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Imaging of the Urinary Tract
- What is the urinary tract?
- What does "imaging" mean?
- What problems could require imaging of the urinary tract?
- What steps does the health care provider take before ordering imaging tests?
- What are the imaging techniques?
- What preparations are needed for an imaging test?
- What happens after imaging tests?
- How soon will test results be available?
- Points to Remember
- Hope through Research
- For More Information
- Acknowledgments
What is the urinary tract?
The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist and located below the ribs, one on each side of the spine, toward the middle of the back. Every minute, a person's kidneys filter about 3 ounces of blood, removing wastes and extra water. The wastes and extra water make up the 1 to 2 quarts of urine an adult produces each day. Children produce less urine each day; the amount produced depends on their age. The urine travels from the kidneys down two narrow tubes called the ureters. The urine is then stored in a balloonlike organ called the bladder. When the bladder empties, urine flows out of the body through a tube called the urethra at the bottom of the bladder.
What does "imaging" mean?
In medicine, "imaging" is the general term for any technique used to provide pictures of bones and organs inside the body. Imaging techniques include conventional radiology, or x rays; ultrasound; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); computerized tomography (CT) scans; and radionuclide scans. Imaging helps the health care provider see the causes of medical problems.
What problems could require imaging of the urinary tract?
Imaging can help the health care provider find the cause of
- urinary retention—the inability to empty the bladder completely
- urinary frequency—urination eight or more times a day
- urinary urgency—the inability to delay urination
- urinary incontinence—the accidental loss of urine
- blockage of urine
- abdominal mass—swelling in a specific part of the abdomen
- pain in the groin or lower back
- blood in the urine
- high blood pressure
- kidney failure
One symptom can have several possible causes. The health care provider can use imaging techniques to determine, for example, whether a urinary tract stone or an enlarged prostate is blocking urine flow. Imaging can help clarify kidney diseases, tumors, urinary tract infections (UTIs), urinary retention, small bladder capacity, and urinary reflux—the backward flow of urine.
What steps does the health care provider take before ordering imaging tests?
Before ordering imaging tests, the health care provider
- asks about specific urinary tract symptoms, when they began, and their frequency
- considers general medical history, including any major illnesses or surgeries
- may ask female patients whether pregnancy is suspected
- asks about medication use—both prescription and over the counter—the amount of fluid consumed each day, and the use of alcohol and caffeine
- performs a physical exam
These steps help the health care provider determine the possible causes of the urinary tract problems and what to look for in an imaging test.
What are the imaging techniques?
The health care provider can use several different imaging techniques depending on factors such as the person's general medical history and urinary tract symptoms.
Conventional Radiology
X-ray machines have been used to diagnose diseases for about 100 years. X rays of the urinary tract can help highlight a kidney stone or tumor that could be blocking the flow of urine and causing pain. For men, an x ray also shows the size and shape of the prostate—a walnut-shaped gland that surrounds the urethra at the neck of the bladder and supplies fluid that goes into semen. Conventional x rays do involve some exposure to ionizing radiation—radiation that is strong enough to damage some cells. Two common x-ray procedures include the injection of a special dye, called contrast medium, which shows the shape of the urinary tract.
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP). An IVP is an x ray of the urinary tract. Contrast medium is injected into a vein in the person's arm, travels through the body to the kidneys, and makes urine visible on the x ray. The contrast medium also shows any blockage in the urinary tract. The procedure is performed in a health care provider's office, outpatient center, or hospital by an x-ray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist—a doctor who specializes in medical imaging; anesthesia is not needed. An IVP can help locate problems in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder that may be caused by urinary retention or reflux.
Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). A VCUG is an x-ray image of the bladder and urethra taken while the bladder is full and during urination, also called voiding. As the person lies on the x-ray table, a health care provider inserts the tip of a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through the urethra into the bladder. The bladder is filled with contrast medium to make it clearly visible on the x-ray images. The x-rays are taken from various angles while the bladder is full of contrast medium. The catheter is then removed and x-ray images are taken during urination. The procedure is performed in a health care provider's office, outpatient center, or hospital by an x-ray technician. The technician is supervised by a radiologist while the images are taken. The radiologist then interprets the images. Anesthesia is not needed, but sedation may be used for some people. A VCUG can reveal abnormalities of the inside of the urethra and bladder and is usually used for children to detect vesicoureteral reflux—the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back into the upper urinary tract. A VCUG can also show whether the flow of urine is normal when the bladder empties, blockages from an enlarged prostate in men, and an abnormal bladder position in women.
Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure. The transducer can be moved to different angles to make it possible to examine different organs. The procedure is performed in a health care provider's office, outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed. The images can be used to provide information that is valuable in diagnosing and treating a variety of diseases and conditions.
Abdominal ultrasound. In abdominal ultrasound, the health care provider applies a gel to the person's abdomen and moves a hand-held transducer over the skin. The gel allows the transducer to glide easily, and it improves the transmission of the signals.
The procedure is performed in a health care provider's office, outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed. An abdominal ultrasound can create images of the entire urinary tract. The images can show damage or abnormalities in the urinary tract. Abdominal ultrasounds are also commonly used to take pictures of fetuses in the womb and of a woman's ovaries and uterus.
Transrectal ultrasound with prostate biopsy. Transrectal ultrasound is most often used to examine the prostate. In a transrectal ultrasound, the health care provider inserts a transducer slightly larger than a pen into the man's rectum next to the prostate. The ultrasound image shows the size of the prostate and any abnormal-looking areas, such as tumors. Transrectal ultrasound cannot be used to definitively diagnose prostate cancer.
To determine whether a tumor is cancerous, the health care provider performs a biopsy. For the biopsy, the health care provider uses the transducer and ultrasound images to guide a needle to the prostate. The needle is then used to remove a few pieces of prostate tissue for examination with a microscope. A transrectal ultrasound with prostate biopsy is usually performed in a health care provider's office, outpatient facility, or hospital by a doctor; light sedation and local anesthesia are used. The biopsied prostate tissue is examined in a laboratory by a pathologist—a doctor who specializes in diagnosing diseases. The biopsy can reveal whether prostate cancer is present.
Magnetic resonance imaging is a test that takes pictures of the body's internal organs and soft tissues without using x rays. MRI machines use radio waves and magnets to produce detailed pictures of the body's internal organs and soft tissues. An MRI may include the injection of contrast medium. With most MRI machines, the person lies on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device where the images are taken. The device may be open ended or closed at one end; some newer machines are designed to allow the person to lie in a more open space. During an MRI, the person is usually awake but must remain perfectly still while the images are being taken. A sequence of images taken from different angles may be needed to create a detailed picture of the urinary tract. During the sequencing, the person will hear loud, mechanical knocking and humming noises. The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed, though light sedation may be used for people with a fear of confined spaces.
Magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA). An MRA is a type of MRI that provides the most detailed view of kidney arteries—the blood vessels that supply blood to the kidneys. An MRA can show kidney artery stenosis, which is the narrowing of a kidney artery that restricts blood flow to the kidney. Kidney artery stenosis can cause high blood pressure and lead to reduced kidney function and eventually kidney failure.
CT Scans
Computerized tomography scans use a combination of x rays and computer technology to create three-dimensional (3-D) images. A CT scan may include the injection of contrast medium. CT scans require the person to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device where the x rays are taken. The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed. CT scans can show stones in the urinary tract, obstructions, infections, cysts, tumors, and traumatic injuries.
Radionuclide Scans
A radionuclide scan is an imaging technique that relies on the detection of small amounts of radiation after injection of radioactive chemicals. Because the dose of the radioactive chemicals is small, the risk of causing damage to cells is low. Special cameras and computers are used to create images of the radioactive chemicals as they pass through the urinary tract. Radionuclide scans are performed at a health care provider's office, outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed. Radioactive chemicals injected into the blood can provide information about kidney function. Radioactive chemicals can also be put into the fluids used to fill the bladder and urethra for x ray, MRI, and CT imaging.
