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Top Definition
Originally, a fan or follower of the Philadelphia-based professional sports teams who refused to celebrate the two Stanley Cup championships won by the Philadelphia Flyers in 1974 and 1975 on the grounds that hockey should not be considered a "major" sport; today, a Philadelphia sports fan who is either unduly pessimistic about one or more of the local teams' immediate prospects, or one who strenuously disagrees with the policies, player-personnel decisions etc., made by said team or teams.
Many sports fans in Philadelphia regard the local sports-talk radio station, WIP, as nothing more than a vast sounding board for Negadelphians.
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sierpień 18, 2005


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text: This is the black macbook from 2008. We just upgraded the ram to 4gb and the hard drive to a 7200rpm 500gb drive this past summer. It comes with Snow Leopard and all original cds. I just did a fresh install, so this baby is running fast and ready to go. Still has apple care till the end of April 2011. |


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How long is the ferry ride to Mackinac Island? The ride takes about 16 minutes from either Mackinaw City or St. Ignace.
How much is the ticket? Our regular rate for tickets for 2015 is $25.00 for adults and $13.00 per child ages 5-12. Children under 5 ride FREE! Purchase your tickets online and save time and money!
Can I bring my bike with me? Absolutely! You will have to purchase a bike ticket for $9.00 per bike. Tandem bikes will be counted as two bikes and will need two tickets. Child bike trailers will also need a ticket.
Is there a charge for a stroller? Strollers are taken free of charge, however jogging strollers will be charged the bike ticket rate of $9.00. All strollers will need to be stored on the aft deck for the trip. Children must ride on a seat or in an adult's lap.
Are there wheelchairs available on Mackinac Island? Wheelchairs are available for rent at some bike rental shops. Electric wheelchairs are available at Mackinac Island Bike Shop, contact 906-847-6337.
Is the cost for ferry tickets the same from Mackinaw City and St. Ignace? Yes!
What is the fare for the Mackinac Bridge? As of January 1, 2013, the fare for the Bridge is $4.00 per passenger vehicle or $2.00 per axle. For all other vehicles the fare is $5.00 per axle.
Are cars allowed on Mackinac Island? Motorized vehicles are not permitted on Mackinac Island. The main form of transportation is by horse, bike or foot.
What do we do with our car while we are on the Island overnight? Shepler's offers many convenient parking options for you – make your arrangements online now and save time when you arrive on the dock!
If I purchase secured parking online, do I need to purchase Drop Off Service separately? All of our online parking includes our vehicle Drop Off Service.
If I am staying several nights on the Island, do I need to purchase a parking package for each night? No. The parking is already packaged by number of nights. You only need one parking package per vehicle. For instance, if you are staying five nights on the Island, you will choose only one package of the parking option with "5 nights" next to it.
Can you smoke or eat on the boat? For safety and to keep our vessels clean, we do ask that you refrain from eating, drinking, or smoking on the boat.
Are the tickets that I purchase online round-trip? All of the tickets that we sell online are roundtrip tickets and they are good for any date and departure in the 2015 season.
What if my Etix tickets do not print out or I do not receive my confirmation email? If you have problems printing your tickets, please call our office at 1-800-828-6157 to make sure that the transaction went through. We can send you another email or print your tickets here and have them waiting for you. You are also able to just bring your confirmation number to our Online Ticket Exchange Center to pick up your ferry tickets.
Where is the discount for Buy 2 adults and get a child free or $13.00 off a third adult? If you go through the purchasing process, you will see on the second screen that there is a list of the tickets that can be purchased. Scroll down to the bottom of that screen and you will see the option for 2 adults and 1 child for $50.00 and 3 adults for $62.00. You can purchase as many of these packages as you need. If you have three people coming, you only need to purchase one package.
I purchased the special "Buy 2 and Save" promotion, but we are not all traveling together, what do I do? When you purchase the special promotion tickets, one sheet will print at home. You will bring that to the dock and we will validate it and give you 3 separate tickets. You can hand those out yourself or we can hold tickets for the rest of your party at our will call window at the ticket office.
Why are the tickets that I purchased on sheplersferry.com not showing up on my credit card statement? All charges for Shepler's tickets purchased online will show up as a charge from etix.com.
Bringing your family pet with you?
Pets travel FREE on Shepler's! Please keep them on a leash and on one of our outer decks on your way to and from the island.
Mackinac Island is very pet friendly, but be sure to keep your dogs and cats on a leash and attend to them at all times. Please also make sure that your pets are comfortable with horses, because we don't want the pets to spook our main form of transportation!
Pets are welcome on Mackinac Island Carriage Tours. If your dog can be carried on your lap, he or she can enjoy the tour for free. If you have a larger dog that will take up the space of one seat, you will have to pay for a child's ticket, which is fitting since dogs are our babies, too!
If you plan to enjoy one of the fine eateries on Mackinac Island, your pet will have to wait outside. Please contact the Mackinac Island Tourist Bureau at 1-800-4LILACS for information on Island dog walkers. Don't forget the doggie bag!
If you are staying in Mackinaw City, you can leave your pet for the day at Trails End Kennel. Call 231-436-7334 to make a reservation.


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Prices and availability are subject to change from the time and date that you print this page.
4/27/2015 10:17:49 PM. For Customer Service, please call
Nod Exclusive
The extra Z's on our Elemenopee Bedding help babies fall asleep a full 6.3 seconds faster than other alphabet themed bedding sets. Although, we have no real research to back that up. Made from a super comfy cotton and linen blend, the quilt features beautifully embroidered letters on a neutral background, while the coordinating, 100% cotton fitted sheets feature a colorful geometric pattern.


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Jerome Russell's Punky Hair Color
N/aMAINEBest Demi-hair Color I've UsedIve dyed my hair A LOT. Used Manic Panic - Color Jamz - Special Effects - Color Jazzing - RAW, But I really dont think any of them could compare to Jerome Russells " Punky Colors " Not too long ago I went back to " Sallys Beauty Supply " and sadly noticed they were not carrying it anymore. When I stumbled Upon this site I was simply overjoyed. This Hair dye lasts the longest. Funny thing is I got the Jerome Russle "Punky Professional" Demi-Permanant hair color. I havent been able to find it any wheres else. When I used Raw hair dye I didnt think I could ever find a color so vibrant and outstanding, but Punky Colors proved me wrong. I deff. Reccomend this hair dye and think Hot Topic should start selling this product. Places like Rite Aid should as well. And the price is GREAT!posted Jun 19, 2005Link to this post
JennFrederick, MDSo Many Good Reviews, Little Deliverance.I am not very satisfied with this hair color. I used Flame on my boyfriends hair, and it came out orange. Not red in the least. I used Coral Red on my hair... I ended up dying it twice, since it looked light orange at first... and now my hair is a bright orange color. Im fine with my results... but do not use Coral Red unless you want orange hair. Beware of Flame! Not red at all!posted May 22, 2005Link to this post
Gillian B.Knoxville, TnIf You're In Doubt About What To Use. . .. . .use this product. i have really blond hair and was highly concerned about the stuff staying in TOO long (!), but i did i little patch test (very important if youre not sure) and i only left the stuff on for 20 minutes. flamingo pink is my color. . .it was really bright after i first did it, but then it toned down after awhile, and its going away fast enough that i trust it wont stay in my hair forever! yay! (i have a job starting in august and i cant have pink hair then). easy to use product, and it smells like some flavor of those sniffable 80s markers *yum*. if youre as cautious as i am about screwing up my hair, go with this product. just be careful and patch test and wear gloves, etc., and youll figure it out. and it didnt screw my hair up at all--still as healthy as it was beforehand.posted May 13, 2005Link to this post
KendraLA, CaliforniaBrilliant ProductIve tried about about 4 other temporary dyes like this, but this is my favorite. Ive tried paintbox, raw, and special effects, and manic panic. Punky color is easier to get out of the container, since its in a jar and the others ive tried were in squeeze bottles. It is the best smelling dye ive used...it smells kind of like grapes. The color fades as fast as any other dye, depending on how often you wash your hair. I found that if you add some dye to your shampoo and conditioner, it really intensifies the color and prolongs it. Im hooked on this product! Its fabulous!posted May 5, 2005Link to this post
OrphanVictoria, British Columbia, Canada10 Out Of 5. By Far.this hair color is the BEST hair color i have ever used. i have tried everything you can imagine for a deep, vibrant European-style shade of red--ive even used salon color + vibrant paintbox colors like Fudge--and this one kicks every single ass. i have been using it for as long as i can imagine... probably about 5 years. it is especially great on thick, porous hair (this is what my hair is like naturally) with alot of texture. absolutely a 10 out of 5! *kisses Jerome Russell*[these pictures have not been enhanced in any way... the color really is that vibrant!]posted Apr 29, 2005Link to this post
Eschelle WashingtonLos AngelesPunky Hair Color "turquoise"I love the punky hair color turquoise. There is no other color on the market that colors better. Other color lines color too dark or too pale. This color is just right just enough blue with green. It dosent look like a hair mistake, like a lot of other pros try to produce on their clients. This is the next best thing to your own custimized color. I just whish that this color was more avalible in my neck of the woods. When i cant find it mixing the LAGOON BLUE with GREEN APPLE is just as good! -Eshelle Washington (Hair Atmosphere, L.A.)posted Apr 27, 2005Link to this post
Jeanette ReiffBest We Have Tried So Far.My daughter has had several different colors of hair in the past. The problem that we have is that the colors always fade within a week or two. What started out as bright blue is a faded green in no time. We tried plum from Folica and it is the brightest and prettiest color we have used yet. It has been two weeks since we put the color on and it looks as good as it did the day we did it. We love it!posted Apr 9, 2005Link to this post
LindseyReading PA!I Love This DyeThis hair dye, for me anyway, lasts at least 5 weeks. The color stays and barely fades at all. The color is also better then anything I have used in my hair before. This is now the only dye I will use to get the totally awesome color I crave!!!posted Apr 2, 2005Link to this post
MelanieBrilliant Colour!!Yes, use it! Youll love it! Smells sooooooo good. It really grabed on to the hair! BLEACH FIRST!!! AMAZING colour too!! Used "Purple"posted Mar 26, 2005Link to this post
CrystalUsaPunky ColourExcellect product! I love it. I ONLY buy this brand. I tried buying other hair dyes such as Maniac Panic dye, and other brands, none of those last long on my hair, maybe a day, one wash, but once I found punky colour, reds, vermillion red, I only buy punky, because the dye lasts atleast 8 washes for me, it may be longer for other hair textures, and thats alot. I bought $30 bucks worth because I love it so much.posted Mar 24, 2005Link to this post
Write Your Own Review
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Who will handle complaints about phone service?
"That order basically said that in spite of SB 48, we are going to continue to regulate in these various ways," said Sen. Bob Odell, R-Lempster, primary sponsor of the legislation in 2012. "That shook the stakeholder community because they had thought the legislation was very clear and that discussions around the bill were pretty clear about what we were doing."
But the new wording eliminates valuable consumer protections and constrains the ability of the PUC to act on consumer complaints, according to New Hampshire Legal Assistance and sources in the PUC.
Everyone involved agrees that basic landline service provided by FairPoint should still be subject to PUC oversight.
But critics say the definition of basic service in the Odell amendment is so narrow that few, if any, consumers will be able to enjoy PUC protection.
Legal Assistance on Wednesday proposed a compromise in which a customer who gets cable TV or Internet service "bundled" with telephone service would no longer be a basic service customer. But those who have phone service with basic features would still be considered a basic service customer.
Customer concerns
Nevins argues that the Legal Assistance proposal would, in effect, define basic service as all FairPoint local access customers who sign up for phone service only. "If this were the case, then the intent of SB 48 - to create a level playing field and foster competition - would be moot," he said.
Consumers will still have many options, even if the narrow definition of basic service becomes law.
Feltes agrees that FairPoint has a process for customer complaints in its terms of service, but characterized that process as byzantine.
"I will say, from our perspective, it is easier for our clients to avail themselves of the PUC complaint process rather than going through the provisions of the FairPoint service agreement," he said.
"As far as the commission is concerned, we are a creature of the Legislature, so it's always our intent to honor the will of the Legislature," she firstname.lastname@example.com


