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News and Announcements
02 April | Alert Notice 500: Novae in Scorpius and Cygnus |
April 2, 2014 |
27 March | Special Notice #383: Transient in Scorpius = TCP J17154683-3128303 |
March 27, 2014: Koichi Nishiyama (Kurume, Japan) and Fujio Kabashima (Miyaki, Japan) report (via the IAU CBAT TOCP page, http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/unconf/tocp.html) their discovery of a transient in Scorpius: |
24 March | The AAVSO International Database Breaks Twenty-Five Million Observations! |
Over the weekend the AAVSO International Database (AID) hit an important milestone. We broke the twenty-five million mark! We would like to express our appreciation to each and every observer who has contributed even a single observation to that total. |
17 March | Special Notice #382: SDSS J100658.40+233724.4 observations crucial now |
March 17, 2014: HST/COS is scheduled to observe the the U Gem-type dwarf nova |
14 March | Alert Notice 499: Predicted occultation of Regulus |
March 14, 2014: On 2014 March 20 at approximately 02:06 a.m. EDT (06:06 UT), an occultation of Regulus (alf Leo, magnitude 1.4 V) by the magnitude-12.4 V asteroid (163) Erigone will take place. The occultation track includes Bermuda and northwest along a corridor stretching from the mid-Atlantic USA through Ontario, Canada. |
14 March | Solar Bulletin - Volume 70, Number 02 |
The February 2014 Solar Bulletin is now available. Please visit the Solar Bulletin web page to download your copy: http://www.aavso.org/solar-bulletin |
10 March | Alert Notice 498: Nova Cephei 2014 = TCP J20542386+6017077 |
March 10, 2014: |
06 March | Annual Report for 2012-2013 is now online |
Annual Report of the AAVSO for 2012-2013 |
05 March | Special Notice #381: HST/COS observations of SDSS J100658.40+233724.4 |
March 5, 2014: HST/COS are being scheduled for the U Gem-type dwarf nova SDSS J100658.40+233724.4, the 40th and final target of the major CV observing campaign organized in 2012 by Drs. Boris Gaensicke, Joseph Patterson, Arne Henden, and 13 other astronomers (see AAVSO Alert Notice 471 and note below). A precise time will be announced later, but the scheduled HST observing window is: |
27 February | AAVSO Bulletin 77 for 2014 |
Predicted Dates of Maxima and Minima of 381 Long Period Variables for 2014 |
21 February | Asteroids Mikesimonsen and Mariomotta |
Congratulations to AAVSO staff member Mike Simonsen, and to AAVSO Past President Mario Motta who each have had an asteroid named in their honor by the IAU Minor Planet Center. |
18 February | New CHOICE courses offered for spring |
Registration is now open for three CHOICE courses being offered this spring. CHOICE: How To Use VPHOT (March 17 - April 11) CHOICE: Variable Star Classification and Light Curves (April 14 - May 9) CHOICE: How To Use VStar (May 12 - June 6)
Courses are $30 for members and $50 for non-members. |
11 February | Alert Notice 497: Nova Sagittarii 2014 = PNV J18250860-2236024 AND Erratum |
February 11, 2014 |
07 February | Alert Notice 496: Outburst of the recurrent nova V745 Sco |
February 7, 2014 |
06 February | Aviso Especial #380: Erupción reportada de la nova recurrente V0745 Sco | |
06 February | Special Notice #380: Reported outburst of the recurrent nova V0745 Sco |
February 6, 2014: Rod Stubbings (observer code SRX; Tetoora Road, Victoria, Australia) reports an outburst of the recurrent nova V0745 Sco (aka Nova Sco 1937). Stubbings reports the nova at a visual magnitude of 9.0 on 2014 February 6.694 UT (JD 2456695.194). He previously observed the field on 2014 February 5.696 and found the star fainter than 13.0, indicating that this outburst began within the past 24 hours. |
03 February | La IAU le asigna a asteroides el nombre de importantes observadores de AAVSO |
El Minor Planet Center del Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory en Cambridge, Massachusetts, homenajeó recientemente a los observadores de AAVSO Edward A. Halbach y William B. Albrecht nombrando dos planetas menores en su honor en la Circular de Planetas Menores de enero. |
31 January | IAU Names Asteroids for Prominent AAVSO Observers |
The Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, recently honored AAVSO observers, Edward A. Halbach and William B. Albrecht, by naming two minor planets in their honor in January's Minor Planet Circular.
22 January | Alerta de AAVSO 495: Brillante supernova de tipo Ia PSN J09554214+6940260 y campaña de observación |
22 de enero de 2014 |
22 January | Alert Notice 495: Bright Type-Ia Supernova PSN J09554214+6940260 and Observing Campaign |
January 22, 2014 |
14 January | Solar Bulletin - Volume 69, Number 12 |
The December 2013 Solar Bulletin is now available. Please visit the Solar Bulletin web page to download your copy: http://www.aavso.org/solar-bulletin |
14 January | Almost Twenty-Five Million! ... and Counting |
We are approaching a milestone in the AAVSO International Database. Are you counting? If you take a look at the observation total in the Recent Activity section of the AAVSO homepage, you will see that we will soon reach twenty-five million observations! |
13 January | AAVSO Newsletter 59 is published |
AAVSO Newsletter 59 - January 2014 |
07 January | Program stars in need of observation |
The AAVSO maintains several lists of stars for which observations are strongly encouraged. These are primarily stars for which the AAVSO already has well-covered light curves spanning several decades or longer, and for which we deem there is value in continuing observations indefinitely. |
31 December | Visual Observing Manual in Spanish - 2013 edition |
The Spanish version of the 2013 edition of the Manual for Visual Observing of Variable Stars - Manual para la Observación Visual de Estrellas Variables - is now available for download here: |


