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Causes of Diabetes
On this page:
- What is diabetes?
- What causes type 1 diabetes?
- What causes type 2 diabetes?
- What causes gestational diabetes?
- Other Types and Causes of Diabetes
- Points to Remember
- Hope through Research
- For More Information
- Acknowledgments
What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a complex group of diseases with a variety of causes. People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia.
Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism—the way the body uses digested food for energy. The digestive tract breaks down carbohydrates—sugars and starches found in many foods—into glucose, a form of sugar that enters the bloodstream. With the help of the hormone insulin, cells throughout the body absorb glucose and use it for energy. Diabetes develops when the body doesn't make enough insulin or is not able to use insulin effectively, or both.
Insulin is made in the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. The pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets. Beta cells within the islets make insulin and release it into the blood.
If beta cells don't produce enough insulin, or the body doesn't respond to the insulin that is present, glucose builds up in the blood instead of being absorbed by cells in the body, leading to prediabetes or diabetes. Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose levels or A1C levels—which reflect average blood glucose levels—are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. In diabetes, the body's cells are starved of energy despite high blood glucose levels.
Over time, high blood glucose damages nerves and blood vessels, leading to complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, dental disease, and amputations. Other complications of diabetes may include increased susceptibility to other diseases, loss of mobility with aging, depression, and pregnancy problems. No one is certain what starts the processes that cause diabetes, but scientists believe genes and environmental factors interact to cause diabetes in most cases.
The two main types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. A third type, gestational diabetes, develops only during pregnancy. Other types of diabetes are caused by defects in specific genes, diseases of the pancreas, certain drugs or chemicals, infections, and other conditions. Some people show signs of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. In type 1 diabetes—an autoimmune disease—the body's immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells. Normally, the immune system protects the body from infection by identifying and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful foreign substances. But in autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body's own cells. In type 1 diabetes, beta cell destruction may take place over several years, but symptoms of the disease usually develop over a short period of time.
Type 1 diabetes typically occurs in children and young adults, though it can appear at any age. In the past, type 1 diabetes was called juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) may be a slowly developing kind of type 1 diabetes. Diagnosis usually occurs after age 30. In LADA, as in type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system destroys the beta cells. At the time of diagnosis, people with LADA may still produce their own insulin, but eventually most will need insulin shots or an insulin pump to control blood glucose levels.
Genetic Susceptibility
Heredity plays an important part in determining who is likely to develop type 1 diabetes. Genes are passed down from biological parent to child. Genes carry instructions for making proteins that are needed for the body's cells to function. Many genes, as well as interactions among genes, are thought to influence susceptibility to and protection from type 1 diabetes. The key genes may vary in different population groups. Variations in genes that affect more than 1 percent of a population group are called gene variants.
Certain gene variants that carry instructions for making proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on white blood cells are linked to the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. The proteins produced by HLA genes help determine whether the immune system recognizes a cell as part of the body or as foreign material. Some combinations of HLA gene variants predict that a person will be at higher risk for type 1 diabetes, while other combinations are protective or have no effect on risk.
While HLA genes are the major risk genes for type 1 diabetes, many additional risk genes or gene regions have been found. Not only can these genes help identify people at risk for type 1 diabetes, but they also provide important clues to help scientists better understand how the disease develops and identify potential targets for therapy and prevention.
Genetic testing can show what types of HLA genes a person carries and can reveal other genes linked to diabetes. However, most genetic testing is done in a research setting and is not yet available to individuals. Scientists are studying how the results of genetic testing can be used to improve type 1 diabetes prevention or treatment.
Autoimmune Destruction of Beta Cells
In type 1 diabetes, white blood cells called T cells attack and destroy beta cells. The process begins well before diabetes symptoms appear and continues after diagnosis. Often, type 1 diabetes is not diagnosed until most beta cells have already been destroyed. At this point, a person needs daily insulin treatment to survive. Finding ways to modify or stop this autoimmune process and preserve beta cell function is a major focus of current scientific research.
Recent research suggests insulin itself may be a key trigger of the immune attack on beta cells. The immune systems of people who are susceptible to developing type 1 diabetes respond to insulin as if it were a foreign substance, or antigen. To combat antigens, the body makes proteins called antibodies. Antibodies to insulin and other proteins produced by beta cells are found in people with type 1 diabetes. Researchers test for these antibodies to help identify people at increased risk of developing the disease. Testing the types and levels of antibodies in the blood can help determine whether a person has type 1 diabetes, LADA, or another type of diabetes.
Environmental Factors
Environmental factors, such as foods, viruses, and toxins, may play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes, but the exact nature of their role has not been determined. Some theories suggest that environmental factors trigger the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in people with a genetic susceptibility to diabetes. Other theories suggest that environmental factors play an ongoing role in diabetes, even after diagnosis.
Viruses and infections. A virus cannot cause diabetes on its own, but people are sometimes diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during or after a viral infection, suggesting a link between the two. Also, the onset of type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently during the winter when viral infections are more common. Viruses possibly associated with type 1 diabetes include coxsackievirus B, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, rubella, and mumps. Scientists have described several ways these viruses may damage or destroy beta cells or possibly trigger an autoimmune response in susceptible people. For example, anti-islet antibodies have been found in patients with congenital rubella syndrome, and cytomegalovirus has been associated with significant beta cell damage and acute pancreatitis––inflammation of the pancreas. Scientists are trying to identify a virus that can cause type 1 diabetes so that a vaccine might be developed to prevent the disease.
Infant feeding practices. Some studies have suggested that dietary factors may raise or lower the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. For example, breastfed infants and infants receiving vitamin D supplements may have a reduced risk of developing type 1 diabetes, while early exposure to cow's milk and cereal proteins may increase risk. More research is needed to clarify how infant nutrition affects the risk for type 1 diabetes.
What causes type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes—the most common form of diabetes—is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes may develop gradually and can be subtle; some people with type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed for years.
Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also overweight or obese. The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely triggers of type 2 diabetes.
Genetic Susceptibility
Genes play a significant part in susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Having certain genes or combinations of genes may increase or decrease a person's risk for developing the disease. The role of genes is suggested by the high rate of type 2 diabetes in families and identical twins and wide variations in diabetes prevalence by ethnicity. Type 2 diabetes occurs more frequently in African Americans, Alaska Natives, American Indians, Hispanics/Latinos, and some Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islander Americans than it does in non-Hispanic whites.
Recent studies have combined genetic data from large numbers of people, accelerating the pace of gene discovery. Though scientists have now identified many gene variants that increase susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, the majority have yet to be discovered. The known genes appear to affect insulin production rather than insulin resistance. Researchers are working to identify additional gene variants and to learn how they interact with one another and with environmental factors to cause diabetes.