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ShareAug 11Toshiba to join Blu-ray AssociationWith the recent news of Toshiba planning to launch their Blu-ray players by the end of...Read More
ShareAug 7BenQ debut new E series displaysBenQ has recently announced their new E series displays designed with nice elegant design, performance and affordable...Read More
ShareAug 7AMD Enthusiast Gaming PC Buying GuideEver had that not-enough-dough feeling when shopping around for that enthusiast-level gaming rig of yours? Perhaps...Read More
ShareAug 7Logitech offers 5 new webcams for easy video callsLogitech has unveiled five new webcams – C600, C500, C250M, C200 and C120 – which are easy...Read More
ShareAug 7G.Skill's Latest Wicked Looking Memory : The RipjawsG.Skill unveiled the Gaming Series- Ripjaws DDR3 Dual-channel 1.65V memory with speeds ranging from 1333 to 1866MHz....Read More
ShareAug 7PowerColor Adds a Custom Cooled PCS HD4770 CardTUL adds an upgrade to the HD4770 series, the custom cooled PCS HD4770. The card clocks...Read More
ShareAug 7Samsung Introduces Reclaim, an Eco-Frendly phone in USGreen has been greatly emphasized in recent months and it is the reason why many tech companies including Samsung are coming...Read More
ShareAug 6Xbox Summer Gathering in SingaporeMicrosoft Singapore held an Xbox Summer Gathering event for the media this afternoon, showcasing their new...Read More
ShareAug 6Hitachi 2TB Hard Disk Drives Ship OutHitachi GST is now shipping the world's first, 2TB 7200 RPM HDD using it's 5-platter design...Read More
ShareAug 6Pentax Announces 3 New Optio digital compact camerasToday, Pentax has launched three new Optio digital compact cameras – the entry-level E80, the go-anywhere waterproof...Read More
ShareAug 5Yamaha Unveils New NS-700 SpeakersYamaha Japan have unveiled its latest lineup of NS-700 series speakers, which will commence availabilty on...Read More
ShareAug 5Marvel vs Capcom 2 comes to PS3Yes, the long-awaited Marvel vs. Capcom 2 for Sony PlayStation 3 has finally arrived in Singapore. Besides...Read More
ShareAug 5Sony's new e-book reader is cheaper than Amazon KindleThe Amazon Kindle e-book reader is so popular that the company came up with the Kindle...Read More
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ShareAug 4Biostar Unveils P55 Boards Line-upIn order not to miss out on the slew of P55 leaks, Biostar too releases details...Read More
ShareAug 4Toshiba Introduced world's first 64GB SDXC memory cardWe first heard about the new SD Xtended Capacity (SDXC) memory cards in June and today, Toshiba...Read More
ShareAug 4Nikon adds 4 new digital compact cameras to its COOLPIX lineNikon has announced four new COOLPIX digital compact cameras designed with good features and stylish, trendy...Read More
ShareAug 4PROLiNK Unveils Glee TA-009 netbookPROLiNK has recently announced their new Glee TA-009 netbook which claims to be the ultimate entertainment companion for...Read More
ShareAug 3Sony Singapore Unveils BDP-S360 Blu-ray PlayerSony Singapore has announced the new BDP-S360 Blu-ray player for users who want to watch Full...Read More
ShareAug 3DIOTEK released DioPen Cursive handwriting recognition software for Windows MobileKorean mobile software manufacturer DIOTEK has launched their DioPen Cursive handwriting recognition software designed for Windows...Read More


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Order must total $75 after discounts and not including customization. Excludes team orders, items with extra freight & shipping outside the contiguous US. Not valid on previous purchases. Expedited shipping additional. Expires 7/01/15 at 11:59 PM ET.
Molded skin technology for reduced weight and improved flexibility. HeatGear liner for moisture control. Triple density foam for outstanding protection at an ultra light weight.


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For your convenience, a refill card has been automatically added to your cart so you can start using your Prepaid phone/device immediately.
To check out, youll need to add a phone to your cart.
You are viewing pricing options for:
Monthly Payments (Equipment Installment Plan): Availability and amount of EIP financing subject to credit approval. Down payment & unfinanced portion required at purchase. Balance paid in monthly installments. Must remain on qualifying service in good standing for duration of EIP agreement. If you cancel wireless service, remaining balance on phone/device becomes due. Taxes and late/non-payment fees may apply. Participating locations only. Example(s) shown reflects the down payment & monthly payments of our most creditworthy customers; amounts for others will vary.
Prices exclusive to T-Mobile.com with activation on a qualifying rate plan. Final price is after rebate cards. Tax and shipping charges (if applicable) extra. New activation and/or line of service required.
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Courses: Classical Mechanics (PHYSB122001)
Spring 2014
Class Number: 1336
The lecture material covers Newtonian Mechanics of single particles, systems of particles, rigid bodies, and continuous media with applications, one-dimensional systems including forced oscillators, scattering and orbit problems. Lecture three hours, laboratory two hours. Prerequisites: PHYS 121 and MATH 101. Corequisite: MATH 102.
Div: IIL and Q; Approach: Quantitative Methods (QM), Quantitative Readiness Required (QR), Scientific Investigation (SI); Haverford: Natural Science (NA)
Fulfills: Class Nbr: 1336 Div: IIL and Q; QM;QR;SI;