What preparations are needed for an imaging test?
Preparations for an imaging test mostly depend on the purpose and type of test. In general, the health care provider will want to know whether the person is allergic to any foods or medications, is pregnant, or has had any recent illnesses or medical conditions. Specific preparations could include any of the following:
- fasting for 12 hours before the test
- drinking several glasses of water 2 hours before the test so the bladder is full—for some ultrasound tests
- taking a laxative, which is a medication that loosens stool and increases bowel movements, to clear the colon—for a transrectal ultrasound
- taking an enema, which involves flushing water, laxative, or sometimes a mild soap solution into the anus using a special squirt bottle, about 4 hours before the test—for a transrectal ultrasound
- talking with the technical staff about any implanted devices that may have metal parts that will affect MRI or MRA images, such as heart pacemakers, intrauterine devices (IUDs), hip replacements, and implanted ports for catheterization; metal plates, pins, screws, and surgical staples, as well as any bullets or shrapnel in the body, may also cause a problem if they have been in place fewer than 4 to 6 weeks
- taking a sedative before an MRI or CT scan if the person feels anxious or has difficulty holding still in enclosed spaces
People undergoing an imaging test should listen to the health care provider's instructions carefully and ask questions if something is not understood.
What happens after imaging tests?
After most imaging tests, the person can immediately resume normal activity. Tests that involved placing a catheter in the urethra may produce some mild discomfort for a few hours after the procedure. Drinking an 8-ounce glass of water every half-hour for 2 hours may help reduce the discomfort. The health care provider may recommend taking a warm bath or holding a warm, damp washcloth over the urethral opening to relieve the discomfort. A transrectal ultrasound may produce some discomfort. A prostate biopsy may produce pain in the area of the rectum and the perineum, which is between the rectum and the scrotum. A prostate biopsy may also produce blood in the urine and semen.
For catheterization or biopsy, the health care provider may prescribe an antibiotic for 1 or 2 days to prevent an infection. People with signs of infection—including pain, chills, or fever—should call a health care provider immediately.
Some people have reactions to the contrast medium or the sedatives, though the risks are generally low. Signs of contrast medium reactions include hives, itching, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness. Contrast medium can cause kidney damage in people with certain conditions, such as impaired kidney function and diabetes. In most people, the kidney damage has no symptoms and goes away within a week or so. In rare cases, contrast medium causes lasting kidney damage. Signs of kidney damage include
- high blood pressure
- little or no urination
- edema—swelling, usually in the hands, face, feet, or ankles
- tiredness
- generalized itching or numbness
- headaches
- weight loss
- appetite loss
- sleep problems
Reactions to sedatives are rare but possible. Signs of sedative reactions include changes in breathing and heart rate. People with signs of reactions to the contrast medium or the sedatives should call a health care provider immediately.
How soon will test results be available?
The results of simple tests such as x rays and abdominal ultrasound can be discussed with the health care provider soon after the test. Results of other tests such as a prostate tissue biopsy, MRI, and CT scans may take several days to come back. The health care provider will talk with the patient about these results.
Points to Remember
- The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for removing wastes and extra water.
- "Imaging" is the general term for any technique used to provide pictures of bones and organs inside the body.
- Imaging helps the health care provider find the causes of urinary tract problems.
- The health care provider will consider a person's general medical history and urinary tract symptoms to decide what imaging technique to use.
- Urinary tract imaging techniques include conventional radiology, or x rays; ultrasound; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); computerized tomography (CT) scans; and radionuclide scans.
- Preparations for an imaging test mostly depend on the purpose and type of test.
- After most imaging tests, the person can immediately resume normal activity.
- Results for simple tests are available soon after the test, while other test results may take several days to come back.
Hope through Research
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) has many research programs aimed at understanding, diagnosing, and treating urinary tract problems, including urinary tract stones, enlarged prostate, urinary incontinence, and kidney failure. The NIDDK also sponsors studies to improve diagnostic imaging techniques and devices. For example, current state-of-the-art methods using MRI techniques with rapid image acquisition rates make possible high-resolution, 3-D images of the kidneys. Semiautomated image analysis can determine kidney size and the location of cystic structures. MRI may also permit simultaneous estimation of kidney function.
Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. For information about current studies, visit www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
For More Information
American Urological Association Foundation
1000 Corporate Boulevard
Linthicum, MD 21090
Phone: 1–800–828–7866 or 410–689–3700
Fax: 410–689–3998
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: www.UrologyHealth.org
National Kidney Foundation
30 East 33rd Street
New York, NY 10016
Phone: 1–800–622–9010 or 212–889–2210
Fax: 212–689–9261
Internet: www.kidney.org
Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. This publication was reviewed by Sam B. Bhayani, M.D., Washington University School of Medicine.
You may also find additional information about this topic by visiting MedlinePlus at www.medlineplus.gov.
This publication may contain information about medications. When prepared, this publication included the most current information available. For updates or for questions about any medications, contact the U.S. Food and Drug Administration toll-free at 1–888–INFO–FDA (1–888–463–6332) or visit www.fda.gov. Consult your health care provider for more information.
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
3 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3580
Phone: 1–800–891–5390
Fax: 703–738–4929
Email: email@example.com
Internet: www.urologic.niddk.nih.gov
The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1987, the Clearinghouse provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system to people with kidney and urologic disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. The NKUDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about kidney and urologic diseases.
This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.
NIH Publication No. 12–5107
January 2012
Page last updated May 24, 2012


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If you guys can squeeze in one more body, I would like to join the Chau tour.Bob
scott, set up a spread sheet so we can all suggest/vote democratically ?
Where can we start doing the lemoncello shots?
It sounds like, between the Roberta margherita and the Forcella margherita, the Forcella wins. Forcella is also open during the day. Although I hear Don Antonio does a better Montanara, for those of the group that want to try fried pizza, Forcella might be a good introduction. The bottom line is that, as far as I know, Friday Brooklyn Neapolitan daytime offerings are pretty slim- Forcella and Roberta's- that's it- and we have a contingent of our group that might need that Neapolitan fix. We're hitting Neapolitan places that night, but I'd like to squeeze one in during the day.Craig, what do you think?
Not to screw up a good plan I would have to meet around 12 noon ish wherever the crowd may be. chau how long are you here for ? The funnest part of the pizza tour we did last time was being in the great city of New York just being in there is very cool ! This excursion hits sateen island and brooklyn but minimal NYC as with Craig it's about being with everybody but I hope chau gets to experience NYC at it's finest .Tha is for all the efforts !John

subset: commoncrawl


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The Movement (2012)
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What kind of chandeliers can you use over a tub, if this fixture cannot be used?
I love this chandelier. It is very pretty. I hung it in a hallway and it is the perfect size.
Chrome Crystal Chandelier
Add elegance to your dining room with this sophisticated chrome crystal chandelier. The light sparkles like diamonds through the clear crystals and crystal fleur de lis. The chandelier hangs perfectly to provide ambience to any dinner party.
- Details
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This chandelier will add elegance and sparkle to your home decor. The Lighting has a chrome finish with clear hanging crystals and crystal fleur de lis.The contemporary lighting style also adds character to any room. The incandescent light bulb is the ideal lighting feature to accent and bring out any creative style. Choose from a variety of different colors such as brown, gold, silver and white to ignite your innovative decorating style and bring out your hidden creativity. This stunning chrome crystal chandelier creates a cascade of sparkling light in any room in your home. Ideal for use in entryways or to hang above your dining room table, this elegant light comes with a long chain, so you can adjust the length depending on the height of your ceiling.- Add elegance style to your home decor with a crystal chandelier
- Lighting has a chrome finish
- Ceiling light features clear crystals
- Measures 11.5 inches wide x 15 inches high
- Chain measures 39.5 inches long
- Uses one (1) 60-watt E26 Standard bulb(not included)
This fixture does need to be hard wired. Professional installation is recommended.
