text:
The information herein is not intended for private clients or other individuals and such individuals should not rely upon it.
By accessing these pages, you agree to be bound by the terms and conditions set out below. Before proceeding, you should carefully read these terms and conditions.
International Legal Information
Please read this important legal information before proceeding, as it explains certain restrictions imposed by law on the distribution of this information and the countries in which our funds are authorised for sale. It is your responsibility to be aware of and to observe all applicable laws and regulations of any relevant jurisdiction.
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Agree that such information will apply to any subsequent access to the Asset Management section of this website by you, and that all such subsequent access will be subject to the disclaimers, risk warnings and other information set out herein; and warrant that no other person will access the Asset Management section of this website from the same computer and logon as you are currently using.
The funds described in the following pages are administered and managed by companies within the Northern Trust Group ("Northern Trust") and can be marketed in certain jurisdictions only. It is your responsibility to be aware of the applicable laws and regulations of your country of residence. Further information is available in the Prospectus or other constitutional document for each fund.
The contents of this site have been prepared solely for informational purposes. None of the information contained in this site constitutes an offer to buy or sell or is a solicitation to buy or sell any security, product, service or investment, nor does any opinion expressed on this site constitute a recommendation or investment advice.
The funds described are not available for distribution to or investment by US investors. The shares will not be registered under the US Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act") and may not be directly or indirectly offered or sold in the USA or any of its territories or possessions or areas subject to its jurisdiction or to or for the benefit of a US Person. By accessing this part of the site you confirm that you are not a "US Person" (within the meaning of Regulation S under the Securities Act) and are located outside the US.
The following describes important information about Northern Trust's Irish-domiciled funds (the "Irish Funds") and should be read carefully before investing. If you have questions or concerns about the contents of the Prospectus of an Irish Fund or the suitability of an investment for your particular situation you should consult your bank manager, solicitor, accountant or other financial adviser.
The Irish Funds have been authorised by the Central Bank of Ireland (the "Central Bank") as Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities. This authorisation however, does not constitute a warranty by the Central Bank as to the performance of the Irish Funds and the Central Bank shall not be liable for the performance or default of an Irish Fund. Authorisation of an Irish Fund is not an endorsement or guarantee of the Irish Fund by the Central Bank nor is the Central Bank responsible for the contents of this website.
Potential subscribers and purchasers of shares in an Irish Fund should inform themselves as to (a) the possible tax consequences, (b) the legal requirements, (c) any foreign exchange restrictions or exchange control requirements, and (d) any other requisite governmental regulatory or other consents or formalities which they might encounter under the laws of the countries of their incorporation, citizenship, residence or domicile and which might be relevant to the subscription, purchase, holding or disposal of such shares.
The distribution of the Prospectus of each Irish Fund and the offering or purchase of its shares may be restricted in certain jurisdictions. No person receiving a copy of the Prospectus or subscription form of an Irish Fund in any such jurisdiction may treat the Prospectus or the subscription form as constituting an invitation to that person to subscribe for shares, nor should that person in any event use the subscription form, unless in the relevant jurisdiction such an invitation could lawfully be made to that person and the subscription form could lawfully be used without requiring compliance with any registration or other legal obligations. Accordingly, the Prospectus of an Irish Fund does not constitute an offer or solicitation by anyone in any jurisdiction in which such offer or solicitation is not lawful or in which the person making such offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation.
The Central Bank has neither reviewed nor in any way commented upon the fund documentation of Northern Trust's non-Irish-domiciled funds. No public offer is made of such funds within the meaning of applicable Irish law. The documentation of such funds has not been prepared in accordance with the laws of Ireland. The documents have not been reviewed, approved or authorised by any regulatory authority or exchange in Ireland and therefore may not contain all the information required where a document is prepared pursuant to applicable Irish laws.
The Irish Funds have not been registered with the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority (Sw. Finansinspektionen), pursuant to Chapter 1 Section 7 of the Swedish Investment Funds Act 2004 (Sw. lag (2004:46) om investeringsfonder). Accordingly, the Irish Funds may not be marketed or sold in Sweden for the purposes of the Investment Funds Act and applications to subscribe or redeem Shares in the Irish Funds will only be considered if sent directly to the Irish Funds outside Sweden.
The Irish Funds are not available for distribution through this website to any type of investors in the Netherlands.
Applications to invest in any fund referred to on this site, must only be made on the basis of the offer document relating to the specific investment (e.g. Prospectus or other applicable terms and conditions). Our products and services are subject to the terms and conditions and disclaimers of the applicable agreement governing their use.
As a result of money laundering regulations, additional documentation for identification purposes may be required when you make your investment. Details are contained in the relevant Application Form, Prospectus or other constitutional document.
Northern Trust has not considered the suitability and appropriateness of any investment you may make with us in the context of your personal circumstances. If you are unsure about the meaning of any information provided please consult your financial or other professional adviser.
The information contained on this site is subject to copyright with all rights reserved. It must not be reproduced, copied or redistributed in whole or in part.
Where a claim is brought against Northern Trust by a third party in relation to your use of this website, you hereby agree to fully reimburse Northern Trust for all losses, costs, actions, proceedings, claims, damages, expenses (including reasonable legal costs and expenses), or liabilities, whatsoever suffered or incurred directly by Northern Trust as a consequence of your improper use of this website.
Past performance is no guarantee of future performance.
The value of investments and the income from them may go down as well as up and are not guaranteed. You may not get back the amount you invested.
Rates of exchange may cause the value of the investments to go up or down.
Fluctuation may be particularly marked in the case of a higher volatility fund and the value of an investment may fall suddenly and substantially.
For your protection, telephone calls are usually recorded.
With over 25 years of experience managing socially responsible portfolios and an ever increasing client base in diverse socially-screened strategies, Northern Trust offers a breadth of capabilities to build a complete portfolio solution incorporating environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors:
Responsible Investment Capabilities
We understand that there is a broad set of motivations driving our clients to into responsible investing. We have designed our suite of capabilities to give clients flexibility in their approach but the assurance that their strategies will be supported by the full resources of our world class investment management processes and execution.
Innovative Ideas
Northern Trust has a history of working with our clients to deliver customised investment solutions to meet their needs. We have used this approach to develop unique funds within the responsible investing domain. First we worked with investors across Europe to identify common ESG concerns which we used to launch of our World Custom ESG fund in 2012; shortly after this we created our ground breaking Emerging Markets Custom ESG fund – the first index fund ever to offer emerging markets exposure combining ESG industry and norms-based screens and a unique governance screen.
Negative Screens
Negative screens exclude companies with involvement in any of the following industries or activities that clients choose to restrict:
Positive Screens
Positive screening includes companies with strong performance in any of the following ESG factors that clients choose to emphasize:
Best-of-Sector Stock Selection
Best-of-sector selects companies with the highest ESG record relative to sector peers. As a result, companies in industries traditionally screened out of responsible portfolios, such as oil and mining, are included in these portfolios. This reduces the sector-bias common in screened portfolios. Best-of-sector stock selection also creates an incentive for other companies within the industry to improve their social and environmental impacts.
Shareholder Advocacy
Shareholder Advocacy describes investor efforts to submit and vote corporate proxy resolutions as a means of influencing company behavior. This strategy was successful in pressuring corporations to pull out of South Africa. It has also been instrumental in reporting minority hiring practices and improving environmental practices through adoption of the CERES principles (an environmental code of conduct).
Mamadou-Abou Sarr |
Mamadou-Abou Sarr is the Global Head of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) investing at Northern Trust Asset Management where he is responsible for ESG innovation and product development across our array of asset class capabilities. Mamadou has a key role within Northern Trust to proactively develop new ideas to ensure that ESG thinking remains central to our business development.
Mamadou has also a strong link to the Global Equity Strategist team support the advancement of our engineered equity product positioning, capabilities, and business in EMEA and APAC regions.
Prior to joining Northern Trust, Mamadou was with HSBC Global Asset Management as a quantitative product specialist responsible for quantitative strategies across all asset classes in EMEA.
Before HSBC, Mamadou worked within the Business Development Service department at Morgan Stanley Investment Management (MSIM) where he was covering portable alpha and liability driven strategies. Prior to this position Mamadou worked as a fund of hedge fund marketing analyst at Amundi Alternative Investments covering Commodity Trading Advisor and Global Macro funds. Mamadou started his career as a FX Sales Trader for Citigroup based in Senegal.
Mamadou received his B.A. in economics from the Université Jean Monnet and holds a Specialised Master in international project management from the European School of Management (ESCP Europe), Paris. Additionally, he holds the Investment Management Certificate (IMC) and received the Islamic Finance Qualification (IFQ) from the Chartered Institute from Securities & Investment (CISI). Mamadou is an Associate of the Chartered Institute from Securities & Investment (ACSI), a former board member of the Islamic Finance Qualification and a member of the CFA UK Institute. Mamadou has been named in the Financial "Top 40 under 40 Rising Stars in Asset Management" in September 2014.