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FREE Email Newsletter
Daily industrial news and top headlines for plant and maintenance managers
Harleys Of The World: Want To Race?
June 9, 2010 10:17 am | Articles | CommentsThe Triumph is a classic British motorcycle, dating back decades to when they ran neck-and-neck with America's powerhouse: the Harley-Davison. While Triumph is still producing motorcycles across the pond, one company, Falcon Motorcycles, is taking vintage bikes and refurbishing them with a creative twist.
Until You Buy A Real F1 Car
June 9, 2010 6:53 am | Articles | CommentsWant to experience all the neck-breaking forces of an F1 race, without actually getting into a car? Look no further than this simulator, which tilts, dips, and dives to approximate how it feels to hit an apex just right. If you're having trouble watching this video, try downloading the latest version of Flash Player or contacting your IT department.
A Train That Never Stops
June 9, 2010 5:58 am | Articles | CommentsA train that never stops? How in the world would you hop aboard? This concept video has (some of) the answers. You might want to turn off the sound, unless you're fluent in Mandarin. It's not going to help you any. The idea is pretty simple: At any station, you get on a "boarding" cart, which is elevated on a second series of tracks.
The Bhopal Disaster, 25 Years Later
June 9, 2010 5:57 am | Articles | CommentsSome criminal liability was finally found in the Bhopal industrial accident of 1984, but that doesn't help heal the lingering wounds — both physical and psychological — that the victims are still feeling. Between the 100,000 people still suffering from chronic illnesses due to explosure, the Bhopal disaster is a painful reminder that industry can have an enormous impact on everyday people.
Hummer Fanatics Mourn Brand's Quiet Demise
June 9, 2010 5:56 am | Articles | CommentsWhile many are looking forward to Hummer's demise in the near future, a select few customers are "broken-hearted" over losing their favorite brand of mega-SUV. Yes, many consider the Hummer to be the go-to car for the man's man, but if you ask dealers, more women have bought them. To which brand they will move is unknown, but you can guess it's not going to be something environmentally-friendly, like the upcoming Nissan Leaf or Chevrolet Volt.
Job Market Stages Comeback As People Call It Quits
June 9, 2010 5:02 am | by Christopher Leonard and Christopher S. Rugaber, AP Business Writers | News | CommentsNEW YORK (AP) — One sign of better economic times is when more people start finding jobs. Another is when they feel confident enough to quit them. More people in the United States have quit their jobs in the past three months than were laid off — a sharp reversal after 15 straight months in which layoffs exceeded voluntary departures.
Mr. Potato Head Dons Jumpsuit, Impersonates Elvis
June 9, 2010 5:00 am | News | CommentsMEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — The Elvis Presley estate has signed a deal for Hasbro Inc. and PPW Toys to release an Elvis version of Mr. Potato Head. Kevin Kern, a spokesman for Presley's Graceland estate, told The Commercial Appeal the new toy is one of 15,000 Elvis-licensed products and is one the company is excited about.
Anti-EPA Bill Threatened With Presidential Veto
June 9, 2010 4:40 am | News | Commentsby Jim Abrams, Associated Press Writer WASHINGTON (AP) — The White House raised the stakes Tuesday on the Senate's first major climate change vote of the year, threatening a presidential veto of a Republican-led effort to stop the Environmental Protection Agency from carrying out regulations to control greenhouse gases.
Outbreaks Spur Hasty New Food Safety Laws
June 9, 2010 4:35 am | by Mary Clare Jalonick, Associated Press Writer | News | CommentsWASHINGTON (AP) — A field worker has unwashed hands. An animal squeezes through a small tear in a fence. Manure from a nearby hog farm trickles into an irrigation system. Small mistakes like these are often difficult to identify as the sources of food-borne illnesses, a situation that has frustrated health authorities for years.
Second Natural Gas Explosion Hits Texas, Two Dead
June 9, 2010 4:32 am | by Betsey Blaney, Associated Press Writer | News | CommentsLUBBOCK, Texas (AP) — An explosion in the Texas Panhandle that killed two men was the second deadly blast in the state in two days involving workers who have accidentally hit natural gas lines. The blast Tuesday involved a crew that was removing caliche — commonly used in cement — from a pit for a dirt-contracting company, Lipscomb County Sheriff James Robertson said in a news release.
Navistar Posts Surprise 2Q Profit
June 9, 2010 4:31 am | News | CommentsWARRENVILLE, Ill. (AP) — Navistar International posted a surprise profit for the second quarter Wednesday on strong sales of trucks and a new structure that lowered material costs and shifted plant operations. Navistar more than doubled its net income, even as revenue dipped. "Our expectations are to be profitable across the business cycle," Chairman and CEO Daniel C.
Wind-To-Fertilizer Plant Is A 'No-Brainer'
June 9, 2010 4:28 am | by Dirk Lammers, Associated Press Writer | News | CommentsMORRIS, Minn. (AP) — The winds sweeping across the Northern Plains could soon help farmers fertilize their crops of corn, wheat and sorghum. Minnesota researchers have designed a $3.75 million carbon-free system that uses wind power from a towering turbine to produce anhydrous ammonia, a common nitrogen-based fertilizer.
Farming Fuel, Powering The Grid
June 8, 2010 6:03 am | by Carrie Ellis, Editor, Chem.Info | Articles | CommentsAt one time, Farm Power stored its feedstock in this large tank, but upon discovering that the hay doesn't degrade much when exposed to the elements, the not-for-profit chose to store it more naturally, on the ground. The antiquated view of the family farm may already be long gone in the minds of many, but Farm Power has managed to plow itself straight from the stigmatized old-fashioned farm into a farm of the future.
Bernanke: No 'Double Dipping' On Recession
June 8, 2010 5:23 am | News | Commentsby Jeannine Aversa, AP Economics Writer WASHINGTON (AP) — Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said Monday he is hopeful the economy will gain traction and not fall back into a "double dip" recession. "My best guess is we will have a continued recovery, but it won't feel terrific," Bernanke said.
Honda's Chinese Suppliers Continue Strikes
June 8, 2010 5:07 am | by Elaine Kurtenbach, AP Business Writer | News | CommentsSHANGHAI (AP) — Honda Motor Co. said Tuesday it was assessing the impact of a walkout by some workers at one of its parts suppliers in China, just days after resolving a strike that froze car production at four factories. The strike by some workers at Foshan Fengfu Autoparts Co. in Foshan, a city in southern China's Guangdong province, began Monday morning, said company spokesman Keitaro Yamamoto.
Hong Kong Protesters Picket Apple's Supply Chain
June 8, 2010 4:55 am | by Min Lee, Associated Press Writer | News | CommentsHONG KONG (AP) — Protesters picketed Foxconn's annual general meeting in Hong Kong on Tuesday, accusing both the Apple Inc. supplier and computer giant of poor corporate ethics after a spate of suicides at Foxconn factories in mainland China. The 30 demonstrators held signs saying, "Workers are not machines.
Ind. Trailer Maker Closes Plant, Fires 150 Workers
June 8, 2010 4:39 am | News | CommentsMIDDLEBURY, Ind. (AP) — A northern Indiana cargo trailer maker says it may close its plant in the city of Middlebury — a move that would cost 150 workers their jobs. Illinois-based Pace American Inc. notified the state of the possible closing late last week, saying it is in the process of selling its business operations and assets.
Feds Offer $19 Million In Grants To Ex-NUMMI Workers
June 8, 2010 4:31 am | by Evelyn Nieves, Associated Press Writer | News | CommentsFREMONT, Calif. (AP) — U.S. Labor Secretary Hilda Solis said Monday that the federal government will provide $19 million in emergency grants to help thousands of workers who lost their jobs when California's only auto plant closed. Solis said the money would be used to retrain workers at New United Motor Manufacturing Inc.
Manufacturing Jobs Ease Nationwide Economic Stress
June 8, 2010 4:29 am | by Martin Crutsinger and Mike Schneider, Associated Press Writers | News | CommentsWASHINGTON (AP) — Manufacturing job gains in the Midwest helped lower the nation's economic stress in April to its lowest point in five months, according to The Associated Press' monthly analysis of conditions around the country. Contributing to the improvement were lower foreclosure rates in two states with beaten-down housing markets: California and Florida.
Hyundai's Indian Workers Continue Crippling Strike
June 8, 2010 4:28 am | by Erika Kinetz, AP Business Writer | News | CommentsMUMBAI, India (AP) — Police arrested some 200 workers occupying a Hyundai Motor plant as a strike stopped the automaker's Indian production for a second day, the latest in a series of union battles that have pushed the nation's No. 2 carmaker to move some production to Turkey. Hyundai spokesman Rajiv Mitra said police removed the workers from the factory shortly after midday Tuesday and arrested about 200.


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Challenging Some of the Myths About Static Code Analysis
Click here to download now
Overview: Why Static Code Analysis? Static code analysis, or SCA, can be described as the analysis of whole-program source code without the execution of that program. A number of interpretations and even misconceptions about this technology and how it impacts or benefits you, the developer, have emerged over time. You may have heard some of them yourself.
Thankfully, there is also a lot of information about the many benefits SCA provides, from faster project execution, to better source code at check-in, to less costly development cycles and shorter time-to-market. At Klocwork, that's certainly the page we're on. We make SCA tools that are extremely valuable to developers, helping you identify and fix source code security vulnerabilities, defects, standards violations or other issues early in the development process - in our case, on your desktop, while you're writing your code.
To help tell the right story, we put this paper together to dispel some of the 'myths' about SCA, myths that serve mostly to distort the true value static analysis can bring to you and your software development lifecycle (SDLC).


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Manufacturers Directory from Taiwan, China, Asia Manufacturers and Suppliers and exporters
Bridging the Gap Between Buyers and Suppliers
Inquiry Cart
The inquiry cart works like your shopping cart. Please select which company's products or companies you want to contact.
You have to add products or companies into Inquiry Cart first, and click inquire now to send your message.
Your Inquiry Cart is empty, Please go to
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DIY Wedding Decor Anyone Can Make
When it comes to wedding decor, why buy it when you can DIY it? Here are some easy wedding accents anyone can make.
On TV
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We're serving up the latest news, gorgeous style, crafty DIY projects, clever entertaining tips and more. Consider these your design digests.


