text:
Galaxy Class Total Output |
True Q |
This sixth season episode features a visit to the Enterprise-D by a young student, Amanda Rodgers. Early on she is visiting the engineering department in the presence of Lieutenant Geordi LaForge and Lieutenant Commander Data, Amanda looks at the Warp Core and the following dialogue ensues :
Amanda : 'It's hard to imagine how much energy is harnessed in there.'
Data : 'Imagination is not necessary; the scale is readily quantifiable. We are presently generating twelve point seven five billion gigawatts per-' [cut off by alarm].
At this point in the episode the Enterprise is in orbit of a planet - she is not using her warp or impulse drives, shields or weapons. The warp core would presumably be 'ticking over' to generate the ships gravity field and maintain life support and so on - rather than running at full power to produce lots of energy energy nobody is using. So we have a figure for the low end of a Galaxy class starships engine output of 12.75 x 106 TeraWatts.
TNG Technical Manual |
Nowhere in the tech manual is any kind of maximum power output given. However, there are several indirect references which prove useful.
On page 55 a chart of the velocity values of various warp speeds is given. Overlaid on this is the energy required to maintain this speed, given in 'Megajoules per Cochrane' - Cochranes being a measure of the warp field. Strictly speaking this is an energy value rather than a power value - ideally it should read 'Megawatts per Cochrane'. However, we know that warp drive is a non Newtonian system - the Enterprise must continually expend energy in order to maintain a given warp speed. The text also refers several times to the power taken to maintain given warp speeds, and refers to features of the chart with reference to this. It thus seems certain that the graph is intended to give the power needed rather than the energy.
The text also states 'note that the Cochrane value for a given warp factor corresponds to apparent velocity of a spacecraft travelling at that warp factor. For example, a ship travelling at Warp 3 is maintaining a warp field of at least 39 Cochranes and is therefore travelling at 39 times c, the speed of light'.
By multiplying the Cochrane value of each warp factor by the power per Cochrane we can calculate the power required for a Galaxy class ship to cruise at a given warp speed velocity :
| (speed in xc) | (Watts) | (Watts) |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
NOTE : The values for Warp 9.9 are extrapolated by projecting the curves slightly. There is therefore a greater degree of error involved in this particular calculation than the others, and it should be approached cautiously.
Page 57 tells us that the Galaxy class can cruise at a top speed of Warp 9.6 for twelve hours. This equates to a maximum designed power output of 4,770,000 TeraWatts.
Hence, we get a figure for the Galaxy class starships maximum power output of 4.770 x 106 TeraWatts.
Now while this is within an order of magnitude of the previous value, it does indicate a substantially reduced output since we are comparing minimum output to maximum output. There are possible answers to this problem : Most importantly, the Enterprise-D actually achieved a speed of Warp 9.7 during Encounter at Farpoint, indicating that the warp core can pull considerably more than the designed maximum out of its warp core when needed. In addition, the technical manual was written in 1991, a date which corresponds to 2368 of Startrek. The 'True Q' episode is set some three months after the beginning of season six of the show, in 2369. It is possible that the Enterprise received a hefty upgrade to its warp core in the interval. In addition, the Enterprise may have been running some kind of very energy intensive scientific experiments at the time of Amanda's visit which required the core to be running at close to the maximum limit.
On page 67 - 69, the Galaxy class fuel arrangements are described. The ship is stated to have a total of 62,500 m3 of Deuterium storage, and 3,000 m3 of antimatter storage. The density of slush Deuterium is approximately 164 kgm-3, so the total Deuterium storage is 10,250,000 kg.
The density of the antimatter storage is not described, but we can get a good idea of how much there is by looking at how long the Galaxy class can go without refuelling. On page 2 the Galaxy class is described as having 'independent mode exploration capability of seven standard years at nominal warp 6 velocity'. Travelling at warp 6 for seven years would use a total energy of :
E = 1.56 x 1015 x (7 x 365.25 x 24 x 60 x 60)
= 3.446 x 1023 Joules
Even assuming a 100% conversion efficiency of matter to energy, this would require 1,914,494 kg of antimatter and an equal mass of matter. This allows us to get an absolute minimum density for the storage of antimatter of 638.16 kgm-3, which is nearly four times that of the matter tanks. Given that the ship must also run its antigravity field, inertial dampers and structural integrity field, possibly along with non critical systems, then the true fuel supply must be somewhat above this - we can't really know how much above, though in the Voyager episode 'Revulsion' a hologram on an alien vessel complains that 30% of the ships power was devoted to maintaining its crew, a comment which evokes no real surprise from the Starfleet crew members.