By incorporating a quality factor overlay into an ESG portfolio, investors are able to emphasize the long-run sustainability of ESG practices while increasing the likelihood of performance above the benchmark. Read our paper to discover more.
Northern Trust Corporation. Head Office: 50 South La Salle Street, Chicago, Illinois 60603 U.S.A. Incorporated with limited liability in the U.S. Products and services provided by subsidiaries of Northern Trust Corporation may vary in different markets and are offered in accordance with local regulation. For more information, read our legal and regulatory information about individual market offices.
Northern Trust Asset Management comprises Northern Trust Investments, Inc., Northern Trust Global Investments Limited, Northern Trust Global Investments Japan, K.K., NT Global Advisors, Inc. and investment personnel of The Northern Trust Company of Hong Kong Limited and The Northern Trust Company.
This material is directed to professional clients only and is not intended for retail clients. For Asia-Pacific markets, it is directed to institutional investors, expert investors and professional investors only and should not be relied upon by retail investors.
Issued by Northern Trust Global Investments Limited.


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Nilanjana is awesome
Fund: Longworth Venture Partners
Posted by Anonymous on 2011-03-05
She is techie plus business savvy, very rare combination.
PRIVATE: Members OnlyJim Savage is Not a Savage
Fund: Longworth Venture Partners
Posted by Anonymous on 2007-08-16
I really can't speak for the firm as it is today because my experience is dated (1998-2000), when Longworth was getting off the ground. But I can say great things about Jim Savage, a founding partner at Longworth. Jim was on my board and a complete breath of fresh air. He has genuine, tactical operating experience and offers great insight to founders.
PRIVATE: Members Only (369 Characters)Brutal
Fund: Longworth Venture Partners
Posted by Anonymous on 2007-08-14
They came to our offices to express interest in our business and asked me to come into their offices to pitch the group. Three partners were late and the others paid little attention. Was very disappointed in the whole meeting as well as the group of people that I met
PRIVATE: Members OnlyMargolis a CEO's VC
Fund: Longworth Venture Partners
Posted by Mark Logan on 2007-10-08
Paul Margolis joined my board over two years ago. He's a former entrepreneur/CEO who has been in my shoes and has experienced much success in the past. Paul is extremely prepared for all key company interactions and provides insightful commentary and feedback. While he can be tough, sometimes the answer needs to be tough. There is no question that we are a better company and that I am a better CEO because I've had the benefit of Paul on my Board of Directors.
Longworth would be one of the first VCs that I would call if I became involved in another company that required funding in the future.
PRIVATE: Members OnlyLongworth is Excellent
Fund: Longworth Venture Partners
Posted by Gavin on 2007-08-21
My experience with Longworth has been nothing but positive. As a partnership they have all been supportive and constructive, and individually, each member of the firm has provided specific help and advice. Jim Savage, in particular, has shown himself to be a knowledgeable, experienced, and savvy investor and operating executive. I strongly recommend Longworth to anyone who is interested in a serious partner with valuable advice and counsel.
PRIVATE: Members Only (614 Characters)Activity
Fund: Longworth Venture Partners
Posted by Anonymous on 2008-09-03
I was introduced to Jim Savage through a friend and liked him. Seemed like he could add value without stepping on toes.
I haven't seen a lot of activity from them and wonder if they are in between funds"
PRIVATE: Members OnlyQuick Response
Fund: Longworth Venture Partners
Posted by Anonymous on 2008-06-19
They were not interested in our company, but got back to us quickly, which is commendable.
PRIVATE: Members OnlyGreat Operating Partners
Fund: Longworth Venture Partners
Posted by jwaits01 on 2007-08-21
My company has flourished by partnering with Longworth. Their combination of operational and finance experience has been invaluable to my team and I. Rather than just participating from the periphery, Longworth is an active partner in strategic and tactical objectives, as well as, in sales opportunities. Most of all, they have been patient and helpful when it counts most. As with most VCs, negotiating terms can be tedious; however, once the round was closed, they came onboard with rolled up sleeves.
PRIVATE: Members Only (423 Characters)

subset: commoncrawl


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I thought it was Benicio talking about Thor.
If he makes this I'd surely see it but it isn't at the top of my list of things I want from DC. Like with Marvel, the magical aspects aren't exactly my favorites.
I think this could be a cool way of DC getting something else going that probably has a lot of upside in that the expectations won't be anything like JLA's or World's Finest


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added link for howto install Buildbot slaves
Deletions are marked like this. | Additions are marked like this. |
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* [[InstallingBuildbotSlaves|InstallingBuildbotSlaves]], examples and commands for setting up a [[http://buildbot.scons.org/|Buildbot]] slave (donate some of your machine's cycles now!) | * [[InstallingBuildbotSlaves|InstallingBuildbotSlaves]], examples and commands for setting up a [[http://buildbot.scons.org/|Buildbot]] slave (volunteer now!) |
The SCons Wiki
Welcome to the home of the SCons wiki (hosted by Pair Networks)! This wiki is an open forum for development and use of SCons. Please, do feel free to contribute. New wiki users can practice in the WikiSandBox.
Note: Due to wiki spamming, you must have an account to edit pages and be a member of WikiEditorsGroup to edit this page.
About SCons
AboutSCons - background information about scons
FromMakeToScons - why scons? a critique to Make, and a history of build systems
SconsVsOtherBuildTools - for those who want to compare SCons to other build tools.
SconsProjects, open source projects which use SCons (add yours there). Can be a useful resource to learn new SCons tricks or just see it in action
#scons IRC channel on Freenode irc://irc.freenode.net/scons
Getting Started
BasicConcepts - SCons building blocks
SConsCrashCourse - write your first simple scripts in 5 minutes
SconsProcessOverview - explanation of how SCons works and a list of many predefined functions in SCons
SconsTutorial1 - An Introduction to SCons
SconsTutorial2 - More Syntax, Shared Libraries, Install Targets
IDEIntegration to use SCons from your favourite IDE
FromQmakeToScons - how to make the switch
Further documentation
SconsRecipes, a gold mine of information, code snippets and various examples
Man page as HTML and PDF - very detailed information about SCons features (hint: there's an index at the bottom)
AdministratorGuide for toolsmiths who install and maintain SCons and more complex build rules
SCons extensions/contributions
ContributedBuilders - contributed builders (and other misc tools) to provide support for more languages/librairies
Also see CustomBuilders, an automatically generated page - contains all pages with Builder in their names
ToolsForFools - Guide for writing new Builders/Tools
SconsToolbox for contributed modules/extensions/scripts
ToolsIndex for Tool modules that are developed separately from SCons
SCons Development
DeveloperGuide for those who wish to hack on the core code
SConsDevelopers page assigning responsibilities for different parts of SCons (volunteer!)
BugParty, our weekly IRC sessions to triage and prioritize newly submitted (and backlogged) bugs and issues
Buildbot, our automatically running build and performance reports
InstallingBuildbotSlaves, examples and commands for setting up a Buildbot slave (volunteer now!)
Other Wiki Notes
Use bug macro by GregNoel to link to SCons bugs at scons.tigris.org directly from wiki pages. <<Bug(1650)>> ends up looking like Bug#1650, lowercase works too: <<bug(1650)>> produces Bug#1650.
WikiUpgrade, lists bugs and feature requests for this wiki
WikiUserPages, a page to find out about the people who edit this wiki (add yourself there!)


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Karanovic & Nikolic
Karanovic & Nikolic is a leading international law firm in South East Europe (SEE).
Renowned for the quality of its lawyers and their commercial approach to solving problems, the firm advises many of the leading banks, companies, investors and government institutions doing business and investing in the SEE region. We're practical and highly commercial in our advice, understanding that economics and the commercial implications of our advice can often be as important as the technical side.
With more than 90 lawyers and offices in Serbia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia and Montenegro, Karanovic & Nikolic operates as a single firm across all its offices and prides itself on its proactive and long-term approach to client relationships.
As a leading firm in the SEE, we have a deep understanding of local laws in all jurisdictions in which we operate. We appreciate that clients come to us for answers and solutions to their problems and not to have the intricacies of the law described to them. The firm provides advice at the highest professional level, which is tailor made for the client's particular needs and requirements. To achieve this, the firm is divided into different practice groups, enabling our lawyers to acquire in-depth knowledge of the specific legal areas and industries.