Features | |
Color | Chrome |
Material | Crystal |
Finish | Chrome Finish |
Number of Light | 1 Light |
Width | 16 in or less |
Shade Material | Metal |
Height | 14 in to 17 in |
Switch Type | Hardwired |
Assembly | Assembly Required |
Bulb Wattage | 60 W |
Ceiling Light Fixture Type | Chandelier |
Light Bulb Type | Incandescent |
Light Direction | Multi-directional |
Lighting Style | Contemporary |
Lighting Type | Chandeliers |
Product Features | UL Listed |
Dimensions | 11.5x15 in |
Materials | crystal, metal |
Model Number | KC1215 |
Customer Reviews
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Cute This would look great in a little girls room!
Read Morejmalvasio May 1, 2015 - Helpful 0
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Chandlier I love this chandelier. It is very pretty. I hung it in a hallway and it is the perfect size.
Read MorePamela K. Apr 23, 2015 - Helpful 0
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Sparkle and shine it is a good size for a bedroom or bath - in a typical ceiling height. I would prefer the nest time another option instead of chrome.
Read MoreKathleen N. Apr 22, 2015 - Helpful 0
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my 13 year old daughter loves this This chandelier was the perfect size for my daughter's room. she loved it! It took my husband about 30 minutes to install.
Read MoreKristi C. Apr 22, 2015 - Helpful 0
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Precious! Beautiful in my little girl's room. I highly recommend hanging a ceiling medallion with it to finish the look.
Read MoreAmy E. Apr 21, 2015 - Helpful 0
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Pretty but Painful Instead of complaining about the way this chandelier arrived (which I really want to do), I've decided to try and be helpful. It seems that the reason it is so reasonably priced is because they saved a boatload on assembly and instruction manuals. In that it isn't assembled and there is no manual. FIRST TIP- assemble the chandelier before you hang it! Take out all of the crystal strands and sort them into 4 piles: Strands with 4 crystals Strands with 5 crystals and rings on both ends Strands with 5 crystals with a ring on one end only Strands with 8 crystals The 5 crystals with only one ring go in the center of the chandelier (around the light bulb). The 4 crystal strand swag from the top, 8 crystal strands swag from 2 middle levels, 5 crystal strand with 2 rings swag from bottom of chandelier. Figuring this out took a painful amount of time and the assembly is tedious, but went much quicker on the 2nd one (I bought 2). Do not buy this chandy if you have arthritis and no one to assemble it for you. You know how hard it is to get a new key on a keyring? That is how each strand is assembled here. It is a pretty chandelier for the price but I would hesitate to recommend it. I'm a chandelier junkie and have never seen one that needed this level of assembly. Maybe if I was prepared and there were instructions I would feel differently. Hope this helps!
Read Morebaylorsays Jun 26, 2011 - Helpful 102
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Beautiful and inexpensive! This looks a lot better in person than it does in the picture on overstock.com. It looks giganto in the pics, but it's actually really petite and pretty. Yes, assembly is a little bit of a pain. The 22 links of 5 crystals go in the center hanging straight down. The links of 4 crystals go around the top, the links of 8 crystals go in the 2nd and 3rd rows, and the links of 5 crystals go on the bottom row. The long crystals hang from the fleur de lis, and the large ball goes at the bottom obviously. Now I feel I have done my service to humanity. :) Very nice sparkly addition to any room!
Read Morelizz67 Jan 17, 2011 - Helpful 53
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Very pretty and the perfect size I put this chandelier in my small (4x4) vestibule, painted the walls black and the trim white, and it looks amazing! Very elegant. It took me a while to put this together as it did not come with directions, but studying the photograph here was a big help. Definitely lay all the crystals out and group them before you get started, it will save you a lot of time and trouble. The quality of construction is OK; I'm not worried about it falling apart or anything, and chances are no one is going to be inspecting it that closely anyway. I couldn't be more pleased with this light, especially for the price. A note about the bulb: I first used a regular white bulb but didn't like how visible it was. I thought a small, round clear one might be kind of neat, and the difference is unbelievable! It sparkles SO much more with the clear bulb, and the clear bulb kind of disappears to let you see just the fixture.
Read Morecass97 Oct 20, 2010 - Helpful 22
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Sparkle & Shine! This compact but big-impact chandelier brightened up my entry hall perfectly. I was looking for chic sparkle that wasn't over-the-top and I got it at a great price. You'll receive the chrome frame with links of crystals in separate bags. Once you get the hang of attaching the links to the frame it's a piece of cake, but will take about 45 minutes. Installation is standard fixture replacement, all the parts you need are included (except the electrical engineer dad I had to speed the process). The dangling crystal ball is mesmerizing. These are actual crystals, not plastic, and they'll really sparkle in the light.
Read Moreryanr98 Nov 27, 2010 - Helpful 15
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Chandelier It looks great over the mastrer bath and is just what my wife wanted - not overly fancy, but neat. Putting it together took a bit of time for a guy with large thumbs and fingers, but I didn't have anything else to do anyway. For the money a great buy.
Read Moreoldbull11 Sep 10, 2010 - Helpful 10
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Questions & Answers
Hello blondiedo, the factory technician stated all OTIS items can not be used over a tub, since the hardware on the light fixtures will be rusted easily. You would need to purchase the specialized bathroom lights, with the high damp proof function. Thank you for shopping with us!
Why did you choose this product?
These are beautiful. I bought three of them three years ago for our church and they look so elegant.
good price for what it looks like......
because my girlfriend is always right
baby nursery
For a Bed room and Good review.
It's pretty
I purchased this chandelier based on it's price and reviews. I am building a house and wanted a chandelier in my closet and my daughters closet. I have shopped everywhere and this one seems like the most value for the money. My closet will require 2 and my daughters only 1. Thanks Overstock
like the girlie looks
In the little instruction page it says the hot/positive wire has writing on it and the negative does not. Well both of my covered wires have a letter attached and that is the only writing on either wire. One has an L and one has a N. I take it the N is negative but I wanted to be sure because the other has an L not a P. Is this the case?
Hello stephanielynn, you will be contacted by Customer Care. Have a great day.
I bough this item about 6 months ago. I have looked every where and bought every type of bulb to put in it. NONE WORK!! I don't know if I'm missing a part or not- its like the outlet for the bulb is inside out. The groves that you screw the bulb into are on the outside?? Any suggestions please!!
Hello karshall24, this will use (1) 60-watt E26 standard bulb. Thank you for shopping with us! TB
Is this the same item as item #15529069?? If so why are the prices different?
Thank you for your question gledis1. No, they are not the same chandelier. Have a great day.
I noticed that as well and when you look closely you can tell the less expensive chandelier does not have the fluer de lis or the same amount of crystals.
It says 'it's not rated for bathrooms or damp locations' What does that mean?? Can it be used in a bathroom??
Thank you for your question gledis1. It means the the dampness of the bathroom will ruin the Chrome Crystal Chandelier and it has not been UL Damp rated. No, it cannot be used in a bathroom. Have a great day.
Is this a plug in to the outlet chandelier?
Thank you for your question edithcecilia. No, it is not. I'm sorry. Have a great day.
Is this light available in other finishes, particularly, satin/ brushed nickel?