Studies have shown that variants of the TCF7L2 gene increase susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. For people who inherit two copies of the variants, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is about 80 percent higher than for those who do not carry the gene variant.1 However, even in those with the variant, diet and physical activity leading to weight loss help delay diabetes, according to the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), a major clinical trial involving people at high risk.
Genes can also increase the risk of diabetes by increasing a person's tendency to become overweight or obese. One theory, known as the "thrifty gene" hypothesis, suggests certain genes increase the efficiency of metabolism to extract energy from food and store the energy for later use. This survival trait was advantageous for populations whose food supplies were scarce or unpredictable and could help keep people alive during famine. In modern times, however, when high-calorie foods are plentiful, such a trait can promote obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Obesity and Physical Inactivity
Physical inactivity and obesity are strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. People who are genetically susceptible to type 2 diabetes are more vulnerable when these risk factors are present.
An imbalance between caloric intake and physical activity can lead to obesity, which causes insulin resistance and is common in people with type 2 diabetes. Central obesity, in which a person has excess abdominal fat, is a major risk factor not only for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes but also for heart and blood vessel disease, also called cardiovascular disease (CVD). This excess "belly fat" produces hormones and other substances that can cause harmful, chronic effects in the body such as damage to blood vessels.
The DPP and other studies show that millions of people can lower their risk for type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes and losing weight. The DPP proved that people with prediabetes—at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes—could sharply lower their risk by losing weight through regular physical activity and a diet low in fat and calories. In 2009, a follow-up study of DPP participants—the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS)—showed that the benefits of weight loss lasted for at least 10 years after the original study began.2
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance is a common condition in people who are overweight or obese, have excess abdominal fat, and are not physically active. Muscle, fat, and liver cells stop responding properly to insulin, forcing the pancreas to compensate by producing extra insulin. As long as beta cells are able to produce enough insulin, blood glucose levels stay in the normal range. But when insulin production falters because of beta cell dysfunction, glucose levels rise, leading to prediabetes or diabetes.
Abnormal Glucose Production by the Liver
In some people with diabetes, an abnormal increase in glucose production by the liver also contributes to high blood glucose levels. Normally, the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon when blood glucose and insulin levels are low. Glucagon stimulates the liver to produce glucose and release it into the bloodstream. But when blood glucose and insulin levels are high after a meal, glucagon levels drop, and the liver stores excess glucose for later, when it is needed. For reasons not completely understood, in many people with diabetes, glucagon levels stay higher than needed. High glucagon levels cause the liver to produce unneeded glucose, which contributes to high blood glucose levels. Metformin, the most commonly used drug to treat type 2 diabetes, reduces glucose production by the liver.
The Roles of Insulin and Glucagon in Normal Blood Glucose Regulation
A healthy person's body keeps blood glucose levels in a normal range through several complex mechanisms. Insulin and glucagon, two hormones made in the pancreas, help regulate blood glucose levels:
- Insulin, made by beta cells, lowers elevated blood glucose levels.
- Glucagon, made by alpha cells, raises low blood glucose levels.
- Insulin helps muscle, fat, and liver cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering blood glucose levels.
- Insulin stimulates the liver and muscle tissue to store excess glucose. The stored form of glucose is called glycogen.
- Insulin also lowers blood glucose levels by reducing glucose production in the liver.
- Glucagon signals the liver and muscle tissue to break down glycogen into glucose, which enters the bloodstream and raises blood glucose levels.
- If the body needs more glucose, glucagon stimulates the liver to make glucose from amino acids.
Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome, also called insulin resistance syndrome, refers to a group of conditions common in people with insulin resistance, including
- higher than normal blood glucose levels
- increased waist size due to excess abdominal fat
- high blood pressure
- abnormal levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
Cell Signaling and Regulation
Cells communicate through a complex network of molecular signaling pathways. For example, on cell surfaces, insulin receptor molecules capture, or bind, insulin molecules circulating in the bloodstream. This interaction between insulin and its receptor prompts the biochemical signals that enable the cells to absorb glucose from the blood and use it for energy.
Problems in cell signaling systems can set off a chain reaction that leads to diabetes or other diseases. Many studies have focused on how insulin signals cells to communicate and regulate action. Researchers have identified proteins and pathways that transmit the insulin signal and have mapped interactions between insulin and body tissues, including the way insulin helps the liver control blood glucose levels. Researchers have also found that key signals also come from fat cells, which produce substances that cause inflammation and insulin resistance.
This work holds the key to combating insulin resistance and diabetes. As scientists learn more about cell signaling systems involved in glucose regulation, they will have more opportunities to develop effective treatments.
Beta Cell Dysfunction
Scientists think beta cell dysfunction is a key contributor to type 2 diabetes. Beta cell impairment can cause inadequate or abnormal patterns of insulin release. Also, beta cells may be damaged by high blood glucose itself, a condition called glucose toxicity.
Scientists have not determined the causes of beta cell dysfunction in most cases. Single gene defects lead to specific forms of diabetes called maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). The genes involved regulate insulin production in the beta cells. Although these forms of diabetes are rare, they provide clues as to how beta cell function may be affected by key regulatory factors. Other gene variants are involved in determining the number and function of beta cells. But these variants account for only a small percentage of type 2 diabetes cases. Malnutrition early in life is also being investigated as a cause of beta cell dysfunction. The metabolic environment of the developing fetus may also create a predisposition for diabetes later in life.
Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
People who develop type 2 diabetes are more likely to have the following characteristics:
- age 45 or older
- overweight or obese
- physically inactive
- parent or sibling with diabetes
- family background that is African American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, or Pacific Islander American
- history of giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds
- history of gestational diabetes
- high blood pressure—140/90 or above—or being treated for high blood pressure
- high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or good, cholesterol below 35 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or a triglyceride level above 250 mg/dL
- polycystic ovary syndrome, also called PCOS
- prediabetes—an A1C level of 5.7 to 6.4 percent; a fasting plasma glucose test result of 100–125 mg/dL, called impaired fasting glucose; or a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test result of 140–199, called impaired glucose tolerance
- acanthosis nigricans, a condition associated with insulin resistance, characterized by a dark, velvety rash around the neck or armpits
- history of CVD
What causes gestational diabetes?
Scientists believe gestational diabetes is caused by the hormonal changes and metabolic demands of pregnancy together with genetic and environmental factors.Insulin Resistance and Beta Cell Dysfunction
Hormones produced by the placenta and other pregnancy-related factors contribute to insulin resistance, which occurs in all women during late pregnancy. Insulin resistance increases the amount of insulin needed to control blood glucose levels. If the pancreas can't produce enough insulin due to beta cell dysfunction, gestational diabetes occurs.