Areas in which we particularly focus are: (i) mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures and privatisation, (ii) corporate, (iii) real estate, (iv) banking and finance, (v) competition, (vi) energy and infrastructure, (vii) telecoms, media and technology, (viii) employment, (ix) taxation, (x) dispute resolution, (xi) restructuring and bankruptcy, (xii) intellectual property and (xiii) healthcare.
The firm is led by senior partners Dejan Nikolic, a regional expert in the areas of telecoms and technology, and Dragan Karanovic, a privatisation and M&A specialist, Miloš Vuckovic, an energy specialist, and Patricia Gannon, an Irish/UK solicitor.
Karanovic & Nikolic is active in advising on new transitional laws that have been adopted in the region with a focus on achieving a practical interpretation that is closely in line with the EU laws upon which they have been modelled.
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Karanovic & Nikolic had worked in Bosnia and Herzegovina for many years, advising on leading investments and in 2007 commenced local co-operation with Stevan Dimitrijevic. In 2010, the firm expanded its practice to Sarajevo, through co-operation with Nihad Sijercic. The Bosnian practice of the firm has particular expertise in corporate law, infrastructure projects, energy work and dispute resolution.
Karanovic & Nikolic established its co-operation with the Croatian lawyers Josip Marohnic, Danijel Pribanic and Aleksandra Raach in 2012. The Croatian practice primarily focuses on corporate law, banking and finance, dispute resolution, tax and real-estate matters.
The firm has been advising in Montenegro since its establishment but when the Montenegrin State was established in 2006 Karanovic & Nikolic opened its Montenegrin office. The Montenegrin team is particularly focused on corporate, real-estate, banking and infrastructure work.
Opening an office in Macedonia in 2009 reflects a growing interest on behalf of international clients in this emerging market. The aim of the firm is to provide a full service to investors pursuing their business objectives in Macedonia.
Since its establishment, Karanovic & Nikolic has acted on behalf of clients in many of the largest and most complex transactions in the market. The firm has built its reputation on quality of service and has advised on the most significant deals in the market. We operate as one firm across all our offices, which means that clients benefit from a seamless approach to solving their problems across regional jurisdictions.
The firm is member of the World Services Group, a multi-disciplinary organisation of professional services providers. Karanovic & Nikolic enjoys excellent professional relationships with top international law firms and maintains excellent non-exclusive referral relationships with several.
Karanovic & Nikolic is also a corporate member of the International Bar Association and a member of the Energy Law Group, a network of Independent European Law Firms with niche expertise in energy and natural resources, and BECTELLA, an alliance of top-tier independent law firms with speciality practices in employee benefits, executive compensation, tax, employment and labour law.
The lawyers of the firm have leadership positions at the Foreign Investors Council, the American Chamber of Commerce in each jurisdiction where we practice, enabling the firm to work with industry committees seeking dialogue with government.
Awards and rankings
The principal international rankings and directories place Karanovic & Nikolic as the leading legal services firm in all the markets where the firm operates.
The firm was also named 'Law Firm of the Year — Southeast Europe and the Balkans — 2014' by the UK's The Lawyermagazine.
News from Karanovic & Nikolic
Karanović & Nikolić is lead legal adviser to SBB on acquisition
Karanovic & Nikolic partner joins Turnaround Management Association
Karanović & Nikolić advises Mid Europa Partners on acquisition of Danube Foods
Marko Ketler participates in workshop dedicated to law and start-ups
Dawn raids and tax: Split lawyers to hear talks by Karanovic & Nikolic
Briefings from Karanovic & Nikolic
Supporting renewable energy in Serbia
Serbia implemented a support scheme for renewable energy in its legal system for the first time in 2009.
Republic of Srpska: tax law overhaul looms
Corporate and personal income tax, social security contributions and property tax are among the sectors to be affected.
Analysis from The Lawyer
Roundtable on south-east Europe: Edge funds
'Exotic' investors and opportunities for legal work beyond M&A feature in The Lawyer's high-level roundtable debate on south-east Europe
Balkans: Eurotension
Croatia is about to enter the EU, but the path to integration may not be smooth for the Balkan states
Browse This Firm's
Resavska 23Belgrade
Number of fee earners: 80
Number of lawyers: 80
Number of Partners: 16


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New York City is not only The New Yorker magazine's place of origin and its sensibility's life blood, it is the heart of American literary culture. Wonderful Town, an anthology of superb short fiction by many of the magazine's most accomplished contributors, celebrates the 75-year marriage between a preeminent publication and its preeminent context with this collection.
Wonderful Town touches on some of the city's famous places and stops at some of its more obscure corners, but the real guidebook is to the hearts and the minds of those who populate the metropolis built by its pages. New York is every great and ordinary place. Each life in it, and each life in Wonderful Town, is the life of us all.
©2000 The New Yorker magazine; (P)2000 Random House, Inc.
"Wonderfully rich and textured." (The Philadelphia Inquirer)
"An anthology that makes you remember why the magazine has long had a reputation for literary excellence." (Chicago Tribune)
"Great stories and readers, but technically sloppy"
There are some fantastic stories in this selection, and I really love the way they span the decades from the early 1940s to the present day. New York itself is peripheral to some stories but central to others. The stories are often poignant and sometimes funny. The readers are excellent.
One thing that really irked me about the selection, though, is that between stories there is no pause. As soon as the last word of a story is spoken, they are introducing the next one. It happens before I can grab my player and hit pause so that I can savor what I've just heard.
Also, although the book is divided into two parts, there are no electronic stops in between. If you lose your place, it's very hard to scroll through all of that stuff to find where you left off. This is a general criticism of I have of many Audible books, but in this one it's particularly bad because there are so many obivous places that pauses could have been inserted.
Nevertheless, I highly recommend this selection.
"Only mildly interesting ..."
After almost every story, I had the same thought: why was this story even accepted for publication? The stories are, for the most part, about mildly interesting people in in mildly interesting situations. The story about the pregnant woman is a perfect example - woman is a few weeks from giving birth, woman has minor birthing complications in the hospital, baby is born fine, end of story. Nothing particularly gripping, nothing particularly insightful. So it goes, for the most part, with this entire collection.
"Wonderful stories from the NewYorker"
the stories are brilliantly crafted and so well read
the variety of story types
not applicable to a group of short stories
a range of emotions from joy to deep quiet reflection
I would have liked to have even more stories included in this recording
There are no listener reviews for this title yet.


text:
Reclaim Drop Needle Thermal Shirt
Item #34700FK002
- Thermal shirt
- 100% Cotton.
- Machine wash cold with like colors, gentle cycle. Do not bleach. Tumble dry low, remove promptly. Warm iron if needed.
- Made in India.
We changed our page. Tell us what you think.
Reclaim Drop Needle Thermal Shirt 5 5
great looking shirt Shirt looks great-soft and comfortable my bf loves it December 4, 2014
average, could have been better A "thermal" shirt has that textured look & feel... *on the outside*, but this shirt's thermal texture is on the inside?? So, essentially- it looks like a t-shirt. Lame. Material is 100% cotton, so it's not bulky and annoying to wear after a few hours like the blends. It's a bit thinner that what you'd expect, but this makes it a perfect 3-season shirt #upper Midwest#.I ordered a "thermal" shirt and got a t-shirt- the reason for 3 stars. March 14, 2014
Good for layering I like this shirt and the other in another color that I purchased. It works well for layering under other things and provides extra warmth. January 18, 2013
Bad fit I got the white and the black in size Medium. No way is the medium 38". It was huge on me. Probably more like 42". The black one fit better, but the stitching of the triangle in the front was more noticeable than the picture and looked like pajamas. Returning both. November 10, 2012
Comfortable! I got the white and it is great looking and very comfortable. The thermal "waffle weave" is on the inside though, would have preferred it on the outside. The outside of the shirt is smooth. September 28, 2012
1-5 of 5


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Full Game Replay: UCLA 2, Duke 1 |
Full Game Replay: UNC 4, West Virginia 2 |
DURHAM, N.C. – The 12th-ranked Blue Devil women's soccer team closed the 2013 Duke Nike Classic on Sunday with a 2-1 loss to second-ranked UCLA at Koskinen Stadium in Durham, N.C.
