text:
ARPANET logical map, March 1977
Type | data |
Location | United States |
Protocols | NCP, TCP/IP |
Established | 1969 |
Current status | evolved into NSFNET |
Commercial? | No |
Funding | Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) |
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet switching network and the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. ARPANET was initially funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)) of the United States Department of Defense.
Packet switching was based on concepts and designs by Americans Leonard Kleinrock and Paul Baran, British scientist Donald Davies[1][2] and Lawrence Roberts of the Lincoln Laboratory.[3] The TCP/IP communication protocols were developed for ARPANET by computer scientists Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf, and incorporated concepts by Louis Pouzin for the French CYCLADES project.
Packet switching—today the dominant basis for data communications worldwide—was a new concept at the time of the conception of the ARPANET. Prior to the advent of packet switching, both voice and data communications had been based on the idea of circuit switching, as in the traditional telephone circuit, wherein each telephone call is allocated a dedicated, end to end, electronic connection between the two communicating stations. Such stations might be telephones or computers. The (temporarily) dedicated line is typically composed of many intermediary lines which are assembled into a chain that stretches all the way from the originating station to the destination station. With packet switching, a data system could use a single communication link to communicate with more than one machine by collecting data into datagrams and transmitting these as packets onto the attached network link, as soon as the link becomes idle. Thus, not only can the link be shared, much as a single post box can be used to post letters to different destinations, but each packet can be routed independently of other packets.[4]
The earliest ideas for a computer network intended to allow general communications among computer users were formulated by computer scientist J. C. R. Licklider of Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), in April 1963, in memoranda discussing the concept of the "Intergalactic Computer Network". Those ideas encompassed many of the features of the contemporary Internet. In October 1963, Licklider was appointed head of the Behavioral Sciences and Command and Control programs at the Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). He convinced Ivan Sutherland and Bob Taylor that this network concept was very important and merited development, although Licklider left ARPA before any contracts were assigned for development.[5]
Sutherland and Taylor continued their interest in creating the network, in part, to allow ARPA-sponsored researchers at various corporate and academic locales to utilize computers provided by ARPA, and, in part, to quickly distribute new software and other computer science results.[6] Taylor had three computer terminals in his office, each connected to separate computers, which ARPA was funding: one for the System Development Corporation (SDC) Q-32 in Santa Monica, one for Project Genie at the University of California, Berkeley, and another for Multics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Taylor recalls the circumstance: "For each of these three terminals, I had three different sets of user commands. So, if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C., and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley, or M.I.T., about this, I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal, go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them. I said, "Oh Man!", it's obvious what to do: If you have these three terminals, there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go. That idea is the ARPANET".[7]
Meanwhile, since the early 1960s, Paul Baran at the RAND Corporation had been researching systems that could survive nuclear war[8] and presented in the United Kingdom National Physical Laboratory (NPL) the first public demonstration of packet switching on 5 August 1968.[9]
By mid-1968, Taylor had prepared a complete plan for a computer network, and, after ARPA's approval, a Request for Quotation (RFQ) was issued for 140 potential bidders. Most computer science companies regarded the ARPA–Taylor proposal as outlandish, and only twelve submitted bids to build a network; of the twelve, ARPA regarded only four as top-rank contractors. At year's end, ARPA considered only two contractors, and awarded the contract to build the network to BBN Technologies on 7 April 1969. The initial, seven-person BBN team were much aided by the technical specificity of their response to the ARPA RFQ, and thus quickly produced the first working system. This team was led by Frank Heart. The BBN-proposed network closely followed Taylor's ARPA plan: a network composed of small computers called Interface Message Processors, similar to the later concept of routers, that functioned as gateways interconnecting local resources. At each site, the IMPs performed store-and-forward packet switching functions, and were interconnected with leased lines via telecommunication data sets (modems), with initial data rates of 50kbit/s. The host computers were connected to the IMPs via custom serial communication interfaces. The system, including the hardware and the packet switching software, was designed and installed in nine months.[11]
The first-generation IMPs were built by BBN Technologies using a rugged computer version of the Honeywell DDP-516 computer configured with 24KB of expandable magnetic-core memory, and a 16-channel Direct Multiplex Control (DMC) direct memory access unit.[12] The DMC established custom interfaces with each of the host computers and modems. In addition to the front-panel lamps, the DDP-516 computer also features a special set of 24 indicator lamps showing the status of the IMP communication channels. Each IMP could support up to four local hosts, and could communicate with up to six remote IMPs via leased lines. The network connected one computer in Utah with three in California. Later, the Department of Defense allowed the universities to join the network for sharing hardware and software resources.
Misconceptions of design goals[edit]
It is commonly stated that ARPANET was designed to survive a nuclear attack. In A Brief History of the Internet, the Internet Society denies this:
- It was from the RAND study that the false rumor started, claiming that the ARPANET was somehow related to building a network resistant to nuclear war. This was never true of the ARPANET; only the unrelated RAND study on secure voice considered nuclear war. However, the later work on Internetting did emphasize robustness and survivability, including the capability to withstand losses of large portions of the underlying networks.[13]
The RAND study was conducted by Paul Baran and pioneered packet switching.[8] In an interview he confirmed that ARPANET did not share his project's goal, but also argued that his work had greatly contributed to the development of ARPANET.[14] Additionally, minutes taken by Elmer Shapiro of Stanford Research Institute at the ARPANET design meeting of Oct. 9-10 1967 indicate that a version of Baran's routing method and suggestion of using a fixed packet size was expected to be employed.[15]
The ARPANET incorporated distributed computation (and frequent re-computation) of routing tables. This was a major contribution to the good survivability that the ARPANET had, in the face of significant destruction - even by a nuclear attack. Such auto-routing was technically quite challenging to construct at the time. The fact that it was incorporated into the early ARPANET made many believe that this had been a design goal.
The ARPANET was in fact designed to survive subordinate-network losses, but the principal reason was that the switching nodes and network links were unreliable, even without any nuclear attacks. About the resource scarcity that spurred the creation of the ARPANET, Charles Herzfeld, ARPA Director (1965–1967), said:
- The ARPANET was not started to create a Command and Control System that would survive a nuclear attack, as many now claim. To build such a system was, clearly, a major military need, but it was not ARPA's mission to do this; in fact, we would have been severely criticized had we tried. Rather, the ARPANET came out of our frustration that there were only a limited number of large, powerful research computers in the country, and that many research investigators, who should have access to them, were geographically separated from them.[16]
The ARPANET was operated by the military during the two decades of its existence, until 1990.[17][18]
ARPANET deployed[edit]
The initial ARPANET consisted of four IMPs:[19]
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where Leonard Kleinrock had established a Network Measurement Center, with an SDS Sigma 7 being the first computer attached to it;
- The Augmentation Research Center at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), where Douglas Engelbart had created the ground-breaking NLS system, a very important early hypertext system, and would run the Network Information Center (NIC), with the SDS 940 that ran NLS, named "Genie", being the first host attached;
- University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), with the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center's IBM 360/75, running OS/MVT being the machine attached;
- The University of Utah's Computer Science Department, where Ivan Sutherland had moved, running a DEC PDP-10 operating on TENEX.
The first successful message on the ARPANET was sent by UCLA student programmer Charley Kline, at 10:30 pm on 29 October 1969, from Boelter Hall 3420.[20] Kline transmitted from the university's SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the Stanford Research Institute's SDS 940 Host computer. The message text was the word login; on an earlier attempt the l and the o letters were transmitted, but the system then crashed. Hence, the literal first message over the ARPANET was lo. About an hour later, after the programmers repaired the code that caused the crash, the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full login. The first permanent ARPANET link was established on 21 November 1969, between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute. By 5 December 1969, the entire four-node network was established.[21]
Growth and evolution[edit]
In March 1970, the ARPANET reached the East Coast of the United States, when an IMP at BBN in Cambridge, Massachusetts was connected to the network. Thereafter, the ARPANET grew: 9 IMPs by June 1970 and 13 IMPs by December 1970, then 18 by September 1971 (when the network included 23 university and government hosts); 29 IMPs by August 1972, and 40 by September 1973. By June 1974, there were 46 IMPs, and in July 1975, the network numbered 57 IMPs. By 1981, the number was 213 host computers, with another host connecting approximately every twenty days.[19]
In 1973 a transatlantic satellite link connected the Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR) to the ARPANET, making Norway the first country outside the US to be connected to the network. At about the same time a terrestrial circuit added a London IMP.[22]
In 1975, the ARPANET was declared "operational". The Defense Communications Agency took control since ARPA was intended to fund advanced research.[19]
In September of 1984 work was completed on restructuring the ARPANET giving U.S. military sites on their own Military Network (MILNET) for unclassified defense department communications.[23][24] Controlled gateways connected the two networks. The combination was called the Defense Data Network (DDN).[25] Separating the civil and military networks reduced the 113-node ARPANET by 68 nodes. The MILNET later became the NIPRNet.
Rules and etiquette[edit]
Because of its government ties, certain forms of traffic were discouraged or prohibited. A 1982 handbook on computing at MIT's AI Lab stated regarding network etiquette:[26]
It is considered illegal to use the ARPANet for anything which is not in direct support of Government business ... personal messages to other ARPANet subscribers (for example, to arrange a get-together or check and say a friendly hello) are generally not considered harmful ... Sending electronic mail over the ARPANet for commercial profit or political purposes is both anti-social and illegal. By sending such messages, you can offend many people, and it is possible to get MIT in serious trouble with the Government agencies which manage the ARPANet.
Support for inter-IMP circuits of up to 230.4 kbit/s was added in 1970, although considerations of cost and IMP processing power meant this capability was not actively used.
1971 saw the start of the use of the non-ruggedized (and therefore significantly lighter) Honeywell 316 as an IMP. It could also be configured as a Terminal Interface Processor (TIP), which provided terminal server support for up to 63 ASCII serial terminals through a multi-line controller in place of one of the hosts.[27] The 316 featured a greater degree of integration than the 516, which made it less expensive and easier to maintain. The 316 was configured with 40 kB of core memory for a TIP. The size of core memory was later increased, to 32 kB for the IMPs, and 56 kB for TIPs, in 1973.
In 1975, BBN introduced IMP software running on the Pluribus multi-processor. These appeared in a few sites. In 1981, BBN introduced IMP software running on its own C/30 processor product.
In 1983, TCP/IP protocols replaced NCP as the ARPANET's principal protocol, and the ARPANET then became one subnet of the early Internet.[28][29]
The original IMPs and TIPs were phased out as the ARPANET was shut down after the introduction of the NSFNet, but some IMPs remained in service as late as 1989.[30]
The ARPANET Completion Report, jointly published by BBN and ARPA, concludes that:
- ... it is somewhat fitting to end on the note that the ARPANET program has had a strong and direct feedback into the support and strength of computer science, from which the network, itself, sprang.[31]
In the wake of ARPANET being formally decommissioned on 28 February 1990, Vinton Cerf wrote the following lamentation, entitled "Requiem of the ARPANET":[32]
It was the first, and being first, was best,
but now we lay it down to ever rest.
Now pause with me a moment, shed some tears.
For auld lang syne, for love, for years and years
of faithful service, duty done, I weep.
Lay down thy packet, now, O friend, and sleep.
Senator Albert Gore, Jr. began to craft the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 (commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill") after hearing the 1988 report toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by Leonard Kleinrock, professor of computer science at UCLA. The bill was passed on 9 December 1991 and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Al Gore called the "information superhighway". ARPANET was the subject of two IEEE Milestones, both dedicated in 2009.[33][34]
Software and protocols[edit]
