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US 7907976 B2 Abstract A system for communicating information to a mobile unit comprising a broadband RF transceiver with antenna, a GPS receiver, an audio-visual interface, an electro-mechanical interface and a microprocessor with associated memory incorporated into each a mobile unit.
Claims(11) 1. A method of wirelessly reporting a vehicle accident, the method comprising:
establishing a short range communication link between a mobile unit and a vehicle communication system comprising a microprocessor and a transceiver;
determining, by the microprocessor, if the short range communication link is authorized;
determining, by the microprocessor, that an accident occurred;
sending, by the microprocessor and the transceiver, through the mobile unit, a communication to an emergency services personnel, the communication comprising the position of the vehicle and identification information; and
receiving, by the microprocessor, through the mobile unit, a voice communication from the emergency services personnel, thereby confirming the communication was received.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. A system for wirelessly reporting an accident comprising:
a position determining system, wherein the position determining system comprises a GPS receiver;
an audio-visual interface connected to a microprocessor; and
a wireless transceiver connected to the microprocessor, the microprocessor configured to:
establish a short range communication link between a mobile unit and a vehicle, use a security code to determine if the short range communication link is authorized,
determine when a traffic accident has occurred,
send a communication to an emergency services personnel, through the mobile unit, wherein the communication comprises position of the vehicle and identification information, and
receive through the mobile unit, a voice communication from the emergency services personnel, thereby confirming the communication was received.
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The system of
11. The system of
Description This application claims priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 12/841,433 filed Jul. 22, 2010 which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/546,645 filed Aug. 24, 2009, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,783,304 on Aug. 24, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/389,245 filed Feb. 19, 2009, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,599,715 on Oct. 6, 2009, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/018,588 filed Jan. 23, 2008 which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/524,858 filed Sep. 20, 2006, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,450,955 on Nov. 11, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/705,674 filed Nov. 10, 2003, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,123,926 on Oct. 17, 2006, which was a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/659,074 filed Sep. 11, 2000, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,647,270 on Nov. 11, 2003, which in turn claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/153,424 filed Sep. 10, 1999, all of which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. The present invention generally relates to communication systems. More particularly, the invention relates to a mobile communication system which allows mobile vehicles to communicate with neighboring vehicles and roadside communication networks. Various communication systems have been used by automobile drivers to communicate with other vehicles while the vehicle is in motion. While many advances have been made in vehicle to vehicle communication, numerous disadvantages still remain in using conventional communication systems. Conventional mobile communication systems include cellular telephones and CB or two-way radio. When using a cell phone as a means of mobile communication, there is no practical way of discovering whether a neighboring vehicle operator possesses a cell phone. Additionally, there is no process for determining the phone number of the targeted cell phone. Accordingly, the cell phone as a communication medium is severely limited. CB radio is a widely broadcast public medium where mobile users may talk to other mobile or stationary users in their vicinity. However, since there is no ability to prevent others from listening, there is no privacy between mobile communicators. Automobile accidents are one of the greatest causes of serious injury and fatalities in society. Accordingly, the development of improved control and warning systems to minimize personal and financial losses resulting from automobile accidents is of utmost importance. The limitations of present forms of communication are even more severe when considering the extent to which a communication link can improve both the driving experience and the safety statistics of modern vehicles. The preferred embodiment will be described with reference to the drawing figures where identical numerals represent similar elements throughout. A vehicle communication system embodying the present invention is shown in The base station controller 20 performs several functions. Primarily, the base station controller 20 provides all of the operations, administrative and maintenance (OA&M) signaling associated with establishing and maintaining all of the wireless communications between the mobile units 16, the base stations 14 and the base station controller 20. The base station controller 20 can provide the routing of all communications between mobile units 16, and between the mobile units 16 and the PSTN 22. The base station controller 20 also provides an interface between the mobile units 16 and the PSTN 22. This interface includes multiplexing and demultiplexing of the communication signals that enter and leave the system 10 via the base station controller 20. Although the vehicle communication system 10 is shown employing antennas to transmit RF signals, one skilled in the art should recognize that communications may be accomplished via microwave or satellite uplinks. Additionally, the functions of the base station controller 20 may be combined with a base station 14 to form a �master base station�. A preferred embodiment of the vehicletalk mobile unit 16 is shown in The RF transceiver 32 transmits and receives RF signals at a plurality of RF frequencies to one or more vehicles which include a vehicletalk mobile unit 16. Received signals are downloaded to baseband and forwarded to the microprocessor 40 for further processing. Transmitted signals are forwarded from the microprocessor 40 to the RF transceiver 32 for upconversion and transmission over one of the plurality of RF frequencies. The vehicle communication system 10 also provides for the option of transmitting a communication over currently licensed radio station channels, for example 105.9 FM. This can permit a vehicletalk operator to broadcast to non-vehicletalk operators. It also can provide a �scanning channel�, such that non-vehicletalk operators can listen to broadcast vehicletalk communications. The GPS receiver 35 is configured to receive signals from GPS satellites and compute the position of the mobile unit 16. There are many commercially available GPS receivers 35 that can perform such a function. GPS readings which are provided to the microprocessor 40 permit the microprocessor 40 to accurately calculate the speed, direction and acceleration or deceleration rate of the vehicle. The microprocessor 40 provides central control of the vehicletalk mobile unit 16. As will be explained in greater detail hereinafter, the microprocessor 40 also performs packet handling including packet assembling for outgoing communication packets 50 and packet disassembling for incoming communication packets 50 received from the RF transceiver 32. Communication packets 50 received by the microprocessor 40 are stored in memory 41. The memory 41 is also used to store identification information that is unique to each vehicle and/or vehicle operator. For example, license and registration for each vehicle can be read if positioned with a bar code or magnetic strip in a specific location of the vehicle. Optionally, the system my have a card reader where the operator must place their card prior to the vehicle starting. This card can be a license with a magnetic strip or can be a smartcard that may identify the driver and the vehicle. This unique information regarding the vehicle may also include the position of the vehicle, speed of the vehicle and rate of acceleration or deceleration as calculated by data obtained from the GPS receiver 35. The audio-visual interface (AVI) 46 preferably comprises a microphone, speakers and graphic display along with alphanumeric and directional keypads. However, those of skill in the art should realize that the AVI 46 may encompass other input devices which are known, such as a voice activated input unit, an IR remote control, a full keyboard or any other type of electronic or manual data input means. Additionally, the output portion of the AVI 46 may comprise any type of output means such as a stereo system or a heads-up display. The electro-mechanical interface 44 provides an electrical coupling to the electro-mechanical systems of the vehicle over which the vehicletalk mobile unit 16 has control. These systems may include the radio, lights, horn, windows, locks, steering, breaking and any other electro-mechanical systems of the vehicle. Communications between vehicletalk mobile units 16 using the vehicle communication system 10 are accomplished through a stream of transmitted communication packets 50. As shown in Referring to Referring to Since the vehicle communication system 10 in accordance with the present invention permits control of a vehicle and overall control of the communication system 10 by law enforcement authorities via a �security instruction�, the system 10 has a plurality of security levels to ensure that unauthorized individuals will not use the system 10 for subversive purposes. Optionally, driver may override law enforcement. System may ask for permission for law enforcement to control vehicle. The security field 61 is defined as follows: 0�access to all functions of the vehicle communication system 10 including the physical control of the vehicle and all of the information stored within the memory 41. 1�access only to the physical control of the vehicle. 2�access only to the information stored within the memory 41. 3�access for transmitting and receiving communications. 4�access only to receiving communications. The security field 61 may also include a security code, which permits authentication of the entity sending the security instruction. As aforementioned, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that additional fields may be added or defined as desired to increase the functionality of the system 10 or the security layers. Additionally, it should be recognized that although the system 10 is capable of a broad range of functionality, there are legal implications to implementing all of the functionality. For example, a court order would most likely be necessary before permitting law enforcement officials access to information in, or control of, the mobile unit 16. The priority field 62 is an indicator of the urgency of the transmitted communication. The priority field 62 can be a numeric priority from one to ten; with urgent communications having the highest priority of one (e.g., communications from law enforcement officials) and non-urgent communications having the lowest priority of ten, (e.g. advertisements). The in system/out of system field 63 indicates whether the communication is destined for, or originated from, another vehicletalk mobile unit 16 or an entity located outside of the vehicle communication system 10. Communications with entities outside the vehicle communication system 10 can be routed between the vehicletalk mobile unit 16 and the outside entity over the PSTN 22. The broadcast/point-to-point field 64 identifies whether the message is intended for broadcast to all vehicletalk mobile units 16 or whether it is intended to be routed to a particular mobile unit 16. As will be explained in detail hereinafter, the receiver field 57 will specify the particular address, or multiple addresses, of the mobile units 16 to which the communication will be transmitted. The communication identifier field 65 identifies whether the communication is a voice or data transmission since each transmission may be encoded and processed differently by the receiving microprocessor 40. The communication type field 66 identifies whether the communication comprises information for output to the user via the AVI 46, or whether the information is a control instruction that will permit electro-mechanical control of the vehicle. The communication length field 67 indicates whether the entire communication is included within the current packet 50, or whether the packet 50 is part of a multi-packet communication. Referring to The identification number 71 provides a unique identification for the sending vehicletalk mobile unit 16. The identification number may be the vehicle license number with two additional letters representing the state where the license plate was issued such as PA for Pennsylvania. Depending upon system administration, the identification number 71 may further relate to one or more individual operators of the vehicle. As shown in Use of a vehicle operator identification number 71, such as a drivers license, also permits different operators to use the vehicle while retaining their distinct identity and storing information particular to that vehicle operator, (similar to a screen name for internet use such as the America Online (AOL) system). Referring back to The origination field 76 includes the location of the vehicle when the vehicle was turned on. The destination field 77 includes the destination of the vehicle. This, of course, requires that the destination be input into the mobile unit 16, such as when a destination is input into a navigation system. It should be understood that the vehicletalk operator may override certain fields to ensure that this information is not obtained by other vehicletalk operators. For example, the origination 76 and destination fields 77, which may include personal information that the vehicletalk operator does not desire other vehicletalk operators to have access to, may include null data such that the senders destination and origination will be listed as �not available� to the receiver. The vehicle operator configures their mobile unit 16 as desired to specify which fields should be transmitted with null data. Referring to Once all of the aforementioned fields have been populated with the information, the microprocessor 40 builds each communication packet 50 and forwards the packet 50 to the transceiver 32 for transmission. The packets 50 are preferably transmitted to the base station 14, and then forwarded to the base station controller 20. The base station controller 20 routes all of the communication packets 50 to the specified addresses, either to one or more vehicletalk operators, one or more outside entities, or both. This routing function is the same as an internet router, whereby the destination address or addresses are read by the router and the communication packet 50 is forwarded to those addresses. If the communication packet 50 is to be forwarded to multiple addresses or broadcast to all addresses, the base station controller 20 provides such a routing function. The base station controller 20 may also confirm to sender whether or not a signal has been received by the recipient. In an alternative embodiment, each communication may require a confirmation packet be sent from the recipient to the sender to provide the confirmation. Using such an embodiment, the sending vehicletalk operator will know whether or not the communication packet 50 has reached its destination. Although the present invention has been explained with reference to a plurality of base stations 14 and a base station controller 20, the system 10 can also use technology similar to Bluetooth wireless technology. Using technology such as Bluetooth allows mobile units and base stations to communicate through other mobile units and base units (i.e. repeaters). This permits a wireless interconnect between mobile devices, and between mobile devices and their peripherals. The mobile devices can form a secure piconet and communicate among the connected devices. Accordingly, using this technology, vehicletalk mobile units 16 can talk directly to other vehicletalk mobile units 16 without the intervention of the base stations 14 and the base station controller 20. It is intended that the present invention be used with any type of wireless communication standard including Bluetooth, MPEG2, MP3 or other wireless or data transmission standard. The particular standard used in transmitting the data is not critical since there are many types of wireless technologies and standards that can be used to transfer information between vehicletalk mobile units 16. It should be recognized that any of the communications could be encrypted by currently known technologies so that only certain authorized vehicletalk vehicles can communicate with each other. For example, if two vehicletalk users were communicating with one another and either requested a private conversation the system can immediately encrypt their communication. As should be understood by those of skill in the art, if the address of the receiver is outside of the system 10 and must be routed via the PSTN 22, the base station controller 20 formats the communication packet 50 in a format that may be handled by the PSTN 22. Although the present invention has been explained using a general packet 50 �structure� as illustrated by As shown in Referring to Referring to Referring to The procedure utilized by the microprocessor 40 upon receipt of a communication packet 50 is shown in If it has been determined in step 508 that other packets are pending, the priority of all of the pending packets are reviewed (step 516) and a determination is made (step 518) whether the pending packets have a lower priority than the new packet. If the new packet has a higher priority then the pending packets, the microprocessor halts processing of the pending packet currently being processed (step 520), re-stores the pending packet into memory (step 522) and proceeds with processing the new packet (step 510). If, however, the pending packets do not have a lower priority than the new packet, the microprocessor stores the new packet in a queue with all other pending packets (step 524) and continues to process the pending packet (step 526). In this manner, the microprocessor 40 is able to process higher priority packets first, and delay processing of lower priority packets to a more appropriate time when the microprocessor has the proper resources. Optionally, even if the microprocessor determines in steps 502 and 504 that the communication is not addressed to the particular vehicletalk mobile unit 16, either as point-to-point communication or as part of a broadcast communication, the microprocessor may still undertake minimal processing of such packets. This is performed in step 530 whereby a contact log is created. As shown in This information is provided to the vehicle operator via the AVI 46. This permits the operator to identify, (either graphically as located on a real-time map or via a list), other vehicletalk operators which may be in the vicinity during a certain portion of the day. For example, during a commute to work if other vehicletalk operators are typically within the vicinity of the present vehicletalk operator during a certain time of day, a �partner log� may be created by each vehicletalk operator to permit vehicletalk operators to identify, contact and establish a rapport with other vehicletalk operators. Since the communication packet headers 51 include very detailed information about other vehicletalk mobile units 16, the system 10 can provide extreme flexibility in contacting other vehicletalk operators in the vicinity. For example, if a vehicletalk operator observes a vehicle that they would like to establish a private conversation with, the operator may command the mobile unit 16 to �talk� to blue car. If more than one vehicletalk mobile unit 16 is in a blue car in the vicinity, the microprocessor 40 can filter the commuter log to vehicles having the color blue. If more than one blue car was in the vicinity, the microprocessor 40 presents the make and model of each blue car and requests further instructions. Since all of the detailed information is available in the packet header 51, the system 10 can provide the speed, direction and location of the other vehicle in relation to the present vehicle. This information is also important in order to evaluate whether another vehicletalk mobile unit 16 will be available for a conversation having a duration of a minimum length. For example, if a vehicletalk operator notes that one of the vehicle operators on his partner log is currently traveling in the vicinity, and the vehicletalk operator would like to establish communications with the other vehicletalk operator, the system 10 can calculate the duration of a potential conversation based upon the speed and direction of both vehicles and their ultimate destinations, if available. The system 10 can combine that information and advise both vehicletalk operators by an audible alarm or a voice message that there is a certain amount of time left in the conversation. The microprocessor 40 can also filter out any vehicletalk mobile units 16 that will not be in the range long enough to establish a reasonable conversation. At step 540, the microprocessor 40 reviews all incoming communication packets 50 to determine if a particular communication packet 50 originates from an address that is on the vehicle operator's partner log. As the communication packets 50 are reviewed at step 540, the vehicletalk operator is notified and can decide whether or not they want to establish a communication with the particular vehicle operator having the address that has compared favorably with the partner log. It should be noted that vehicle operators can block out transmissions being received from particular individuals or cancel conversations at anytime. Further, vehicle talk operators can require information such as drivers license, license plate and registration to be provided before they allow any other transmissions to be received. Referring to If the packet includes a data communication, the microprocessor must make a determination whether the data communication is a control communication (step 610). If it is not a control communication, the data communication is an information communication and it is processed as such (step 612). Examples of packets which include information communications include audio, visual and text files that are downloaded over the internet, facsimile transmissions, and transmissions from peripheral devices such as laptop computers, handheld palm devices and the like. If it has been determined that the packet includes a control communication, the communication is processed as such (step 614). The microprocessor compares the control instruction to the security level required (step 616). This includes reviewing the security field, including the optional security access code. If the security access code is proper (i.e. authorized), the security level is reviewed and the microprocessor makes a determination of whether the security level is sufficient (step 618). If so, the microprocessor performs the control instruction (step 620). If not, the microprocessor generates a transmission to the sender of the control instruction that they are not authorized to control the particular mobile unit (step 622). The microprocessor 40 also notifies the particular vehicletalk operator that a control attempt was made and was unsuccessful. This will alert the vehicletalk operator that someone may be utilizing the system for subversive purposes. Optionally, the system may require the vehicle talk operator to authorize their vehicle to accept a control instruction, prior to undertaking any control instructions. Once the processing of the packet is performed, the microprocessor goes to the next packet (step 624). With respect to the step of performing a control instruction (step 620), this may include instructions for the microprocessor to exert electromechanical control over certain aspects of the vehicle's operation, or may simply include a request for the microprocessor to upload data to the recipient. For example, if the control instruction is a request for the microprocessor to upload information, the microprocessor may upload one or a plurality of the fields shown in In a first example relating to a request for information, if the vehicle is entering a toll booth which utilizes the EZpass system, the control instruction from the transmitting toll booth may request that the EZpass number be transmitted. The microprocessor 40 will transmit the number in the EZpass number field shown in In a second example relating to a request for information, a request for information may occur in a parking garage, gas station or any other establishment which requires payment from the vehicle operator, such as a drive-in fast-food restaurant. In this example, the vehicle operator will drive up to an ordering kiosk and order the desired food. After the food has been ordered, the driver pulls up to the window whereby the proper food order is presented to the driver. Meanwhile, the restaurant's communication system sends a communication requesting the credit card information for billing purposes. The information shown in the credit card information field 105 m of With respect to an instruction which exerts electromechanical control over the vehicle, as shown in It should be understood that due to the amount of information set forth in the header 51 of each communication packet 50, the system 10 provides extreme flexibility in processing and filtering communications. For example, the microprocessor 40 can be programmed to accept only communication from certain makes and models of vehicles. As such, the system 10 set up as part of a Mercedes can be programmed by the manufacturer to be able to talk to only other Mercedes operators. The present invention has the ability to greatly increase safety to drivers and can be a valuable resource for emergency services personnel and law enforcement personnel. For example, emergency vehicles can automatically send signals to warn motorists that an emergency vehicle is approaching. This may supplement the emergency light and siren which are standard on emergency vehicles. Since the packets 50 are prioritized, a communication sent from an emergency vehicle in transit may have the highest priority and can override all other signals having a lower priority. At the scene of an accident, the signal output from an emergency vehicle may, at a slightly lower priority, transmit instructions for avoiding the accident scene and may provide detour instructions. With respect to motor vehicle code enforcement, law enforcement agencies can automatically review the status of a driver, vehicle registration and insurance and may provide warnings for expired or soon to be expired license, registrations or insurance policies. If an authorized operator has gained access to the vehicle and has not input the proper operator identification number, the microprocessor 40 can transmit an emergency instruction to alert law enforcement agencies that the vehicle has been stolen. The signal sent from the vehicle can automatically include the vehicle's position, speed, acceleration or deceleration rate and direction. Law enforcement officials may send an instruction in response to limit the vehicle speed to no greater than 30 miles per hour until the unauthorized operator of the vehicle is apprehended. It should be noted that various fixed units may be strategically placed along highways, major intersections, toll booths and bridges to monitor traffic and to relay messages back to law enforcement agencies. Another law enforcement use can be to limit speeding of vehicles by notifying law enforcement agencies when a vehicle has exceeded a certain speed limit, e.g., 20% over the speed limit. A law enforcement official, in response, may send an instruction for the vehicle to slow down or risk a traffic citation. This can eliminate the need for �speed traps� and high speed police chases. For public safety applications, specifically located fixed units can warn drivers as the vehicle approaches a traffic light at an intersection that the vehicle must slow down or stop because it will not �make� the green light. The traffic light can make this determination based upon the speed and direction of the mobile unit and the cycle of the traffic light. Other selectively placed fixed units can warn drivers that an intersection or roadway is dangerous for various reasons, such as an accident, a sharp end or heavy traffic. The signals output by these locations can be periodically updated as weather and traffic conditions change. In the same manner, vehicles may be warned that a particular vehicle is driving in an erratic manner or that law enforcement officials are currently involved in a pursuit of the vehicle. The warnings to drivers are output through the AVI 46 and may comprise an audible warning, or may comprise a status light such as red, yellow and green being located on the graphical operator interface of the AVI 46. In extreme circumstances, selectively placed fixed units may automatically overtake control of a vehicle, for example, during extremely icy conditions to slow the vehicle prior to the danger zone. It should be noted that although the mobile units 16 were described hereinbefore as being located in a vehicle or in a fixed location, they can be incorporated as part of a cellular phone or palm unit that is portable. The present invention is particularly adaptable for interfacing with the internet and providing a wealth of information for all vehicletalk operators. In one internet-related embodiment such as vehicletalk.com, the website permits storage of information and system administration through the internet. A system administrator operating at the website or the base station controller 20 monitors and track all vehicletalk mobile units 16. Through the system administrator, the fixed locations are provided with weather and traffic updates or advertisements which are specifically geared to the immediate vicinity of the vehicletalk fixed unit. In this manner, advertisers advertise both on the vehicletalk.com website and advertise their companies and products as vehicles approach or pass certain properties, stores or business locations. This also permits stores to provide information to vehicles arriving or leaving the place of business, such as directions for parking or thanking them for their patronage. The system administrator also provides centralized housekeeping functions in order to track all different types of information that are typically a nuisance to vehicle operators, such as the date their registration and insurance policy expire. The system administrator also tracks general vehicle maintenance information and traffic violation records. The tracking of vehicle maintenance can be particularly useful when a recall notification is issued from a manufacturer or even when regularly scheduled maintenance is required. In a second internet-related embodiment, the system 10 is used to aid law enforcement official and insurance companies to determine when a traffic accident has occurred and to collect all of the detailed information regarding the traffic accident. This function is centralized in a website such as vehicleaccident.com. When an accident occurs, a signal is automatically sent to all vehicles involved (or in the vicinity) to transmit all pertinent information to vehicleaccident.com. This can include time, speed, direction, acceleration and deceleration, duration of trip and other pertinent information such as the vehicle maintenance records, traffic citation records insurance and registration information. The system 10 permits all of this information to be stored in a centralized location at vehicle accident.com for later review by law enforcement officials. The system 10 also stores law enforcement officials reports regarding the accident. The insurance industry should benefit by having vehicletalk operators agree in advance to accept a fact finding by an officer utilizing all of the information from the vehicletalk mobile units 16. This avoids costly litigation and subrogation. A vehicletalk operator accepting these terms may be permitted special insurance discounts for agreeing to such. In another embodiment, the system can provide mobile units that do not include a GPS unit. It can be similar to portable phone(s) operating on the same frequency(s). If a user tunes their radio to a particular station, they can receive a transmission through their car stereo system. The mobile unit, in this instance, can have the microphone inside of it so a user can speak �hands free�. This embodiment allows the mobile unit to beep (or voice activate) if another user comes within range advising both mobile units that they have someone they can talk to. The mobile unit detects another mobile unit by actually receiving the signal of the other mobile unit. Accordingly, positioning of either mobile unit is not required. Although the invention has been described in part by making detailed reference to the preferred embodiment, such detail is intended to be instructive rather than restrictive. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that many variations may be made in the structure and mode of operation without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as disclosed in the teachings herein. Patent Citations
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Apples that do well Everywhere. GIDEON. LADY APPLE. JONATHAN. GIDEON- Raised in Minnesota. An upright grower; medium to large; color yellow, with vermillion blush no sunny side; mild acid; quality very good. December to March. JONATHAN- Medium roundish; yellow, nearly covered with red; fine grained, tender, and finely flavored. A very profitable market. Stands long shipment. November to April. LADY APPLE- A beautiful little dessert fruit; flat; pale yellow, with a deep red cheek; juicy, rich, and pleasant. Just the sort where only one tree can be planted. November to May.
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text:
Definition: See inverse Ackermann function.
Author: PEB
If you have suggestions, corrections, or comments, please get in touch with Paul Black.
Entry modified 17 December 2004.
HTML page formatted Mon Feb 2 13:10:39 2015.
Cite this as:
Paul E. Black, "inverse Ackerman's function", in
Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. (accessed TODAY)
Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/inverseAckermansFunction.html