Thank you for your question rcdp17. Unfortunately, we do not the Chrome Crystal Chandelier in another finish, I'm sorry. Have a great day.
can this fixture be installed on an angles ceiling?
Thank you for your question oraserrata. Yes, the Chrome Crystal Chandelier can be installled on slanted, vaulted or angles ceilings. Have a great day.
Yes I don't see why not. It is hooked with the base on the ceiling, but it is attached by the chain, witch can move.
Can this be used on a ceiling fan?
Thank you for contacting us mkapfer. No, this can not be used on a ceiling fan. Please let us know if you have any further questions.
This fixture is described as halogen, however it says it requires 60W bulb, which would indicate incandescent light, so is it halogen or incandescent?
Hello mcd1927, thank you for your interest in the Chrome Crystal Chandelier. This is an incandescent light. The "Features" is used for a general search. Thank you for shopping with us, and have a great day!
what's the weight of this item?
I would estimate 2 lbs definitely less than 5.
is this product from warehouse of Tiffany's
Not that I believe but you do have to put it together~
Thank you for your inquiry. We are unable to disclose the manufacturer of some of our products; however, Overstock.com stands behind every product we sell. When necessary we can contact suppliers if a product issue arises.
it could be, its just gorgeous!
No ,I don't think so...but it is very pretty...see my review
I asked you if the 'optical' glass is real glass or is it plastic or acrylic? plastic and glass do not have lead in them. Again is it plastic or glass?
Thank you for contacting us, the "optical" glass is real glass. Please let me know if you have any further question.
real glass
Real glass. It sparkles beautifully in the light and casts an interesting shadow on the ceiling at night. Love this chandelier. A candelabra bulb makes it especially beautiful.
You say the 'crystals' are made of 'optical' glass - is that actually glass or is it plastic or acrylic?
The crystals are optical glass, which is a special glass with very similar decorative effect as lead glass or lead crystal, but not the potential health risks of lead. It has minimal lead content. Please feel free to contact us again with any further questions.
glass, like they make lenses from
Are the crystal fleur de lis pieces pre attached to the base or are they parts you add on to chandelier base?
Thank you for your inquiry. This unit requires assembly including the fleur de lis piece.
the entire thing is to be assembled, very time consuming but worth it
they're attached
is there a picture of the mounting plate?
Thank you for your inquiry. Unfortunately we do not have a picture of the mounting plate. The diameter of the plate used to cover the hole is 5.1 inches with the same type of finish. Hope this helps !
No, but the mounting plate is chrome like the rest of frame
Can this chandelier be hung as a ceiling mount? ie with either one chain link or no chain links?
Thank you for your inquiry. This chandelier comes with a round plate to cover the hole in the ceiling. With some modification you could hang it as close to the ceiling as possible. Unfortunately I am unable to comment on any type of modification to our products besides that. I apologize for the inconvenience.
Both of the wires that are connected to this chandelier look exactly the same, they are not marked at all as to which one is live/hot and which is nuetral. How am I supposed to tell the difference in order to install it?
The wires do not have the difference between the live wire and the neutral wire, they are almost the same. You can choose to connect either one with the live wire from your own ceiling box, connect the remaining one with the neutral wire from the ceiling box. If you have any further questions please let me know.
Will this chandelier give off enough light for small bathroom/powder room?
Yes, that should work well. Many of the reviews have been using in bathrooms and bedrooms.
Yes, I use this in my daughter's nursery and it is plenty of light. I use a dimmer switch to adjust the amount of lighting because sometimes it is too bright.
Shopping Guides
Best Chandeliers for Your Home
Whether you like antique or contemporary styles, chandeliers can dress up many different rooms. It's easy to update your bedroom with a striking pendant chandelier, or add a crystal chandelier to the dining room for extra sparkle. You may have a few questions about choosing chandelier lighting that works with your style, however. Read on for tips on finding the best chandeliers for your home.
FAQs about Chandeliers and Pendants
Chandeliers and pendants have always been popular lighting options because they can highlight spaces and bring some pizzazz and sparkle to a room. The popularity of chandeliers and pendants has made Overstock.com's wide selection even wider and has probably left you with several questions about how to choose, hang and care for the right chandeliers and pendants. Read on to find the answers to these frequently asked questions.
Top 5 Chandelier Styles
Whether you are building your dream house or just sprucing up your current home, a chandelier is a great way to add ambiance and decoration to a room. Chandeliers and pendants aren't just for formal dining rooms. The right chandelier can look great in any room. Although chandeliers come in a wide variety of styles, let's start with the top five.
Buying Chandelier Lighting for Your Dining Room
Chandeliers are the ultimate statement piece in a house. From giant crystal chandeliers that hang from high ceilings to simple styles that reside over a family dining table, lighting fixtures have the ability to make a room glow. A chandelier that is not right for your space can seem weighed down and heavy. The wrong chandelier can also lack drama that helps make a room fabulous. If your chandelier is looking old and outdated, it might be time to update with a new style.
Best Light Fixtures for Making a Statement
Light fixtures can produce big design statements in a room. If something feels incomplete, even after you've decorated, chances are your lighting situation is to blame. Replacing a standard frosted glass pendant light or a boring brass chandelier with something unique and tailored for your style will pull together all the elements of a room and highlight the architecture of a home.
Chandelier Trends
Looking for a way to simultaneously brighten and dress up your home? Chandeliers are the perfect solution. Chandeliers are available with many arms, multiple tiers, and shades as well as with more simple designs and streamlined structures. Look for a chandelier light with a large presence for a big room and one with a smaller profile to use in a diminutive room; the size of your chandelier doesn't matter, only its size in comparison to the rest of your home decor.
How to Clean a Chandelier
Chandeliers can be the stunning focal point of your room, but these dramatic light fixtures are also great at collecting dust and cobwebs. You can keep your chandelier sparkling by dusting it regularly and cleaning it thoroughly twice a year. To learn how to clean your chandelier using both the wet and dry methods, keep reading.
How to Choose a Chandelier
Chandeliers are more than just a way to illuminate a room. They add style and become part of the home decor. Like any decorative piece, the right chandelier can make a big difference in the look and feel of a room. A large or ornate chandelier will overwhelm a small living space, and a small, simple one will not look right in a formal dining room. Here's how to choose the best lighting for your home.
Creating a Modern Patio with AngeloHOME Furniture
After you've spent hours hunting down the perfect contemporary sofa or chrome chandelier to create a modern haven inside your home, it's time to tackle the patio. There's no reason your outdoor living space can't be as sleek as the rest of your home, but there are a few things to look for when shopping for modern patio furniture. Designer Angelo Surmelis' angelo:HOME patio furniture is a good place to start since it features low lines and bold colors that speak to your contemporary decorating taste.
4 Things to Consider When Buying Chandelier Earrings
You're wearing your favorite 1960s-inspired dress and a pair of cute wedge sandals, but something is missing. Add just the right amount of color and shine with a shimmery new pair of chandelier earrings. Chandelier earrings get their name from their design, which mimics elaborate chandelier light fixtures. They may have tiers of sparkling, swinging gemstones or they may have layers of hammered gold medallions. Each chandelier earring style is unique and offers a bold splash of style. They go great with dresses but can also be worn with jeans and suits. To choose the perfect pair of chandelier earrings, consider these important features.
Best Places to Hang Mini Chandeliers
A glistening chandelier can add that little extra something to your home decor, but you don't need to go big to make a huge style statement. Mini chandeliers, sometimes called chandelettes, work well in a variety of settings and are a popular alternative to large, traditional chandeliers. Think of a mini chandelier as piece of jewelry for your home -- a little can go a long way. If you're not sure where you would use one, try hanging a mini chandelier in one of these places.
