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To compare two strategies of dynamic intensity modulated radiation therapy (dIMRT) with 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) in the setting of hypofractionated high-risk prostate cancer treatment.
3DCRT and dIMRT/Helical Tomotherapy(HT) planning with 10 CT datasets was undertaken to deliver 68 Gy in 25 fractions (prostate) and simultaneously delivering 45 Gy in 25 fractions (pelvic lymph node targets) in a single phase. The paradigms of pelvic vessel targeting (iliac vessels with margin are used to target pelvic nodes) and conformal normal tissue avoidance (treated soft tissues of the pelvis while limiting dose to identified pelvic critical structures) were assessed compared to 3DCRT controls. Both dIMRT/HT and 3DCRT solutions were compared to each other using repeated measures ANOVA and post-hoc paired t-tests.
When compared to conformal pelvic vessel targeting, conformal normal tissue avoidance delivered more homogenous PTV delivery (2/2 t-test comparisons; p < 0.001), similar nodal coverage (8/8 t-test comparisons; p = ns), higher and more homogenous pelvic tissue dose (6/6 t-test comparisons; p < 0.03), at the cost of slightly higher critical structure dose (Ddose, 1–3 Gy over 5/10 dose points; p < 0.03). The dIMRT/HT approaches were superior to 3DCRT in sparing organs at risk (22/24 t-test comparisons; p < 0.05).
dIMRT/HT nodal and pelvic targeting is superior to 3DCRT in dose delivery and critical structure sparing in the setting of hypofractionation for high-risk prostate cancer. The pelvic targeting paradigm is a potential solution to deliver highly conformal pelvic radiation treatment in the setting of nodal location uncertainty in prostate cancer and other pelvic malignancies.
Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy to afflict the Canadian male population. It is estimated that approximately 20700 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2006 and approximately 4200 will die of this disease [1]. Standard curative treatment for high-risk prostate cancer [2] is a radical course of radiation treatment with long-term androgen suppression therapy [3,4]. A recently completed RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) prospective randomized phase III trial shows that whole pelvic nodal irradiation improves biochemical disease-free survival in patients with a high-risk (>15%) of positive pelvic lymph nodes from prostate cancer based on tumour stage, PSA, and Gleason grade [5].
This radiation treatment usually consists of sequential phases using shrinking fields. Traditionally, the first phase consists of five daily fractions each week to the whole pelvis including the prostate gland and pelvic lymph nodes at risk using a four-field box technique. The usual prescribed doses range from 44 to 50.4 Gy in 1.8–2.0 Gy fractions. The remainder of the radiation treatment is given to a reduced boost volume targeting the prostate gland (± seminal vesicles) using the same fractionation schedule to a radical total dose. Androgen suppression therapy can be given in neo-adjuvant, concurrent, and/or adjuvant form with the radiation [3,4]. Unfortunately, the use of conventionally planned whole pelvic radiotherapy to treat the whole pelvis results in toxicity to normal structures such as the small bowel, rectum, and bladder.
Recent studies have illustrated a steep dose response relationship through escalating the total dose to approximately 80 Gy (1.8–2.0 Gy per fraction) in intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer patients. The increasingly higher doses also intensifies toxicities to the organs at risk (OARs) which can be partially overcome by using advanced planning techniques such as IMRT or a concomitant boost approach (6–14). However, dose escalation has not typically been performed in conjunction with pelvic nodal radiation. The pelvic dose bath may make it difficult to safely dose escalate the prostate gland while respecting normal tissue constraints to the OARs.
Recent literature suggests that prostate cancer may be different than other malignancies in terms of its slow proliferation rate. Labeling indexes can be extraordinarily low, with most reports suggesting levels below 1%, and longer potential doubling times with a median Tpot value of 40 days (range 15 to 170) [15]. Traditionally, an alpha:beta ratio of 10 Gy is used to calculate the biologically equivalent dose (BED) for acute toxicity and tumour response. Current studies are predicting an alpha:beta ratio of 1.5 Gy (range 0.8–2.2) for prostate carcinoma, below the classic alpha:beta ratio of 3 to 4 Gy for rectal late radiation effects [16-22]. This gives a potential therapeutic advantage for hypofractionated RT schedules over conventional fractionation by escalating the biologically equivalent dose in a shorter period of treatment time with better tumour control and reduced rectal toxicity [18,23-25]. Proposed biologically equivalent hypofractionated treatment schedules for prostate cancer have been suggested in the literature [18-20,24].
The aim of this comparative dosimetric analysis is to evaluate two pelvic treatment paradigms of either pelvic vessel contouring plus margin expansion (pelvic vessel targeting paradigm) or full pelvic content treatment excluding identified critical structures (normal tissue avoidance paradigm) in the setting of hypofractionated treatment of high-risk prostate cancer. Helical tomotherapy will be used as the dynamic intensity modulated radiation therapy solution for both treatment solutions. 3DCRT plans will be used for control comparisons.
Methods and materials
Patients and target/normal tissue contours
A sample of ten patients were scanned on a helical CT scanner (Phillips 5000) with 3 mm slice thickness with comfortably full bladder and no bowel preparation prior to simulation. The prostate and seminal vesicles were identified and contoured on each patient (by JY) and reviewed by two clinicians (GR, GB) in order to generate consensus-based contours. The PTV1 was defined as prostate + 7.5 mm (Figure 1). The nodal target was defined by a method proposed by Shih et al [26]. The distal common iliac (2 cm superior to the common iliac bifurcation), internal iliac (4 cm distal to bifurcation of the common iliac), and external iliac vessels (to the top of the superior pubic symphysis) were outlined from L5-S1 to the top of the symphysis pubis.
Figure 1. Example dosimetric volumes used for this study: Target – Prostate and Prostate/Seminal Vesicles PTVs, Nodal Target, Pelvic Target; Normal Tissue – Bladder and Rectum.
The conformal pelvic vessel targeting paradigm was assessed by generating a lymph node planning target volume which was defined by a 20 mm radial expansion of the contoured vessels and tailored to respect the muscle and bony pelvis normal tissue boundaries up to 10 mm. Therefore the final PTVcpvt for conformal pelvic vessel targeting included both PTV1 and the lymph node planning target volume (Figure 1). The conformal pelvic normal tissue avoidance paradigm was assessed by generating a pelvic soft tissue target which was defined as the pelvic soft tissue volume within a standard four field box. This volume exists between the previously defined lymph node planning target volume, respecting the normal tissue boundaries of muscle and bone, and subtracting out all other identified targets such as small bowel, bladder, rectum, and femora. Therefore, the PTVcnta for conformal normal tissue avoidance was the PTV1 + lymph node planning target volume + pelvic soft tissue target (Figure 1). In both planning cases, the simultaneous in-field boost (SIB) prostate boost volume would be PTV1.
Rectum, bladder and femoral heads were outlined using the guidelines provided by the RTOG P-0126 protocol. Specifically, the entire outer wall of the bladder is contoured, the rectum is contoured from the anus (at the level of the ischial tuberostities) for a length of 15 cm or to where the rectosigmoid flexure is identified. Femurs include the femoral head and extend inferiorly to the level of the ischial tuberosity. Small bowel was contoured in all slices where the nodal target or pelvic target was identified. All critical structures were contoured as a single volumetric structure and considered to be solid organs for dosimetric calculations. A prescription dose of 68 Gy was prescribed to 95% of the PTV1 in 25 fractions. PTVcpvt and PTVcnta were prescribed 45 Gy in the same 25 fractions for both the conformal pelvic vessel targeting and conformal normal tissue avoidance strategies, respectively.
Helical tomotherapy planning
The dynamic IMRT solution chosen for this dosimetric feasibility study was helical tomotherapy (TomoTherapy Inc., Madison, WI, USA). CT datasets and structures were transferred to the TomoTherapy planning workstation using the DICOM RT protocol. The TomoTherapy station re-sampled the CT datasets in 256 × 256 voxels with the slice thickness re-sampled to the smallest slice separation in the original CT dataset. The planning system used an inverse treatment planning process based on iterative least squares minimization of an objective function [27]. Initial precedence, importance, and penalty factors were set (Table 1) to obtain a preliminary helical tomotherapy plan. Subsequent optimization was based on an assessment of target and OAR dose-volume parameters that have not been achieved and altering the penalty factors associated with the target/OAR to drive the plan optimization. The solutions must have resulted in deliverable treatment and could not exceed 30 minutes for total treatment delivery. The dose was calculated using a superposition/convolution approach [28,29]. Helical delivery is emulated in calculating 51 projections per rotation and the dose calculation uses a total of 24 different angles for the dose spread array of the incident 6 MV beam. The optimization algorithm is deterministic which allowed for the direct comparison of different strategies. A standardized class solution with a fan beam width of 11 mm, a pitch of 0.5, modulation factor of 3 and a dose calculation grid of approximately 4 × 4 × 3 mm3 was used [30].
Table 1. Tumor and Normal Tissue Initial Tomotherapy Plan Optimization Parameters
Three-dimensional conventional planning
3DCRT plans with 18 MV photons were generated using a commercial treatment planning system, Pinnacle DCM7.6c (Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). The plans that were developed used a four-field technique to treat the pelvis and will serve as the control arm for this dosimetric study. For the anterior/posterior fields the superior border was at L5-S1, lateral borders 2 cm lateral to the widest point of the bony pelvic inlet, and inferior border 1.5 cm below the prostate on CT images. For the lateral fields, the anterior border was the anterior surface of the pubic symphysis, posterior border was the middle of the sacrum, including at least a posterior 0.75 cm margin on the prostate and seminal vesicle. Superior and inferior margins were identical to the anterior/posterior fields. The simultaneous in-field (SIB) prostate boost was treated with a 6 field coplanar technique targeting the prostate and proximal seminal vesicle with 1 cm margin. Shielding using 120 multi-leaf collimation (MLC) was used to shape the fields.
Statistical methodology
The dIMRT/HT plans were compared to each other and the 3DCRT in terms of a priori defined target and normal tissue dose volume histogram (DVH) and dose metric outcome characteristics (Table 2). The a priori null hypothesis, for all comparisons, was that the mean values of DVH parameters/metrics between all three paradigms were not different. The alternate hypothesis was that the mean DVH parameters/metrics between all three paradigms were different. All main comparisons were performed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). All two-way (between any two paradigms) post-hoc comparisons were performed using paired Bonferroni adjusted Student's t-tests.
Table 2. Target and Normal Tissue Dose Metrics Utilized in Study
Target structures
The ten CT planning studies represent a wide range of potential target and normal tissue volumes (Table 3). All three planning strategies were able to cover 95% of the PTV1 with the prescription dose. Comparing one planning process to the other, there are statistically significant differences in the delivery of dose to this PTV1 (Table 4). When assessing dose homogeneity as defined as both D99-D1 and D95-D5, the conformal normal tissue avoidance solution showed the most homogeneous dose distribution compared to the other two strategies. 3DCRT delivered a higher absolute dose to the nodal target volume at all dose points (Table 5). However, both dIMRT/HT plans were able to deliver the prescription dose to the nodal target while being significantly more homogeneous. The pelvic soft tissue target volume looks specifically at the soft tissues within the pelvic field that excludes the nodal target and the organs at risk (Table 6). Given the highly conformal nature of tomotherapy, the conformal pelvic vessel targeting approach delivered a significantly lower dose to the pelvic soft tissues, as they were not specifically targeted. As expected, the 3DCRT and conformal normal tissue avoidance strategies delivered the highest dose to the pelvic soft tissue target volume. The conformal normal tissue avoidance technique had better homogeneity of dose compared to the 3DCRT control due to the IMRT delivery of helical tomotherapy.
Table 3. Volume Characteristics of 10 Patient CT datasets.
Table 4. Dose Volume Metrics of the PTV1
Table 5. Dose Volume Metrics of the Nodal Target Volumes
Table 6. Dose Volume Metrics for the Pelvic Soft Tissue Target
Organs at risk
DVH characteristics were compared for the rectum, bladder, femoral heads, and small bowel (Table 7). The 3DCRT plan generated the highest dose to all the organs at risk. The dIMRT/HT techniques were both able to significantly spare the critical structures better than the non-conformal control. Within the two dIMRT/HT approaches, conformal pelvic vessel targeting delivered a lower dose at most dose points in comparison to conformal normal tissue avoidance.
Table 7. Dose Volume Metrics for the Organs at Risk
Dosimetric summary
When compared to conformal pelvic vessel targeting, conformal normal tissue avoidance delivered more homogenous PTV delivery (2/2 t-test comparisons; P < 0.001, Table 4), similar nodal coverage (8/8 t-test comparisons; p = ns, Table 5), higher and more homogenous pelvic tissue dose (6/6 t-test comparisons; P < 0.03, Table 6), at the cost of slightly higher critical structure dose (Ddose, 1–3 Gy over 5/10 dose points; P < 0.03, Table 7). The dIMRT/HT approaches were superior to 3DCRT in sparing organs at risk (22/24 t-test comparisons; P < 0.05, Table 7).
Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) uses an advanced planning technique that creates complex dose distributions that can deliver a radical dose of radiation to the prostate gland and treat the pelvic nodes at risk, while reducing the irradiated volume of small bowel and rectum [31]. In addition, IMRT can be used to deliver dose to the primary prostate volume while simultaneously treating the regional lymph nodes at risk to a lower dose in a single phase. This strategy, called an SIB technique has many clinical, dosimetric, and economic advantages and has been incorporated into several different anatomic sites [32-39]. Integrating the whole pelvis and prostate boost into the plan optimization from the outset may, in theory, improve the likelihood that the resulting solution will be able to meet the constraints for safe prostate dose escalation in the setting of whole pelvis treatment. By using a SIB scheme, the prostate gland can be irradiated with a radical hypofractionated dose schedule while the pelvic nodes would receive a conventionally fractionated traditional microscopic dose [40].
Using IMRT, a conformal pelvic vessel targeting solution can be acheived to treat the prostate gland while also treating the pelvic node bearing regions if the physician can reliability identify these treatment volumes. In the area of head and neck radiotherapy, standardized and reliable anatomic maps for contouring lymph node regions are available [41,42]. However, no consensus exists for a standardized identification of pelvic lymph node anatomy exists. Currently, contouring of the pelvic vessels has been used as a surrogate for pelvic nodal regions and used to generate clinical target volumes. This is usually done by adding a 1.5 to 2 cm margin around the vessel itself to approximate the region of the perivascular lymph nodes [26]. Several potential difficulties exist with this conformal pelvic vessel targeting approach. Firstly, there is uncertainty as to the optimal margin of normal tissue around the vessels to adequately cover the lymph node bearing regions. Secondly, there can be difficulty in the tracking and visualizing of the internal iliac vasculature. Finally, there is an inability to target smaller lymphatic vessels and lymph node regions "in transit" to the larger nodal stations along the visible vessels.
An alternate strategy proposed in relation to this study is conformal normal tissue avoidance. In this solution, the goal is to identify the organs at risk (bladder, small bowel, rectum, and femoral heads) and subtract them from the pelvic target volume. The remaining volume is identified as the target for regional nodal irradiation, which contains the soft tissues of the pelvis (corresponding to the pelvis at risk that would be treated by a standard non conformal pelvic radiation field). Inversely or forward planned optimization can then be designed to treat the pelvic soft tissue target volume to a microscopic dose while limiting dose to the identified critical structures and dose escalating the prostate gland. This approach carries the advantage that the critical structures are typically easier to identify as avoidance volumes rather than the nodal target regions (which rely on vessels as a surrogate marker). The conformal normal tissue avoidance strategy would also allow treatment of smaller lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes within the pelvic soft tissues with a lower risk of under-treating important nodal regions. Problems with this approach include a modest increase in dose to the organs at risk compared to the conformal pelvic vessel targeting approach and the effect of inter-fraction organ movement. Multiple CT simulations or daily image guidance with adaptive therapy may be required to clinically implement a pelvic conformal avoidance strategy. However it is important to note that doses to the OAR's compare favorably to the calculated and expected doses in conjunction with 3DCRT four-field pelvic radiation.
In this paper, we attempt to incorporate hypofractionation, dose escalation, and nodal basin irradiation within a single-phase dynamic IMRT helical tomotherapy (dIMRT/HT) solution. Two opposing strategies were studied, conformal pelvic vessel targeting and conformal normal tissue avoidance, using the unique capabilities of a TomoTherapy treatment planning and image-guidance and IMRT radiation delivery system. Even though both strategies differ in their approach to the nodal basin, both solutions delivered the prescribed dose to the prostate and vessel-defined node bearing regions. The major difference lies in the dose to the pelvic soft tissues that lie between the expanded nodal target volume and the organs at risk. Conformal pelvic vessel targeting does not specifically address these tissues and subsequently the planning system algorithm cannot use this information in developing a dosimetric plan. The dose is driven into the defined nodal target and this area essentially becomes a buffer zone where a dose gradient exists between the vessel targets and the organs at risk. As such, the planned dose is significantly less than in the conformal normal tissue avoidance paradigm where this area is specifically defined as a target. The planning system optimizes based on the importance, precedence, and penalty factors to deliver dose to the pelvic soft tissue target with no such buffer zone between it and the organs at risk. Therefore, the conformal normal tissue avoidance technique was able to deliver the microscopic dose to the pelvic tissues while having the benefit of not having to define a nodal target region based on potentially ill-defined pelvic vasculature. In addition, the concern of geometric miss associated with many conformal treatments (due to issues such as motion of the target) are minimized.
Because conformal normal tissue avoidance targets all the tissue within the pelvis aside from the organs at risk; it necessarily delivers a higher dose to the organs at risk when compared to conformal pelvic vessel targeting unless they are specifically excluded as a critical structure. We can see this from the data in table seven, which shows statistically significant higher doses to these organs at 8/12 dose points. The absolute differences were about 1–4 Gy over the entire course of treatment, which may be of limited or no clinical significance in terms of differences in possible late toxicity. This potential cost to the normal tissues is necessary to deliver the dose described to the rest of the pelvis. The clinical impact of this difference in terms of acute and late effects is currently unknown.
Unfortunately, there are no defined dose limits to OARs in the setting of hypofractionated treatment of the pelvis. However, using the linear quadratic concept to calculate biological effective doses of different fractionation protocols we can compare our planned doses with the dose limits given for a large RTOG dose escalation trial (Table 8). The regimens proposed here for hypofractionated dose escalated treatment of the prostate gland is based on currently available data. The reliability of each radiobiologic model will limit our BED. However, even if the α/β of prostate is 3 instead of 1.5, our planned dose will still deliver a BED (2 Gy) of 78 Gy. We can see that the planned doses using both dIMRT/HT strategies are within the dose constraints given by RTOG P0126. Even so, the impact on normal tissues of a hypofractionated protocol where the overall treatment time is significantly less will need to be defined in current and future clinical trials. In Canada, a clinical trial is underway evaluating linac based IMRT and helical tomotherapy, clinically assessing a dose regimen of 68 Gy in 25 fractions to the prostate while simultaneously delivering 45 Gy in 25 fractions to pelvic tissues.
Table 8. Comparing Dose to Bladder and Rectum to Dose Constraints from RTOG P0126 Protocol
The effects of normal tissue movement are not taken into account here. While the nature of daily MVCT localization of the prostate is an inherent benefit to tomotherapy treatment, it currently does not take into account the daily movement of normal tissues. Ideally, a planning system powerful enough to develop a solution daily within the time constraints of a busy treatment facility would be the ultimate solution. However, as an interim step the concept of adding a margin for tissue movement can also be used as suggested by the ICRU. We expect that planning with a more realistic OAR volume will result in a plan that would lie between the extremes of conformal pelvic vessel targeting and conformal normal tissue avoidance presented here. Clinical investigations into the appropriate definition of the nodal targets are also under evaluation. For instance, studies into ultra-small super-paramagnetic iron oxide particles, known generically as ferumoxtran-10, have been successfully evaluated for detection of sentinel lymph nodes in various clinical trials [43-45]. Anatomic nodal information derived from these studies may better define the regions at risk within the pelvis to identify to our treatment planning systems and subsequently drive the planning system optimization to better cover the intended targets and to continue to spare the OAR's.
The techniques developed here extend beyond the treatment of prostate cancer. Similar approaches can be used in other disease sites within the pelvis (cervix, endometrium, etc). Also, the concepts of conformal normal tissue avoidance can be generalized to wherever there is a concern over uncertainties regarding pelvic nodal target delineation and nearby organs at risk. This technical dosimetric feasibility study offers evidence that conformal avoidance, as an advanced treatment planning strategy, is a potential solution to deliver highly conformal pelvic radiation in the setting of nodal location uncertainty due to incomplete nodal mapping or abherent nodal drainage.
Therefore this research study has demonstrated that dIMRT/HT nodal and pelvic targeting is superior to 3DCRT in dose delivery and critical structure sparing in the setting of hypofractionation for high-risk prostate cancer. This technical dosimetric feasibility study offers evidence that conformal avoidance, as an advanced treatment planning strategy, is a potential solution to deliver highly conformal pelvic radiation in the setting of nodal location uncertainty due to incomplete nodal mapping or complex nodal drainage.
Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Specifically, JY completed all contours, supervised treatment planning, performed interpretation of statistical analysis, and drafted/approved the manuscript. GR was responsible for the initial research idea, supervision of the project, statistical analysis, assisted in the preparation and approval of the manuscript. TC and KT performed treatment planned, assisted in the preparation and approval of the final manuscript. SY, ML, DD, and GB co-supervised the project, assisted in the interpretation of the statistical analysis, and assisted in the preparation and approval of the manuscript.
The authors wish to thank the Abbott CARO Uro-Oncology Radiation Award (ACURA) for funding this research.
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Gregoire V, Levendag P, Ang KK, Bernier J, Braaksma M, Budach V, Chao C, Coche E, Cooper JS, Cosnard G, Eisbruch A, El-Sayed S, Emami B, Grau C, Hamoir M, Lee N, Maingon P, Muller K, Reychler H: CT-based delineation of lymph node levels and related CTVs in the node-negative neck: DAHANCA, EORTC, GORTEC, NCIC, RTOG consensus guidelines.
Radiother Oncol 2003, 69:227-236. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Levendag P, Braaksma M, Coche E, van Der Est H, Hamoir M, Muller K, Noever I, Nowak P, van Sörensen De Koste J, Grégoire V: Rotterdam and brussels CT-based neck nodal delineation compared with the surgical levels as defined by the american academy of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004, 58:113-123. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Harisinghani MG, Barentsz J, Hahn PF, Deserno WM, Tabatabaei S, van de Kaa CH, dela Rosette J, Weissleder R: Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer.
N Engl J Med 2003, 348:2491-9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Taupitz M, Hamm BK, Barentsz JO, Vock P, Roy C, Bellin MF: Sinerem-enhanced MRI imaging compared to plain MR imaging in evaluating lymph node metastases from urologic and gynaecologic cancers [abstract].
Proceedings of the Radiological Society of North America, Chicago, IL 1999, s387.
Anzai Y, Piccoli CW, Outwater EK, Stanford W, Bluemke DA, Nurenberg P, Saini S, Maravilla KR, Feldman DE, Schmiedl UP, Brunberg JA, Francis IR, Harms SE, Som PM, Tempany CM: Evaluation of neck and body metastases to nodes with ferumoxtran 10-enhanced MR imaging: phase III safety and efficacy study.
Radiology 2003, 228:777-88. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text