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San Diego Chargers Gear
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Main Content
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Posted on 7/1/2014 by Jacquelyn White
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Morningstar Ratings - Multiclass As of March 31, 2015 |
Fund Name | Overall | 3 Year /Out of | 5 Year /Out of | 10 Year /Out of |
TETON Westwood Equity Fund Class A | / 1125 | / 991 | / 689 | |
TETON Westwood Equity Fund Class C | / 1125 | / 991 | / 689 | |
TETON Westwood Equity Fund Class I | / 1125 | / 991 | / 689 |
Past performance does not guarantee future results.
Inception Date: January 02, 1987
Performance pertains to the share class noted only. Other share classes may have different performance characteristics. The Class AAA Shares' net asset values are used to calculate performance for the periods prior to the issuance of Class A Shares on January 28, 1994, Class C Shares on February 13, 2001, and Class I Shares on January 11, 2008. The actual performance for the Class C Shares would have been lower and Class I Shares higher due to the different expenses associated with those classes of shares. Performance for periods of less than one year are not annualized. The Fund's share price will fluctuate with changes in the market value of the Fund's portfolio securities. Stocks are subject to market, economic and business risks that cause their prices to fluctuate. When you sell Fund shares, they may be worth less than what you paid for them. Consequently, you can lose money by investing in the Fund. The fund typically invests in 40-60 companies. By concentrating in a small number of investments, the Fund's risks are increased because each investment has a greater effect in the Fund's performance than a Fund which is more broadly diversified. Investors should carefully consider the investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses of the Fund before investing. The prospectus, which contains more complete information about this and other matters, should be read carefully before investing. To obtain a prospectus, please call 800-GABELLI or visit www.gabelli.com. The Gabelli Mutual Funds are distributed by G.distributors, LLC., a registered broker-dealer and member of FINRA. |