The starting point for host-to-host communication on the ARPANET in 1969 was the 1822 protocol, which defined the transmission of messages to an IMP.[35] The message format was designed to work unambiguously with a broad range of computer architectures. An 1822 message essentially consisted of a message type, a numeric host address, and a data field. To send a data message to another host, the transmitting host formatted a data message containing the destination host's address and the data message being sent, and then transmitted the message through the 1822 hardware interface. The IMP then delivered the message to its destination address, either by delivering it to a locally connected host, or by delivering it to another IMP. When the message was ultimately delivered to the destination host, the receiving IMP would transmit a Ready for Next Message (RFNM) acknowledgement to the sending, host IMP.
Unlike modern Internet datagrams, the ARPANET was designed to reliably transmit 1822 messages, and to inform the host computer when it loses a message; the contemporary IP is unreliable, whereas the TCP is reliable. Nonetheless, the 1822 protocol proved inadequate for handling multiple connections among different applications residing in a host computer. This problem was addressed with the Network Control Program (NCP), which provided a standard method to establish reliable, flow-controlled, bidirectional communications links among different processes in different host computers. The NCP interface allowed application software to connect across the ARPANET by implementing higher-level communication protocols, an early example of the protocol layering concept incorporated to the OSI model.[28]
In 1983, TCP/IP protocols replaced NCP as the ARPANET's principal protocol, and the ARPANET then became one component of the early Internet.[29]
Network applications[edit]
NCP provided a standard set of network services that could be shared by several applications running on a single host computer. This led to the evolution of application protocols that operated, more or less, independently of the underlying network service. When the ARPANET migrated to the Internet protocols in 1983, the major application protocols migrated with it.
- In 1971, Ray Tomlinson, of BBN sent the first network e-mail (RFC 524, RFC 561).[36] By 1973, e-mail constituted 75 percent of ARPANET traffic.
- File transfer
- By 1973, the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) specification had been defined (RFC 354) and implemented, enabling file transfers over the ARPANET.
- Voice traffic
- The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) specifications were defined in 1977 (RFC 741), then implemented, but, because of technical shortcomings, conference calls over the ARPANET never worked well; the contemporary Voice over Internet Protocol (packet voice) was decades away.
Password Protection[edit]
The Purdy Polynomial hash algorithm was developed for ARPANET to protect passwords in 1971 at the request of Larry Roberts, head of ARPA at that time. It computed a polynomial of degree 224 + 17 modulo the 64-bit prime p = 264 - 59. The algorithm was later used by DEC to hash passwords in their OpenVMS operating system, and is still being used for this purpose.
ARPANET in popular culture[edit]
- Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing, a 30-minute documentary film [37] featuring Fernando J. Corbato, J.C.R. Licklider, Lawrence G. Roberts, Robert Kahn, Frank Heart, William R. Sutherland, Richard W. Watson, John R. Pasta, Donald W. Davies, and economist, George W. Mitchell.
- "Scenario", a February 1985 episode of the U.S. television sitcom Benson (season 6, episode 20), was the first incidence of a popular TV show directly referencing the Internet or its progenitors. The show includes a scene in which the ARPANET is accessed.[38]
- There is an electronic music artist known as "Arpanet", Gerald Donald, one of the members of Drexciya. The artist's 2002 album Wireless Internet features commentary on the expansion of the internet via wireless communication, with songs such as NTT DoCoMo, dedicated to the mobile communications giant based in Japan.[citation needed]
- Thomas Pynchon mentions ARPANET in his 2009 novel Inherent Vice, which is set in Los Angeles in 1970, and in his 2013 novel Bleeding Edge.[citation needed]
- The 1993 television series "The X-Files" featured the ARPANET in a season 5 episode, titled, "Unusual Suspects". John Fitzgerald Byers offers to help Susan Modeski (known as Holly . . . "just like the sugar") by hacking into the ARPANET to obtain sensitive information.[39]
See also[edit]
- .arpa, a top-level domain used exclusively for technical infrastructure purposes
- AMPRNet, AMateur Packet Radio Network
- Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing—1972 documentary film
- Project Cybersyn—1970 Chilean national net project
- Usenet, "A Poor Man's ARPAnet"
- ^ http://www.thocp.net/biographies/davies_donald.htm
- ^ http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/donald-davies
- ^ "Lawrence Roberts Manages The ARPANET Program". Living Internet.com. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
- ^ "Packet Switching History", Living Internet, retrieved 26 August 2012
- ^ "J.C.R. Licklider And The Universal Network", Living Internet
- ^ "IPTO – Information Processing Techniques Office", Living Internet
- ^ John Markoff (20 December 1999). "An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
- ^ a b "Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet". RAND corporation. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "The accelerator of the modern age". BBC News. 5 August 2008. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
- ^ Leonard Kleinrock (2005). "The history of the Internet". Retrieved 28 May 2009.
- ^ "IMP – Interface Message Processor", Living Internet
- ^ Wise, Adrian. "Honeywell DDP-516". Old-Computers.com. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ "A Brief History of the Internet". Internet Society. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
- ^ Brand, Stewart (March 2001). "Founding Father". Wired (9.03). Retrieved 31 December 2011.
- ^ http://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Archive/Post68/ARPANETMeeting1167.html
- ^ "Charles Herzfeld on ARPANET and Computers". About.com. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- ^ Janet Abbate (2000) Inventing the Internet pp.194-5
- ^ Vernon W. Ruttan (2005) Is War Necessary for Economic Growth? p.125
- ^ a b c "ARPANET – The First Internet", Living Internet
- ^ Jessica Savio (1 April 2011). "Browsing history: A heritage site has been set up in Boelter Hall 3420, the room the first Internet message originated in". Daily Bruin (UCLA).
- ^ Chris Sutton (2 September 2004). "Internet Began 35 Years Ago at UCLA with First Message Ever Sent Between Two Computers". UCLA. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008.
- ^ "NORSAR and the Internet". NORSAR (Norway Seismic Array Research). Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ DEFENSE DATA NETWORK NEWSLETTER DDN-NEWS 26, 6 May 1983
- ^ ARPANET INFORMATION BROCHURE (NIC 50003) Defense Communications Agency, December 1985.
- ^ Fritz E. Froehlich; Allen Kent (1990). "ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet". The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications 1. CRC Press. pp. 341–375. ISBN 978-0-8247-2900-4.
- ^ Stacy, Christopher C. (7 September 1982). Getting Started Computing at the AI Lab. AI Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 9.
- ^ Kirstein, Peter T. (July–September 2009). "The Early Days of the Arpanet". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 31 (3): 67. doi:10.1109/mahc.2009.35. ISSN 1058-6180.
- ^ a b "NCP – Network Control Program", Living Internet
- ^ a b "TCP/IP Internet Protocol", Living Internet
- ^ "NSFNET – National Science Foundation Network", Living Internet
- ^ "III". A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade (PDF) (Report). Arlington, VA: Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981. p. 132. section 2.3.4
- ^ Abbate, Janet (11 June 1999). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ASIN B003VPWY6E. ISBN 0-262-01172-7.
- ^ "Milestones:Birthplace of the Internet, 1969". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Milestones:Inception of the ARPANET, 1969". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ Interface Message Processor: Specifications for the Interconnection of a Host and an IMP, Report No. 1822, Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN)
- ^ Tomlinson, Ray. "The First Network Email". BBN. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ Steven King (Producer), Peter Chvany (Director/Editor) (1972). Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ "Scenario", Benson, Season 6, Episode 132 of 158, American Broadcasting Company (ABC), Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions, 22 February 1985
- ^ The X-Files Season 5, Ep. 3 "Unusual Suspects".[better source needed]
Further reading[edit]
- Norberg, Arthur L.; O'Neill, Judy E. (1996). Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962–1982. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 153–196. ISBN 978-0-8018-6369-1.
- A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade (PDF) (Report). Arlington, VA: Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981.
- Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (1996). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7434-6837-6.
- Abbate, Janet (11 June 1999). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 36–111. ASIN B003VPWY6E. ISBN 0-262-01172-7.
- Banks, Michael A. (2008). On the Way to the Web: The Secret History of the Internet and Its Founders. APress/Springer Verlag. ISBN 1-4302-0869-4.
- Salus, Peter H. (1 May 1995). Casting the Net: from ARPANET to Internet and Beyond. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-87674-1.
- Waldrop, M. Mitchell (23 August 2001). The Dream Machine: J. C. R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal. New York: Viking. ASIN B00008MNVW. ISBN 0-670-89976-3.
- "The Computer History Museum, SRI International, and BBN Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of First ARPANET Transmission". Computer History Museum. 27 October 2009.
Oral histories[edit]
- "Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. 24 April 1990. Retrieved 15 May 2008. Focuses on Kahn's role in the development of computer networking from 1967 through the early 1980s. Beginning with his work at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), Kahn discusses his involvement as the ARPANET proposal was being written and then implemented, and his role in the public demonstration of the ARPANET. The interview continues into Kahn's involvement with networking when he moves to IPTO in 1972, where he was responsible for the administrative and technical evolution of the ARPANET, including programs in packet radio, the development of a new network protocol (TCP/IP), and the switch to TCP/IP to connect multiple networks.
- "Oral history interview with Vinton Cerf". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. 24 April 1990. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group.
- "Oral history interview with Paul Baran". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. 5 March 1990. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Baran describes his work at RAND, and discusses his interaction with the group at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET.
- "Oral history interview with Leonard Kleinrock". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. 3 April 1990. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Kleinrock discusses his work on the ARPANET.
- "Oral history interview with Larry Roberts". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. 4 April 1989. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
- "Oral history interview with Stephen Lukasik". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. 17 October 1991. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Lukasik discusses his tenure at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the development of computer networks and the ARPANET.
Detailed technical reference works[edit]
- Roberts, Larry; Marrill, Tom (October 1966). Toward a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers. Fall AFIPS Conference.
- Roberts, Larry (October 1967). Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication. ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles.
- Davies, D. W.; Bartlett, K. A.; Scantlebury, R. A.; Wilkinson, P. T. (October 1967). A digital communications network for computers giving rapid response at remote terminals. ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles.
- Roberts, Larry; Wessler, Barry (May 1970). Computer Network Development to Achieve Resource Sharing. Proceedings of the Spring Joint Computer Conference, Atlantic City, New Jersey.
- Heart, Frank; Kahn, Robert; Ornstein, Severo; Crowther, William; Walden, David (1970). The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network (PDF). 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. 36: 551–567. doi:10.1145/1476936.1477021.
- Carr, Stephen; Crocker, Stephen; Cerf, Vinton (1970). Host-Host Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network. 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. 36: 589–598. doi:10.1145/1476936.1477024. RFC 33.
- Ornstein, Severo; Heart, Frank; Crowther, William; Russell, S. B.; Rising, H. K.; Michel, A. (1972). The Terminal IMP for the ARPA Computer Network. 1972 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. 40: 243–254.
- McQuillan, John; Crowther, William; Cosell, Bernard; Walden, David; Heart, Frank (1972). Improvements in the Design and Performance of the ARPA Network. 1972 Fall Joint Computer Conference part II. AFIPS Proc. 41: 741–754.
- Feinler, Elizabeth J.; Postel, Jonathan B. (January 1978). ARPANET Protocol Handbook, NIC 7104. Menlo Park: Network Information Center (NIC), SRI International. ASIN B000EN742K.
- Roberts, Larry (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching". Proceedings of the IEEE 66 (11): 1307. doi:10.1109/PROC.1978.11141.
- Roberts, Larry (September 1986). "The ARPANET & Computer Networks". ACM.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ARPANET. |
- "ARPANET Maps 1969 to 1977". California State University, Dominguez Hills (CSUDH). 4 January 1978. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
- Walden, David C. (February 2003). "Looking back at the ARPANET effort, 34 years later". Living Internet. East Sandwich, Massachusetts: livinginternet.com. Retrieved 17 August 2005.
- "Images of ARPANET from 1964 onwards". The Computer History Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2004. Timeline.
- "Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet". RAND Corporation. Retrieved 3 September 2005.
- Kleinrock, Leonard. "The Day the Infant Internet Uttered its First Words". UCLA. Retrieved 11 November 2004. Personal anecdote of the first message ever sent over the ARPANET
- "Doug Engelbart's Role in ARPANET History". 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
- "Internet Milestones: Timeline of Notable Internet Pioneers and Contributions". Retrieved 6 January 2012. Timeline.
- Waldrop, Mitch (April 2008). "DARPA and the Internet Revolution". 50 years of Bridging the Gap. DARPA. pp. 78–85. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
- "A picture of the ARPANET team".