As with type 2 diabetes, excess weight is linked to gestational diabetes. Overweight or obese women are at particularly high risk for gestational diabetes because they start pregnancy with a higher need for insulin due to insulin resistance. Excessive weight gain during pregnancy may also increase risk.
Family History
Having a family history of diabetes is also a risk factor for gestational diabetes, suggesting that genes play a role in its development. Genetics may also explain why the disorder occurs more frequently in African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanics/Latinos. Many gene variants or combinations of variants may increase a woman's risk for developing gestational diabetes. Studies have found several gene variants associated with gestational diabetes, but these variants account for only a small fraction of women with gestational diabetes.
Future Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Because a woman's hormones usually return to normal levels soon after giving birth, gestational diabetes disappears in most women after delivery. However, women who have gestational diabetes are more likely to develop gestational diabetes with future pregnancies and develop type 2 diabetes.3 Women with gestational diabetes should be tested for persistent diabetes 6 to 12 weeks after delivery and at least every 3 years thereafter.
Also, exposure to high glucose levels during gestation increases a child's risk for becoming overweight or obese and for developing type 2 diabetes later on. The result may be a cycle of diabetes affecting multiple generations in a family. For both mother and child, maintaining a healthy body weight and being physically active may help prevent type 2 diabetes.
Other Types and Causes of Diabetes
Other types of diabetes have a variety of possible causes.
Genetic Mutations Affecting Beta Cells, Insulin, and Insulin Action
Some relatively uncommon forms of diabetes known as monogenic diabetes are caused by mutations, or changes, in a single gene. These mutations are usually inherited, but sometimes the gene mutation occurs spontaneously. Most of these gene mutations cause diabetes by reducing beta cells' ability to produce insulin.
The most common types of monogenic diabetes are neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) and MODY. NDM occurs in the first 6 months of life. MODY is usually found during adolescence or early adulthood but sometimes is not diagnosed until later in life. For more information about NDM and MODY, see the NDIC fact sheet Monogenic Forms of Diabetes at www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov.
Other rare genetic mutations can cause diabetes by damaging the quality of insulin the body produces or by causing abnormalities in insulin receptors.
Other Genetic Diseases
Diabetes occurs in people with Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome at higher rates than the general population. Scientists are investigating whether genes that may predispose people to genetic syndromes also predispose them to diabetes.
The genetic disorders cystic fibrosis and hemochromatosis are linked to diabetes. Cystic fibrosis produces abnormally thick mucus, which blocks the pancreas. The risk of diabetes increases with age in people with cystic fibrosis. Hemochromatosis causes the body to store too much iron. If the disorder is not treated, iron can build up in and damage the pancreas and other organs.
Damage to or Removal of the Pancreas
Pancreatitis, cancer, and trauma can all harm the pancreatic beta cells or impair insulin production, thus causing diabetes. If the damaged pancreas is removed, diabetes will occur due to the loss of the beta cells.
Endocrine Diseases
Endocrine diseases affect organs that produce hormones. Cushing's syndrome and acromegaly are examples of hormonal disorders that can cause prediabetes and diabetes by inducing insulin resistance. Cushing's syndrome is marked by excessive production of cortisol—sometimes called the "stress hormone." Acromegaly occurs when the body produces too much growth hormone. Glucagonoma, a rare tumor of the pancreas, can also cause diabetes. The tumor causes the body to produce too much glucagon. Hyperthyroidism, a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, can also cause elevated blood glucose levels.
Autoimmune Disorders
Rare disorders characterized by antibodies that disrupt insulin action can lead to diabetes. This kind of diabetes is often associated with other autoimmune disorders such as lupus erythematosus. Another rare autoimmune disorder called stiff-man syndrome is associated with antibodies that attack the beta cells, similar to type 1 diabetes.
Medications and Chemical Toxins
Some medications, such as nicotinic acid and certain types of diuretics, anti-seizure drugs, psychiatric drugs, and drugs to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), can impair beta cells or disrupt insulin action. Pentamidine, a drug prescribed to treat a type of pneumonia, can increase the risk of pancreatitis, beta cell damage, and diabetes. Also, glucocorticoids—steroid hormones that are chemically similar to naturally produced cortisol—may impair insulin action. Glucocorticoids are used to treat inflammatory illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, lupus, and ulcerative colitis.
Many chemical toxins can damage or destroy beta cells in animals, but only a few have been linked to diabetes in humans. For example, dioxin—a contaminant of the herbicide Agent Orange, used during the Vietnam War—may be linked to the development of type 2 diabetes. In 2000, based on a report from the Institute of Medicine, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) added diabetes to the list of conditions for which Vietnam veterans are eligible for disability compensation. Also, a chemical in a rat poison no longer in use has been shown to cause diabetes if ingested. Some studies suggest a high intake of nitrogen-containing chemicals such as nitrates and nitrites might increase the risk of diabetes. Arsenic has also been studied for possible links to diabetes.
Lipodystrophy is a condition in which fat tissue is lost or redistributed in the body. The condition is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Points to Remember
- Diabetes is a complex group of diseases with a variety of causes. Scientists believe genes and environmental factors interact to cause diabetes in most cases.
- People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia. Diabetes develops when the body doesn't make enough insulin or is not able to use insulin effectively, or both.
- Insulin is a hormone made by beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin helps cells throughout the body absorb and use glucose for energy. If the body does not produce enough insulin or cannot use insulin effectively, glucose builds up in the blood instead of being absorbed by cells in the body, and the body is starved of energy.
- Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose levels or A1C levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. People with prediabetes can substantially reduce their risk of developing diabetes by losing weight and increasing physical activity.
- The two main types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes is a third form of diabetes that develops only during pregnancy.
- Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. In type 1 diabetes—an autoimmune disease—the body's immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells.
- Type 2 diabetes—the most common form of diabetes—is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.
- Scientists believe gestational diabetes is caused by the hormonal changes and metabolic demands of pregnancy together with genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors for gestational diabetes include being overweight and having a family history of diabetes.
- Monogenic forms of diabetes are relatively uncommon and are caused by mutations in single genes that limit insulin production, quality, or action in the body.
- Other types of diabetes are caused by diseases and injuries that damage the pancreas; certain chemical toxins and medications; infections; and other conditions.