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Explore the beauty of South America during this exhilarating vacation and experience its lively cities, visit its ancient ruins, witness its scenic treasures, and learn about new cultures. Start in Rio de Janeiro, a vibrant, bustling city known for its beautiful beaches and beautiful people. The birthplace of Samba, Rio's vitality comes alive as you experience its sights, sounds, and flavors. Buenos Aires is regarded as the "Paris of South America" with its chic shopping, French architecture, outdoor cafés, legendary nightlife, and cosmopolitan cuisine. It is famous for its sensuous Tango dance, and you'll see a Tango show—you'll even get a Tango dance lesson on your Globus tour! Be amazed as you view the spectacular panoramic views of many of the 275 cataracts that make up Iguassu Falls—with its clouds of spray, incessant roar, and surrounding tropical growth.Of course, no vacation to South America is complete without a visit to Peru. In Lima, your sightseeing focuses on its rich colonial history and includes a visit to the Larco Herrera Museum, which has a large collection of pre-Columbian Peruvian art. Continue to Cusco and the Sacred Valley to see the marvelous structures built by the Incas, including the semi-circular Kenko Amphitheater and Puca Pucara. Visit Machu Picchu, where you'll stand in awe as you witness the ancient ruins surrounded by soaring peaks—one of the most majestic images in South America! Then, visit the Temple of Sacsayhuaman, a fortress built in the early 12th century with stones weighing more than 350 tons. While at the ruins, experience a Mother Earth Ceremony, performed by a local shaman to thank Mother Earth and to ask for good health and safe travels. You'll also visit the mysterious Nazca Lines. When seen from the air, the lines form precise geometric shapes that number in the hundreds, as well as 70 figures, which include a monkey, whale, hummingbird, shark, spiders, and plants. Archaeologists remain puzzled about why the ancient Nazca people, who thrived here from 200 BC to 500 AD, created illustrations that could only be seen from far above the Earth.From the vibrant cities to the ancient structures, this vacation to South America has it all! So, grab your camera and be prepared for a trip of a lifetime.
RIO DE JANEIROCable-car ride up Sugar Loaf Mountain; welcome dinner; sightseeing with a Local Guide; visit Corcovado Mountain and the cathedral; Samba show and churrascaria dinnerBUENOS AIRESSightseeing with a Local Guide; visit the Metropolitan Cathedral, Cemetery of the Recoleta; Tango dance lesson; Tango showIGUASSU FALLSSightseeing with a Local Guide; visit both sides of the falls; Ecological Jungle TrainLIMASightseeing with a Local Guide; visit San Francisco Monastery; dinner at Larco Herrera Museum; local Peruvian food marketSACRED VALLEYVisit Kenko Amphitheater, Temple of Sacsayhuaman, Ollantaytambo, and Pisac; Mother Earth Ceremony with a shaman; home visit for a glimpse into rural Peruvian lifeMACHU PICCHUTake the Vistadome train through the Urubamba Valley; sightseeing with Local Guide and two days entrance to the ruinsCUSCOSightseeing with a Local Guide; visit the cathedral and the Santo Domingo Monastery; farewell dinnerNAZCA LINESNazca Lines flight; Ballestas Islands cruiseHeadsets throughout the tour
Welcome to South America's largest and most populous country. This afternoon, meet your Tour Director and fellow traveling companions for a drive along famous Ipanema and Copacabana Beaches to the base of 1,300-foot-high SUGAR LOAF MOUNTAIN. Ascend by cable car to its summit, where you can savor spectacular vistas of the city. Next, toast the start of a memorable vacation at a local restaurant with caipirinhas, a favorite Brazilian cocktail. Cap off the evening with a welcome dinner. (Dinner)
The city's landmark, the statue of Christ the Redeemer, crowns CORCOVADO MOUNTAIN, a rounded peak rising 2,300 feet from the bay below. A scenic ride by cog railway leads to the top, where a breathtaking 360-degree panorama affords sweeping views. From here, proceed to bustling downtown Rio, where modern office towers stand next to relics of the Portuguese colonial past. View the Sambodromo and visit the CATHEDRAL. The afternoon is at leisure for you to experience this vibrant city on your own. Tonight, it's a fun outing to a CHURRASCARIA for a feast of barbecued meats marinated and roasted over charcoal in true Brazilian style, followed by a SAMBA SHOW, where the sheer vitality of this country explodes in a colorful extravaganza. (Breakfast, Dinner)
A full day at leisure to savor Rio. Relax on one of the world-famous beaches or take advantage of the world-class shopping or fine dining. Alternatively, you may choose to join an optional trip to historic Petropolis, a mountain resort and the former summer palace of Emperor Dom Pedro II. (Breakfast)
Fly to Buenos Aires, proud capital of the vast country that occupies most of the southern part of the continent. After arriving at your central hotel, an orientation walk acquaints you with the "Paris of South America" and its wide boulevards and outdoor cafés. Spend an evening at leisure. (Breakfast)
Your included sightseeing this morning starts in La Boca, a colorful district and site of the city's first port. Take a short walking TOUR of this unique neighborhood at the mouth of the river and then on to San Telmo, famous for its late-colonial buildings and as a popular gathering spot for artists. At the Plaza de Mayo, see La Casa Rosada (the President's Pink House) and the METROPOLITAN CATHEDRAL, which houses San Martin's Mausoleum. Drive past the ornate Colon Opera House before reaching the CEMETERY OF THE RECOLETA, burial site of Eva Peron. After an afternoon at leisure, top off the evening at a famous TANGO CLUB. Start with a DANCE LESSON, followed by dinner of Argentine steaks and other local specialties, and end with a show featuring flawless performances of Latin America's most sensuous dance—the Tango! (Breakfast, Dinner)
Enjoy a full day at leisure, with an optional excursion to the pampas. Experience the atmosphere of Argentine country life as you visit an estancia (ranch). Get acquainted with the lifestyle of the gauchos and enjoy a barbecue lunch and the warm hospitality of your hosts before returning to the city. (Breakfast)
This morning, fly to IGUASSU FALLS. The spectacle of this 2-mile-wide torrential downpour—with some cataracts as high as 250 feet—is nothing short of hypnotic. The clouds of spray, the incessant roar, and the surrounding luxuriant tropical growth make this an unforgettable natural wonder. Upon arrival, journey to the Argentinean side of the falls and take the ECOLOGICAL JUNGLE TRAIN for a bird's-eye view from the catwalks perched over part of the Devil's Throat, where 14 falls drop over 300 feet into the Devil's Gorge below. Continue to your hotel this evening for an included dinner. (Breakfast, Dinner)
Today is dedicated to exploring the Brazilian side of the FALLS from a completely different vantage point than in Argentina. A walk along the pathway at the base of the falls takes you into the Devil's Throat Canyon, with spectacular panoramic views of many of the 275 cataracts that make up Iguassu Falls. Have a late lunch before flying to Lima, Peru. (Breakfast, Lunch)
Your city sightseeing TOUR focuses on Lima's rich colonial history as well as the modern city. See the 18th-century SAN FRANCISCO MONASTERY with its unique cloisters, Government Palace, and the cathedral situated around the vast Plaza de Armas. Tonight, visit the LARCO HERRERA MUSEUM, which houses the largest private collection of pre-Colombian Peruvian art in the world. Enjoy dinner at the museum's restaurant. (Breakfast, Dinner)
Fly to Cusco, the impressive Andean city that was once the capital of the Inca Empire. Spend the day in the Sacred Valley of the Incas and visit the semi-circular KENKO Amphitheater with its stone altars and labyrinth of passages. See the ancient site of Puca Pucara before reaching the TEMPLE OF SACSAYHUAMAN, perched on a hillside overlooking Cusco. It remains unfathomable how and when this fortress of gigantic stones—with some blocks weighing more than 350 tons—was built. While at the ruins, experience an El Pago a la Tierra, or MOTHER EARTH CEREMONY, performed by a local shaman. These ceremonies thanking Mother Earth and asking for good health and safe travels have been practiced in Peru since before the arrival of the Incas. Continue to PISAC, an old mountain village where you will have free time to shop for local wares such as alpaca sweaters and blankets, jewelry, or hand-painted ornamental dishes and vases. Stay in the Sacred Valley tonight, with dinner at the hotel. (Breakfast, Dinner)
This morning, visit the Inca Fortress of OLLANTAYTAMBO, followed by the opportunity to visit a HOME, meet some of the locals, and experience their way of life in the Sacred Valley. Then, board the Vistadome TRAIN for a scenic journey through the lush Urubamba Valley. Upon arrival, ascend the mountainside to legendary MACHU PICCHU, the "Lost City of the Incas." Your Local Guide will introduce this intact fortress with its temple remains, holy houses, and mile-long aqueduct, and will bring you closer to the mysteries still hidden in these amazing structures. Tonight, learn how to make the perfect Pisco Sour at a Peruvian cooking demonstration before your included dinner. (Breakfast, Dinner)
A morning at leisure in Machu Picchu allows you to wake up early to see the sunrise over MACHU PICCHU with your second included entrance to the ruins. After lunch, return to the Sacred Valley by TRAIN and continue to Cusco. (Breakfast, Lunch)
On your guided sightseeing tour of Cusco today, learn more about the Inca and Spanish influence. Begin at the heart of Cusco in the Plaza de Armas (main square), with a visit to the imposing CATHEDRAL, where construction began in 1550 and was finally completed 100 years later. Continue to Koricancha and the SANTO DOMINGO MONASTERY, and see how the two sites have become one. The Temple of the Sun at Koricancha was once the most important Inca site, dedicated to the worship of the Sun. The walls, altars, and decorations were all said to be covered in gold—until the Spaniards looted the temple and then built the contrasting Baroque Santo Domingo Monastery on top of the temple's foundations. Enjoy an afternoon at leisure to explore on your own. This evening, your Tour Director hosts a festive farewell dinner at a local restaurant. (Breakfast, Dinner)
A short morning flight returns you to Lima. For a special treat, make a stop at a LOCAL PERUVIAN FOOD MARKET to get a real taste of the life of the local people. The remainder of the day is at leisure to explore on your own. (Breakfast)
Enjoy a scenic drive south along the Pan-American Highway to Pisco, wine capital of Peru. Have your camera handy today as you board your aircraft for a FLIGHT over the Nazca plains, which can only be appreciated by air. Your pilot will point out the mysterious markings known as the Nazca Lines, a series of drawings of animals and geometric figures etched into the parched soil—some up to 1,000 feet long! Theories vary, but the most accepted belongs to German mathematician Maria Reiche, who dubbed the land the "astronomical calendar" of the ancient Peruvians. (Breakfast, Dinner)
CRUISE out to the Ballestas Islands, which are inhabited by a wide variety of sea mammals and exotic birds, including boobies, sea lions, and Humboldt penguins. The huge Candelabro, an unexplained candelabra-shaped etching on the Paracas cliffside, can also be seen as you cruise back to shore. Later, return to Lima. (Breakfast)
Your tour ends with breakfast this morning. (Breakfast)
Breakfast daily, 2 lunches, 9 three-course dinners including a welcome dinner, churrascaria dinner with Samba show in Rio, steak dinner with Tango show in Buenos Aires, and a farewell dinner in Cusco
VIP Access Skip the lines and get special treatment at the must-see attractions.
Perfect Hotels We've done the work to find just the right hotels in just the right locations.
Tour Directors Take your heads out of the guidebook and let expert guides make every destination fascinating.
Transportation Leave the navigating to us – and just sit back and enjoy the ride. Learn how Globus is reducing transportation-related energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.
The following UNESCO World Heritage Sites can be seen or visited on the Spirit of South America with Nazca Lines:


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"Do you know how long I've been trying not to do this?"
One year ago this month, Richard Moreau went on a shooting spree in a Vail bar and killed a man. It was the first homicide in the posh resort town in three decades. What went wrong? Good question.
Somewhere around 7:30 p.m. on that night last November, Richard Moreau clenched the handle of his .45 caliber semiautomatic handgun and walked into the Sandbar Sports Grill. Short and burly, the 63-year-old had a crazed look in his deep-set eyes, an unkempt gray beard, and three nickel-sized snowflakes tattooed on his left cheek.
Jim Lindley happened to be standing in Moreau's line of sight. Wrong place, wrong time. Just like everyone else in the bar. It didn't seem like it at that moment, but Lindley was lucky—lucky Moreau wasn't holding one of his rifles, or his 12-gauge, semiautomatic sawed-off shotgun, or one of his 19 swords. Moreau fired two rounds at Lindley; one of the shots shattered his left elbow. Moreau paused to reload.
The lull was just long enough for Lindley to wonder why a man he'd never met was shooting at him. Another minute and Lindley wouldn't have been there. Done with his taco and Sierra Nevada, he had dropped money on the bar and was headed home to pack for a California trip to see family. Moreau fired two more rounds. Lindley's knees buckled and his body smacked the sticky bar floor. Moreau moved passed Lindley, deeper into the bar.
Outside, about the length of a football field away from the bar, a woman stood in the West Vail Mall parking lot adjacent to a McDonald's, gasping at the mountain air. She'd just watched a Sandbar staffer get shot. She was the first to dial 911.
"Um. I. Someone's shooting at the Sandbar."
"I'm sorry, what?"
"I said a guy is shooting in the Sandbar."
"There's an actual gun?"
"Yes, an actual gun."
No one could have faulted the dispatcher for double-checking the report of an actual gun. After all, this was Vail—the ski-resort town where there's not much crime, let alone shooting sprees.
"We need an ambulance and the cops," the woman shouted into the phone. "Now!"
Moreau had made his way to a corner of the bar. He sat on the ground next to a table near the kitchen. His back pressed against a wall and his feet spread in front of him in the shape of a 'V.' His shoulders drooped. His right arm was outstretched, parallel with the ground, and his fingers were still wrapped around his handgun. He looked like a man who was at once defeated and defiant; resigned to whatever had happened and to whatever may come next.
Gary Kitching, an adventurous and fit 70-year-old, wandered around the corner of the bar directly opposite Moreau. Wrong place, wrong time. Kitching was likely looking for his wife, Lani, who was hiding behind a nearby coffee table and couch. If only the couple had opted to watch the University of Southern California football game at home in Carbondale.
Moreau aimed at Kitching and pulled the trigger without any visible hesitation. The former Navy lieutenant crumpled. Moreau pointed his gun at the motionless Kitching and fired twice more. Three shots in all: arm, thigh, chest. From his seated position, Moreau slid down along the wall until he was lying on the ground, only a few feet from where Kitching was bleeding, dying.
The woman in the parking lot had called 911 at 7:28 p.m. Twenty-nine minutes later, Lt. Greg Daly of the Avon Police Department found Moreau in the corner of the bar. Daly turned his handgun on Moreau and ordered him to drop his weapon. Moreau asked Daly to "go ahead and shoot me." Daly wrestled Moreau's gun from his hand and cuffed him. Vail Police officer Ryan Millbern got to Moreau shortly after Daly. Millbern recognized the shooter. Millbern knew him as many folks around town knew him, by his nickname: Rossi. He'd also seen Moreau's name around the Vail Police Department—on a list of locals to watch. When Millbern reached him, Moreau was babbling and blurted: "Do you know how long I've been trying not to do this?"