text: 140 min | R The third collaboration of Academy Award nominee Keira Knightley and director Joe Wright, following the award winning box office successes PRICE & PREJUDICE and ATONEMENT, ANNA KARENINA is an epic love story adapted from Leo Tolstoy's classic novel by Oscar winner Tom Stoppard (SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE). The story unfolds in its original late 19th century Russian high society setting and powerfully explores the capacity for love that surges through the human heart, from the passion between adulterers to the bond between a mother and her children. As Anna (played by Knightley) questions her happiness, change comes to her family, friends, and community.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Company Overview of Los Angeles Clippers, Inc.
Executive Profile
Richard D. Parsons Esq., J.D.Interim Chief Executive, Los Angeles Clippers, Inc. |
Age | Total Calculated Compensation | This person is connected to 22 Board Members in 22 different organizations across 22 different industries. See Board Relationships |
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Mr. Richard D. Parsons, also known as Dick, Esq., J.D., has been Interim Chief Executive at Los Angeles Clippers, Inc. since May 2014. Mr. Parsons is a Founder at R&R Venture Partners. He serves as a Senior Advisor of Providence Equity Partners LLC since September 2009. He serves as the Co-Chief Operating Officer of TWE at American Television and Communications Corporation and AOL Time Warner. He has served on a panel of economic advisors who counseled President Obama. ...
Corporate Headquarters1111 South Figueroa Street Phone: 213-742-7500Los Angeles, California 90015 United States Fax: 213-742-7570 Board Members MembershipsChief Executive Officer and Chairman Former Chairman and Member of Personnel & Compensation Committee Former Chairman Director Trustee Director Director Director Director Director Director Chairman Vice Chairman 1988-Present Trustee 1991-N/A Former Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President 1995-N/A Chief Executive Officer, Director, Chief Executive Officer - AOL Time Warner - General Partner and Director - AOL Time Warner - General Partner 1995-Present Director, Co-Chief Operating Officer of TWE and Director of TWE 1996-N/A Chairman of Citigroup Inc 1996-Present Chairman 1999-Present Director, Chairman of Compensation Committee and Member of Nominating & Board Affairs Committee 2001-2009 Former Chairman 2012-Present Director and Member of Nominating & Governance Committee 2012-Present Director and Member of Nominating & Governance Committee 2014-Present Director and Member of Audit Committee
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Our Brands
The Toy Authority
With more than 65 years in the business and nearly 600 stores in the United States, Toys"R"Us® is considered THE toy authority when it comes to finding an unparalleled selection of new toys, old favorites and great values for generations of parents and kids alike.
The Global Leader in Toys and Baby Products
Since joining the international scene in 1984, Toys"R"Us, International has spread across the globe, now featuring more than 725 stores and over 235 licensed stores in 37 countries outside of the United States. Embodying a customer philosophy of quality, value and selection under one roof, Toys"R"Us resonates with parents around the world.
The Baby Products Authority
As a specialty baby products retailer with approximately 235 stores in the United States, Babies"R"Us® features a wide selection of products for newborns and infants, including cribs and furniture, car seats, strollers, formula, diapers, bedding, clothing, toys and plenty of unique gift ideas. Its convenient services and amenities, such as a Mother's Room for baby care, parking for expectant moms and a premier Baby Registry used by more than 18 million parents, make shopping for baby easy and enjoyable.
The Legendary Toy Retailer that Has Enchanted Generations
Since 1862, FAO Schwarz® has been synonymous with quality and innovation, offering an unparalleled selection of extraordinary toys that have enchanted generations of children. In 2012, FAO Schwarz celebrated its 150th anniversary as one of the most cherished brands in the world.
Formerly the Nation's Largest Mall-Based Toy Retailer
The KB Toys brand, once the country's most prominent mall toy store, was acquired by Toys"R"Us, Inc. in 2009. Today, KBToys.com customers are invited to shop Toys.com, where they will find exclusive savings and daily deals offered by the Toys"R"Us, Inc. portfolio of e-commerce sites.
"R" Portfolio of Online Brands
Toys"R"Us, Inc. holds a strong portfolio of e-commerce sites, further advancing its position as THE toy and baby products authority. These well-established online destinations provide shoppers with an unparalleled selection of distinctive merchandise. The company's portfolio of online brands, which includes Toysrus.com, Babiesrus.com, eToys.com, FAO.com and Toys.com, is a leader in search results for toys and baby goods, driving increased traffic to the company's e-commerce businesses and providing parents and gift-givers with a wide assortment of the most sought-after products.