The Blue Devils dropped to 3-2-1 on the season prior to heading into ACC action on Thursday against Miami, while UCLA moved to 5-1. North Carolina claimed the Duke Nike Classic title with victories over UCLA (1-0) and West Virginia (4-2). Earning classic MVP honors was North Carolina's Crystal Dunn (Offensive) and Kelly McFarlane (UNC), while Dunn, McFarlane, Caitlin Ball (UNC), Kealia Ohai (UNC), Christina Gibbons (Duke), Kate Schwindel (West Virginia), Rosie White (UCLA), Megan Oyster (UCLA), Malinda Allen (Duke), Frances Silva (West Virginia) and Katelyn Rowland (UCLA) were selected to the All-Tournament team. "I am disappointed with how we started the game," said Duke head coach Robbie Church. "I am really, really proud of our young players we put in and they saved us – they gave us a chance to win in the second half. They brought a lot of energy. We obviously had a double-overtime game on Friday night and it wasn't easy to come out and play a team in this heat with it to. We didn't go after it as a group and a unit. We went after it individually. They just shredded us apart early in the match." For the first time this year, it was a Duke opponent that came out on the attack and the pressure resulted in the earliest goal the Blue Devils have allowed this season as Taylor Smith found Rosie White for a one-v-one breakaway and beat Duke redshirt sophomore goalkeeper Ali Kershner at the 7:08 mark. Duke's best chance in the first half came at the 28th minute as freshman midfielder Toni Payne took the ball away from a UCLA player and beat two defenders to get an open look at the goal but Bruin goalkeeper Katelyn Rowland made a diving stop to her left to keep the Blue Devils off the board. The Blue Devils showed signs of being tired from the double-overtime match on Friday and Church decided to rest many of his starters at the end of the first half. UCLA outshot Duke, 9-3, in the first half with redshirt senior Kim DeCesare leading the way with two. "I am very proud of them [Duke] to regroup," said Church. "I thought we dominated the second half. When we get a build-up we are not finishing and being rewarded for some of our nice plays. I think there were some really positive spots over the weekend even though we were 0-1-1. Some of the play of the young players was really, really positive." Duke came out in the second half with better energy and created a great opportunity in the 61st minute as Payne found DeCesare in the box and she blasted a shot that was saved by Rowland with another diving stop to her left. UCLA added a second goal in the 78th minute as Kershner tried to go after a ball outside the box, but UCLA's Darian Jenkins beat her to the punch and rolled in a long shot into the left side of the wide open goal to go ahead 2-0. Duke's Katie Trees was taken down in the box with four seconds remaining to give the Blue Devils a penalty kick chance for the second straight match. A senior product of Durham, N.C., Mollie Pathman stepped up and connected on her second consecutive opportunity. The goal for Pathman was the 17th of her career and second this year. The Blue Devils just couldn't get anything in-between the posts, which continues to be a theme this season as Duke owns only five goals in six matches, including two penalty kicks. Th e Blue Devils outshot UCLA, 11-7, in the second half, but the Bruins held a 16-14 lead in the match. DeCesare led Duke with five attempts. Kershner totaled four saves in the net for Duke over 90 minutes, while Rowland added four saves for the Bruins. "We are a very good team and we are going to be a very good team," said Church. "I know the character of the girls in that room. We just have to regroup. It is the end of the first segment – the non-conference portion. Now we have to get moving to the most important part, the ACC play." Duke will next kick off ACC action on Thursday, Sept. 12 as the Blue Devils host Miami at 7:00 p.m. The match will be aired live on NSCAA.com. Notes: • For the second straight match, Duke started four freshmen – Christina Gibbons, Lizzy Raben, Malinda Allen and Toni Payne. • Duke has scored only five goals, but allowed only four. • The Blue Devils attempted 39 shots over the weekend, but was held to only two penalty kick goals by Pathman. #GoDuke |
Proud Sponsor
Duke Athletics Teams |
Athletic Department |
Get InvolvedIron DukesJunior Iron Dukes Legacy Fund Sponsorships The Inferno Varsity Club Young Iron Dukes |
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Corporate Governance and U.S. Capital Market CompetitivenessStephen M. BainbridgeUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - School of Law October 22, 2010 UCLA School of Law, Law-Econ Research Paper No. 10-13 Abstract: This essay was prepared for a forthcoming book on the impact of law on the U.S. economy. It focuses on the impact the corporate governance regulation has had on the global competitive position of U.S. capital markets. During the first half of the last decade, evidence accumulated that the U.S. capital markets were becoming less competitive relative to their major competitors. The evidence reviewed herein confirms that it was not corporate governance as such that was the problem, but rather corporate governance regulation. In particular, attention focused on such issues as the massive growth in corporate and securities litigation risk and the increasing complexity and cost of the U.S. regulatory scheme. Tentative efforts towards deregulation largely fell by the wayside in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007-2008. Instead, massive new regulations came into being, especially in the Dodd Frank Act. The competitive position of U.S. capital markets, however, continues to decline. This essay argues that litigation and regulatory reform remain essential if U.S. capital markets are to retain their leadership position. Unfortunately, the article concludes that federal corporate governance regulation follows a ratchet effect, in which the regulatory scheme becomes more complex with each financial crisis. If so, significant reform may be difficult to achieve. Number of Pages in PDF File: 36 Keywords: corporate governance, securities litigation, federalism, Sarbanes-Oxley JEL Classification: K22 Date posted: October 24, 2010 ; Last revised: October 28, 2010Suggested CitationContact Information
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COMMERCIAL DESCRIPTION Bottle conditioned. Speedway Stout is a HUGE Imperial Stout, with pounds and pounds of coffee added during conditioning for a little extra kick! This is a limited-edition Formula and it'll definitely get you racing! It is available in 750 ml. champagne bottles. Appearance: Jet Black, with a toast-brown head. Flavor: Starts with a strong coffee and dark chocolate sensation, then fades to a multitude of toasty, roasty and caramelly flavors. Finishes with a nice fullness but dry enough not to be cloying. Aroma: COFFEE! And some other stuff. And coffee. Mouthfeel (body/texture): Velvety smooth texture. Clean and crisp, full-bodied. Warmth from the high alcohol content lightens up the feel a bit. Still, you won't fool your taste buds -- this beer is HUGE!
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40 CFR Part 49, Subpart C - General Federal Implementation Plan Provisions
- §§ 49.101-49.120 — [Reserved]
General Rules for Application to Indian Reservations in EPA Region 10
- § 49.121 — Introduction.
- § 49.122 — Partial delegation of administrative authority to a Tribe.
- § 49.123 — General provisions.
- § 49.124 — Rule for limiting visible emissions.
- § 49.125 — Rule for limiting the emissions of particulate matter.
- § 49.126 — Rule for limiting fugitive particulate matter emissions.
- § 49.127 — Rule for woodwaste burners.
- § 49.128 — Rule for limiting particulate matter emissions from wood products industry sources.
- § 49.129 — Rule for limiting emissions of sulfur dioxide.
- § 49.130 — Rule for limiting sulfur in fuels.
- § 49.131 — General rule for open burning.
- § 49.132 — Rule for general open burning permits.
- § 49.133 — Rule for agricultural burning permits.
- § 49.134 — Rule for forestry and silvicultural burning permits.
- § 49.135 — Rule for emissions detrimental to public health or welfare.
- § 49.136 — [Reserved]
- § 49.137 — Rule for air pollution episodes.
- § 49.138 — Rule for the registration of air pollution sources and the reporting of emissions.
- § 49.139 — Rule for non-Title V operating permits.
- §§ 49.140-49.150 — [Reserved]
Federal Minor New Source Review Program in Indian Country
Source:76 FR 38788, July 1, 2011, unless otherwise noted.
- § 49.151 — Program overview.
- § 49.152 — Definitions.
- § 49.153 — Applicability.
- § 49.154 — Permit application requirements.
- § 49.155 — Permit requirements.
- § 49.156 — General permits.
- § 49.157 — Public participation requirements.
- § 49.158 — Synthetic minor source permits.
- § 49.159 — Final permit issuance and administrative and judicial review.
- § 49.160 — Registration program for minor sources in Indian country.
- § 49.161 — Administration and delegation of the minor NSR program in Indian country.
Federal Major New Source Review Program for Nonattainment Areas in Indian Country
Source:76 FR 38802, July 1, 2011, unless otherwise noted.
- § 49.166 — Program overview.
- § 49.167 — Definitions.
- § 49.168 — Does this program apply to me?
- § 49.169 — Permit approval criteria.
- § 49.170 — Emission offset requirement exemption.
- § 49.171 — Public participation requirements.
- § 49.172 — Final permit issuance and administrative and judicial review.
- § 49.173 — Administration and delegation of the nonattainment major NSR program in Indian country.
Title 40 published on 2014-07-01
The following are only the Rules published in the Federal Register after the published date of Title 40.
For a complete list of all Rules, Proposed Rules, and Notices view the Rulemaking tab.
Title 40 published on 2014-07-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 40 CFR 49 after this date.
GPO FDSys XML | Text type regulations.gov FR Doc. 2014-19553 RIN 2060-AR98 EPA-HQ-OAR-2011-0151 FRL-9915-39-OAR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Notice of proposed rulemaking; extension of public comment period. The public comment period for the notice of proposed rulemaking published July 17, 2014 (79 FR 41846), is being extended by 30 days to September 17, 2014, in order to provide the public additional time to submit comments. 40 CFR Part 49 The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is announcing that the period for providing public comments on the July 17, 2014, notice of proposed rulemaking for "General Permits and Permits by Rule for the Federal Minor New Source Review Program in Indian Country" is being extended by 30 days.