How to Select Kitchen Lighting
If your kitchen looks tired, why not update it with brand-new kitchen lighting? New kitchen pendant lights or a unique chandelier could be just what your space needs for a fresh makeover. In fact, the right kitchen light fixtures add that extra touch that makes a kitchen shine. Whether you want to install recessed kitchen lighting in your home or just want to update a few existing light fixtures, the following tips can help you find lighting that will last for years and keep your kitchen looking great. Read on to learn about selecting kitchen lighting for your home.
Why You Need Chandelier Earrings
If you adore fancy decor, then you will love chandelier earrings. When you enter a fancy ballroom, the first thing you see is the stunning chandelier glistening above your head. Chandelier earrings have the same effect on a smaller scale. Your eyes will automatically be drawn to the sparkling, dancing gems and shiny metal. If you're looking to expand your jewelry collection, consider earrings that look like miniature chandeliers. Many styles are available to bring color and shine to your earring assortment.
Best Styles in Drop Earrings
Classic and versatile, drop earrings may be paired with any wardrobe option to complete a look and add sparkle and shine. Drop earrings include a variety of style categories, including teardrop earrings, chandelier earrings and dangling earrings. Earrings with dangling gemstones, teardrops, charms and chandeliers go well with other jewelry selections and make great jewelry gifts. Choose teardrop earrings, dangling earrings, chandelier earrings and other drop earrings for your collection with our list of the best styles.
Top 5 Ways to Wear Citrine Chandelier Earrings
If you love to dress in dark, neutral colors year-round, then add some citrine chandelier earrings to your wardrobe. Citrine earrings will add bright, glowing light to any simple outfit without diluting the edginess you desire in your look. Like the sparkling yellow eyes of a beautiful owl in the night, citrine jewelry accents an outfit with rich yellow hues. Keep several pairs of lovely chandelier earrings handy, and it will be easy to accessorize jeans, dresses and skirts with this extravagant gemstone jewelry.
Earring Glossary
Just what is a chandelier earring? What classifies a stud earring? To choose the best jewelry for your collection, it helps to know how to define each of the different styles. Whether you need a cute and simple pair of earrings to wear every day or you want an extensive jewelry collection that gives you almost endless options, our information about earrings is the perfect place to get tips before shopping. This glossary answers questions and describes the important elements of popular earring styles.
How to Determine Value When Shopping for Jewelry
Stunning jewelry often graces the pages of fashion magazines. Beautiful gemstone necklaces, bracelets, rings and earrings may catch your eye, but are they a good value? Jewelry that is set with crystals, faux pearl pendants and colorful glass is wonderful, affordable fashion jewelry, but these pieces are sometimes overpriced. The best jewelry for your wardrobe is the nicest jewelry in your price range that matches your style. The idea is not that you get what you pay for, but that you should pay for what you get. Use these tips to select the very best quality gemstone jewelry for your money.
Best Reasons to Buy Gold Earrings
Gold jewelry has been coveted since the precious metal was first discovered. Ancient cultures all around the world have incorporated gold into their fashion trends, religious ceremonies and burial supplies. Gold jewelry has remained popular into modern times for many reasons, and gold earrings are one of the best ways to wear the shimmery substance. Gold earrings come in many different styles, from gold hoops and dangling chandelier earrings to pretty studs and elegant teardrop earrings. You can wear yellow gold earrings with your favorite black dress or choose white gold earrings for a casual workday. If you still need to be convinced, check out our reasons for buying gold earrings and then test some gold jewelry for yourself.
How to Layer Crystal Bracelets
Crystal bracelets are incredibly trendy. They are available in range of styles, which tempt you with their vibrant colors and unique patterns. Crystal bracelets offer the look of sparkly gemstones without the high price tag, making them very valued in fashion jewelry. If you're shopping for crystal bracelets, you might be hesitant to try one of the new styles. It's easy to wear fashionable bracelets when you know how to layer them with the existing favorites in your jewelry collection. Layering crystal bracelets is fun and easy; create a new jewelry look with these tips.
How to Care for Crystal Stemware
What is lovelier than the sparkle of slender crystal champagne flutes and the fine, graceful bowls of crystal wine glasses? Fine crystal stemware is a joy to use and to behold. However, because of the delicate (and pricey) nature of crystal, it requires a bit more care than your regular glass dishes and cups. Here are some key steps to preserving and caring for your crystal stemware so that it will remain as beautiful as the day you bought it for generations to come.
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Cheap Flights from Noumea to Dubai, United Arab Emirates - NOU to DXB
Did You Know?
Qantas Airways has 372 connecting flights between Noumea, NC and Dubai.
You must make at least one connection to fly from Noumea, NC to Dubai.
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Drawing on the expertise of champion ultra-runner Scott Jurek, the Ultimate Direction SJ Ultra Vest effectively balances weight and performance in providing at-the-ready hydration for long-distance running or racing.
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Ultimate Direction literally invented the entire concept of a specific pack to carry water with you when running, hiking, skiing or climbing. That was back in 1986. Continuing to innovate, Ultimate Directions welcomes you "to the future of the original."
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I figure if it's good enough for the turtles
I find it also works pretty good on my car (the fastest on the block).
If I'm in a pinch and the surf shop is closed
Easy to apply and the Hindus in bikinis love that lemon fresh scent. Needless, I say more.
And, yes, I wax the bottom of my board and the fins too but to it's their own.


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Daily OCD 11/21/12 | |
Written by Jen Vaughn | Filed under staff, Olivier Schrauwen, office fun, Noah Van Sciver, Nico Vassilakis, Moto Hagio, Lorenzo Mattotti, Linda Medley, library, Jaime Hernandez, Jacques Tardi, Jack Jackson, Flannery OConnor, Daily OCD, Crag Hill, Chris Wright, Charles Burns | 21 Nov 2012 3:52 PM |
The strongest umbrella in the wind of Online Commentaries & Diversions:
• Review: Paul Constant of The Stranger looks at The Last Vispo: Visual Poetry 1998-2008, edited by Nico Vassilakis and Crag Hill. "As an art book, it demands hours of investigation. . . For those linguistic pioneers looking to find the future of fiction, this could be one of the most informative poetry anthologies to be published in the new millennium."
• Review: NPR's My Guilty Pleasure looks at the Jacques Tardi graphics novels of Adèle Blanc-Sec who is "young writer with the brains of Sherlock Holmes, the body of Angelina Jolie and the stoic fortitude of the Marlboro Man." Rosecrans Baldwin states, "The books are part adventure comic, part hardboiled fiction. They're terrific whodunits that conjure up all the precise atmospheric detail of, say, a Georges Simenon novel, but with twice the plot."
• Review: The Crackle of the Frost makes NPR's Graphic Novels that Fell Under the Radar of 2012 list. Glen Weldon states, "it's Mattotti's breathtakingly vivid paintings, pulsating with the mysterious poetry of unsettling dreams, that add a welcome and indelible splash of Kafka and Murakami."
• Review: Blacklung by Chris Wright gets reviewed on Nerds of a Feather. Philippe Duhart says, "Wright's genius is further evident in his ability to use these aberrant cartoonish characterizations to convey human emotion, particularly terror. Wright's portrayal of violence is stark and chilling – despite or perhaps because of his singular style. . . Black Lung worked on all counts. Plus, pirates."
• Review (video): Kapow Comics down in Australia reviews Chris Wright's Blacklung. Al states "this is a complicated book with musings on philosophy, literature, mortality and especially, religion has a big focus." Sonya says, "Every single character changes in this story, their journey changes them . . . [Blacklung] prayed on my mind. It lingers with you."