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Publisher:Modern Library
First published in 1919, Within a Budding Grove was awarded the Prix Goncourt, bringing the author immediate fame. In this second volume of In Search of Lost Time, the narrator turns from the childhood reminiscences of Swanns Way to memories of his adolescence. Having gradually become indifferent to Swanns daughter Gilberte, the narrator visits the seaside resort of Balbec with his grandmother and meets a new object of attentionAlbertine, a girl with brilliant, laughing eyes and plump, matt cheeks.
For this authoritative English-language edition, D. J. Enright has revised the late Terence Kilmartins acclaimed reworking of C. K. Scott Moncrieffs translation to take into account the new definitive French editions of � la recherch� du temps perdu (the final volume of these new editions was published by the Biblioth�que de la Pl�iade in 1989).
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Check out some available loans that are similar to this one!
She studied on the course 'To Get Ahead' run by a women's organization and got enough skills about business. Her husband will help her with the business. She will be a very successful business woman as she is hardworking and smart.
She is asking for a loan of 2,000 USD to buy cattle so she can organize her new business. She will fatten the cattle in her house for 6 months and sell them in the local market. She awaits your support.
Additional Information
More information about this loan
This loan is part of IMON International's startup loan program called Sarchashma ("spring" in the local language). Sarchashma loans are tailored to women who have feasible business ideas but lack the funds to get started. In addition to credit, these women also receive special training from the National Association of Business Women of Tajikistan to develop business plans. They also have the opportunity to participate in IMON's "Woman Entrepreneur, Get Ahead" program, a three-day intensive training course. By funding this loan, you are supporting borrowers who have limited options to start and grow small businesses. This has the potential to alleviate the effects of poverty, significantly improving borrowers' incomes and their families' quality of life.
About IMON International
IMON International (IMON) is a micro-deposit organization in Tajikistan that provides entrepreneurs with access to high quality financial products and services, including business loans, agriculture loans, consumer loans and micro-leases. Aiming to alleviate poverty, the organization helps unbanked individuals establish businesses in different sectors, including manufacturing, agriculture and service. Kiva lenders' funds will help the organization to expand its outreach to even more entrepreneurs, farmers and traders in Tajikistan.Tags
About Tajikistan
156View loans »
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Success!! The loan was 100% repaid
A loan of $2,000 helped Shoista to buy cattle so she can organize a new business.
- Repayment Term
- 20 months (Additional Information)
- Repayment Schedule
- Monthly
- Pre-Disbursed:
- Nov 25, 2013
- Listed
- Nov 27, 2013
- Currency Exchange Loss:
- Ended:
- Dec 17, 2014