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A popular shopping destination for today's teenagers, Aéropostale is a leading mall-based specialty retailer that designs, markets and sells its own brand of casual, current apparel targeting 14 to 18 year-olds...
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Aldo Shoes is an upscale shoe store with offerings for both men and women.
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AE brings you high quality, on-trend clothing, accessories and personal care products at affordable prices. AE's collection includes modern basics like jeans, surplus and graphic tees as well as a stylish...
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Come pamper yourself at this full service nail salon. Other personal services are also available. Appointments are available or you may just drop in and induldge yourself.
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Bath & Body Works is the apothecary of the 21st century. It is the authority dedicated to helping people find their own individual paths to well-being by bringing them the very best personal care products the world has to...
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Founded in 1971, Bed Bath & Beyond Inc. is a nationwide chain of superstores selling predominantly better quality domestics merchandise and home furnishings. Bed Bath & Beyond combines superior service and a huge...
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Best Buy is North America's number-one specialty retailer of consumer electronics, personal computers, entertainment software and appliances.
See all things: Best Buy Accessories Music & Movies Home Furnishings
Beyond the Grape is a new fruit infusion wine lounge selling wine made from tropical fruit, citrus, stone fruit and berries. They offer free wine tastings so you can try before you buy. Beyond the Grape also offers...
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Enjoy a taste of the Orient with delicious offerings from Brickery Grill.
See all things: Brickery's Grill Restaurants (order at the counter)
Brow Art 23 is a fully licensed eyebrow threading boutique. We pride ourselves on offering a wide range of beauty and skin care services, with an emphasis on threading. We have both the technical expertise as well as the...
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The Buckle is a specialty retailer offering a distinctive combination of selection and service. From denim and footwear to outerwear and accessories - the Buckle takes a lifestyle approach to fashion, tailoring the...
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Champs Sports has athletic shoes, running shoes and sports apparel from Nike, Adidas, Reebok, new balance, Asics, air Jordan. Get The Real Stuff First.
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Charlotte Russe is a growing, mall-based specialty retailer of fashionable, value-priced apparel and accessories. We provide exciting, fashion-forward merchandise that appeals to a broad range of customers, with a core...
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We didn't invent the chicken, just the chicken sandwich. Offering tender chicken specialties and sandwiches.
See all things: Chick-fil-A Restaurants (order at the counter)
Chico's is a specialty retailer of exclusively designed, private label, sophisticated, casual-to-dressy clothing, complimentary accessories and other non-clothing gift items. Virtually all of the clothing, accessories and...
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The accent is on freshness and the selection is fantastic. Choose from a variety of healthy, authentic Chinese dishes served fresh every day.
See all things: China Max Restaurants (order at the counter)
A modern version of a traditional bakery where you can sample delicious and world-famous cinnamon rolls. Not just for breakfast, but for dessert, at the office or anytime you want to eat something unbelievably delicious.
See all things: Cinnabon Specialty & Gourmet Foods
Claire's Stores, Inc. is a leading international specialty retailer offering value-priced costume jewelry, accessories and cosmetics to fashion-aware tweens, teens and young adults.
See all things: Claire's Boutique Jewelry & Watches Accessories
Clarks footwear is all about style. And all about comfort. As we see it, you can't have one without the other. Our designers seek out the freshest trends from cities around the world, and then interpret them in a way...
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The Cotton On Group is a retail powerhouse renowned for its winning combination of globally relevant fashion for men and women at affordable prices. It all began back in 1991 with one store in Geelong, Victoria, Australia...
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The newest addition to The Gymboree Corporation's family of brands, Crazy 8 offers fashionable outfits at a great value for girls and boys sizes Newborn to 14. The first Crazy 8 store opened in August 2007, and The...
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Dick's Sporting Goods is an authentic full-line sporting goods retailer offering a broad assortment of brand name sporting goods equipment, apparel, and footwear in a specialty store environment.
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Dillard's focuses on delivering maximum value to its shoppers, with fairly priced merchandise complemented by exceptional customer service. Dillard's stores offer a broad selection of merchandise, including products...
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The latest styles for the fashionable young woman on the go.
See all things: Diva's Women's Fashions
Since 1994, Earthbound Trading Company has provided an eclectic assortment of products at great prices in an environment that creates a sense of adventure and variety for our customers. We work closely with artisans...
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Elite has Gold to sell and will buy your gold too . They are also a jewelry repair pair of watchs and other jewelry.
See all things: Elite Jewelers Jewelry & Watches
Personalize any item for that perfect gift! Hats, shirts and much more available to embroider or bring in your own item.
See all things: Embroidery Station Men's Fashions Men's & Women's Fashions Accessories Services
Express is the must-have sexy, sophisticated fashion brand for work, the weekend, or going out. It's what's new and what's now for young fashion-forward women and men. We started more than thirty years ago as an...
See all things: Express Women's Fashions
Finish Line is a leading athletic retailer offering the best selection of brand name footwear, apparel and accessories. The company operates more than 660 stores in 47 states and online at www.finishline.com. We...
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Fletcher's Jewelers carries a complete line of diamond jewelry including engagement rings, wedding rings, bridal sets and earrings. In addition to our excellent assortment of diamond jewelry, we offer a large selection of...
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Foot Locker is the world's leading retailer of athletic footwear and apparel. Headquartered in New York City, it operates approximately 3,900 athletic retail stores in 17 countries in North America, Europe and Australia.
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Francesca's specializes in the most fashion-forward styles in women's clothing, accessories, and gifts. Our stores are constantly filled with new treasures and our style is always one step ahead of the trend. Each...
See all things: Francesca's Collections Jewelry & Watches Women's Fashions Accessories
FYE For Your Entertainment- music, movies, games, CDs, DVDs, the latest hits, deep classics, rare imports, box sets, limited editions...all the entertainment you love.
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GameStop.com Inc. sells the most popular new software, hardware and game accessories for the PC and next generation game console systems from Sony, Nintendo, Microsoft and Sega and is also the industry's largest reseller...
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Glow-in-the-dark mini golf.
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GNC sets the standard in the health and nutrition industry by demanding truth in labeling, ingredient safety and product potency, all while remaining on the cutting edge of nutritional science. General Nutrition Centers...
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The Gordon's Jewelers Story In 1905 Gordon's opened as the first general mercantile store in Houston, Texas, and watches and jewelry were only a small portion of the store's inventory. Today, Gordon's has grown to...
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Gymboree® Unique from head to toe. Girls and boys clothing and accessories for newborns, toddlers and children up to size 12.
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There's a lot more to Hallmark than just our legendary cards. We also offer partyware from Party Express. Hallmark Card and Gift Collections offers a distinct point of view and helps you express your own identity and...
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Harris Jewelry's mission is to provide military personnel and their families quality jewelry and watches with convenient and reasonable payment terms, while offering exceptional customer service. Experience the Harris...
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Since 1915, Helzberg Diamonds has helped people celebrate their most heartfelt and meaningful occasions. Founded on a commitment to superior customer service, we offer a dazzling selection of fine jewelry – so you're...
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Hollister Co. is the newest southern Cali lifestyle retailer geared towards energetic and outgoing guys and girls. Continuing to paddle to the top, Hollister's leading the way with our hip, casual, and trend setting...
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Do you have a passion for music, pop culture and music-inspired fashion? Hot Topic does. From the merchandise assortment to the staff to the exclusive in-store events and artist appearances - walk into any Hot Topic store...
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Accessories, Jewelry, Fashion and Makeup for Young Women
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Stores feature premier lifestyle and footwear brands including Nike, Jordan, adidas, Polo Footwear, Levi's, Decibel, Coogi, Apple Bottoms and Rocawear, just to name a few. We receive clothing, shoes and accessories daily...
See all things: Jimmy Jazz Department Stores & Anchors Men's Fashions Children's & Infant Fashions
Jos. A. Bank is not just another menswear retailer. What makes us unique is also what has attracted customers to our stores for 100 years; a heritage of quality and workmanship, an extensive selection of beautifully made...
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Journeys is a destination retailer of shoes and accessories for diverse, young, 13-22 year old guys and girls in search of footwear that expresses their unique attitudes and lifestyles. Journeys offers a wide variety of...
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Philly cheese steak sandwiches and other sandwiches
See all things: JR Steakery Restaurants (order at the counter)
Justice has the hottest fashions for girls and tweens. From stylish dresses, to casual wear, shoes and accessories, you 'll find it all at Justice.
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Every diamond is hand-selected to match beautifully and must pass exacting quality standards. Kay is diligent about the quality of our craftsmanship. We take the time to ensure the diamonds in your jewelry are well...
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Kids Foot Locker offers parents a place where they can get the largest selection of quality athletic footwear, apparel and accessories for their children, as well as, expert advice that will meet or exceed their child's...
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Looking for the hottest skate boarding equipment, hippest skater shoes and clothing? You'll find it at Klik!
See all things: Klik Men's & Women's Fashions Sporting Goods & Athletic Wear
As the leading fashion brand for curvy women, Lane Bryant continually strives not only to be first in fashion and fit, but to be everywhere, be everything you expect us to be. From clothing and accessories to our...
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LensCrafters was the first company of its kind to offer the convenience of getting an eye exam and choosing stylish frames fitted with the latest high tech lenses in one location. Same day services available.