• Review: Glen David Gold looks at Flannery O'Connor: The Cartoons edited by Kelly Gerald in the LA Review of Books. In an attempt to see how the bread is made, Gold, "Cartooning was O'Connor's first artistic passion. . . . An article in the local paper and a pile of rejection slips from The New Yorker indicate how serious she was. . . not an early blush of Flannery the fiction writer at work. But I'd still recommend it to the curious. Come at it without expecting same genius, but look at it because it's an extreme close up of biography."
• Review: Publishers Weekly looks at Jack Jackson's Los Tejanos and Lost Causes. "Comics' current vogue for nonfiction was pioneered in these two works from the late underground comix founding father Jackson, who died in 2006. Jackson brought an R. Crumb–style crosshatching and love of facial grotesquery to these two densely researched historical graphic novels."
• Plug: Publishers Weekly and Ada Price show a sneak peak of The Heart of Thomas by Moto Hagio. Enjoy 14 pages of pure genius but don't forget to read each one right to left! We're talking manga here.
• Review: Rob Clough of The Comics Journal enjoys The Hypo by Noah Van Sciver."he's made a fairly significant leap as both a draftsman and a storyteller in a relatively short period of time . . . Van Sciver's greatest achievement in this book is his storytelling restraint. He lets his cross-hatching gets across the grime . . He wants to show the reader a different side of the Lincoln we grew up reading about in the history books, but also wants the reader to connect this younger man to the future president."
• Interview: Antonio Solina of Italian site Lo Spazio Bianco interviews with Jaime Hernandez .
• Commentary: On the Brooklyn Comics and Graphics Festival, Coming Books are Burning in Hell talk non-stop about the mystery cartoonist that is Olivier Schrauwen of The Man Who Grew His Beard. BCGF coverge by The Beat (Heidi) describes the Olivier Schrauwen exhibit and Hannah Means-Shannon on the panels. Julia Pohl-Miranda from Drawn and Quarterly snaps a pic of me and former intern Anna hard at work (and pretty hot, you can see our sweat)
• Commentary: OSU Librarian, Caitlin McGurk, visited the Fantagraphics office and wrote up a nice report on us at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library and Museum blog!


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I mean, this is pure gossip.
Phoronix: Another Linus Rant About Linux DRM; Rejects Pull
Linus Torvalds is known to make a few colorful remarks from time to time. Today he's become frustrated once again with the Linux DRM layer and has rejected a pull request for the Linux 3.2 kernel...
I mean, this is pure gossip.
Kind of sucks that the kernel has only one real release cycle that's effectively forced upon everybody , even those who don't run "debian stable" so to speak, and have such hardcore stability needs that they would rather delay applying a patch that fixes something known to be broken in order to avoid the much smaller possibility of a regression.
I say "effectively" forced upon everyone because nobody has the time to maintain a branch for backporting DRM and legitimate, "lower risk" fixes which just happen to land in the middle of a release cycle. Now that zen-unstable is dead, and linux-next isn't in what I'd call a usable state for most people, there aren't a lot of alternatives to the vanilla kernel.
Everything after -rc1 should be about regressions caused by -rc1 (the merge window). Linus has been clear about it, and DRM is not special in any way, it should follow the same rules.
I have a question, any one know what that radeon kms fix was for?
There are release schedules for a reason. If someone want to add new features or fixes for old bugs, there is a time for that. -rc4 isn't it. I am sure reasonable exceptions can be made, but it seems like Linus feels the DRM people are abusing the process and just outright ignoring the schedule, and I don't think that is okay. The whole point of an RC cycle is to test things, and you can't test things properly if they keep changing.
Hooray, more sensationalist tabloid crap...
Good for Linus. He's got standards for software quality. If you're going to push untested crap into tree when the window opens, don't expect to push large patches to said crap in later rc's.


text: Exposed 35mm Grid SystemDescriptionPrelude 35 is a range of 35mm wide exposed tee systems for SHED type buildings including Industrial, Sports, Halls and Retail parks. Prelude 35 is available in both hook and stab end details both having an override end detail for stability of installation. Prelude 35 comes in White, Black and galvanised finishes and a full range of RAL colours as specials. 2 Items Exposed 35mm Grid System Prelude 35 XL² Cross Tees |


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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor] thermistor description - suggested for beginners | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor] thermistor description - suggested for beginners | ||
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[http://www.specsensors.com/ntc-engineering.asp] general thermistor reference | [http://www.specsensors.com/ntc-engineering.asp] general thermistor reference | ||
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhart%E2%80%93Hart_equation] description of the Steinhart-Hart equation, for thermistors | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinhart%E2%80%93Hart_equation] description of the Steinhart-Hart equation, for thermistors | ||
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[http://www.daycounter.com/Calculators/Steinhart-Hart-Thermistor-Calculator.phtml] assorted online calculators for thermistors | [http://www.daycounter.com/Calculators/Steinhart-Hart-Thermistor-Calculator.phtml] assorted online calculators for thermistors | ||
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[http://datasheets.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/DS18B20.pdf] datasheet for the Maxim DS18B20 digital thermometer | [http://datasheets.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/DS18B20.pdf] datasheet for the Maxim DS18B20 digital thermometer |
Revision as of 13:10, 2 May 2011
Contents |
Introduction to temperature measurements
We are all familiar with the classic simple analog thermometer - the one with the resevoir of mercury or alcohol at the bottom. Unfortunately it is not very easy to convert the (optical) readings from this into a digital format so that we can datalog the information from our experiments. But with the Arduino we can take an analog electrical signal and turn it into a digital one that we can use. We have a number of choices so we need to choose the best ones for the BioBoard, where we'll be doing measurements on biological systems so the temperature range is generally the same as the one for liquid water. We want inexpensive, readily available, sensors that are easy to implement with the Arduino - and have the appropriate range, precision, and accuracy.
Some of the basic types of electronic temperature sensors include:
- thermocouple - excellent for very wide temperature ranges, up to 2300°C
- resistance temperature detector (RTD) - used up to 600°C, for industrial application
- thermistor - generally limited to <150°C, but inexpensive
- digital temperature sensor (DTS) - the output is linearly proportional to the temperature
The thermocouple may be seem to be the most versatile - the individual sensors can be quite inexpensive (but to make your own can mean buying enough materials for many probes) and the range large - but the millivolt output requires an amplifier (~$18) to make them compatible with the Arduino, and they have a greater range than we need. RTDs are becoming increasingly common for some applications but require a bridge circuit, and are not as inexpensive or commonly available as we would like. We chose to focus on both the thermistor and the DTS because they cover the temperature range of choice well, they are inexpensive, and they can be implemented on the Arduino easily - you get two choices, just in case you have a preference, or one is more easily available than the other. The photo shows the 2 sensors that we interfaced, but note that the digital one also comes in a smaller surface mount configuration, and thermistors can be as small as a grain of sand.
Building a thermometer
Is this the place where we describe the whole waterproof probe construction - aspects besides the basic sensor?
- You can add or remove sections as you find appropriate - the initial structure was meant as a guide, nothing more. -Rikke
Digital thermometer
What you need
How to build it
Things to keep in mind
A thermistor is a type of resistor which has a very well known dependence of the resistance on temperature, and the change is quite steep so that we can resolve small differences in temperature. We are using them in place of traditional thermometers, and so they are sometimes referred to a "resistance thermometers" - they are inexpensive, easy to find, and are very easy to interface to the Arduino. They are specified mainly by their room temperature (25°C) resistance and a common value is 10 kOhms. If many models are available, like from a major electronics supply house, you can also specify the tolerance and you can choose from different shapes and sizes (the size of a match head is good for starters). As well, there are two general types of thermistors - ones that increase in resistance with increasing temperature (PTC) and those that decrease in temperature with increasing temperature (NTC).