But assuming the minimum supply for a moment, this would be sufficient to sustain the ship for 2.4 days at the maximum cruise of Warp 9.2, or about 20 hours at Warp 9.6. By Warp 9.9 the figure drops to 9.57 minutes, which presents an interesting problem in itself; the original Encyclopedia warp speed chart indicated that the Galaxy class could sustain Warp 9.9 for ten minutes before auto engine shutdown. As with all speeds above Warp 6, it would seem that component wear rather than fuel would be the limiting factor here. This is a fairly minor nit, as one can easily enough assume that compromises can be made with systems such as the Inertial Dampers or Structural Integrity Field - a steady but very high speed will not stress the ships fabric or interior as much as heavy manoeuvring at lower speeds, after all.
Of course, by far the greatest factor in determining the exact mass of antimatter fuel would be the efficiency of the conversion process. Some quotes do exist regarding engine efficiency, but they are not very specific since we rarely know what is being expressed as a percentage of what. To give you a feel for the range of figures, I've drawn up the following table :
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Deuterium supply. | |
Given that there is no real lack of space on board a typical Federation Starship, and certainly not on a Galaxy class, I would suggest that the reason for building the antimatter pods so small is that they must be capable of being ejected into space as rapidly as possible in the event of an emergency, whilst the Deuterium tank is much less of a danger. This, incidentally, indicates that the Federation is capable of generating and controlling enormously powerful magnetic fields with relative ease.
Impulse Engines |
The TNG Technical manual describes the Impulse drive system in some detail. The opening paragraph (page 75) notes that 'The total IPS [Impulse Propulsion System] consists of two sets of fusion powered engines : the main Impulse Engine and the Saucer Module Impulse Engines'. Each engine is supplied by a group of spherical fusion reactors, totalling 24 in all. Later in the page the TM notes that fuel for the system is provided by the Primary Deuterium Tank.
This indicates that the engines of the Galaxy class do not operate on the Deuterium/Tritium fusion process, but the Deuterium/Deuterium process. This is described by the equation :
2H + 2H ---> 3He + 1n + 3.2 MeV
The total mass of the initial two Deuterium atoms is 4.02726 u, equivalent to 3750.25 MeV. Since the reaction releases 3.2 MeV, it is therefore at most 0.08533% efficient in its conversion of mass to energy. Hence, for each 1 kg of fuel consumed by the Impulse system 7.67 x 1013 Joules will be released.
The performance of Impulse engines is a subject of some debate. Page 75 of the TNG TM states that the Ambassador class Starship was designed to accelerate at 10,000 ms-2, but in fact this is seriously low for an Impulse drive system. In ST : TMP we see the Enterprise head out of Earth orbit at full Impulse; 1.8 hours later the ship passes Jupiter, a distance of between 628,000,000 and 928,000,000 km, depending on the orbital arrangement. Even assuming that the ship accelerated continually throughout the trip to give us the lowest possible value, the acceleration was between 29,911 ms-2 and 44,200 ms-2. But in fact, the true figure is likely to be considerably higher; as the ship boosts out of orbit we see the Earth shrink dramatically behind it, indicating a sizeable fraction of light speed was reached in a matter of seconds - an acceleration of over a thousand times that of the much later Ambassador class.
But for the moment let's assume the lowest feasible value for acceleration, and further assume that the Constitution was the Ferrari of Starships, so 10,000 ms-2 is a standard figure for the TNG era. We know that 'full Impulse' is usually restricted to velocities below 0.25 x c in order to avoid large relativistic distortions. It would thus take a Galaxy class ship 7,500 seconds to accelerate to full Impulse. The force required to produce this acceleration on a 4.96 million metric ton vessel is found via :
F = m x a
= 4.96 x 109 x 10000
= 4.96 x 1013 Newtons
We can calculate the distance covered in this time via :
S = 0.5 x a x t2
= 0.5 x 10,000 x 75002
= 281,250,000,000 m, or 281,250,000 km
And the total work done on the ship by its engines is equal to :
W = F x s
= 4.96 x 1013 x 2.8125 x 1011
= 1.395 x 1025 Joules
To supply this energy we would need to fuse some 181,877,444 metric tons of Deuterium. Unfortunately, the Primary Deuterium Tank only holds 10,250 metric tons!