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Lids is the world's largest retailer specializing in the sale of officially licensed and branded headwear. Every store offers a vast assortment of college, MLB, NBA, NFL and NHL teams, as well as other specialty fashion...
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Known for its fashion forward scrubs for women and men, Life Uniform is a one stop shopping destination for all healthcare apparel, medical uniforms, scrubs, lab coats, hosiery, and other healthcare accessory needs...
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LOFT is your go-to destination for everyday glamour. And the best part is, we help you put your favorite pieces together in a way that makes them your own. That's why we're your trusted personal stylist. Shop LOFT stores...
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Go Straight to the Heart A gift of jewelry from Marks & Morgan is the perfect way to show how you feel. We invite you to use this site to find out where we are... then come in and see what we're all about.
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MasterCuts is a casual, upbeat salon that offers cool, classic looks for the whole family. All at practical prices. Conveniently close, we're right here in your neighborhood mall. Since our services are individually...
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At Maurice's, our customers find a place to express their individuality and feel good about who they are. With styles that match the budget and the occasion – and sizes 1-24 – the fashions always fit. Whether our...
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Founded in 1973, Men's Wearhouse is one of North America's largest specialty retailers of men's apparel with 1,239 stores. The Men's Wearhouse, Moores and K&G stores carry a full selection of designer, brand name and...
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Mia & Maxx Hair Studios are "street-chic" salons geared to a trendier, younger, cooler, unisex crowd. Want attitude? Want style? Get it all at Mia & Maxx Hair Studio. Our stylists are skilled in the art of cut and color...
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Founded in December 2000 in Atlanta, GA, Moe's Southwest Grill® is a fun and engaging fast-casual restaurant franchise serving a wide variety of fresh, made-to-order Southwest fare in a welcoming environment that...
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Great style. Great value. Always sexy. New York & Company is a lifestyle brand: the clothes are modern and trendy; the prices are affordable. New York & Company is available exclusively in our own stores. That's a...
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Fresh sushi, made daily and to order is waiting for you at Nippon Express. Dine in or carry out.
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Affiliate Member
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PacSun offers a wide selection of casual apparel, footwear and accessories for young guys and girls inspired by the California lifestyle. From boardshorts and t-shirts to jeans and hoodies, you can't go wrong anytime of...
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Located at Center Court.
See all things: Pandora Jewelry & Watches Accessories
Phone and fax orders welcome. Fax 494-1704
See all things: Panera Bread Specialty & Gourmet Foods Restaurants (order at the counter)
High fashion shoes without the high price. Find shoes for every occasion, season and reason . . .including wide widths and hard-to-find sizes!
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This trendy boutique offers a fab selection of hair bows, jewelry for kids & adults, and luggage & travel accessories. Petrie's can personalize most items in the store and offers all of this at affordable prices.
See all things: Petrie's Children's & Infant Fashions Accessories Specialty Shops Luggage
Piercing Pagoda offers customers an extensive selection of popularly priced 10 karat and 14 karat gold chains, charms, bracelets, rings and earrings, as well as a variety of silver and diamond jewelry in select locations...
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FEAST YOUR EYES (AND BELLY) ON THE HEALTHIER ALTERNATIVE TO FAST FOOD!We believe you don't need to sacrifice your health to get a quick, tasty meal. That's why we start with our unique soft and roll-able pita bread, then...
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All things pretzel! Enjoy pretzel bites, flavored pretzels, and a wide variety of drinks.
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The acne cycle starts invisibly, below the skin'ssurface, weeks before a blemish breaks out. That's why Proactiv is designed to attack acne "proactively"—delivering the right combination of medicines and skin-care agents...
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Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc. (www.redrobin.com), a casual dining restaurant chain founded in 1969, serves up wholesome, fun, feel-good experiences in a kid- and family-friendly environment. Red Robin® restaurants are...
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Regis Salons serve fashionable females who consider their hairstyles an important part of their fashion formula. These women go to the cut and color experts at Regis Salons, the flagship division of Regis Corporation, the...
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Run by Chefs....That Explains the Food." Mouth-watering Italian cuisine, a fine dining atmosphere, and the highest quality service will make your experience one to remember."
See all things: Romano's Macaroni Grill Restaurants (order via wait staff)
Style for less- At Ross expect to find designer and brand name fashions for men, women, kids and home at everyday savings of 20-70% compared to department and specialty stores.
See all things: Ross Dress for Less Department Stores & Anchors Women's Fashions Men's Fashions Men's & Women's Fashions Children's & Infant Fashions Accessories Home Furnishings
rue21 is a leading specialty retailer offering the latest fashion for girls and guys. We continue to strive for the best selection while offering a competitive pricing strategy. As new goods arrive daily, our choices of...
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Designer sunglasses from Coach to Revo. They also have sunglass accessories.
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Authentic, delicious Japanese dishes.
See all things: Sarku Japan Restaurants (order at the counter)
Discover Sephora: from unparalleled beauty advice to professional makeovers, tap into the latest products, skincare, and expertise. Be among the first to shop exclusive brands like Marc Jacobs Beauty, Formula X, Bite...
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SHOE DEPT. ENCORE carries popular-price brands as well as Eastland, Timberland, Tommy Hilfiger, Hush Puppies, Life Stride, Rocky Boots, K Swiss, Reebok, Nike, Keds, New Balance and Hi-Tec. We have products from Ladies...
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A fine jewelry store that specilzes in Sorrelli Jewelry.
See all things: Silverwear 925 Jewelry & Watches
Purchase gift cards for those hard to buy for friends and family, and get friendly, courteous customer service from our associates.
See all things: Simon Guest Services Services Variety
Soma knows that beautiful begins underneath. Home of the warmest personal service, Soma embraces women with luxuriously soft fabrics, innovative fashion, and an always perfect fit. Each Soma associate is a trained Bra Fit...
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Spencer Gifts, Inc. is the world's premiere retail specialty gift chain specializing in unique, irreverent, trendy and fad based merchandise. Our product mix makes us more than a specialty retail store; we are an Oasis...
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Pensacola's best selection of licensed sports team merchandise. Whether you cheer for Florida or Florida State, Alabama or Auburn, the Saints or the Buccaneers, the Cardinals or the Reds, you'll find Sports Avenue can...
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Starbucks purchases and roasts high-quality whole bean coffees and sells them along with fresh, rich-brewed, Italian style espresso beverages, a variety of pastries and confections, and coffee-related accessories and...
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At Sunglass Hut, our mission is to be the premier shopping and inspiration destination for the top brands, latest trends and exclusive styles of high quality fashion and performance sunglasses.
See all things: Sunglass Hut Accessories Sunglasses, Optical & Eyewear
Techshell specializes in repairing small electronics, cell phones, ipads, digital cameras, laptops and hand held game units. Repair Hours are Monday - Saturday 12:00noon -9:00pm and Sunday 2:00pm -6:00pm or visit...
See all things: TECHSHELL Accessories Music & Movies Specialty Shops Photography & Printing
Our mission is to help customers celebrate life's special moments through personalized gifts -- from the celebration of birthdays to commemoration of achievements to weddings to births of babies. Our focus is on the...
See all things: Things Remembered Specialty Shops Cards, Books, Gifts & Stationery
Tiki Jakes... your retail apparel and accessories destination specializing in Life is Good, Guy Harvey, Salt Life, Old GuysRule, Santiki, Sanuk, Rainbow and more. We also carry a large coastal jewelry assortment, men's...
See all things: Tiki Jakes Miscellaneous
It's good to be seen, and it's even better to be seen after a trip to Tilly's. Tilly's offers the widest range of apparel and accessories from the coolest companies on the planet…Volcom, Hurley, RVCA, Fox, DC, Neff...
See all things: Tilly's Shoes & Footwear Women's Fashions Men's Fashions Men's & Women's Fashions Children's & Infant Fashions Accessories Specialty Shops
Let the professionals at Tip N Toes lavish you with one of their many services from manicures and pedicures to acrylic nails and eye brow shaping.
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Hundreds of fragrances for both men and woman - including some hard to find brands - at lowers prices than you would pay elsewhere.
See all things: Top of the Line Fragrance Health, Bath & Beauty
Torrid designs and retails on-trend fashion apparel, accessories and lingerie for young, stylish women sizes 12 to 28. Its collections inspire them to feel sexy, confident and downright irresistible.
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Underground Station sells the latest in footwear, apparel, & accessories, for both men and women who value cutting-edge styles and the latest brands. As an emerging retail chain with over 140 locations, we offer the...
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Vans is the original action sports footwear company and a leading lifestyle brand for today's youth market. Vans collections include active and performance footwear, apparel and accessories. Vans supports and promotes...
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Verizon Wireless is the nation's leading provider of wireless communications. The company has the largest nationwide wireless voice and data network and over 100 million customers.
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The leading specialty retailer of apparel, lingerie, bras, panties, sleepwear, hosiery and more.
See all things: Victoria's Secret Women's Fashions Health, Bath & Beauty
Visionworks is committed to providing our customers with an excellent shopping experience and high quality products and service with the best value and selection in the industry. All of our stores offer designer and...
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Wet Seal is a leading specialty retailer of fashionable and contemporary apparel and accessory items.
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At World Market, you'll find top-quality furniture, eclectic home décor, unique gifts, global food and entertaining essentials at the best values anywhere. Discover an array of decorative wall art, outdoor, curtains, rugs...
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The Yankee Candle Brand Promise A Passion for Fragrance® Season after season, from reliving favorite memories to setting a mood, we share your passion for fragrance®. It's what drives us to search the world for fresh...
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The Zales Story In 1924 Zales opened its first jewelry store in Wichita Falls, Texas. Today, Zales is headquartered in Irving, Texas. We have over 785 stores nationwide and we're one of the largest buyers and processors...
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Discover Zumiez snowboarding and skateboarding shoes, clothing and much more. Cool clothes for girls, guys and youth!
See all things: Zumiez Men's & Women's Fashions Sporting Goods & Athletic Wear