What you need
Besides your thermistor, all you need for the circuit is a "standard" resistor with a value that is the same as the room temperature resistance of your thermistor. You'll be using the standard one to build a "resistive divider" so that you can use the 5 VDC output of the Arduino and have good resolution over the full temperature range of the thermistor (usually something like -40°C to +125°C, perfect for biological experiments). For our examples we'll be using a 10Ωk NTC thermistor (Sparkfun and Hacktronics carry these) with a 10kΩ resistor for the bridge.
How to build it
On a breadboard build your simple resistive divider circuit, which looks like this: File:Http://www.flickr.com/photos/zen traveler/5678557159/in/set-72157616067782936/ Since your temperature probe will be exposed to moisture or liquid water, it is best to encase it in a waterproof sheath - a good way to do it might be to place it in a plastic tube and seal both the thermistor end and the wires coming out the far end with silicone aquarium sealant. Leave the tip of the thermistor exposed, so that you will have a good response time.
Things to keep in mind
R1 is the thermistor in the circuit, so your standard resistor (R2) is the one tied to the Arduino ground. When you buy the thermistor and matching resistor, buy ones with tight tolerances so that you don't have to worry about small errors in the temperature introduced by values which are off the stated values; and you might measure the actual values with a good digital multimeter, just to make sure.
Interfacing and measuring
Remember that the Arduino has a digital output with 10 bit (1024) resolution so for the special case where R1 is the same as R2 (that's our situation at room temperature) the voltage will be half of the Arduino's 5 VDC, so we can expect the digital output to be 1024/2 or 512. The code looks like this:
double Thermistor(int RawADC) { double Temp; float resistance = (10240000/RawADC) - 10000; //calculate from voltage divider, for 10k resistor Temp = log(resistance/10000); // calculate the temperature, in K, using 4 thermistor model/material specific parameters A, B, C, D // here we use the values for the Sparkfun/Hacktronics version of the Vishay 10k NTC thermistor (from datasheet) Temp = 1 / (0.003354016 + 0.0002569850 * Temp + 0.000002620131 * Temp * Temp + 0.00000006383091 * Temp * Temp * Temp); Temp = Temp - 273.15; // Convert Kelvin to Celsius // Temp = (Temp * 9.0)/ 5.0 + 32.0; // Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit return Temp; }
and the math part is the Steinhart-Hart equation, which is the relationship between the resistance and the temperature for a thermistor with certain materials properties (see here for a description). On the manufacturer's datasheet for your specific resistor you will find a list of 4 materials constants - usually referred to as A, B, C, and D - that go with it. The most general equation is:
1/T= A + B*ln(R/Rt) + C*ln(R/Rt)2 + D*ln(R/Rt)3
but check which one is appropriate for the material constants on your datasheet (the one above is the right one for Vishay thermistors).
Calibrating a home-built thermometer
Everybody needs to be convinced that your homemade instrument is reading what it should - it must be checked for calibration. Most of us only have two easily accessible, well known, temperatures in the biological region of interest that we can produce - the melting point of ice (0°C) and the boiling point of water (100°C), at sea level - and these are good places to start. It can be helpful to use another reference temperature measurement technique which has already been calibrated, such as a commercial digital thermometer, in case or thermocouple (plus a reader for it - I use a Fluke instrument with an adjustable offset in case there is any error at your reference temperatures). This figure shows the results of a trial where I placed both the thermocouple and the thermistor in an ice+water bath (a double walled coffee mug) and recorded the Arduino output every 10 seconds - both instruments had an efective resolution of .1°C and we are looking at the noise at a fixed temperature.
It is not uncommon to see a peak-to-peak noise level of 3 times the resolution, and that is about what the experiment shows for both the thermistor and thermocouple. Note that for this experiment the Arduino output seems to be linear with the calculated temperature, and this what we expect for relatively small changes in temperature - if we are monitoring experiments where the temperature does not change much we can simplify the mathematical relationship between resistance and temperature, avoiding the calculation hassles of the Steinhart-Hart equation. The offset of ~1.3°C between the "Arduino temperature" and the expected value of 0°C -(the reference thermocouple does only a little better than this unless the 0°C offset voltage is very carefully tweaked - and remember that the literature indicates that we can expect up to about 1°C error due to instrument on-board cold junction compensation errors) - is likely because this particular thermistor only has a room temperature resistance tolerance of +/-5%. If measuring and then using the offset is not what you wish to do, you might have to buy one with a better tolerance and generally take extra-ordinary measures.
If we need to investigate the calibration over a narrower range we can play tricks like add ice to hot water and watch the temperature on both our Arduino output and our reference thermometer slowly drift up/down together - to see how your DIY measurements compare with the calibrated ones.
Making it cooler
The acrylic tube we used for waterproofing the sensors is a little on the large size - you can customize your specific raw sensor so that it is encapsulated differently and suits your application more closely.
Geeking out
If you want to hack just a little more then you might choose to use a thermistor that you find out in the world, using obtainium can be particularly satisfying - such as from a BBQ probe or other similar digital thermometer. These will have a to-be-determined room temperature (25°C) resistance and materials constants, so you will need to measure the resistance at at least 3 different temperatures (some people ignore the "C" constant, so 3 might be enough) and solve the multiple equations to get the constant values. Luckily, websites exist to help you with this process.
more than enough for now - list will be trimmed before publication!
[1] thermistor description - suggested for beginners
[2] general thermistor reference
[3] description of the Steinhart-Hart equation, for thermistors
[4] assorted online calculators for thermistors
[5] datasheet for the Maxim DS18B20 digital thermometer


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Tiger Rant |
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Tiger fans help needed please Posted by gctigersfan4040 on 12/8 at 3:21 pm Dear Tiger Fans, My name is Jesse Allen Jr. I live in Pascagoula and I'm a small business owner that is trying to help with a request sent to me. Every year I adopt a single parent family for Christmas with 1 or 2 kids this year a request was sent to me about a single mother with 10 adopted kids 5 with special needs. Her husband left her 2 months ago for another woman. I created an event on Facebook that has a wish list and information on the family that tells the whole story and attached the link at the end. It is a wonderful things this lady does for all of them. 5 companies pledged financial help and have pulled out on Monday. If you can help or pass word on to others that can I would really appreciate it. LINK Thank you for all help This post was edited on 12/8 at 3:23 pm Reply Back to Top |
Posted by patnuh on 12/8 at 3:25 pm to gctigersfan4040 Why did the companies decide not to help?Reply Back to Top |
Posted by the LSUSaint on 12/8 at 3:47 pm to patnuh I will donate whatever I can under one condition, tell me the 5 companies that "pulled out" and the reasons why. Thanks mt friend and God bless you for helping people like you do. Reply Back to Top |
Posted by CE Tiger on 12/8 at 4:48 pm to gctigersfan4040 quote: sounds like someone enjoys those government pay checks.... Reply Back to Top |
24,350 posts.. Sounds like somebody needs a life. And some compassion. Reply Back to Top |
Posted by Meauxjeaux on 12/8 at 5:00 pm to gctigersfan4040 Link doesn't work. Bad fb page?Reply Back to Top |
Posted by Drop4Loss on 12/8 at 7:02 pm to Meauxjeaux Nuther ingenious scamReply Back to Top |
Posted by gctigersfan4040 on 12/9 at 5:03 pm to Drop4Loss I understand that you guys would like names but I think that it is best to let them deal with the karma they get. 2 pulled out because of revenue and I understand that but the other 3 won't even reply I find that kinda sad. And to the person who decided to try to make a joke I feel sorry for you. This lady does it out of love and her husband is a cop but he decided another woman was more important than his kids he choose. I find that sad. Thank to the people who Care and say nice things. I will try to fix the link but I'm not very computer Davy to say the least. When I get to office I'll see what I can do and update. Thank guys and ladies Reply Back to Top |