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Main Forums > Living With HIV
A Reason To Hope ...
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frenchpat: Well done!I hope that good lab results and the positive vibes from people here will help you mend this broken heart ;)(your icon)stay wellPat
David_CA: Yea! I hope that, whenever I start meds, I'm as responsive as you. David
Nadine: Good going Wellington!
DanielMark: HI Wellington,That's very good progress indeed! Glad to hear it. Daniel
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Category: Water & Wastewater ×
Subcategory: Water & Wastewater Pumps ×
Keyword: drainage pumps ×
Location: Africa ×
Location: Mauritius ×
Grundfos Pumps Corporation
based in Bjerringbro, DENMARK
Grundfos is the world`s largest manufacturer of pumps and pump solutions.
based in Johanneshov, SWEDEN
Pumps/Centrifugal, Pumps/Groundwater, Pumps/Sludge, PUMPEX submersible pumps are used for handling both in- dustrial and municipal wastewater. Other major applications include drainage in the building and civil engineering industries, and also in mining and tunnelling.
Vortex Pompa Hidrofor-Gür Mühendislik Ltd.Şti
based in Yenisehir / IZMIR, TURKEY
In March 10th 1983, Gur Engineering has been established by our father, Gürol Nohutçuoğlu who was a mechanical engineer. For thirty-one years, we have exported and imported as the trademark of vortex pump under the leadership of Levent Nohutçuoğlu and Bülent Nohutçuoğlu with our expert staff on submersible pumps and hydrophore. We produce sensitively the most quality and ...
Grindex Pumps
based in Tinley Park,, ILLINOIS (USA)
Grindex Pumps designs and manufactures submersible pumps for demanding applications.Grindex explains about the comprehensive restructering that was started 2007 and culminates later in 2008. Center point of the restructering is the launch of a range of pumps that are the succesors to the Proline models. The new pumps combine the best you have come to expect from Grindex ...
based in Sundbyberg, SWEDEN
Grindex is a world leader in electrical submersible pump technology for demanding applications such as construction, mining and heavy industry. The pumps are known for their high reliability, durability and dependability. Thanks to the built-in motor protection and the air valve, the pumps can run unsupervised for longer periods, and even run dry for a length of time. ...
HOMA Pumpenfabrik GmbH / Homa Pump Technology
based in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid, GERMANY
HOMA pumps are primarily used for waste water disposal in buildings and on construction sites for surface drainage as well as municipal and industrial waste water disposal and treatment.Using the very latest 3D design systems our product development division have created the designs that ensure HOMA will continue to play a leading role in international pump construction ...
Wilo USA LLC
based in Rosemont, ILLINOIS (USA)
Wilo Group is one of the world's leading manufacturers of pumps and pump systems for heating, ventilation and air conditioning as well as water supply, sewage disposal and wastewater treatment. Moving with the times has always been the Wilo way. With a firm focus on the future, the company is heavily involved in research and development and increasingly markets itself as ...
Drainage Systems Online
based in Warrington, UNITED KINGDOM
The worlds largest waterproofing network of contractors.Drainage Systems Online is a UK supplier of Zoeller sewage pumping stations and pumps, Basement Systems sump pump systems and basement waterproofing solutions. Boasting over 18,000 sq ft of warehousing and thousands of products in stock, We are able to supply high quality products at competitive prices with a quick ...
BBA Pumps
based in Doetinchem, NETHERLANDS
BBA Pumps is a leading manufacturer of portable pump equipment. Our pump solutions offer you lowest cost of ownership and unparalleled reliability. Our dedicated team and world-wide partners offer you excellence in both product and support. We offer 4 dedicated pump designs BA series dewatering and high head pumps, PT series wellpoint piston pumps, B series self priming ...
Caprari Pumps
based in ITALY
The company has over 50 years` experience in the development and manufacture of pumps, supplying to over 60 countries worldwide. The Caprari culture is based on organisational structure, advanced technologies, design innovation and continued investment in production excellence. The company is one of the largest independent pump manufacturers in the world. A network of ...


