiple (potentially 100+) simultaneous sensor measurements. Two sensors packages were completed and spliced in a cable onto the same fiber and measured. One sensor package was subsequently measured at high temperatures and pressures in supercritical CO2, while the other package was measured prior and after being subjected to high torque stresses to mimic downhole deployment. The environmental and stress tests indicated areas in which the package design should be further improved.
Challener, William
Development of Self-Correcting Algorithms for Complete Failure of Supply Air Temperature Sensors
? Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has initiated research (Fernandez et al., 2009a) ? Passive and proactive tests ? Rule-based algorithms ? Tested using virtual sensors ? Self-correction approach for the total failure of supply air... temperature sensors 7 ESL-IC-13-10-47 Proceedings of the 13th International Conference for Enhanced Building Operations, Montreal, Quebec, October 8-11, 2013 Self-correction of HVAC controls ? proposed approach 8 1. Fault Diagnostic ? Constant sensor...
Monfet, D.; Choiniere, D.; Padilla, M.
Accuracy in temperature sensor response time estimation for new nuclear reactor designs
One method for measuring the response time of temperature sensors, the plunge test, verifies that the sensor has a suitable response time in the laboratory before installation. However, plunge test results cannot be extrapolated to the response time in an operating plant because response time is affected by multiple factors such as the ratio of internal heat-transfer resistance to the surface heat-transfer resistance, or Biot Modulus. The estimation method presented here can be used to extrapolate laboratory response-time measurements to determine sensor response time in another medium, in different test conditions, or in actual applications such as a nuclear power plant. However, experiments conducted at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have confirmed that the effect of temperature on sensor response time cannot be estimated confidently in an operating environment. Therefore, the loop current step response (LCSR) method was developed to measure the actual in-service response time of nuclear plant temperature sensors.
H.M. Hashemian; Jin Jiang
Micro optical fiber light source and sensor and method of fabrication thereof
This invention relates generally to the development of and a method of fabricating a fiber optic micro-light source and sensor (50). An optical fiber micro-light source (50) is presented whose aperture is extremely small yet able to act as an intense light source. Light sources of this type have wide ranging applications, including use as micro-sensors (22) in NSOM. Micro-sensor light sources have excellent detection limits as well as photo stability, reversibility, and millisecond response times. Furthermore, a method for manufacturing a micro optical fiber light source is provided. It involves the photo-chemical attachment of an optically active material onto the end surface of an optical fiber cable which has been pulled to form an end with an extremely narrow aperture. More specifically, photopolymerization has been applied as a means to photo-chemically attach an optically active material (60). This process allows significant control of the size of the micro light source (50). Furthermore, photo-chemically attaching an optically active material (60) enables the implementation of the micro-light source in a variety of sensor applications.
Kopelman, Raoul (Ann Arbor, MI); Tan, Weihong (Ames, IA); Shi, Zhong-You (Ann Arbor, MI)
This invention relates generally to the development of and a method of fabricating a fiber optic micro-light source and sensor. An optical fiber micro-light source is presented whose aperture is extremely small yet able to act as an intense light source. Light sources of this type have wide ranging applications, including use as micro-sensors in NSOM. Micro-sensor light sources have excellent detection limits as well as photo stability, reversibility, and millisecond response times. Furthermore, a method for manufacturing a micro optical fiber light source is provided. It involves the photo-chemical attachment of an optically active material onto the end surface of an optical fiber cable which has been pulled to form an end with an extremely narrow aperture. More specifically, photopolymerization has been applied as a means to photo-chemically attach an optically active material. This process allows significant control of the size of the micro light source. Furthermore, photo-chemically attaching an optically active material enables the implementation of the micro-light source in a variety of sensor applications. 10 figs.
Kopelman, R.; Tan, W.; Shi, Z.Y.
Performance Diagnosis using Optical Torque Sensor for Selection of a Steam Supply Plant among Advanced Combined Cycle Power Plants
A newly developed optical torque sensor was applied to select a steam supply plant among advanced combined cycle, i.e. ACC, power plants of...
Shuichi Umezawa
Some features of the photonic crystal fiber temperature sensor with liquid ethanol filling
We introduce a novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) temperature sensor that is based on intensity modulation and liquid ethanol filling of air holes with index-guiding PCF. The mode...
Yu, Yongqin; Li, Xuejin; Hong, Xueming; Deng, Yuanlong; Song, Kuiyan; Geng, Youfu; Wei, Huifeng; Tong, Weijun
INTRODUCTION Optical sensors have long been used in the Great
and 1,200 khz acoustic current profilers could be used to iden- tify episodes of sediment resuspension. The sensors gave similar results when bottom resuspension was the main cause of changes in suspended sediment
Signal processing for fiber optic acoustic sensor system
phase compensator. Two passive demodulation techniques based on a 3 by 3 output coupler in the Mach-Zehnder interferometer provide a way to eliminate phase fading suffered inside the interferometric sensors. System measurements utilizing the two...
Zhu, Juhong
Fast Pump-Power-Independent Brillouin Fiber Optic Sensor
A fast and distributed Brillouin sensor, which is immune to pump power variations is presented. 120Hz strain vibrations are measured over 50m fiber with >1kHz sampling rate,...
Motil, Avi; Danon, Orr; Peled, Yair; Tur, Moshe
Optical position sensor for determining the interface between a clear and an opaque fluid
An inexpensive, optical position sensor for measuring a position or length, x, along a one-dimensional curvilinear, coordinate system. The sensor can be used, for example, to determine the position of an interface between a clear and an opaque fluid (such as crude oil and water). In one embodiment, the sensor utilizes the principle of dual-fluorescence, where a primary fiber emits primary fluorescent light and a parallel secondary fiber collects a portion of the primary fluorescent light that is not blocked by the opaque fluid. This, in turn, excites secondary fluorescence in the secondary fiber at a longer wavelength. A light detector measures the intensity of secondary fluorescence emitted from an end of the secondary fiber, which is used to calculate the unknown position or length, x. Side-emitting fibers can be used in place of, or in addition to, fluorescent fibers. The all-optical sensor is attractive for applications involving flammable liquids.
Device and method for self-verifying temperature measurement and control
A measuring instrument includes a first temperature sensor, a second temperature sensor and circuitry. The first and second temperature sensors each generate a signal indicative of the temperature of a medium being detected. The circuitry is configured to activate verification of temperature being sensed with the first sensor. According to one construction, the first temperature sensor comprises at least one thermocouple temperature sensor and the second temperature sensor comprises an optical temperature sensor, each sensor measuring temperature over the same range of temperature, but using a different physical phenomena. Also according to one construction, the circuitry comprises a computer configured to detect failure of one of the thermocouples by comparing temperature of the optical temperature sensor with each of the thermocouple temperature sensors. Even further, an output control signal is generated via a fuzzy inference machine and control apparatus.
Watkins, Arthur D. (Idaho Falls, ID); Cannon, Collins P. (Kearney, MO); Tolle, Charles R. (Idaho Falls, ID)
Final Technical Report - Advanced Optical Sensors to Minimize Energy Consumption in Polymer Extrusion Processes
Project Objective: The objectives of this study are to develop an accurate and stable on-line sensor system to monitor color and composition on-line in polymer melts, to develop a scheme for using the output to control extruders to eliminate the energy, material and operational costs of off-specification product, and to combine or eliminate some extrusion processes. Background: Polymer extrusion processes are difficult to control because the quality achieved in the final product is complexly affected by the properties of the extruder screw, speed of extrusion, temperature, polymer composition, strength and dispersion properties of additives, and feeder system properties. Extruder systems are engineered to be highly reproducible so that when the correct settings to produce a particular product are found, that product can be reliably produced time after time. However market conditions often require changes in the final product, different products or grades may be processed in the same equipment, and feed materials vary from lot to lot. All of these changes require empirical adjustment of extruder settings to produce a product meeting specifications. Optical sensor systems that can continuously monitor the composition and color of the extruded polymer could detect process upsets, drift, blending oscillations, and changes in dispersion of additives. Development of an effective control algorithm using the output of the monitor would enable rapid corrections for changes in materials and operating conditions, thereby eliminating most of the scrap and recycle of current processing. This information could be used to identify extruder systems issues, diagnose problem sources, and suggest corrective actions in real-time to help keep extruder system settings within the optimum control region. Using these advanced optical sensor systems would give extruder operators real-time feedback from their process. They could reduce the amount of off-spec product produced and significantly reduce energy consumption. Also, because blending and dispersion of additives and components in the final product could be continuously verified, we believe that, in many cases, intermediate compounding steps could be eliminated (saving even more time and energy).
Susan J. Foulk
Forty-Four Pass Fibre Optic Loop for Improving the Sensitivity of Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors
A forty-four pass fibre optic surface plasmon resonance sensor that enhances detection sensitivity according to the number of passes is demonstrated for the first time. The technique employs a fibre optic recirculation loop that passes the detection spot forty- four times, thus enhancing sensitivity by a factor of forty-four. Presently, the total number of passes is limited by the onset of lasing action of the recirculation loop. This technique offers a significant sensitivity improvement for various types of plasmon resonance sensors that may be used in chemical and biomolecule detections.
Chin B Su; Jun Kameoka
Evaluation of White Light Sources For an Absolute Fiber Optic Sensor Readout System
This report summarizes work done in pursuit of an absolute readout system for Fabry-Perot optics sensors such as those built both by FISO and LLNL. The use of white light results in a short coherence length reducing the ambiguity of the Fabry-Perot gap measurement which is required to readout the sensor. The light source coherence length is the critical parameter in determining the ability to build a relative or an absolute system. Optical sources such as lasers and LEDs are rather narrow in optical spectral bandwidth and have long coherence length. Thus, when used in interferometric sensor measurements, one fringe looks much like another and it is difficult to make an absolute measurement. In contrast, white light sources are much broader in spectral bandwidth and have very short coherence lengths making interferometry possible only over the coherence length, which can be 1 or 2 microns. The small number of fringes in the interferogram make it easier to calculate the centroid and to unambiguously determine the sensor gap. However, unlike LEDs and Lasers, white light sources have very low optical power when coupled into optical fibers. Although, the overall light output of a white light source can be hundreds of milliwatts to watts, it is difficult to couple more than microwatts into a 50-micron core optical fiber. In addition, white light sources have a large amount of optical power in spectrum that is not necessarily useful in terms of sensor measurements. The reflectivity of a quarter wave of Titanium Oxide is depicted in Figure 2. This coating of Titanium Oxide is used in the fabrication of the sensor. This figure shows that any light emitted at wavelengths shorter than 600 nm is not too useful for the readout system. A white light LED spectrum is depicted in Figure 3 and shows much of the spectrum below 600 nm. In addition Silicon photodiodes are usually used in the readout system limiting the longest wavelength to about 1100 nm. Tungsten filament sources may have much of their optical power at wavelengths longer than 1100 nm, which is outside the wavelength range of interest. An incandescent spectrum from a tungsten filament is depicted in Figure 4. None of this is to say that other types of readout systems couldn't be built with IR detectors and broadband coatings for the sensors. However, without reengineering the sensors, the wavelength restrictions must be tolerated.
McConaghy, C F
A loss-based, magnetic field sensor implemented in a ferrofluid infiltrated microstructured polymer optical fiber
We report an in-fiber magnetic field sensor based on magneto-driven optical loss effects, while being implemented in a ferrofluid infiltrated microstructured polymer optical fiber. We demonstrate that magnetic field flux changes up to 2000 gauss can be detected when the magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the fiber axis. In addition, the sensor exhibits high polarization sensitivity for the interrogated wavelengths, providing the possibility of both field flux and direction measurements. The underlying physical and guidance mechanisms of this sensing transduction are further investigated using spectrophotometric, light scattering measurements, and numerical simulations, suggesting photonic Hall effect as the dominant physical, transducing mechanism.
Candiani, A. [Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Heraklion 70013 Greece (Greece); Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Parma, Parma 43124 (Italy); Argyros, A.; Leon-Saval, S. G.; Lwin, R. [Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney (Australia); Selleri, S. [Department of Information Engineering (DII), University of Parma, Parma 43124 (Italy); Pissadakis, S., E-mail: email@example.com [Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Heraklion 70013 Greece (Greece)
This invention relates generally to the development of and a method of fabricating a micro optical fiber light source. An optical fiber micro-light source is presented whose aperture is extremely small yet able to act as an intense light source. Light sources of this type have wide ranging applications, including use as micro-sensors in NSOM. Micro-sensor light sources have excellent detection limits as well as photo stability, reversibility, and millisecond response times. Furthermore, a method for manufacturing a micro optical fiber light source is provided. It involves the photo-chemical attachment of an optically active material onto the end surface of an optical fiber cable which has been pulled to form an end with an extremely narrow aperture. More specifically, photopolymerization has been applied as a means to photo-chemically attach an optically active material. This process allows significant control of the size of the micro light source. Furthermore, photo-chemically attaching an optically active material enables the implementation of the micro-light source in a variety of sensor applications. 4 figs.
This invention relates generally to the development of and a method of fabricating a micro optical fiber light source. An optical fiber micro-light source is presented whose aperture is extremely small yet able to act as an intense light source. Light sources of this type have wide ranging applications, including use as micro-sensors in NSOM. Micro-sensor light sources have excellent detection limits as well as photo stability, reversibility, and millisecond response times. Furthermore, a method for manufacturing a micro optical fiber light source is provided. It involves the photo-chemical attachment of an optically active material onto the end surface of an optical fiber cable which has been pulled to form an end with an extremely narrow aperture. More specifically, photopolymerization has been applied as a means to photo-chemically attach an optically active material. This process allows significant control of the size of the micro light source. Furthermore, photo-chemically attaching an optically active material enables the implementation of the micro-light source in a variety of sensor applications.
Kopelman, Raoul (Ann Arbor, MI); Tan, Weihong (Ann Arbor, MI); Shi, Zhong-You (Ann Arbor, MI)
Optical Current Sensors for Electric Power Grid Modernization
Optical current transducers will advance the modernization of the power grid, because of the economic cost, environmental cost, safety, reliability, and metrology performance...
Rose, Allen H; Blake, Jim
Fabrication of miniature fiber-optic temperature sensors
A method of coupling a silica fiber and a sapphire fiber includes providing a silica fiber having a doped core and a cladding layer, with the doped core having a prescribed diameter, providing a sapphire fiber having a diameter less than the doped core, placing an end of the sapphire fiber in close proximity to an end of the silica fiber, applying a heat source to the end of silica fiber and introducing the end of sapphire fiber into the heated doped core of the silica fiber to produce a coupling between the silica and sapphire fibers.
Zhu, Yizheng (Durham, NC); Wang, Anbo (Blacksburg, VA)
Riboswitch-based sensor in low optical background Svetlana V. Harbaugh, Molly E. Davidson, Yaroslav G. Chushak*
Riboswitch-based sensor in low optical background Svetlana V. Harbaugh, Molly E. Davidson, Yaroslav in the presence of theophylline. However, the BFP-eGFP FRET pair posses significant optical background-4 These RNA-based sensors bind to a ligand and alter the gene expression of downstream genes. Riboswitches
Fiber-optic sensor for detection of hydrogen peroxide in PEM fuel cells Juan F. Botero-Cadavid
Fiber-optic sensor for detection of hydrogen peroxide in PEM fuel cells by Juan F. Botero-optic sensor for detection of hydrogen peroxide in PEM fuel cells by Juan F. Botero-Cadavid Mech electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and the presence and formation of this peroxide has been associated
Goniometric characteristics of optical fibres for temperature measurement in
The accurate in situ, non-contact measurement of the temperature distribution within diesel after-treatment filters requires the employment of optical fibres with special tip geometry. The goniometric characteristics of optical fibres with flat, 45� angled and bent and polished tips are studied such that the specific radiation acceptance region can be determined. One 2 mm diameter fused silica and two 0.425 mm diameter sapphire optical fibres are examined. Detailed discussion of the relative intensity profiles observed for these fibres is presented. Of the three fibres evaluated, the 45� angled tip geometry provides the most precise response for measuring radiation emitted from the internal filter walls. Exploiting the characteristics of total internal reflection, the 45� angled tip fibre accepts the maximum quantity of incident radiation at an angle perpendicular to the optical axis.
Brian J Boothe; Albert J Shih; Jian Kong; William L Roberts
Manufacturing challenges of optical current and voltage sensors for utility applications
Measurement of voltages and currents in power transmission and distribution systems are critical to the electric utility industry for both revenue metering and reliability. Nonconventional instrument transformers based on intensity modulation of optical signals have been reported in the literature for more than 20 years. Recently described devices using passive bulk optical sensor elements include the Electro-Optic Voltage Transducer (EOVT) and Magneto-Optic Current Transducer (MOCT). These technologies offer substantial advantages over conventional instrument transformers in accuracy, optical isolation bandwidth, environmental compatibility, weight and size. This paper describes design and manufacturing issues associated with the EOVT and the Optical Metering Unit (OMU) recently introduced by ABB with field installation results presented for prototype units in the 345 kV and 420 kV voltage classes. The OMU incorporates an EOVT and MOCT to monitor the voltage and current on power transmission lines using a single free-standing device.
Yakymyshyn, C.P. [Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States). Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Brubaker, M.A. [Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States); Johnston, P.M. [Johnston (Paul M.), Raleigh, NC (United States); Reinbold, C. [ABB High Voltage Switchgear, Greensburg, PA (United States)
Sensors and Actuators B 49 (1998) 133138 High temperature semiconductor sensor for the detection of
was smaller than expected but the increased desorption rate and a high signal to noise ratio improved the environment. Electrochemical cells for the detection of fluorine are produced by several companies (e.g. [1 sensor promises an im- provement of the properties of the sensing structure because the electrochemical
Moritz, Werner
A study of semiconductor laser noise and its effect on fiber optic sensor performance
with internal mirrors separated by a length L of single-mode fiber. This sensor, which was introduced by the research group at Texas A8cM University [34], has been used to measure temperature, strain, and acoustic pressure [35]. Two beams, one reflected from... or the length L of FFPI sensors. If the reflectance of the mirrors is equal to R with R (& I, the reflected power P? is related to the incident power P; according to P, = 2RP&(1+ cos P) (2. 30) with 4=4~/c. Because the FFPI sensor will act like two beam...
Lee, Wanku
Materials research is needed to improve the performance of high temperature materials that must withstand the hostile environment of the glassmaking process and to improve the operating efficiency. Advances in materials used for sensors and controls is perhaps one of the most important requirements for improving the efficiency of the glass production process. The use of molybdenum disilicide (MoSi{sub 2}) based materials, which are corrosion resistant in glass, are being investigated for improving the performance of advance temperature sensors. Using advanced plasma spray forming techniques, laminate and functionally graded composite tubes of MoSi{sub 2} and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} are being developed to protect advanced temperature sensors from the hostile environment of the glassmaking process.
Castro, R. G. (Richard G.); Peters, M. I. (Maria I.); Mendoza, D. (Daniel); Vaidya, R. U. (Rajendra U.); Petrovic, J. J.
Structural and environmental monitoring of tracker and vertex systems using Fiber Optic Sensors
Fibre optic sensors (FOS) are an established technique for environmental and deformation monitoring in several areas like civil engineering, aerospace, and energy. Their immunity to electromagnetic and magnetic fields and nuclear environments, its small size, multiplexing capability and the possibility to be embedded make them an attractive technology for the structural and environmental monitoring of collider particle physics experiments. Between all the possible Fibre Optic sensors FBGs (Fiber Bragg Grating) seems to be the best solution for HEP applications. The first step was to characterize FBG sensors for it use in High Energy Physics environment. During last two years we have checked the resistance of the Fibre Bragg Grating sensors to radiation. Two irradiation campaigns with protons have been done at CNA (Centro Nacional de Aceleradores). In the near future these sensors are being planned to be used in detectors (the closest one Belle II.). Several work on integration issues in Belle II PXD-SVD, and checking for environmental and deformation monitoring in the detectors inner part has been done.
David Moya; Iv�n Vila
Electro-optic voltage sensor for sensing voltage in an E-field
Woods, Gregory K. (Idaho Falls, ID); Renak, Todd W. (Idaho Falls, ID)
Fibre optic sensor for the detection of adulterant traces in coconut oil
The design and development of a fibre optic evanescent wave refractometer for the detection of trace amounts of paraffin oil and palm oil in coconut oil is presented. This sensor is based on a side-polished plastic optical fibre. At the sensing region, the cladding and a small portion of the core are removed and the fibre nicely polished. The sensing region is fabricated in such a manner that it sits perfectly within a bent mould. This bending of the sensing region enhances its sensitivity. The oil mixture of different mix ratios is introduced into the sensing region and we observed a sharp decrease in the output intensity. The observed variation in the intensity is found to be linear and the detection limit is 2% (by volume) paraffin oil/palm oil in coconut oil. The resolution of this refractometric sensor is of the order of 10?3. Since coconut oil is consumed in large volumes as edible oil in south India, this fibre optic sensor finds great relevance for the detection of adulterants such as paraffin oil or palm oil which are readily miscible in coconut oil. The advantage of this type of sensor is that it is inexpensive and easy to set up. Another attraction of the side-polished fibre is that only a very small amount of analyte is needed and its response time is only 7 s.
M Sheeba; M Rajesh; C P G Vallabhan; V P N Nampoori; P Radhakrishnan
Temperature sensor with improved thermal barrier and gas seal between the probe and housing
A temperature sensor comprising: a hollow tube with a first end and a second end, wherein the second end is closed sealing a cavity within the tube from an environment outside of the tube and wherein the first end has an exterior cylindrical surface; a temperature responsive sensing element within the tube proximate to the second end; a glass cylinder having an inner cylindrical surface in sealing engagement with the exterior cylindrical surface of the first end of the tube; and a sensor housing having an inner cylindrical cavity bounded by an inner cylindrical wall, wherein an outer cylindrical surface of the glass cylinder is sealingly engaged with the inner cylindrical wall.
O'Connell, David Peter (Canfield, OH); Sumner, Randall Christian (New Wilmington, PA)
An Optical Backscatter Sensor for Particulate Matter Measurement
Diesel engines are prone to emit particulate matter (PM) emissions under certain operation conditions. In-cylinder production of PM from diesel combustion control can occur under a wide variety of operating conditions, and in some cases, operation of a multi-cylinder engine can further complicate PM emissions due to variations in air or fuel charge due to manifold mixing effects. In this study, a probe for detecting PM in diesel exhaust was evaluated on a light-duty diesel engine. The probe is based on an optical backscattering effect. Due to the optical nature of the probe, PM sensing can occur at high rates. The feasibility of the probe for examining PM emissions in the exhaust manifold will be discussed.
Parks, II, James E [ORNL; Prikhodko, Vitaly Y [ORNL; Partridge Jr, William P [ORNL
In April 2007, the Department of Energy (DOE) designated the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) a National Scientific User Facility (NSUF) to advance US leadership in nuclear science and technology. By attracting new users from universities, laboratories, and industry, the ATR will support basic and applied nuclear research and development and help address the nation's energy security needs. In support of this new program, the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has developed in-house capabilities to fabricate, test, and qualify new and enhanced temperature sensors for irradiation testing. Although most efforts emphasize sensors capable of providing real-time data, selected tasks have been completed to enhance sensors provided in irradiation locations where instrumentation leads cannot be included, such as drop-in capsule and Hydraulic Shuttle Irradiation System (HSIS) or 'rabbit' locations. To meet the need for these locations, the INL has developed melt wire temperature sensors for use in ATR irradiation testing. Differential scanning calorimetry and environmental testing of prototypical sensors was used to develop a library of 28 melt wire materials, capable of detecting peak irradiation temperatures ranging from 85 to 1500�C. This paper will discuss the development work and present test results.
K. L. Davis; D. Knudson; J. Daw; J. Palmer; J. L. Rempe
Deletion of Geophone Temperature Sensor LSP System Eng
. This decreases the total available listening period tlat would be available if the geophone tern- perature were of a calculated versus a measured geophone temperature has the effect of reducing the possible listening period. This package is similar to the geophones in that it is a passive device and is in good thermal contact
Rathbun, Julie A.
Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 2003 Fiber Optic Oxygen Sensor for Power Plant Applications
is an efficient way to control boiler operation and reduce emissions. Time resolved measurements of oxygen at the far end of a Au clad high temperature silica fiber (continuous operation to 700 °C), as shown in Fig schemes in harsh environments. In this paper we report on the high temperature photophysical parameters
Detection of adulteration in virgin olive oil using a fiber optic long period grating based sensor
A fiber optic sensing system for the detection of adulteration of virgin olive oil by less expensive sunflower oil is presented. The fundamental principle of detection is the sensitive dependence of the resonance peaks of a long period grating (LPG) on the changes in the refractive index of the environmental medium surrounding the cladding surface of the grating. The performance of the sensor has been tested by monitoring the amplitude changes of the attenuation bands of the LPG in response to variation of adulteration level. With good repeatability, the detection limit of adulteration is 4% and the sensor sensitivity is around 0.07�dB�vol%?1 of adulterant in the measurement range. The developed sensor is user-friendly, reusable and allows instantaneous measurement of the amount of adulteration without involving any reagents.
T M Libish; M C Bobby; J Linesh; S Mathew; C Pradeep; V P N Nampoori; P Biswas; S Bandyopadhyay; K Dasgupta; P Radhakrishnan
Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder (SSMIS) Antenna Brightness Temperature Data Record (TDR)
Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder (SSMIS) Antenna Brightness Temperature Data Record (TDR/NESDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and Research Contributors from: Banghua Yan (Lead), QSS/JCSDA Ninghai Sun, IMSG, Metoffice, UK Yong Han, STAR/JCSDA Mark Liu, QSS/JCSDA Distribution to: Ralph Ferrrao, STAR Tom Schott, OSD
A Novel Wireless Passive Temperature Sensor Utilizing Microfluidic Principles in Millimeter-Wave
A Novel Wireless Passive Temperature Sensor Utilizing Microfluidic Principles in Millimeter. INTRODUCTION A new miniaturized passive and wireless sensing tag is presented, which is based on microfluidic. Preliminary guidelines for a novel generation of wearable, implantable and conformal "smart house"/"smart skin
Tentzeris, Manos
Multifunctional Nanowire/Film Composites-Based Bimodular Sensors for In Situ, Real-Time High Temperature Gas Detection
Multifunctional Nanowire/Film Multifunctional Nanowire/Film Composites-Based Bimodular Sensors for In Situ, Real-Time High Temperature Gas Detection Background Real time monitoring of combustion gas composition is important for improving the efficiency of combustion processes and reducing the emission of pollutants. However, such measurement usually requires sensors to be operated at high temperatures in harsh environments. Currently, commercially available sensor technology capable of withstanding such harsh environments is extremely
High-Temperature Nano-Derived Micro-Hydrogen Sulfide Sensors
Temperature Nano-Derived Micro- Temperature Nano-Derived Micro- Hydrogen and -Hydrogen Sulfide Sensors Background The Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) seeks applications for the University Coal Research (UCR) Program to further develop the understanding of coal utilization. Since the program's inception in 1979, its primary objectives have been to (1) improve our understanding of the chemical and physical processes involved in the conversion and utilization of coal in an environmentally
Development of High-Temperature/High-Sensitivity Novel Chemical Resistive Sensor
Temperature/ Temperature/ High-Sensitivity Novel Chemical Resistive Sensor Background The Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Other Minority Institutions (HBCU/OMI) Program provides a mechanism for cooperative research among these institutions, the private sector, and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy. The program provides for the exchange of technical information to raise the overall level of HBCU/OMI competitiveness with other institutions in the field of fossil
Doppler Effect in Flexible and Expandable Light Waveguide and Development of New Fiber-Optic Vibration/Acoustic Sensor
New principle and a geometrical arrangement of an optical fiber for a vibration/acoustic measurement are proposed in the present paper. The sensor is based on a new finding that a...