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I am a radiation oncologist whose clinical practice is dedicated exclusively to the care of breast cancer patients. My research is primarily focused on developing innovations that permit effective delivery of radiation to the breast and regional lymph nodes while minimizing unnecessary radiation exposure to healthy organs.
For example, along with my colleagues in the Department of Radiation Oncology, I have been refining a technique called multibeam intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for select patients with locally advanced breast cancer. This approach allows customization of the radiation beams to specific areas while minimizing high doses to the underlying heart and lungs. My goal in studying this approach in a clinical trial here at Memorial Sloan Kettering [Pilot Study of Multi-Beam Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Node-Positive Breast Cancer Requiring Treatment of the Internal Mammary Lymph Nodes] is to improve disease outcomes and simultaneously enhance quality of life for breast cancer patients by reducing treatment-related toxicities.
My other research interests include the impact of reconstructive surgery on the ability to deliver radiation, and the optimization of radiation techniques in patients who choose to receive implant-based reconstruction. I am also involved in the development of many therapeutic protocols combining radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery for breast cancers.
Breast Cancer
MD, Tufts University School of Medicine
St. Vincent's Catholic Medical Center (New York); Mount Sinai Medical Center (New York)
We will assist you or your referring doctor to make an appointment with one of our physicians.


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Lori Howard Undergraduate Office Manager (803) 807-5024 Email Lori Howard |
Don N. Howell, Jr. Professor of New Testament and Greek (803) 807-5343 Email Don N. Howell, Jr. B.I.E., Georgia Institute of Technology; Th.M., Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary Read More... |
Libby Howell Accounts Payable (803) 807-5072 Email Libby Howell |
Tirrell Howell Associate Director of Information Technology (803) 807-5191 Email Tirrell Howell |
Jane Huss Registration (803) 807-5033 Email Jane Huss |
Larry Huss Controller (803) 807-5074 Email Larry Huss |
Nabeel Jabbour Email Nabeel Jabbour B.A., American University in Beirut; M.A., Near East School of Theology in Beirut; D.Th., University of South Africa Read More... |
Christopher Jero Dr. Jero has taught in numerous capacities at Hebrew Union College as well as a Faculty Assistant at Columbia International University. He has a Ph.D. (Bible and Ancient Near East) and a M.Phil. (Hebraic and Cognate Studies) from Hebrew Union College and an M.A. (Old Testament) from Columbia International University. Read More... |
Christopher Jero Email Christopher Jero |
Abbie Johnson Production Assistant 803-807-5700 Email Abbie Johnson Abbie Johnson came to CIU for her undergraduate studies and decided to develop her skills as the Production Assistant for the Center of Educational Innovation and Development after she graduated. In CEID, Abbie is our graphic design, production, and media virtuoso (picture all your favorite superheroes rolled into one, add a tremendous wit, and you've got it!). When she's not editing... Read More... |
George Johnson Math Professor Email George Johnson B.A., Furman University; Ph.D., University of Tennessee Read More... |
Peggie Etheredge Johnson Adjunct Education Professor (803) 807-5316 Email Peggie Etheredge Johnson R.C., Kenneth Shuler's School of Cosmetology; B.A., W.L. Bonner College; M.A., Columbia International University, M.Ed., Columbia International University Read More... |
Brian Johnston Assistant Director of Food Services (803) 807-5277 Email Brian Johnston |
Debby Jones Email Debby Jones Debby Jones challenges women through solid Bible teaching to grow deeper in their walk with Christ. Whether addressing large audiences or small discipleship groups, her style remains personal and practical. Debby has a masters degree in Educational Ministries and co-authored the best-selling book Lady in Waiting... Read More... |
Don Jones Director of Human Resources (803) 807-5009 Email Don Jones |
William H. Jones President (803) 807-5039 Email William H. Jones |
Lothar Käser M.A., Ph.D., University of Freiburg Read More... |
Juenarrl Keith B.A., Morris College; M.A. in Counseling Services, Webster University; M.Div., Erskine Theological Seminary; D.Min., Drew University Read More... |
Sally Kennedy Director of Health Services (803) 807-5056 Email Sally Kennedy |
Phyllis Kilbourn Adjunct Education Professor Email Phyllis Kilbourn Ph.D., Trinity International University; M.A., Asbury Theological Seminary; B.A., Trevecca Nazarene Read More... |
Roy M. King Professor of Ministry Studies (803) 807-5302 Email Roy M. King B.S., East Tennessee State University; M.A., Columbia International University; D.Min, Fuller Theological Seminary; Ph.D., Oxford Graduate School Read More... |
Julia Klausli Adjunct Counseling Professor Email Julia Klausli B.A., M.A., Columbia International University, Ph.D., University of Texas at Dallas Read More... |
Markus Klausli Professor of New Testament & Greek (803) 807-5372 Email Markus Klausli B.A., Seattle Pacific University; M.Div., Columbia International University; S.T.M., Ph.D., Dallas Theological Seminary Read More... |
Charles Koestline Adjunct Counseling Professor Email Charles Koestline B.A., Suffolk University; M.A., Miami University Read More... |
Jürgen Küberski Email Jürgen Küberski M.Div. equiv., Staatsunabhangige Theologische Hochschule, Basel, Switzerland; Ph.D., Evangelische Theologische Faculteit, Leuven, Belgium Read More... |


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SAVAGE ARMS Axis Rifle
The Savage Axis, formerly the Savage Edge is rated best-in-class entry level rifle. Featuring modern design, silky smooth bolt operation, detachable box magazine, dual pillar bedding, composite stock in black or camo, 22 in free floating barrel with Sporter Taper, matte black or stainless metal finish, and a two position safety.
SPECIFICATIONS:Mfg Item Num: 19199 Category: FIREARMS - RIFLES Action :BoltCaliber :7mm-08 RemingtonBarrel Length :22 in Capacity :3 + 1Trigger :StandardSafety :Two PositionLength :43.87 in Weight :6.5 lbsStock :Camo SyntheticFinish :Black