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Jims Mobile, Inc. (JMI)
JMI - Piggy-Back Camera Mount for 8 " to 11 " SCTs
Piggy-Back Camera Mount for 8″ to 11″ SCTsWill, in most cases, attach with the screws that are already present in the telescope′s optical tube ... Learn More
Model#: BRKTPIGMNT
$49.00 -
JMI - Microslew Alt/Az Slewing Motors for Vixen Porta Mount
Azimuth and elevation control with a dual-control hand unit for switching between motors. Hand units include dual-speed control for centering and slewing speeds ... Learn More
FREE SHIPPINGModel#: MSVPM(48 States)
$229.00 -
JMI - MotoFocus for Astro-Physics 2.7"/4" Focusers
MOTOFOCUS is a battery operated hand control with an electric focus motor that attaches to the shaft of a focuser knob (or the knob itself) for precise, vibration-free focusing without the need to touch the telescope.
... Learn MoreModel#: MFAP27
$179.00 -
JMI - Celestron CGEM Equatorial Head
Equatorial Head carrying case for Celestron CGEM Equatorial Head.
... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: CASECGEMH(48 States)
$469.00 -
JMI - RCF-1 (Reverse Crayford Focuser 2 ") with Motor
Factory Assembled with MotorPlease Note: When using a laser collimator, keep in mind that there will be slight deviations in the laser beam when moving the drawtube through the full length of travel ... Learn More
FREE SHIPPINGModel#: RCF1M(48 States)
$277.00 -
JMI - Single-Control Hand Unit
Standard version includes forward and reverse buttons and two-position (high/low) slow-speed switch, automatically switches to fast speed after two seconds, 1/8" jack, quick-stop braking and 9 volt battery ... Learn More
Model#: HUSC
$69.00 -
JMI - MOTOFOCUS for Astro-Tech AT66ED Crayford Focuser
Motofocus for Astro-Tech AT66ED Crayford Focuser.
... Learn MoreModel#: MFAT66
$179.00 -
JMI - EV-1 Telescope Focuser with Motor (Cassegrain version)
EV-1cM Motorized Event Horizon Crayford Focuser - Cassegrain TelescopesThe JMI Event Horizon EV-1cM is a MOTORIZED 2" black-anodized aluminum focuser with rubber grip knobs and MOTORIZED DUAL SPEED operation ... Learn More
FREE SHIPPINGModel#: EV1CM(48 States)
$509.00 -
JMI - Telrad Adapter Bracket
This JMI Telrad Finder Adapter Bracket is used to securely attach the Telrad finder to a NGT-18 or NGT-12.5 telescope.
... Learn MoreModel#: BRKTTELRAD
$35.00 -
JMI - Carrying Case for Meade 12" LX200, LX200GPS, LX200-ACF, & 10" LX400
The case includes six lockable latches for the removable cover (no hinge), two folding handle bars, four steel-reinforced handles and die-cut foam lining with compartments for telescope, eyepieces, finder scope (must be removed from the telescope and placed in a special vinyl cover included with the case) and accessories.
... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: CASELX12R10(48 States)
$789.00 -
JMI - MotoFocus for Meade ED APO Refractors
Meade ED APO Refractors 102ED/127ED/152ED/178ED ... Learn More
Model#: MFEDAPO
$150.00 -
JMI-Lightbridge 10 (scope incl*)
Lightbridge 10 (scope incl*)Comments: ... Learn More
FREE SHIPPINGModel#: LB10TNT(48 States)
$1,199.00 -
JMI - Smart Focus
The Smart Focus system allows one to remotely control a JMI focuser or MOTOFOCUS unit (not included) using computer software. Popular CCD software (not included) can be used to automatically focus a CCD camera (a couple of examples are listed below).
... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: SFDRO(48 States)
$399.00 -
JMI - Multi-use 11" OTA Case
This case is for the Optical Tube Assembly (OTA) ONLY. It includes two lockable latches, three steel-reinforced handles, a 2" by 30" steel hinge and die-cut foam lining for the telescope optical tube.
... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: CASEOTA11(48 States)
$579.00 -
JMI - William Optics/GSO 2" Crayford focusers with and without Microfocuser retrofit. (specify configuration, see web site for configuration descriptions)
This is the SCT version of the William Optics Crayford focuser. Attaching the MOTOFOCUS unit is a very simple process. The system is gear driven using a miniature motor ... Learn More
Model#: MFWO...
$149.95 -
JMI - EV-3 Telescope Focuser without Motor (Newtonian version)
EV-3n Event Horizon 2" Crayford Focuser - NewtonianTelescopesThe JMI Event Horizon EV-3n is a 2" black-anodized aluminum focuser with knurled knobs. The focuser lifts up to 4 pounds ... Learn More
FREE SHIPPINGModel#: EV3N(48 States)
$209.00 -
JMI - Extension Tube 1.25 " dia. x 1.6 " ht
Extends the range of low-profile focusers. 1.25″ diameter x 1 ... Learn More
Model#: ADPT1EXT
$45.00 -
JMI - Counter Weight for Lightbridge 10/12/16
Meade Lightbridge 10" / 12" / 16"These counterweights help counterbalance heavy equipment at the eyepiece or on the nose assembly ... Learn More
Model#: CWLB
$79.00 -
JMI - Serial Cable for BBOX - PC version
A 12-ft. cable for connecting a BBOX or NGC-MAX to the 9-pin serial port of an IBM PC compatible or to an 8-pin DIN port on an Apple Macintosh ... Learn More
Model#: CBLBBOX
JMI Telescopes (Jim's Mobile, Inc.) is a world-renowned manufacturer of astronomical telescopes and after-market accessories for the amateur and professional astronomer. We produce a variety of unique products that cannot be found anywhere else. The founder and President of Jim's Mobile is Jim Burr.
Jim's philosophy is to create products that no others are selling. "Our style is not to copy other companies, but to create unique products to solve problems. If other companies are building good products, we are not going to compete with them. We only take action when we see a need that no one is addressing. In the case of our NGF focusers, even though there were many companies building focusers, we could find nothing that came close to zero image shift. I thought the time had come to solve that problem."
"The development of the NGT line of telescopes, spanning more than a decade, has been very exciting for us here at JMI. These telescopes represent a total departure from trends in commercial telescope making, and there is no doubt they have a bright future. Our telescopes have received recognition in more than a dozen publications worldwide."