Kageyama, Kazuro; Murayama, Hideaki; Uzawa, Kiyoshi; Ohsawa, Isamu; Kanai, Makoto; Akematsu, Yoshiaki; Nagata, Keiich; Ogawa, Tetsu
Analysis of roll gap heat transfers in hot steel strip rolling through roll temperature sensors and heat transfer models
Analysis of roll gap heat transfers in hot steel strip rolling through roll temperature sensors and heat transfer models N. Legrand1,a , N. Labbe1,b D. Weisz-Patrault2,c , A. Ehrlacher2,d , T. Luks3,e heat transfers during pilot hot steel strip rolling. Two types of temperature sensors (drilled and slot
Paris-Sud XI, Université de
One-dimensional single-mode fiber-optic displacement sensors for submillimeter measurements
We demonstrate the working principle of a one-dimensional intensity-based fiber-optic displacement sensor. The sensor consists of one receiving fiber, which is moved laterally in the optical field emitted by an emitting fiber. It is shown numerically that the sensor response is highly linear (nonlinearity error of 0.1 to 2%) for a wide range of travel (2.24 to 860 {mu}m). The sensor response is also simulated experimentally using a highly precise robot, the results of which correspond very closely to numerical ones. Linearity, travel, and sensitivity are experimentally determined for different gaps between the emitting and the receiving fibers (10 {mu}m to 10 mm). A design chart that includes the nonlinearity error (0.5% to 2%), the travel (2.78 to 860 {mu}m), the sensitivity (0.032 to 0.37 dB/{mu}m), and the gap distance (1 to 10 mm) is finally proposed.
Trudel, Vincent; St-Amant, Yves
Optical humidity sensors based on titania films fabricated by sol?gel and thermal evaporation methods
This paper reports a comparative study of an optical humidity sensor based on titania films fabricated by sol?gel and thermal evaporation methods. As semiconducting oxides are known for their n-type conduction because of the presence of oxygen vacancies, therefore they prove to be very good sensors for humidity. Sensing elements of the optical humidity sensor presented here consist of a rutile structured one-layered TiO2 thin film deposited on the base of an isosceles glass prism of thickness 1000 ?. This TiO2 film is porous and sensitive to humidity. The other sensing element consists of a film of the same material deposited by the thermal evaporation method on the base of a prism of the same thickness. Light from a He?Ne laser enters the prism from one of the isosceles faces of the prism and gets reflected from the glass?film interface, before emerging out from its other isosceles face. The emergent beam is collected through an optical fibre, which is connected to an optical power meter for measurement. Variations in the intensity of light caused by changes in humidity lying in the range of 5% RH to 95% RH have been recorded. A sensor fabricated by the thermal evaporation method shows better sensitivity than the sol?gel method. Scanning electron micrographs of both the films show that the film prepared by the thermal evaporation method is more porous and continuous than the film prepared by the sol?gel method, resulting in more sensitivity to humidity.
B C Yadav; N K Pandey; Amit K Srivastava; Preeti Sharma
Fabrication of Optical Fiber Mechanical Shock Sensors for the Los Alamos HERT (High Explosive Radio Telemetry) Project
This document lists the requirements for the fiber optic mechanical shock sensor for the Los Alamos HERT (High Explosive Radio Telemetry) project and provides detailed process steps for fabricating, testing, and assembling the fiber shock sensors for delivery to Los Alamos.
P. E. Klingsporn
Powering a wireless temperature sensor using sediment microbial fuel cells with vertical arrangement of electrodes
The application of wireless sensors is an important approach for monitoring natural water systems in remote locations; however, limited power sources are a key challenge for successful application of these sensors. Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) have shown potential as a sustainable power source with low maintenance requirements to power wireless sensors. This study examines electricity generation in lab-scale \\{SMFCs\\} with the sediment from Lake Michigan. Two \\{SMFCs\\} are operated in parallel with a difference in cathode arrangement (floating cathode vs. bottom cathode). The data show that the SMFC with a floating cathode produces more electricity and results in a shorter charging time when an ultracapacitor is connected to the circuit. To control electricity delivery and voltage elevation to a value that can drive a wireless temperature sensor, a power management system (PMS) is developed. With the PMS, both \\{SMFCs\\} can consistently power the wireless temperature sensor for data transmission to a computer, although the number of recorded data within the same period differs. This research provides an effective PMS for power control and valuable experience in SMFC configurations for the next onsite test of the developed \\{SMFCs\\} in Lake Michigan.
Fei Zhang; Lei Tian; Zhen He
Fiber optic sensor employing successively destroyed coupled points or reflectors for detecting shock wave speed and damage location
A shock velocity and damage location sensor providing a means of measuring shock speed and damage location. The sensor consists of a long series of time-of-arrival "points" constructed with fiber optics. The fiber optic sensor apparatus measures shock velocity as the fiber sensor is progressively crushed as a shock wave proceeds in a direction along the fiber. The light received by a receiving means changes as time-of-arrival points are destroyed as the sensor is disturbed by the shock. The sensor may comprise a transmitting fiber bent into a series of loops and fused to a receiving fiber at various places, time-of-arrival points, along the receiving fibers length. At the "points" of contact, where a portion of the light leaves the transmitting fiber and enters the receiving fiber, the loops would be required to allow the light to travel backwards through the receiving fiber toward a receiving means. The sensor may also comprise a single optical fiber wherein the time-of-arrival points are comprised of reflection planes distributed along the fibers length. In this configuration, as the shock front proceeds along the fiber it destroys one reflector after another. The output received by a receiving means from this sensor may be a series of downward steps produced as the shock wave destroys one time-of-arrival point after another, or a nonsequential pattern of steps in the event time-of-arrival points are destroyed at any point along the sensor.
High frequency current sensors using the Faraday effect in optical fibers
This study investigates the high frequency response of Faraday effect optical fiber current sensors that are bandwidth-limited by the transit time of the light in the fiber. Mathematical models were developed for several configurations of planar (collocated turns) and travelling wave (helical turns) singlemode fiber sensor coils, and experimental measurements verified the model predictions. High frequency operation above 500 MHz, with good sensitivity, was demonstrated for several current sensors; this frequency region was not previously considered accessible by fiber devices. Planar fiber coils in three configurations were investigated: circular cross section with the conductor centered coaxially; circular cross section with the conductor noncentered; and noncircular cross section with arbitrary location of the conductor. The helical travelling wave fiber coils were immersed in the dielectric of a coaxial transmission line to improve velocity phase matching between the field and light. Three liquids (propanol, methanol, and water) and air were used as transmission line dielectric. Complete models, which must account for liquid dispersion and waveguide dispersion from the multilayer dielectric in the transmission line, were developed to describe the Faraday response of the travelling wave sensors. Other travelling wave current sensors with potentially greater Faraday sensitivity, wider bandwidth and smaller size are investigated using the theoretical models developed for the singlemode fibers coils.
Cernosek, R.W. [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States). Microsensor Research and Development Dept.] [Sandia National Labs., Albuquerque, NM (United States). Microsensor Research and Development Dept.
Low temperature a - Si : H photodiodes and flexible image sensor arrays patterned by digital lithography
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon-based image sensor arrays were fabricated on polyethylene naphthalate substrates with photodiodes optimized for process temperatures of 150 � C . An optimal i -layer thickness was determined to minimize carrier recombination and to maintain sufficient light absorption and acceptable leakage current. Patterning of the thin-film transistor backplane was accomplished using ink-jet printed etch masks. A flexible image sensor is demonstrated with 75 dots ? in. resolution over 180 � 180 pixels and with sensitivity of 1.2 pW ? cm 2 .
Tse Nga Ng; Rene A. Lujan; Sanjiv Sambandan; Robert A. Street; Scott Limb; William S. Wong
Temperature dependence of optical transitions in AlGaAs
AlGaAs structures with different aluminum concentration (x=0.0 0.17 0.30 and 0.40) were characterized by photoluminescence and photoreflectance techniques. The temperature dependence of optical transitions in the temperature ranging from 2 to 300 K were investigated. Y. P. Varshni [Physica (Utrecht) 34 194 (1967)] L. Vi�a et al. [Phys. Rev. B 30 1979 (1984)] and R. P�ssler [Phys. Status Solidi B 200 155 (1997)] models were used to fit the experimental points. The P�ssler model gave the best adjustment to the experimental points. The tree models showed that the empirical parameters obtained through the adjustment of the experimental data in the three different models are aluminum composition dependent in the ternary alloy.
S. A. Louren�o; I. F. L. Dias; J. L. Duarte; E. Laureto; E. A. Meneses; J. R. Leite; I. Mazzaro
Fiber-optic voltage sensor with cladded fiber and evanescent wave variation detection
A fiber optic voltage sensor is described which includes a source of light, a reference fiber for receiving a known percentage of the light and an electrostrictive element having terminals across which is applied, a voltage to be measured. The electrostrictive element is responsive to the applied voltage to assume an altered physical state. A measuring fiber also receives a known percentage of light from the light source and is secured about the electrostrictive element. The measuring fiber is provided with a cladding and exhibits an evanescent wave in the cladding. The measuring fiber has a known length which is altered when the electrostrictive element assumes its altered physical state. A differential sensor is provided which senses the intensity of light in both the reference fiber and the measuring fiber and provides an output indicative of the difference between the intensities. 3 figs.
Wood, C.B.
A fiber optic voltage sensor is described which includes a source of light, a reference fiber for receiving a known percentage of the light and an electrostrictive element having terminals across which is applied, a voltage to be measured. The electrostrictive element is responsive to the applied voltage to assume an altered physical state. A measuring fiber also receives a known percentage of light from the light source and is secured about the electrostrictive element. The measuring fiber is provided with a cladding and exhibits an evanescent wave in the cladding. The measuring fiber has a known length which is altered when the electrostrictive element assumes its altered physical state. A differential sensor is provided which senses the intensity of light in both the reference fiber and the measuring fiber and provides an output indicative of the difference between the intensities.
Wood, Charles B. (Lakewood, CO)
Development of an Acoustic Sensor On-Line Gas Temperature Measurement in Gasifiers
This project was awarded under U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) Program Solicitation DE-PS26-02NT41422 and specifically addresses Technical Topical Area 2 - Gasification Technologies. The project team includes Enertechnix, Inc. as the main contractor and ConocoPhillips Company as a technical partner, who also provides access to the SG Solutions Gasification Facility (formerly Wabash River Energy Limited), host for the field-testing portion of the research. The objective of this project was to adapt acoustic pyrometer technology to make it suitable for measuring gas temperature inside a coal gasifier, to develop a prototype sensor based on this technology, and to demonstrate its performance through testing on a commercial gasifier. The project was organized in three phases, each of approximately one year duration. The first phase consisted of researching a variety of sound generation and coupling approaches suitable for use with a high pressure process, evaluation of the impact of gas composition variability on the acoustic temperature measurement approach, evaluation of the impact of suspended particles and gas properties on sound attenuation, evaluation of slagging issues and development of concepts to deal with this issue, development and testing of key prototype components to allow selection of the best approaches, and development of a conceptual design for a field prototype sensor that could be tested on an operating gasifier. The second phase consisted of designing and fabricating a series of prototype sensors, testing them in the laboratory, and developing a conceptual design for a field prototype sensor. The third phase consisted of designing and fabricating the field prototype, and testing it in the lab and in a commercial gasifier to demonstrate the ability to obtain accurate measurements of gas temperature in an operating gasifier. Following the completion of the initial 3 year project, several continuations were awarded by the Department of Energy to allow Enertechnix to conduct extended testing of the sensor at the Wabash River facility. In February, 2008 the sensor was installed on the gasifier in preparation for a long-term test. During the initial testing of the sensor a stainless steel tube on the sensor failed and allowed syngas to escape. The syngas self-ignited and the ensuing small fire damaged some of the components on the sensor. There was no damage to the gasifier or other equipment and no injuries resulted from this incident. Two meetings were held to identify the root causes of the incident-one at Wabash River and one at Enertechnix. A list of recommended improvements that would have addressed the causes of the incident was created and presented to the Department of Energy on May 2, 2008. However, the DOE decided not to pursue these improvements and terminated the project. This report describes all of the activities conducted during the project and reports the findings of each activity in detail. The investigation of potential sound generation and coupling methods led to the selection of a reflected shock method which has been developed into a functioning prototype device. The principles of operation of this device and its performance characteristics are described in the report. Modeling of the attenuation of sound by suspended particles and by interaction of the sound pulses with the high temperature syngas inside the gasifier was conducted and the predictions of those models were used to determine the required sound pulse intensity to allow the sound pulses to be detected after passage through the gasifier environment. These modeling results are presented in this report. A study of the likely spatial and temporal variability of gas composition inside the gasifier was performed and the results of that study was used to predict the impact of that variability on the accuracy of the acoustic temperature method. These results are reported here. A design for a port rodding mechanism was developed to deal with potential slagging issues and was incorporated i
Peter Ariessohn
A High Temperature Superconductor (HTSC) Hot Electron (HE) THz Heterodyne Thermal Sensor (HTS): Computational Analysis of Conversion Gain in
The solution of the two temperature (electron and phonon) heat transfer equations, for nonequilibrium elctron�phonon cooling processes happening between electrons, sensor lattice, and the substrate system, is ...
M. M. Kaila
Low temperature limiting-current oxygen sensors based on tetragonal zirconia polycrystals
This paper reports that yttria doped tetragonal zirconia polycrystals can overcome the phase transition into the monoclinic phase at about 500{degrees} C and show higher ionic conductivities than cubic stabilized zirconia in spite of the lower defect concentration. This material is applied in oxygen gas sensors under limiting current conditions at intermediate and ambient temperatures. AC and dc conductivities, Tafel behavior, minority charge carrier diffusivity, and the i-V characteristics are reported. The detection limit of the oxygen partial pressure and the response time depend on the thickness of the electrolyte and are related to the oxygen ion conductance and the electronic mobilities, respectively. The sensors may be optimized by the application of thin film electrolytes and of modified configurations with solid oxide bulk conducting diffusion barriers.
Liaw, B.Y.; Weppner, W. (Max-Planck Inst. fur Festkorperforschung, D-7000 Stuttgart 80 (DE))
Development Of An Acoustice Sensor For On-Line Gas Temperature Measurement In Gasifiers
This project was awarded under U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) Program Solicitation DE-PS26-02NT41422 and specifically addresses Technical Topical Area 2 - Gasification Technologies. The project team includes Enertechnix, Inc. as the main contractor and ConocoPhillips Company as a technical partner, who also provides access to the SG Solutions Gasification Facility (formerly Wabash River Energy Limited), host for the field-testing portion of the research. The objective of this project was to adapt acoustic pyrometer technology to make it suitable for measuring gas temperature inside a coal gasifier, to develop a prototype sensor based on this technology, and to demonstrate its performance through testing on a commercial gasifier. The project was organized in three phases, each of approximately one year duration. The first phase consisted of researching a variety of sound generation and coupling approaches suitable for use with a high pressure process, evaluation of the impact of gas composition variability on the acoustic temperature measurement approach, evaluation of the impact of suspended particles and gas properties on sound attenuation, evaluation of slagging issues and development of concepts to deal with this issue, development and testing of key prototype components to allow selection of the best approaches, and development of a conceptual design for a field prototype sensor that could be tested on an operating gasifier. The second phase consisted of designing and fabricating a series of prototype sensors, testing them in the laboratory, and developing a conceptual design for a field prototype sensor. The third phase consisted of designing and fabricating the field prototype, and testing it in the lab and in a commercial gasifier to demonstrate the ability to obtain accurate measurements of gas temperature in an operating gasifier. This report describes all of the activities conducted during the project and reports the findings of each activity in detail. The investigation of potential sound generation and coupling methods led to the selection of a reflected shock method which has been developed into a functioning prototype device. The principles of operation of this device and its performance characteristics are described in the report. Modeling of the attenuation of sound by suspended particles and by interaction of the sound pulses with the high temperature syngas inside the gasifier was conducted and the predictions of those models were used to determine the required sound pulse intensity to allow the sound pulses to be detected after passage through the gasifier environment. These modeling results are presented in this report. A study of the likely spatial and temporal variability of gas composition inside the gasifier was performed and the results of that study was used to predict the impact of that variability on the accuracy of the acoustic temperature method. These results are reported here. A design for a port rodding mechanism was developed to deal with potential slagging issues and was incorporated into the prototype sensor. This port rodding mechanism operated flawlessly during the field testing, but because these tests were performed in a region of the gasifier that experiences little slagging, the effectiveness of the rodding mechanism in dealing with highly slagging conditions was not fully demonstrated. This report describes the design and operation of the automated Gasifier Acoustic Pyrometer (autoGAP) which was tested at the Wabash River facility. The results of the tests are reported and analyzed in detail. All of the objectives of the project have been achieved. A field prototype acoustic pyrometer sensor has been successfully tested at the Wabash River gasifier plant. Acoustic signals were propagated through the gases inside the gasifier and were detected by the receiver unit, the times of flight of these sound pulses were measured and these propagation times were converted into temperatures which agreed very well with thermocouple measurements m
Peter Ariessohn; Hans Hornung
Optical Detection and Manipulation of Single Molecules in Room-Temperature Solutions
CONCEPTS Optical Detection and Manipulation of Single Molecules in Room-Temperature Solutions. Keywords: single-moleculedetection - single-moleculema- nipulation - laser-induced fluorescence * optical, frcquency-modulated optical ab- sorption and fluorescence excitation have been used to investi- gate
Zare, Richard N.
Fiber optic sensors for monitoring sodium circuits and power grid cables
At Kalpakkam, India, a programme on development of Raman Distributed Temperature sensor (RDTS) for Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR) application is undertaken. Leak detection in sodium circuits of FBR is critical for the safety and performance of the reactors. It is demonstrated that RDTS can be usefully employed in monitoring sodium circuits and in tracking the percolating sodium in case of any leak. Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) cable is commonly used as overhead power transmission cable in power grid. A second application demonstrates the suitability of using RDTS to monitor this transmission cable for any defect. (authors)
Kasinathan, M.; Sosamma, S.; Pandian, C.; Vijayakumar, V.; Chandramouli, S.; Nashine, B. K.; Rao, C. B.; Murali, N.; Rajan, K. K.; Jayakumar, T. [IGCAR, Kalpakkam (India)
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 2, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2003 543 Interface States in High-Temperature Gas Sensors
--Silicon carbide (SiC)-based metal-insulator-semi- conductor devices are attractive for gas sensing in automotive carbide (MISiC) structures have been used as sensors in these environments, with refractory metals Sensors Based on Silicon Carbide Peter Tobias, Brage Golding, and Ruby N. Ghosh, Member, IEEE Abstract
Thin?film temperature sensors for gas turbine engines: Problems and prospects
The increasing trend towards high?temperature fuel efficient jet engines has led to the development of complex cooling schemes for the turbine blades. The measurement of temperature of the blade during operation which is accomplished in conventional blade design by embedding wire thermocouples in the blade wall causes serious structural and aerodynamic problems in the case of cooled turbines. In order to meet the requirement of temperature measurement in cooled turbines it is desirable to develop surface?mounted thin?film thermocouples or a resistance thermometer. In the current state of the art of thin?film thermocouples the sensing element consists of 2??m?thick Pt and Pt 10% Rh thin?film elements deposited on the insulating surface of the blades and vanes. The insulator is developed by thermal oxidation of a MCrAlY coating which is deposited on the blade and vane surface in the current state of turbine technology. The understanding of the structural and thermoelectric stability of the sensor elements and of the insulating layer of Al2O3 in the hostile environment of a gas turbine requires an in?depth study of the metallurgical reactions occurring at the thin?film Al2O3 and Al2O3�MCrAlY interfaces and of the corrosive reactions on the surface of the metal film. The work presented in this review addresses the problems associated with obtaining highly adherent and insulating Al2O3 on the MCrAlY surfaces adhesion of the sensor elements thermoelectric stability of the sensors on contamination and finally the development of a corrosion protectioncoating. The desired quality Al2O3 has been grown on NiCoCrAlY?coated nickel?based superalloy substrates by a combination of oxidation treatments. The interface?modified Pt and Pt/Rh films are deposited on the oxide by a dc magnetron sputtering technique. The corrosion protection requirements involve deposition of Si�O�N and Si3N4 graded structures on the sensors by the plasma?assisted chemical vapor deposition process. Details of the electrical and metallurgical characteristics of the device at each stage of the coating/film growth have been analyzed by a number of surface sensitive and bulk analytical techniques.
R. C. Budhani; S. Prakash; R. F. Bunshah
Non-contact passive temperature measuring system and method of operation using micro-mechanical sensors
A non-contact infrared thermometer measures target temperatures remotely without requiring the ratio of the target size to the target distance to the thermometer. A collection means collects and focusses target IR radiation on an IR detector. The detector measures thermal energy of the target over a spectrum using micromechanical sensors. A processor means calculates the collected thermal energy in at least two different spectral regions using a first algorithm in program form and further calculates the ratio of the thermal energy in the at least two different spectral regions to obtain the target temperature independent of the target size, distance to the target and emissivity using a second algorithm in program form.
Thundat, Thomas G. (616 Plainfield Rd., Knoxville, TN 37923); Oden, Patrick I. (804-171 Olde Pioneer Trail, Knoxville, TN 37923); Datskos, Panagiotis G. (8444 Mecklenburg Ct., Knoxville, TN 37923)
Integrated optic chemical sensor for the simultaneous detection and quantification of multiple ions. Final report, March--September 1995
This final report summarizes the work performed by Physical Optics Corporation (POC) on the DOE contract entitled {open_quotes}Integrated Optic Chemical Sensor for the Simultaneous Detection and Quantification of Multiple Metal Ions{close_quotes}. This project successfully demonstrated a multi-element integrated optic chemical sensor (IOCS) system capable of simultaneous detection and quantification of metal ions in a water flow stream. POC`s innovative integrated optic chemical sensor technology uses an array of chemically active optical waveguides integrated in parallel in a single small IOCS chip. The IOCS technique uses commonly available materials and straightforward processing to produce channel waveguides in porous glass, each channel treated with a chemical indicator that responds optically to heavy metal ions in a water flow stream. The porosity of the glass allows metal ions present in the water to diffuse into the glass and interact with the immobilized indicators, producing a measurable optical chance. For the {open_quotes}proof-of-concept{close_quotes} demonstration, POC designed and fabricated two types of IOCS chips. Type I uses an array of four straight channel waveguides, three of which are doped with a metal sensitive indicator, an ionophore. The undoped fourth channel is used as the reference channel. Type II uses a 1 x 4 star coupler structure with three sensing channels and a reference channel. Successful implementation of the IOCS technology is expected to have a broad impact on water quality control as well as in the commercial environmental monitoring market. Because of the self-referenced, multidetection capability of the IOCS technique, POC`s water quality sensors are expected to find markets in environmental monitoring and protection, ground water monitoring, and in-line process control. Specific applications include monitoring of chromium, copper, and iron ions in water discharged by the metal plating industry.
Mendoza, E.
Observation, modeling, and temperature dependence of doubly peaked electric fields in irradiated silicon pixel sensors
We show that doubly peaked electric fields are necessary to describe grazing-angle charge collection measurements of irradiated silicon pixel sensors. A model of irradiated silicon based upon two defect levels with opposite charge states and the trapping of charge carriers can be tuned to produce a good description of the measured charge collection profiles in the fluence range from 0.5x10^{14} Neq/cm^2 to 5.9x10^{14} Neq/cm^2. The model correctly predicts the variation in the profiles as the temperature is changed from -10C to -25C. The measured charge collection profiles are inconsistent with the linearly-varying electric fields predicted by the usual description based upon a uniform effective doping density. This observation calls into question the practice of using effective doping densities to characterize irradiated silicon.
M. Swartz; V. Chiochia; Y. Allkofer; D. Bortoletto; L. Cremaldi; S. Cucciarelli; A. Dorokhov; C. Hoermann; D. Kim; M. Konecki; D. Kotlinski; K. Prokofiev; C. Regenfus; T. Rohe; D. A. Sanders; S. Son; T. Speer
Optical gain and lasing from band-engineered Ge-on-Si at room temperature
We present theoretical modeling and experimental results of optical gain and lasing from tensile-strained, n[superscript +] Ge-on-Si at room temperature. Compatible with silicon CMOS, these devices are ideal for large-scale ...
Liu, Jifeng
Optical gain from the direct gap transition of Ge-on-Si at room temperature
We report direct band gap optical gain of tensile strained n+ epitaxial Ge-on-Si at room temperature, which confirms that band-engineered Ge-on-Si is a promising gain medium for monolithic optical amplifiers and lasers on Si.
Optical Communication System for Remote Monitoring and Adaptive Control of Distributed Ground Sensors Exhibiting Collective Intelligence
Comprehensive management of the battle-space has created new requirements in information management, communication, and interoperability as they effect surveillance and situational awareness. The objective of this proposal is to expand intelligent controls theory to produce a uniquely powerful implementation of distributed ground-based measurement incorporating both local collective behavior, and interoperative global optimization for sensor fusion and mission oversight. By using a layered hierarchal control architecture to orchestrate adaptive reconfiguration of autonomous robotic agents, we can improve overall robustness and functionality in dynamic tactical environments without information bottlenecks. In this concept, each sensor is equipped with a miniaturized optical reflectance modulator which is interactively monitored as a remote transponder using a covert laser communication protocol from a remote mothership or operative. Robot data-sharing at the ground level can be leveraged with global evaluation criteria, including terrain overlays and remote imaging data. Information sharing and distributed intelli- gence opens up a new class of remote-sensing applications in which small single-function autono- mous observers at the local level can collectively optimize and measure large scale ground-level signals. AS the need for coverage and the number of agents grows to improve spatial resolution, cooperative behavior orchestrated by a global situational awareness umbrella will be an essential ingredient to offset increasing bandwidth requirements within the net. A system of the type described in this proposal will be capable of sensitively detecting, tracking, and mapping spatial distributions of measurement signatures which are non-stationary or obscured by clutter and inter- fering obstacles by virtue of adaptive reconfiguration. This methodology could be used, for example, to field an adaptive ground-penetrating radar for detection of underground structures in urban environments and to detect chemical species concentrations in migrating plumes. Given is our research in these areas and a status report of our progress.
Cameron, S.M.; Stantz, K.M.; Trahan, M.W.; Wagner, J.S.
An air flow sensor for neonatal mechanical ventilation applications based on a novel fiber-optic sensing technique
In this work, a simple and low-cost air flow sensor, based on a novel fiber-optic sensing technique has been developed for monitoring air flows rates supplied by a neonatal ventilator to support infants in intensive care units. The device is based on a fiber optic sensing technique allowing (a) the immunity to light intensity variations independent by measurand and (b) the reduction of typical shortcomings affecting all biomedical fields (electromagnetic interference and patient electrical safety). The sensing principle is based on the measurement of transversal displacement of an emitting fiber-optic cantilever due to action of air flow acting on it; the fiber tip displacement is measured by means of a photodiode linear array, placed in front of the entrance face of the emitting optical fiber in order to detect its light intensity profile. As the measurement system is based on a detection of the illumination pattern, and not on an intensity modulation technique, it results less sensitive to light intensity fluctuation independent by measurand than intensity-based sensors. The considered technique is here adopted in order to develop two different configurations for an air flow sensor suitable for the measurement of air flow rates typically occurring during mechanical ventilation of newborns: a mono-directional and a bi-directional transducer have been proposed. A mathematical model for the air flow sensor is here proposed and a static calibration of two different arrangements has been performed: a measurement range up to 3.00 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -4} m{sup 3}/s (18.0 l/min) for the mono-directional sensor and a measurement range of {+-}3.00 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -4} m{sup 3}/s ({+-}18.0 l/min) for the bi-directional sensor are experimentally evaluated, according to the air flow rates normally encountered during tidal breathing of infants with a mass lower than 10 kg. Experimental data of static calibration result in accordance with the proposed theoretical model: for the mono-directional configuration, the coefficient of determination r{sup 2} is equal to 0.997; for the bi-directional configuration, the coefficient of determination r{sup 2} is equal to 0.990 for positive flows (inspiration) and 0.988 for negative flows (expiration). Measurement uncertainty {delta}Q of air flow rate has been evaluated by means of the propagation of distributions and the percentage error in the arrangement of bi-directional sensor ranges from a minimum of about 0.5% at -18.0 l/min to a maximum of about 9% at -12.0 l/min.