text: Reflect your style. Our popular Parsons Wall Mirror gets a sophisticated new look, now available in a solid wood and bone inlay frame painted with a cool gray herringbone patttern. It reinterprets the original iconic Parsons design with a simple yet substantial frame that brings dimension and texture to a room.


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Recipe Box Feature
A while ago I added the Recipe Box feature, the My Recipe Box link in the menu at the top of Closet Cooking, that allows you to easily save recipes to your recipe box, create meal plans and automatically generate grocery lists. These features are provided by ZipList and they have an app so you can take your recipes, meal plan and grocery list with you on your phone when you go shopping!
For those of you that have been using these features, I would love to hear your opinions on it! Do you like it? What do you like about it? What do you dislike about it? What would you like to see improved? etc.
For those of you that have not used these features, try adding a few of your favourite Closet Cooking recipes to your recipe box with the button, make a meal plan and create a grocery list. Once you have added the recipes to your box you can see them in the My Recipe Box menu item at the top of Closet Cooking.


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Stephen King and Joe Hill
Many a dad has delighted in telling spooky campfire stories by the light of the campfire.
While it's doubtful Stephen King spun tales of child-eating clowns, murderous innkeepers and rabid St. Bernards for his two sons during distant Maine summers, he nevertheless made a lasting impression.
King's older son, Joseph Hillstrom King, began writing in 1997, taking the pen name Joe Hill in order to be judged apart from his literary last name. He's proved himself a success too, earning several awards for a collection of stories and his debut novel, "Heart Shaped Box," before his cover was blown in 2007.
Owen King, King's younger son, published his own collection of stories in 2005.
Hill also co-wrote the 2009 novella "Throttle" with his father. But that wasn't the first time they had worked together. At age 10, Joe appeared in the 1982 film "Creepshow," co-starring and written by his dad.
The family that scares together, stays together, right?


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LA Auto Show Preview - RECARO Reveal
« Back to ArticleArticle Summary
The 2011 SEMA show ended in early November and sixteen days later another huge automotive event would take place. It's the 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show gaining the spot light by showcasing technology and the latest car & truck models.
« Back to LA Auto Show Preview - RECARO Reveal


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Gallery: MUT Architecture Unveils 12 Wooden Passive Houses for Parisian...
Solar thermal systems provide hot water, which is recuperated and cycled to maximize energy efficiency.
Each of the 12 houses leans to a different side, allowing them to make the most of the site's available solar resource. Generous glazing on the front and rear of each house draws in light and encourages natural ventilation as part of the circulation strategy. Some of the windows wrap the corners of the facades and even the roof line to break up the facades. Passive solar design keeps the homes warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
Large wooden shingles clad the exterior of the homes, and exposed wood panels line the interior walls. Factory cutoffs are used to construct the stairs, doors, and furniture, and this use of wood on both the interior and exterior unifies the home and accents the large gardens in the back. Solar thermal systems provide hot water, which is recuperated and cycled to maximize energy efficiency. Construction on the project is expected to begin sometime in 2011 and it is slated to be completed in 2012.
Via Designboom
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NBA player LeBron James plays catch with friends on the field following a 2009 NFL game between the Dallas Cowboys and New York Giants. / LM Otero, AP
LeBron James is upset he'll miss part of Super Bowl XLVII because he'll be on the Miami Heat's private jet, which is not equipped with Wi-Fi or satellite television.
Miami has a 2 p.m. game Sunday in Toronto, then must immediately return to Miami for a Monday tip against the Charlotte Bobcats. The overlap means the team will miss part, or all, of the Super Bowl while traveling.
"How disgusting is that?" LeBron said to reporters Wednesday.
Oh, woe is me, LeBron. You know what my private jet lacks? Wings, pilots, an engine and 12 spoiled millionaires. You have a DVR right? Set it.
Perhaps I was too harsh. LeBron and the Heat deserve some sympathy. Sure, they're rich men playing a game for a living, but they also spend an inordinate amount of time on that plane. How can there be no Wi-Fi or satellite?
Ownership can throw a pep rally where LeBron, DWade and Chris Bosh emerge onstage like they were New Edition circa 1986, but they can't have Wi-Fi on a plane? Ownership can put white T-shirts on every seat, but they can't hook a jet plane up?
I just took a $20 bus with an out-of-order bathroom from DC to New York and that had Wi-Fi. Same thing with the oil change place I just went to. Amtrak, an organization which lost $834 million from concession stands in thepast decade, has working Wi-Fi! Wouldn't you always want to please LeBron? I'd hire a Farnsworth Bentley type to be LeBron's personal human hotspot.
LeBron reluctantly will miss this game. But if his beloved Dallas Cowboys were playing in the Super Bowl, LeBron says he wouldn't leave Toronto, even if it meant putting his status for Monday's game at risk.
I wouldn't worry too much about that scenario, LeBron.
Copyright 2015
Read the original story: LeBron James is upset he can't watch the Super Bowl