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Welcome to the Vermont Veterans Memorial Cemetery web site. Please note that this site is designed primarily for use by genealogists and is not intended to be the official town site.
Links to external web sites are being provided as a convenience and for informational purposes only; they do not constitute an endorsement or approval of any of the products, services or opinions contained in any external web site.
From exit 4 of Interstate 89, follow VT Route 66 up the hill to Randolph Center. Turn left onto Ridge Road and then turn right onto Furnace Road). The cemetery is at the end of Furnace Road.
In addition to the gate posts and flag circle, there are at least six sections of stones leading up to a beautiful chapel on the hill. There is also a memorial to victims of terrorism just outside the boundaries of the cemetery. The information booth was not occupied when I was there.
Before entering the cemetery, the Terror Memorial will be seen on the left. This memorial was dedicated on November 11, 2010 to those Vermont servicemen and women who gave their lives after the attacks of September 11, 2001.
The bulletin board contains maps of the cemetery and an index of burials.
Section | Total Graves | Initial Layout | Memorial Type |
A | 866 | 0 | Govt Provided Upright Granite |
B | 834 | 322 | Commercial Monuments |
C | 970 | 0 | Not used |
D | 1124 | 296 | Govt Provided Upright Marble |
E | 970 | 254 | Govt Provided Upright Granite |
F | 400 | 328 | Govt Provided Flat Markers |
Total | 5164 (Ultimate) | 1200 (Initially) | . |
These figures are from the cemetery map.
At this time there are no photos of Section A.
At this time there are no photos of Section F.
I know of only one Civil War veteran represented in the cemetery. Henry C. Harlow was a member of Company D, 17th Regiment VT Volunteers at the time of his death. He died 28 July 1864 of disease at the age of 24 yrs 7 mos. Prior to being mustered into service, he was listed as a basket maker in Randolph. His headstone was found in a stream near the Harlow Cemetery and was subsequently removed to the Vermont Veterans Memorial.. Two of the baskets made by the Harlow Mill are on display at the Randolph Historical Society.
Near the top of the hill above Sections E and F, the chapel overlooks the cemetery.


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Brussels International (1897)
EXPO Brussels 1897 | |
Exhibition poster by Art Nouveau artist Henri Privat-Livemont
Overview | |
BIE-class | Universal exposition |
Category | Historical Expo |
Name | Exposition Internationale de Bruxelles |
Building | Paleis der Koloniën |
Visitors | 7,800,000 |
Participant(s) | |
Countries | 27 |
Location | |
Country | Belgium |
City | Brussels |
Venue | Jubelpark |
Coordinates | 50°50′30″N 4°23′19.4″E / 50.84167°N 4.388722°E |
Timeline | |
Opening | May 10, 1897 |
Closure | November 8, 1897 |
Universal expositions | |
Previous | World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago |
Next | Exposition Universelle (1900) in Paris |
The Brussels International Exposition (Exposition Internationale de Bruxelles) of 1897 was a World's Fair held in Brussels, Belgium, from May 10, 1897 through November 8, 1897. There were 27 participating countries, and an estimated attendance of 7.8 million people.
The main venues of the fair were the Cinquantenaire Parks and a colonial section at Tervuren showcasing King Leopold II of Belgium's personal property, the Congo Free State. The two exposition sites were linked by a purpose-built tramway.
Colonial exhibit[edit]
The Tervuren section was hosted in the Palace of the Colonies (although there was only one colony), designed by Belgian architect Albert-Philippe Aldophe. In the main hall Georges Hobé designed a distinctive wooden Art Nouveau structure to evoke the forest, using Bilinga wood, an African tree. The interior exhibition displayed ethnographic objects, stuffed animals and in the "Hall of the Great Cultures" Congo's most important export products were displayed: coffee, cacao and tobacco. In the park, an example Congolese village was built, where 267 Africans lived through the period of the fair.[1] The success of this exhibition led to the permanent establishment of the Royal Museum for Central Africa in 1898.
Art Nouveau[edit]
The primary designers of the fair were among of the Belgian masters of Art Nouveau architecture at the height of the style: Henry van de Velde, Paul Hankar, Gédéon Bordiau, and Gustave Serrurier-Bovy. Henri Privat-Livemont produced posters for the exposition.
There seem to be few physical remnants. The small neo-classical pavilion called the Temple of Human Passions that Victor Horta designed to house a sculptural relief by Jef Lambeaux was completed in time for the fair, but its opening was delayed by disputes until 1899.
External links[edit]


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Media Kit
Media may contact Bob Finnerty, Chief Communications Officer, at (585) 475-4733 or via email at email@example.com.
To ensure that all communication and marketing materials are of a quality consistent with their purpose and with RIT's desired brand image, we are providing the two variants of the Imagine RIT logo. These logos have been approved for use by RIT staff, faculty, and students or their agents for officially sanctioned purposes.
2013 Imagine RIT Festival
Watch the promotional video for Imagine RIT: Innovation and Creativity Festival, that displays a preview of the many activities to participate in Saturday May 4th, 2013 on the RIT campus.
Imagine RIT 2013 - Take a Tour
Rochester Institute of Technology hosted it's sixth annual Imagine RIT: Innovation and Creativity Festival May 4, 2013. Here are just a few of the exhibits that wowed festival-goers at this year's event.
2012 Imagine RIT Festival
The fifth Imagine RIT: Innovation and Creativity Festival is rapidly approaching. Don't miss all of the fun and excitement on May 5. It's free and open to the public.
2011 Imagine RIT Festival
Check out some of the highlights from the fourth annual Imagine RIT: Innovation and Creativity Festival.