Fortunately, we have a get-out. The TM describes the use of 'space-time driver coils', which are described on page 75 as being '...similar to those in standard warp engine nacelles, that would perform a low level continuum distortion without crossing the warp threshold'. The driver coil apparently reduces the effective mass of the ship - or multiplies the force, whichever way around you want to put it. So that the work required is reduced by some driver ratio, r, hence :
W = (F x s) / r
Unfortunately, in order to determine a value for r we would need to know the actual power output of the engines - and we don't. The TM can give us some clues, however. On page 77, it notes that fuel is injected into the reactors as solid pellets of frozen Deuterium, stating 'Pellets can range in size from 0.5 cm to 5 cm, depending on the desired energy output per unit time. A standing pulsed fusion shock front is created by the standard initiators ranged about the forward inner surface of the sphere. The total instantaneous output of the IRC is throttleable from 108 to 1011 Megawatts.'
Now it is tempting to say that each reactor can generate up to 1011 Megawatts, or 2.4 x 1012 MW for the entire system, but in fact this cannot really be so. At the efficiency noted above for the D/D fusion reaction, this would consume 31,290.743 kg of fuel per second - sufficient to exhaust the Primary Deuterium Tanks entire 10,250 metric tons in 5.46 minutes. Obviously this is nonsense.
From the description of the reactor operation above, it seems that the instantaneous power must refer to the rate of energy production while a particular fuel pellet is fusing; a 5 cm diameter pellet of Deuterium would mass 11.407 g, and when fused would release a maximum energy of 8.749 x 1011 Joules. In order to reach the maximum instantaneous power of 1011 MW, this pellet would be consumed in 8.749 microseconds. Unfortunately, the average power would also need to factor in how many pellets are fused each second, information which is not supplied.
We can only really make an educated guess at this number. We know that the Enterprise-D visited approximately one planetary system every two weeks throughout its life. The average time between refuelling for Starships is commonly pegged at three years; hence, the Enterprise could expect to visit 78 star systems. It has been stated that it is dangerous to engage warp drive within a star system; Kirk waited 1.8 hours before attempting to go to warp to intercept V'Ger in ST : TMP. On the other hand we have seen ships warp in and out of orbit many times in all of the series. It seems that the most we can really say is that it is dangerous to use warp drive whilst within some star systems some of the time.
On balance, I think it's not unreasonable to suppose that each visit to a star system will involve an average of two hours at impulse - one arriving and one leaving - for 156 hours total over three years. Hence, the ship would spend about 0.6% of its time at impulse speeds. Given the presumably lower fuel requirements for using Impulse as compared to normal Warp 6 cruising, my own personal guess for the power output of the Impulse reactors would be 107 MW each, or 2.4 x 108 MW total. This would equate to 11.43 pellets per reactor per second, or a total of 154,056,456 pellets massing 1,757,322.24 kg - about 17.151% of the total fuel - consumed over the entire three year time between refuelling.
Using this estimate, we would get a figure for the driver coil ratio of :
2.4 x 1014 x 7500 = (4.96 x 1013 x 2.8125 x 1011) / r
1.8 x 1018 = 1.395 x 1025 / r
r = 7,750,000
So the driver coils would lower the mass of the ship from 4.96 million metric tons to approximately 640 kg - quite an impressive accomplishment!
Now of course, this figure is wholly dependant on my own assumption for how much power the impulse engine puts out. It's an inverse relationship - the higher you rate the impulse engine power output, the lower you must rate the driver ratio. Alternatively, the higher you rate the acceleration the higher the drive ratio is going to be - and of these two factors, the latter is by far and away the more likely to be off.
Assuming, then, a more realistic figure for the acceleration of 107 ms-2, we would arrive at a drive ratio of 7.75 x 109, and the effective mass drops to 0.64 kg.
Conclusion |
The performance of the various power systems on a Galaxy class Starship are a matter of considerable conjecture, and for the most part what I've tried to do here is lay out the assumptions that I generally work by, give the justifications for them, and point out some possible alternatives. I'm not saying that any of this must be The One True Answer - I know for a fact that no less than Rick Sternbach disagrees with the seven year figure for Galaxy class endurance, for example. By laying out the numbers and equations in reasonably simple form I hope that people will be able to use this page as a basis for their own theories.
But some numbers we do know fairly well. To summarize a couple of the more important ones :
Maximum Warp Core Output : 4.77 x 106 TeraWatts - 12.75 x 106 TeraWatts
Average Warp Core Output : 1.56 x 1015 TeraWatts
Yellow text = Canon source | Green text = Backstage source | Cyan text = Novel | White text = DITL speculation |
Copyright Graham Kennedy | Page views : 9,417 | Last updated : 1 Jan 1970 |


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Looks like a fun time. I like those pizza trays. I'd eat that pepperoni pie for sure CL
FWIW, I think frankie g sells those pizza trays, have always wanted to try them. -marc
I'd have a slice of each and a mess of wings. Took my 2 yr old daughter there years ago and she was frightened by the giant rat!