Hope through Research
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) conducts and supports research into many kinds of disorders, including diabetes. Researchers throughout the United States and the world are working to better understand, prevent, and treat this disease. Finding ways to prevent or delay diabetes in people at risk is a key goal of this research. Scientists are identifying genes that may be involved in type 1 or type 2 diabetes and studying how they work. Studies are clarifying the complicated mechanisms that damage beta cells in diabetes. A great deal of work is also focused on preventing the different types of diabetes and improving treatment.
The NIDDK conducts research in its own laboratories and supports a great deal of basic and clinical research in medical centers and hospitals throughout the United States. Several other components of the NIH also conduct and support research related to diabetes. Other Government agencies that sponsor diabetes programs are the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Indian Health Service, the Health Resources and Services Administration, the VA, and the U.S. Department of Defense. In addition, many organizations outside the Government support diabetes research and education activities. These organizations include the ADA, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, and The Endocrine Society.
Clinical trials are research studies involving people. Clinical trials look at safe and effective new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease. Researchers also use clinical trials to look at other aspects of care, such as improving the quality of life for people with chronic illnesses. To learn more about clinical trials, why they matter, and how to participate, visit the NIH Clinical Research Trials and You website at www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials. For information about current studies, visit www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
For More Information
American Association of Diabetes Educators
200 West Madison Street, Suite 800
Chicago, IL 60606
Phone: 1–800–338–3633
Internet: www.diabeteseducator.org
American Diabetes Association
1701 North Beauregard Street
Alexandria, VA 22311
Phone: 1–800–DIABETES (1–800–342–2383)
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: www.diabetes.org
Immune Tolerance Network
Office of the Director
Administrative Operations
Benaroya Research Institute
1201 Ninth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101–2795
Phone: 206–342–6562
Fax: 206–342–6588
Email: email@example.com
Internet: www.immunetolerance.org
26 Broadway, 14th Floor
New York, NY 10004
Phone: 1–800–533–CURE (1–800–533–2873)
Fax: 212–785–9595
Email: email@example.com
Internet: www.jdrf.org
Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. This publication was reviewed by Alan Shuldiner, M.D., University of Maryland.
You may also find additional information about this topic by visiting MedlinePlus at www.medlineplus.gov.
This publication may contain information about medications and, when taken as prescribed, the conditions they treat. When prepared, this publication included the most current information available. For updates or for questions about any medications, contact the U.S. Food and Drug Administration toll-free at 1–888–INFO–FDA (1–888–463–6332) or visit www.fda.gov. Consult your health care provider for more information.
National Diabetes Education Program
1 Diabetes Way
Bethesda, MD 20814–9692
Phone: 1–888–693–NDEP
Fax: 301–634–0716
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: www.ndep.nih.gov
The National Diabetes Education Program is a federally funded program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and includes over 200 partners at the federal, state, and local levels, working together to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes.
National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse
1 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3560
Phone: 1–800–860–8747
Fax: 301–634–0716
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov
The National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1978, the Clearinghouse provides information about diabetes to people with diabetes and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. The NDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about diabetes.
This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.
NIH Publication No. 14–5164
June 2014
Page last updated August 27, 2014


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A fruity dark chocolate bar from Bonnat as one would expect of a chocolate created from fine flavour cocoa grown in Madagascar. A low roast dark chocolate allowing the fruity flavours to dominate throughout.
From Willies chocolate
A fruit and nut chocolate bar with credibility by Willies chocolate. Made from single origin, Criollo cocoa from Peru, combined with plump rasins and whole, crisp hazelnuts. The premium ingredients result in a classic with much added flavour.
From Booja Booja
Organic, dark chocolate truffles combined with crunchy hazelnut. Presented within a handmade gift box created from paper mache and beautifully decorated. These award winning chocolates from Booja Booja are vegan, dairy and gluten free.
Gift bag of generous strips of flavour packed candied orange enrobed in a fine dark chocolate.
The prized Porcelana cocoa bean used to create this rare Porcelana chocolate bar provides a refined non-acidic and nutty flavour with notes of caramel.
A gift box of 12, very special dark chocolate squaares. The prized Porcelana cocoa bean provides a refined, non-acidic and nutty flavour with notes of caramel.
A small gift box of 12, dark chocolate squares of the the famous Chuao chocolate. A fruity and perfumed chocolate by Amedei.
Chuao chocolate is made from the highly sought after Chuao cocoa bean. An initial perfumed aroma with slightly acidic red fruit flavours and an exceptionally smooth melt.
A sophisticated chocolate tasting box from Amedei, containing 36, dark chocolate neapolitans from 6 single origins.
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Welcome disc golfer! You can login or create an account.
Questions? Call us: (785) 258-2494
The MVP Soft Proton Ion is a putter that has a beaded rim. It's straight to overstable with lots of glide. Power putters can use the Ion with confidence. It is capable of holding long powerful lines with a late subtle fade. This makes it a very versatile putter that can be used in all conditions.
Ion Specs:
Class: 11mm Putt & Approach
Weights: 165g - 175g
Diameter: 21cm
Rim width: 11mm
PDGA max weight: 174.3g
Proton Medium | Straight | 170-175 grams |
Proton Soft | Straight | 170-175 |
Proton Eclipse Medium | Straight | 170-175 |
Proton Eclipse Soft | Straight | 170-175 |
Neutron | Straight | 170-175 |


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Featured Essays
Zoe Strauss : 10 Years
View photo details
September 30, 2013
International Center of Photography, New York
October 4th, 2013 to January 19, 2014
From the ICP's website:
For a decade between 2001 and 2010, Philadelphia photographer Zoe Strauss (b. 1970) showed her photographic works once a year in a public space beneath an I-95 highway overpass in South Philadelphia. In these annual one-day exhibitions, Strauss mounted her color photographs to the concrete bridge supports and viewers could buy photocopies for five dollars. Through portraits and documents of houses and signage, Strauss looked unflinchingly at the economic struggles and hardscrabble lives of residents in her own community and other parts of the United States. She describes her work as "an epic narrative about the beauty and struggle of everyday life." Strauss, a self-taught photographer and political activist, sees her work as a type of social intervention, and she has often used billboards and public meetings as venues. This exhibition is a mid-career retrospective and the first critical assessment of her decade-long project.


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Airplane Design
From MeritBadgeDotOrg
Airplane Design merit badge has been discontinued. (See discontinued merit badges.) It was first offered in 1942 and merged into Aviation along with Airplane Structure in 1952. |
Airplane Design merit badge | ||||
Status: | Discontinued | BSA Advancement ID: | n/a | |
Created: | 1942 | Original/new/replaced: | New in 1942 | |
Discontinued: | 1952 | Replaced by: | Aviation |
Contents |
[[Category:Discontinued {{{group}}} merit badges]]
Merit badge requirements
- 1. Point out on rough diagrams or on photographs, the outstanding differences in design of full scale planes used for five rather widely different purposes - such as first training, commercial transport, seaplanes on northern lakes, clippers, pursuit or others.