Posted by gctigersfan4040 on 12/9 at 5:06 pm to gctigersfan4040 ?This is a letter from tge mom tgat was passed along to me: I am often asked "How do you do it?" In fact, I am asked that so often that I have lots of funny replies stored up! But in all honesty, I do it with lots of help. Being a single mom is tough...being a single mom to 10 awesome children is an adventure! Because of the wide range of needs that my children have, I have to be really creative in making sure that they are all safe and have everything they need to grow and flourish. When help is offered, it is accepted and much appreciated. ?I didn't really plan to have 10 children, it is just the blessed life that GOD had for me. My 3 oldest children are academically accelerated and have always been the best therapists. Now that they are in college, I have to rely on close friends to help. My friend Sara Schultz is a speech therapist at one of my son's school. She has a gift for caring for and interacting with those with special needs. She herself is a single mom to 3 amazing children. She and her kids are a huge help to me. It is difficult for her to be here as much as I need her though, because she needs to be at home with her children. When they are all at my house, they aren't able to do simple things like household chores and projects, and just be home to enjoy their own things. If we could combine our households, it would help us both in many ways. However, we both know that it is important to have the space for everyone so that each family can still be intact. ?I am very blessed to have a home that was provided for me by Joyce Meyer Ministry. It has a beautiful story. It was the home place of Mrs. Virgie Farmer...Mrs. Farmer's Place to Eat. Mrs. Farmer ran a restaurant from her home to support her family when her husband died at an early age. Many in the community have fond memories of this beautiful old place. It was renovated for my family after Hurricane Katrina. Unfortunately, the sheetrock and flooring was done before the home had dried out. This area got approximately 9 feet of water in the storm. Just days after we moved in in December of 2006 it was apparent that there were major foundation issues. I just haven't been financially able to address those. A local group did help me recently by doing some leveling under the house, but there are still some problems. In addition to fixing those existing issues, we would really need to add space for the Schultz family to have their own home here. ?Ideally, if this could be done by adding a garage to my home, and then building an apartment above it. Then I would have the means to load and unload my sons in wheelchairs during bad weather, and Sara and her family would have space of their own, yet still be close enough to help me and my children. I know that this is a huge undertaking, but I always believe for the best so that my kids can continue to grow and flourish! I know how much I have learned and how my heart has been touched by being their mom. I also know that they touch others every day with their determination and joy. ?So once again, I am so thankful for those who help me give my children all that they need. They have each faced many battles as children, but they amaze me every day. I think they will amaze you, too! In true humility, Reply Back to Top |
Posted by gctigersfan4040 on 12/9 at 5:08 pm to gctigersfan4040 This is the wish list we are also getting mom a spa day at my girlfriends spa and my friends mom is giving a day at her beauty shop: 1. Hannah – 3DS, gift card 2. Holley – Luggage Set (Black), gift card 3. Jack – Headphones (not ear buds), gift card 4. Sarah Katherine – 3DS, Ring (Size 11), Gift card for clothing 5. Ron – Memory Foam Bed topper (twin size), NASCAR Items(Kevin Harvick), gift card 6. Jonah – Nabi tablet, Disney Jake & the Neverland Pirates Costume, and ?anything else Jake. 7. Kirsten – Nabi Tablet, Bike, doll house 8. Hunter – Nabi Tablet, skateboard, remote control toy 9. Dalton – Nabi Tablet, skateboard, remote control toy 10. Mary Ella – Baby doll, doll house (Fisher Price or something similar for small ?children), ride-on toy? ?I have been blessed beyond measure! I have ten wonderful children! My ?family has been built through adoption. Five of my children have special?needs. This is certainly a life that requires intense dedication...but I ?wouldn't have it any other way. I started this journey as a single parent, ?adopting my oldest daughter, Hannah, when I was just 21 years old. I ?did later marry, and adopt 9 more children. However, I am again a ?single Mom. I am so thankful for an opportunity to allow my children to?make a wish list! We understand that it is just that...a wish list. We will ?be grateful for the presents that arrive for Christmas...whatever they ?may be! Hannah is 22 years old. She is a senior at MSU. She is a wonderful young lady! She is very bright and always appreciative of other's efforts on behalf of her family. Since she lives in Starkville, she isn't able to be home very often. Holley is 19 years old. She is a sophomore at The University of South Alabama. She lives at home and drives back and forth so that she can help at home. She is one of the most ambitious young people I have ever known! She is very active in the community, and is a great organizational help for me at home! Jack is 19 years old (just 27 days younger than Holley). He is a sophomore at The University of South Alabama. He lives on campus due to the workload of his major...chemical engineering. He comes home on the weekend when he can to help. Jack is a great big brother, and he has always been a big help to me in the physical care required for the younger brothers that are wheelchair users. Sarah Katherine is 15 years old. She is developmentally delayed and struggles with mental illness. That isn't what you see when you meet her, though! She is a sweetheart and loves to help people! Ron is 13 years old. He has severe cerebral palsy and is non-verbal and uses a power wheelchair. He is a very bright boy in a body that just doesn't work. We are blessed to have some very high tech equipment that helps Ron. He has a communication device that he operates with his eyes, and he controls his wheelchair with an array of switches positioned near his head. Jonah is 12 years old. He has Down Syndrom and many of the medical complications associated with it. He is such a little imp! He is a complete joy to me! When he enjoys something, he reaaaallllyyyy enjoys it!! He is very small, about the size of a typical 6 year old. Kirsten is 8 years old. She came home to me when she was 2 years old, having been a witness to horrific domestic violence and drug use. She has made amazing progress and just recently tested into the gifted program in our school district! She is a sweetheart and loves all things girly! Hunter is 6 years old. He has cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury due to drug exposure in utero. He is a wheelchair user. He is verbal and very bright. He doesn't let the wheelchair slow him down one bit! Dalton is also 6 years old, just two months younger than Hunter. He came to me as a very fragile infant, not expected to live to his first birthday. He has amazed us all! He has the energy of a marathon runner and climbs like Spiderman! He loves all things boy! Mary Ella is 19 months old...she will be 2 just 2 weeks before Christmas. She is the princess of the place...for sure! She is typically developing (and typically spoiled as the baby of 10)! She is a joy to us all This post was edited on 12/9 at 5:18 pm Reply Back to Top |
Posted by gctigersfan4040 on 12/9 at 5:19 pm to gctigersfan4040 Cunningham family Christmas eventReply Back to Top |
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Excerpted from Tooth of Crime by Sam Shepard. Copyright © 2006 by Sam Shepard. Excerpted by permission of Vintage, a division of Random House LLC. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Sam Shepard is the Pulitzer Prize–winning author of more than forty-five plays. As an actor, he has appeared in more than thirty films, receiving an Oscar nomination in 1984 for The Right Stuff. He was a finalist for the W. H. Smith Literary Award for his story collection Great Dream of Heaven. He lives in New York and Kentucky.


text: 'Batkid' fights crime, captures hearts in San Francisco Share this story email Share this story «Previous 16 of 32 Photos Next » Read the story « » Boy's Batman Wish Miles Scott, as Batkid, center right, rescues San Francisco Giants mascot after being kidnapped by the Penguin at AT&T Park in San Francisco, Friday, Nov. 15, 2013. Scott was called into service on Friday morning by San Francisco Police Chief Greg Suhr to help fight crime, as San Francisco turned into Gotham City as city officials helped fulfill the 5-year-old leukemia patient's wish to be "Batkid," The Greater Bay Area Make-A-Wish Foundation says. He was diagnosed with leukemia when he was 18 months old, finished treatment in June and is now in remission, KGO-TV reported. (AP Photo/Jeff Chiu)