Battista, L.; Sciuto, S. A.; Scorza, A. [Department of Engineering, ROMA TRE University, via della Vasca Navale 79/81, Rome (Italy)
Spark-plug-mounted fiber optic sensor for measuring in-cylinder pressure in engines
A new design for an in-cylinder fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FFPI) pressure sensor suitable for automotive engines has been investigated experimentally. The FFPI sensor consists of a single mode fiber containing two internal mirrors which form...
Bae, Taehan
Temperature behavior of optical absorption in InGaAsP lasers
The temperature dependence of the optical absorption in InGaAsP laser emitting at 1.3 ..mu..m is studied by measuring the relaxation frequency as a function of output power at various temperatures. Our results show that the optical absorption does not vary significantly with increasing temperature. This suggests that the threshold carrier density in InGaAsP lasers is weakly temperature dependent compared to the threshold current density. Thus, the strong temperature dependence of threshold current in 1.3-..mu..m InGaAsP lasers is primarily due to the temperature dependence of the carrier lifetime at threshold. The shorter carrier lifetime (i.e., increased carrier loss) at high temperature can be due to Auger recombination.
Shen, T.M.; Dutta, N.K.
1590 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION (VLSI) SYSTEMS, VOL. 20, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2012 Time-Domain CMOS Temperature Sensors With
sensors that work by measuring temperature-dependent delays in CMOS inverters. Two new features, low-cost one-point calibration. Second, it uses delay-locked loops (DLLs) to convert inverter delays using integrated temperature sensors distributed across the microprocessor, and local power dissipations
Ham, Donhee
Sensor Data Processing for Tracking Underwater Threats Using Terascale Optical Core Devices
A critical aspect of littoral surveillance (including port protection) involves the localization and tracking of underwater threats such as manned or unmanned autonomous underwater vehicles. In this article, we present a methodology for locating underwater threat sources from uncertain sensor network data, and illustrate the threat tracking aspects using active sonars in a matched filter framework. The novelty of the latter paradigm lies in its implementation on a tera-scale optical core processor, EnLight , recently introduced by Lenslet Laboratories. This processor is optimized for array operations, which it performs in a fixed point arithmetic architecture at tera-scale throughput. Using the EnLight 64 prototype processor, our results (i) illustrate the ability to reach a robust tracking accuracy, and (ii) demonstrate that a considerable speed-up (a factor of over 13,000) can be achieved when compared to an Intel XeonTM processor in the computation of sets of 80K-sample complex Fourier transforms that are associated with our matched filter techniques.
Barhen, Jacob [ORNL; Imam, Neena [ORNL
Optical sensing elements for nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2) gas detection, a sol-gel method for making the sensing elements and fiber optic sensors incorporating nitrogen dioxide gas optical sensing elements
A sensing element, a method of making a sensing element, and a fiber optic sensor incorporating the sensing element are described. The sensor can be used for the quantitative detection of NO.sub.2 in a mixture of gases. The sensing element can be made by incorporating a diazotizing reagent which reacts with nitrous ions to produce a diazo compound and a coupling reagent which couples with the diazo compound to produce an azo dye into a sol and allowing the sol to form an optically transparent gel. The sensing element changes color in the presence of NO.sub.2 gas. The temporal response of the absorption spectrum at various NO.sub.2 concentrations has also been recorded and analyzed. Sensors having different design configurations are described. The sensing element can detect NO.sub.2 gas at levels of parts per billion.
Mechery, Shelly John (Mississippi State, MS); Singh, Jagdish P. (Starkville, MS)
A diamond-based scanning probe spin sensor operating at low temperature in ultra-high vacuum
We present the design and performance of an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) low temperature scanning probe microscope employing the nitrogen-vacancy color center in diamond as an ultrasensitive magnetic field sensor. Using this center as an atomic-size scanning probe has enabled imaging of nanoscale magnetic fields and single spins under ambient conditions. In this article we describe an experimental setup to operate this sensor in a cryogenic UHV environment. This will extend the applicability to a variety of molecular systems due to the enhanced target spin lifetimes at low temperature and the controlled sample preparation under UHV conditions. The instrument combines a tuning-fork based atomic force microscope (AFM) with a high numeric aperture confocal microscope and the facilities for application of radio-frequency (RF) fields for spin manipulation. We verify a sample temperature of <50 K even for strong laser and RF excitation and demonstrate magnetic resonance imaging with a magnetic AFM tip.
Schaefer-Nolte, E.; Wrachtrup, J. [Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany) [Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany); 3rd Institute of Physics and Research Center SCoPE, University Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany); Reinhard, F. [3rd Institute of Physics and Research Center SCoPE, University Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)] [3rd Institute of Physics and Research Center SCoPE, University Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany); Ternes, M., E-mail: email@example.com [Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany); Kern, K. [Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany) [Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany); Institut de Physique de la Mati�re Condense�, Ecole Polytechnique F�d�rale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne (Switzerland)
Planar optical waveguide based sandwich assay sensors and processes for the detection of biological targets including early detection of cancers
An assay element is described including recognition ligands adapted for binding to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) bound to a film on a single mode planar optical waveguide, the film from the group of a membrane, a polymerized bilayer membrane, and a self-assembled monolayer containing polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol groups therein and an assay process for detecting the presence of CEA is described including injecting a possible CEA-containing sample into a sensor cell including the assay element, maintaining the sample within the sensor cell for time sufficient for binding to occur between CEA present within the sample and the recognition ligands, injecting a solution including a reporter ligand into the sensor cell; and, interrogating the sample within the sensor cell with excitation light from the waveguide, the excitation light provided by an evanescent field of the single mode penetrating into the biological target-containing sample to a distance of less than about 200 nanometers from the waveguide thereby exciting any bound reporter ligand within a distance of less than about 200 nanometers from the waveguide and resulting in a detectable signal.
Martinez, Jennifer S. (Santa Fe, NM); Swanson, Basil I. (Los Alamos, NM); Shively, John E. (Arcadia, CA); Li, Lin (Monrovia, CA)
and electrical equipment connected at high voltage switchgear contacts, dry-type transformers, the overhead line, discrete Hartley Transform (DHT) and the method of fast searching center frequency of sensors by comparison
Wang, Ji
Electrospun Polyaniline Fibers as Highly Sensitive Room Temperature Chemiresistive Sensors for Ammonia and Nitrogen Dioxide Gases
Electrospun polyaniline (PAni) fibers doped with different levels of (+)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid (HCSA) are fabricated and evaluated as chemiresistive gas sensors. The experimental results, based on both sensitivity and ...
Zhang, Yuxi
Infrared Optical Constants of Highly Diluted Sulfuric Acid Solution Droplets at Cirrus Temperatures
The data evaluation procedure, previously developed for open-path TDLAS measurements in combustion processes,(28) water sprays,(29) and on stratospheric balloon platforms,(30) ensured a precise correction of the broadband optical scattering losses caused by the aerosol and cloud particles along the absorption path, as well as the pressure and temperature changes during the expansion. ...
Robert Wagner; Stefan Benz; Helmut Bunz; Ottmar M�hler; Harald Saathoff; Martin Schnaiter; Thomas Leisner; Volker Ebert
Comparison of the high temperature heat flux sensor to traditional heat flux gages under high heat flux conditions.
Four types of heat flux gages (Gardon, Schmidt-Boelter, Directional Flame Temperature, and High Temperature Heat Flux Sensor) were assessed and compared under flux conditions ranging between 100-1000 kW/m2, such as those seen in hydrocarbon fire or propellant fire conditions. Short duration step and pulse boundary conditions were imposed using a six-panel cylindrical array of high-temperature tungsten lamps. Overall, agreement between all gages was acceptable for the pulse tests and also for the step tests. However, repeated tests with the HTHFS with relatively long durations at temperatures approaching 1000%C2%B0C showed a substantial decrease (10-25%) in heat flux subsequent to the initial test, likely due to the mounting technique. New HTHFS gages have been ordered to allow additional tests to determine the cause of the flux reduction.
Blanchat, Thomas K.; Hanks, Charles R.
Design and fabrication of an optical pressure micro sensor for skin mechanics studies
The mechanics of skin is as central to touch as optics is to vision and acoustics is to hearing. With the advent of novel imaging technologies such as the Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), we are now able to view structures ...
Kumar, Siddarth
Optical Fiber Gas Sensors using UV and MidIR Spectroscopy for Exhaust Gas Monitoring
Results are presented for on-board and on-line sensing of vehicle exhaust Gases. The sensor was located downstream of the Diesel Particle Filter of a Fiat Croma and data were...
Lewis, Elfed
We have investigated the temperature dependence of the optical absorption in InGaAsP lasers emitting at 1.57 ..mu..m by measuring the resonant frequency as a function of output power at various temperatures. The results obtained using this technique are not influenced by leakage currents which can reduce the measured external differential quantum efficiency in some device structures. Our results show that the optical absorption does not vary significantly with increasing temperature which suggests that the threshold carrier density in 1.57-..mu..m InGaAsP lasers is weakly temperature dependent. The latter is consistent with our recent measurement of threshold current using short electrical pulses where T/sub 0/approx.170 K was observed. Thus, the strong temperature dependence of threshold current of InGaAsP lasers is primarily due to the temperature dependence of the carrier lifetime at threshold. The shorter carrier lifetime (i.e., increased carrier loss) at high temperature can be due to Auger recombination.
Dutta, N.K.; Olsson, N.A.; Shen, T.M.
Plasma Nanocrystalline Doped Ceramic Enabled Fiber Sensors for High Temperature In-Situ Monitoring of Fossil Fuel Gases
7 7 Advanced Research contacts Robert R. Romanosky Technology Manager Advanced Research National Energy Technology Laboratory 3610 Collins Ferry Road P.O. Box 880 Morgantown, WV 26507 304-285-4721 firstname.lastname@example.com susan M. Maley Project Manager National Energy Technology Laboratory 3610 Collins Ferry Road P.O. Box 880 Morgantown, WV 26507 304-285-1321 firstname.lastname@example.com Hai Xiao University of Missouri-Rolla Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Rolla, MO 65409 573-341-6887 email@example.com Novel seNsors for high temperature iN-situ moNitoriNg of fossil fuel gases Description Novel types of sensors are needed to withstand the harsh environments characteristic of advanced power generation systems, particularly gasification-based systems.
Temperature Dependence of the Optical Transition Energies of Carbon Nanotubes: The Role of Electron-Phonon Coupling and Thermal Expansion
Temperature Dependence of the Optical Transition Energies of Carbon Nanotubes: The Role of Electron to measure the optical transition energies Eii of individual single wall carbon nanotubes. Eii is observed of nanotubes we are able to use the temperature as a parame- ter to tune the electronic energies of nanotubes
Cronin, Steve
Fiber optic spectroscopic digital imaging sensor and method for flame properties monitoring
A system for real-time monitoring of flame properties in combustors and gasifiers which includes an imaging fiber optic bundle having a light receiving end and a light output end and a spectroscopic imaging system operably connected with the light output end of the imaging fiber optic bundle. Focusing of the light received by the light receiving end of the imaging fiber optic bundle by a wall disposed between the light receiving end of the fiber optic bundle and a light source, which wall forms a pinhole opening aligned with the light receiving end.
Zelepouga, Serguei A. (Hoffman Estates, IL); Rue, David M. (Chicago, IL); Saveliev, Alexei V. (Chicago, IL)
Thin-Film Fiber Optic Sensors for Power Control and Fault Detection. Final Report
Described is the development of an optical current measurement device, an active power conditioning system, and sol gel type thin films for the detection of magnetic fields.
Duncan, Paul Grems
1250 IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL VOL. 6, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2006 Room-Temperature Hydrogen Sensitivity
is with the Institut fur Chemie, Humboldt-Universitt zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany (e-mail: email@example.com; http://www. chemie.hu-berlin.de/wmoritz/index.html). J. Szeponik is with the BST Bio Sensor Technologie
The monitoring and multiplexing of fiber optic sensors using chirped laser sources
. Linearization of the chirp rate has been achieved using feedback from a fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FFPI) to adjust the voltage ramp which drives the rotating mirror. In a demonstration of monitoring an array of two fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, a...
Wan, Xiaoke
Sensors and Actuators B 123 (2007) 594605 Fiber optic sensing of liquid refractive index
Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India c Laser Technology Program of its cladding is shown to sense refractive index of a liquid in which the uncladded sensing region of the fiber. The sensitivity of the sensor to refractive index change is dependent on cladding thickness
Temperature dependent structural, optical and hydrophobic properties of sputtered deposited HfO{sub 2} films
Hafnium oxide being high-k dielectric has been successfully utilized in electronic and optical applications. Being thermodynamically stable and having good mechanical strength, it can be used as a protective coating for outdoor HV insulators which are suffering from surface flashover problem due to contamination. In this paper, we are investigating the effect of substrate temperature on structural, optical and hydrophobic properties of hafnium oxide coating deposited over glass insulators by DC magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction is applied to determine the crystalline phase and crystallite size of the film. The morphology of the samples is examined using atomic force microscopy. The optical properties are studied using UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The wettability of the film is investigated using contact angle meter. The thickness is measured using surface profilometer and verified through optical data. The relationship between substrate temperature with grain size, roughness, refractive index, and hydrophobicity is manifested. The maximum contact angle for HfO{sub 2} film was found to be 106� at 400�C.
Dave, V. [Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Roorkee (India); Institute Instrumentation Centre, IIT Roorkee (India); Dubey, P.; Chandra, R. [Institute Instrumentation Centre, IIT Roorkee (India); Gupta, H. O. [Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Roorkee (India)
Remote Sensing of Cirrus Cloud Particle Size and Optical Depth Using Polarimetric Sensor Measurements
This paper presents a conceptual approach toward the remote sensing of cirrus cloud particle size and optical depth using the degree of polarization and polarized reflectance associated with the first three Stokes parameters, I, Q, and U, for the ...
S. C. Ou; K. N. Liou; Y. Takano; R. L. Slonaker
CHEMICAL SENSORS School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
CHEMICAL SENSORS CHEM 6282 School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chemical sensors theory of chemical recognition, electrochemical, optical, mass sensors and data reduction. Text: J. Janata, "Principles of Chemical Sensors", 2010 Springer NOTE: GT Library purchased an e
Sherrill, David
Portable room-temperature self-powered/active H2 sensor driven by human motion through piezoelectric screening effect
Abstract Room-temperature high H2 sensing has been realized from SnO2/ZnO nanoarray nanogenerator. Without any external electricity power source, the portable device can be self-powered under the driving of human motion, in which the piezoelectric output can actively act as both the power source and H2 sensing signal. Upon exposure to 800�ppm H2 at room temperature, the piezoelectric output voltage of the device under the same applied deformation decreases from 0.80�V (in dry air) to 0.14�V, and the sensitivity is up to 471.4. The detection limit is ~10�ppm H2, and the selectivity against H2 at room temperature is very high. The excellent room-temperature H2 sensing performance can be attributed to the coupling of the piezoelectric screening effect of ZnO nanowires and the conversion of SnO2/ZnO heterojunctions. This study can stimulate a research trend for the development of the next generation of portable room-temperature H2 sensors.
Yongming Fu; Weili Zang; Penglei Wang; Lili Xing; Xinyu Xue; Yan Zhang
Pt/ZnO nanoarray nanogenerator as self-powered active gas sensor with linear ethanol sensing at room temperature
A self-powered gas sensor that can actively detect ethanol at room temperature has been realized from a Pt/ZnO nanoarray nanogenerator. Pt nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on the whole surface of ZnO nanowires. The piezoelectric output of Pt/ZnO nanoarrays can act not only as a power source, but also as a response signal to ethanol at room temperature. Upon exposure to dry air and 1500�ppm ethanol at room temperature, the piezoelectric output of the device under the same compressive strain is 0.672 and 0.419�V, respectively. Moreover, a linear dependence of the sensitivity on the ethanol concentration is observed. Such a linear ethanol sensing at room temperature can be attributed to the atmosphere-dependent variety of the screen effect on the piezoelectric output of ZnO nanowires, the catalytic properties of Pt nanoparticles, and the Schottky barriers at Pt/ZnO interfaces. The present results can stimulate research in the direction of designing new material systems for self-powered room-temperature gas sensing.
Yayu Zhao; Xuan Lai; Ping Deng; Yuxin Nie; Yan Zhang; Lili Xing; Xinyu Xue
Real time perfusion and oxygenation monitoring in an implantable optical sensor
in operating rooms. In the late 1970s Scott Wilbur of the Biox corporation designed an ear sensor that used light emitting diode and solid state photodetectors to develop a clinically accepted pulse oximeter. The fiberoptic cables of previous ear oximeters.... Traditional oximeters use two light emitting diodes that emit light at 660nm (red) and 940nm (infrared) wavelengths. At these wavelengths both oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin have different absorption spectra (Fig. 1). The ratio of absorbances...
Subramanian, Hariharan
Thermal history sensors for non-destructive temperature measurements in harsh environments
The operating temperature is a critical physical parameter in many engineering applications however can be very challenging to measure in certain environments particularly when access is limited or on rotating components. A new quantitative non-destructive temperature measurement technique has been proposed which relies on thermally induced permanent changes in ceramic phosphors. This technique has several distinct advantages over current methods for many different applications. The robust ceramic material stores the temperature information allowing long term thermal exposures in harsh environment to be measured at a convenient time. Additionally rare earth dopants make the ceramic phosphorescent so that the temperature information can be interpreted by automated interrogation of the phosphorescent light. This technique has been demonstrated by application of YAG doped with dysprosium and europium as coatings through the air-plasma spray process. Either material can be used to measure temperature over a wide range namely between 300�C and 900�C. Furthermore results show that the material records the peak exposure temperature and prolonged exposure at lower temperatures would have no effect on the temperature measurement. This indicates that these materials could be used to measure peak operating temperatures in long-term testing.
The operating temperature is a critical physical parameter in many engineering applications, however, can be very challenging to measure in certain environments, particularly when access is limited or on rotating components. A new quantitative non-destructive temperature measurement technique has been proposed which relies on thermally induced permanent changes in ceramic phosphors. This technique has several distinct advantages over current methods for many different applications. The robust ceramic material stores the temperature information allowing long term thermal exposures in harsh environment to be measured at a convenient time. Additionally, rare earth dopants make the ceramic phosphorescent so that the temperature information can be interpreted by automated interrogation of the phosphorescent light. This technique has been demonstrated by application of YAG doped with dysprosium and europium as coatings through the air-plasma spray process. Either material can be used to measure temperature over a wide range, namely between 300�C and 900�C. Furthermore, results show that the material records the peak exposure temperature and prolonged exposure at lower temperatures would have no effect on the temperature measurement. This indicates that these materials could be used to measure peak operating temperatures in long-term testing.
Pilgrim, C. C. [Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK and Sensor Coating Systems, Imperial Incubator, Bessemer Building, Level 1 and 2, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ (United Kingdom); Heyes, A. L. [Energy Technology and Innovation Initiative, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT (United Kingdom); Feist, J. P. [Sensor Coating Systems, Imperial Incubator, Bessemer Building, Level 1 and 2, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ (United Kingdom)
Reliability and optical properties of LED lens plates under high temperature stress
Abstract In this investigation the thermal degradation mechanisms of Bisphenol A Polycarbonate (BPA-PC) plates at the temperature range 100�140��C are studied. The BPA-PC plates are currently used both in light conversion carriers in LED modules and optical lenses in LED-based products. In this study BPA-PC plates are aged at elevated temperature of 100�140��C for a period up to 3000�h. Optical and chemical properties of the thermally-aged plates were studied using UV�Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR�ATR spectrometer, and integrated sphere. The results show that increasing the thermal ageing time leads to yellowing, loss of optical properties, and decrease of the light transmission and of the relative radiant power value of BPA-PC plates. The results also depict that there is not much discoloration within the first 1500�h of thermal ageing. The rate of yellowing significantly increases at the end of this induction period. Formation of oxidation products is identified as the main mechanism of yellowing. An exponential-based reliability model is also presented to calculate the rate of degradation reaction and to predict the life-time of BPA-PC plates.
M. Yazdan Mehr; W.D. van Driel; S. Koh; G.Q. Zhang
A Low-Cost Wireless Temperature Sensor: Evaluation for Use in Environmental Monitoring Applications
A wide range of environmental applications would benefit from a dense network of air temperature observations. However, with limitations of costs, existing siting guidelines, and risk of damage, new methods are required to gain a high-resolution ...
Duick T. Young; Lee Chapman; Catherine L. Muller; Xiao-Ming Cai; C. S. B. Grimmond
Examination of charge transfer in Au/YSZ for high-temperature optical gas sensing
Au-nanoparticle incorporated oxide thin film materials demonstrate significant promise as functionalsensor materials for high temperature optical gas sensing in severe environments relevant for fossil andnuclear based power generation. The Au/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) system has been extensivelystudied in the literature and serves as a model system for fundamental investigations that seek to betterunderstand the mechanistic origin of the plasmonic gas sensing response. In this work, X-ray photoelec-tron spectroscopy techniques are applied to Au/YSZ films in an attempt to provide further experimentalevidence for a proposed sensing mechanism involving a change in free carrier density of Au nanoparticles due to charge transfer.
Baltrus, John P. [U.S. DOE; Ohodnicki, Paul R. [U.S. DOE
condensation of water and the growth of ice, which can inflict major damage at such low temperature, the whole of dry gas to force out the water vapor. In addition, the thermal insulation of the nearby coolant pipes
Optical properties of single ZnTe nanowires grown at low temperature
Optically active gold-catalyzed ZnTe nanowires have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy, on a ZnTe(111) buffer layer, at low temperature (350 �C) under Te rich conditions, and at ultra-low density (from 1 to 5 nanowires per ?m{sup 2}). The crystalline structure is zinc blende as identified by transmission electron microscopy. All nanowires are tapered and the majority of them are <111> oriented. Low temperature micro-photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence experiments have been performed on single nanowires. We observe a narrow emission line with a blue-shift of 2 or 3 meV with respect to the exciton energy in bulk ZnTe. This shift is attributed to the strain induced by a 5 nm-thick oxide layer covering the nanowires, and this assumption is supported by a quantitative estimation of the strain in the nanowires.
Artioli, A.; Stepanov, P.; Den Hertog, M.; Bougerol, C.; Genuist, Y.; Donatini, F.; Andr�, R.; Nogues, G.; Tatarenko, S.; Ferrand, D.; Cibert, J. [Inst NEEL, Universiy of Grenoble Alpes, F-38042 Grenoble (France) [Inst NEEL, Universiy of Grenoble Alpes, F-38042 Grenoble (France); Inst NEEL, CNRS, F-38042 Grenoble (France); Rueda-Fonseca, P. [Inst NEEL, Universiy of Grenoble Alpes, F-38042 Grenoble (France) [Inst NEEL, Universiy of Grenoble Alpes, F-38042 Grenoble (France); Inst NEEL, CNRS, F-38042 Grenoble (France); INAC, CEA and Universit� de Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble (France); Bellet-Amalric, E.; Kheng, K. [INAC, CEA and Universit� de Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble (France)] [INAC, CEA and Universit� de Grenoble, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble (France)
Observation of optical spin injection into Ge-based structures at room temperature
Non-zero spin polarization induced by optical orientation was clearly observed at room temperature in a Ge/Ge{sub 0.8}Si{sub 0.2} quantum well grown on Ge and a Ge layer grown on Si by molecular beam epitaxy, whereas it was absent in bulk Ge. This occurred because indirect-gap photoluminescence (PL), which can obscure the spin-polarization information carried by the direct-gap PL, was quenched by unintentional growth-related defects in the epitaxial layers. Such interpretation was confirmed by applying time gating that effectively removed the indirect-gap PL characterized by a slower rise time, which allowed us to demonstrate the existence of room-temperature spin polarization in bulk Ge.
Yasutake, Yuhsuke; Hayashi, Shuhei; Fukatsu, Susumu [Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902 (Japan)] [Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902 (Japan); Yaguchi, Hiroyuki [Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570 (Japan)] [Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570 (Japan)
In Vitro and In Vivo Comparison of Optics and Performance of a Distal Sensor Ureteroscope Versus a Standard Fiberoptic Ureteroscope
characteristics and optics of the X C with a stan- dardand In Vivo Comparison of Optics and Performance of a Distalperformance characteristics and optics of a new generation
Matchstick: a room-to-room thermal model for predicting indoor temperature from wireless sensor data
In this paper we present a room-to-room thermal model used to accurately predict temperatures in residential buildings. We evaluate the accuracy of this model with ground truth data from four occupied family homes (two in the UK and two in the US). The ... Keywords: forced air, home automation, prediction, radiators, thermal modelling, underfloor heating
Carl Ellis; Mike Hazas; James Scott
On Optimizing Sensor Placement for Spatio-Temporal Temperature Estimation in Large Battery Packs
of battery pack thermal dynamics. Monitoring and controlling battery pack temperature dy- namics. One important challenge with such battery packs is that an individual cell may become thermally management systems [2], [3], [4]. CFD modeling, model reduction, and analysis of battery pack thermal
Krstic, Miroslav
Utilizing Distributed Temperature Sensors in Predicting Flow Rates in Multilateral Wells
and pressure data to determine the flow rate in real time out of a multilateral well. Temperature and pressure changes are harder to predict in horizontal laterals compared with vertical wells because of the lack of variation in elevation and geothermal...
Al Mulla, Jassim Mohammed A.
Experimental & Numerical Investigation of Pool Boiling on Engineered Surfaces with Integrated Thin-flim Temperature Sensors
of these fluctuations using techniques of nonlinear time series analysis. Ten TFT are fabricated on a rectangular silicon surface within an area of ~ 3.00 cm x 3.00 cm. The sensing junctions of the TFT measure 50 mm in width and 250 nm in depth. Surface temperature...
Sathyamurthi, Vijaykumar
Method for measuring surface temperature
The present invention relates to a method for measuring a surface temperature using is a fluorescent temperature sensor or optical thermometer. The sensor includes a solution of 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane within a 1-butyl-1-1-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquid solvent. The 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane remains unassociated when in the ground state while in solution. When subjected to UV light, an excited state is produced that exists in equilibrium with an excimer. The position of the equilibrium between the two excited states is temperature dependent.
Baker, Gary A. (Los Alamos, NM); Baker, Sheila N. (Los Alamos, NM); McCleskey, T. Mark (Los Alamos, NM)
Nanocomposite thin films for high temperature optical gas sensing of hydrogen
The disclosure relates to a plasmon resonance-based method for H.sub.2 sensing in a gas stream at temperatures greater than about 500.degree. C. utilizing a hydrogen sensing material. The hydrogen sensing material is comprised of gold nanoparticles having an average nanoparticle diameter of less than about 100 nanometers dispersed in an inert matrix having a bandgap greater than or equal to 5 eV, and an oxygen ion conductivity less than approximately 10.sup.-7 S/cm at a temperature of 700.degree. C. Exemplary inert matrix materials include SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, and Si.sub.3N.sub.4 as well as modifications to modify the effective refractive indices through combinations and/or doping of such materials. At high temperatures, blue shift of the plasmon resonance optical absorption peak indicates the presence of H.sub.2. The method disclosed offers significant advantage over active and reducible matrix materials typically utilized, such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) or TiO.sub.2.
Ohodnicki, Jr., Paul R.; Brown, Thomas D.