- 2. Measure the silhouettes of five modern full scale planes and record range of variation in the ration of wing span to chord (aspect ration); also in wing area as compared to stabilizer-elevator area.
- 3. Show design differences in camber of wings for high life and for high speed - use rough sketches to explain reasons.
- 4. (a) Find approximate location of center of gravity in a flying model, and explain why a low center of gravity contributes to parasol stability; (b) if a model plan is balanced and wings of same chord, but of added span and weight were substituted at same structural points, tell what the plan would then tend to do in flight.
- 5. Show by rough sketches why dihedrals, sweep-backs and relatively high wings tend to give model stability in flight.
- 6. Build, test and report flight performances of two flying models of same general size, but of quite different design. For the test, use same power plant and propeller. If desired, the Scout may build but one of the two test planes, matching it against one he or his friends have, AND then offer as the second of the two to be built, an original unconventional or experimental flying model.
- 7. Prepare approximate or rough scale drawings of the two models used in the tests of Requirement 6, and point out the principle design differences.
- 8. Fly one or more of the Scout's own model planes in competition involving not less than four planes.
- 9. Measure four flying model planes of Requirement 8 and present Counselor with their comparative flight records and a list of their wing shapes and of their following design rations:
- (a) wing span to mean chord;
- (b) wing span to propeller diameter;
- (c) wing span to fuselage length;
- (d) dihedral in inches per foot of span;
- (e) wing load in ounces per square inch;
- (f) maximum wing camber to chord.
The official source for the information shown in this article or section is: Handbook for Boys, 1948 Edition |
Airplane Design requirements | |||
The text of these requirements is locked and can only be edited by an administrator. Please note any errors found in the above requirements on this article's Talk Page. |
- This merit badge was part of the Air Explorer program during World War II.
See also
- Aviation (active merit badge)
- Model Design and Building (active merit badge)
External links


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To request availability for Lil Blue, please click here. We respond promptly - also on weekends and evenings.
CaribbeanDays was founded in 1978 and has been renting villas in the Caribbean ever since.
We are Better Business Bureau approved with an A+ rating.
Check out our CaribbeanDays Blog for more pictures and stories from the islands!


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Chicopee, MA 01020
0 Beds 1 Baths Cats OK
Fairview, Chicopee, MA (Fairview)
79 units | 0 Beds | 1 Baths
Current Rent Specials
(413) 304-3348
$1020 - $1130
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(413) 377-2788
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(413) 650-5186
Chicopee, MA 01022
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Freeman Knoll, Chicopee, MA (Freeman Knoll, Perry Manor)
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West Springfield, MA
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The second-largest city in western Massachusetts, Chicopee is known as the crossroads of New England. The nickname came from its location at the confluence of the Chicopee and Connecticut Rivers, which gave the city an edge in terms of power and transportation opportunities during the Industrial Revolution. The fact that Interstate Routes 90 and 91 both run through the city gives it a more modern economic advantage today, and makes it easy for those looking for Chicopee apartments for rent to come and go as they please.
Chicopee's history can be traced back to the 1630s, when the area's first European settlers arrived. The municipality was originally settled in 1640 as an annex to the fur trading post of Springfield, which is now the region's largest city. Chicopee developed as a farming community, and agriculture remained the area's main industry for the next two centuries. In 1822, however, everything changed with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. Textile mills sprang up, powered by the nearby Skenungonuck Falls, and the city became known for producing finished cotton, synthetic cloth products and rubber tires. In its heyday, the Fisk Rubber Company's Chicopee plant was staffed by as many as 3,000 workers and produced 5,000 tires per day.
As of the last census, Chicopee contains 22.83 square miles of land. Its approximately 55,000 residents are divided among several neighborhoods that once functioned as independent villages - Aldenville, Willimansett, Chicopee Center (Cabotville), Chicopee Falls and Fairview - as well as a number of newer districts, including Chicomansett and Sandy Hill.
Chicopee is home to Westover Air Reserve Base, the biggest of its kind in the country. The 2,500-acre base was built in 1940 and features the longest runway in New England. The base is the city's largest employer, with approximately 3,400 workers. Other major area employers include the Top-Flite Golf Company and convenience store distributor J. Polep Distribution Services. Many residents commute to nearby Springfield, which is home to Baystate Health, Big Y Supermarkets, MassMutual Financial Group and the Sisters of Providence Health System.
Elms College is the city's main institute of further education. The Catholic liberal arts college was founded by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Springfield, and its top five undergraduate majors are nursing, business and accounting, social work, education and communication sciences. Criminal justice and psychology are also popular fields of study.
The Chicopee School District serves 7,800 students and is comprised of one early childhood center, nine elementary schools, two middle schools, two high schools and one alternative school.
Chicopee is ranked at 120.5 on City-Data.com's March 2012 cost of living index - higher than the U.S. average of 100. Those looking for apartments in Chicopee should expect to pay around $725 per month, according to median gross rent figures from the U.S. Census Bureau.
A perk of living in Chicopee is that the city has a municipal electric company, which delivers significantly better prices than larger commercial utilities.
Approximately a 10-minute drive from Chicopee is the city of Agawam, where Six Flags New England is located. During the summer months, Six Flags New England features concerts and other live performances, a water park - and, of course, rides. The Bizarro, Cyclone and Flashback rollercoasters are among the park's most famous attractions, but there are also designated kids' areas for younger visitors.
Within Chicopee lies the 575-acre Chicopee Memorial State Park. Located in the Burnett Road neighborhood of the city, the recreation area features two 25-acre ponds and is popular among locals who enjoy biking, fishing, jogging, biking and having picnics there.