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TACITUS expresses further skepticism regarding the effect of Kerry's speech: "It is when we turn to the NYT lead editorial on the same topic that we start to see that WaPo's piece is not an outlier, but indicative of a broader problem with Kerry's remarks, the Democratic National Convention, and the campaign itself."
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Ask me about my BlogChildren!
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XHTML Transitional 1.0 - *sigh* It's beyond my control.


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angry birds gratis para pc (1 program)
Articles angry birds gratis para pc
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Angry Birds Space projects the epic battle between birds and pigs in space. A new must-have for Android and iOS.


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ARISSModel Male Daly City, California, US
My Website:
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/ariss
Mayhem # 381319
About MeHEY! THANKS FOR VISITING MY SPOT!!!
First off, I'd like to thank all the photographers, make-up artists and other models that i've met thus far on this site, i've learned ALOT and know there ALOT MORE to learn and experience.. i am looking to build my portfolio and try out and test how far "we" (you, yes YOU! and I) can work together! =P highly driven and creative.. so let's WORK! enjoy.. ******************************* http://www.asianmenredefined.com/ http://www.hyphenmagazine.com/ CreditsZEDNERAM PHOTOGRAPHY #23473
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GTCop GTCop Professional Security Appliance aims to provide a powerful tool for satellite communications, with enhanced QoS and bandwidth controls. As derived from IPCop Firewall, it is a stable, secure, easy to configure and maintain GNU/Linux firewall box.
3 weekly downloads -
Anarchy-Online Server Emulator AOEmu is a high performance server emulator for the sci-fi MMORPG Anarchy-Online. This project aims to provide a fully functional server system for running and maintaining an Anarchy-Online server over one or many server machines running Linux.
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Apr 18, 2006 3:52PM PST
Alright this will be a small compliation of some arcade stories... so if your not into reading funny stuff.. GO AWAY! .... ok.. so anyways when I was at this arcade, there was this kid playing basketball at one of the these basketball machines. He shot.. hit the rim.. it bounced off.. he ducked and the ball hit his head.. me and my friends can't stop laughing and my one friend jumped while playing The Fist of The North Star Punching game.. and he hit his head on the top and started rolling on the ground.. i couldnt help from falling on the ground from laughter!
Comments (5)
Posted: Apr 28, 2006 12:00AM PST by elie_rockz_kazama
I get ten tickets everytime, man...
Arcade players are fun to watch...
Posted: Oct 10, 2006 12:00AM PST by shin_shoryuken
Especially those trying out dancing games..Hahah..!


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Goofybird.com |
Home Page
Welcome to Ted and Melody's web pages! We don't know a lot about web authoring yet, so we are trying to figure out how to create this - please be patient with us... The two of us in front of the sunset in Kauai Ted and Goofy - Goofy was our umbrella cockatoo Scarlett and Max . This page was last updated in Jan, 2007 |


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Bullying drives teen to plastic surgery
Nadia Ilse is the latest in a long line of youngsters turning to plastic surgery after being bullied in the US. It's a growing trend that has seen children as young as seven go under the knife.
PT0M0S 620 349- Autoplay OnOff
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Can plastic surgery help beat bullies? Jacqui Goddard reports from Miami.
WHEN Nadia Isle returns to school she won't just be toting a new bag or uniform. The American high school pupil will return to classes with a new-look nose, chin and ears after plastic surgery, at 14.
Screw you. You don't have to do it on your child, but don't tell someone else they can't help a kid feel better about themselves.
The teenager from Georgia, who has been haunted by taunts of ''Dumbo'' and ''Elephant Ears'' since the age of six, had the surgical treatment in an attempt to curtail the abuse and end her misery.
Drastic action ... Nadia Isle, 14, before her surgery, left, and after. Photo: CNN screengrab
"I used to be very talkative when I was a little kid and now I'm just shy and would rather not talk to anyone now. I'm anti-social," Nadia told CNN before going under the knife, revealing she'd first asked her mother for an operation to pin back her ears as a 10-year-old.
"[The teasing] happened so many times that it all blends together...It's been very depressing."
After her operations, Nadia, who will also undergo counselling, said she had no regrets. She said parents needed to tell their children they were beautiful "every single day."
Nip n' tuck ... Nadia consults a plastic surgeon, who also tells her her chin is 'too pointy' and her nose crooked. Photo: CNN screengrab
''[Now] I feel beautiful, I feel better about myself,'' she said before returning to face her classroom tormentors. ''It's going to be nervous at first, but I think I can pull through and that they'll realise what they've done and that they'll stop.''
Nadia's story has prompted a debate over whether a surgeon's scalpel is an effective or ethical weapon against bullying.
Figures from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons show a more than fivefold rise in the number of teenage clients in the past 15 years, with procedures from breast enlargements and reductions to hair removal, nose reshaping and pinning back ears.
Many doctors argue that rather than surgery, youngsters such as Nadia should learn to ignore the taunts of their peers.
Dr Malcolm Roth, president of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, said that while plastic surgery could change lives in extreme cases, in many instances such procedures were not ''appropriate for a teenager''.
''Yes, we have to respond to peer ridicule and torment and abuse, but the response isn't necessarily going to be surgery,'' he said. ''Sometimes adolescence is just tough.''
Last year, 230,000 teenagers had cosmetic procedures, according to the society. Otoplasty - the pinning back of ears - and repairs to cleft lips were the most common.
Nadia was treated to $40,000 worth of surgery by the Little Baby Face Foundation, a New York non-profit organisation that offers procedures free for needy children with facial birth defects.
Nadia, who had her ears pinned back and nose and chin reshaped, lives in a trailer with her single mother and brother, who has cerebral palsy. She tried to conceal her misery over the bullying because she did not want to add to her mother's challenges.
''Did I cure everything in her life? Was I the only thing she needed? Of course not,'' said Dr Thomas Romo, founder of the foundation. ''But I did my part.''
During an on-camera interview, Dr Romo can be heard telling Nadia: ''I love thin chins but I dont want them as pointy as [your] chin." He also tells the teen her nose is crooked.
To people who might decry such surgery, his message is blunt: ''Screw you. You don't have to do it on your child, but don't tell someone else they can't help a kid feel better about themselves. I'm happy that I can provide this.''
Dr Frederick Lukash, author of The Safe and Sane Guide to Teenage Plastic Surgery, has treated children as young as eight for facial deformities. He asks them to draw themselves before and after surgery.
Some draw themselves pre-surgery with exaggerated body parts, a background of clouds and rain, and children jeering. After surgery, their images are bright, with frequent use of the sun and images of friends.
Lorrie Sanchez, of Utterly Global, a bullying prevention organisation, said: ''Bullying isn't … going to stop because someone gets their nose straightened or their ears pinned back.''
Dr Richard Gallagher, associate professor of child psychiatry at New York University Medical School, said the growth in teenage cosmetic surgery was disturbing.
''The US has become a country of great diversity but this trend almost goes against it, saying everyone needs to look like a certain type of model,'' he said.