How do A-train Sensors Intercompare in the Retrieval of Above-Cloud Aerosol Optical Depth? A Case Study-based Assessment
We inter-compare the above-cloud aerosol optical depth (ACAOD) of biomass burning plumes retrieved from different A-train sensors, i.e., MODIS, CALIOP, POLDER, and OMI. These sensors have shown independent capabilities to detect and retrieve aerosol loading above marine boundary layer clouds--a kind of situation often found over the Southeast Atlantic Ocean during dry burning season. A systematic one-to-one comparison reveals that, in general, all passive sensors and CALIOP-based research methods derive comparable ACAOD with differences mostly within 0.2 over homogeneous cloud fields. The 532-nm ACAOD retrieved by CALIOP operational algorithm is largely underestimated; however, it�s 1064-nm AOD when converted to 500 nm shows closer agreement to the passive sensors. Given the different types of sensor measurements processed with different algorithms, the close agreement between them is encouraging. Due to lack of adequate direct measurements above cloud, the validation of satellite-based ACAOD retrievals remains an open challenge. The inter-satellite comparison, however, can be useful for the relative evaluation and consistency check.
Jethva, H. T.; Torres, O.; Waquet, F.; Chand, Duli; Hu, Yong X.
Room-temperature condensation in whispering gallery microresonators assisted by longitudinal optical phonons
We report condensation of hexagonal whispering gallery modes (WGM) at room temperature in ZnO microwires that embody nearly perfect polygonal whispering gallery microresonators. The condensate regime is achieved in the UV spectral range only at energies below the first longitudinal optical (LO) phonon replica of the free ZnO A-exciton transition and at non-zero wave vectors. We demonstrate that the multimodality of the WGM system and the high population of free excitons and phonons with various momenta strongly enhance the probability of an interaction of quasiparticles of the cavity exciton-photon system with LO phonons. We further examine the far-field mode pattern of lasing WGM and demonstrate their spatial coherence.
Dietrich, Christof P; Michalsky, Tom; Lange, Martin; Grundmann, Marius
Prediction and Visualization of Temperature Histories in Optically-Irradiated Cryogenic Tissues
in Optically-Irradiated Cryogenic Tissues A Dissertationin Optically-Irradiated Cryogenic Tissues by Adam B. Sladeregions of tissue from cryogenic damage through gentle laser
Slade, Adam Broadbent
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 4, NO. 4, AUGUST 2004 395 Sensor Technologies for Monitoring Metabolic
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 4, NO. 4, AUGUST 2004 395 Sensor Technologies for Monitoring Metabolic Michelle Wilson, Member, IEEE Abstract--A review of optical, chemical, and biological sensors to detect-on-a-chip research instrumentation. The sensors reviewed include optical sensors, at both research and commercial
Wilson, Denise
Shape memory alloy thaw sensors
A sensor permanently indicates that it has been exposed to temperatures exceeding a critical temperature for a predetermined time period. An element of the sensor made from shape memory alloy changes shape when exposed, even temporarily, to temperatures above the Austenitic temperature of the shape memory alloy. The shape change of the SMA element causes the sensor to change between two readily distinguishable states.
Shahinpoor, Mohsen (Albuquerque, NM); Martinez, David R. (Albuquerque, NM)
Compact Electrochemical Bi-functional NOx/O2 Sensors with an Internal Reference for High Temperature Applications
A inexpensive compact O2 sensor has been developed using internal reference gas that is stable for months, has no complex electronics, and is amenable to mass production
Use of sensors in monitoring civil structures
This thesis surveys the use of sensors and sensor networks in monitoring civil structures, with particular emphasis on the monitoring of bridges and highways using fiber optic sensors. Following a brief review of the most ...
Daher, Bassam William, 1979-
Planar optical waveguide based sandwich assay sensors and processes for the detection of biological targets including protein markers, pathogens and cellular debris
An assay element is described including recognition ligands bound to a film on a single mode planar optical waveguide, the film from the group of a membrane, a polymerized bilayer membrane, and a self-assembled monolayer containing polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol groups therein and an assay process for detecting the presence of a biological target is described including injecting a biological target-containing sample into a sensor cell including the assay element, with the recognition ligands adapted for binding to selected biological targets, maintaining the sample within the sensor cell for time sufficient for binding to occur between selected biological targets within the sample and the recognition ligands, injecting a solution including a reporter ligand into the sensor cell; and, interrogating the sample within the sensor cell with excitation light from the waveguide, the excitation light provided by an evanescent field of the single mode penetrating into the biological target-containing sample to a distance of less than about 200 nanometers from the waveguide thereby exciting the fluorescent-label in any bound reporter ligand within a distance of less than about 200 nanometers from the waveguide and resulting in a detectable signal.
Martinez, Jennifer S. (Santa Fe, NM); Swanson, Basil I. (Los Alamos, NM); Grace, Karen M. (Los Alamos, NM); Grace, Wynne K. (Los Alamos, NM); Shreve, Andrew P. (Santa Fe, NM)
Effects of temperature on the optical and electrical properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel method
ZnO nanoparticles for different thermal treatment temperatures were prepared by using sol-gel method under supercritical drying of ethyl alcohol. The structural properties showed that the ZnO nanoparticles exhibit hexagonal wurtzite structure. Thus, ... Keywords: Electrical conductivity, Nanoparticles, Optical materials, Sol-gel, Zinc oxide
K. Omri, I. Najeh, R. Dhahri, J. El Ghoul, L. El Mir
Volume 134, number 3 CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 27 February 1987 ULTRAFAST OPTICAL DEPHASING IN A LOW-TEMPERATURE ORGANIC GLASS
-TEMPERATURE ORGANIC GLASS C.A. WALSH, M. BERG, L.R. NARASIMHAN, Karl A. LITTAU and M.D. FAYER Department of Chemistry The optical dephasing of pentacene in an o-terphenyl glass at 1.5 K is examined with picosecond photon echo measurements on glass-chromophore systems in which the homogeneous 7'*are two to three orders of magnitude
Fayer, Michael D.
The effect of lattice temperature on surface damage in fused silica optics
We examine the effect of lattice temperature on the probability of surface damage initiation for 355nm, 7ns laser pulses for surface temperatures below the melting point to temperatures well above the melting point of fused silica. At sufficiently high surface temperatures, damage thresholds are dramatically reduced. Our results indicate a temperature activated absorption and support the idea of a lattice temperature threshold of surface damage. From these measurements, we estimate the temperature dependent absorption coefficient for intrinsic silica.
Bude, J; Guss, G; Matthews, M; Spaeth, M L
Fiber Optic Hydrogen Sensor Development: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA number CRD-05-00158
NREL and Nuclear Filter Technology collaborated to develop a prototype product for a hydrogen threshold sensor that was used to monitor hydrogen production in the transport of nuclear waste transport containers.
Ringer, M.
The performance of active spectral reflectance sensors as influenced by measuring distance, device temperature and light intensity
Spectral remote sensing is widely used for land-use management, agriculture, and crop management. Spectral sensors are most frequently adopted for site-specific fertiliser applications and, increasingly, for precision phenotyping. With the use of active ... Keywords: Fertilisation, Phenomics, Precision farming, Precision phenotyping, Site specific management
Sebastian Kipp; Bodo Mistele; Urs Schmidhalter
A Ubiquitous Optical Microsystem Platform with Application to Optical Metrology and Chemical Sensing
sensor platform for optical metrology and chemical sensing.Platform with Application to Optical Metrology and ChemicalPlatform with Application to Optical Metrology and Chemical
Gerling, John
Optical Optical fiber-based single-shot picosecond transient absorption spectroscopy Andrew R. Cook a͒ and Yuzhen Shen Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA ͑Received 27 January 2009; accepted 29 May 2009; published online 17 July 2009͒ A new type of single-shot transient absorption apparatus is described based on a bundle of optical fibers. The bundle contains 100 fibers of different lengths, each successively giving ϳ15 ps longer optical delay. Data are collected by imaging light from the exit of the bundle into a sample where it is overlapped with an electron pulse or laser excitation pulse, followed by imaging onto a charge coupled device ͑CCD͒ detector where the intensity of light from each fiber is measured simultaneously. Application to both ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy and pulse radiolysis is demonstrated. For pulse
Optical components such as lenses, mirrors and diffraction gratings are widely used in many inspection systems. These include not only those for visual inspection with CCD cameras, but also in areas of distanc...
C. Loughlin
Optical-Engine Study of a Low-Temperature Combustion Strategy Employing a Dual-Row, Narrow-Included-Angle Nozzle and Early, Direct Injection of Diesel Fuel
Insight into mechanisms causing observed sharp emissions increase with diesel fuel injection is gained through experiments in an optical engine employing a similar low-temperature combustion strategy of early, direct injection of diesel fuel.
SensorTran | Open Energy Information
Open Energy Info (EERE)
SensorTran SensorTran Jump to: navigation, search Name SensorTran Place Austin, Texas Zip 78701 Product Austin, Texas-based designer of fibre optic-based Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) systems and solutions for the energy industry, with applications in asset and environmental monitoring. Coordinates 30.267605°, -97.742984° Loading map... {"minzoom":false,"mappingservice":"googlemaps3","type":"ROADMAP","zoom":14,"types":["ROADMAP","SATELLITE","HYBRID","TERRAIN"],"geoservice":"google","maxzoom":false,"width":"600px","height":"350px","centre":false,"title":"","label":"","icon":"","visitedicon":"","lines":[],"polygons":[],"circles":[],"rectangles":[],"copycoords":false,"static":false,"wmsoverlay":"","layers":[],"controls":["pan","zoom","type","scale","streetview"],"zoomstyle":"DEFAULT","typestyle":"DEFAULT","autoinfowindows":false,"kml":[],"gkml":[],"fusiontables":[],"resizable":false,"tilt":0,"kmlrezoom":false,"poi":true,"imageoverlays":[],"markercluster":false,"searchmarkers":"","locations":[{"text":"","title":"","link":null,"lat":30.267605,"lon":-97.742984,"alt":0,"address":"","icon":"","group":"","inlineLabel":"","visitedicon":""}]}
In-situ, Real-Time Monitoring of Mechanical and Chemical Structure Changes in a V2O5 Battery Electrode Using a MEMS Optical Sensor
This work presents the first demonstration of a MEMS optical sensor for in-situ, real-time monitoring of both mechanical and chemical structure evolutions in a V2O5 lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathode during battery operation. A reflective membrane forms one side of a Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer, while the other side is coated with V2O5 and exposed to electrolyte in a half-cell LIB. Using one microscope and two laser sources, both the induced membrane deflection and the corresponding Raman intensity changes are observed during lithium cycling. Results are in good agreement with the expected mechanical behavior and disorder change of the V2O5 layers, highlighting the significant potential of MEMS as enabling tools for advanced scientific investigations.
Jung, H. [University of Maryland; Gerasopoulos, K. [University of Maryland; Gnerlich, Markus [University of Maryland; Talin, A. Alec [Sandia National Laboratories; Ghodssi, Reza [University of Maryland
Development of an Integrated Raman and Turbidity Fiber Optic Sensor for the In-Situ Analysis of High Level Nuclear Waste - 13532
Stored nuclear waste must be retrieved from storage, treated, separated into low- and high-level waste streams, and finally put into a disposal form that effectively encapsulates the waste and isolates it from the environment for a long period of time. Before waste retrieval can be done, waste composition needs to be characterized so that proper safety precautions can be implemented during the retrieval process. In addition, there is a need for active monitoring of the dynamic chemistry of the waste during storage since the waste composition can become highly corrosive. This work describes the development of a novel, integrated fiber optic Raman and light scattering probe for in situ use in nuclear waste solutions. The dual Raman and turbidity sensor provides simultaneous chemical identification of nuclear waste as well as information concerning the suspended particles in the waste using a common laser excitation source. (authors)
Gasbarro, Christina; Bello, Job [EIC Laboratories, Inc., 111 Downey St., Norwood, MA, 02062 (United States)] [EIC Laboratories, Inc., 111 Downey St., Norwood, MA, 02062 (United States); Bryan, Samuel; Lines, Amanda; Levitskaia, Tatiana [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352 (United States)] [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352 (United States)
Model of bubble velocity vector measurement in upward and downward bubbly two-phase flows using a four-sensor optical probe
Abstract The knowledge of bubble behaviors is of considerable significance for a proper understanding and modeling of two-phase flows. To obtain the information on the bubble motion, a novel model was developed, by which the bubble velocity vector can be directly calculated from six time intervals measured with a four-sensor probe. The measurements of local bubble velocity vector and void fraction were performed in both upward and downward bubbly flows by using a four-sensor optical probe. The area-averaged void fraction and bubble velocity obtained from the probe agree well with those measured by other cross-calibration methods, and the measurement errors are within 15% under various flow conditions. Experimental results of the bubble velocity vector reveal that the bubble lateral migration may be suppressed in upward flows, but be strengthened in downward flows as the liquid flow rate increases. Also, with an increase in gas flow rate, the bubble velocity distribution varies into the power�law profile in upward flows, but into an off-center peak profile in downward flows. In addition, the void fraction shows a core peak distribution at low void fraction for downward flows, but a wall peak distribution for upward flows. However, when the void fraction is relatively high, it displays an off-center peak distribution for downward flows but a core peak distribution for upward flows.
Daogui Tian; Changqi Yan; Licheng Sun
An investigation of sea surface temperature patterns in the Gulf of Mexico as determined by an airborne infrared sensor
radiation from the sea surface may be used to delineate reliable horizontal patterns of surface temperature. The airborne data nave revealed horizontal temperature changes of 1. 5C to 4. 0C across the boundary of the major current systems in the Gulf... Surface Temperature. . . . Radiation Characteristics of the Sea Surface. . . Atmospheric Attenuation and Emission of Long-Nave Radiation. III. INSTRPilEK'TATION AND AIRBORNE PLATFORvh . 16 General Radiometer 16 16 Aircraft and Navigational System...
Drennan, Kirby Lee
Enhancement of the resolution of full-field optical coherence tomography by using a colour image sensor
The influence of white balance in a colour image detector on the resolution of a full-field optical coherence tomograph (FFOCT) is studied. The change in the interference pulse width depending on the white balance tuning is estimated in the cases of a thermal radiation source (incandescent lamp) and a white light emitting diode. It is shown that by tuning white balance of the detector in a certain range, the FFOCT resolution can be increased by 20 % as compared to the resolution, attained with the use of a monochrome detector. (optical coherence tomography)
Kalyanov, A L; Lychagov, V V; Smirnov, I V; Ryabukho, V P [N.G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University, Saratov (Russian Federation)
A Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor Network for Online 3-D Temperature and Neutron Fluence Mapping in a VHTR Environment
Robust sensing technologies allowing for 3D in-core performance monitoring in real time are of paramount importance for already established LWRs to enhance their reliability and availability per year, and therefore, to further facilitate their economic competitiveness via predictive assessment of the in-core conditions.
Tsvetkov, Pavel; Dickerson, Bryan; French, Joseph; McEachern, Donald; Ougouag, Abderrafi
Electric field and temperature measurement using ultra wide bandwidth pigtailed electro-optic probes
1 Electric field and temperature measurement using ultra wide bandwidth pigtailed electro bandwidth from kHz to tens of GHz with a sensitivity of 0.7 V.m-1 .Hz-1/2 and a temperature accuracy of 40 mK.1364/AO.47.002470 #12;2 Introduction In the field of high power microwave (HPM) measurements, ultra wide
Innovational radiation sensor by integrating AL2O3:C optically stimulated luminescent dosemeter and GaN detectors
......dosimetry (i.e. an active dosemeter) or one...detectable dose and the active performance of the...various applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS alpha-Al2O3...by the ratio of cathode current to optical...could be operated in active mode. | Department...radiation effects Light Materials Testing Photochemistry......
Tai-Chang Chen; Kunakorn Poochinda; Thomas G. Stoebe
Gas sensor
A gas sensor is described which incorporates a sensor stack comprising a first film layer of a ferromagnetic material, a spacer layer, and a second film layer of the ferromagnetic material. The first film layer is fabricated so that it exhibits a dependence of its magnetic anisotropy direction on the presence of a gas, That is, the orientation of the easy axis of magnetization will flip from out-of-plane to in-plane when the gas to be detected is present in sufficient concentration. By monitoring the change in resistance of the sensor stack when the orientation of the first layer's magnetization changes, and correlating that change with temperature one can determine both the identity and relative concentration of the detected gas. In one embodiment the stack sensor comprises a top ferromagnetic layer two mono layers thick of cobalt deposited upon a spacer layer of ruthenium, which in turn has a second layer of cobalt disposed on its other side, this second cobalt layer in contact with a programmable heater chip.
Schmid, Andreas K.; Mascaraque, Arantzazu; Santos, Benito; de la Figuera, Juan
Temperature and magnetic field dependent optical spectral weight in the cation-deficient colossal-magnetoresistance material La0.936Mn0.982O3
with the general arguments, a broad peak has been observed in 1 various Mn-based CMR materials by several groupsTemperature and magnetic field dependent optical spectral weight in the cation-deficient colossal on single-crystal samples as a function of temperature and at zero and 0.5 T magnetic fields
Homes, Christopher C.
Transport and optical properties of warm dense aluminum in the two-temperature regime: Ab initio calculation and semiempirical approximation
This work is devoted to the investigation of transport and optical properties of liquid aluminum in the two-temperature case. At first optical properties, static electrical, and thermal conductivities were obtained in the ab initio calculation which is based on the quantum molecular dynamics, density functional theory, and the Kubo-Greenwood formula. Then the semiempirical approximation was constructed based on the results of our simulation. This approximation yields the dependences ?{sub 1{sub D{sub C}}}?1/T{sub i}{sup 0.25} and K?T{sub e}/T{sub i}{sup 0.25} for the static electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, respectively, for liquid aluminum at ??=?2.70?g/cm{sup 3}, 3?kK???T{sub i}???T{sub e}???20?kK. Our results are well described by the Drude model with the effective relaxation time ??T{sub i}{sup ?0.25}. We have considered a number of other models for the static electrical and thermal conductivities of aluminum, they are all reduced in the low-temperature limit to the Drude model with different expressions for the relaxation time ?. Our results are not consistent with the models in which ??T{sub i}{sup ?1} and support the models which use the expressions with the slower decrease of the relaxation time.
Knyazev, D. V. [Joint Institute for High Temperatures RAS, Izhorskaya 13 Bldg. 2, Moscow 125412 (Russian Federation); Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Institutskiy per. 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700 (Russian Federation); State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation�Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics of National Research Centre �Kurchatov Institute,� Bolshaya Cheremushkinskaya 25, 117218 Moscow (Russian Federation); Levashov, P. R. [Joint Institute for High Temperatures RAS, Izhorskaya 13 Bldg. 2, Moscow 125412 (Russian Federation); Tomsk State University, Lenin Prospekt 36, Tomsk 634050 (Russian Federation)
Use of dual-grating sensors formed by different types of fiber Bragg gratings for simultaneous temperature and strain measurements
We report on a systematic investigation of the dependence of both temperature and strain sensitivities on the fiber Bragg grating type, including the well-known Type I, Type IIA, and a...
Shu, Xuewen; Zhao, Donghui; Zhang, Lin; Bennion, Ian
Experimental pool boiling investigation of FC-72 on silicon with artificial cavities, integrated temperature micro-sensors and heater�
Today nucleate boiling is widely used in numerous industrial applications such as cooling processes because of the high achieved heat transfer rates for low temperature differences. It remains a possible cooling solution ...
Hutter, Christian
A new sensor concept for simultaneous measurement of pressure, temperature and thickness of plate structures using modified wave propagation theory
-Acousto Photonic Non-Destructive Evaluation (TAP-NDE) is employed to remotely initiate and acquire interrogating ultrasonic waves. Parameters including pressure, temperature and plate thickness are determined through exploring the dispersion features...
Lo, Tzu-Wei
Development of a process control sensor for the glass industry. Phase 2: Prototype design, development and demonstration
This report describes an advanced multichannel, on-line optical system for the non-contact measurement of forehearth glass melt temperatures at depth. The analyzer employs multiple narrow infrared (IR) band measurements of glass radiation to reconstruct the glass temperature profiles at depth. The TAS replaces expensive Tri-plex thermocouples, which frequently have service lives as short as 6 months to 1 years. By using passive non-contact sensor heads and fiber optic cables, temperature sensitive electronic components can be located at a safe distance from the hostile process environment. This provides significantly better reliability of the vulnerable electro-optic components and ready access for maintenance.
Gardner, M.; Candee, A.; Koppang, R.
Microscale autonomous sensor and communications module
Various technologies pertaining to a microscale autonomous sensor and communications module are described herein. Such a module includes a sensor that generates a sensor signal that is indicative of an environmental parameter. An integrated circuit receives the sensor signal and generates an output signal based at least in part upon the sensor signal. An optical emitter receives the output signal and generates an optical signal as a function of the output signal. An energy storage device is configured to provide power to at least the integrated circuit and the optical emitter, and wherein the module has a relatively small diameter and thickness.
Okandan, Murat; Nielson, Gregory N
Ultrafast Graphene Oxide Humidity Sensors
Ultrafast Graphene Oxide Humidity Sensors ... Graphene oxide can be exploited in humidity and temperature sensors with a number of convenient features such as flexibility, transparency and suitability for large-scale manufacturing. ... Here we show that the two-dimensional nature of graphene oxide and its superpermeability to water combine to enable humidity sensors with unprecedented response speed (?30 ms response and recovery times). ...
Stefano Borini; Richard White; Di Wei; Michael Astley; Samiul Haque; Elisabetta Spigone; Nadine Harris; Jani Kivioja; Tapani Ryh�nen
Sensors, Electronics & Instrumentation
Sensors, Electronics & Instrumentation Sensors, Electronics & Instrumentation Sensors, Electronics & Instrumentation Express Licensing Acoustic Concentration Of Particles In Fluid Flow Express Licensing Apparatus And Method For Hydrogen And Oxygen Mass Spectrometry Of The Terrestrial Magnetosphere Express Licensing Apparatus And Method For Temperature Correction And Expanded Count Rate Of Inorganic Scintillation Detectors Express Licensing Composition and method for removing photoresist materials from electronic components Express Licensing Corrosion Test Cell For Bipolar Plates Express Licensing Cylindrical Acoustic Levitator/Concentrator Negotiable Licensing Electrochemical Apparatus with Disposable and Modifiable Parts Express Licensing Foil electron multiplier Express Licensing Hydrogen Sensor
Algal biomass and sea surface temperature in the Mediterranean Basin Intercomparison of data from various satellite sensors, and implications for
Algal biomass and sea surface temperature in the Mediterranean Basin Intercomparison of data from and to increasing anthropogenic inputs, is an appropriate test site for observing the evolution of algal biomass progress in the knowledge of spatial and temporal variations in algal biomass in various regions
Bricaud, Annick
on field effect devices using catalytic metal gates on silicon carbide substrates has been reviewed (Spetz-10%) of transition metals such as copper, silver, and chromium (Feinstein et al 1997 and Pyke 1993). High temperature. Introduction Gas sensing and analysis based on gas adsorption on a catalytic metal surface has been extensively
Passive Sensors | Open Energy Information
Passive Sensors Passive Sensors Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Technique: Passive Sensors Details Activities (0) Areas (0) Regions (0) NEPA(0) Exploration Technique Information Exploration Group: Remote Sensing Techniques Exploration Sub Group: Passive Sensors Parent Exploration Technique: Remote Sensing Techniques Information Provided by Technique Lithology: Mineral maps can be used to show the presence of hydrothermal minerals and mineral assemblages Stratigraphic/Structural: Map structures/faults and regional strain rates Hydrological: Map surface water features Thermal: Map surface temperatures Dictionary.png Passive Sensors: Sensors that measure energy which is naturally available in the environment. Other definitions:Wikipedia Reegle
Fiber Optical Micro-detectors for Oxygen Sensing in Power Plants
A reflection mode fiber optic oxygen sensor that can operate at high temperatures for power plant applications is being developed. The sensor is based on the {sup 3}O{sub 2} quenching of the red emission from hexanuclear molybdenum chloride clusters. Previously we described a particle-in-binder approach to immobilizing the potassium salt of a molybdenum cluster, K{sub 2}Mo{sub 6}Cl{sub 14}, at the tips of optical fibers. Compared to previous methods, the particle-in-binder approach affords fibers with greatly improved mechanical properties. We have extensively characterized two fiber sensors at high temperature. We obtain quenching ratios between pure nitrogen and 21% oxygen as high as 3.9 x at 70 C. For the first sensor at 60 C we obtained a {+-} 1% variation in the quenching ratio over 6 cycles of measurement, and monitored the device performance over 23 days. We were able to operate the second sensor continuously for 14 hours at 70 C, and the sensor quenching ratio was stable to 5% over that time period. These are promising results for a high temperature fiber optical oxygen sensor based on molybdenum chloride clusters.
Gregory L. Baker; Ruby N. Ghosh; D.J. Osborn III; Po Zhang
Sensor Network Demonstration for In Situ Decommissioning - 13332
Florida International University's (FIU's) Applied Research Center is currently supporting the Department of Energy's (DOE) Environmental Management Office of D and D and Facility Engineering program. FIU is supporting DOE's initiative to improve safety, reduce technical risks, and limit uncertainty within D and D operations by identifying technologies suitable to meet specific facility D and D requirements, assessing the readiness of those technologies for field deployment, and conducting feasibility studies and large scale demonstrations of promising technologies. During FY11, FIU collaborated with Savannah River National Laboratory in the development of an experimental test site for the demonstration of multiple sensor systems for potential use in the in situ decommissioning process. In situ decommissioning is a process in which the above ground portion of a facility is dismantled and removed, and the underground portion is filled with a cementious material such as grout. In such a scenario, the question remains on how to effectively monitor the structural health of the grout (cracking, flexing, and sinking), as well as track possible migration of contaminants within and out of the grouted monolith. The right types of sensors can aid personnel in better understanding the conditions within the entombed structure. Without sensors embedded in and around the monolith, it will be very difficult to estimate structural integrity and contaminant transport. Yet, to fully utilize the appropriate sensors and the provided data, their performance and reliability must be evaluated outside a laboratory setting. To this end, a large scale experimental setup and demonstration was conducted at FIU. In order to evaluate a large suite of sensor systems, FIU personnel designed and purchased a pre-cast concrete open-top cube, which served as a mock-up of an in situ DOE decommissioned facility. The inside of the cube measures 10 ft x 10 ft x 8 ft. In order to ensure that the individual sensors would be immobilized during the grout pouring activities, a set of nine sensor racks were designed. The 270 sensors provided by Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Mississippi State University (MSU), University of Houston (UH), and University of South Carolina (USC) were secured to these racks based on predetermined locations. Once sensor racks were installed inside the test cube, connected and debugged, approximately 32 cubic yards of special grout material was used to entomb the sensors. MSU provided and demonstrated four types of fiber loop ring-down (FLR) sensors for detection of water, temperature, cracks, and movement of fluids. INL provided and demonstrated time differenced 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), advanced tensiometers for moisture content, and thermocouples for temperature measurements. University of Houston provided smart aggregate (SA) sensors, which detect crack severity and water presence. An additional UH sensor system demonstrated was a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) fiber optic system measuring strain, presence of water, and temperature. USC provided a system which measured acoustic emissions during cracking, as well as temperature and pH sensors. All systems were connected to a Sensor Remote Access System (SRAS) data networking and collection system designed, developed and provided by FIU. The purpose of SRAS was to collect and allow download of the raw sensor data from all the sensor system, as well as allow upload of the processed data and any analysis reports and graphs. All this information was made available to the research teams via the Deactivation and Decommissioning Knowledge Management and Information Tool (D and D KM-IT). As a current research effort, FIU is performing an energy analysis, and transferring several sensor systems to a Photovoltaic (PV) System to continuously monitor energy consumption parameters and overall power demands. Also, One final component of this research is focusing on developing an integrated data network to capture, log and analyze sensor system data in near real time from a single inte
Lagos, L.; Varona, J.; Awwad, A. [Applied Research Center, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Suite 2100, Miami, FL 33174 (United States)] [Applied Research Center, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Suite 2100, Miami, FL 33174 (United States); Rivera, J.; McGill, J. [Department of Energy - DOE, Environmental Management Office (United States)] [Department of Energy - DOE, Environmental Management Office (United States)
Downhole Sensor Holds Transformative Potential
Long-term operation of electronics at high temperatures remains a challenge for the geothermal sector; many downhole sensors are prone to failure when deployed in high-temperature wells, which limits the availability and complexity of logging tools av
Room-temperature optical absorption in the InAs/GaAs quantum-dot superlattice under an electric field
Electroluminescence and absorption spectra of a ten-layer InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) superlattice built in a two-section laser with sections of equal length is experimentally studied at room temperature. The thickness of the GaAs spacer layer between InAs QD layers, determined by transmission electron microscopy, is {approx}6 nm. In contrast to tunnel-coupled QDs, QD superlattices amplify the optical polarization intensity and waveguide absorption of the TM mode in comparison with the TE mode. It is found that variations in the multimodal periodic spectrum of differential absorption of the QD superlattice structure are strongly linearly dependent on the applied electric field. Differential absorption spectra exhibit the Wannier-Stark effect in the InAs/GaAs QD superlattice, in which, in the presence of an external electric field, coupling of wave functions of miniband electron states is suppressed and a series of discrete levels called the Wannier-Stark ladder states are formed.