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WhitneyHairBlackDry HairColor Treated HairRelaxed HairOkay?!I bought this product because I have extreamly dry, damaged hair. I used the oil on my scalp, and sealed my ends. My hair remained dry and brittle. The oil also did not absorb well into my scalp, and ran down my face. I only used a quarter size amount on my scalp. I would not get this if you have dry, damaged hair.posted Dec 31, 2012Link to this post
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TalieeyaHairDark BrownDry HairColor Treated HairRelaxed HairDry Hair Comes To LifeThis is my second bottle of this oil. Used as described, it makes my dry relaxed hair soft and moisturized. Don't over do it because it can make the hair a bit greasy.posted Mar 22, 2011Link to this post
KimHairDark BrownDry HairFine or Thin HairGreat Product !!!I have fine hair, but this oil did not weigh my hair down. I use it as a leave-in hair and scalp treatment. It gives my hair excellent shine! I like that it gives shine without being heavy like silicone products. This product leaves my hair and scalp looking moisturized and healthy.posted Oct 11, 2010Link to this post
NickyLong IslandDon't Buy It Could Cause An Allergic ReactionThis was the worst essential oil product I've used in my hair. I didn't help with my hair staying healthy just made it really oily and it gave me a bad allergic reaction. The only think I liked about the oil was the scent, which I got compliment from using it. My warning to anyone using this do a skin patch test just to make sure your not allergic to any of the oils used in the it.posted May 16, 2010Link to this post
SmileyThis Helped My Dry Scalp.I use this oil on my scalp after my wash. I wash my hair wtih Aphogee shampoo for damaged hair. Then put this oil on my scalp, I DO NOT RINSE OUT. I add my deep conditioner and sit under the dryer for 15 mins with a plastic cap on. I then rinse. The oil leaves my scalp oiled and conditioned, but not oily. Also, my hair has a sheen to it. i am pleased with this product. sidebar: my hair was already healthy before this product so I am not sure how it contributes to makin gyour hair healthier.posted Apr 14, 2010Link to this post
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One thing i dislike that systemd brings are binary log files.
Phoronix: Systemd 195 Brings "Cool New Features"
Lennart Poettering announced the release of systemd 195 on Monday night. This newest release of systemd brings "a non-trivial amount of cool new features."..
One thing i dislike that systemd brings are binary log files.
There's no reason you can't keep using syslog-ng/rsyslog with systemd, and the distribution can make it work out-of-the-box (as syslog-ng does with systemd on Arch).
The journal provides structured logging (fields of data, with text or binary data like a network packet), indexed by fields, and with features like inline compression. Other loggers have been moving towards structured logging too for quite a while, rsyslog being one of the leaders (binary formats too). It's true that journald could have used a pre-existing format like sqlite3, but it wouldn't have been as specialized for the use case. The journal file format is documented on fd.o, and there's a backwards compatibility guarantee. You can also easily export the contents as text, if you desire.
The journal is simply another choice, that brings a different set of tradeoffs to the table.
Last edited by strcat; 10-23-2012 at 01:01 PM.
Lennart Poettering the "Two-faced lying weasel" as Linus Torvalds calls him.
Fuck him and SystemD !!!
Haha, I hadn't seen that
Link for the curious:
Kay Sievers was also the udev maintainer before it was moved into the same repository as systemd to share code, and this problem (the 30 second timeout issue) predates that. The followup conversation between Kay and Linus is right there: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/10/3/263.
Last edited by strcat; 10-23-2012 at 01:59 PM.
Linus has also said that he likes many things about systemd, thinks it's interesting and shows a lot of promise. Source.
Probably Lennart was not the one to blame here since it wasn't his fault that Kay broke udev.
I read those lkml links and I certainly agree with Linus on the "don't break things" philosophy. Kay seems to have a nilly-willy attitude about it - "oh it's broken, oh we'll fix it sometime... don't fuss guys".


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Game Tables
California House offers the largest selection of game tables and poker tables in the world. Any top may be put on any base style. With available seating from four to ten, you'll be able to customize the table of your dreams.The item pictured is:
Glen Ellen Dining / Game Table
Game Side
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Johns & Frank Aim for 'Surprising and New' in Latest "Batman: Earth One" Volume
Comic Books
Showing results 175-214 of 347
Basking in the post-Christmas glow, Augie raves about "A Tale of Sand," the new graphic novel from Archaia based on Jim Henson's lost screenplay as adapted by cartoonist Ramon Perez.
Augie looks at some of the hardcover titles recently solicited for March 2012, with special mention of the last Todd McFarlane "Spider-Man" collection and the first of Erik Larsen's new "Savage Dragon" hardcovers.
Augie has an idea that would keep comic prices down, promote regular creative teams and save publishing companies money. Also, a look back at Rob Liefeld's first issues of "New Mutants."
Tis the season, so Augie's looking back at "The Last Christmas" and some Santa Claus trading cards. Also this week, one company stops short of innovating digital comics while one creator takes a stance against digital.
Augie takes an early look at "Cow Boy," a funny new book from Nate Cosby and Chris Eliopoulos about a ten year old bounty hunter. Also, some thinking out loud over digital comics and this week's lack of new releases.
Augie recommends "Reed Gunther," a comic book about a bear-riding cowboy. Also, how to completely misread a press event, why Augie waits for the trade and more digital thoughts.
Augie offers up a couple of business ideas to Diamond Distributors to keep up with the times. Plus, Norm Breyfogle returns to Batman, and a word of consolation for Frank Miller fans.
Augie wants to see the 99 cent digital comic grain a greater foothold. This week, he offers three ideas to help push that along, including new websites, apps and subscriptions.
Alan Davis draws pretty Avengers, Erik Larsen hits issue #175 of 'Savage Dragon and Augie wonders if Marvel pulled a bit of a bait-and-switch with regard to Marc Silvestri's run on "Incredible Hulk."
The true star of "Batman Hush Unwrapped" is the artist whose work isn't included in the book: inker Scott Williams. Take a look at some sample panels with Augie and see how much an inker adds to the final comic product.
Augie's not so worried about sexy heroes in comics today, finding inspiration for this attitude from an unlikely place. Also, early reviews of "Heart," "The Walking Dead" and more!
Joe Kubert's career is analyzed in a beautiful coffee table art book. Then, Fantagraphics begins reprinting the life's work of Carl Barks, including a story that hasn't appeared unedited in North America in 60 years.
The last thing you want to read is a boring comic, and Augie finds "Holy Terror" anything to be anything but. Also, which books were worth reading from the final week of DC Comics' New 52 launch?
DC Comics has created the internet's new comic book water cooler. Augie explains what he means by that while looking at seven more of those first issues after a preview of next week's "Holy Terror" review..
Augie delves into the second week of DC Comics' New 52 line-up and catches a lot of torture and thin art. On the bright side, there are some good comics in there, too.
Augie runs down 10 of last week's New 52 and asks questions about the necessity of a relaunch, the fussiness of costumes while backgrounds are lacking and the importance of a good last page reveal.
Augie takes a turn looking at "Justice League" #1 and likes it for many of the reasons others didn't. Plus, "Green Lantern" sports a new copy protection format, a college football uniform controversy and more
With the DC's New 52 upon us, Augie looks at the list of new series starting in the next month to see which ones he's looking forward to, and how that list has changed since their first announcement.
Augie catches up on two overlooked Image trade paperbacks, with "Halcyon" and "Sam and Twitch: The Writer." If that's not your speed, he also has The Smurfs.