GPO FDSys XML | Text type regulations.gov FR Doc. 2014-18228 RIN EPA-R09-OAR-2013-0009 FRL-9914-62-Region 9 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Final rule. Effective date: This rule is effective on October 7, 2014. 40 CFR Part 49 The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is promulgating a source-specific Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) requiring the Navajo Generating Station (NGS), a coal-fired power plant located on the Navajo Nation near Page, Arizona, to achieve reductions in oxides of nitrogen (NO X ) required under the Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) provisions of the Clean Air Act (CAA) and the Regional Haze Rule (RHR). On February 5, 2013, EPA issued a proposed BART determination for NGS and an alternative to BART. In a supplemental proposal on October 22, 2013, EPA proposed to approve a new alternative plan, based on an agreement developed by a group of stakeholders known as the Technical Work Group (TWG). EPA is finalizing the alternative to BART described in our supplemental proposal. This rule is consistent with the TWG Agreement, including a lifetime cap in total emissions of NO X from NGS over 2009-2044 (2009-2044 NO X Cap). Our final action will achieve greater emissions reductions than BART and is expected to significantly reduce the impact of NGS on visibility at 11 mandatory Class I Federal areas. The operator of NGS must implement one of several alternative operating scenarios to achieve the necessary emission reductions to comply with the 2009-2044 NO X Cap.
GPO FDSys XML | Text type regulations.gov FR Doc. 2014-16812 RIN 2060-AS27 EPA-HQ-OAR-2011-0151 FRL-9913-98-OAR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Proposed rule; extension of public comment period. Comments. The public comment period for the advanced notice of proposed rulemaking published June 5, 2014 (79 FR 32502) is being extended by 30 days to August 20, 2014, in order to provide the public additional time to submit comments. 40 CFR Part 49 The Environmental Protection Agency is announcing that the period for providing public comments on the June 5, 2014, advanced notice of proposed rulemaking for "Managing Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Production in Indian Country" is being extended by 30 days.
GPO FDSys XML | Text type regulations.gov FR Doc. 2014-16814 RIN 2060-AR98 EPA-HQ-OAR-2011-0151 FRL-9913-50-OAR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Proposed rule. Comments must be received on or before August 18, 2014. Public Hearing. We will hold a public hearing on August 7, 2014. Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2011-0151, by one of the following methods: • http://www.regulations.gov: Follow the on-line instructions for submitting comments. • Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. Include Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2011-0151 in the subject line of the message. • Fax: (202) 566-9744, attention Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2011-0151. • Mail: Attention Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2011-0151, EPA, Mailcode: 28221T, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460. Please include a total of two copies. • Hand Delivery: The EPA Docket Center, Public Reading Room, WJC West Building, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460, Attention Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2011-0151. Such deliveries are only accepted during the Docket's normal hours of operation, and special arrangements should be made for deliveries of boxed information. Instructions: Direct your comments to Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2011-0151. The EPA's policy is that all comments received will be included in the public docket without change and may be made available online at http://www.regulations.gov, including any personal information provided, unless the comment includes information claimed to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Do not submit information that you consider to be CBI or otherwise protected through http://www.regulations.gov or email. The http://www.regulations.gov Web site is an "anonymous access" system, which means the EPA will not know your identity or contact information unless you provide it in the body of your comment. If you send an email comment directly to the EPA without going through http://www.regulations.gov, your email address will be automatically captured and included as part of the comment that is placed in the public docket and made available on the Internet. If you submit an electronic comment, the EPA recommends that you include your name and other contact information in the body of your comment and with any disk or CD-ROM you submit. If the EPA cannot read your comment due to technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, the EPA may not be able to consider your comment. Electronic files should avoid the use of special characters, any form of encryption, and be free of any defects or viruses. For additional instructions on submitting comments, go to Section I.B. of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section of this document. Docket: The EPA has established a docket for this rulemaking under Docket ID Number EPA-HQ-OAR-2011-0151. All documents in the docket are listed in the http://www.regulations.gov index. Although listed in the index, some information is not publicly available, e.g., CBI or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, will be publicly available only in hard copy. Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically in http://www.regulations.gov or under Docket ID Number EPA-HQ-OAR-2011-0151, EPA/DC, WJC West Building, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW., Washington, DC. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the Air Docket is (202) 564-1742. 40 CFR Part 49 The Environmental Protection Agency is proposing general permits for use in Indian country pursuant to the Indian Country Minor New Source Review (NSR) rule for new or modified true minor sources in the following six source categories: Concrete batch plants, boilers, stationary spark ignition engines, stationary compression ignition engines, graphic arts and printing operations, and sawmills. In the alternative, the EPA is also proposing a permit by rule for use in Indian country for new or modified true minor sources in one of the six source categories: Graphic arts and printing operations.


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Yoga Conditioning for Women DVD with Suzanne Deason
Get in touch with your feminine power and condition your body through yoga
With our Yoga Conditioning for Women DVD, you'll experience a series of poses that are great for the female physique. Instructor Suzanne Deason guides you through a remarkable woman-to-woman yoga routine that puts you back in touch with your feminine power while helping you feel more flexible, graceful, and purposeful every day. Recommended props: mat, brick, strap and blanket. Total run time: 100 minutes.
Click to view the entire Suzanne Deason DVD collection.
Yoga Conditioning for Women DVD with Suzanne Deason Features:
- Woman-to-woman yoga instruction
- Improves flexibility and grace
- Incorporates yoga props
Total run time: 100 minutes
Certified Pilates, yoga and workout instructor Suzanne has created more than 20 best-selling weight loss and fitness programs including Gaiam's 7-time award-winning Yoga and Pilates for Weight Loss DVDs.
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Save 10% on a Center Stage speaker shelf with home speaker purchase Watch a video Watch a video review from one of our experts Front Back Back connection panel Cutaway view Photos (4) Videos (2) View larger Definitive Technology CS-8080HD Center channel speaker with built-in powered subwoofer Item #: 735CS8080 In Stock 8 Reviews Your price: $999.00 each Earn up to 999 Rewards points Add to Cart Free Shipping Lifetime Tech Support + Add to wishlist + Email me alerts for this product Save 10% on a Center Stage speaker shelf with home speaker purchase Open Box: $899.10 Scratch & Dent: $849.15 View all associated offers Need help? 1.888.955.6000 Email Chat Ask an expert advisor No pressure, no commission — just lots of good advice from our highly trained staff. x By buying this product you'll earn up to 999 Rewards points. When you sign up for a Crutchfield account, you'll be enrolled in Crutchfield Rewards. You'll earn one point for every dollar you spend on gear from us. You can turn your points into Rewards Cards that you can use toward future purchases. You can sign up for an account now, or after you complete your purchase (you'll get credit for the points either way). Sign up for a Crutchfield account
by Kristen Schaub Hear and feel the power of Definitive Technology's best center channel speaker Treat your ears to the drama and intensity of home theater sound like they've never heard before. Unlike conventional center channel speakers, the CS-8080HD has a 5" x 10" subwoofer, reinforced by dual passive radiators and driven by a built-in 300-watt amplifier. It reproduces the vocal nuances of your favorite actors while ensuring that any special effects that are anchored to your screen have full bass impact. Get ready for dynamic performance and a huge, three-dimensional soundstage from all three of your front speakers. High-tech drivers for exceptionally detailed sound The CS-8080HD has two 5-1/4" midranges flanking a 1" dome tweeter, for perfectly blended highs and mids. The pure aluminum dome tweeter has a silk surround, which helps it reveal lots of sonic detail without ever sounding harsh. And thanks to Definitive's Balanced Double Surround System (BDSS) drivers, your movie dialogue and special effects will sound clear, never muddy. The upward-firing woofer requires only one inch of clearance, so this powerful speaker works whether it's placed in the open or in an A/V cabinet. Build a complete Definitive home theater system using perfectly matched bipole towers (see the BP-8020ST, BP-8040ST, BP-8060ST, and BP-8080ST) and surrounds (see the SR-8040BP and SR-8080BP). Got wire? Most speakers don't include any. Learn about choosing and installing speaker wire at the Crutchfield Learning Center. Shop our selection of speaker wire. Did you know? Your new speakers will probably sound better after several weeks of use than they do right out of the box. That's because the material surrounding the woofers will loosen up, allowing the drivers to move more fully. Definitive Technology estimates a break-in period of 24 to 48 hours of playback before the speakers will deliver optimum sound quality. For more information and helpful tips, check out this article from Definitive's website about conditioning your speakers. Product Highlights:Balanced Dual Surround System (BDSS) driver technology places rubber surrounds on both the outer and inner edges of each speaker cone for improved clarityfrequency response 20-30,000 Hzsensitivity 92 dB8-ohm impedancehandles up to 300 wattsdual 5-1/4" midrangesone 1" pure aluminum dome tweeterupward-firing 5" x 10" 300-watt subwooferdual 5" x 10" bass radiatorsone set of 5-way binding postsLFE line level input (optional) for subwooferdetachable power cordhigh-gloss black finish on side and bottom caps with cloth grille-wrapped enclosure23-1/2"W x 6-7/8"H x 16-1/4"Dwarranty: 5 years speaker, 3 years ampOur 60-day money-back guarantee Your home theater's most important speaker The center channel speaker is the workhorse in a home theater system. It has to reproduce clear dialogue and special effects that keep your eyes and ears glued to the movie action. A high-quality center speaker is a great investment for any surround sound setup. Try to choose one that's as closely matched as possible to your front right and left speakers, so that as sound moves across the front stage, it stays seamlessly realistic.