Sobolev, M. M., E-mail: email@example.com; Gadzhiev, I. M.; Bakshaev, I. O.; Nevedomskii, V. N.; Buyalo, M. S.; Zadiranov, Yu. M.; Portnoi, E. L. [Russian Academy of Sciences, Ioffe Physical Technical Institute (Russian Federation)
Multipurpose Acoustic Sensor for Downhole Fluid Monitoring
Novel sensor design based on acoustics. Determine in real-timeand in a single sensor packagemultiple parameters: temperature, pressure, fluid flow; and fluid properties, such as density, viscosity, fluid composition.
Sandia National Laboratories: Sensors
Sensors Sensors Sandia's Microsensor and Sensor Microsystem effort develops sensors and sensor arrays for chemical, physical, and biological detection Custom Solutions Microsensors...
High temperature liquid level sensor
A length of metal sheathed metal oxide cable is perforated to permit liquid access to the insulation about a pair of conductors spaced close to one another. Changes in resistance across the conductors will be a function of liquid level, since the wetted insulation will have greater electrical conductivity than that of the dry insulation above the liquid elevation.
Tokarz, Richard D. (West Richland, WA)
Nuclear sensor signal processing circuit
An apparatus and method are disclosed for a compact and temperature-insensitive nuclear sensor that can be calibrated with a non-hazardous radioactive sample. The nuclear sensor includes a gamma ray sensor that generates tail pulses from radioactive samples. An analog conditioning circuit conditions the tail-pulse signals from the gamma ray sensor, and a tail-pulse simulator circuit generates a plurality of simulated tail-pulse signals. A computer system processes the tail pulses from the gamma ray sensor and the simulated tail pulses from the tail-pulse simulator circuit. The nuclear sensor is calibrated under the control of the computer. The offset is adjusted using the simulated tail pulses. Since the offset is set to zero or near zero, the sensor gain can be adjusted with a non-hazardous radioactive source such as, for example, naturally occurring radiation and potassium chloride.
Kallenbach, Gene A. (Bosque Farms, NM); Noda, Frank T. (Albuquerque, NM); Mitchell, Dean J. (Tijeras, NM); Etzkin, Joshua L. (Albuquerque, NM)
Cryogenic focal plane flatness measurement with optical zone slope Jerry Edelstein1
Cryogenic focal plane flatness measurement with optical zone slope tracking Jerry Edelstein1 to determine the surface flatness of a cryogenic sensor array developed for the JDEM mission. Large focal such as JDEM, WFIRST, or EUCLID must operate at cryogenic temperatures while maintaining focal plane flatness
California at Berkeley, University of
Gamma-insensitive optical sensor
An ultra-violet/visible/infra-red gamma-insensitive gas avalanche focal plane array comprising a planar photocathode and a planar anode pad array separated by a gas-filled gap and across which is applied an electric potential. Electrons ejected from the photocathode are accelerated sufficiently between collisions with the gas molecules to ionize them, forming an electron avalanche. The gap acts like a proportional counter. The array of anode pad are mounted on the front of an anode plate and are connected to matching contact pads on the back of the anode via feed through wires. Connection of the anode to signal processing electronics is made from the contact pads using standard indium bump techniques, for example.
Kruger, Hans W. (Walnut Creek, CA)
An ultraviolet/visible/infrared gamma-insensitive gas avalanche focal plane array is described comprising a planar photocathode and a planar anode pad array separated by a gas-filled gap and across which is applied an electric potential. Electrons ejected from the photocathode are accelerated sufficiently between collisions with the gas molecules to ionize them, forming an electron avalanche. The gap acts like a proportional counter. The array of anode pad are mounted on the front of an anode plate and are connected to matching contact pads on the back of the anode via feed through wires. Connection of the anode to signal processing electronics is made from the contact pads using standard indium bump techniques, for example. 6 figures.
Kruger, H.W.
Effect of deposition temperature on the structural and optical properties of CdSe thin films synthesised by chemical bath deposition
Cadmium selenide thin films were synthesized on glass substrates using chemical bath technique (CBD) at temperatures 320K, 330K, 340K,and 350K. The polycrystalline nature of the material was confirmed by X-ray diffraction technique and various structural parameters such as lattice parameters, grain size, dislocation density, and micro strain. The root mean square (RMS) roughness was obtained by using atomic force microscopy(AFM), which indicated a decreasing average roughness with the decrease of the bath temperature. Optical properties were carried out by UV-Visible transmittance spectra, and the band gap energy was determined.
Mohammed, Mudhafer Ali [Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology / Baghdad (Iraq); Jamil, Shatha Shammon Batros [Ministry of Science and Technology / Baghdad (Iraq)
FRD in optical fibres at low temperatures: investigations for Gemini's Wide-field Fibre Multi-Object Spectrograph
......particles the composite materials supply their own fine...metal ferrule. 2 NEW MATERIALS TO SUPPORT OPTICAL FIBRES...Introduction For ease of handling and polishing, optical...by Polymicro. Quartz material has no problems of contraction...Figure 1 The schematic diagram of a single fibre mounting......
A. C. de Oliveira; L. S. de Oliveira; J. B. dos Santos; M. V. Arruda; L. G. C. dos Santos; F. Rodrigues; F. L. F. de Castro
Na double-edge magneto-optic filter for Na lidar profiling of wind and temperature in the
proposed by one of the authors (Williams), originating from the Na magneto-optic filter in solar-edge magneto-optic fil- ter (Na-DEMOF). It has advantages over the FPIs and iodine filters because of its magnetic field across the Na cell causes the Zeeman splitting of Na energy levels, which shifts
Chu, Xinzhao
Sensor Relocation with Mobile Sensors:Sensor Relocation with Mobile Sensors: Design,Design,
Sensor Relocation with Mobile Sensors:Sensor Relocation with Mobile Sensors: Design of Freiburg #12;OverviewOverview · Sensor networks · mobile sensor · mobile robot · Mote · sensor relocation #12;Sensor networks · A wirless network . · Set of sensors. · Static Mote #12;Mobile sensor networks
Schindelhauer, Christian
Development of a process control sensor for the glass industry
This project was initiated to fill a need in the glass industry for a non-contact temperature sensor for glass melts. At present, the glass forming industry (e.g., bottle manufacture) consumes significant amounts of energy. Careful control of temperature at the point the bottle is molded is necessary to prevent the bottle from being rejected as out-of-specification. In general, the entire glass melting and conditioning process is designed to minimize this rejection rate, maximize throughput and thus control energy and production costs. This program focuses on the design, development and testing of an advanced optically based pyrometer for glass melts. The pyrometer operates simultaneously at four wavelengths; through analytical treatment of the signals, internal temperature profiles within the glass melt can be resolved. A novel multiplexer alloys optical signals from a large number of fiber-optic sensors to be collected and resolved by a single detector at a location remote from the process. This results in a significant cost savings on a per measurement point basis. The development program is divided into two phases. Phase 1 involves the construction of a breadboard version on the instrument and its testing on a pilot-scale furnace. In Phase 2, a prototype analyzer will be constructed and tested on a commercial forehearth. This report covers the Phase 1 activities.
Gardner, M.; Candee, A.; Kramlich, J.; Koppang, R.
Etalon-induced Baseline Drift And Correction In Atom Flux Sensors Based On Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Atom flux sensors based on atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are of significant interest in thin film growth as they can provide unobtrusive, element specific, real-time flux sensing and control. The ultimate sensitivity and performance of the sensors are strongly affected by the long-term and short term baseline drift. Here we demonstrate that an etalon effect resulting from temperature changes in optical viewport housings is a major source of signal instability which has not been previously considered or corrected by existing methods. We show that small temperature variations in the fused silica viewports can introduce intensity modulations of up to 1.5%, which in turn significantly deteriorate AA sensor performance. This undesirable effect can be at least partially eliminated by reducing the size of the beam and tilting the incident light beam off the viewport normal.
Du, Yingge; Chambers, Scott A.
Influence of film thickness, substrate temperature and nano-structural changes on the optical properties of UHV deposited Ti thin films
Titanium films of different thicknesses ranging from 18 to 210?nm were deposited on glass substrates, at different substrate temperatures (313 to 600?K) under UHV conditions. Their optical properties were measured by spectrophotometry in the spectral range of 200�2500?nm. The optical functions were obtained from the Kramers�Kronig analysis of the reflectivity curves. The effective medium approximation (EMA) analysis was employed to establish the relationship between the structure zone model (SZM) and EMA predictions. There was good agreement between SZM as a function of substrate temperature and film thickness and the values of volume fraction of voids was obtained from EMA analysis. The gettering property of Ti can play an important role in the nano-structure of the film and causes variations in the optical behaviour of thin Ti films, though films were produced under UHV condition and the XRD analysis did not show a detectable amount of oxidation. The over-layer thickness was calculated to be less than 2.0?nm, using the transfer matrix method.
Hadi Savaloni; Haleh Kangarloo
NETL: Advanced Research - Sensors & Controls Innovations
Sensors & Controls Sensors & Controls Advanced Research Sensors & Controls Innovations OSU's O2 Sensor Ohio State University's reference-free potentiometric oxygen sensor capable of withstanding temperatures of 800 °C. Novel Sensors and Advanced Process Control Novel Sensors and Advanced Process Control are key enabling technologies for advanced near zero emission power systems. NETL's Advanced Research Program is leading the effort to develop sensing and control technologies and methods to achieve seamless, integrated, automated, optimized, and intelligent power systems. Today, the performance of advanced power systems is limited by the lack of sensors and controls capable of withstanding high temperature and pressure conditions. Harsh environments are inherent to new systems that aim to
Finite-temperature properties of one-dimensional hard-core bosons in a quasiperiodic optical lattice
We investigate the properties of impenetrable bosons confined in a one-dimensional lattice at finite temperature in the presence of an additional incommensurate periodic potential. Relying on the exact Fermi-Bose mapping, we study the effects of temperature on the one-particle density matrix and related quantities such as the momentum distribution function and the natural orbitals. We found evidence of a finite-temperature crossover related to the zero-temperature superfluid-to-Bose-glass-transition that induces a delocalization of the lowest natural orbitals.
Nessi, Nicolas; Iucci, Anibal [Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and IFLP-CONICET, CC 67, 1900 La Plata (Argentina)
Multiparameter Fiber Optic Sensing System for Monitoring Enhanced
Multiparameter Fiber Optic Sensing System for Monitoring Enhanced Multiparameter Fiber Optic Sensing System for Monitoring Enhanced Geothermal Systems Geothermal Project Jump to: navigation, search Last modified on July 22, 2011. Project Title Multiparameter Fiber Optic Sensing System for Monitoring Enhanced Geothermal Systems Project Type / Topic 1 Recovery Act: Enhanced Geothermal Systems Component Research and Development/Analysis Project Type / Topic 2 High-Temperature Downhole Tools Project Description The multidisciplinary team, consisting of participants from GE, Qorex LLC, AFL Telecommunications and Sandia National Labs, has a strong record of successful harsh environment sensor technology development and will design and validate the reliability of a suite of distributed temperature, strain, vibration and precision point pressure fiber-based sensors. During the first year, the program will demonstrate fiber and sensor subsystem reliability in the presence of hydrogen at 374°C and 220 bar, which is critical to acceptance of this technology in EGS. Based on these results, a go/no-go decision will be made to complete any remaining development and proceed to prototype a high temperature cable which integrates these subsystems onto a single tool string to facilitate field deployment.
An Architecture Description Language for Dynamic Sensor-Based Applications
ArchitectureDescriptionLanguageforDynamicSensor-BasedApplications 4 Data processing chain Aggregation, filtering, correlation (P=U*I), ... Sensor-Based Applications O HVAC central lighting central HVAC central lighting central Actuators Sensors Sensor Based Applications in room 1 service + properties (e.g., data.type=temperature location="room 1") I am the HVAC system
Donsez, Didier
Complexation of Lactate with Nd(III) and Eu(III) at Variable Temperatures: Studies by Potentiometry, Microcalorimetry, Optical Absorption and Luminescence Spectroscopy
Complexation of neodymium(III) and europium(III) with lactate was studied at variable temperatures by potentiometry, absorption spectrophotometry, luminescence spectroscopy and microcalorimetry. Stability constants of three successive lactate complexes (ML{sup 2+}, ML{sup 2+} and ML{sub 3}(aq), where M stands for Nd and Eu, and L stands for lactate) at 10, 25, 40, 55 and 70 C were determined. The enthalpies of complexation at 25 C were determined by microcalorimetry. Thermodynamic data show that the complexation of trivalent lanthanides (Nd{sup 3+} and Eu{sup 3+}) with lactate is exothermic, and the complexation becomes weaker at higher temperatures. Results from optical absorption and luminescence spectroscopy suggest that the complexes are inner-sphere chelate complexes in which the protonated {alpha}-hydroxyl group of lactate participates in the complexation.
Tian, Guoxin; Martin, Leigh R.; Rao, Linfeng
Thermal sensor with an improved coating
The disclosure is directed to an apparatus for detecting radiation having wavelengths from about 0.4 .mu.m to about 5.6 .mu.m. An optical coating is applied to a thermal sensor that is normally transparent to radiation with such wavelengths. The optical coating is thin and light and includes a modifier and an absorber. The thermal sensor can be a pyroelectric detector such as strontium barium niobate.
LaDelfe, Peter C. (Los Alamos, NM); Stotlar, Suzanne C. (Los Alamos, NM)
Near-surface modification of optical properties of fused silica by low-temperature hydrogenous atmospheric pressure plasma
In this Letter, we report on the near-surface modification of fused silica by applying a hydrogenous atmospheric pressure plasma jet at ambient temperature. A significant decrease in...
Gerhard, Christoph; Tasche, Daniel; Br�ckner, Stephan; Wieneke, Stephan; Vi�l, Wolfgang
Structural and optical properties of Ag-doped copper oxide thin films on polyethylene napthalate substrate prepared by low temperature microwave annealing
Silver doped cupric oxide thin films are prepared on polyethylene naphthalate (flexible polymer) substrates. Thin films Ag-doped CuO are deposited on the substrate by co-sputtering followed by microwave assisted oxidation of the metal films. The low temperature tolerance of the polymer substrates led to the search for innovative low temperature processing techniques. Cupric oxide is a p-type semiconductor with an indirect band gap and is used as selective absorption layer solar cells. X-ray diffraction identifies the CuO phases. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry measurements confirm the stoichiometry of each copper oxide formed. The surface morphology is determined by atomic force microscopy. The microstructural properties such as crystallite size and the microstrain for (-111) and (111) planes are calculated and discussed. Incorporation of Ag led to the lowering of band gap in CuO. Consequently, it is determined that Ag addition has a strong effect on the structural, morphological, surface, and optical properties of CuO grown on flexible substrates by microwave annealing. Tauc's plot is used to determine the optical band gap of CuO and Ag doped CuO films. The values of the indirect and direct band gap for CuO are found to be 2.02 eV and 3.19 eV, respectively.
Das, Sayantan; Alford, T. L. [Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA and School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (United States)] [Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA and School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (United States)
A Robust MEMS Based Multi-Component Sensor for 3D Borehole Seismic Arrays
The objective of this project was to develop, prototype and test a robust multi-component sensor that combines both Fiber Optic and MEMS technology for use in a borehole seismic array. The use such FOMEMS based sensors allows a dramatic increase in the number of sensors that can be deployed simultaneously in a borehole seismic array. Therefore, denser sampling of the seismic wave field can be afforded, which in turn allows us to efficiently and adequately sample P-wave as well as S-wave for high-resolution imaging purposes. Design, packaging and integration of the multi-component sensors and deployment system will target maximum operating temperature of 350-400 F and a maximum pressure of 15000-25000 psi, thus allowing operation under conditions encountered in deep gas reservoirs. This project aimed at using existing pieces of deployment technology as well as MEMS and fiber-optic technology. A sensor design and analysis study has been carried out and a laboratory prototype of an interrogator for a robust borehole seismic array system has been assembled and validated.
Paulsson Geophysical Services
Optical caliper with compensation for specimen deflection and method
An optical non-contact profilometry system and method provided by an optical caliper with matched optical sensors that are arranged conjugate to each other so that the surface profile and thickness of an article can be measured without using a fixed reference surface and while permitting the article to deflect in space within the acquisition range of the optical sensors. The output signals from the two optical sensors are algebraically added to compensate for any such deflection of the article and provide a so compensated signal, the balance and sign of which provides a measurement of the actual thickness of the article at the optical sensors.
Bernacki, Bruce E. (Knoxville, TN)
Experimental study of the optical properties of atomic potassium in high-temperature carbon dioxide and nitrogen
This paper studies the absorption coefficient of atomic potassium in high-temperature carbon dioxide in the wavelength range 0.63-1.2 ..mu.. at temperatures of 2400-2600 degrees K and pressures of 0.8-1.6 MPa. Measurements were also made of the temperature and pressure of the investigated gas mixture and the density of the integral radiation flows. The calculations showed that behind a reflected shock wave in CO/sub 2/ the products of decomposition of particles of KNO/sub 3/ attain equilibrium with the gas after about 150 ..mu.. at Vs - 1.5 km/sec and after about 80 usec at Vs = 3.5 km/sec.
Zubareva, N.V.; Eigenson, E.B.; Kon'kov, A.A.; Krymov, G.A.; Shikov, V.K.
Multidimensional Architectures for Functional Optical By Kevin A. Arpin, Agustin Mihi, Harley T. Johnson, Alfred J. Baca,
efficient solar cells, and unique sensors. Significant challenges remain including discovery of methods circuitry, enhancement of optical absorption processes in solar cells, and sensors.[1] Since the pioneering
Lewis, Jennifer
High Neutron Fluence Survivability Testing of Advanced Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors
The motivation for the reported research was to support NASA space nuclear power initiatives through the development of advanced fiber optic sensors for space-based nuclear power applications. The purpose of the high-neutron fluence testing was to demonstrate the survivability of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors in a fission reactor environment. 520 FBGs were installed in the Ford reactor at the University of Michigan. The reactor was operated for 1012 effective full power hours resulting in a maximum neutron fluence of approximately 5x1019 n/cm2, and a maximum gamma dose of 2x103 MGy gamma. This work is significant in that, to the knowledge of the authors, the exposure levels obtained are approximately 1000 times higher than for any previously published experiment. Four different fiber compositions were evaluated. An 87% survival rate was observed for fiber Bragg gratings located at the fuel centerline. Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR), originally developed at the NASA Langley Research Center, can be used to interrogate several thousand low-reflectivity FBG strain and/or temperature sensors along a single optical fiber. A key advantage of the OFDR sensor technology for space nuclear power is the extremely low mass of the sensor, which consists of only a silica fiber 125{mu}m in diameter. The sensors produced using this technology will fill applications in nuclear power for current reactor plants, emerging Generation-IV reactors, and for space nuclear power. The reported research was conducted by Luna Innovations and was funded through a Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) contract with the NASA Glenn Research Center.
Fielder, Robert S.; Klemer, Daniel; Stinson-Bagby, Kelly L. [Luna Innovations, Inc., 2851 Commerce Street, Blacksburg, VA 24060 (United States)
Sensitive And Selective Chemical Sensor With Nanostructured Surfaces.
A chemical sensor is provided which includes an optical resonator including a nanostructured surface comprising a plurality of nanoparticles bound to one or more surfaces of the resonator. The nanoparticles provide optical absorption and the sensor further comprises a detector for detecting the optical absorption of the nanoparticles or their environment. In particular, a selective chemical interaction is provided which modifies the optical absorption of the nanoparticles or their environment, and an analyte is detected based on the modified optical absorption. A light pulse is generated which enters the resonator to interrogate the modified optical absorption and the exiting light pulse is detected by the detector.
Pipino, Andrew C. R. (Gaithersburg, MD)
New Platforms for Chemical, Biological and Radiation Sensing based on Emerging Micro and Nanostructured Optical Fibres
Emerging optical materials and structures are driving the development of new optical fibre sensors, with applications ranging from new radiation dosimeters to in-vivo biosensors....
Monro, Tanya M
Sensors 2008, 8, 3903-3931; DOI: 10.3390/s8063903 OPEN ACCESS
Sensors 2008, 8, 3903-3931; DOI: 10.3390/s8063903 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 www.mdpi.org/sensors to readers with a background in SAR. Keywords: Microscopy, Interferometric, Synthetic Aperture, Radar, Optical Coherence To- mography. #12;Sensors 2008, 8 3904 1. Introduction Traditional sensing modalities
Bhargava, Rohit
Thin film hydrogen sensor
A thin film hydrogen sensor includes a substantially flat ceramic substrate with first and second planar sides and a first substrate end opposite a second substrate end; a thin film temperature responsive resistor on the first planar side of the substrate proximate to the first substrate end; a thin film hydrogen responsive metal resistor on the first planar side of the substrate proximate to the fist substrate end and proximate to the temperature responsive resistor; and a heater on the second planar side of the substrate proximate to the first end. 5 figs.
Cheng, Y.T.; Poli, A.A.; Meltser, M.A.
A thin film hydrogen sensor, includes: a substantially flat ceramic substrate with first and second planar sides and a first substrate end opposite a second substrate end; a thin film temperature responsive resistor on the first planar side of the substrate proximate to the first substrate end; a thin film hydrogen responsive metal resistor on the first planar side of the substrate proximate to the fist substrate end and proximate to the temperature responsive resistor; and a heater on the second planar side of the substrate proximate to the first end.
Cheng, Yang-Tse (Rochester Hills, MI); Poli, Andrea A. (Livonia, MI); Meltser, Mark Alexander (Pittsford, NY)
Optimized Tapered Optical Fiber for Ethanol (C $_{\\bf 2}$ H $_{\\bf 5}$ OH) Concentration Sensing
An optimized study of biconical tapered multi-mode plastic optical fiber sensor for concentration sensing of ethanol (C $_{2}$ ...
Yang, Hang-Zhou; Qiao, Xue-Guang; Ali, M Mahmood; Islam, Md Rajibul; Lim, Kok-Sing
Optical microphone
An optical microphone includes a laser and beam splitter cooperating therewith for splitting a laser beam into a reference beam and a signal beam. A reflecting sensor receives the signal beam and reflects it in a plurality of reflections through sound pressure waves. A photodetector receives both the reference beam and reflected signal beam for heterodyning thereof to produce an acoustic signal for the sound waves. The sound waves vary the local refractive index in the path of the signal beam which experiences a Doppler frequency shift directly analogous with the sound waves.
Veligdan, James T. (Manorville, NY)
Development of All-Solid-State Sensors for Measurement of Nitric Oxide and Ammonia Concentrations by Optical Absorption in Particle-Laden Combustion Exhaust Streams
An all-solid-state continuous-wave (cw) laser system for ultraviolet absorption measurements of the nitric oxide (NO) molecule has been developed and demonstrated. For the NO sensor, 250 nW of tunable cw ultraviolet radiation is produced by sum-frequency-mixing of 532-nm radiation from a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser and tunable 395-nm radiation from an external cavity diode laser (ECDL). The sum-frequency-mixing process occurs in a beta-barium borate crystal. The nitric oxide absorption measurements are performed by tuning the ECDL and scanning the sum-frequency-mixed radiation over strong nitric oxide absorption lines near 226 nm. In Year 1 of the research, the nitric oxide sensor was used for measurements in the exhaust of a coal-fired laboratory combustion facility. The Texas A&M University boiler burner facility is a 30 kW (100,000 Btu/hr) downward-fired furnace with a steel shell encasing ceramic insulation. Measurements of nitric oxide concentration in the exhaust stream were performed after modification of the facility for laser based NOx diagnostics. The diode-laser-based ultraviolet absorption measurements were successful even when the beam was severely attenuated by particulate in the exhaust stream and window fouling. Single-laser-sweep measurements were demonstrated with an effective time resolution of 100 msec, limited at this time by the scan rate of our mechanically tuned ECDL system. In Year 2, the Toptica ECDL in the original system was replaced with a Sacher Lasers ECDL. The mode-hop-free tuning range and tuning rate of the Toptica ECDL were 25 GHz and a few Hz, respectively. The mode-hop-free tuning range and tuning rate of the Sacher Lasers ECDL were 90 GHz and a few hundred Hz, respectively. The Sacher Lasers ECDL thus allows us to scan over the entire NO absorption line and to determine the absorption baseline with increased accuracy and precision. The increased tuning rate is an advantage in that data can be acquired much more rapidly and the absorption measurements are less susceptible to the effects of transient fluctuations in the properties of the coal combustor exhaust stream. Gas cell measurements were performed using the NO sensor with the new ECDL, and a few spectra were acquired from the coal exhaust stream. However, the laser diode in the new ECDL failed during the coal combustor tests. In Year 3, however, we obtained a new GaN laser diode for our ECDL system, installed it, and completed an extensive series of measurements in the Texas A&M coal-fired laboratory combustion facility. The combustor was operated with coal and coal/biomass as fuels, with and without reburn, and with and without ammonia injection. Several different fuel equivalence ratios were investigated for each operating condition.
Jerald A. Caton; Kalyan Annamalai; Robert P. Lucht
Research On Fiber Optic Sensing Systems And Their Application As Final Repository Monitoring Tools
For several years, fiber-optic sensing devices had been used for straightforward on/off monitoring functions such as presence and position detection. Recently, they gained interest as they offer a novel, exciting technology for a multitude of sensing applications. In the deep geological environment most physical properties, and thus most parameters important to safety, can be measured with fiber-optic technology. Typical examples are displacements, strains, radiation dose and dose rate, presence of some gases, temperature, pressure, etc. Their robustness, immunity to electromagnetic interference, as well as their large bandwidths and data rates ensure high reliability and superior performance. Moreover, the networking capabilities of meanwhile available fiber-optic sensors allow for efficient management of large sensor systems. Distributed sensing with multiple sensing locations on a single fiber reduces significantly the number of cables and connecting points. Reliable, cost effective, and maintenance-free solutions can thus be implemented.
Jobmann, M.; Biurrun, E.
Experiment Hazard Class 3 - High Temperatures
Operation * APS Base Low Temperatures * Cryogenic Systems High Temperatures * Electric Furnace * Optical Furnace * Other High Temperature Lasers * Laser, Class 2 * Laser,...