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Overview of Kidney Disease in Children
On this page:
- How does kidney disease affect children?
- What are the kidneys and what do they do?
- What are the causes of kidney disease in children?
- How is kidney disease in children diagnosed?
- How is kidney disease in children treated?
- Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
- Points to Remember
- Hope through Research
- For More Information
- Acknowledgments
How does kidney disease affect children?
Kidney disease can affect children in various ways, ranging from treatable disorders without long-term consequences to life-threatening conditions. Acute kidney disease develops suddenly, lasts a short time, and can be serious with long-lasting consequences or may go away completely once the underlying cause has been treated. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) does not go away with treatment and tends to get worse over time. CKD eventually leads to kidney failure, described as end-stage kidney disease or ESRD when treated with a kidney transplant or blood-filtering treatments called dialysis.
Children with CKD or kidney failure face many challenges, which can include
- a negative self-image
- relationship problems
- behavior problems
- learning problems
- trouble concentrating
- delayed language skills development
- delayed motor skills development
Children with CKD may grow at a slower rate than their peers, and urinary incontinence—the loss of bladder control, which results in the accidental loss of urine—is common.
Read more in Facing the Challenges of Chronic Kidney Disease in Children at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
What are the kidneys and what do they do?
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of the spine. Every day, the two kidneys filter about 120 to 150 quarts of blood to produce about 1 to 2 quarts of urine, composed of wastes and extra fluid. Children produce less urine than adults and the amount produced depends on their age. The kidneys work around the clock; a person does not control what they do. Ureters are the thin tubes of muscle—one on each side of the bladder—that carry urine from each of the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until the person finds an appropriate time and place to urinate.
The kidney is not one large filter. Each kidney is made up of about a million filtering units called nephrons. Each nephron filters a small amount of blood. The nephron includes a filter, called a glomerulus, and a tubule. The nephrons work through a two-step process. The glomerulus lets fluid and waste products pass through it; however, it prevents blood cells and large molecules, mostly proteins, from passing. The filtered fluid then passes through the tubule, which changes the fluid by sending needed minerals back to the bloodstream and removing wastes. The final product becomes urine.
The kidneys also control the level of minerals such as sodium, phosphorus, and potassium in the body, and produce an important hormone to prevent anemia. Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells is less than normal, resulting in less oxygen carried to the body's cells.
What are the causes of kidney disease in children?
Kidney disease in children can be caused by
- birth defects
- hereditary diseases
- infection
- nephrotic syndrome
- systemic diseases
- trauma
- urine blockage or reflux
From birth to age 4, birth defects and hereditary diseases are the leading causes of kidney failure. Between ages 5 and 14, kidney failure is most commonly caused by hereditary diseases, nephrotic syndrome, and systemic diseases. Between ages 15 and 19, diseases that affect the glomeruli are the leading cause of kidney failure, and hereditary diseases become less common.1
Birth Defects
A birth defect is a problem that happens while a baby is developing in the mother's womb. Birth defects that affect the kidneys include renal agenesis, renal dysplasia, and ectopic kidney, to name a few. These defects are abnormalities of size, structure, or position of the kidneys:
- renal agenesis—children born with only one kidney
- renal dysplasia—children born with both kidneys, yet one does not function
- ectopic kidney—children born with a kidney that is located below, above, or on the opposite side of its usual position
In general, children with these conditions lead full, healthy lives. However, some children with renal agenesis or renal dysplasia are at increased risk for developing kidney disease.
Hereditary Diseases
Hereditary kidney diseases are illnesses passed from parent to child through the genes. One example is polycystic kidney disease (PKD), characterized by many grapelike clusters of fluid-filled cysts—abnormal sacs—that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. Another hereditary disease is Alport syndrome, which is caused by a mutation in a gene for a type of protein called collagen that makes up the glomeruli. The condition leads to scarring of the kidneys. Alport syndrome generally develops in early childhood and is more serious in boys than in girls. The condition can lead to hearing and vision problems in addition to kidney disease.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome and acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis are kidney diseases that can develop in a child after an infection.
- Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a rare disease that is often caused by the Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterium found in contaminated foods, such as meat, dairy products, and juice. Hemolytic uremic syndrome develops when E. coli bacteria lodged in the digestive tract make toxins that enter the bloodstream. The toxins start to destroy red blood cells and damage the lining of the blood vessels, including the glomeruli. Most children who get an E. coli infection have vomiting, stomach cramps, and bloody diarrhea for 2 to 3 days. Children who develop hemolytic uremic syndrome become pale, tired, and irritable. Hemolytic uremic syndrome can lead to kidney failure in some children.
- Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis can occur after an episode of strep throat or a skin infection. The Streptococcus bacterium does not attack the kidneys directly; instead, the infection may stimulate the immune system to overproduce antibodies. Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system. The immune system protects people from infection by identifying and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful foreign substances. When the extra antibodies circulate in the blood and finally deposit in the glomeruli, the kidneys can be damaged. Most cases of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis develop 1 to 3 weeks after an untreated infection, though it may be as long as 6 weeks. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis lasts only a brief time and the kidneys usually recover. In a few cases, kidney damage may be permanent.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms that indicate kidney damage. Nephrotic syndrome includes all of the following conditions:
- albuminuria—when a person's urine contains an elevated level of albumin, a protein typically found in the blood
- hyperlipidemia—higher-than-normal fat and cholesterol levels in the blood
- edema—swelling, usually in the legs, feet, or ankles and less often in the hands or face
- hypoalbuminemia—low levels of albumin in the blood
Nephrotic syndrome in children can be caused by the following conditions:
- Minimal change disease is a condition characterized by damage to the glomeruli that can be seen only with an electron microscope, which shows tiny details better than any other type of microscope. The cause of minimal change disease is unknown; some health care providers think it may occur after allergic reactions, vaccinations, and viral infections.
- Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is scarring in scattered regions of the kidney, typically limited to a small number of glomeruli.
- Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is a group of autoimmune diseases that cause antibodies to build up on a membrane in the kidney. Autoimmune diseases cause the body's immune system to attack the body's own cells and organs.
Systemic Diseases
Systemic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) and diabetes, involve many organs or the whole body, including the kidneys:
- Lupus nephritis is kidney inflammation caused by SLE, which is an autoimmune disease.
- Diabetes leads to elevated levels of blood glucose, also called blood sugar, which scar the kidneys and increase the speed at which blood flows into the kidneys. Faster blood flow strains the glomeruli, decreasing their ability to filter blood, and raises blood pressure. Kidney disease caused by diabetes is called diabetic kidney disease. While diabetes is the number one cause of kidney failure in adults, it is an uncommon cause during childhood.
Read more about systemic kidney diseases in these publications at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov:
Traumas such as burns, dehydration, bleeding, injury, or surgery can cause very low blood pressure, which decreases blood flow to the kidneys. Low blood flow can result in acute kidney failure.
Urine Blockage or Reflux
When a blockage develops between the kidneys and the urethra, urine can back up into the kidneys and cause damage. Reflux—urine flowing from the bladder up to the kidney—happens when the valve between the bladder and the ureter does not close all the way.
1National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. United States Renal Data System 2010 Annual Data Report: Volume 2: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010. NIH publication 09–3176. Report.
How is kidney disease in children diagnosed?
A health care provider diagnoses kidney disease in children by completing a physical exam, asking for a medical history, and reviewing signs and symptoms. To confirm diagnosis, the health care provider may order one or more of the following tests:
Urine Tests
Dipstick test for albumin. The presence of albumin in urine is a sign that the kidneys may be damaged. Albumin in urine can be detected with a dipstick test performed on a urine sample. The urine sample is collected in a special container in a health care provider's office or a commercial facility and can be tested in the same location or sent to a lab for analysis. With a dipstick test, a nurse or technician places a strip of chemically treated paper, called a dipstick, into the person's urine sample. Patches on the dipstick change color when albumin is present in urine.
Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. A more precise measurement, such as a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, may be necessary to confirm kidney disease. Unlike a dipstick test for albumin, a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio—the ratio between the amount of albumin and the amount of creatinine in urine—is not affected by variation in urine concentration.
Blood test. Blood drawn in a health care provider's office and sent to a lab for analysis can be tested to estimate how much blood the kidneys filter each minute, called the estimated glomerular filtration rate or eGFR.
Imaging studies. Imaging studies provide pictures of the kidneys. The pictures help the health care provider see the size and shape of the kidneys and identify any abnormalities.
Kidney biopsy. Kidney biopsy is a procedure that involves taking a small piece of kidney tissue for examination with a microscope. Biopsy results show the cause of the kidney disease and extent of damage to the kidneys.
How is kidney disease in children treated?
Treatment for kidney disease in children depends on the cause of the illness. A child may be referred to a pediatric nephrologist—a doctor who specializes in treating kidney diseases and kidney failure in children—for treatment.
Children with a kidney disease that is causing high blood pressure may need to take medications to lower their blood pressure. Improving blood pressure can significantly slow the progression of kidney disease. The health care provider may prescribe
- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which help relax blood vessels and make it easier for the heart to pump blood
- angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which help relax blood vessels and make it easier for the heart to pump blood
- diuretics, medications that increase urine output
Many children require two or more medications to control their blood pressure; other types of blood pressure medications may also be needed.
As kidney function declines, children may need treatment for anemia and growth failure. Anemia is treated with a hormone called erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. Children with growth failure may need to make dietary changes and take food supplements or growth hormone injections.
Children with kidney disease that leads to kidney failure must receive treatment to replace the work the kidneys do. The two types of treatment are dialysis and transplantation. Read more in Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure in Children at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
Birth Defects
Children with renal agenesis or renal dysplasia should be monitored for signs of kidney damage. Treatment is not needed unless damage to the kidney occurs. Read more in Solitary Kidney at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
Ectopic kidney does not need to be treated unless it causes a blockage in the urinary tract or damage to the kidney. When a blockage is present, surgery may be needed to correct the position of the kidney for better drainage of urine. If extensive kidney damage has occurred, surgery may be needed to remove the kidney. Read more in Ectopic Kidney at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
Hereditary Diseases
Children with PKD tend to have frequent urinary tract infections, which are treated with bacteria-fighting medications called antibiotics. PKD cannot be cured, so children with the condition receive treatment to slow the progression of kidney disease and treat the complications of PKD. Read more in Polycystic Kidney Disease at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