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Recent Articles
Thursday's NCAA Tournament Games to Watch
With CHN's Greg Mengelt handling previews and predictions for every
game the daily preview will look a little different for the NCAA
tournament, with the focus being the game of the day in each region.
Below are the games on Thursday's slate that you should make time for,
and with four networks (CBS, TBS, TNT and truTV) showing every game in
its entirety, there's no excuse (besides a lack of TVs or laptops) for
you to not have a multiple TV/computer setup in your home. Enjoy the
Wisconsin vs Montana: Prediction
(4) Wisconsin vs. (13) Montana: East Region
Tournament Poll: Most Likely 13 vs 4 Upset?
Eight NCAA Tournament Sleepers
One of the tricky aspects of filling out a bracket is figuring out which team(s) can jump up and spring a surprise or two. Last season two teams from non-Power 6 leagues (Butler and VCU) reached Houston, and throughout the history of the 64/65/68-team era there have been teams who have made runs. Below are eight teams who can make surprising runs in the bracket, some to win a game or two and a couple others capable of getting to New Orleans.
NCAA Tournament Interviews: Montana's Will Cherry and Kareem Jamar
In the next installment in his NCAA Tournament interviews series CHN writer caught up with two players for the Montana Grizzlies, guards Will Cherry and Kareem Jamar. Cherry is one of the best defenders in the country and was named Big Sky Defensive Player of the Year this season, while Jamar was named conference tournament MVP.
Jon Teitel: In high school you lost a state title to Kareem Jamar's team. Could you ever imagine that only a few years later you two would be teammates in the NCAA tournament?
Montana Wins Big Sky Title: Wednesday's Quick Hitters
UConn and USF were the big winners on Wednesday at Madison Square Garden, while West Virginia and Seton Hall now await their NCAA tournament fate.
Wednesday Predictions: Big Sky, NEC, Patriot Finals & More
Wednesday's Conference Tournament Primer
Day two of the Big East Championship features four teams looking to improve their chances of reaching the NCAA tournament, with the biggest game of the day being the first. Nine-seed Connecticut, who opener their tournament with an 81-67 win over DePaul on Tuesday, takes on eight-seed West Virginia with the winner likely locking up a tournament berth. These two teams met once during the regular season, a 64-57 UConn victory at the XL Center on January 9th, and with so much change over the nearly two months since that game there may not be a whole lot to take from it.
Detroit Grabs First Bid Since 1999: Tuesday's Quick Hitters
When Western Kentucky fired Ken McDonald on January 6th few envisioned the young Hilltoppers earning a bid to the NCAA tournament. But they did just that, beating North Texas 74-70 in the Sun Belt title game.