A cantilever optical-fiber accelerometer
A simple fiber-optic acceleration sensor has been designed and evaluated. It is an amplitude-modulation sensor, which employs inexpensive electronic instrumentation. The construction and technology of the sensor are presented. The influence of some construction parameters on sensor characteristics has been considered and measured. It is proved that simple construction modifications allow some sensor parameters to be tuned. The sensor characteristic is nonlinear. The amplitude-modulation depth reaches 50% at an acceleration of 250 m/s2 for a cantilever length of 40 mm. The maximum operating frequency is dependent on cantilever length and for length 20 mm is 125 Hz.
Jerzy Kalenik; Ryszard Paj?k
Fabrication of thermal microphotonic sensors and sensor arrays
A thermal microphotonic sensor is fabricated on a silicon substrate by etching an opening and a trench into the substrate, and then filling in the opening and trench with silicon oxide which can be deposited or formed by thermally oxidizing a portion of the silicon substrate surrounding the opening and trench. The silicon oxide forms a support post for an optical resonator which is subsequently formed from a layer of silicon nitride, and also forms a base for an optical waveguide formed from the silicon nitride layer. Part of the silicon substrate can be selectively etched away to elevate the waveguide and resonator. The thermal microphotonic sensor, which is useful to detect infrared radiation via a change in the evanescent coupling of light between the waveguide and resonator, can be formed as a single device or as an array.
Shaw, Michael J. (Tijeras, NM); Watts, Michael R. (Albuquerque, NM); Nielson, Gregory N. (Albuquerque, NM)
Sensor Development for PEM Fuel Cell Systems
This document reports on the work done by Honeywell Sensing and Control to investigate the feasibility of modifying low cost Commercial Sensors for use inside a PEM Fuel Cell environment. Both stationary and automotive systems were considered. The target environment is hotter (100 C) than the typical commercial sensor maximum of 70 C. It is also far more humid (100% RH condensing) than the more typical 95% RH non-condensing at 40 C (4% RH maximum at 100 C). The work focused on four types of sensors, Temperature, Pressure, Air Flow and Relative Humidity. Initial design goals were established using a market research technique called Market Driven Product Definition (MDPD). A series of interviews were conducted with various users and system designers in their facilities. The interviewing team was trained in data taking and analysis per the MDPD process. The final result was a prioritized and weighted list of both requirements and desires for each sensor. Work proceeded on concept development for the 4 types of sensors. At the same time, users were developing the actual fuel cell systems and gaining knowledge and experience in the use of sensors and controls systems. This resulted in changes to requirements and desires that were not anticipated during the MDPD process. The concepts developed met all the predicted requirements. At the completion of concept development for the Pressure Sensor, it was determined that the Fuel Cell developers were happy with off-the-shelf automotive pressure sensors. Thus, there was no incentive to bring a new Fuel Cell Specific Pressure Sensor into production. Work was therefore suspended. After the experience with the Pressure Sensor, the requirements for a Temperature Sensor were reviewed and a similar situation applied. Commercially available temperature sensors were adequate and cost effective and so the program was not continued from the Concept into the Design Phase.
Steve Magee; Richard Gehman
Virtual Sensors: Abstracting Data from Physical Sensors
Virtual Sensors: Abstracting Data from Physical Sensors TR-UTEDGE-2006-001 Sanem Kabadayi Adam Pridgen Christine Julien © Copyright 2006 The University of Texas at Austin #12;Virtual Sensors: Abstracting Data from Physical Sensors Sanem Kabadayi, Adam Pridgen, and Christine Julien The Center
Julien, Christine
Application of Next-Generation Sensor Systems in HTRs
. This thesis develops neutron flux reconstruction methods for in-core sensors placed in HTRs. Sensor systems developed for current generation reactors cannot be used in HTRs. The high temperatures inside HTRs preclude the use of existing in-core sensors...
Johnson, Matthew Paul
Chemical preconcentrator with integral thermal flow sensor
A chemical preconcentrator with integral thermal flow sensor can be used to accurately measure fluid flow rate in a microanalytical system. The thermal flow sensor can be operated in either constant temperature or constant power mode and variants thereof. The chemical preconcentrator with integral thermal flow sensor can be fabricated with the same MEMS technology as the rest of the microanlaytical system. Because of its low heat capacity, low-loss, and small size, the chemical preconcentrator with integral thermal flow sensor is fast and efficient enough to be used in battery-powered, portable microanalytical systems.
Manginell, Ronald P. (Albuquerque, NM); Frye-Mason, Gregory C. (Cedar Crest, NM)
Handbook of actuators and edge alignment sensors
This actuator and sensor handbook was developed during a cooperative project between the NASA-Marshall Space Flight Center, the SDI-Directed Energy Program and LLNL. The common purpose of the joint effort was to develop precision actuators and sensors for the NASA initiated SpacE Laser ENE-rgy Program (SELENE). The purpose of the SELENE Program is to develop a highly cost effective segmented adaptive optics system for beaming laser power directly to spacecraft in earth orbit.
Krulewich, D A
The design of an optical sensor arrangement for the detection of oil contamination in an adhesively bonded structure of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) ship
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has been widely used as a substitute fuel for commercial purposes. It is transported mainly by LNG ships which have primary and secondary leakage barriers. The former is composed of welded thin stainless steel or invar plates, while the latter is composed of adhesively bonded glass composite or aluminum foil sheets. The role of the secondary barrier is to maintain fluid tightness when the primary barrier fails during the transport of LNG. The tightness of the secondary barrier is dependent on the wetting characteristics between the adhesive and adherend of the bonded structure during bonding operation, which depends much on the contamination on the adherend surface. Therefore, in this work, an optical measuring device of oil contamination on the aluminum surface for the secondary barrier was developed. A transparent oil was used as the contaminant and its effect on the bonding strength was investigated. From the experiments, it has been found that the developed measuring device for oil contamination can be used to detect oil contamination on a large bonding area of the secondary barrier in ship building yards.
Bu Gi Kim; Dai Gil Lee
Development of Tools for Measuring Temperature, Flow, Pressure...
Temperature, Flow, Pressure, and Seismicity of EGS Reservoirs 300 C Capable Electronics Platform and Temperature Sensor System for Enhanced Geothermal Systems; 2010...
Wireless Sensors Improve Data Center Efficiency
Wireless Sensor Wireless Sensor Technology Overview In most buildings, space conditions are controlled and coordinated by a building automation system (BAS). A BAS can provide temperature visualization information with dashboard displays through a person-machine interface (PMI). However, in most data centers, space conditioning is achieved with multiple, independently-operating cooling units located within the space. Unfortunately, these data centers do not have adequate auto- mation systems or visualization tools to monitor or manage these cooling units efficiently. In 2001, an emerging technology was demonstrated at University of California, Davis by Dr. Raju Pandey that "meshed" temperature sensors into a network using wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi
Optical voltage reference
An optical voltage reference for providing an alternative to a battery source is described. The optical reference apparatus provides a temperature stable, high precision, isolated voltage reference through the use of optical isolation techniques to eliminate current and impedance coupling errors. Pulse rate frequency modulation is employed to eliminate errors in the optical transmission link while phase-lock feedback is employed to stabilize the frequency to voltage transfer function. 2 figures.
Rankin, R.; Kotter, D.
Real-time process control using diode-laser absorption sensors
A multiplexed diode-laser sensor system, based on absorption spectroscopy techniques and comprised of two InGaAsP diode lasers and fiber-optic components, has been developed to measure temperature and species concentration non-intrusively over a single path for closed-loop process control. The system was applied to measure and control the gas temperature in the post-flame gases 6 mm above the surface of a Hencken burner (multiple CH{sub 4}-air diffusion flames). The wavelengths of the lasers were independently current-tuned across H{sub 2}O transitions near 1343 nm (v{sub 1} + v{sub 3} band) and 1392 nm (2v{sub 1}, v{sub 1} + v{sub 3} bands). Temperature was determined from the ratio of measured peak absorbances, and H{sub 2}O concentration was determined from the measured peak absorbance of one transition set at the measured temperature. A closed-loop feedback system was demonstrated to control the mean temperature and the amplitude of temperature fluctuations at particular frequencies by appropriately modulating the fuel flow rate. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of multiplexed diode lasers for rapid, continuous, in situ measurements and control of gasdynamic parameters in high-temperature combustion flowfields and other environments with difficult optical access.
Baer, D.S.; Furlong, E.R.; Hanson, R.K. [Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
Hydrogen sensor
A hydrogen sensor for detecting/quantitating hydrogen and hydrogen isotopes includes a sampling line and a microplasma generator that excites hydrogen from a gas sample and produces light emission from excited hydrogen. A power supply provides power to the microplasma generator, and a spectrometer generates an emission spectrum from the light emission. A programmable computer is adapted for determining whether or not the gas sample includes hydrogen, and for quantitating the amount of hydrogen and/or hydrogen isotopes are present in the gas sample.
Duan, Yixiang (Los Alamos, NM); Jia, Quanxi (Los Alamos, NM); Cao, Wenqing (Katy, TX)
Sensors Handbook, 2 edition
Complete, State-of-the-Art Coverage of Sensor Technologies and Applications Fully revised with the latest breakthroughs in integrated sensors and control systems, Sensors Handbook, Second Edition provides all of the information needed ...
Sabrie Soloman
Optical system for high-speed Atomic Force Microscope
This thesis presents the design and development of an optical cantilever deflection sensor for a high speed Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). This optical sensing system is able to track a small cantilever while the X-Y scanner ...
Lim, Kwang Yong, S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ultrafast supercontinuum fiber-laser based pump-probe scanning magneto-optical Kerr effect microscope for the investigation of electron spin dynamics in semiconductors at cryogenic temperatures with picosecond time and micrometer spatial resolution
We describe a two-color pump-probe scanning magneto-optical Kerr effect microscope which we have developed to investigate electron spin phenomena in semiconductors at cryogenic temperatures with picosecond time and micrometer spatial resolution. The key innovation of our microscope is the usage of an ultrafast �white light� supercontinuum fiber-laser source which provides access to the whole visible and near-infrared spectral range. Our Kerr microscope allows for the independent selection of the excitation and detection energy while avoiding the necessity to synchronize the pulse trains of two separate picosecond laser systems. The ability to independently tune the pump and probe wavelength enables the investigation of the influence of excitation energy on the optically induced electron spin dynamics in semiconductors. We demonstrate picosecond real-space imaging of the diffusive expansion of optically excited electron spin packets in a (110) GaAs quantum well sample to illustrate the capabilities of the instrument.
Henn, T.; Kiessling, T., E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Ossau, W.; Molenkamp, L. W. [Physikalisches Institut (EP3), Universit�t W�rzburg, 97074 W�rzburg (Germany)] [Physikalisches Institut (EP3), Universit�t W�rzburg, 97074 W�rzburg (Germany); Biermann, K.; Santos, P. V. [Paul-Drude-Institut f�r Festk�rperelektronik, 10117 Berlin (Germany)] [Paul-Drude-Institut f�r Festk�rperelektronik, 10117 Berlin (Germany)
Universal signal processing method for multimode reflective sensors
sensitivity, but the sensor configuration is complicated and requires the use of expensive lasers and single mode fibers. Amplitude modulation trades sensitivity for low cost and ease of configuration by using light emitting diodes and multimode fibers. A... method for reflective sensors using optical fibers as the data transmission media. The proposed transmitter - receiver unit was based on the amplitude modulation of reflected optical signals. This involves the use of an light emitting diode (LED...
Larson, Robert Eugene
Ris-PhD-15(EN) Metal-Clad Waveguide Sensors
Risø-PhD-15(EN) Metal-Clad Waveguide Sensors Nina Skivesen Risø National Laboratory Roskilde Denmark September 2005 #12;Author: Nina Skivesen Title: Metal-Clad Waveguide Sensors Department: OPL Risø: 77 Abstract (max. 2000 char.): This work concerns planar optical waveguide sensors for biosensing
Micro-position sensor using faraday effect
A micro-position sensor and sensing system using the Faraday Effect. The sensor uses a permanent magnet to provide a magnetic field, and a magneto-optic material positioned in the magnetic field for rotating the plane of polarization of polarized light transmitted through the magneto-optic material. The magnet is independently movable relative to the magneto-optic material so as to rotate the plane of polarization of the polarized light as a function of the relative position of the magnet. In this manner, the position of the magnet relative to the magneto-optic material may be determined from the rotated polarized light. The sensing system also includes a light source, such as a laser or LED, for producing polarized light, and an optical fiber which is connected to the light source and to the magneto-optic material at a sensing end of the optical fiber. Processing electronics, such as a polarimeter, are also provided for determining the Faraday rotation of the plane of polarization of the back-reflected polarized light to determine the position of the magnet relative to the sensing end of the optical fiber.
McElfresh, Michael (Livermore, CA); Lucas, Matthew (Pittsburgh, PA); Silveira, Joseph P. (Tracy, CA); Groves, Scott E. (Brentwood, CA)
Vibration welding system with thin film sensor
A vibration welding system includes an anvil, a welding horn, a thin film sensor, and a process controller. The anvil and horn include working surfaces that contact a work piece during the welding process. The sensor measures a control value at the working surface. The measured control value is transmitted to the controller, which controls the system in part using the measured control value. The thin film sensor may include a plurality of thermopiles and thermocouples which collectively measure temperature and heat flux at the working surface. A method includes providing a welder device with a slot adjacent to a working surface of the welder device, inserting the thin film sensor into the slot, and using the sensor to measure a control value at the working surface. A process controller then controls the vibration welding system in part using the measured control value.
Cai, Wayne W; Abell, Jeffrey A; Li, Xiaochun; Choi, Hongseok; Zhao, Jingzhou
Sensor response rate accelerator
An apparatus and method for sensor signal prediction and for improving sensor signal response time, is disclosed. An adaptive filter or an artificial neural network is utilized to provide predictive sensor signal output and is further used to reduce sensor response time delay.
Vogt, Michael C. (Westmont, IL)
Remotely Deployed Virtual Sensors
Remotely Deployed Virtual Sensors TR-UTEDGE-2007-010 Sanem Kabadayi Christine Julien © Copyright 2007 The University of Texas at Austin #12;Remotely Deployed Virtual Sensors Sanem Kabadayi that run on mobile client devices connect to the sensors of a multihop sensor network. For emerging
Extensive study of the optical spectra for high-temperature superconducting oxides and their related materials from the infrared to the vacuum-ultraviolet energy region
Optical reflectivity spectra of (La, Sr)2CuO4 and YBa2Cu3Oy have been measured over a wide spectral range as high as 40 eV. Although overall...
Tajima, S; Seki, M; Hidaka, Y; Oka, K; Unoki, H; Suzuki, M; Suga, S; Ishii, H; Nakahashi, T; Murakami, T; Takagi, T; Uchida, S
SixDOF position sensor: enabling manufacturing flexibility
A small, non-contact optical sensor invented by the author attaches to a robot (or other machines), enabling the robot to detect objects, adjust its alignment in all six degrees of freedom (SixDOF), and read a task from a code on the part. Thus, the SixDOF sensor provides robots more intelligence to operate autonomously and adapt to changes without human intervention. A description of the sensor is provided. Also, an operating arrangement of a robot using the SixDOF sensor is presented with performance results described.
Vann, C.S.
Fiber-optic displacement sensor system
. Light pulses from a light emitting diode (LED) were coupled into a multimode fiber. The displacement of a mirror positioned near the end of the fiber was measured by monitoring the amplitude of the reflected pulses. A reference reflection from a.... Light pulses from a light emitting diode (LED) were coupled into a multimode fiber. The displacement of a mirror positioned near the end of the fiber was measured by monitoring the amplitude of the reflected pulses. A reference reflection from a...
Cava, Norayda Nora
Fluorescent Optical Position Sensor - Energy Innovation Portal
from the waveguide Does not introduce electrical energy Insensitive to electromagnetic interference Provides continuous measurements Has few moving parts Applications and...
Vision based navigation using novel optical sensors
~ O g M ~ R o 3j a o g O o 4k o + 6go O ) + A O L g A 0 ~O VJ A 'tS A oo A M A O O I4 8 'C el CC + C O C O ~O L 0 A V C C4 . 8 M C5 0 'C 0 C4 8 'C CC . 5 0 27 ~Sl R*Bt Experimental Setup 2 In a first.... Additionally, we define the following quantities: I: Inertia of the robot about G. M: Mass of the robot. Let's calculate the equations of inofion of G. Projecting the thrusters forces: MX ' VU~ cos 8 + VU2 cos 8 VUi sin 8 ? VU4 sin 8 MY = VU, sin 8+ VU...
Wazni, Karim Patrick
aircraft and power generation gas turbine engines, together with the extraordinary growth in microproces-wavelength system intended to mimic the response of a practical sensor. The goal was to develop signal interpretation strategies that would allow an optical sensor system to monitor needed properties in liquid
Seitzman, Jerry M.
Hydrogen gas sensor and method of manufacture
A sensor for measuring the pressure of hydrogen gas in a nuclear reactor, and method of manufacturing the same. The sensor comprises an elongated tube of hydrogen permeable material which is connected to a pressure transducer through a feedthrough tube which passes through a wall at the boundary of the region in which hydrogen is present. The tube is pressurized and flushed with hydrogen gas at an elevated temperature during the manufacture of the sensor in order to remove all gasses other than hydrogen from the device.
McKee, John M. (Hinsdale, IL)
Optically stimulated differential impedance spectroscopy
Methods and apparatuses for evaluating a material are described. Embodiments typically involve use of an impedance measurement sensor to measure the impedance of a sample of the material under at least two different states of illumination. The states of illumination may include (a) substantially no optical stimulation, (b) substantial optical stimulation, (c) optical stimulation at a first wavelength of light, (d) optical stimulation at a second wavelength of light, (e) a first level of light intensity, and (f) a second level of light intensity. Typically a difference in impedance between the impedance of the sample at the two states of illumination is measured to determine a characteristic of the material.
Maxey, Lonnie C; Parks, II, James E; Lewis, Sr., Samuel A; Partridge, Jr., William P
7003A-30, Session 5 Zero-crossing detection algorithm for arrays of optical
7003A-30, Session 5 Zero-crossing detection algorithm for arrays of optical spatial fi ltering-crossing detection algorithm for arrays of compact low-cost optical sensors for measuring e.g. minor fl uctuations-to-noise ratio, and delivers a "real time" output (0-1 kHz). The sensors use optical spatial-fi ltering
Full spectrum optical safeguard
An optical safeguard device with two linear variable Fabry-Perot filters aligned relative to a light source with at least one of the filters having a nonlinear dielectric constant material such that, when a light source produces a sufficiently high intensity light, the light alters the characteristics of the nonlinear dielectric constant material to reduce the intensity of light impacting a connected optical sensor. The device can be incorporated into an imaging system on a moving platform, such as an aircraft or satellite.
Ackerman, Mark R. (Albuquerque, NM)
2005 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena Parametric Modeling of Concentric Fringing Electric Field Sensors
of Concentric Fringing Electric Field Sensors X.B. Li, V.V. Inclan, G.I. Rowe, and A. V. Mamishev Sensors electric field (FEF) sensors are widely used for non-invasive measurement of material properties, such as porosity, viscosity, temperature, hardness, and degree of cure. FEF sensors have also been used to detect
Mamishev, Alexander
Pneumatic gap sensor and method
An apparatus and method for monitoring and maintaining a predetermined width in the gap between a casting nozzle and a casting wheel, wherein the gap is monitored by means of at least one pneumatic gap sensor. The pneumatic gap sensor is mounted on the casting nozzle in proximity to the casting surface and is connected by means of a tube to a regulator and a transducer. The regulator provides a flow of gas through a restictor to the pneumatic gap sensor, and the transducer translates the changes in the gas pressure caused by the proximity of the casting wheel to the pneumatic gap sensor outlet into a signal intelligible to a control device. The relative positions of the casting nozzle and casting wheel can thereby be selectively adjusted to continually maintain a predetermined distance between their adjacent surfaces. The apparatus and method enables accurate monitoring of the actual casting gap in a simple and reliable manner resistant to the extreme temperatures and otherwise hostile casting environment.
Bagdal, Karl T. (Middletown, OH); King, Edward L. (Trenton, OH); Follstaedt, Donald W. (Middletown, OH)
Building Adaptable Sensor Networks with Sensor Cubes
of layers allows easy experiments, upgrades and extensions Small-scale sensor network Example sensor module- world network algorithm and power management behavior · Results from small scale tests can be compared (short packets and high bit rate reduce collision probability); Transmitter's MAC table logic: Small
Roussos, George
Giant magnetoresistive sensor
A magnetoresistive sensor element with a three-dimensional micro-architecture is capable of significantly improved sensitivity and highly localized measurement of magnetic fields. The sensor is formed of a multilayer film of alternately magnetic and nonmagnetic materials. The sensor is optimally operated in a current perpendicular to plane mode. The sensor is useful in magnetic read/write heads, for high density magnetic information storage and retrieval.
Stearns, Daniel G. (Los Altos, CA); Vernon, Stephen P. (Pleasanton, CA); Ceglio, Natale M. (Livermore, CA); Hawryluk, Andrew M. (Modesto, CA)
Sensor system scaling issues
A model for IR sensor performance is used to compare estimates of sensor cost effectiveness. Although data from aircraft sensors indicate a weaker scaling, their agreement is adequate to support the assessment of the benefits of operating up to the maximum altitude of most current UAVs.
Canavan, G.H.
Sensor readout detector circuit
A sensor readout detector circuit is disclosed that is capable of detecting sensor signals down to a few nanoamperes or less in a high (microampere) background noise level. The circuit operates at a very low standby power level and is triggerable by a sensor event signal that is above a predetermined threshold level. A plurality of sensor readout detector circuits can be formed on a substrate as an integrated circuit (IC). These circuits can operate to process data from an array of sensors in parallel, with only data from active sensors being processed for digitization and analysis. This allows the IC to operate at a low power level with a high data throughput for the active sensors. The circuit may be used with many different types of sensors, including photodetectors, capacitance sensors, chemically-sensitive sensors or combinations thereof to provide a capability for recording transient events or for recording data for a predetermined period of time following an event trigger. The sensor readout detector circuit has applications for portable or satellite-based sensor systems. 6 figs.
Chu, D.D.; Thelen, D.C. Jr.
A sensor readout detector circuit is disclosed that is capable of detecting sensor signals down to a few nanoamperes or less in a high (microampere) background noise level. The circuit operates at a very low standby power level and is triggerable by a sensor event signal that is above a predetermined threshold level. A plurality of sensor readout detector circuits can be formed on a substrate as an integrated circuit (IC). These circuits can operate to process data from an array of sensors in parallel, with only data from active sensors being processed for digitization and analysis. This allows the IC to operate at a low power level with a high data throughput for the active sensors. The circuit may be used with many different types of sensors, including photodetectors, capacitance sensors, chemically-sensitive sensors or combinations thereof to provide a capability for recording transient events or for recording data for a predetermined period of time following an event trigger. The sensor readout detector circuit has applications for portable or satellite-based sensor systems.
Chu, Dahlon D. (Albuquerque, NM); Thelen, Jr., Donald C. (Bozeman, MT)
Sensors for Environmental Observatories
Sensors for Environmental Observatories Report of the NSF-Sponsored Workshop December 2004 #12 States of America. 2005. #12;Sensors for Environmental Observatories Report of the NSF Sponsored Workshop sensor technology and the networks that collect data from them. Present work clearly demonstrates
Hamilton, Michael P.
Definition: Equipment Health Sensor | Open Energy Information
Sensor Sensor Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Equipment Health Sensor Monitoring devices that automatically measure and communicate equipment characteristics that are related to the 'health' and maintenance of the equipment. These characteristics can include, but are not limited to temperature, dissolved gas, and loading. These devices can also automatically generate alarm signals if the equipment characteristics reach critical or dangerous levels.[1] Related Terms sustainability References ↑ [www.smartgrid.gov/sites/default/files/pdfs/description_of_assets.pdf SmartGrid.gov 'Description of Assets'] An LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. inline Glossary Definition Retrieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Equipment_Health_Sensor&oldid=502526
METAL COATING OF POROUS SILICON GAS SENSORS FOR IMPROVED SENSITIVITY & SELECTIVITY Thomas Osburn, Georgia Tech Physics, MSE SURF 2009 Fellow
METAL COATING OF POROUS SILICON GAS SENSORS FOR IMPROVED SENSITIVITY & SELECTIVITY Thomas Osburn Introduction Gas sensors on the market today have many limitations that prevent real world applications. The current standard, metal oxide sensors, are highly temperature dependant and work at high temperatures
Li, Mo
Optical gamma thermometer
An optical gamma thermometer includes a metal mass having a temperature proportional to a gamma flux within a core of a nuclear reactor, and an optical fiber cable for measuring the temperature of the heated metal mass. The temperature of the heated mass may be measured by using one or more fiber grating structures and/or by using scattering techniques, such as Raman, Brillouin, and the like. The optical gamma thermometer may be used in conjunction with a conventional reactor heat balance to calibrate the local power range monitors over their useful in-service life. The optical gamma thermometer occupies much less space within the in-core instrument tube and costs much less than the conventional gamma thermometer.
Koster, Glen Peter; Xia, Hua; Lee, Boon Kwee
Fiber optic refractive index monitor
A sensor for measuring the change in refractive index of a liquid uses the lowest critical angle of a normal fiber optic to achieve sensitivity when the index of the liquid is significantly less than the index of the fiber core. Another embodiment uses a liquid filled core to ensure that its index is approximately the same as the liquid being measured.
Weiss, Jonathan David (Albuquerque, NM)
In-situ measurement with fiber Bragg sensors in lithium batteries for safety usage
Fiber Bragg grating sensors are integrated in lithium batteries to measure temperature variations during batteries operated under normal and abnormal conditions. The thermal...
Yang, Gang; Leit�o, Catia; Li, Yuhong; Pinto, Jo�o; Jiang, Xuefan
Overview of Fraunhofer IPM Activities in High Temperature Bulk...
Workshop including an overview about Fraunhofer IPM, new funding situation in Germany, high temperature material and modules, energy-autarkic sensors, and thermoelectric...
High Temperature, High Voltage Fully Integrated Gate Driver Circuit
driver circuit, 5-V on- chip voltage regulator, short-circuit protection, undervoltage lockout, bootstrap capacitor, dead time controller and temperature sensor * 0.8-micron,...
High-Temperature-High-Volume Lifting for Enhanced Geothermal...
Norman Turnquist GE Global Research High Temperature Tools and Sensors, Down-hole Pumps and Drilling May 19, 2010 This presentation does not contain any proprietary...
The integration of ad hoc sensor and cellular networks for multi-class data transmission
The integration of ad hoc sensor and cellular networks for multi-class data transmission Fei Hu a. On the other hand, large-scale Ad hoc Sensor Networks (ASN), when deployed among mobile patients who may carry different kinds of micro-sensors to measure ECG, blood pressure, basal temperature or other physiological
Kumar, Sunil
4 - MEMS pressure and flow sensors for automotive engine management and aerospace applications
Abstract: Micromachined pressure and flow sensors for automotive and aerospace applications are covered in this chapter. MEMS design, fabrication and packaging are explored for these applications. Both new and developing MEMS sensors for high temperature, high pressure subsystems and related fuel quality sensors are included in this review.