Definitive Technology CS-8080HD Written By Anonymous, New Jersey on Monday, December 22, 2014 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Definitive Technology
Excellent CCS Written By Karlos, Austin, TX on Thursday, September 04, 2014 Bought this Center Channel Speaker (CCS) 3 months ago and I wished I had purchased it much sooner. The clarity that is now from dialogue whether it be from watching regular television or a movie is great. I no longer have to turn it up so loud that my neighbors know what I am watching. I can keep low volumes and still hear everything. Bass can be overwhelming at loud volumes and I clearly learned what rattled I my home. Once, I found that sweat spot on the amp level it is remarkable. A must have CCS. Money well spent.
Nice Center Channel Written By damonj, Cordova, TN on Monday, June 02, 2014 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Purchased this with 8080 fronts and surrounds. Not only is dialog clear, but I now hear substantial bass information coming from center. This is placed on a low profile tempered glass entertainment center. Actually had to remove everything from the same shelf this was on because the bass would rattle everything. Was not expecting that from a center channel. Have had setup since April 2014, satisfied so far.
Def Tech CS-8080HD Written By ChuckG, Jacksonville, FL on Tuesday, October 01, 2013 The Def Tech CS-8080HD is very disappointing for as much as it costs and the reviews I read. First the sub-woofer has to be set low or the speaker vibrates on the shelf it is sitting on. If set to a higher volume a loud passage such as an explosion in a movie the speaker distorts. The dialog at low volume is hard to understand and my wife keeps turning to volume up on my Pioneer Elite SC-27 receiver so she can hear what is being said Pros: Generally good sound overall Cons: Overpriced, and would not recommend a center channel with a built in sub-woofer, its overkill.
Very Nice Written By JasonL, Saint Louis on Saturday, July 13, 2013 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) Happy with my purchase the sound is strong and loud. No complaints sometimes it may sound a little muffled but that might also be my screen infront of it...not sure yet. Pros: Great set with all 8080s Cons: none
Best Center Channel Written By Steve, Suwannee, Fl on Tuesday, May 21, 2013 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) This is the clearest, most accurate center channel speaker that I've ever heard.
CS 8080 HD Written By ANNUBANNU, HOUSTON TX on Tuesday, July 31, 2012 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) VERY SATISFIED WITH THE PERFORMANCE LOVE IT
This center channel speaker is awesome Written By Hotrodtaz, Port St. Lucie,FL on Thursday, August 11, 2011 Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?) The sound that comes out of this center channel speaker --You would not believe -- just fantastic!!! Worth every penny -- a big 5 star!!!
Video: Definitive Technology Bipolar Speakers Demo by Julie Govan Mike Lang, a trainer from Definitive Technology, visited Crutchfield to show off their new bipolar floor-standing and center channel speakers.


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??????????, colloquially known as Ten question marks or Decamark, is a Glitch Pokémon found in the Game Boy Advance Pokémon games. Generally, it cannot be encountered without the use of a GameShark. It is often seen acting as a placeholder, and it mostly consists of empty data.
In the Pokédex, Pokémon that have not yet been seen are displayed with "----------" as their name; their sprite is a black-and-white bulls-eye with a question mark in it. ?????????? uses this same sprite, and when caught, its name in the Pokédex is shown as "----------". Its description, too, is a possible placeholder: "This is a newly discovered Pokémon. It is currently under investigation. No information is available at this time."
Empty slots in a player's party are actually ??????????s. This can be demonstrated with a GameShark; if the player uses a walk-through-walls code to start a wild battle without having received a Starter Pokémon, then at the start of that battle, the player will send out a ??????????. The ?????????? typically seen in cases like this have zero max HP, no moves, and no displayed moves; the player will white out as soon as the ?????????? is attacked.
Trivia Edit
- If ?????????? is battling a Ditto and the Ditto uses Transform, Ditto will transform into ??????????.
- In Pokémon Black and White, a MISSINGNO. glitch has a decamark form.


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An in-depth report on the treatment of menopause-related symptoms.
Estrogen; Hormone replacement therapy
Menopause is a natural process that occurs as a woman's ovaries stop producing eggs and the production of female hormones (estrogen and progesterone) declines. Menopause can also occur if a woman's ovaries are damaged by certain diseases or cancer treatments, or if they are surgically removed. Menopause usually happens gradually between the ages of 45 - 55. During this transition time, called "perimenopause," menstrual periods become more irregular and begin to taper off. After menstrual periods have stopped for 12 months, a woman is considered to have reached menopause. On average, American women reach menopause around the age of 51, but menopause can occur at younger or older ages.
Perimenopausal Symptoms
During perimenopause, women may have various symptoms. Symptoms differ among women, and may range from mild to severe. Some women have no symptoms. Hot flashes, an intense sudden build-up of body heat, are the most common symptom.
Menopause is a natural condition. It is not a disease that needs medical treatment. However, some women seek treatment for the relief of perimenopausal symptoms. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the most effective drug treatment for hot flashes, but long-term use can increase the risks of heart disease, heart attack, stroke, blood clots in the lungs, breast cancer, and endometrial cancer. Therefore, doctors recommend that women who use HRT should take the lowest possible dose for the shortest possible time.
Women who have a uterus are prescribed estrogen- progestogen therapy (EPT). Women who do not have a uterus take estrogen alone (ET). HRT comes in different forms including pills, patches, creams, sprays, and vaginal suppository rings.
Updated Hormone Replacement Therapy Guidelines
Several medical associations have released updated guidelines and recommendations for HRT. Some key points:
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements
Healthy postmenopausal women do not need to take calcium and vitamin D supplements, according to a 2012 recommendation from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). According to the USPSTF, there is not enough evidence to prove that taking daily low-dose amounts of vitamin D supplements, with or without calcium, can prevent fractures or cancer. In addition, these supplements can increase the risk of kidney stones. Talk with your doctor about whether or not you need these supplements.
Menopause is a natural process that occurs as a woman's ovaries stop producing eggs, and the production of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone declines. Menopause can also occur if a woman's ovaries are surgically removed or if they are damaged by certain diseases or cancer treatments.
Menopause does not occur suddenly. A period called perimenopause usually begins a few years before the last menstrual cycle. There are two stages in the transition:
Menopause is considered to have occurred after a woman has gone a full 12 months without a period. Menopause marks the end of menstruation and a women's fertility. American women reach menopause at an average age of 51 years, although it can occur as early as age 40 to as late as the early 60s. Women now have a life expectancy of more than 80 years. Currently, women can expect to live some 30 or 40 years of their lives in the postmenopausal state.
Menopause is not a disease. However, many conditions are associated with estrogen depletion, including heart disease, osteoporosis, and other complications. Fortunately, effective treatments are available for these conditions.
In a number of studies, most women have reported menopause as a positive experience and have welcomed it as a sign of a new stage in life.
Menopause is a normal part of the aging process. It occurs naturally after a woman's ovaries stop producing eggs and releasing hormones necessary for fertility.
The ovaries are two small, almond-shaped organs located on either side of the uterus. They are key components of a woman's reproductive system. The ovaries contain 200,000 - 400,000 follicles, tiny sacks that contain the materials needed to produce mature eggs, or ova. Each month during the menstrual cycle, the ovaries release an egg, which travels through the Fallopian tube to the uterus. As a woman ages, her ovarian supply of eggs decreases. Eventually, the ovaries stop releasing eggs and her monthly menstrual periods cease. The word menopause comes from the Greek words "mens" for month and "pausis" for cessation.
The ovaries produce two major female hormones: estrogen and progesterone. As a woman enters menopause, the ovarian production of these hormones declines and fluctuates until it eventually stops.