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Tryout update - Saturday Jan. 19th 1:00-3:00pm Crenshaw Park will go on rain or shine. In case of bad weather
we will move indoors to 3K Sports located at 5950 Fairmont Parkway Suite 1 Pasadena, Texas
Same Time 1:00 PM
Team Email: email@example.com
Calling on all 2000 and 2001 players!!!! Private tryouts available
all inquiries will be kept confidential. firstname.lastname@example.com
The Pasadena Angels '00 are seeking 2-3 more players to complete our spring
roster. Hosting Tryouts on Jan. 19th please call or emailfor times and more
We're looking for at least one more bracket pitcher and shortstop.
We want "Softball Players" pitchers who want the ball.and players who love to play.
The team will compete in both USFA and ASA tournaments this season.
The team is part of Pasadena Girls Softball and the Pasadena Angels Softball
Organizations we play out of Crenshaw Park Pasadena.
Team email: email@example.com
Head Coach - Carl Heinrich phone: 281-770-8425
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Asst. Coach - Todd Neilon phone: 713-726-6239
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Team Manager: Barry Groaning phone: 832-324-4414
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Bracket Pitcher Wanted
Looking for one more bracket pitcher
Looking for one more bracket pitcher
Seeking Bracket Pitcher
Seeking Bracket Pitcher
Tryout this Saturday Jan. 12th 1:00 PM at Crenshaw Park
will move indoors if weather is bad. 3K Sports and Training
5950 Fairmont Parkway, Suite 1 Pasadena, Texas
Tryouts on Saturday Jan. 12th Rain or Shine
Tryouts on Saturday Jan. 12th Rain or Shine
Tryouts on Saturday Jan. 12th Rain or Shine
Tryouts on Saturday Jan. 12th Rain or Shine
Tryouts on Saturday Jan. 12th Rain or Shine
Tryouts have been moved to 3K Sports and training facility
Fairmont Parkway, Pasadena Texas. 1:00 PM Today!
Looking for Bracket Pitcher
Looking for Bracket Pitcher
Online Golf Tee Times with Last Minute Tee Time Deals & Discounts
Cool Running is the complete online resource for runners.
Find your favorite campground from the best campgrounds listing!


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Our Price: £4.79 incl VAT
Earn 4 Loyalty Points each
Three golf ball shaped, milk chocolate balls with hazelnut paste. Wrapped in white foil and made from luxury Swiss milk chocolate from Lindt.
An ideal token gift for golfers.
Milk chocolate contains cocoa solids; 30%min. Milk solids; 14% min.
Hazelnut paste (sugar hazelnut, cocoa butter, cocoa mass, vegetable fat, wafer (wheat flour, vegetable fat, raising agent; sodium carbonate, salt, butterfat, emulsifier; soya lecithin, flavouring), sugar, cocoa butter, whole milk powder, ccooa mass, skimmed milk powder, emulsifier; soya lecithin, flavouring.
May contain traces of nuts
Posted Wed 8 May 2013 3.09pm by Joanne
Bought these Lindt chocolate golf balls as a little extra birthday present for my husband. Good Joke! Delivery was quick and I was kept well informed of my online chocolate order's progress.
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WORLD at WAR, Official 2012 Thread (TO BE CONTINUED) Israel, Iran, Syria, Hezbollah, PA, Egypt, Libya, Pakistan, North Korea, Russia, China, U.S.
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[quote:Anonymous Coward 27060868:MV8xOTc0NTc2XzM0MjgxNTI0X0Y3RTRBMkNG] [quote:Anonymous Coward 11326620:MV8xOTc0NTc2XzM0MjgxNDI5Xzg4OTdCNDQ1] Breaking: Israeli forces jeep blown up by Syrian forces, on routine patrol. [/quote] This seems to say being hit by stray bullets, not so sure. GOOD Catch AC! :doomsol: Tensions are rising! [/quote]
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In continuation of a series of years of World at War,THIS IS A SPECIAL EDITION BASED UPON URGENT PENDING MATTERS, the following was the 2011 thread.
Thread: The World at War, Official 2011 war thread for North Korea, Iran, Israel, China, U.S.
The following is the 2012 Thread up to the end of August.
Thread: World at War, Official 2012 Thread for Israel, Iran, Syria, Hezbollah, PA, Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan, India, North Korea, Russia, China, U.S.
Now we enter into the last four months of 2012. Follow the past year to see where we are at. I try not to give much BS and only ask that if you do not care for the topic or format, do not visit this thread.
Trolls, you will be deleted or blocked, you can start your own thread if you wish, just leave us alone!
As stated at the start of 2012, 2012 will be the start of much chaos economically as well as militarily. We have gone through much doom and gloom already. But now, it is of urgency that we wait to see whether Iran goes nuclear, whether Israel takes it upon herself to attack Iran, whether the US leaves Israel to fend for herself, what the results of the US election have in store for Israel, the Mideast and the US, and what will happen in Syria.
Israel must face the challenge of a nuclear Iran with or without the U.S. to protect her. Further, Syria feels threatened as did Libya where Assad may lash out at Israel. The Hezbollah may too jump on in. Lebanon and Jordan may face their own arab spring. Egypt may tear up the Israeli peace treaty any day. Turkey looks as Israel with jealousy for Israel's gas and oil reserves in the Med.
China and Russia wish to impose retrictions on America's once global dominance where there will be more challenges to U.S. interests leading to possible military blows.
North Korea's tender young leader has no fear in challenging U.S. might and may cause further military adventurism.
Pakistan has nukes that could be stolen and/or Pakistan and the U.S. may enter into more vis a vis hotile interactions.
Iran is threatening to challenge the west and is due for a nuclear detonation soon. What the U.S./and or Israel do to stop Iran is worthy of watching every day.
Iraq is now under Iran's thumb and likely will further become a feifdom of Iran.
Afghanistan is soon to force the withdrawal of U.S. forces.
India and Pakistan may soon come to blows.
Will the global economic crisis resolve itself, will the crisis collapse the world economy, or whom may come forward with some new currency?
Further, spiritually, 2012 looks to be a year of turmoil.
There are seers warning of some type of sign from God this coming year. The Mayan's seemed to predict something. The Pope may flee Rome? A comet in the sky? Great earthquakes? Signs in the sky?
Look further at bug-outs or going grey, everyone should be prepping by now in case things really do go bad. I am just saying.
So, if you wish to discuss the above mentioned or wish to hear it from others, feel free to drop in and leave some good 5 stars if you find this inforomation either entertaining or productive.
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text:
There are some pics about today VPA navy:
[SIZE=6]This thread is only for Vietnam People's Army![/SIZE]
There are some pics about today VPA navy:
VPA navy ...
I believe you may be looking for the Vietnamese Military thread in the Photos and Videos section: http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums...d.php?t=130407
Today VPA navy pics ...
Army sure has alot of boats.
Phuc Nguyen - DK1
For all:
This thread is about Vietnam People's Army, the official name of the armed forces of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Nice pics! Thank you fadine!
Great photos


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Only the North Texas and Tampa Bay, Fla., communities submitted bids by Wednesday's deadline. The championship game is scheduled for Jan. 12, 2015. The BCS commissioners will meet April 23-25 in Pasadena, Calif., to officially announce the venue, as well as provide other details.
In January, sources told ESPN that Cowboys Stadium was the "prohibitive favorite" to host the game, and several communities chose not to bid in the face of those odds, sources told the web site.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.
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{{ link.name }}NEW! SAVE BIG ON YOUR NEXT PROJECT WITH PREMIUM PACKS
Soldiers from the FOMAC multinational force of central African states... News PhotoAdult,Army,Army Soldier,Central African Republic,Conflict,Global Business,Horizontal,Men,Pattern,Position,Rebellion,SélékaPhotographer SIA KAMBOUCollection: AFP 2013 AFPSoldiers from the FOMAC multinational force of central African states man a position near Damara between the 'red line' separating regular army soldiers of the Central African Republic and rebels from the SELEKA coalition, on January 2, 2013. The commander of the multinational African force FOMAC warned rebels in the Central African Republic against trying to take the key town of Damara, saying it would 'amount to a declaration of war'. Damara is the last strategic town between the Seleka rebel coalition and the capital Bangui, after the rebels seized much of the country in a three-week advance that began in the north and has brought them to within 160 kilometres (100 miles) of the capital, in the south. AFP PHOTO / SIA KAMBOU (Photo credit should read SIA KAMBOU/AFP/Getty Images)