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great earrings and are much bigger than they look like in the picture. They're so heavy that they hand down from my ears and so for that reason I'm returning them.
The earrings are very pretty, the color is good and they are solidly made BUT they are too large and heavy to lay against the ear lobe. The backs are very tiny and not substantial enough to anchor the earring agaiinst the lobe. They require the larger , clear plastic backs but the post is too thick to use the ones I had. I returned the earrings, no problem, but I'm out of pocket the $$$ charged for shipping and handling
I like these earrings and am pleased with my purchase. I like wearing two-tone jewelry because it expands my wardrobe options. These will go with lots of my necklaces. They aren't heavy at all and they are a good size without looking too large.
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Sven Jacobsen
Sven Jacobsen
Phone: +49 - (0)171 - 7555 759
Contact E-Mail
The new campaign for the South African fashion label founded in 1999 'Unrestricted' by Old Khaki was photographed by Sven JACOBSEN in Cape Town. The black and white images were created together with stylist Robynne Khan and hair and make-up artist Josephine Martins. The agency in charge was "This Is Your Canvas" from Cape Town with Creative Dircktors Mike Ipp, Michelle Baron and Lee Ann Zschokke. This way please to the label's lifestyle blog: unrestrictedliving.co.za
17.03.2015 // ADD article TO MY GOSEE // SHOW articleDIE ZEIT is a national German weekly periodical first published on 21 February 1946. It appears every Thursday, It is published currently by Ex-Chancellor Helmut Schmidt (since 1983) and Josef Joffe. This week, the magazine chose for their title page the topic: "Die Erbenrepublik". How chic it can get is shown to you by photographer SVEN JACOBSEN. To conserve the authenticity typical of DIE ZEIT, he portrayed his three sons for the cover.
12.03.2015 // ADD article TO MY GOSEE // SHOW articleBNYC is the BROADWAY label for fashion crazy twens and the forever young. Inspired by the newest trends in the fashion capitals of the world, BNYC offers brand new outfits at a fair price. CD Sascha Dettweiler was in charge of the creative work. In parallel to the print images, a film was made for which Sven sat in the director's chair together with Peter Drittenpreis. Stylist Mads Roennborg c/o LOUISA ARTISTS and hair and make-up artist Manuela Degelmann c/o NORDISH REPUBLIC were also part of t …
26.02.2015 // ADD article TO MY GOSEE // SHOW articleFashion and people photographer SVEN JACOBSEN captured cosiness with Scandinavian charm for 'sister' labels 81HOURS and DEAR CASHMERE. Model Marine slipped on fluffy cardis and struck some laidback poses. The agency was Circleculture, creative direction by Dirk Staudinger.
13.10.2014 // ADD article TO MY GOSEE // SHOW articleSVEN JACOBSEN shot the S.OLIVER A/W 2014/15 campaign in Scotland's great outdoors. GoSee Premium Member MARION WALTER cast a model trio comprising Katrin Thormann, Bo Develius and Masha Rassam, in outfits styled by Elcin Ayser. Alexander HOFMANN c/o KULT ARTISTS contributed the hair and make-up looks. Creative direction by Dirk Meyke. …
11.10.2014 // ADD article TO MY GOSEE // SHOW articleDraftfcb London commissioned him to shoot people images on Spanish sunshine island Mallorca for COCA-COLA for the European market. Art buying by Kate Llloyd, Creative Direction by Johnie Clayton. Account: Helena Georghiou.
11.10.2014 // ADD article TO MY GOSEE // SHOW articleGALA MAN's 'Gesprengte Ketten' (broken chains) cover story refers to immortal Steve McQueen and his love of motorbikes. And since both Christian Krug, Editor in Chief of GALA and Jan-Josef Liefers, the cover star, share this fascination, Sven JACOBSEN's road story was very close to home. GoSee Member NU PROJECTS headed the production in search of freedom. Hair and make-up artist Tricia LE HANNE c/o GoSee Member BIGOUDI got the look spot on and Gesche Wendt was the editor of phot …
08.09.2014 // ADD article TO MY GOSEE // SHOW articlePhotographer Sven JACOBSEN's personal fashion shoot features three great models. However all eyes are undeniably on the unmistakable German beauty Katrin Thormann. An equally as photogenic Masha Novoselova from Paris and Swedish sunshine Bo Develius are at her side (casting by GoSee Member MARION WALTER). Thankfully we don't have to pick a favourite!
08.09.2014 // ADD article TO MY GOSEE // SHOW articleSVEN JACOBSEN shot the BROADWAY Summer 2015 campaign on the beach amongst the dunes. NU PROJECTS made sure the shoot ran smoothly, Mads ROENNBORG c/o LOUISA ARTISTS took care of the beach ready feminine yet sporty looks. Nino Allegro headed the hair and make-up department come wind and shine, art direction by Sascha Dettweiler. And lest we forget - more on broadway-fashion.com …
26.08.2014 // ADD article TO MY GOSEE // SHOW articleSVEN JACOBSEN shot fashion editorial 'Gone Astray' for QVEST no. 64. Model Megane looks fierce in the latest indoor and outdoor fashions for late summer. NU PROJECTS Producers made sure the shoot didn't go astray and was right on track resulting in a spot on series of atmospheric images. The team included hair and make-up artist Nina PARK c/o BALLSAAL, Norbert Cheminel (Hair) and stylist Mine Uludag. …
25.08.2014 // ADD article TO MY GOSEE // SHOW article


text: Find a House SitterWelcome to Luxury House Sitting! To connect with experienced house sitters around the world, please login or register as a home owner. For home owners, membership is 100% free! Once registered, home owners are welcome to browse house sitter profiles and contact those whom they wish to interview. Once you have selected a sitter, you can work out the details of the assignment directly with the sitter you have chosen. Map of Registered House SittersCheck Out Our Five Star House Sitters


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|  37 comments
Thanks! Using it for animation vid.
This is a great sound! Thanks so much!
Using it for a sound design demo reel. thanks a lot!
Perfect for a scientific invention collapsing. Thanks!
As far as crash sounds go, this is the daddy.
This is perfect for my needs. Thanks. I'll be using part of it for a weapon sound effect in this project:
Epic attack! Love it!
thanks, using for a middle school play!
thank you great sound :D
Used for my antique flying vehicle video. Thanks! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqXO9eR8Luk
No comment.
Thanks! Using it in an horror XD motion-ride film
he is saleing something for 100 nis
probably for "sukkot" holiday
Awesome nice and loud too just what I needed! Thanks alot!
What is really interesting is the spooky background noise.
This, oddly enough, reminds me of a kid falling off a swingset...great sample!
perfect sound! thank you just what i needed for my scary story!
I didn't think I was gonna find the type of sound I was looking for, but this is it! Thx
that exactly what I needed. Thanks
Very, very nice. This will be the perfect end to a terrible crash I'm creating.
uh, whoe, uh, fantastic
sounds FANTASTIC slowed down a great deal. Terribly unhappy metal.
very nice sound. The start is 10/10. Thanks for a perfect work.
Nice lengthy crash with some aftertouch noises, perfect for combining with a couple other crash samples for an extended fall. Thanks!
 |  37 comments


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Donna Karan launched her first fragrance in 1992. At the time, the scent was known as 'Donna Karan'
In 2008, Donna Karan relaunched this fragrance as 'Signature', alongside Fuel for Men (AKA DK Men) and Chaos as part of the Donna Karan Collection.
Donna Karan say:
Donna's first fragrance is a sensual, floral scent made to replicate the power and femininity of a woman. The luxurious combination of exotic florals, natural earthy tones and deep scents has the power to invigorate and the sensuality to arouse something in every woman who wears it.
SMF0913 Show all reviews | This is what NO VANILLA smellls like! DIVINE! Love this perfume and wish I could find/afford it now. If I had to pick one perfume for all time, I would choose this. 03rd July, 2014 (Last Edited: 03rd September, 2014) |
Way Off Scenter United States Show all reviews | Genre: Chypre 12th June, 2014 |
anomie et ivoire Show all reviews | Came for the lilies and incense, bizarre original Stephan Weiss-designed sculptural flacon, and a rumored favorable comparison to Daim Blond. Staying for the crisp and strong sillage, remarkable tenacity, a certain gasoline and cleaning products hypermodern slant. An androgynous, intellectual but soft composition that samples from the best of all genres to bring in fruit, woods, florals, suede, and resins in thoughtful, serious united structures like elegant code leading to electronic music. Almost chilling in its contemplative remove but with a hint of just enough warmth to be human. 29th November, 2012 |
blood-orange Australia Show all reviews | Donna Karan must really love her dark woodsy scents. Donna Karan, the re-released version in a tall, black cylindrical bottle, while it isn't as popular or as bold as Black Cashmere and Chaos, it is a remarkable scent on its own. 04th April, 2012 |
cheryl Canada Show all reviews | I am reviewing the one in the amusingly over-the-top phallic bottle. I'm a bit confused if this is aka "signature". Mine is a parfum concentration. Yes, a plummy fruitchouli that reads rich suede and is similar to SL Daim Blond. There's a bit of bad girl/ cigarette smoke in this as well. There is no development. It's nice, but I'm slightly irritated by the overlay of fruitchouli...it's not horrendous and cheap as in many modern scents, but it does hit those shampoo-alert buttons. This seems to be a soft oriental type of fragrance that just plays its one chord - the sweet plum suede uniformly. 07th January, 2011 |
pescobarjl Show all reviews | love it ..but i dont see it on a man.....i have a mini and it smells to feminine on me....altought gorgeous... 07th February, 2009 |
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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"It was easy to personalize. I love the choices of fonts. The quality of the paper and printing is GREAT. And the fact that I got an email confirmation on how it would look before our invitations get printed is awesome! Especially because we customized it for our own. I don't normally write reviews but I had to do it for this one because my fiance and I were simply amazed. The style is simple yet classic and chic at the same time. Delivery was fast too, I ordered it on Monday, got the confirmation on Wednesday and received the shipment on Friday!"
"I am in LOVE with our invitations! Our wedding is more casual in nature, but will still be very elegant and decorated well, so this is a perfect design to encompass these elements. The personal touch of the photo was definitely the right choice!"
"We added the scalloped trim to this card and loved how it turned out so well that we used it throughout our wedding! I got lots of compliments on this invitation, and being able to personalize it with our own photo allowed us to truly make our love for one another come through. The only downside was that my initial order of invitations never arrived. After contacting WPD about this they found the issue and promptly re-printed and re-sent my order asap without any additional cost to me. It could have been a catastrophic problem, but the excellent customer service department ensured this didn't happen."
"I loved the style of writing on the front and how well organized and set apart each piece of information appeared. I thought it was very easy to read. I could have done with a different pattern on the back: it was too busy for my liking."
"Absolutely gorgeous invite! We chose white shimmer paper with black writing on a silver backing, and it looks amazing! The paper quality is perfect, and there are no ink smudges or anything, they look perfect! My friends love them, and the affordability beats out the competition by a long shot! We couldn't be happier!"