Estrogen. Estrogen has different forms. The strongest form is estradiol. Other important, but less powerful estrogens are estrone and estriol. Most of the estrogens in the body are produced by the ovaries, but they can also be formed by other tissues, such as body fat, skin, and muscle. Estrogens are essential for the reproductive process. They also affect and help regulate function in other parts of the body including the brain and central nervous system, the bones, the liver, and the urinary tract.
Progesterone. Progesterone, the other major female hormone, is necessary for thickening and preparing the uterine lining for the fertilized egg.
Hormonal Changes in Menopause. Menopause is marked by the following hormonal changes:
Premature (early) menopause is menopause that occurs before age 40. Women who have a family history of premature menopause are genetically more susceptible to starting menopause early. Premature menopause can also result from:
The most prominent symptoms of the transition to menopause include:
Although forgetfulness is often mentioned as a symptom, evidence indicates that menopause does not affect memory or other cognitive functions. It is normal for both men and women to experience some memory lapses as part of the natural aging process.
The decline in estrogen after menopause can increase the risk for a number of health problems for women.
Coronary artery disease is the number one killer of women. Although young women have a much lower risk for coronary artery disease than young men, after menopause women catch up. After age 60, women's risk of dying from heart disease is very close to that of men. Estrogen loss is believed to play a major role in this increased risk. Woman who reach menopause before the age of 35 have a significant increase in risk for heart disease as they age. This increase is primarily due to a rise in levels of LDL ("bad" cholesterol) and triglycerides, and a decrease in levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol).
Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeleton in which bones become "thin" and prone to fracture. In other words, the bone loses calcium and density. At age 65, about 30% of women have osteoporosis, and nearly all of them are unaware of their condition. After age 80, up to 70% of women develop osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a major risk factor for fracture in the spine and hip. The decrease in bone density can also lead to bone loss in the jaw and subsequent tooth decay.
The drop in body estrogen levels brought on by menopause can thin the linings of the urethra and bladder, which may contribute to both urinary stress and urge incontinence.
Because of vaginal drying, women are at increased risk for recurrent urinary tract infections after menopause.
Weight gain is common during a woman's middle-aged years, especially between the ages of 50 - 59 years. The hormonal changes associated with menopause contribute to these body changes. Gaining weight around the abdomen (the so-called apple shape) is a specific risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, and many other health problems. Higher body mass index (BMI) may also be associated with increased risk for more frequent or severe hot flashes.
Estrogen loss can contribute to slackness and dryness in the skin and wrinkles. Many women experience thinning of their hair and some have temporary hair loss.
Simple changes in lifestyle and diet can help control menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes. Avoid hot flash triggers like spicy foods, hot beverages, caffeine, and alcohol. Dress in layers so that clothes can be removed when a hot flash occurs. For vaginal dryness, moisturizers, and non-estrogen lubricants -- such as KY Jelly, Replens, and Astroglide -- are available.
When women reach menopause, they are at increased risk for heart disease. A heart-healthy diet and other lifestyle changes are important ways to control cholesterol and blood pressure levels.
Heart-healthy recommendations include:
A combination of calcium and vitamin D can reduce the risk of osteoporosis, the bone loss associated with menopause. The best sources are from calcium-rich and vitamin D-fortified foods.
Doctors are currently reconsidering the use of calcium and vitamin D supplements. A 2012 recommendation from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) advised that healthy postmenopausal women don't need to take these supplements. According to the USPSTF, there is not enough evidence to prove that taking daily low-dose amounts of vitamin D supplements, with or without calcium, can prevent fractures or cancer.
In addition to possible lack of benefit, these supplements are associated with certain risks, like kidney stones. However, some doctors feel that supplements are appropriate for certain people including those who do not get enough vitamin D through sunlight exposure and those who do not consume enough calcium in their diet. Talk with your doctor about whether or not you should take supplements.
Calcium. Women should consume low-fat dairy products and other foods rich in calcium (dark green vegetables, sardines), or calcium-fortified foods and beverages (orange juice, cereal), to get enough calcium in their diet. Calcium supplements may be an option for women who do not consume adequate amounts of calcium in their diets. Calcium supplements include calcium carbonate (such as Caltrate, Os-Cal, and Tums), calcium citrate (Citracal), calcium gluconate, and calcium lactate. Although each kind provides calcium, they all have different calcium concentrations, absorption capabilities, and other actions.
The standard recommended calcium dose for women age 50 years and older is at least 1,200 mg per day. High doses (over 2,500 mg per day) of calcium supplements may increase the risk for kidney stones and may possibly increase the risk for heart attack. Adults who consume adequate amounts of calcium in their diets may not need to take a calcium supplement. Taking more calcium than recommended is not helpful and may cause harmful side effects.
Vitamin D. Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract and is the essential companion to calcium in maintaining strong bones.
Vitamin D is made in the skin using energy from the ultraviolet rays in sunlight. As people age, their vitamin D levels decline. Levels also fall during winter months and when people have inadequate exposure to sunlight.
The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is 800 - 1,000 IU a day after age 50. Dietary sources of vitamin D include fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, tuna), egg yolks, liver, and vitamin D-fortified foods and beverages (milk, orange juice, soy milk, cereals). Older women who do not get enough vitamin D solely from diet or sunlight and may need to take a supplement. Vitamin D supplements are available either as D2 (ergocalciferol) or D3 (cholecalciferol). They work equally well for bone health. Like calcium supplements, vitamin D supplements may increase the risks for kidney stones.
Calcium and vitamin D supplements can be taken as separate supplements or as a combination supplement. If separate preparations are used, they do not need to be taken at the same time.
Effect on the Heart. One drink a day in women who are not at risk for alcohol abuse may be beneficial for the heart. However, the American Heart Association recommends that women have no more than one drink per day.
Effect on Bones. Excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk for brittle bones and osteoporosis.
Effect on Breast Cancer. Any woman who is at high risk for breast cancer should consider not drinking at all or drinking very sparingly.
Many women need to increase physical activity and reduce caloric intake in the years before and after menopause. Weight gain is common during these years, and it can be sudden and distressing, particularly when habitual exercise and eating patterns are no longer effective in controlling weight. In addition to reducing risk factors for heart disease, weight loss may help lessen frequency and severity of hot flashes.
Women should pursue a lifestyle that includes a balanced aerobic and weight resistance exercise program appropriate to their age and medical conditions. Brisk walking, stair climbing, hiking, dancing, weight lifting, and tai chi are all helpful. Some studies report that exercise may help reduce hot flashes. A healthy diet plus regular, consistent exercise can also help ward off the weight gain associated with menopause. Weight-bearing exercises are specifically helpful for protecting against bone loss.
Women should get at least 30 minutes of exercise each day (for weight loss, 60 - 90 minutes is preferred). While more exercise is better, any amount of exercise is helpful.
There are many unproven methods for relieving menopausal symptoms, some more effective than others. Acupuncture, meditation, and relaxation techniques are all harmless ways to reduce the stress of menopause. Some women report great benefit from these practices, but there is no scientific proof of effectiveness.
Acupuncture, hypnosis, and biofeedback are all alternative ways to control pain. Acupuncture involves the insertion of tiny sterile needles, slightly thicker than a human hair, at specific points on the body.
Women often try herbal or so-called natural remedies to treat menopausal symptoms. There have been numerous studies conducted on various herbal products and other complementary and alternative therapies. These studies have not found that these approaches are beneficial. Some herbs and supplements can have adverse side effects.
Phytoestrogens and Isoflavones. Many studies have researched plant estrogens (phytoestrogens), which are generally categorized as isoflavones (found in soy and red clover) and lignans (found in whole wheat and flaxseed). No evidence to date indicates that phytoestrogen foods or supplements provide any benefit for hot flashes, night sweats, or other menopausal symptoms. They also do not appear to help lower cholesterol or prevent heart disease. Nevertheless, soy is a healthy food choice. The best sources of soy protein are soy food products (such as tofu, soy milk, and soybeans), not supplements.
Soy isoflavones contain genistein and daidzein, which are estrogen-like compounds. While some studies have suggested that soy food consumption may protect against estrogen-responsive cancers such as breast and endometrial cancer, other studies have indicated that high intakes of soy may increase the risks of these cancers. The American Cancer Society recommends that women with breast cancer eat only moderate amounts of soy food and avoid taking dietary supplements that contain high amounts of isoflavones.
Other Herbs and Supplements. The following herbs and dietary supplements are sometimes used for menopausal symptoms and have certain risks:
Generally, manufacturers of herbal remedies and dietary supplements do not need approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to sell their products. Just like with drugs, herbs and supplements can affect the body's chemistry, and therefore have the potential to produce side effects that may be harmful. There have been a number of reported cases of serious and even lethal side effects from herbal products. Patients should check with their doctors before using any herbal remedies or dietary supplements.