You have the cutest grandson dressed up for his party. My daughter is 8 months and can't wait until she is excited for her own birthday.


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Posted February 23, 2013
I would be all over this is it were like a Star Wars themed Epic Pinball table...
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Last edited by bountyhunter113; 06-08-2008 at 10:29 AM.
Click the picture above ^
visit my flickr:Originally Posted by poler
maybe to you, but i didnt recieve shit its been like what now 6 to 8 months?
and i know im not the only one he scammed either.
here you go guys a new pic of colors
Last edited by bountyhunter113; 06-07-2008 at 08:58 PM.
Click the picture above ^
visit my flickr:Originally Posted by poler
ahah that sucks... they tricked you good
haha at the display pack rack. they lock ours up good.
and im no scammer, im legit. one package getting fucked up by the PO is not a record for scamming people. ive done tons
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and mee
yo illa check yo pms
anyone that owes me shit, get it out please. you know who you are.
lol pm'd..
now for the other 5 people to send their stuff.. and for me to send my stuff out.. sorry guys, ill either get it out tommorow or on saturday... ill be gone for the week
and this is why i dont trade w. anyone JUST because they have wat i want...
Dont give a damn and I've never gave a fuck..
Yo !!! Listen Up !!! The Dude Who Sent Me The $10 For The Box Of Slaps---pm Me Please!!! The Shipping Is Outrageous To Send To Canada !! The Box Is Too Heavy And The Shipping Is Like $30.00.....please Pm Me So You Don't Think I Burned You!!!! "chris" From Waterdown,on. You Need To Pm Me!!! I Think Dude's Username Is Artcrime Or Something To That Effect.......you Need To Pm Me Cuz.......
Possible Quarts Of T-grade I Need To Get Rid Of To Make Room For New Shit....marsh Is New,never Used And Still In The Case-box. Takin Offers......holla.
tried them illadelph mops.....that purple ink is buff-proof!!paint thinner wouldn't even smear it....and it bleeds through mad paint.like 6 or 7 times i painted over it...illadelph shold sell the purple in refils bottles.
im new on here and want to trade some shit what do i do?just ask people to trade.
you think the purple is good? the red is fucking crazy, i cant get my buff board to clean because of it.
and i think he is selling his purples in refills soon.


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Tigers' task remains the same as Game 4 shifts
"I thought my at-bats in some of those games got a little bit better. The last two [at-bats] I hit two rockets. Anytime I'm in the box the game can change, and everyone knows that."
Rodriguez, 37, has 66 more career homers (647) than Tigers sluggers Miguel Cabrera (321) and Prince Fielder (260) combined. For only the fourth time, the Yanks are down three games to none in a postseason series. Detroit, the AL Central champion, is one happy ending away from appearing in its first World Series since 2006, when the Tigers fell in five games to the Cardinals. Teams leading 3-0 are 31-1 in postseason history. The lone exception is a painful 2004 memory for Yankees fans and the source of enduring joy for Red Sox faithful. History offers their fans less comfort than the Yankees' disappearing offense. In those three previous postseason series in which they fell behind 3-0, they were swept -- by Frankie Frisch and the 1922 New York Giants, by Sandy Koufax and the 1963 Los Angeles Dodgers and by Johnny Bench and the 1976 Cincinnati Reds. No World Series team in 23 efforts has come from a 3-0 deficit to prevail, and it hasn't happened in five National League Championship Series. In ALCS play teams leading 3-0 are 3-1. Following an emotional five-game conquest of the Orioles in the AL Division Series, while the Tigers were surviving a five-game series against Oakland, the Yankees appeared primed to face Detroit on Saturday night at Yankee Stadium. But a 6-4 loss in 12 innings -- with perennial All-Star and postseason star Derek Jeter fracturing his left ankle in the top of the 12th -- left the AL East champs in disarray. Shut out in Game 2 by Sanchez and the Detroit bullpen, the Yankees came to the Motor City and avoided another shutout with a ninth-inning homer by Eduardo Nunez against Verlander in Game 3. The Yankees are hitting .182 with five runs in three games -- all on the strength of home runs. They have scored in only two of 30 innings. The only runs produced in the first two games came on ninth-inning two-run homers by Ichiro Suzuki and Raul Ibanez in Game 1. "As cold as we are," Sabathia said, "we can get just as hot, especially with our lineup and the veterans we have and great players we have. "We always have faith that if you gout and do your job, you are going to score runs. And we have all year." From April through September, yes. But conditions in October have been frigid. "Hopefully, we're