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I was cleaning up my office and I found some Lupe goodies. Signed Fader magazine cover, 8x10 publicity image from F&L days, The Cool rubix cube and the DJ Envy mixtape from pre-FNL. Who wants?
Lupe's Biggest Fan? I Got Some Goods...
Latest News
Filed under:314
I was cleaning up my office and I found some Lupe goodies. Signed Fader magazine cover, 8x10 publicity image from F&L days, The Cool rubix cube and the DJ Envy mixtape from pre-FNL. Who wants?
i would gladly take that off your hands @___@
we drove from austin to houston for his show, and if i had money, i woulda driven up the OTHER DIRECTION home to Dallas for the other show also lol
i definitely had to do all my final journalism projects a week in advance. no sleep for me ;( tsk tsk for making concerts on a school night lmao jk jk we got back by 2am and i had an 8am class. WORRRRRTHHHHH IT.
p.s. my camera was definitely water damaged when lupe threw some of his water bottle into the crowd. lol we were that close *faint
I would like some please. I`ve only been a Lupe fan for about a year now, but this man has made such an impact on me that I have completely changed my life and being graced with such a gift would truly make me happy. Of course, I`m probably not going to recieve this unique package, but I hope whoever does recieve it enjoys it. Lupe is profound!
Lupe is my role model he helped me find myself again during a time when I tryin to be something I wasn't (gangsta). He is my favorite rapper and I think he's the best rapper period. Dead or alive. He inspires my music and he also inspires me to be a better person. If it was for him I probaly would be in the streets somewhere. Please pick me I'm like the biggest lupe fan ever
Gladly my fandom can be of some use... I sooo want these goodies...
Mr. Wasalu Muhammad Jaco... Everytime I see him it's like the first time I saw the Kick, Push video... The poetic prophet of west side Chi invading my eardrums and assaulting my eyes with his beauty... The rock and roll scream wears well on the man... His penchant for a disestablishmentarian (SAT words anyone lol) stance when it comes to the American government coupled with his near mastery of the English and Arabic languages makes my hands shake more than the spirit fingers guy in Bring it On... My pulse quickens like the moment before a first kiss and then sonic and visual euphoria sets in... Gah I F*CKING LOVE HIM!!!!!!
Me me me me! I have bought every album, downloaded every mixtape, and followed Lupe Fiasco religiously. Nobody in the music industry has influenced my life more than Lupe Fiasco. He is my absolute favorite recording artist of all-time, and has been since even before he put out Food & Liquor. I want one of those so badly! I can't even tell ya how awesome it would be and how much it'd mean.


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If you want the best prices on smartphone accessories made by Nokia, you have come to the right place! PureMobile.com has the latest products from this prestigious company, along with a huge range of accessories from other popular companies made for your Nokia smartphone model. From Lumia 710 and 900 cases to replacement batteries and mountable car holders, we have the best deals on the latest Nokia smartphone accessories!
Beats by Dr. Dre 9000001101 Beats Solo HD On-ear Black
$197.99Out of stock
Beats by Dr. Dre 9000001201 Beats Solo HD On-ear White
$219.99Out of stock
Beats by Dr. Dre 9000007701 iBeats In-Ear Headphones White
$129.99Out of stock


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Save 15% on Justice Design Fixtures
Justice Design CER-5495-BIS Justice Design Group - Ambiance Collection - CER-5495 - Large ADA Craftsman Window Wall Sconce - Open Top & Bottom
- Manufacturer Information
- Customer Reviews
- Questions From Community
Unfinished ceramic surface. If you plan to paint your fixture yourself, this is for you. Easy-to-follow finishing instructions are included in every fixture.
For your convenience this sconce is offered in a multitude of finishes and the unfinished ceramic finish option (Bisque) is paintable, allowing you to customize this fixture to suit any interior.
With over 200 different shapes and more than 35 different finishes, you can customize our fixtures to suit any decor.
- This item is available in up to 30 hand-painted finishes, as well as unfinished ceramic bisque (BIS) which is paintable
- Mounting Center: 4"
Product Details
Manufacturer | Justice Design |
Sku | CER-5495-BIS |
Assembly Required | No |
Product Dimensions & Details
Bulb/Light Information
Bulb Included | No |
Bulbs Count | 2 |
Bulb | Incandescent |
Bulb Base | Incandescent |
Bulb Wattage | 60 |
Voltage | 120 Volts |
Bulb Shape | A Series |
Shade/Glass Information
Shade Finish | White Styrene |
Shades Included | Yes |
ADA | Yes |
UL CSA | Damp |
UL Listed | Yes |
Shipping Information
Ships Ground. Eligible for expedited shipping | Yes |
Manufacturer Information
Manufacturer Information
Justice Design
Justice Design's collection of lighting fixtures is highly customizable, allowing the customer to create the perfect finishing touch to any space. With over 250 different shapes and over 30 finsihes to work with, Justice Design fixtures can coexist with virtually any décor.
browse more Justice Design products
Customer Reviews
Customer Reviews
This product is not rated. Click here to rate this product!
Questions From Community
Questions From our Community
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Customer Service Call Hours
EliteFixtures lighting specialists are standing by to assist you!
Call Hours
Monday through Friday
8:30 am - 8:30 pm EST
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For Trade Professionals
For contractors, electricians, interior decorators, architects, designers, and commercial purchasing groups!
Service - Instant assitance for pro's.
Delivery - Get it fast the elite way!
Price - Lowest Prices Guaranteed!
Delivery - Get it fast the elite way!
Price - Lowest Prices Guaranteed!