Augie looks at Image Comics' "Malinky Robot" collection and muses on art-driven comics. Plus, a look at "Tellos" #1 as a great example of what a first issue should be.
Augie has some unanswered questions about the new Ultimate Spider-Man, shares his thoughts on two new movie promo images, considers a comics purge (again), and looks at Marvel collections for October
Augie dives into a stack of recent Image Comics, including Kirkman/Liefeld's "The Infinite," "Avengelyne" and "The Marksman" along with new issues of old favorites like "Invincible" and "Savage Dragon."
Another CCI has come and gone and Augie finds new respect for Dan DiDio, doesn't expect much from Marc Silvestri's Hulk, takes a guess at "MacGyver's" bad guy and begs for a McFarlane Artist's Edition.
It's the annual Pipeline preview for Comic-Con International in San Diego. What plans you should make now, what panels are a waste of time, and all the latest madness. Also, an update on last year's CCI column!
Augie takes a look at DC Comics' October Bat-titles, wonders how much pro tweeting he's missing, ponders missing "Absolute" editions and looks at Comic-Con International's 2011 programming.
Augie focuses in on DC Comics' relaunch once more, reviews Image's "Shinku" and "Rodd Racer" and looks at iTunes' comics sales charts.
'Augie looks at two 'Flashpoint' books and thinks coloring can save phototracing. Also, some thoughts on Gene Colan, 99 cent digital downloads, and more.'
Augie is catching up on his superhero movies, and checks in with "Iron Man 2" this week, which attempts to do too much. Also, two Image Comics titles try to be "Lost," but is either successful?
Which of those 52 DC Comics books is Augie thinking of reading? Marvel Marketing never stood a chance. And yet another Lewis Trondheim autobiography!
Augie rounds up his thoughts on the big DC Comics news of the past week. Are their digital comics good enough? Is this just the DC Ultimate Universe or a potential "Watchmen" #1? Plus, more!
Sometimes, a comic book stirs a lifetime of memories. This week, join Augie for the ride as he reads Nomi Kane's "Sugar Baby" and flashes back on his diabetic history.
Augie found "Strange Adventures" disappointing, feeling it was a rehash of too many anthologies seen before. Then, jump in the time machine and see what's been happening in comics during the last 12 years!
Augie dips into unread bookshelf for two cool trade paperbacks, one a fun space opera and the other featuring the best Humberto Ramos art of the artist's career!
Augie has an early look at the new Fantagraphics "Mickey Mouse" comic strip collection, which he deems worth the cover price for the introduction alone. Plus, quick thoughts and random links.
Augie plays catch-up with "Invincible" and likes what he sees. Also, take a trip back twenty years to look at "Wizard" #1 all over again and a look at the past week's news items.
Augie wonders if "Owly & Friends" is a good childrens book or not, has some thoughts on original comic book art and looks at digital artwork from the artist's point of view.
TokyoPop is now living the future of comics non-publishing! Are trade sales down because on-line sales are up? Free comic! Phototracing! And Augie's 1978 Batman costume!
Who doesn't love a good dinosaur comic? Augie's going gaga over the "Age of Reptiles Omnibus," with over 350 pages of beautiful silent storytelling. Also, are bi-monthly comics late comics? Perhaps not.
Augie looks back at WonderCon and is most excited for IDW's "Artist's Edition" format, and starts the guessing game for which series could be next. Plus, a look at other news highlights and a trip back to 2007!
Augie enjoys another edition of the "Modern Master" series, this time dedicated to Jeff Smith. Then there are this week's disappointments, from "Mars Needs Moms" to "Wizard" to "The Mission."
Archives: All | Comic Books | TV/Film | Video Games | Web Comics


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Showing all 203 results
Grow Rooms
Indoor grow rooms let's you garden year-round, regardless of the season. Growing indoors, whether in a cabinet, closet, greenhouse or spare room in the garage or basement, requires that you provide what Mother Nature, at her best, supplies naturally: Read More
• Water
• Nutrients
• Light
• Cooling (or warmth)
• Ventilation
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This native ladybug species is the best known garden predators available.


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Curv, The BarLobby Level
Located on the lobby level, with a sleek and modern design and colorful décor, Curv is the vibrant escape for refreshing drinks, light snacks or a relaxing nightcap with live jazz music. The Curv drink menu features a wide selection of cocktails including many of The Ritz-Carlton signature Martinis and Champagne cocktails. Curv also offers a variety of the finest cigars, available in the walk-through humidor. Guests may store their own preferred cigars and liquor in a private box at the walk-in humidor.
Seats: 100 Opening hours: 5 p.m. to 2 a.m.


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Size and print type
22" x 29.5" without border
Ships within 24 hours
High-quality printing gives this fine art print its vivid and sharp appearance. Produced on medium weight cover stock, this art reproduction is coated with a silken finish that protects the inks and creates an elegant look. The versatile art print strikes a balance between quality and affordability.
Other ways to order:
Call Us: 1-800-952-5592 30-DAY RETURN POLICY If for any reason you are not completely satisfied with your purchase, you can receive a replacement or refund within 30 days Learn More
Ship time indicates the typical time it takes for your item(s) to leave our facilities. This includes any framing or customizing services ordered as well as careful packaging to prevent damage in transit.
Items that ship same day normally leave our facilities on the same business day if your order is placed before 5:00pm EST. Orders that contain multiple items with different ship times will be shipped out based on the item with the longest ship time. Shipping FAQ Shipping Rates |
Average Customer Rating
by PowerReviewsPros
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Can't fault it
Purchase Reason
Beautiful in my kitchen nook! Adds distinction to my 1927 home!
Purchase Reason
I love the detail of this artwork! The colors are vibrant and it is gorgeous in our dining room! It is one of my favorite pieces of artwork that I have purchased!
Purchase Reason
I love this!
Purchase Reason
We ordered this print on canvas and it turned out beautifully. It is on a dining area wall that gets a lot of light and we wanted it to be seen without having to worry about excessive glare. We have had various copies and sizes of this print in our home for years, but this one is the best!
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Art.com, You+Art, and Photos [to] Art are trademarks or registered trademarks of Art.com Inc.
Various aspects of this website are covered by issued US patent No. 7,973,796 and other pending patent applications.


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Does this guy do anything but whine?
When it comes to anything to do with linux adobe has proven itself to be nothing but a inept bunch of crybabies who rather blog then actually do any developing. A year after Flash 64 came out and they still can't get it to run full screen without major performance issues never mind with the use of Linux Video Acceleration API's. For a guy that has been "been programming multimedia-type stuff on Linux since 1999", he sure has sweet **** all to show for it.