Alport syndrome also has no cure. Children with the condition receive treatment to slow disease progression and treat complications until the kidneys fail. Read more in Glomerular Diseases Overview at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
Treatment for hemolytic uremic syndrome includes maintaining normal salt and fluid levels in the body to ease symptoms and prevent further problems. A child may need a transfusion of red blood cells delivered through an intravenous (IV) tube. Some children may need dialysis for a short time to take over the work the kidneys usually do. Most children recover completely with no long-term consequences. Read more in Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Children at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
Children with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis may be treated with antibiotics to destroy any bacteria that remain in the body and with medications to control swelling and high blood pressure. They may also need dialysis for a short period of time. Read more about post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in Glomerular Diseases Overview at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome due to minimal change disease can often be successfully treated with corticosteroids. Corticosteroids decrease swelling and reduce the activity of the immune system. The dosage of the medication is decreased over time. Relapses are common; however, they usually respond to treatment. Corticosteroids are less effective in treating nephrotic syndrome due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Children with these conditions may be given other immunosuppressive medications in addition to corticosteroids. Immunosuppressive medications prevent the body from making antibodies. Read more in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
Systemic Diseases
Lupus nephritis is treated with corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive medications. A child with lupus nephritis may also be treated with blood pressure-lowering medications. In many cases, treatment is effective in completely or partially controlling lupus nephritis. Read more in Lupus Nephritis at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
Diabetic kidney disease usually takes many years to develop. Children with diabetes can prevent or slow the progression of diabetic kidney disease by taking medications to control high blood pressure and maintaining normal blood glucose levels. Read more in Diabetic Kidney Disease at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
The types of trauma described above can be medically treated, though dialysis may be needed for a short time until blood flow and blood pressure return to normal.
Urine Blockage and Reflux
Treatment for urine blockage depends on the cause and severity of the blockage. In some cases, the blockage goes away without treatment. For children who continue to have urine blockage, surgery may be needed to remove the obstruction and restore urine flow. After surgery, a small tube, called a stent, may be placed in the ureter or urethra to keep it open temporarily while healing occurs. Read more in Urine Blockage in Newborns at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
Treatment for reflux may include prompt treatment of urinary tract infections and long-term use of antibiotics to prevent infections until reflux goes away on its own. Surgery has also been used in certain cases. Read more in Vesicoureteral Reflux at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
For children with CKD, learning about nutrition is vital because their diet can affect how well their kidneys work. Parents or guardians should always consult with their child's health care team before making any dietary changes. Staying healthy with CKD requires paying close attention to the following elements of a diet:
- Protein. Children with CKD should eat enough protein for growth while limiting high protein intake. Too much protein can put an extra burden on the kidneys and cause kidney function to decline faster. Protein needs increase when a child is on dialysis because the dialysis process removes protein from the child's blood. The health care team recommends the amount of protein needed for the child. Foods with protein include
- eggs
- milk
- cheese
- chicken
- fish
- red meats
- beans
- yogurt
- cottage cheese
- Sodium. The amount of sodium children need depends on the stage of their kidney disease, their age, and sometimes other factors. The health care team may recommend limiting or adding sodium and salt to the diet. Foods high in sodium include
- canned foods
- some frozen foods
- most processed foods
- some snack foods, such as chips and crackers
- Potassium. Potassium levels need to stay in the normal range for children with CKD, because too little or too much potassium can cause heart and muscle problems. Children may need to stay away from some fruits and vegetables or reduce the number of servings and portion sizes to make sure they do not take in too much potassium. The health care team recommends the amount of potassium a child needs. Low-potassium fruits and vegetables include
- apples
- cranberries
- strawberries
- blueberries
- raspberries
- pineapple
- cabbage
- boiled cauliflower
- mustard greens
- uncooked broccoli
- High-potassium fruits and vegetables include
- oranges
- melons
- apricots
- bananas
- potatoes
- tomatoes
- sweet potatoes
- cooked spinach
- cooked broccoli
- Phosphorus. Children with CKD need to control the level of phosphorus in their blood because too much phosphorus pulls calcium from the bones, making them weaker and more likely to break. Too much phosphorus also can cause itchy skin and red eyes. As CKD progresses, a child may need to take a phosphate binder with meals to lower the concentration of phosphorus in the blood. Phosphorus is found in high-protein foods. Foods with low levels of phosphorus include
- liquid nondairy creamer
- green beans
- popcorn
- unprocessed meats from a butcher
- lemon-lime soda
- root beer
- powdered iced tea and lemonade mixes
- rice and corn cereals
- egg white
- sorbet
- Fluids. Early in CKD, a child's damaged kidneys may produce either too much or too little urine, which can lead to swelling or dehydration. As CKD progresses, children may need to limit fluid intake. The health care provider will tell the child and parents or guardians the goal for fluid intake.
Read more in Nutrition for Chronic Kidney Disease in Children and Kidney Failure: Eat Right to Feel Right on Hemodialysis at www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov.
Points to Remember
- Kidney disease can affect children in various ways, ranging from treatable disorders without long-term consequences to life-threatening conditions. Acute kidney disease develops suddenly, lasts a short time, and can be serious with long-lasting consequences, or may go away completely once the underlying cause has been treated.
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) does not go away with treatment and tends to get worse over time.
- Kidney disease in children can be caused by
- birth defects
- hereditary diseases
- infection
- nephrotic syndrome
- systemic diseases
- trauma
- urine blockage or reflux
- A health care provider diagnoses kidney disease in children by completing a physical exam, asking for a medical history, and reviewing signs and symptoms. To confirm diagnosis, the health care provider may order one or more of the following tests:
- urine tests
- blood test
- imaging studies
- kidney biopsy
- Treatment for kidney disease in children depends on the cause of the illness.
- Children with a kidney disease that is causing high blood pressure may need to take medications to lower their blood pressure. Improving blood pressure can significantly slow the progression of kidney disease. As kidney function declines, children may need treatment for anemia and growth failure.
- Children with kidney disease that leads to kidney failure must receive treatment to replace the work the kidneys do. The two types of treatment are dialysis and transplantation.
- For children with CKD, learning about nutrition is vital because their diet can affect how well their kidneys work. Parents or guardians should always consult with their child's health care team before making any dietary changes.
Hope through Research
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) conducts and supports research to help people with urologic diseases, including children. The NIDDK, in collaboration with the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, funded the formation of a cooperative agreement between two Clinical Coordinating Centers and a Data Coordinating Center to conduct a prospective epidemiological study of children with CKD. The primary goals of the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children Prospective Cohort Study (CKiD) are to
- determine the risk factors for decline in kidney function
- define how a progressive decline in kidney function affects neurocognitive function and behavior
- determine risk factors for cardiovascular disease
- assess growth failure and its associated morbidity
More information about the CKiD, funded under National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical trial number NCT00327860, can be found at www.statepi.jhsph.edu/ckid .
Clinical trials are research studies involving people. Clinical trials look at safe and effective new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease. Researchers also use clinical trials to look at other aspects of care, such as improving the quality of life for people with chronic illnesses. To learn more about clinical trials, why they matter, and how to participate, visit the NIH Clinical Research Trials and You website at www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials. For information about current studies, visit www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
For More Information
American Association of Kidney Patients
2701 North Rocky Point Drive, Suite 150
Tampa, FL 33607
Phone: 1–800–749–2257 or 813–636–8100
Fax: 813–636–8122
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: www.aakp.org
American Kidney Fund
11921 Rockville Pike, Suite 300
Rockville, MD 20852
Phone: 1–866–300–2900
Email: email@example.com or email@example.com
Internet: www.kidneyfund.org
American Society of Pediatric Nephrology
3400 Research Forest Drive, Suite B−7
The Woodlands, TX 77381
Phone: 281–419–0052
Fax: 281–419–0082
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: www.aspneph.com
American Society of Transplantation
15000 Commerce Parkway, Suite C
Mt. Laurel, NJ 08054
Phone: 856–439–9986
Fax: 856–439–9982
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: www.a-s-t.org
Life Options
c/o Medical Education Institute, Inc.
414 D'Onofrio Drive, Suite 200
Madison, WI 53719
Phone: 1–800–468–7777 or 608–833–8033
Fax: 608–833–8366
Internet: www.lifeoptions.org
National Kidney Foundation
30 East 33rd Street
New York, NY 10016
Phone: 1–800–622–9010 or 212–889–2210
Fax: 212–689–9261
Internet: www.kidney.org
United Network for Organ Sharing
P.O. Box 2484
Richmond, VA 23218
Phone: 1–888–894–6361 or 804–782–4800
Fax: 804–782–4817
Internet: www.unos.org
American Society of Transplantation
Facts about Kidney Transplantation: Pediatric Patient Education Brochure (PDF, 312 KB)*
National Kidney Foundation
Children with Chronic Kidney Disease:
Tips for Parents
Nemours KidsHealth Website
When Your Child Has a Chronic Kidney Disease
What's the Deal with Dialysis?
United Network for Organ Sharing
Organ Transplants: What Every Kid Needs to Know (PDF, 393 KB)*
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
Medicare Coverage of Kidney Dialysis & Kidney Transplant Services (PDF, 743 KB)*
U.S. Social Security Administration
Benefits for Children with Disabilities (PDF, 413 KB)*
Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse would like to thank Barbara Fivush, M.D., and Kathy Jabs, M.D., of the American Society of Pediatric Nephrology (ASPN), for coordinating the review of the original version of this fact sheet by the ASPN's Clinical Affairs Committee: Steve Alexander, M.D.; John Brandt, M.D.; Manju Chandra, M.D.; Ira Davis, M.D.; Joseph Flynn, M.D.; Ann Guillott, M.D.; Deborah Kees-Folts, M.D.; Tej Mattoo, M.D.; Alicia Neu, M.D.; William Primack, M.D.; and Steve Wassner, M.D. Frederick Kaskel, M.D., Ph.D., President, ASPN, and Sharon Andreoli, M.D., Secretary-Treasurer, ASPN, also provided comments and coordination for the original version.
You may also find additional information about this topic by visiting MedlinePlus at www.medlineplus.gov.
This publication may contain information about medications and, when taken as prescribed, the conditions they treat. When prepared, this publication included the most current information available. For updates or for questions about any medications, contact the U.S. Food and Drug Administration toll-free at 1–888–INFO–FDA (1–888–463–6332) or visit www.fda.gov. Consult your health care provider for more information.
National Kidney Disease Education Program
3 Kidney Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892
Phone: 1–866–4–KIDNEY (1–866–454–3639)
TTY: 1–866–569–1162 Fax: 301–402–8182
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Internet: www.nkdep.nih.gov
The National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP) is an initiative of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NKDEP aims to raise awareness of the seriousness of kidney disease, the importance of testing those at high risk, and the availability of treatment to prevent or slow kidney disease.
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
3 Information Way
Bethesda, MD 20892–3580
Phone: 1–800–891–5390
Fax: 703–738–4929
Email: email@example.com
Internet: www.kidney.niddk.nih.gov
The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1987, the Clearinghouse provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system to people with kidney and urologic disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. The NKUDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about kidney and urologic diseases.
This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.
NIH Publication No. 14–5167
December 2013
Page last updated March 12, 2014


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