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Blue Moon Resort & Spa hotel Dalat |
Classification: Deluxe Hotel Address: 04 Phan Boi Chau St, Da Lat city, Lam Dong Province, Vietnam Price: from 49 USD/room/night
Location: City Center Number of Room and Suite: 71 Convenient Attractions: Valley of Love, Prenn Falls, Lang Bian Mountains, Truc Lam Buddhist Pagoda, Dalat Cathedral, Lake of Sighs, Dambri Waterfall, Ponguor Waterfall. Overview
Ideally located in the heart of Da Lat, this beautiful property, is right across the famous Xuang Huong Lake. Doubtlessly a convenient location, it offers easy access to dining venues, shopping venues and entertainment centers. Featuring traditional and charming rooms, they also possess facilities like shower, television, coffee & tea making facilities, mini bar, non smoking rooms, brilliant spa, car park and valet parking. A cordial and cozy place of stay, Blue Moon Resort & Spa offers friendly hospitality and excellent accommodation facilities.
Hotel Location and Map Located in the heart of breathtaking Da Lat, Blue Moon Resort & Spa is designed to complement the natural beauty of City of Eternal Spring. Built opposite the popular yet tranquil Xuan Huong Lake, Blue Moon is central to Da Lat's eating, shopping and entertainment hotspots. {mosmap width='250'|height='300'|lat='11.943539819006425'|lon='108.4398865699768'| zoom='15'|zoomType='Large'|zoomNew='0'|mapType='map'|showMaptype='1'| overview='0'|text='Hotel Location'|tooltip='Bluemoon Resort and spa Dalat'|marker='1'| align='center'}
Facilities & Services 24hr room service
Babysitting Bar/pub Bicycle rental Business center Coffee shop Disabled facilities Elevator Executive floor Family room Hotel/airport transfer   Laundry service/dry cleaning Meeting facilities Nightclub Pets allowed Restaurant Room service Safety deposit boxes Salon Smoking room Tours WiFi Room Amenities    Air conditioning Balcony/terrace Bathrobes Bathtub Coffee/tea maker Complimentary bottled water Daily newspaper Desk DVD/CD player   Hair dryer In room safe Inhouse movies Ironing board Mini bar Non smoking rooms Private pool   Satellite/cable TV   Separate shower and tub Shared bathroom   Shower   Television Television LCD/plasma screen Room Rate
 Hotel Pictures


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Richmond Gear#836-79-0019-1Ford 9" Pro Gear Ring and Pinion Set |
Richmond Gear takes it a step further with these Pro Gear ring and pinion sets. These gear sets are designed for race use only, where hard launches and severe heat cycling occur. They're made from a softer, more malleable alloy that is more resistant to breakage under harsh racing conditions. Richmond Pro Gears are also available in a lightened version that features an outstanding rotating weight loss of up to 6 pounds, ground pinion threads for trouble-free installation, and a special heat treatment for improved strength.
Choose The Gear Ratio That Is Best For Your Vehicle.
Richmond Gear 836-79-0019-1
Gear Ratio
Axle Type
Ford 9 in.


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Fine chocolate - general
Fine chocolate - reviews
Filled chocolates and truffles
We don't yet review things made with chocolate, just pure chocolate itself, but you can add your own reviews and opinions here.
Chocolate Connoisseurs Club
Discuss and review the bars featured at our Chocolate Connoisseurs Club events
Chocolatiers, professionals and home chefs
Off topic
Anything else
Chat here about anything you like, social, leisure, fun. Please keep to the forum rules
Website and community
Forum community
Ideas and suggestions about how the forum should be run, rules for posting, plans for the future etc


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Temp cover is a useful method of getting comprehensive and instant policy for a short period of time. Drivers who need cover for a day, one week, or a month have the option to get a short term policy to get covered on the road. It has become popular in the last previous years and has proven to be a flexible and cost effective solution to get a quote while driving.
Reasons to Get Temporary Car Insurance
There are instances that require short term car insurance instead of, or in addition to, the usual annual policy. One circumstance is when a car is bought by a new driver and wants to drive it home right away. The driver doesn't have time to shop for an annual cover and opts for one-day policy in order to bring the car home. The short term policy is a cost-effective and convenient solution for this type of situation.
There are other examples where a temp policy can be useful, such as driving a courtesy car if one's vehicle is in the shop for repairs, borrowing a van to move stuff, testing a car before purchasing it, and adding a family member or a visitor from overseas to the present cover while they are in the UK.
Temporary policy is utilised to insure a family member or friend on a different car for one to two weeks. The cover is considered as a separate one and will have protected the primary owner's annual insurance from losing No-Claim Bonus that they have accumulated.
A student can opt for a short-term cover when returning home during the summer, Christmas, or Easter breaks from the University. Most of the students don't drive when they're at the University that makes an annual quote not cost effective to have for the whole year.
Special temp covers are also available for 17-year olds who want to learn how to drive. They are added on their family member's car policy and at the same time protect the No-Claims Bonus of the original insurance holder.
How to Find Short Term Insurance and other Factors
The world wide web is often the first place most people visit to look for a quote. Most vans and cars with a value over £500 are qualified to be covered, but the age of the driver is an issue for most carriers. There are insurers who don't want to cover drivers under the age of 21 as well as those over 75 years old. Policy for drivers aged 18 and above is provided by some insurance companies, but the drivers must have held a driving license for a minimum of six months before the application. There are some carriers who require drivers to own a licence for at least a year.
Some insurers are not willing to cover a car that has been modified, imported, or previously used for commercial purposes. There are firms that don't provide one month car insurance to drivers with penalty points against their driving records or previous convictions related to driving.


text: The Maldives, located south of Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean, is truly a surfer's paradise. Tropical blue water; tiny, reef-fringed atolls; and a friendly, exotic culture suit the wandering surfer's sensibilities. Not to mention the waves get pretty good. Sultan's, pictured here, is one of the main breaks near the country's capital of Male. For the fourth year running, the Four Seasons Kuda Huraa will be hosting six of the surf world's more illuminating personalities for the 2014 Champions Trophy from Aug. 4-11, billed as the most luxurious surf contest in the world. Here's why you'll wish you were there.


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28 Dec
"The hostel was really clean and in a great location" - KeithAllOver, USA
Tomn8r in Australia via Hostelworld.com – August, 2014I've stayed at a number of hostels in Chicago and this one is by far the best. Slightly outside of the main city, but very close to trains, busses, the zoo, bars and the lake. Public transport in Chicago is amazing so location is more-or-less fine, particularly given that it's in a super expensive beautiful neighbourhood. The hostel is one of the nicest I've stayed at worldwide with very friendly staff and activities most nights of the week. Highly recommend.