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Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Guitar Center at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.
Connects MIDI instruments to your console.. Price: $39.99
© Copyright 2015 - Christmas.com. All rights reserved and protected by Christmas Spirit


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Dr. Arnold L. Katz, MD
- 10550 Quivira Rd Ste 320
Lenexa, KS 66215 - 1 Location
- (913) 888-3231
Dr. Arnold L. Katz graduated from the University of Virginia School of Medicine in 1970. He works in Lenexa, KS and specializes in Rheumatology. Dr. Katz is affiliated with Atchison Hospital, Mid America Rehabilitation Hospital and Overland Park Regional Medical Center.
Medical School: University of Virginia School of Medicine; Graduated 1970
10550 Quivira Rd Ste 320
Lenexa, KS 66215
(913) 888-3231


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Revolution returned from its winter hiatus with Charlie and Gene on a search for Aaron.
Elsewhere, Miles, Monroe and Rachel head to Mexico, while other locations that played a key role during Revolution Season 2 Episode 10 included the White House and Oklahoma.
We were treated to a glimpse at Monroe's ideas of the future with Connor as well, with it clear that he wants the two of them to take the reigns of the Monroe Republic together.
But what are the man's motives? Can he be trusted when it comes to his son? And is Tom the most gigantic fool on the planet when it comes to Julia? Does she actually love him?
These are just some of the questions now on our minds. Watch Revolution online to view the latest installment in full:


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Dr. Majid M. Rahmanian Shahri, MD
Internal Medicine
- 1500 Forest Glen Rd
Silver Spring, MD 20910 - 1 Location
- (301) 754-7000
Dr. Rahmanian Shahri works in Silver Spring, MD and specializes in Internal Medicine. Dr. Rahmanian Shahri is affiliated with Holy Cross Hospital and Washington Adventist Hospital.
Gender: Not Available
Languages Spoken: English
Internal Medicine
Medical School: Not Available


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As we enter the midday Friday trade, it appears that most have wrapped up their positioning ahead of September expiration, and the once volatile quadruple witching. The E-mini S&P 500 contract currently sits at 1712.50, down .29% on the day. While the market appears to be entering "weekend mode", there remains a few key events that could shake things up prior to the close. We still have Federal Reserve Presidents and Governing Members that are due to speak this afternoon along with a House vote on a resolution to defund ObamaCare (which really means nothing as the Senate will certainly discard a "passed" resolution). Nonetheless, such events could impact the futures market.
You might remember from my article yesterday,
All Quiet on the Stock Index Future Front...For Now that I mentioned we are now entering a period where the markets are going to hang on every piece of economic data and Fed speak that hits the wire in an effort to posture ahead of the next anticipated taper start date. This posturing, in my opinion, begins next week with the release of such economic reports as: Durable Goods Orders (Wednesday morning), New Home Sales (Wednesday morning), GDP (Thursday morning), Initial Jobless Claims (Thursday morning) and Personal Income and Sentiment (Friday Morning).
Additionally, we have such Federal Reserve Bank Presidents as Dennis Lockhart (Atlanta), Esther George (Kansas City), Charles Evans (Chicago), and William Dudley (New York) set to speak next week as well.
With the Fed deciding on Wednesday to continue with their $85 billion bond-buying program, one can pretty much ascertain that we will continue to see data driven moves in the S&P 500 futures, precious metals futures along with the currency futures for the foreseeable future. I tend to believe that nothing significant will be decided upon, as it relates to unconventional monetary policy (or Quantitative Easing as we refer to it) until a new FOMC committee and chair comes on board.
This prolongs the uncertainty in the market, and in my view, will increase the volatility of the futures markets in the weeks/months ahead. So for you folks aiming to capitalize on short-term moves in the futures, I tend to believe that we are entering a very conducive market to your trading style, and urge you to stay keenly aware of the economic calendar for the week(s) ahead, along with who is set to speak for the day. It could certainly be the difference between a winning trade, and being caught off-guard, which could ultimately result in a disastrous trade.
Travis McGhee
CEO, FuturesANIMAL
OptionsProfits can be followed on Twitter at
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Non biological father with visitation rights?
I understand, and sadly that is something that happens when people break up. I am 22 years old, and my mom is trying to use me against my dad in their divorce. It's stupid.
You may want to consider asking him to family counseling. If that isn't an option, you need to talk to him. Tell him that you have a life, and she is your child. She has to be a part of your life, and every time he does something stupid, it hurts your relationship with your daughter. If he wants to be her daddy, he needs to be understanding of this.
Quoting Anonymous:
If I was sure he had her best interest a t heart I wouldn't be thinking this. I was fine with it until he started playing this game.
Quoting dizzy91:That man is your daughter's daddy. Even if he is not biologically, that is the man who she calls daddy. Please, don't take him away from her. If he loves her and treats her well, that is all that matters. If she loves him and wants him in her life, she needs that. If you take him away from her, she'll probably blame you later in life.
Bad stuff happens in breakups, but don't take it out on her. Did you have a father? Even if he was your biological, no five year old understand that. If your mom took away your dad, you'd probably be very hurt and confused.
Quoting Anonymous:
That's what I'm tginking but I'm also concerned that if he is only using her to get back with me and leaves when she is older it will hurt her worse.
That is what my mom mentioned when I was venting about the whole thing to her. Niw I can't stop thinking it.
Quoting CrimsonGrace:
I would have a talk with him, but I would still allow her to see him.


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2013 Martin Luther King Jr. Day march Previous Next George Gongora/Special to the Caller-Times About 250 people march from the Nueces County Courthouse to the Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd in honor of Martin Luther King Jr. Day on Monday. It was the 26th time the march has occurred. George Gongora/Special to the Caller-Times Breanna Roe, 9 (from left), Analiza Macias, 8, Cianna Frisia, 7, with the Brownie Troop 9607 march in support of Martin Luther King Day on Monday. About 250 people walked in the 26th annual march that is sponsored by the Corpus Christi Alumnae Chapter of the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority. The march started about noon at the Nueces County Courthouse and ended at the Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd. George Gongora/Special to the Caller-Times Kiyah Taylor performs during the annual Martin Luther King Jr. Day celebration at the Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd. Kiyah is part of The Gift mime team, which is composed of members of West Haven Baptist Church. George Gongora/Special to the Caller-Times Police Chief Floyd Simpson makes opening remarks at the Nueces County Courthouse on Monday to about 250 people who gathered before the Martin Luther King Jr. Day march. George Gongora/Special to the Caller-Times Assistant Police Chief Jesse Garcia (from left), St. Paul the Apostle Catholic Church Pastor Peter Martinez, his sister and Mayor Nelda Martinez, Nueces County Judge Loyd Neal, and Corpus Christi Police Chief Floyd Simpson, march together in observance of Martin Luther King Jr. Day on Monday. The event is in its 26th year. George Gongora/Special to the Caller-Times Jennifer Espiro and Raul Alonzo share their messages with signs during the Martin Luther King Jr. Day march. Show Caption Hide Caption