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New look, new features, plus entry & mid-level positions in addition to internships... but the same innovative way to be picky!
Let us know if you have any questions, check out what's new and please give us feedback.
It's simple. The attributes of a great candidate match the attributes of sushi. When you choose a sushi restaurant you often consider quality, variety, presentation, sophistication and innovation. You never see a messy plate of sushi.
We believe that the presentation of an individual's story is critical in obtaining career advancements and hiring stellar talent. Candidates and companies alike deserve an opportunity to "be picky," and that opportunity starts with showcasing talent, passion and drive through an outlet that transcends the paper resume.
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MONTEREY, Calif. – An evaluation team from the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges visited the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center during the second-to-last week of March, as part of the process to reaffirm DLIFLC's status as an accredited institution.
The process to become accredited takes time, and the status must be reaffirmed every six years as part of a comprehensive site visit, alternating every three years with an institutional midterm report.
DLIFLC's initial accreditation by the ACCJC of the Western Association of Schools and Colleges came in 1979, and the last reaffirmation took place in 2006. The accreditation process validates DLIFLC's competence as a degree-granting institution and encourages institutional development.
The team, consisting of senior college faculty and administrators, observed classes, watched students and teachers interact, held open forums, conducted drop-in interviews, and even ate in the military dining facility. Their main purpose was to look at how DLIFLC defines effectiveness in foreign language teaching, and how it ensures continual monitoring of its effectiveness indicators.
"What's learned from that informs any decisions about changes or adjustments to improve effectiveness," said team member Dr. Gary Williams, Ed.D., an instructional assessment specialist at Crafton Hills College in southern California.
Williams further explained the process by stating, "the expectation is that the institution has a good sense of its mission, of how that mission gets accomplished, of who's involved in critical activities, and ensuring that the institution is effective at whatever it defines its mission to be."
In essence, the accreditation process determines if DLIFLC is meeting the goals and standards it has set for itself, and that students clearly understand the requirements to meet those standards.
Since DLIFLC began granting associate degrees back in May 2002, more than 7,000 Assosciate of Arts degrees have been awarded to students graduating from basic language courses. This fact makes DLIFLC unique amongst military schools that train initial entry Soldiers, and remains a special opportunity for students chosen to attend the Institute.
Story by: Sgt. 1st Class Rebecca Doucette, Strategic Communications
Photo by: Natela Cutter, Strategic Communications
Caption: Ms. Clare Bugary, DLIFLC Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations meets with (l to r) Richard Chastain, DLIFLC Deputy Chief of Staff for Resource Management, and ACCJC evaluation team members Dr. Gary Williams and Dr. Sharon Hart, Wednesday, 21 March. (U.S. Army photo by Natela Cutter)(Released)


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Uluwatu : The Most Famous Wave in Bali
Home » Uluwatu: The Most Famous Wave in Bali » Find Hotel » St. Regis Bali Resort
St. Regis Bali Resort
Located absolutely at the stunning beachfront in the exclusive locale of Nusa Dua, flanking the Bali Golf & Country Club, The St. Regis Bali Resort is approximately 20 minutes from Bali International Airport. Impressively designed, the resort features 79 suites, 42 villas and 2 residences. Combining panoramic sea views as well as tranquil, colorful and lush gardens, the resort reflects a true element of style in the culturally rich and luxurious environment of Bali.
Each suite and villa is infused with a residential feel and is intricately adorned with indigenous materials, cultural artifacts and fabrics. Each villa features a Butler Quarter with its own separate entrance for a 24 hour personalized St. Regis Butler service. The St. Regis Bali Resort boasts of two restaurants, a deli and two bars, Kayuputi, Boneka, Gourmand Deli, King Cole Bar and Vista Bar while the Remède Spa provides a sanctuary for world travelers looking for rejuvenation
Address | : | Kawasan Pariwisata, Nusa Dua, Lot S6, PO Box 44, Nusa Dua Bali, Bali 80363 Indonesia |
Phone | : | +62 361 8478 111 |
Fax | : | +62 361 8478 099 |
: | firstname.lastname@example.com | |
Website | : | http://www.stregis.com/bali |


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showing items: 1-23 of 23
showing items: 1-23 of 23
You'll find a wide assortment of great kids clearance clothes at jcpenney. Our selection of kids clearance often includes boys' and girls' tees, boys' polos, girls' skirts, kids' accessories and much more! You can totally outfit your kids in stylish, quality clothing at great prices. So when you're looking for great children's clothing and want to stay on budget—and in style—be sure to check out our kids clearance selection.
©jcp Media Inc., 2015. All Rights Reserved


text:
Cetuximab is a chemotherapy drug used to treat head and neck cancer and advanced colorectal cancer. Cetuximab often causes a painful and itchy acne-like rash on the face and body. In some patients, the rash can become severe and uncomfortable enough that their cetuximab dose may need to be reduced or even temporarily withheld, potentially impacting the effectiveness of their cancer treatment.
In this study, researchers want to assess the ability of a topical medication (dapsone gel) to prevent the acne-like rash of cetuximab in patients with cancer.
Dapsone gel is already approved to treat acne. Patients will be randomly assigned to apply dapsone gel to the left or right side of the face and chest, and a moisturizer (placebo) to the other side of the face and chest. All patients will also take oral antibiotics, as this has previously been shown in clinical trials to be useful for treating the acne-like rash caused by cetuximab.
To be eligible for this study, patients must meet several criteria, including but not limited to the following:
For more information about this study, please contact Dr. Mario Lacouture at 212-610-0079.


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Style: Curly
Material: Synthetic
Length: Long 10" front, top and crown; 10"-14" sides; 12"-14" upper back; 14" nape.
Weight: 4.5 oz.
Features: No extended neck.
There are several ways to contact us:
Phone: 1-800-689-2587
Fax: 1-508-238-1965
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
(based on 11 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
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Most Liked Positive Review
I have worn this wig for years.
I am a cancer survivor. I an in my 60's and have used this particular wig for years. Everyone I meet comments on how pretty my hair is. It is easy and...Read complete review
I am a cancer survivor. I an in my 60's and have used this particular wig for years. Everyone I meet comments on how pretty my hair is. It is easy and manageable. It looks natural like your own hair. I've tried other styles, but I always seem to come back to the Serena wig. I love this style and I hope it never leaves Especially Yours' repertoire of wigs for Black women.
Most Liked Negative Review
Mated in back after 2-3 days
This wig mated in the back after a few days so bad you could hardly comb it
Reviewed by 11 customers
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(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Will continue to buy this wig
By sassygirl
from Arkansas
About Me Beauty Conscious
Comments about Serena Wig by Especially Yours:
Love this wig. Please bring back the #2 color.
(4 of 4 customers found this review helpful)
Extremely beautiful wig
By Diana
from Italy
The best wig for busy woman who want elegance! Please don't stop Serena style ever. 8 years I still love her like my child! Lol!
(3 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
how to make serena wig last
By rockymax
from catskill.ny
Use Brazilian Moroccan shampoo and conditioner. It keeps wig shiny and holds shape
(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
How to make this wig last
By Rockymax
from New York
If you want to make this wig last use Brazillain moroccan shampoo and conditioner.Then dry it on a long neck wig stand. It can be styrofoam.This works better than the regular wig shampoo.
(8 of 9 customers found this review helpful)
Serena, You're My Type!
By Maggie
from Memphis, TN
The style I've chosen compliments me beautifully. I have been told that I should always wear that style, inasmuch as it makes me look 20 years younger. It doesn't matter where I wear it, I am ALWAYS complimented on lovely I look. I contribute that to my hair, Selena.
(1 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
Serena WIg
By Rocky
from Catskill, NY
I wear every day.
(8 of 8 customers found this review helpful)
By Loretta
from New Jersey
(3 of 4 customers found this review helpful)
Love this Wig!
I wear this wig everyday. I get so many compliments. It does wear down in the summer after 5 shampoos, but it atill is the most natural wig for me. I wish I could get them a t a bulk price, since i order them so often.
New look
By Butterfly
from Lafayette,In.
Love the look.
too much hair
By Diane grams J
from cincinnati ohio
I like curly styles which drew my attention to this style however it is extremely full of a lot of loose hair. Going to try to thin it out. Good color as shown.