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These Terms and Conditions govern your use of the Tesco.com/direct website (the "Tesco direct site"), the terms of any purchases that you make from the Tesco direct site. Please read them carefully as they affect your rights and liabilities under the law. By using the site and/or registering on the site, you agree to these Terms and Conditions and to our Privacy and Cookies Policy.
How these Terms and Conditions apply to you:
- For all users of the Tesco direct site, Part A of these Terms and Conditions apply.
- If you purchase a product from the Tesco direct site, Parts B to E of these Terms and Conditions additionally apply to you.
In these Terms and Conditions:
- PART A sets out the terms that apply to your use of the Tesco direct site;
- PART B sets out the terms that apply to your purchases of products from the Tesco direct site;
- PART C sets out the terms that apply both to your use of the Tesco direct site and your purchase of products from the Tesco direct site.
- PART D sets out product specific terms; and
- PART E sets out the terms that apply to your use of eCoupons.
PART A: Your use of the Tesco direct site
1. Basis of use of the Tesco direct site
1.1 The Tesco direct site is provided to you free of charge for your personal use subject to these Terms and Conditions and our Privacy and Cookies Policy. By using the Tesco direct site you agree to be bound by these Terms and Conditions and our Privacy and Cookies Policy.
1.2 These Terms and Conditions govern your use of the Tesco direct site in general, the products that you purchase on the Tesco direct site and all services provided in connection with them.
1.3 These Terms and Conditions do not affect your statutory rights.
2. Registration
2.1 To register on the Tesco direct site you must be over eighteen years of age.
2.2 You must ensure that the details provided by you on registration or at any other time are correct and complete.
3. Password and security
3.1 When you register to use the Tesco direct site you will be asked to create a password. You should keep this password confidential and not disclose it or share it with anyone. You will be responsible for all activities and orders that occur or are submitted under your password. If you know or suspect that someone else knows your password you should notify us by contacting customer services immediately (see paragraph 25 below for contact details).
3.2 If Tesco has reason to believe that there is likely to be a breach of security or misuse of the Tesco direct site, we may require you to change your password or we may suspend your account in accordance with paragraph 22 below.
4. Clubcard
You need to register for and have either a physical Clubcard issued by Tesco (a "Clubcard") or an electronic Clubcard issued by Tesco (an "e-Clubcard") to shop at the Tesco direct site.
5. Intellectual property
5.1 The content of the Tesco direct site is protected by copyright, trademarks, database and other intellectual property rights. You may retrieve and display the content of the Tesco direct site on a computer screen, store such content in electronic form on disk (but not any server or other storage device connected to a network) or print one copy of such content for your own personal, non-commercial use, provided you keep intact all and any copyright and proprietary notices. You may not otherwise reproduce, modify, copy or distribute or use for commercial purposes any of the materials or content on the Tesco direct site without written permission from Tesco.
5.2 No licence is granted to you in these Terms and Conditions to use any trademark of Tesco or its affiliated companies.
6. Limitations
6.1 You may not use the direct site for any of the purposes set out below (this includes any use by you of the Community sites - see paragraph 7 below for further information about the Community sites):
- Disseminating any unlawful, harassing, libellous, abusive, threatening, harmful, vulgar, obscene, or otherwise objectionable material;
- Transmitting material that encourages conduct that constitutes a criminal offence, results in civil liability or otherwise breaches any relevant laws, regulations or code of practice;
- Gaining unauthorised access to other computer systems;
- Interfering with any other person's use or enjoyment of the Tesco direct site;
- Interfering or disrupting networks or websites connected to the Tesco direct site;
- Making, transmitting or storing electronic copies of materials protected by copyright without the permission of the owner;
- Transmitting material containing any form of advertising or promotion for goods and services, junk mail, chain letters or "spam";
- Impersonating another person;
- Referring to specific website addresses outside of the Tesco direct site; or
- Advertising.
6.2 Tesco reserves the right to refuse to post material on the Tesco direct site or to remove material already posted on the Tesco direct site. You must not try to re-post material, that Tesco has refused to post on the Tesco direct site or has previously been removed from the Tesco direct site.
6.3 You will be responsible for all losses, costs and expenses reasonably incurred by us, all damages awarded against us by a court and all sums paid by us as a result of any settlement agreed by us arising out or in connection with:
- Any claim by any third party that the use of the Tesco direct site by you is defamatory, offensive or abusive, or of an obscene or pornographic nature, or is illegal or is in breach of any applicable law, regulation or code of practice; and
- Any claim by any third party that the use of the Tesco direct site by you infringes that third party's copyright or other intellectual property rights of whatever nature.
6.4 By submitting material you are granting Tesco a perpetual, royalty-free, non-exclusive licence to reproduce, modify, translate, make available, distribute and sublicense the material in whole or in part and in any form.
7. Use of community sites
7.1 The Tesco direct site includes a number of community sites, which may allow users to interact with each other via message boards, and other user forums (the "Community sites"). Full details about your use of the Community sites can be found on the Community sites' Terms and Conditions page.
7.2 We advise you not to post or in anyway reveal any of your personal details on the Community sites (for example, your address, telephone number or email).
7.3Tesco does not control or moderate the content placed on the Community sites. However, Tesco reserves the right to refuse to post material, to remove material posted on the Community sites and to contact you in the event that there are concerns about the content you have added to a Community site. Tesco may review or edit the content of the Community sites. Therefore, if you have concerns about any of the content of the Community sites you should contact us by selecting the "report as inappropriate" button. The relevant content may be removed from the Community sites. If we believe that any material placed on the Community sites by you is unlawful, we may contact the relevant authority.
7.4 Tesco makes no representations as to the validity of any opinion, advice, information or statement displayed on the message boards by third parties. You are solely responsible for the content of your messages posted on the message boards and the views expressed by individuals do not represent the views of Tesco.
8. Third party websites
As a convenience to Tesco customers, the Tesco direct site may include links to other websites or material. Tesco is not responsible for any of these websites or material, which is beyond its control.
9. Advertising and sponsorship
Part of the Tesco direct site may contain advertising and sponsorship. Third party advertisers and sponsors are responsible for ensuring that material submitted for inclusion on the Tesco direct site complies with relevant laws and codes. We will not be responsible for any error or inaccuracy in advertising and sponsorship material provided by third parties.
10. Availability of the Tesco direct site
10.1 Although Tesco aims to offer you the best service possible, Tesco cannot guarantee that the service will be fault free. If a fault occurs in the service you should report it to the customer services (see paragraph 25 below for contact details) or by email at firstname.lastname@example.com and we will attempt to correct the fault as soon as we reasonably can.
10.2 Your access to the Tesco direct site may be occasionally restricted to allow for repairs, maintenance or the introduction of new facilities or services. We will attempt to restore the service as soon as we reasonably can.
11. Wishlists
11.1 From 31st October 2012, you can collect additional Clubcard points every time when you share your wishlist on Facebook or through the Tesco direct website by email.
11.2 If your friends then purchase an item through your shared wishlist, you will be awarded 1 Clubcard point for every pound they spend on that item.
So, for example, if your shared wishlist includes a toaster for £19.99 and a friend purchases that toaster through your shared wishlist, you'll get 19 Clubcard points.11.3 Additional points will only be collected on purchases made by your friends via the Tesco direct website referred by a shared wishlist (a 'qualifying order').
11.4 Please note that you will not collect any promotional Clubcard points or special offers, or collect points for non-wishlist items included in a qualifying order.
11.5 If you order from your own shared wishlist, you will collect Clubcard points (including any promotional Clubcard points or special offers) in the normal way. You will not collect any additional Clubcard points.
11.6 We reserve the right to withdraw this offer at any time without prior notice.
11.7 Clubcard points may be retracted in the event of any returned or cancelled orders, including part returns / cancellations.
11.8 The allocation of Clubcard points to you requires the use of cookies to track transactions and allocate Clubcard points correctly. Please see our Privacy and Cookies Policy for information on how we protect your data.
11.9 You must be a registered member of the Clubcard scheme to qualify for additional points - standard Clubcard terms and conditions apply. Minimum spend to qualify for Clubcard points is £1.
PART B: Purchasing products from the Tesco direct site
In this Part B, the following definitions apply:
"Tesco Partners" means our selected Partners at Tesco, a complete list of which can be found in the Tesco Partner directory .
"We, us or our" means Tesco and/or Tesco Partner(s) as applicable to your order.
12. Purchases from our Tesco Partners
12.1 When you purchase from a Tesco Partner, the contract of sale is between the Tesco Partner and you. These terms and conditions, alongside the information provided by the Tesco Partner on their Help page, form the basis of the contract between the Tesco Partner and you.
12.1 You authorise Tesco to process payments as agent of the Tesco Partner. Tesco has no other responsibility to you in respect of these orders except where expressly set out otherwise.
13. Specific product terms
13.1 Some purchases made on the Tesco direct site will also be governed by specific product terms - please go to PART D of these Terms and Conditions to see if any of the products you are purchasing have additional specific product terms
14. Descriptions and prices of products
14.1 We have taken care to describe and show products as accurately as possible. Despite this, products may vary from their descriptions. If there is anything that you do not understand, or if you wish to obtain further information, please contact customer services (see paragraph 25 below for contact details).
14.2 If there is a difference between the price for a product in the Tesco direct catalogue and the Tesco direct site, you will be charged the price on the Tesco direct site. The price offered in respect of a product on the Tesco direct site may differ from the price offered at the same time in Tesco stores. We are under no obligation to honour any in-store price or promotion in the event that it differs from those on the Tesco direct site or in the Tesco direct catalogue.
14.3 If, by mistake, we have under priced a product, we will not be liable to supply that product to you at the stated price, provided that we notify you before we despatch the product to you. In those circumstances, we reserve the right to cancel your order. In the event we cancel your order, we will give you a full refund on any amount already paid for that product in accordance with our return and refund policy.
14.4 All prices are expressed inclusive of any VAT payable unless otherwise stated.
14.5 The price of a product does not include the delivery charge, which will depend on the delivery method you choose and will be added during checkout. See paragraph 15 below.
15. Availability
15.1 All products advertised are subject to availability or while stocks last (as may be applicable).
15.2 We try to ensure that we always stock the full product range and will let you know if the product is out of stock. If for any reason beyond our reasonable control we are unable to supply a particular product, we will not be liable to you except to ensure that you are not charged for that product.
15.3 In the interests of all our customers, we may place restrictions on bulk buying of some products. If you try to bulk buy products that have bulk buying restrictions you will receive a message telling you to reduce the number of products you're trying to buy.
16. Acceptance of orders
16.1 Your order is an offer to buy from us. We will send you an order confirmation email detailing the products you have ordered and an estimated date for delivery or collection in store, as applicable. Please note that this email is not acceptance of your order by us.
16.2Nothing that we do or say will amount to any acceptance of your offer until we send you an email notifying you that we have despatched a product to you or notifying you when a product will be available to collect in store (as applicable). At this point, a contract will be made between us for you to buy and us to sell the products that you have ordered from us. Where products are despatched or made available to collect in store separately, our acceptance of the order in respect of each product takes place when we notify you by email of such despatch.
16.3 After the time the contract is made, you cannot amend your order (however, you may cancel an order set out in our return and refund policy).
16.4 At any point up until the contract is made, we may decline to supply a product to you. If we decline to supply a product to you and you have already paid for it, we will give you a full refund of any amount already paid for that product in accordance with our return and refund policy.
17. Deliveries
17.1 Delivery will be made to the address specified when you complete the order. You may choose to collect some products (as indicated on the Tesco direct site) from selected Tesco stores.
17.2 Please note that we only deliver to addresses within England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
17.3 We use a variety of delivery methods, depending on the size of the product you order and the speed with which you wish to receive it. For more information on delivery arrangements, times and prices see delivery information. Some products are delivered directly by our supplier and the supplier will contact you to arrange delivery.
17.4 Whilst we make considerable effort to deliver all your products within 30 days of the date of your order, we shall not be liable if we fail to do so in part or in full due to circumstances beyond our control. We shall contact you to let you know if we are having any problems getting a product to you within that time.
17.5 Where you purchase products from both Tesco and a Tesco Partner in a single order, the Tesco Partner is responsible for the delivery of the products it has sold and Tesco is separately responsible for the delivery of the products it has sold. Therefore, delivery will be made separately and will not necessarily arrive at the same time.
18. Return and refund policy
18.1 For details of how to cancel your order if you change your mind or how to obtain a refund or replacement if your products arrive damaged or are faulty, please refer to our returns and refunds policy.
19. Tesco Guarantee
19.1 You are protected for all purchases you make on the Tesco direct site, and that purchases from Tesco Partners. So that you can buy with confidence, Tesco offers its customers a guarantee up to the full value of the purchase price of your product(s) from Tesco Partners within the first year. Unlike other Marketplaces, there is no limit on the number of claims you can make in any year.
This guarantee applies in the following circumstances:
1. if the Tesco Partner has not delivered your order or any part of an order or the Tesco Partner has not attempted to deliver the order, within 10 business days (being any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday) after notification of despatch; or
2. if a product you have received is materially different from the description on the Tesco direct site, or it is damaged or defective on delivery; or
3. a failure by the Tesco Partner to provide you with a refund where (i) you are due a refund under the returns and refunds policy, or (ii) the Tesco Partner has agreed to provide you with a refund and you have returned the products to the Tesco Partner; or
4. if the item develops a fault within the first year when being used according to the manufacturer's instructions.
19.2 This guarantee is only available where:
1. you have purchased the item from a Tesco Partner and paid via the Tesco direct site;
2. you warrant that any information you provide is truthful and accurate;
3. you raise your claim no earlier than 3 business days after having first raised a complaint directly with the Tesco Partner;
4. you have not and will not request a chargeback from the issuing bank or receive any refund, replacement or other compensation from the Tesco Partner at any time; and
5. you agree that a refund is the only remedy provided under the Partner Guarantee.
19.3 To raise a claim under the guarantee, please contact Tesco Customer Services or 'Raise a Claim' against your order in 'My Account'.
20. Payments and cards
20.1 Payment for your products will be taken at the time your place your order, once we have checked your card details and stock availability. If there is a problem taking payment for all or part of your order we will contact you by email (or by telephone if you have not given us an email address).
20.2 For use of Tesco gift cards, Clubcard vouchers and eCoupons please see paragraph 20 and paragraph 27 below.
20.3 Your credit/debit card details will be encrypted by the Tesco direct site to minimise the possibility of unauthorised access or disclosure.
20.4 When ordering from the Tesco direct site we accept orders only from web browsers that permit communication through Secure Socket Lawyer (SSL) technology, for example a 7.0 version or higher of Internet Explorer, version 3.5 or higher of Firefox, Chrome version 10 or higher and Safari version 5 of higher. This means that you cannot inadvertently place an order through an unsecured connection.
21. Free gifts, promotional products and eCoupons
21.1 Free gifts and promotional products that are given away in conjunction with a purchase may be despatched to you separately and delivery times may vary.
21.2 If you change your mind and return your product, you must also return any free gift or promotional product associated with the promotion and received by you as a result of that order. We may charge you a reasonable amount for the free gift if you do not return it.
21.3 You can use Tesco gift cards/moneycards, Clubcard vouchers and eCoupons to pay for your order subject to these Terms & Conditions and any other specific conditions notified to you on the issue of such gift cards/moneycard, Clubcard vouchers or eCoupons. Please note, that most eCoupons cannot currently be used for orders with a Tesco Partner.
21.4 Bonus coupons received with the quarterly Clubcard mailing or handed out in-store, and product or discount coupons issued by manufacturers or promoters cannot be redeemed against purchases from the Tesco direct site.
PART C: Your use of the Tesco direct site and purchasing products from the Tesco direct site
22. Amendments
We may update these Terms & Conditions from time to time and any changes will be notified to you via the e-mail address provided by you on registration or via a suitable announcement on the Tesco direct site. The changes will apply to the use of the Tesco direct site after we have given notice. If you do not wish to accept the new Terms and Conditions, you should not continue to use the Tesco direct site (including purchasing any products on the Tesco direct site). If you continue to use the Tesco direct site after the date on which the change comes into effect, your use of the Tesco direct site indicates your agreement to be bound by the new Terms and Conditions.