D. Sparks
Semiconductor sensors for the detection of uorocarbons, uorine and hydrogen uoride
Semiconductor sensors for the detection of ¯uorocarbons, ¯uorine and hydrogen ¯uoride W. Moritza±insulator±semiconductor structure gas sensors based on silicon or silicon carbide to different ¯uorine- containing gases was studied in the temperature range 20±5308C. Silicon based gas sensors could be used for the determination of ¯uorine
An Optimisation-based Approach for Wireless Sensor Deployment in
for environmental protection, transportation, industrial production, health care, home safety, etc [1], [2]. They are constructed by a number of sensors that measure temperature, sound, vibration, motion, pollutants, etc. Even
Flener, Pierre
1UCRL-PRES-144073-REV-1 Electrochemical Sensors
versus hydrocarbons, humidity - Operating temperature: - 30 to 80 oC · Hydrogen Fuel Sensor performance targets*: - 1 to 100% hydrogen concentration - 10 - 30 mol% water, ~15% CO2,
Thin-film tin oxide�??ethanol sensor
Tin Oxide (SnO2) thin films grown on glass substrate at 648 K using direct evaporation method with two gold pads deposited on the top for electrical contacts were exposed to ethanol vapours (200-1000 ppm). The operating temperature of the sensor was optimised. The sensitivity variation of films having different thicknesses was studied. To improve the sensitivity and selectivity further, a thin layer of metal oxide was deposited on the sensor surface to work as a catalytic layer and its effect on the performance of the sensor was studied. The response and recovery times of the sensor were determined.
H.J. Pandya
Optical Fibers Optics and Photonics
Optical Fibers Optics and Photonics Dr. Palffy-Muhoray Ines Busuladzic Department of Theoretical and Applied Mathematics The University of Akron April 21, 2008 #12;Outline · History of optical fibers · What are optical fibers? · How are optical fibers made? · Light propagation through optical fibers · Application
Palffy-Muhoray, Peter
of the accelerator hall. 3. Vacuum "sensors". These sensors are actually control devices for vacuum pumps allows measuring the temperature of the vacuum chamber, cooling water, and windings of the magnetic sensors, it is also used to measure, for instance, vacuum parameters and some parameters of the cooling
Kozak, Victor R.
Optical processing furnace with quartz muffle and diffuser plate
An optical furnace for annealing a process wafer comprising a source of optical energy, a quartz muffle having a door to hold the wafer for processing, and a quartz diffuser plate to diffuse the light impinging on the quartz muffle; a feedback system with a light sensor located in the wall of the muffle is also provided for controlling the source of optical energy.
Sopori, Bhushan L. (Denver, CO)
Adaptive optics for ophthalmic applications using a pyramid wavefront
Adaptive optics for ophthalmic applications using a pyramid wavefront sensor St´ephane R. Chamot and Chris Dainty Applied Optics, Experimental Physics Department National University of Ireland Galway, University Road Galway, Ireland firstname.lastname@example.com http://optics.nuigalway.ie/index.html Simone
Dainty, Chris
Electromagnetic and nuclear radiation detector using micromechanical sensors
Electromagnetic and nuclear radiation is detected by micromechanical sensors that can be coated with various interactive materials. As the micromechanical sensors absorb radiation, the sensors bend and/or undergo a shift in resonance characteristics. The bending and resonance changes are detected with high sensitivity by any of several detection methods including optical, capacitive, and piezoresistive methods. Wide bands of the electromagnetic spectrum can be imaged with picoJoule sensitivity, and specific absorptive coatings can be used for selective sensitivity in specific wavelength bands. Microcantilevers coated with optical cross-linking polymers are useful as integrating optical radiation dosimeters. Nuclear radiation dosimetry is possible by fabricating cantilevers from materials that are sensitive to various nuclear particles or radiation. Upon exposure to radiation, the cantilever bends due to stress and its resonance frequency shifts due to changes in elastic properties, based on cantilever shape and properties of the coating.
Thundat, Thomas G. (Knoxville, TN); Warmack, Robert J. (Knoxville, TN); Wachter, Eric A. (Oak Ridge, TN)
A new principle for low-cost hydrogen sensors for fuel cell technology safety
Hydrogen sensors are of paramount importance for the safety of hydrogen fuel cell technology as result of the high pressure necessary in fuel tanks and its low explosion limit. I present a novel sensor principle based on thermal conduction that is very sensitive to hydrogen, highly specific and can operate on low temperatures. As opposed to other thermal sensors it can be operated with low cost and low power driving electronics. On top of this, as sensor element a modified standard of-the shelf MEMS thermopile IR-sensor can be used. The sensor principle presented is thus suited for the future mass markets of hydrogen fuel cell technology.S.
Liess, Martin [Rhein Main University of Applied Sciences, R�sselsheim, Wiesbaden (Germany)
HCH-1000 Series Capacitive Humidity Sensor
www.honeywell.com/sensing SPECIFICATIONS (TA= 25 ºC [77 ºF], Input Voltage = 1 VRMS, Frequency = 20 k: TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS (At 1 VRMS and 20 kHz) #12;Capacitive Humidity Sensors Honeywell Sensing TEST SYSTEM DIAGRAM #12;Sensing and Control 1985 Douglas Drive North Minneapolis, MN 55422 www.honeywell
Rowe, Anthony
Ivan Stojmenovic 1 Wireless Sensor Networks
6 Sensor networks: Applications · Nature · Wildlife Great Duck Island (Berkeley 2002) · Home) · Prescribed fires · Phased deployment, beginning August 2004 Measure Temperature, Relative Humidity, Wind to change batteries [seals change the fur :) ] · Network can be very sparse Ivan Stojmenovic 15 Wildlife
Stojmenovic, Ivan
Tests gauge LED sensors for fuel-dye measurements
The goal of this work was to develop a low cost, robust sensor to allow direct measurement of Solvent Red 164 dye concentration in off-road fuel at refineries and fuel terminals. Optical absorption sensors based on light emitting diodes (LEDs) are rugged, low-cost, have low power consumption, and can be designed to be intrinsically safe.LED-based systems have been used in a variety of chemical detection applications including heavy metals, pH, CO2, and O2. The approach for this work was to develop a sensor that could be mounted on a pipeline sight glass, precluding the need for direct contact of the sensor with the fuel. Below is described the design and testing of three different LED/photodiode sensors utilizing reflectance spectrometry for the measurement of dye concentration.
Ozanich, Richard M.; Lucke, Richard B.; Melville, Angela M.; Wright, Bob W.
Reliability estimates for selected sensors in fusion applications
This report presents the results of a study to define several types of sensors in use, the qualitative reliability (failure modes) and quantitative reliability (average failure rates) for these types of process sensors. Temperature, pressure, flow, and level sensors are discussed for water coolant and for cryogenic coolants. The failure rates that have been found are useful for risk assessment and safety analysis. Repair times and calibration intervals are also given when found in the literature. All of these values can also be useful to plant operators and maintenance personnel. Designers may be able to make use of these data when planning systems. The final chapter in this report discusses failure rates for several types of personnel safety sensors, including ionizing radiation monitors, toxic and combustible gas detectors, humidity sensors, and magnetic field sensors. These data could be useful to industrial hygienists and other safety professionals when designing or auditing for personnel safety.
Cadwallader, L.C.
Electro-Mechanical Resonant Magnetic Field Sensor
We describe a new type of magnetic field sensor which is termed an Electro-Mechanical Resonant Sensor (EMRS). The key part of this sensor is a small conductive elastic element with low damping rate and therefore a high Q fundamental mode of frequency $f_1$. An AC current is driven through the elastic element which, in the presence of a magnetic field, causes an AC force on the element. When the frequency of the AC current matches the resonant frequency of the element, maximum vibration of the element occurs and this can be measured precisely by optical means. We have built and tested a model sensor of this type using for the elastic element a length of copper wire of diameter 0.030 mm formed into a loop shape. The wire motion was measured using a light emitting diode photo-transistor assembly. This sensor demonstrated a sensitivity better than 0.001G for an applied magnetic field of $ \\sim 1$G and a good selectivity for the magnetic field direction. The sensitivity can be easily improved by a factor of $\\sim ...
Temnykh, A B; Temnykh, Alexander B.; Lovelace, Richard V. E.
Capacitive chemical sensor
A microfabricated capacitive chemical sensor can be used as an autonomous chemical sensor or as an analyte-sensitive chemical preconcentrator in a larger microanalytical system. The capacitive chemical sensor detects changes in sensing film dielectric properties, such as the dielectric constant, conductivity, or dimensionality. These changes result from the interaction of a target analyte with the sensing film. This capability provides a low-power, self-heating chemical sensor suitable for remote and unattended sensing applications. The capacitive chemical sensor also enables a smart, analyte-sensitive chemical preconcentrator. After sorption of the sample by the sensing film, the film can be rapidly heated to release the sample for further analysis. Therefore, the capacitive chemical sensor can optimize the sample collection time prior to release to enable the rapid and accurate analysis of analytes by a microanalytical system.
Manginell, Ronald P; Moorman, Matthew W; Wheeler, David R
Working Group Report: Sensors
Sensors play a key role in detecting both charged particles and photons for all three frontiers in Particle Physics. The signals from an individual sensor that can be used include ionization deposited, phonons created, or light emitted from excitations of the material. The individual sensors are then typically arrayed for detection of individual particles or groups of particles. Mounting of new, ever higher performance experiments, often depend on advances in sensors in a range of performance characteristics. These performance metrics can include position resolution for passing particles, time resolution on particles impacting the sensor, and overall rate capabilities. In addition the feasible detector area and cost frequently provides a limit to what can be built and therefore is often another area where improvements are important. Finally, radiation tolerance is becoming a requirement in a broad array of devices. We present a status report on a broad category of sensors, including challenges for the future and work in progress to solve those challenges.
Artuso, M.; et al.,
Process for manufacture of thick film hydrogen sensors
A thick film process for producing hydrogen sensors capable of sensing down to a one percent concentration of hydrogen in carrier gasses such as argon, nitrogen, and air. The sensor is also suitable to detect hydrogen gas while immersed in transformer oil. The sensor includes a palladium resistance network thick film printed on a substrate, a portion of which network is coated with a protective hydrogen barrier. The process utilizes a sequence of printing of the requisite materials on a non-conductive substrate with firing temperatures at each step which are less than or equal to the temperature at the previous step.
Perdieu, Louisa H. (Overland Park, KS)
Contact stress sensor
A method for producing a contact stress sensor that includes one or more MEMS fabricated sensor elements, where each sensor element of includes a thin non-recessed portion, a recessed portion and a pressure sensitive element adjacent to the recessed portion. An electric circuit is connected to the pressure sensitive element. The circuit includes a pressure signal circuit element configured to provide a signal upon movement of the pressure sensitive element.
Kotovsky, Jack
Ice structure monitoring with an optical fiber sensing system
Ice has been used as an effective and economical material for constructions of roads and platforms in cold regions. However, the practical applications of this brittle material are limited by the fact that ice structures can suddenly crack due to low tensile strength, be crushed due to excessive compression, melt and become soften as temperature elevates. In this paper, an early warning system is proposed to monitor the strain state and damage characteristic of ice structures. Firstly, both fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and Brillouin optical time domain analysis/reflectometry (BOTDA/R) sensors were installed in an ice block and an ice beam to understand their axial and flexural behaviors under a concentrated load. Secondly, the solution for strain state and damage process of ice structures was derived analytically under test conditions. Finally, an outdoor ice road test bed was built and continuously monitored for 34�h to validate the early warning system and understand the early stage behavior of ice structures. The experimental results agreed well with their corresponding theoretical predictions. The early warning system with optical sensors is effective and practical for long-term monitoring for ice structures.
Zhi Zhou; Minghua Huang; Jianping He; Genda Chen; Jinping Ou
Calorimetric gas sensor
A combustible gas sensor is described that uses a resistively heated, noble metal-coated, micromachined polycrystalline Si filament to calorimetrically detect the presence and concentration of combustible gases. The filaments tested to date are 2 {micro}m thick {times} 10{micro}m wide {times} 100, 250, 500, or 1000 {micro}m-long polycrystalline Si; some are overcoated with a 0.25 {micro}m-thick protective CVD Si{sub 3}N{sub 4} layer. A thin catalytic Pt film was deposited by CVD from the precursor Pt(acac){sub 2} onto microfilaments resistively heated to approximately 500 C; Pt deposits only on the hot filament. Using a constant-resistance-mode feedback circuit, Pt-coated filaments operating at ca. 300 C (35 mW input power) respond linearly, in terms of the change in supply current required to maintain constant resistance (temperature), to H{sub 2} concentrations between 100 ppm and 1% in an 80/20 N{sub 2}/O{sub 2} mixture. Other catalytic materials can also be used. 11 figs.
Ricco, A.J.; Hughes, R.C.; Smith, J.H.; Moreno, D.J.; Manginell, R.P.; Senturia, S.D.; Huber, R.J.
A combustible gas sensor that uses a resistively heated, noble metal-coated, micromachined polycrystalline Si filament to calorimetrically detect the presence and concentration of combustible gases. The filaments tested to date are 2 .mu.m thick.times.10 .mu.m wide.times.100, 250, 500, or 1000 .mu.m-long polycrystalline Si; some are overcoated with a 0.25 .mu.m-thick protective CVD Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 layer. A thin catalytic Pt film was deposited by CVD from the precursor Pt(acac).sub.2 onto microfilaments resistively heated to approximately 500.degree. C.; Pt deposits only on the hot filament. Using a constant-resistance-mode feedback circuit, Pt-coated filaments operating at ca. 300.degree. C. (35 mW input power) respond linearly, in terms of the change in supply current required to maintain constant resistance (temperature), to H.sub.2 concentrations between 100 ppm and 1% in an 80/20 N.sub.2 /O.sub.2 mixture. Other catalytic materials can also be used.
Ricco, Antonio J. (Albuquerque, NM); Hughes, Robert C. (Cedar Crest, NM); Smith, James H. (Albuquerque, NM); Moreno, Daniel J. (Albuquerque, NM); Manginell, Ronald P. (Albuquerque, NM); Senturia, Stephen D. (Brookline, MA); Huber, Robert J. (Bountiful, UT)
MTDC Safety Sensor Technology
MTDC Safety Sensor Technology MTDC Safety Sensor Technology Background Beyond the standard duty cycle data collection system used in the Department of Energy's Medium Truck Duty Cycle program, additional sensors were installed on three test vehicles to collect several safety-related signals of interest to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. The real-time brake stroke, tire pressure, and weight information obtained from these sensors is expected to make possible a number of safety-related analyses such as determining the frequency and severity of braking events and tracking tire pressure changes over time. Because these signals are posted to the vehicle's databus, they also have the potential to be
R&D 100: Smart Sensors Mean Energy Savings | Department of Energy
R&D 100: Smart Sensors Mean Energy Savings R&D 100: Smart Sensors Mean Energy Savings R&D 100: Smart Sensors Mean Energy Savings July 23, 2013 - 3:04pm Addthis Researchers at the Energy Department's National Renewable Energy Laboratory recently developed a new smart occupancy sensor that adds optics to what had only been a motion detection before. The new sensor combines an inexpensive camera with a high-speed microprocessor and algorithms to detect movement and human presence in a room with an accuracy of more than 90 percent -- an advancement that could lead to enormous energy savings in commercial buildings. | Photo courtesy of Dennis Schroeder, NREL. Researchers at the Energy Department's National Renewable Energy Laboratory recently developed a new smart occupancy sensor that adds optics to what
Smart Sensors Mean Energy Savings Smart Sensors Mean Energy Savings R&D 100: Smart Sensors Mean Energy Savings July 23, 2013 - 3:04pm Addthis Researchers at the Energy Department's National Renewable Energy Laboratory recently developed a new smart occupancy sensor that adds optics to what had only been a motion detection before. The new sensor combines an inexpensive camera with a high-speed microprocessor and algorithms to detect movement and human presence in a room with an accuracy of more than 90 percent -- an advancement that could lead to enormous energy savings in commercial buildings. | Photo courtesy of Dennis Schroeder, NREL. Researchers at the Energy Department's National Renewable Energy Laboratory recently developed a new smart occupancy sensor that adds optics to what
Temperature maintained battery system
A chassis contains a battery charger connected to a multi-cell battery. The charger receives direct current from an external direct current power source and has means to automatically selectively charge the battery in accordance with a preselected charging program relating to temperature adjusted state of discharge of the battery. A heater device is positioned within the chassis which includes heater elements and a thermal switch which activates the heater elements to maintain the battery above a certain predetermined temperature in accordance with preselected temperature conditions occurring within the chassis. A cooling device within the chassis includes a cooler regulator, a temperature sensor, and peltier effect cooler elements. The cooler regulator activates and deactivates the peltier cooler elements in accordance with preselected temperature conditions within the chassis sensed by the temperature sensor. Various vehicle function circuitry may also be positioned within the chassis. The contents of the chassis are positioned to form a passage proximate the battery in communication with an inlet and outlet in the chassis to receive air for cooling purposes from an external source.
Newman, W.A.
Tracking heat flux sensors for concentrating solar applications
Innovative tracking heat flux sensors located at or near the solar collector's focus for centering the concentrated image on a receiver assembly. With flux sensors mounted near a receiver's aperture, the flux gradient near the focus of a dish or trough collector can be used to precisely position the focused solar flux on the receiver. The heat flux sensors comprise two closely-coupled thermocouple junctions with opposing electrical polarity that are separated by a thermal resistor. This arrangement creates an electrical signal proportional to heat flux intensity, and largely independent of temperature. The sensors are thermally grounded to allow a temperature difference to develop across the thermal resistor, and are cooled by a heat sink to maintain an acceptable operating temperature.
Andraka, Charles E; Diver, Jr., Richard B
Energy Conservation in Sensor and
Chapter 4 Energy Conservation in Sensor and Sensor-Actuator Networks Ivan Stojmenovic 4 wireless network, and must work unattended. The limited energy budget at the individual sensor level
Technique for the Estimation of Surface Temperatures from Embedded Temperature Sensing for Rapid, High Energy Surface Deposition
Temperature histories on the surface of a body that has been subjected to a rapid, high-energy surface deposition process can be di#14;fficult to determine, especially if it is impossible to directly observe the surface or attach a temperature sensor to it. In this report, we explore two methods for estimating the temperature history of the surface through the use of a sensor embedded within the body very near to the surface. First, the maximum sensor temperature is directly correlated with the peak surface temperature. However, it is observed that the sensor data is both delayed in time and greatly attenuated in magnitude, making this approach unfeasible. Secondly, we propose an algorithm that involves fitting the solution to a one-dimensional instantaneous energy solution problem to both the sensor data and to the results of a one-dimensional CVFEM code. This algorithm is shown to be able to estimate the surface temperature {+-}~20#14;{degrees}C.
Watkins, Tyson R.; Schunk, Peter Randall; Roberts, Scott A.
Sealed fiber-optic bundle feedthrough
A sealed fiber-optic bundle feedthrough by which a multitude of fiber-optic elements may be passed through an opening or port in a wall or structure separating two environments at different pressures or temperatures while maintaining the desired pressure or temperature in each environment. The feedthrough comprises a rigid sleeve of suitable material, a bundle of individual optical fibers, and a resin-based sealing material that bonds the individual optical fibers to each other and to the rigid sleeve.
Tanner, Carol E. (Niles, MI)
1292 IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 12, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2006 Optical Detection of Single Nanoparticles and Viruses
on a nanoparticle as it passes through a confined optical field, and the other method uses a background, sensor, viruses. I. INTRODUCTION THERE is a high demand for sensors that are able to detect small amounts this threat. Therefore, a broad network of sensors has to be deployed. These sensors must be affordable
Novotny, Lukas
A Diode Laser Chemical Sensor Utilizing an Oxidized Lower Cladding Layer for High Sensitivity
A Diode Laser Chemical Sensor Utilizing an Oxidized Lower Cladding Layer for High Sensitivity email@example.com Tel: 805.893.7065 Abstract: We demonstrate a novel chemical sensor incorporating a symmetrically-clad clad, and have tight optical confinement [4]. Symmetrically clad dielectric waveguides have been
Coldren, Larry A.
Sensors and actuators 1990
This book contains the proceedings on sensors and actuators 1990. Topics covered include: Hot wire air flow meter for engine control systems, A technique for the real-time estimation of air-fuel ratio using molecular weight ratios, combustion knock sensing: Sensor selection and application issues, and An indirect sensing technique for closed-loop diesel fuel quantity control.
Not Available
Sensors & Materials | Argonne National Laboratory
Sensors and Materials Argonne uses its materials and engineering expertise to develop, test, and deploy sensors and materials to detect nuclear and radiological materials, chemical...
Progress in Fiber Optical Acoustic and Seismic Sensing
A review of the progress in fiber optic acoustic and seismic sensor systems is presented. Common advancements in areas such as multiplexing are covered as well as specific progress in...
Kirkendall, Clay; Cole, James H; Tveten, Alan B; Dandridge, Anthony
4 - Mobile Robot Sensors
The use of sensors is of paramount importance for closing the feedback control loops that secure efficient and automated/autonomous operation of mobile robots in real-life applications. Sensing methods provide higher level and intelligence capabilities that go far beyond the �preprogrammed� style of operation. This chapter provides a conceptual introduction to a number of important sensors for mobile robot operation and control. Specifically, the objectives of the chapter are (i) to provide a popular classification of sensors, along with their operational features, (ii) to discuss sonar, laser, and infrared sensors, (iii) to present an outline of robotic vision and its principal functions (including omnidirectional vision), (iv) to list the operation principles of gyroscope, compass, and force/tactile sensors, and (v) to give a brief introduction to the global positioning system.
Spyros G. Tzafestas
Optics5 (5.1.02) Knowledge Base Optics5 (5.1.02) Knowledge Base Last Updated: 09/11/13 Table of Contents INSTALLATION EXECUTION bullet ** Operating Systems -- Microsoft Windows 7 and Vista ** bullet ** Running Optics5 with Microsoft Windows 7 and Vista ** bullet ** Running Optics5 with Microsoft Windows 7 and Vista 64 bit ** Optics5 may not work correctly with regional/locale settings using "," as a decimal separator. bullet Which Windows operating systems can be used to run Optics? "Class Does Not Support Automation or Expected Interface" error message bullet How much hard disk space should be available to install Optics? Optics user manual bullet I receive a virus warning (nimda-virus) when installing Optics. What should I do? NFRC Procedure for Applied Films bullet I have installed Optics but I can't find the program or the icon.
Wavelength-tunable optical ring resonators
Optical ring resonator devices are disclosed that can be used for optical filtering, modulation or switching, or for use as photodetectors or sensors. These devices can be formed as microdisk ring resonators, or as open-ring resonators with an optical waveguide having a width that varies adiabatically. Electrical and mechanical connections to the open-ring resonators are made near a maximum width of the optical waveguide to minimize losses and thereby provide a high resonator Q. The ring resonators can be tuned using an integral electrical heater, or an integral semiconductor junction.
Watts, Michael R. (Albuquerque, NM); Trotter, Douglas C. (Albuquerque, NM); Young, Ralph W. (Albuquerque, NM); Nielson, Gregory N. (Albuquerque, NM)
AquaNodes: An Underwater Sensor Network Iuliu Vasilescu
modem and an optical mo- dem implemented using green light. The system of sensor nodes communicates communication and support for sensing and mobil- ity. The nodes in the system are connected acoustically for broadcast communication using an acoustic modem we de- veloped. For higher point to point communication
Farritor, Shane
and an optical mo- dem implemented using green light. The system of sensor nodes communicates with a TDMA communication and support for sensing and mobil- ity. The nodes in the system are connected acoustically for broadcast communication using an acoustic modem we de- veloped. For higher point to point communication
Zhou, Shengli
Electrochemical micro sensor
A micro-amperometric electrochemical sensor for detecting the presence of a pre-determined species in a fluid material is disclosed. The sensor includes a smooth substrate having a thin coating of solid electrolytic material deposited thereon. The working and counter electrodes are deposited on the surface of the solid electrolytic material and adhere thereto. Electrical leads connect the working and counter electrodes to a potential source and an apparatus for measuring the change in an electrical signal caused by the electrochemical oxidation or reduction of the species. Alternatively, the sensor may be fabricated in a sandwich structure and also may be cylindrical, spherical or other shapes.
Setter, Joseph R. (Naperville, IL); Maclay, G. Jordan (Maywood, IL)
Providing technical means to detect, prevent, and reverse the threat of potential illicit use of radiological or nuclear materials is among the greatest challenges facing contemporary science and technology. In this short article, we provide brief description and overview of the state-of-the-art in sensor development for the detection of radioactive materials, as well as an identification of the technical needs and challenges faced by the detection community. We begin with a discussion of gamma-ray and neutron detectors and spectrometers, followed by a description of imaging sensors, active interrogation, and materials development, before closing with a brief discussion of the unique challenges posed in fielding sensor systems.
Mayo, Robert M.; Stephens, Daniel L.
RF current sensor
An RF sensor having a novel current sensing probe and a voltage sensing probe to measure voltage and current. The current sensor is disposed in a transmission line to link all of the flux generated by the flowing current in order to obtain an accurate measurement. The voltage sensor is a flat plate which operates as a capacitive plate to sense voltage on a center conductor of the transmission line, in which the measured voltage is obtained across a resistance leg of a R-C differentiator circuit formed by the characteristic impedance of a connecting transmission line and a capacitance of the plate, which is positioned proximal to the center conductor.
Moore, James A. (Powell, TN); Sparks, Dennis O. (Maryville, TN)
Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation Annual Project Review 2013 |
Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation Annual Project Review 2013 Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation Annual Project Review 2013 Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation Annual Project Review 2013 The Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation (ASI) element of the Nuclear Energy Enabling Technologies (NEET) program conducted its first Annual Project Review Meeting on May 21-22, 2013 in Germantown, Maryland. The purpose of this meeting was to review the status of the 10 ASI projects initiated in FY 2012. The meeting summary and project presentations are available here. ASI Project Review Summary ASI Overview High Temperature Fission Chamber Micro-Pocket Fission Detectors Irradiation Testing of Ultrasonic Transducers Recalibration Methodology Digital Technology Qualification Design for Fault Tolerance and Resilience Sensor Degradation Control Systems
Future Directions for Magnetic Sensors
Future Directions for Magnetic Sensors: HYBRIDMATERIALS Our goal is to develop the scientific expertise needed to allow modeling and simulation to become the driving force in improving magnetic sensors effectiveness in developing new and improved magnetic sensors. By quantifying the improvement in sensor
SBIR Grant: �?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?No-Vibration Agile Cryogenic Optical Refrigerator
Optical refrigeration is currently the only all-solid-state cryocooling technology that has been demonstrated. Optical cryocoolers are devices that use laser light to cool small crystal or glass cooling elements. The cooling element absorbs the laser light and reradiates it at higher energy, an example of anti-Stokes fluorescence. The dif-ference between the energy of the outgoing and incoming light comes from the thermal energy of the cooling element, which in turn becomes colder. Entitled �?�?�?�?�?�?�?¢�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?No-Vibration Agile Cryocoolers using Optical Refrigeration,�?�?�?�?�?�?�?¢�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�?�? this Phase I proposal directly addressed the continued development of the optical refrigerator components necessary to transition this scientific breakthrough into National Nu-clear Security Administration (NNSA) sensor applications in line with the objectives of topic 50b. ThermoDynamic Films LLC (TDF), in collaboration with the University of New Mexico (UNM), cooled an optical-refrigerator cooling element comprised of an ytterbium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride (Yb:YLF) crystal from room tempera-ture to 123 K with about 2% efficiency. This is the world record in optical refrigera-tion and an important step toward revolutionizing cryogenic systems for sensor ap-plications. During this period, they also designed and analyzed the crucial elements of a prototype optical refrigerator including the thermal link that connects the cool-ing element with the load.
Epstein, Richard
Oxazine-based sensor for contaminant detection, fabrication method therefor, and uses thereof
A sensor, a method for its fabrication, and a method for its use to detect contaminants, for example, ammonia, in stagnant and dynamic fluid media, especially liquid media. The sensor is an opto-chemical sensor that includes a polymer optical fiber, a sensing layer comprising oxazine 170 perchlorate on the polymer optical fiber, and a membrane layer on the sensing layer. The membrane layer is gas permeable and not permeable to the fluid in the fluid system, and moisture is entrapped by and between the sensing and membrane layers.