text:
Product Features:
- Manufactured and assembled in the United States of America
- Faucet body and handles are covered under Chicago Faucet's limited lifetime warranty
- Constructed of solid brass
- High quality chrome plated finish - finishes are covered under warranty for a year
- Double handle operation - handles rest on 1/4 turn valve seats
- Quaturn compression operating cartridge - covered under warranty for 5 years
- Wall mount installation saves valuable counter space
- ADA compliant
- Low lead compliant - meeting federal and state regulations for lead content
- All hardware required for faucet installation is included
The Chicago Faucets Benefit:
- Commercial Grade Faucet: When a product is marked as "commercial grade" it means it has been built specifically to stand the test of time, and has been factory tested to function flawlessly through constant and continuous use. It is expected that faucets used in a commerce fashion will see much more use, and inversely abuse than typical faucets you might see in a residential setting, so they are engineered to do just that. Using simple, yet reliable, designs coupled with the industry's highest quality materials these faucets are some of the most reliable on the market. Although they are marketed as being ideal for commercial settings, the savvy home owner might take the quality found here and add a staple of functionality throughout the home as well.
- Quaturn Cartridge: The Quaturn cartridge was the industries first replaceable, completely self-contained valve cartridge. The cartridge allows the user to turn the water from full flow to off in just a quarter-turn. This unique cartridge was designed to close with the flow of the water rather than against it which reduces washer ware and virtually eliminates faucet drips. Although the Quaturn cartridge has been updated over the years to incorporate new technologies and materials it still holds true to its principals and is completely interchangeable with any Quaturn manufactured since 1913.
- ECAST Construction: With the threat of lead pollution in the public's supply of drinking water, Chicago Faucets was one of the industry's first to take the lead in finding a solution. These faucets are made of the same durable, high quality materials and fittings as always, however they are manufactured with .25% or less total lead content by weighted average. This means their faucets not only meet the strict guidelines first introduced by states like California and Virginia, but it surpasses those standards, coming as close to truly lead-free as possible.
Product Specifications:
- Overall Height: 5 3/8" (measured from mounting surface to highest point on faucet)
- Spout Height: 3 1/4" (measured from mounting surface to spout outlet)
- Spout Reach: 12" (measured from center of faucet body to center of spout outlet)
- Required Installation Holes: 2
- Flow Rate: 2.2 gallons-per-minute
- Rated Operating Temperature: 40 - 140 degrees
- Rated Operating Pressure: 20 - 125 PSI
- 2 handles included with faucet
- 1/2" Connection - designed for use with standard U.S. plumbing supply bibs
Codes and Compliances:
- Certified to NSF/ANSI 61, Section 9 by CSA
About Chicago Faucets:
Chicago Faucets, a member of the Geberit Group, has been a company that the nation has relied on for over a century to craft the highest quality and reliable plumbing products. They offer a complete range of products for schools, laboratories, hospitals, office buildings, food service, airports and sporting facilities. It is one of the only manufacturers left today that can say they engineer and assemble their faucets in the United States of America. Through constant innovation, such as the patented ECAST material and Quaturn cartridges, Chicago Faucets has not only stayed at the top of the industry, but has revolutionized it in many ways. With a focus in commercial grade faucets they truly exemplify durability and dependability in every one of their products.Additional Chicago Faucets Links
This Chicago Faucets item can also be referenced by the following color/finish specific model #:
- Chicago Faucets 445-L12XKABCP
*Discontinued model or finish
More Than Just a Store - Your Reasons to Shop
Discover the best online deals for the 445-L12XKAB and everything else for your home from the leading online home improvement store.
We're committed to providing you with the best assortment of Chicago Faucets products with over 400 warehouses across the country.
Our knowledgeable product specialists work to bring you the best prices on every product and provide unmatched customer service. Your satisfaction is our highest priority!
Manufacturer Resources
Installation Resource Center
Whether you are installing the product yourself or hiring a professional, our installation Resource Center has everything you need to get your project done. Visit the Installation Resource Center to get started.


text: "Selected" in our name sets Johnny's apart and refers to our commitment to offering growers the highest yielding plants that produce the most flavorful fruit available. Our tomato line-up is a great example. Every year we grow, trial and evaluate hundreds of varieties in our hoop houses, greenhouses, and fields. Backed by nearly four decades of hands-on breeding experience, the number of carefully selected types, sizes, colors, shapes, and maturities of Johnny's tomatoes assures you can count on us to provide what's best for your fresh market needs.


text: Lakeshore Estate Living! An enchanting retreat newly constructed by San Marc is unquestionably a masterpiece. Nestled on the shores of Okanagan Lake this home has magnificent indoor and outdoor living spaces. Set on private 1.2 acre lot with 136 feet of pebbled shoreline. Impressive curb appeal with Tuscany elements and landscaping that complements the natural rock. Over 7900 square feet of world class luxury with nearly every room embracing the commanding lake views. 5 bedrooms with ensuite baths. Spacious great room, family room, dining and kitchen combination, each area with access to the pool deck and lake beyond. Carolyn Walsh designed kitchen showcases great function with pleasing finishing and superb styling. Main floor master bedroom is fit for a king, private fireplace, walk in closet with access to laundry and private bath. The private bath features a stand- alone soaker tub that is surrounded in lake view windows, his and her sinks and seamless shower. Upper level provides the 4 remaining bedrooms and baths all with views. This level also features two separate living rooms. The homes second laundry room is conveniently located on this floor. At the poolside you will find generous lounging areas, full dining and a covered living space. Enjoy lakeside activities from the beach cabana complete with power water, bathroom and deck. Deep water moorage with lift and 2 sea doo lifts. Stunning oasis on the shores of Okanagan Lake.


text: Specializing in display and merchandising equipment doesn't keep Metalfrio Solutions from branching out into the ever-expanding world of commercial refrigeration. Fortunately, the company's innovative designs and ongoing commitment to their customers can be seen through their entire product offering, and the Metalfrio Solutions refrigeration line continues to be one of the world's largest. Whether you need to outfit your back line with a new refrigerator, could use a few new merchandisers for the dining room, or feel one or two prep tables could help speed things up in the kitchen, let Metalfrio Solutions refrigeration keep your products cold.


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Like Us on Facebook and you are automatically entered to win a free gourmet meal delivered to your home.Gift certificates can be emailed directly to your mom - even on Mother's Day!For Local Pickup, Call Us at 678-519-0165.
Contact Information: Our company culture is built on a triple platform of integrity, high standards, and relationships. Our success depends upon your satisfaction, and we look forward to providing you with an excellent customer service experience. You may contact us through any of these convenient options:
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (888) 944-9794 1988 Hwy 54 W Suite D Peachtree City, GA 30269 Monday through Thursday between the hours of 10:00 AM and 7:00 PM, and Saturday between the hours of 10:00 AM and 4:00 PM Eastern Standard Time International customers call 678-519-0165


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Intel already enabled S3TC decompression and fake S3TC compression. Eventually mesa could do a further step and natively integrate S2TC.
Intel already enabled S3TC decompression and fake S3TC compression. Eventually mesa could do a further step and natively integrate S2TC.
Marek The Man...
AMD isn't closing down Dresden, they're just making space for Marek to have the whole building for himself ;D
So what happens with Xonotic Low Quality vs High Quality on a card with 1GB VRAM? Or with 2GB VRAM?
I wouldn't see this as a step further. S3TC is higher quality, so if S2TC is the fall back compression (in the event that applications have not provided pre-compressed S3TC textures, or the S3TC library has not been installed) then it should be transparent (and developers would always code to S3TC). No need to implement S2TC specifically.
What do you mean? What I suggested was to embed the S2TC algorithm in mesa to provide S3TC extension. It will be transparent to the application, they think it's S3TC, but in reality it's using S2TC algorithm and giving a little lower quality. It's just a convenience alternative to using the external library that was kept separated because of the patent which it's not in S2TC.
Just a misinterpretation of what you meant by intel's fake S3TC vs native S2TC... I believe we agree. S3TC decompression is already handled by the card, and the S2TC algorithm implemented in place of S3TC for compression (where pre-compressed textures are not available).
[I thought you meant S2TC implemented as a separate extension, which an app would have to be coded to use]
Ah, OK, I mean this for fake S3TC compression: http://cgit.freedesktop.org/mesa/mes...49aeb951ba1c57


text:
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Face Reading in Chinese Medicine, 2nd Edition (9780702043147)
Publisher: Churchill Livingstone
Binding: Paperback
An exciting new, full-colour edition of Face Reading in Chinese Medicine featuring over 200 colour photographs and practical instructions on how to conduct a face reading!
Face reading has been part of Traditional Chinese Medicine for many centuries, and Professor Lillian Bridges is a popular academic and international lecturer on the subject who gained her fascinating knowledge through her family line of Master Face Readers in China.
Based on an understanding of the shapes, markings and features of a face, practitioners can learn about the health and life of a patient relating to the principles of Chinese medicine. In addition to understanding how the body's internal functions - physical, psychological and emotional - can be seen on a face, practitioners can also learn how to evaluate Shen to understand non-verbal expressions.Technical and detailed information is presented in an upbeat, insightful and highly readable manner. This was the first book to focus on the deeper aspects of face reading and diagnosis, this edition includes ancient Taoist knowledge regarding the Original Face and Facial Jing and Qi markers which have previously only been taught through the oral tradition.
Save: £3.50
Saved: 10.00%!
Customer Reviews (view all) : Average Rating 5
Lydia Mencinger, Rated: 5
Useful book
It is a very interesting and useful book.
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READ ALL ABOUT IT! Not all the news is found online. Don't miss out on the print edition of The News Eagle newspaper, published every Wednesday and Saturday in Hawley, Pa. Stories and photos that matter to our readers have been enjoyed regularly since The News Eagle came together from a combination of historic journals in our area, in 1965.
You will find "only in print," among other items, the weekly "Making a Difference" column highlighting a local citizen who has made a positive contribution to our area; columns such as Library Lines and From the Word; "Welcome to the World," listing local births; senior center menus, Editor's Ink editorials and other commentaries unique to the print version, and more.
Newspapers are available at local news stands, at our offices at the Hawley Silk Mill, 8 Silk Mill Dr. Suite 101 in Hawley, and BY SUBSCRIPTION. Contact our Circulation Manager Skip Mendler at (570)253-3055 ext. 323 or e-mail him at email@example.com to start your subscription TODAY.
Reader input is always important, and your photos, stories, calendar listings and news tips are welcome. Feel free to contact the Managing Editor, Peter Becker, at (570)226-4547 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.