23. Right to suspend or close your account
23.1 We may suspend or close your account immediately at our reasonable discretion or if you breach any of your obligations under these Terms and Conditions. You will not be able to order products on the Tesco direct site if your account is suspended or closed.
23.2 The suspension or closure of your account and your right to use the Tesco direct site shall not affect either party's existing rights or liabilities.
24. Our responsibility to you
24.1 The Tesco direct site is provided by Tesco without any warranties or guarantees. You will bear the risks associated with the use of the internet.
24.2 The Tesco direct site provides content from other internet sites or resources and while Tesco tries to ensure that material included on the Tesco direct site is correct, reputable and of high quality, it cannot accept responsibility if this is not the case. Tesco will not be responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from the use of such information or for any technical problems, you may experience with the Tesco direct site. If Tesco is informed of any inaccuracies in the material on the Tesco direct site we will attempt to correct the inaccuracies as soon as we reasonably can.
24.3 In particular, we disclaim all liabilities in connection with the following:
- Incompatibility of the Tesco direct site with any of your equipment, software or telecommunications links; and
- Technical problems including errors or interruptions of the Tesco direct site.
24.4 If we are in breach of these Terms and Conditions, we will only be responsible for any losses that you suffer as a result to the extent that they are a foreseeable consequence to both of us at the time you order the relevant product or the time you otherwise use the Tesco direct site.
24.5 Because we sell products for personal use only our responsibility to you shall not include any business losses such as lost data, lost profits, lost sales or business interruption.
24.6 This paragraph 23 does not limit or affect our responsibility to you if something we do negligently causes death or personal injury.
25. Notice and takedown
25.1 If you believe that any of the content or products listed for sale on the Tesco direct site is defamatory or infringes the intellectual property rights you hold please notify us by completing the Notice and Takedown Form in full and sending it to firstname.lastname@example.com.
25.2 By making a complaint you warrant and represent to Tesco that the statements you make are true and correct and that you are the holder (or are authorised by the holder) of the intellectual property rights which you allege have been infringed.
26. Miscellaneous
26.1 You may not transfer any of your rights under these Terms and Conditions to any other person. We may transfer our rights under these Terms and Conditions to another business where we reasonably believe your rights will not be affected.
26.2 If you breach these Terms and Conditions and we choose to ignore this, we will still be entitled to use our rights and remedies at a later date or in any other situation where you breach these Terms and Conditions.
26.3 Neither party shall not be responsible for any breach of these Terms and Conditions caused by circumstances beyond that party's control.
26.4 Except as expressly set out in these Terms and Conditions, all use of your personal information will be made in accordance with our Privacy and Cookies Policy.
26.5 These Terms and Conditions are subject to English law. We will try to solve any disagreements quickly and efficiently. If you are not happy with the way we deal with any disagreement and you want to take court proceedings, you must do so in England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland.
27. Customer services
If you have any queries, please contact us online or via telephone:
- For electrical products please call 0800 323 4060 (0330 123 4060 charged at local rate from a mobile);
- For mobile phones please call 0845 300 6660;
- For all other products please call 0800 323 4050 (0330 123 4050 charged at local rate from a mobile).
PART D: Specific product terms
28. Books
28.1 Some books are available for pre-order before their publication date. The price you pay for a pre-order title will not increase on publication from the pre-order price.
28.2 If you order books with multiple publication dates in the same basket, we hold the despatch of your books until the last book is available. You can choose to have the books that are ready first to be despatched first. There is no delivery charge if you choose standard delivery but there is a charge for any other type of delivery at the then prevailing rate.
29. Entertainment
29.1 Payment for pre-orders - Payment for pre-order titles will be taken at the time you place your order. In the event that the price of the title on its release is higher than the price you paid, we guarantee you will only pay the lower price. If the price of the title on its release is lower than the price you paid, we guarantee you will be refunded the difference. This is to ensure you benefit from the best price. Where applicable, we will process any refund on the title's release date and it should be credited to your payment card within three to five working days. See our help pages for more information.
29.2 Delivery of pre-order titles - As long as you place your order for any title at least 3 days before its release date, we will endeavour to deliver it to you on its release date.
29.3 Bulk buy policy - In the interests of all our customers, we place restrictions on bulk buying our products. This limits you to buying 10 of an item per order, and up to 20 of an item over a rolling 28 day period.
30. Gift Experience Vouchers
30.1 Your Gift Experience Voucher is supplied by Buyagift PLC, and in some instances you may be required to enter into an agreement with a third party operator in order to redeem your voucher.
30.2 The validity date for your Gift Experience Voucher is clearly stated on your Gift Experience Voucher. A Gift Experience Voucher will be deemed to be invalid if it is out of date.
30.3 You are able to book your preferred date for your chosen experience, however the experiences in respect of which Gift Experience Vouchers may be redeemed are subject to availability (and in some cases subject to weather conditions on the day). In order to avoid disappointment, we recommend that you book your experience well in advance and do not organise travel or accommodation until the booking has been confirmed by the third party Gift Experience Voucher operator.
30.4 Your chosen experience may involve some personal risk and with some experiences you may be required to sign a disclaimer on the day. Please read any disclaimer documents carefully. Some personal insurance policies may not cover some of the experiences in respect of which your Gift Experience Voucher may be redeemed. Please check with the third party operator and your insurer well in advance of the day of your experience.
30.5 Once you book a specific date with a third party operator you are bound by their terms and conditions, including regarding cancellations. Once a date is confirmed with the third party operator it is not possible to change this date unless the operator agrees to the change. Where a date cannot be altered by an operator it will not be possible for us to issue you a refund.
31. Fresh Flowers
31.1 Acceptance. Completion of the online order process does not constitute our acceptance of your offer to purchase products from us. Acceptance of your order occurs on despatch of an email from us to you confirming your order. Prior to despatch of this email, we reserve the right to decline an order for any reason, including, but not limited to; legal reasons, regulatory reasons, supply difficulties, and Gift Messages submitted by you that we consider may contain content that is offensive, obscene or otherwise objectionable.
31.2 Substitution. We reserve the right to substitute alternative products of equal or greater quality and value at no extra cost to you if we experience supply difficulties. Where this is the case, we will aim to contact you. However, if we have been unable to contact you by the 3pm the day before delivery, we will deliver the substituted product. Where we have been unable to contact you and you don't want to accept substituted product, you will have the right to reject the delivery. Please note that foliage and sundries (including vases) may be substituted without notice.
31.3 Cancellation. Amendments to your order can be accepted up until the point your order is prepared. We reserve the right to set prior final order amendment deadlines for periods of peak demand. You may not cancel an order for flowers once your order has been despatched. We will deliver the goods to the address provided in good faith and we cannot accept responsibility if the intended recipient is no longer at that address and/or if the receiver refuses the goods.
31.4 Gift Messages. By using the gift message service, you acknowledge and agree that the gift message service is provided for your own personal and non-commercial use only. You are entirely responsible for the text and other content of your gift message and we accepts no liability for any such content. You will not transmit any material which could be considered offensive, obscene or otherwise objectionable. We reserve the right to refuse to send messages and to terminate access to the gift message service at any time and without liability to you. We reserve the right to terminate the contract should your gift message contain content that we consider may be offensive, obscene or otherwise objectionable and without liability to you.
31.5 Limits on delivery. Hospital and funeral parlour deliveries are delivered to the reception or post room only and we cannot guarantee they will be accepted. Please check the hospital or funeral parlour's policy before placing your order.
31.6 Cats. Some flower and plant products may be harmful or poisonous (lilies in particular can be extremely toxic to cats). Please take this into account before ordering your flowers.
PART E: eCoupons
32. Standard eCoupon terms & conditions
32.1 Using eCoupons
- In addition to the rest of these Terms and Conditions, this paragraph 32 (the "eCoupon Terms and Conditions") applies specifically in addition to the use of electronic coupons issued by Tesco ("eCoupons").
- eCoupons can only be used on the Tesco direct site subject to these Terms and Conditions, and any other specific conditions notified to you on the issue of an eCoupon. No eCoupon is redeemable through any website owned or operated by Tesco Stores Limited or any other Tesco store other than the Tesco direct site (for instance, eCoupons cannot be used for purchases from the Tesco Outlet eBay store). Additionally, eCoupons cannot be redeemed from the Tesco Jersey online store.
- An eCoupon is redeemed by entering its code at the appropriate point in the online purchase process. Redemption may be subject to you providing proof of entitlement to use the eCoupon.
- Your use of an eCoupon indicates your agreement to be bound by the eCoupon Terms and Conditions.
- Tesco reserves the right to withdraw or cancel an eCoupon for any reason at any time.
32.2 Distribution of eCoupons
- eCoupons are, and remain at all times, the property of Tesco.
- The right to use an eCoupon is personal to the original recipient and may not be transferred. No eCoupon may be copied, reproduced, distributed, or published directly or indirectly in any form or by any means for use by an entity other than the original recipient, or stored in a data retrieval system, without the prior written permission of Tesco.
- eCoupons distributed or circulated without the written approval of Tesco, for example on an Internet message board or on a "bargains" website, are not valid for use and may be refused or cancelled.
32.3 Permitted usage of eCoupons
- Unless expressly stated otherwise at the time of issue of the eCoupon:
- Each issued eCoupon will be valid for use by a recipient only once;
- Only one eCoupon will be valid for use per customer or household, as the case may be; and
- An eCoupon may not be used in conjunction with any other special offer or eCoupon.
- Even where eCoupons expressly state at the time of issue that they may be used in conjunction with other eCoupons or offers, any eCoupon code beginning XX may not be used in conjunction with any other eCoupon code that also begins XX.
- Even where eCoupons expressly state at the time of issue that they may be used in conjunction with other eCoupons or offers, any eCoupon code beginning TDX may not be used in conjunction with any other eCoupon code that also begins TDX.
- eCoupons cannot be exchanged for cash or used to purchase gift-vouchers.
32.4 Excluded goods and services
- Certain goods or services are excluded from all eCoupon offers. These include tobacco, infant formula milk and prescription medicines. From time to time other goods or services may be excluded and any such further exclusion will be notified to you along with the eCoupon or through the Tesco direct site.
- eCoupons may be limited to redemption in respect of certain products or services or certain products or services may be excluded from the ambit of use of the eCoupon, in which case notice will be given to you at the time of issue of the eCoupon.
- Excluded goods and services will not count towards any qualifying conditions for offers and will not benefit from any promotional discount.
32.5 Minimum spend requirements
- Where the redemption of an eCoupon is subject to a minimum spending requirement, the redemption is only permitted in respect of the purchase of qualifying products that will be communicated to you at the time of issue of the eCoupon. Excluded products and supplementary charges, such as delivery, gift wrap or postage & packing, shall not count towards a minimum spending requirement.
- If more than one minimum spend offer is valid for use in an order, there must be sufficient qualifying spend to meet the requirements of each offer in total. For example, to use a £3 off £30 eCoupon and a £5 off £50 eCoupon in the same transaction (assuming that these eCoupons can be used together), you must spend at least £80.
32.6 Calculation of discount
- Where an online offer states that a percentage discount will be given on a purchase, the cost of the qualifying purchases will be reduced by the stated discount percentage.
- Where purchases are stated to be offered on a "VAT-free" basis, the prices of qualifying products will be reduced by the equivalent of VAT. At the current VAT rate of 20%, this equates to a discount of 16.67%.
- Supplementary charges such as delivery or postage & packing shall not be discounted unless specifically stated in the offer description.
32.7 Security and Fraud
- When you use an eCoupon you warrant to Tesco that you are the duly authorised recipient of the eCoupon and that you are using it in good faith.
- If you redeem, attempt to redeem or encourage the redemption of eCoupons to obtain discounts to which you or a third party are not entitled you may be committing a civil or criminal offence.
- If we reasonably believe that any eCoupon is being used unlawfully or illegally we may reject or cancel any eCoupon and you agree that you will have no claim against us in respect of any rejection or cancellation. Tesco reserves the right to take any further action it deems appropriate in such instances.
- If we refuse an eCoupon submitted as part of an order, for any reason, we will inform you before the order is despatched to advise of the correct cost of the order and give you the opportunity to cancel the order.
32.8 Limitation of liability
- Orders submitted with eCoupons shall be accepted by Tesco in the usual way (as set out in paragraph 20 above).
- Tesco shall not be liable to any customer or household for any financial loss arising out of the refusal, cancellation or withdrawal of any eCoupon or any failure or inability of a customer or household to use an e-Coupon for any reason.
32.9 Variation
We reserve the right to vary or terminate the operation of any eCoupon at any time without notice.
The Tesco direct site is owned and operated by Tesco Stores Limited, trading under various names including Tesco direct, a company registered in England whose registered office is at Tesco House, Delamare Road, Cheshunt, Hertfordshire EN8 9SL, with Company Registration No. 519500 and VAT No. GB220 4302 31.
Last updated 22/04/2015
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text:
I have a very small kitchen and do not have a lot of counter space. This cart was the perfect solution. Not only was it super easy to put together, it has been very sturdy. I can chop large quantities on the cutting board and store extra supplies in the baskets. The chrome coloring and bamboo top look very sleek together. However, the removable (and dish-washer safe!) bamboo cutting board might be the best part. This was my first purchase from Overstock.com and I couldn't be happier.
I needed a small rolling kitchen utility cart to give me flexible counter space. My kitchen isn't that small but the 1930s cabinets come so low to the counters I can't use them to cook/chop etc. This will work well and tucks back next to the stove when not in use. Depends on your set up - for me this will work great. Thanks.
Was very pleased. Easy to assemble, heavy materials. But after one month the chrome is peeling off of the handle NOT GOOD
Really nice product. I love it. I bought it for a dual purpose. I have a small laundry room with a high washer and dryer. I needed a small surface to fold clothes --one that was my height, and one that fit into a small space. When I had company at Christmas, I brought it to the dining room and put extra food on the top and shelves. The bamboo top removes easily and cleaned well (cherry pie spills). It was easy to put together and is study.
Having just put this cart together in less than an hour, my first impression is that the shelves will not be stable. The washers do not clasp the legs tight enough, and sufficient pressure will cause the shelves to slide down the legs. This cart will not be functional for preparation or work of any weight on the top level. Tools or utensils can be placed on the cart, but I doubt they can be used on the butcher block top.
Excellent for a small City apartment and the price purchased. Easy to move about. Great storage capacity. I was truly suprised.
Putting this together was simple. However, one needs to be somewhat mechanical. It is not as easy putting it together. Once I put it together. I placed it stationary so as not to fall apart.
Perfect for my use, fits in with my decor, I exspect this unit to last for many years!
Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment. More details
FINAL SALE EXCLUSION: Items marked as FINAL SALE are not returnable unless the problem you experience is the result of our error.
Our standard shipping method is ground shipping. We also offer expedited shipping for most items. Your final shipping cost and estimated delivery timeframe will be available at checkout.
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* For your protection, all orders are screened for security purposes. If your order is selected for review, our Loss Prevention Team may contact you by phone or email. There may be a two business day delay to process your order.
** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


text:
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Marlo Suit Pant in New Tailor
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Joseph Pant in Bevan
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Muller Pant in Speedwell
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Haydin Pant in Writer
Zaine Pant in Thurlow
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Dover Point Dress Shirt in Limerston
Dover Spread Dress Shirt in Kenai
Raffi Je Z Pant in Railton
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Zaine Short in Livonia
Muller S Short in Speedwell
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Dover Spread CPFC Dress Shirt in Noville
Jake W Pant in Fenelon
Marlo U Pant in Virtuous YD


text: Stainless steel petite band with February-Amethyst color cubic zirconium encased birth stones covering 1/3 of the face while remaining 2/3 reveal engraved and black enamel filled scripture "Purity - Matthew 5:8." This stainless steel ring is available in sizes 5-9 (whole sizes only). Item No: 240507 Gender: Womens Material: Steel |


text:
While vaccines are an important part of an annual health care program, controlling and preventing diseases through management and disinfection has only come to the forefront in the past 20 years.
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