going to come out loose [against Scherzer] and try to get one," Chavez said. "He's tough. What you don't want to do is expand the zone against him. His ball's a little different than Verlander's -- more deception and late run. The radar gun says 95, but that's where the comparison stops." The Yankees no doubt are having serious regrets about losing Game 4 of the AL Division Series to the Orioles. It meant Sabathia, who would have been fresh for Game 1 of the ALCS, had to work the deciding Game 5 in New York. He dispatched Baltimore, but it made him unavailable for the first three games against the Tigers. Sabathia has been close to as good as Verlander in this postseason. He worked 17 2/3 innings against the Orioles in taking Games 1 and 5, allowing three runs while striking out 16. In 18 postseason appearances, 17 as a starter, Sabathia is 9-4 with a 4.25 ERA. "He's our number one guy," Yankees second baseman Robinson Cano said. "He knows how to pitch in these games. We have to back him up with some runs." The Tigers, with 11 runs in three games and a .259 team average, haven't exactly mauled Yankees pitching. Cabrera and Fielder have been kept in the park, but Delmon Young has homered twice, giving him five in his postseason career against New York. Cabrera, with an RBI double in Game 3, is hitting .364 in the series. The Triple Crown winner extended his LCS hitting streak to all 16 games he has played, breaking a record he'd shared with Manny Ramirez and Pete Rose. A World Series appearance would be the 11th in Tigers history. They have won four times, most recently in 1984 when they put away San Diego in five games.


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Enabling Safe and Secure BYOD
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Overview: Work is no longer seen as a place, but as an activity that is independent of both location and specific technology. Organizations are moving from being PC-centric to a user-centric model, where employees bring their own devices (BYOD) and choose those devices that best suit their specific needs. Learn how the KACE Appliances can help your organization say "Yes!" to BYOD.


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Adobe Lightroom
(→Who's interested) |
(→Who's interested) |
Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
* zhao lu (email@example.com) | * zhao lu (firstname.lastname@example.com) | ||
* Sal Madayag firstname.lastname@example.com | * Sal Madayag firstname.lastname@example.com | ||
+ | * Sucheta Keni email@example.com | ||
==Past classes== | ==Past classes== | ||
20090617 - Eve of Wednesday June 17th 6:30PM at [[User:Rubin110|Rubin110]]'s house. | 20090617 - Eve of Wednesday June 17th 6:30PM at [[User:Rubin110|Rubin110]]'s house. |
Revision as of 14:32, 24 February 2011
Contents |
When/where is it
- What: Adobe Lightroom class
- When: Thursday March 3rd 2011, 19:00
- Where: Noisebridge - main couch area
- Cost: Free, duh
What is Lightroom
Adobe Lightroom is an application for Mac and Windows that takes many of the photo management features of Adobe Bridge and throws in much of the powerful photo oreientated tools of Photoshop. Lightroom also is a nondestructive photo editor, meaning that when you import an original photo the file will never get overwritten with any changes you do from inside the application.
To learn more about Lightroom and also grab a free 30 day trial, check out their site...
About the class
I've been using Lightroom for about 4 years now and have a very detailed work flow. Much of the learning curve with an application like this is reworking how you deal with your photos/files, finding out how many of the tools work and figuring what happens behind the UI. I'm still learning new things every day about what Lightroom can do, but would be happy to share much of my knowledge and walk through how my work flow functions and why I do certain things.
The upcoming class will involve a quick run through on everyday life with Lightroom, from import, organization, development, metadata, to export and will be about 2 hours long.
--rubin110 19:21, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
Who's interested
Please add your name to the list if you're interested.
- Rubin110
- John Capogna (firstname.lastname@example.com)
- zhao lu (firstname.lastname@example.com)
- Sal Madayag firstname.lastname@example.com
- Sucheta Keni email@example.com
Past classes
20090617 - Eve of Wednesday June 17th 6:30PM at Rubin110's house.


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NHL Calendar
Updated: March 22, 2013, 8:14 AM ET
Associated Press
April 3 -- NHL trade deadline.
April 27 -- Regular season ends.
April 29 -- NHL draft drawing.
April 30 -- Stanley Cup playoffs begin.
May 27-June 1 -- NHL draft combine, Toronto.
June 1 -- Deadline for signing unsigned draft choices.
June 28 -- Last possible date for Stanley Cup finals.
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