Hormone replacement therapy, also known as menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) or hormone therapy (HT), uses medications that contain the female hormones that the body has stopped producing after menopause. The primary reasons that women use HRT are for the relief of hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness.
Hormone replacement therapy uses either estrogen alone (known as estrogen therapy [ET]) or estrogen in combination with progestogen (known as EPT). (The term "progestogen" encompasses both progesterone and progestin. Progesterone is the name for the natural hormone that the body produces. Progestin refers to a synthetic hormone that has progesterone effects.)
Current guidelines support the use of HRT for the treatment of severe hot flashes that do not respond to non-hormonal therapies. Specific recommendations:
Initiating Therapy. Before starting HRT, your doctor should give you a comprehensive physical exam and take your medical history to evaluate your risks for heart disease, stroke, blood clots, osteoporosis, and breast cancer. While taking HRT, you should have regular mammograms and pelvic exams and Pap smears. Current guidelines recommend that if HRT is needed, it should be initiated around the time of menopause. Studies indicate that the risk of serious side effects is lower for women who use HRT while in their 50s. Women who start HRT past the age of 59, or who continue to use it past this age, have a higher risk for side effects such as heart attack, stroke, blood clots, or breast cancer.
Women who experience premature menopause (before age 40) are usually prescribed HRT or oral contraceptives to help prevent bone loss. These women should be reevaluated when they reach the age of natural menopause (around age 51) to determine whether they should continue to take hormones.
Discontinuing Therapy. When a woman stops taking HRT, perimenopausal symptoms may recur. There is about a 50% chance of hot flashes recurring regardless of whether HRT is suddenly stopped or gradually tapered off. When a woman reaches full menopause, symptoms will eventually go away.
Because HRT offers protection against osteoporosis, when women stop taking HRT their risks for bone thinning and fractures increases. For women who have used HRT for several years, doctors should monitor their bone mineral density and prescribe bone-preserving medications if necessary.
Safety Concerns. Until 2002, doctors used to routinely prescribe HRT to reduce the risk of heart disease and other health risks in addition to treating menopausal symptoms. That year, the results of an important study, called the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), led doctors to revise their recommendations regarding HRT.
The WHI, started in 1991, is an on-going health study of nearly 162,000 postmenopausal women. Part of the study focuses on the benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy. As new data are released and analyzed, there have been a number of changes in the way hormone therapy is prescribed and a better understanding of its risks.
Woman who should not take hormone replacement therapy include those with the following conditions:
HRT comes in several forms:
Vaginal forms of HRT are called "local" therapy. Pills and skin patches are considered "systemic" therapy because the medication delivered affects the entire body. Doctors generally prescribe vaginal applications of HRT to specifically treat symptoms such as vaginal dryness. There is some limited evidence that vaginal ET may also help with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and overactive bladder. Systemic (oral) ET and EPT do not help urinary incontinence and may worsen it. For treatment of hot flashes, systemic therapy is recommended.
"Biodentical" Hormones. Bioidentical" hormone replacement therapy is promoted as a supposedly more natural and safer alternative to commercial prescription hormones. Bioidentical hormones are typically compounded in a pharmacy. Some compounding pharmacies claim that they can customize these formulations based on saliva tests that show a woman's individual hormone levels.
The FDA and many professional medical associations warn patients that "bioidentical" is a marketing term that has no scientific validity. Formulations sold in these pharmacies have not undergone FDA regulatory scrutiny. Some of these compounds contain estriol, a weak form of estrogen, which has not been approved by the FDA for use in any drug. In addition, saliva tests do not give accurate or realistic results, as a woman's hormone levels fluctuate throughout the day.
FDA-approved hormones available by prescription come from different synthetic and natural sources, including plant-based. (For example, Prometrium is a progesterone derived from yam plants.)
Periomenopausal and Menopausal Symptoms. HRT is mainly recommended for relieving menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness and accompanying pain during sexual intercourse, and sleep problems. Evidence is mixed as to whether HRT helps improve mood; the progestogens in EPT may worsen mood in some women. HRT does not prevent certain other problems associated with menopausal changes, such as thinning hair or weight gain.
Osteoporosis. Estrogen increases and helps maintain bone density. HRT may be useful for some women at high risk for osteoporosis, but for most women the risks do not outweigh the benefits. Other drugs, such as bisphosphonates, should be considered first-line treatment for osteoporosis.
Colon Cancer. Combination estrogen-progesterone HRT may provide some protection against colon cancer.
Heart Disease and Heart Attack. Taking HRT in order to prevent heart disease is not recommended. However, using HRT for a short period of time in younger women (below age 59 years) within 10 years after menopause does not appear to raise the risk for heart disease.
Stroke. HRT may increase the risk of stroke in some age groups.
Mental Decline. Reviews of the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study, as well as other more recent studies, have found that combined HRT does not reduce the risk of cognitive impairment, and may actually increase the risk of cognitive decline.
Thromboembolism. HRT is associated with a higher risk for thromboembolism, in which blood clots form in deep veins. This places women at risk for pulmonary embolism, in which the blood clot travels to the lungs.
Breast Cancer. Estrogen- progestogen therapy (EPT) increases the risk for breast cancer if used for more than 3 – 5 years. This risk appears to decline within 3 years of stopping combination HRT.
Estrogen-only HRT (ET) does not significantly increase the risk of developing breast cancer if it is used for less than 7 years. If used for more than 7 years, it may increase the risk of breast (and ovarian) cancers, especially for women already at increased risk for breast cancer. The North American Menopause Society does not recommend ET use in breast cancer survivors as it has not been proven safe and may raise the risk of recurrence.
Both estrogen-only and combination HRT increase breast cancer density, making mammograms more difficult to read. This can cause cancer to be diagnosed at a later stage. Women who take HRT should be aware of the need for regular mammogram screenings.
The North American Menopause Society recommends that women who are at risk for breast cancer avoid hormone therapy and try other options to manage menopausal symptoms.
Endometrial (Uterine) Cancers. Taking estrogen-only replacement therapy (ET) for more than 3 years increases the risk of endometrial cancer at least five-fold. If taken for 10 years, the risk is ten-fold. Adding progesterone or a progestin to estrogen (EPT) helps to reduce this risk. Women who take ET should anticipate uterine bleeding, especially if they are obese, and may need endometrial biopsies and other gynecologic tests. No type of hormone replacement therapy is recommended for women with a history of endometrial cancer.
Ovarian Cancer. Long-term use (more than 5 - 10 years) of estrogen-only HRT may increase the risk of developing and dying from ovarian cancer. The risk is less clear for combination estrogen-progesterone therapy.
Lung Cancer. While it is not clear if HRT use is associated with increased risk of lung cancer, women who smoke and who are past or current users of HRT should be aware that some evidence indicates that EPT may promote the growth of lung cancers.
Gallbladder Disease. HRT can increase the risk of developing gallbladder disease.
Despite its risks, hormone replacement therapy appears to be the most effective treatment for hot flashes. There are, however, nonhormonal treatments for hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms.
Antidepressants. The antidepressants known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are sometimes used for managing mood changes and hot flashes. They include fluoxetine (Prozac, generic), sertraline (Zoloft, generic), venlafaxine (Effexor), desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), paroxetine (Paxil, generic), and escitalopram (Lexapro).
Gabapentin. Several small studies suggest that gabapentin (Neurontin), a drug used for seizures and nerve pain, may relieve hot flashes. Gabapentin may cause drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, and swelling of the hands and feet.
Clonidine. Clonidine (Catapres, generic) is a drug used to treat high blood pressure. Studies show it may help manage hot flashes. Side effects include dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, and constipation
Testosterone. Some doctors prescribe combinations of estrogen and small amounts of the male hormone testosterone to improve sexual function and increase bone density. Side effects of testosterone therapy include increased body hair, acne, fluid retention, anxiety, and depression. Testosterone also adversely affects cholesterol and lipid levels, and combined estrogen and testosterone may increase the risk of breast cancer. It is unclear whether testosterone is safe or effective for treatment of menopausal symptoms.
Vaginal Lubricants. Lubricants (such as KY Jelly, Replens, and Astroglide) are helpful for vaginal dryness and dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse).
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Chlebowski RT, Kuller LH, Prentice RL, Stefanick ML, Manson JE, Gass M, et al. Breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 5;360(6):573-87.
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A motivation song by U2. Often used to cheer your buddies who has a bad day; but not for fat people, because the lyrics can be misconstrued as an insult.
Poor Bono. When Oprah laments about her weight gain, all he wanted to do was break into the song, "Stuck In A Moment" to cheer her up... Alas, he knew better... took her to a nice restaurant instead.
beware of blast tərəfindən
15 Dekabr 2008