Nnanna, Agbai Agwu; Jalal, Ahmed Hasnian
Development of Combined Opto-Acoustical Sensor Modules
The faint fluxes of cosmic neutrinos expected at very high energies require large instrumented detector volumes. The necessary volumes in combination with a sufficient shielding against background constitute forbidding and complex environments (e.g. the deep sea) as sites for neutrino telescopes. To withstand these environments and to assure the data quality, the sensors have to be reliable and their operation has to be as simple as possible. A compact sensor module design including all necessary components for data acquisition and module calibration would simplify the detector mechanics and ensures the long term operability of the detector. The compact design discussed here combines optical and acoustical sensors inside one module, therefore reducing electronics and additional external instruments for calibration purposes. In this design the acoustical sensor is primary used for acoustic positioning of the module. The module may also be used for acoustic particle detection and marine science if an appropriat...
Enzenh�fer, A; Graf, K; H��l, J; Katz, U; Lahmann, R; Neff, M; Richardt, C
Test results of a ceramic-based carbon monoxide sensor in the automotive exhaust manifold
A prototype CO sensor based on the anatase phase of TiO{sub 2} was fabricated and tested in a Ford V6 engine. Fuel combustion was programmed to be near stoichiometric conditions, and emissions were monitored with an FT-IR analytical instrument. The sensor, positioned near the oxygen sensor in the exhaust manifold, was successfully tested for 50 cycles of revving and idling, and was observed to respond quickly and reproducibly. The sensor response was correlated to the CO concentration at specific engine temperatures and was found to vary systematically with increasing concentrations. The results are promising and the sensor shows potentials to monitor the efficiency of the catalytic converter.
Azad, A.M.; Younkman, L.B.; Akbar, S.A. [Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
Complex pendulum biomass sensor
A complex pendulum system biomass sensor having a plurality of pendulums. The plurality of pendulums allow the system to detect a biomass height and density. Each pendulum has an angular deflection sensor and a deflector at a unique height. The pendulums are passed through the biomass and readings from the angular deflection sensors are fed into a control system. The control system determines whether adjustment of machine settings is appropriate and either displays an output to the operator, or adjusts automatically adjusts the machine settings, such as the speed, at which the pendulums are passed through the biomass. In an alternate embodiment, an entanglement sensor is also passed through the biomass to determine the amount of biomass entanglement. This measure of entanglement is also fed into the control system.
Hoskinson, Reed L. (Rigby, ID); Kenney, Kevin L. (Idaho Falls, ID); Perrenoud, Ben C. (Rigby, ID)
NOx Sensor Development
needed to meet emission targets and enable widespread use of diesel vehicles with better fuel economies: We are developing a novel sensor with the potential to meet OEM cost and...
Inversion of marine heat flow measurements by expansion of the temperature decay function
......number of sensors to be mounted on one string due to increased storage capacity. Both developments now permit multipenetration deployments...the penetration did not suffice to raise the temperature from seawater temperature above the ambient sediment temperature. This caused......
A. Hartmann; H. Villinger
Sensor Network Lifetime Maximization Via Sensor Energy Balancing: Construction and Optimal Scheduling of Sensor Trees
in such a way that the total energy usage of the active sensor nodes in the tree is minimized. However whenSensor Network Lifetime Maximization Via Sensor Energy Balancing: Construction and Optimal Scheduling of Sensor Trees Ling Shi , Agostino Capponi , Karl H. Johansson and Richard M. Murray Abstract
Johansson, Karl Henrik
Six-degree-of-freedom Sensor Fish design and instrumentation
Fish passing through dams may be injured or killed despite advances in turbine design, project operations and other fish bypass systems. The Six-degree-of-freedom (6DOF) Sensor Fish device is an autonomous sensor package designed to characterize the physical conditions and physical stresses fish are exposed to when they pass through complex hydraulic environments. It has been used to identify the locations and operations where conditions are severe enough to injure or kill fish. During the design process, a set of governing equations of motion for the device was derived and simulated in order to understand the design implications of instrument selection and placement within the body of the device. The sensor package includes three rotation sensors, three acceleration sensors, a pressure sensor, and a temperature sensor with a sampling frequency of 2,000 Hz. Its housing is constructed of clear polycarbonate plastic. It is 24.5 mm in diameter and 90 mm in length, weighs about 43 grams, similar to the size and density of a yearling salmon smolt. The relative errors of both the linear acceleration and angular velocity measurements were determined to be less than 5% from laboratory acceptance tests. Since its development in 2005, the 6DOF Sensor Fish device has been successfully deployed at many major dams in the United States.
Deng, Zhiqun; Carlson, Thomas J.; Duncan, Joanne P.; Richmond, Marshall C.
Wireless flexible capacitive sensor based on ultra-flexible epoxy resin for strain measurement of automobile tires
The measurement of strain of tires in-service is effective in improving the reliability of tires and ABS systems. Since conventional strain gages have high stiffness and require lead wires, conventional strain gages are cumbersome for the strain measurement of tires. The present study proposes a novel flexible patch-type strain sensor utilizing electric capacitance change. The sensor is made from flexible polyimide substrates and ultra-flexible epoxy resin, which makes the sensor low in stiffness and high in elongation as a whole structure. The sensor utilizes capacitance changes due to the applied strain, and wireless measurements are conducted using amplitude modulation. The sensor is applied to an automobile tire, and compression tests are performed. The effects of the temperature changes are also measured. The proposed sensor is found to successfully measure the applied strain of the tire wirelessly, and the effects of the temperature changes are minimized using a dummy sensor in a self-temperature compensation circuit.
Ryosuke Matsuzaki; Akira Todoroki
An optical fan for light beams for high-precision optical measurements and optical switching
The polarization and orbital angular momentum properties of light are of great importance in optical science and technology in the fields of high precision optical measurements and high capacity and high speed optical communications. Here we show, a totally new method, based on a combination of these two properties and using the thermal dispersion and electro-optical effect of birefringent crystals, the construction of a simple and robust scheme to rotate a light beam like a fan. Using a computer-based digital image processing technique, we determine the temperature and the thermal dispersion difference of the crystal with high resolution. We also use the rotation phenomenon to realize thermo-optic and electro-optic switches. The basic operating principles for measurement and switching processes are presented in detail. The methods developed here will have wide practical applicability in various fields, including remote sensing, materials science and optical communication networks.
Zhou, Zhi-Yuan; Ding, Dong-Sheng; Jiang, Yun-Kun; Zhang, Wei; Shi, Shuai; Shi, Bao-Sen; Guo, Guang-Can
Zhi-Yuan Zhou; Yan Li; Dong-Sheng Ding; Yun-Kun Jiang; Wei Zhang; Shuai Shi; Bao-Sen Shi; Guang-Can Guo
Nonimaging Optics
The nonimaging optical system, by definition, does not produce an image of the light source. Instead, it is designed to concentrate radiation at a density as high as theoretically possible. Nonimaging optics h...
Dr. Ralf Leutz; Dr. Akio Suzuki
Optical Switch
seven wonders Optical Switch A key component in the laser chain, an optical switch called a plasma electrode Pockels cell (PEPC), was invented and developed at LLNL. A Pockels cell...
Multi-range force sensors utilizing shape memory alloys
The present invention provides a multi-range force sensor comprising a load cell made of a shape memory alloy, a strain sensing system, a temperature modulating system, and a temperature monitoring system. The ability of the force sensor to measure contact forces in multiple ranges is effected by the change in temperature of the shape memory alloy. The heating and cooling system functions to place the shape memory alloy of the load cell in either a low temperature, low strength phase for measuring small contact forces, or a high temperature, high strength phase for measuring large contact forces. Once the load cell is in the desired phase, the strain sensing system is utilized to obtain the applied contact force. The temperature monitoring system is utilized to ensure that the shape memory alloy is in one phase or the other.
Varma, Venugopal K. (Knoxville, TN)
Low temperature monitoring system for subsurface barriers
A system for monitoring temperature of a subsurface low temperature zone is described. The system includes a plurality of freeze wells configured to form the low temperature zone, one or more lasers, and a fiber optic cable coupled to at least one laser. A portion of the fiber optic cable is positioned in at least one freeze well. At least one laser is configured to transmit light pulses into a first end of the fiber optic cable. An analyzer is coupled to the fiber optic cable. The analyzer is configured to receive return signals from the light pulses.
Vinegar, Harold J. (Bellaire, TX); McKinzie, II. Billy John (Houston, TX)
Proposal and experimental verification of Bragg wavelength distribution measurement within a long-length FBG by synthesis of optical coherence function
In this paper, a sensor system for measuring continuous Bragg wavelength distribution in a long-length fiber Bragg grating is newly proposed, using synthesis of optical coherence...
Hotate, Kazuo; Kajiwara, Koji
of grating and fiber types. KEY WORDS: Fiber-Optic Gratings, Fiber-Optic Sensors, Strain Gage Factor 1 theoretical background. Then, in Section 3, we discuss measurement methods followed by the experimental tests and results in Section 4, before concluding in Section 5. 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Consider an FBG fabricated
Park, Yong-Lae
Sensor Characteristics Reference Guide
The Buildings Technologies Office (BTO), within the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), is initiating a new program in Sensor and Controls. The vision of this program is: � Buildings operating automatically and continuously at peak energy efficiency over their lifetimes and interoperating effectively with the electric power grid. � Buildings that are self-configuring, self-commissioning, self-learning, self-diagnosing, self-healing, and self-transacting to enable continuous peak performance. � Lower overall building operating costs and higher asset valuation. The overarching goal is to capture 30% energy savings by enhanced management of energy consuming assets and systems through development of cost-effective sensors and controls. One step in achieving this vision is the publication of this Sensor Characteristics Reference Guide. The purpose of the guide is to inform building owners and operators of the current status, capabilities, and limitations of sensor technologies. It is hoped that this guide will aid in the design and procurement process and result in successful implementation of building sensor and control systems. DOE will also use this guide to identify research priorities, develop future specifications for potential market adoption, and provide market clarity through unbiased information
Cree, Johnathan V.; Dansu, A.; Fuhr, P.; Lanzisera, Steven M.; McIntyre, T.; Muehleisen, Ralph T.; Starke, M.; Banerjee, Pranab; Kuruganti, T.; Castello, C.
Active Control Strategies for Chemical Sensors and Sensor Arrays
validated on metal-oxide (MOX) sensors. Our results show that the active sensing method obtains better classification performance than passive sensing methods, and also is more robust to additive Gaussian noise in sensor measurements. Second, we consider...
Gosangi, Rakesh
Apparatus for accurately measuring high temperatures
The present invention is a thermometer used for measuring furnace temperaes in the range of about 1800.degree. to 2700.degree. C. The thermometer comprises a broadband multicolor thermal radiation sensor positioned to be in optical alignment with the end of a blackbody sight tube extending into the furnace. A valve-shutter arrangement is positioned between the radiation sensor and the sight tube and a chamber for containing a charge of high pressure gas is positioned between the valve-shutter arrangement and the radiation sensor. A momentary opening of the valve shutter arrangement allows a pulse of the high gas to purge the sight tube of air-borne thermal radiation contaminants which permits the radiation sensor to accurately measure the thermal radiation emanating from the end of the sight tube.
Smith, Douglas D. (Knoxville, TN)
Mid-Infrared Trace Gas Analysis with Single-Pass Fourier Transform Infrared Hollow Waveguide Gas Sensors
A hollow core optical fiber gas sensor has been developed in combination with a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer operating in the spectral range of 4000�500...
Kim, Seong-Soo; Menegazzo, Nicola; Young, Christina; Chan, James; Carter, Chance; Mizaikoff, Boris
The rational design of nitric oxide selectivity in single-walled carbon nanotube near infrared fluorescence sensors for biological detection
A major challenge in the synthesis of nanotube or nanowire sensors is imparting selective analyte binding through means other than covalent linkages which compromise electronic and optical properties. We synthesize a ...
Kim, Jong-Ho
Wireless Sensor Network Fundamentals
Wireless Sensor Network Fundamentals Wireless Sensor Network Fundamentals Speaker(s): Steven Lanzisera Date: February 8, 2010 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Kevin Kircher Wireless sensor networks have been promising to provide easy data collection and control capability to applications ranging from scientific data collection, disaster recover, national security, and more. The user experience, however, has been filled with confusing terminology, complicated systems, and a lack of interoperability between vendors. Users with a background in the technology and fundamentals are better able to understand system capabilities, make decisions, and end up with a network that meets their needs. Although a sufficient coverage of this topic is at least a semester course, the goal of this talk is to give a brief
Chemiresistor urea sensor
A sensor to detect and quantify urea in fluids resulting from hemodialysis procedures, and in blood and other body fluids. The sensor is based upon a chemiresistor, which consists of an interdigitated array of metal fingers between which a resistance measured. The interdigitated array is fabricated on a suitable substrate. The surface of the array of fingers is covered with a coating containing the enzyme urease which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to form the ammonium ion, the bicarbonate ion, and hydroxide-chemical products which provide the basis for the measured signal. In a typical application, the sensor could be used at bedside, in conjunction with an appropriate electronics/computer system, in order to determine the hemodialysis endpoint. Also, the chemiresistor used to detect urea, can be utilized with a reference chemiresistor which does not contain urease, and connected in a differential measurement arrangement, such that the reference chemiresistor would cancel out any fluctuations due to background effects.
Glass, Robert S. (Livermore, CA)
Capacitive proximity sensor
A proximity sensor based on a closed field circuit. The circuit comprises a ring oscillator using a symmetrical array of plates that creates an oscillating displacement current. The displacement current varies as a function of the proximity of objects to the plate array. Preferably the plates are in the form of a group of three pair of symmetric plates having a common center, arranged in a hexagonal pattern with opposing plates linked as a pair. The sensor produces logic level pulses suitable for interfacing with a computer or process controller. The proximity sensor can be incorporated into a load cell, a differential pressure gauge, or a device for measuring the consistency of a characteristic of a material where a variation in the consistency causes the dielectric constant of the material to change.
Kronberg, James W. (Aiken, SC)
Humidity, Pressure, and Temperature Measurements in an Interdigitated-Flow PEM Hydrogen Fuel Cell
In situ measurements of humidity, temperature, and pressure are demonstrated for a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell of interdigitated gas flow channel layout. Sensors are embedded at ...
S. Bell; G. Hinds; M. de Podesta; M. Stevens�
High-Temperature Circuit Boards for Use in Geothermal Well Monitoring...
Composite Technology Development, Inc. High-Temperature Tools and Sensors, Downhole Pumps and Drilling May 19, 2010 This presentation does not contain any proprietary...
Leak Detection and H2 Sensor Development for Hydrogen Applications
The objectives of this report are: (1) Develop a low cost, low power, durable, and reliable hydrogen safety sensor for a wide range of vehicle and infrastructure applications; (2) Continually advance test prototypes guided by materials selection, sensor design, electrochemical R&D investigation, fabrication, and rigorous life testing; (3) Disseminate packaged sensor prototypes and control systems to DOE Laboratories and commercial parties interested in testing and fielding advanced prototypes for cross-validation; (4) Evaluate manufacturing approaches for commercialization; and (5) Engage an industrial partner and execute technology transfer. Recent developments in the search for sustainable and renewable energy coupled with the advancements in fuel cell powered vehicles (FCVs) have augmented the demand for hydrogen safety sensors. There are several sensor technologies that have been developed to detect hydrogen, including deployed systems to detect leaks in manned space systems and hydrogen safety sensors for laboratory and industrial usage. Among the several sensing methods electrochemical devices that utilize high temperature-based ceramic electrolytes are largely unaffected by changes in humidity and are more resilient to electrode or electrolyte poisoning. The desired sensing technique should meet a detection threshold of 1% (10,000 ppm) H{sub 2} and response time of {approx_equal}1 min, which is a target for infrastructure and vehicular uses. Further, a review of electrochemical hydrogen sensors by Korotcenkov et.al and the report by Glass et.al suggest the need for inexpensive, low power, and compact sensors with long-term stability, minimal cross-sensitivity, and fast response. This view has been largely validated and supported by the fuel cell and hydrogen infrastructure industries by the NREL/DOE Hydrogen Sensor Workshop held on June 8, 2011. Many of the issues preventing widespread adoption of best-available hydrogen sensing technologies available today outside of cost, derive from excessive false positives and false negatives arising from signal drift and unstable sensor baseline; both of these problems necessitate the need for unacceptable frequent calibration.
Brosha, Eric L. [Los Alamos National Laboratory
Magnetic differential torque sensor
A new torque sensor structure is presented. The basic idea is a simple torque sensor with a variable magnetic circuit excited by an axially magnetized permanent magnet ring. The circuit is constituted by iron toothed rings, whose teeth relative position changes whenever an applied torque twists the rotating shaft. A Hall probe measures the induction in an airgap where the induction is uniform. The new structure is an association of two previous ones, thus creating a differential system with the related advantages: diminution of thermal drifts, zero mean value for the signal. The new magnetic circuit is studied by calculating equivalent reluctances through energy calculations and by using electrical analogies.
Lemarquand, V.; Lemarquand, G. [Univ. de Savoie, Annecy-le-Vieux (France)] [Univ. de Savoie, Annecy-le-Vieux (France)
Sensors as Information Transducers
This chapter reviews the mechanisms by which sensors gather information from the physical world and transform it into the electronic signals that are used in today's information and control systems. It introduces a new methodology for describing sensing mechanisms based on the process of information flow and applies it to the broad spectrum of sensors, instruments and data input devices in current use. We identify four distinct elemental transduction processes: energy conversion, energy dispersion, energy modulation and modulation of a material property. We posit that these four mechanisms form a complete set for describing information transduction in sensing systems.
J. David zook; Norbert Schroeder
A hydrogen sensor element comprises an essentially inert, electrically-insulating substrate having a thin-film metallization deposited thereon which forms at least two resistors on the substrate. The metallization comprises a layer of Pd or a Pd alloy for sensing hydrogen and an underlying intermediate metal layer for providing enhanced adhesion of the metallization to the substrate. An essentially inert, electrically insulating, hydrogen impermeable passivation layer covers at least one of the resistors, and at least one of the resistors is left uncovered. The difference in electrical resistances of the covered resistor and the uncovered resistor is related to hydrogen concentration in a gas to which the sensor element is exposed.
Lauf, Robert J. (Oak Ridge, TN); Hoffheins, Barbara S. (Knoxville, TN); Fleming, Pamela H. (Oak Ridge, TN)
Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation Newsletter
The Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation (ASI) newsletter will be released periodically to inform program stakeholders about new developments and achievements in the area of sensors, instrumentation and related technologies across the Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) R&D programs.
Controlled mobility in sensor networks
K. Gupta. Optimizing energy-latency trade- o? in sensoras �Optimizing Energy-Latency Trade-o? in Sensor NetworksK. Gupta, �Optimizing Energy-Latency Trade-o? in Sensor
Sugihara, Ryo
A Novel Thermal Position Sensor Integrated On A Plastic Substrate
A thermal position sensor was fabricated and evaluated. The device consists of an array of temperature sensing elements, fabricated entirely on a plastic substrate. A novel fabrication technology was implemented which allows direct integration with read out electronics and communication to the macro-world without the use of wire bonding. The fabricated sensing elements are temperature sensitive Pt resistors with an average TCR of 0.0024/C. The device realizes the detection of the position and the motion of a heating source by monitoring the resistance variation of the thermistor array. The application field of such a cost-effective position sensor is considered quite extensive.
A. Petropoulos; G. Kaltsas; D. Goustouridis; A. G. Nassiopoulou
Nanotechnology-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Biomonitoring...
Nanotechnology-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Biomonitoring Chemical Exposures . Nanotechnology-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Biomonitoring Chemical Exposures . Abstract:...
Lighting Controls/Sensors | Open Energy Information
Lighting ControlsSensors Incentives Retrieved from "http:en.openei.orgwindex.php?titleLightingControlsSensors&oldid267...
Ammonia and ammonium hydroxide sensors for ammonia/water absorption machines: Literature review and data compilation
This report describes an evaluation of various sensing techniques for determining the ammonia concentration in the working fluid of ammonia/water absorption cycle systems. The purpose of this work was to determine if any existing sensor technology or instrumentation could provide an accurate, reliable, and cost-effective continuous measure of ammonia concentration in water. The resulting information will be used for design optimization and cycle control in an ammonia-absorption heat pump. PNL researchers evaluated each sensing technology against a set of general requirements characterizing the potential operating conditions within the absorption cycle. The criteria included the physical constraints for in situ operation, sensor characteristics, and sensor application. PNL performed an extensive literature search, which uncovered several promising sensing technologies that might be applicable to this problem. Sixty-two references were investigated, and 33 commercial vendors were identified as having ammonia sensors. The technologies for ammonia sensing are acoustic wave, refractive index, electrode, thermal, ion-selective field-effect transistor (ISFET), electrical conductivity, pH/colormetric, and optical absorption. Based on information acquired in the literature search, PNL recommends that follow-on activities focus on ISFET devices and a fiber optic evanescent sensor with a colormetric indicator. The ISFET and fiber optic evanescent sensor are inherently microminiature and capable of in situ measurements. Further, both techniques have been demonstrated selective to the ammonium ion (NH{sub 4}{sup +}). The primary issue remaining is how to make the sensors sufficiently corrosion-resistant to be useful in practice.
Anheier, N.C. Jr.; McDonald, C.E.; Cuta, J.M.; Cuta, F.M.; Olsen, K.B.
Damage Detection of CFRP Plates by Full-Spectral Analysis of a Fibre Bragg Grating Sensor Signal
This paper describes the measurement of average strain, strain distribution and vibration of cantilever beam made of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP), using a single Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor mounted on the beam surface. Average strain is determined from the displacement of the peak wavelength of reflected light from the FBG sensor. Unstrained reference FBG sensors were used to compensate for temperature drift and the photoelastic coefficient (P{sub e}), which was used to calculate the gauge factor. Measured strains agree with those measured by a resistance foil strain gauge attached to the sample. Stress distributions are measured by monitoring the variation in the full width half maximum (FWHM) values of the reflected spectrum, using a proposed optical analytical model, described in the paper. FWHM values were measured for both the cantilever test beam and a for a reference beam, loaded using a four-point bending rig. The trend of the stress distribution for the test beam matches with our analytical model, however with a relatively large noise present in the experimentally determined data. The vibration of cantilever beam was measured by temporal analysis of the peak reflection wavelength. This technique is very stable as measurements are not affected by variations in the signal amplitude. Finally an application of FBG sensors for damage detection of CFRP plates is demonstrated, by measuring the average strain and natural frequency. With small defects of different sizes applied to the CFRP plate, average strains were seen to increase with damage size and the natural frequency decreased with damage size.
Mizutani, Yoshihiro [Optical Non-Destructive Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2600 GB Delft (Netherlands); Solid and Structures Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, 2-12-1-I1-70, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 (Japan); Groves, Roger M. [Optical Non-Destructive Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2600 GB Delft (Netherlands)
X-ray bang-time and fusion reaction history at picosecond resolution using RadOptic detection
We report recent progress in the development of RadOptic detectors, radiation to optical converters, that rely upon x-ray absorption induced modulation of the optical refractive index of a semiconductor sensor medium to amplitude modulate an optical probe beam. The sensor temporal response is determined by the dynamics of the electron-hole pair creation and subsequent relaxation in the sensor medium. Response times of a few ps have been demonstrated in a series of experiments conducted at the LLNL Jupiter Laser Facility (JLF). This technology will enable x-ray bang-time and fusion burn-history measurements with {approx} ps resolution.
Vernon, S. P.; Lowry, M. E.; Baker, K. L.; Bennett, C. V.; Celeste, J. R.; Cerjan, C.; Haynes, S.; Hernandez, V. J.; Hsing, W. W.; LaCaille, G. A.; London, R. A.; Moran, B.; Schach von Wittenau, A.; Steele, P. T.; Stewart, R. E. [Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808 (United States)
X-ray bang-time and fusion reaction history at ~ps resolution using RadOptic detection
We report recent progress in the development of RadOptic detectors, radiation to optical converters, that rely upon x-ray absorption induced modulation of the optical refractive index of a semiconductor sensor medium to amplitude modulate an optical probe beam. The sensor temporal response is determined by the dynamics of the electron-hole pair creation and subsequent relaxation in the sensor medium. Response times of a few ps have been demonstrated in a series of experiments conducted at the LLNL Jupiter Laser Facility. This technology will enable x-ray bang-time and fusion burn-history measurements with {approx} ps resolution.
Vernon, S P; Lowry, M E; Baker, K L; Bennett, C V; Celeste, J R; Cerjan, C; Haynes, S; Hernandez, V J; Hsing, W W; London, R A; Moran, B; von Wittenau, A S; Steele, P T; Stewart, R E
Sensor network algorithms and applications
...range-based localization methods for wireless sensor networks. They review...compression techniques for wireless sensor networks. They pay...consuming hundreds of megawatts of electricity. Careful monitoring of large...of the state of the art in wireless sensor networks. The articles...
OPTICS (Version 5.1.02) OPTICS (Version 5.1.02) Release notes NOTE: See the Optics Knowledge Base for how to run this version of Optics on the Microsoft Vista and Microsoft Windows 7 operating systems March 5, 2003: Release Maintenance Pack 2 New ! January 7, 2003: Release Maintenance Pack 1 October 23, 2002: Release Optics 5.1.01 September 27, 2002: Release Optics 5.1.00 (only released on CDs at NFRC Annual Fall Meeting) Release notes Maintenance Pack 2 Bug fixes: New features: bullet Applied films that were created could not be saved or exported. This has been fixed. bullet Exporting glazing systems generated a message that the operation failed because the glazing system type is unknown. Glazing systems can now be exported to file (e.g. to view the spectral data), but the structure information will be lost.
Wireless sensor node localization
...need to be asymmetrical, with small, passive sensor nodes listening for signals from one or more larger transmitters. The fact...is dropping. For example, the $600 MEMS-based analogue device ADIS16360 unit has a tri-axis accelerometer and a tri-axis...
Precision liquid level sensor
A precision liquid level sensor utilizes a balanced R. F. bridge, each arm including an air dielectric line. Changes in liquid level along one air dielectric line imbalance the bridge and create a voltage which is directly measurable across the bridge.
Field, Michael E. (Albuquerque, NM); Sullivan, William H. (Albuquerque, NM)
Thick film hydrogen sensor
A thick film hydrogen sensor element includes an essentially inert, electrically-insulating substrate having deposited thereon a thick film metallization forming at least two resistors. The metallization is a sintered composition of Pd and a sinterable binder such as glass frit. An essentially inert, electrically insulating, hydrogen impermeable passivation layer covers at least one of the resistors. 8 figs.
Hoffheins, B.S.; Lauf, R.J.
Smart Materials as Sensors and Actuators for Lorentz Force Tuning System Przemyslaw Skalski
Smart Materials as Sensors and Actuators for Lorentz Force Tuning System Przemyslaw Skalski-pulse detuning measurement 36 3.6. Conclusion 37 Chapter 4. Smart materials 39 4.1. Introduction 39 4 temperature 63 5.4. Capacitance change 67 5.5. Conclusion 69 #12;Smart Materials as Sensors and Actuators
Optical Magnetism
Magnetic dipole radiation one fourth as intense as electric dipole radiation, as well as a novel nonlinear magneto-optical effect are reported in dielectric media.
Oliveira, Samuel L; Rand, Stephen C
Intelligent Sensor Validation and Fusion with distributed "MEMS Dust" Sensors Shijun Qiu*
Intelligent Sensor Validation and Fusion with distributed "MEMS Dust" Sensors (Abstract) Shijun Qiu, Berkeley firstname.lastname@example.com Key Words : sensor networks, sensor fusion, sensor validation, micro-electromechanical systems, MEMS MEMS sensors make a rich design space of networked sensors viable. They can be deeply
Agogino, Alice M.