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United States > All 3M Products > Manufacturing > Industrial Adhesives & Tapes > Products
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Build pressure sensitive labels with 3M films, liners, and transfer adhesives
3M™ Films and Liners have high quality, rigid, polyester films with high tensile strength and excellent dimensional stability.
Learn more about Films and Liners...
Biaxial-orientation leads to high tear resistance, but is notch sensitive. Optimal clarity is provided for overlaminate applications along with excellent outdoor durability and chemical and moisture resistance. • Not recommended for curved surfaces • Available in white, clear and metallized
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ThermalClime Pro LS Crew
The ThermalClime™ Pro Crew is as reliable as your ice climbing partner. The bi-component knit construction combines larger yarn fibers that pull sweat away from the skin and smaller fibers that rapidly spread sweat to dry fast. The result is a midweight layer with warmth and highly efficient moisture management. An athletic fit, added stretch and flat-locked seams ensure reliable moving comfort.
- Feature List
- Polartec® Power Dry® Performance Technology
- Marmot UpCycle® Product with Recycled Polyester
- Quick-Drying and Moisture Wicking
- Stretch Without Hydrophyllic (water-loving) Elastane
- Flat-Locked Seams for Added Comfort
- Tag-Free Neckline
- Main Materials
- Polartec®Power Dry® 50% Polyester, 50% Recycled Polyester Mesh 5.4 oz/yd
- Fit
- Athletic Fit
- Weight
- 0lbs 6.2oz (175.8g)
Polartec® Power Dry®
What is it?
Polartec® Power Dry® fabrics are designed to keep your skin dry when you sweat. Ideal for runners, skiers, and adventure travelers, all fabrics feature a patented bi-component knit construction that uses different yarns on either side of the fabric. This creates two different surfaces: one that is optimized to move moisture away from the skin, the other to dry quickly.
This is why Marmot has chosen to use Power Dry® fabrics for our new ThermalClime Sport and Pro baselayer series.
How does it work?
"Touch points" on the fabric inner surface draw moisture. Sweat is wicked off the skin to the outside of the fabric where it spreads rapidly for evaporation. Polartec® Power Dry® fabrics move at least 30% more moisture away from the skin than single-component fabrics. When the sweat reaches the outside of the fabric, it spreads out on the outer surface of the fabric, enabling it to dry at least 2 times faster than cotton.
What are the benefits of this technology?
- Superior wicking action
- Keeps your skin dry when you sweat
- Highly breathable
- Dries quickly
- Comfortable next-to-skin
- Machine washable
Performance Specifications
Weight: 1lbs 0oz (453.6g)
Content: 92% Polyester, 8% Elastane
Wash & Care
Why do we encourage proper care of our clothing and gear?
Because you have invested in (or are thinking about investing in) one of the most technically advanced pieces of apparel or equipment you'll ever own and we want to make sure you have the information you need to protect and care for your purchase. Proper care assures you will optimize the performance of your Marmot product and maximize its service-life.
Clothing Care
- Machine wash cold with like colors
- Powdered detergent
- Delicate cycle
- No fabric softeners
- Do not iron
- Do not bleach
- Do not dry clean
- Tumble dry low
- Close all fasteners


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This is the memory foam pad that adds a layer of soothing support to the thin mattresses found in most sofabeds. Available exclusively from Hammacher Schlemmer, a 3/4" layer of temperature-sensitive memory foam--proven superior in independent laboratory tests--dissipates body heat to help maintain a comfortable sleep climate. The foam molds to your shape to reduce pressure points and provide better weight distribution, while a 1 1/4" high-density medical foam layer beneath provides support. Six channels in the foam allow gentle air circulation, helping to keep you cool as you sleep. The removable 140 thread-count 65% poly/35% cotton cover is machine-washable and held securely in place by wide elastic bands. Imported. Queen. 72" L x 60" W x 2" D. (5 lbs.)
Lifetime Guarantee
The Heat Dissipating Sofa Sleeper Pad (Queen) comes with The Hammacher Schlemmer Lifetime Guarantee at no additional charge. If this product ever disappoints you, for any reason, you may return your Hammacher Schlemmer purchase for exchange, credit, or refund.Should you have any questions, we are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Please call 1-800-321-1484 to speak with a product specialist or email us at email@example.com to receive a response within one hour.
Shipping charges noted in parentheses apply in addition to our standard shipping & service.
We're sorry, but gift wrap is not available. Please call 1-800-395-7006 for Premium or Express delivery rates.
Oversized items scheduled for expedited delivery (Premium or Express) may incur additional shipping and services charges because of their unusual size. Please call 1-800-321-1484 for an estimate of S&S charges. International callers, please call 1-513-860-3397.
We're sorry, but gift wrap is not available for oversized items.
Shipped via truck and may require customer assistance upon delivery. You will be contacted to make an appointment for delivery.
We're sorry, but gift wrap and gift cards are not available.
GST still applies and will be charged upon processing. For complete shipping & service charges please call Customer Service at 1-800-321-1484.
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43 products
You just woke up—you're still tired and can't think straight. Stumbling around, the last thing you want to do is measure the exact portions of grounds and water you need to make your morning cup(s) of coffee. Keurig to the rescue: just fill the water reservoir and pick out your favorite K-cup and let the Keurig coffee maker do the rest.
These brewers come in several different models, each serving its own unique function. A K75 brewer might be ideal for your home, offering a removable reservoir and a customizable LCD screen that displays time, drink size and coffee temperature. A K10 mini-brewer would be better for your individual work desk, providing a compact beverage solution that makes it easy for you to pop in a K-cup when you need that afternoon pick-me-up. With the newest generation, Keurig Vue, you can customize your morning brew all the way down to the strength, taste and flavor of each individual cup. Tired of the same old standard brew? Explore our wide selection of K-cups and switch up your coffee or tea…you might just find a new favorite. From Starbucks to Green Mountain Coffee to Donut Shop, we have the new taste to spice up your new coffeemaker.
No matter what time of day you get the caffeine craving, our affordable line of Keurig coffee machines can help you simplify your routine when you need it most.


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How we are working to achieve this vision
Our mission: The Environmental Affairs Division at Seattle City Light mission is to work proactively and cooperatively with all City Light workers and work units to protect the natural environment, and ensure compliance with laws and regulations.
Through its Environmental Affairs Division (EAD), City Light takes a comprehensive approach to protecting the environment and addressing climate change. EAD supports operations throughout our service territory and across the State, by overseeing programs and services relating to hazardous materials, greenhouse gas reduction, environmental permitting, and the protection of aquatic ecosystems and fish and wildlife habitat.