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Seeing as some of that activity was before the announcement, the recent kernel summit & plumbing conference may have sparked more interest as well - particularly Keith Packard's presentation.
Phoronix: Mark's Announcement Sparks New Wayland Activity
Mark Shuttleworth's announcement this week that Ubuntu will eventually dump the X.Org Server for Wayland has resulted in a great deal of media coverage for this emerging display server project that up until now was really only talked about and covered by Phoronix from the point in 2008 when we introduced the world to Wayland. While there's still many months of work ahead before all of the pieces of the Linux desktop stack will be ready for a Wayland Display Server by default, it seems many people are already taking a look at Wayland...
Seeing as some of that activity was before the announcement, the recent kernel summit & plumbing conference may have sparked more interest as well - particularly Keith Packard's presentation.
Usually, network transparency is considered as major X.org advantage over Wayland. In Wayland however, each app is required to paint shared image buffer which is later composed to screen. Why is it problem to use some userspace program with assistence of Wayland and forward individual clients over tcp/ip? Is it because buffers are usually on the graphic card and reading of it is too slow?
I hope it's possible to do it quickly, because all I know is RDP on Windows is so much faster than VNC, or at least the default VNC clients/servers which are common today, that SOMETHING needs to outdo it and soon.
I know that Linux servers don't typically use GUIs, or they use web interfaces instead, but GUIs ARE something that will eventually come to server environments for non-CLI administration. Even if you use a web interface, there will always be various reasons for logging into a specific server, and quite simply non-CLI-inclined users are going to want access eventually, so Linux can't keep holding onto CLI-only server interfaces forever. Wayland being lightweight will further encourage eventual use in server environments.
Fedora 14 has a replacement for VNC/RDP called SPICE. SPICE was part of Qumranet acquisition that Red Hat made and Red Hat has open sourced it and included it in Fedora 14. Integrating this with Wayland (which was also started by Kristian Høgsberg when he was at Red Hat and now supported by Intel) would solve the problem
Don't forget that it needs to be interoperable - X is how remoting is done on the Unix world, and if I can't remote-display apps from a Ubuntu machine on a local Fedora / SuSE / Debian machine, it's a problem. In fact, for some of us, it's more than a problem - it's an outright showstopper that would rule Ubuntu out of my workplace.
If wayland can do software rendering onto a remote X backend, acting as an X client, then the problem's solved, no? Also, most apps will use an abstraction like QT or GTK, so will work with any backends supported by those.

subset: commoncrawl


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This product has additional required/recommended options. To configure, add to your cart.
Angle Supply Recommended
P Trap Recommended
Product Features:
- Rectangular basin gives a classically clean look to your bathroom countertop
- Covered under Kohler's limited lifetime sink warranty
- Constructed of fireclay this sink embodies unrivaled aesthetic appeal
- Captures the unforgettable style of a bygone era
- Bring timeless sophistication to the bathroom
- Pedestal installation provides simplistic design and mounting to pre-existing pedestals
- Center drain location provides optimal draining capability
- Equipped with overflow drain - works in tandem with the primary to prevent an overflow or spillage
- All hardware needed for installation included
Product Technologies / Benefits:
- Pedestal Sinks: A stand alone fixture that provides a wide basin, while leaving open space that is dramatic, yet leaves the room feeling more open.
Product Specifications:
- Overall Length: 27" (measured from the left outer rim to the right outer rim)
- Overall Width: 20" (measured from the back outer rim to the front outer rim)
- Height: 7-7/8" (measured from the bottom of sink to the top of the rim)
- Basin Width: 11-1/2" (measured from the back inner rim to the front inner rim)
- Basin Length: 17" (measured from the left inner rim to the right inner rim)
- Basin Depth: 4-1/8" (measured from the center of basin to the rim)
- Installation Type: Pedestal
- Number of Faucet Holes: 3
- Drain Outlet Connection: 1-3/4"
- K-2323-8: This model
- K-2323-1: Single hole version of this model
- K-2323-4: 4" faucet center version of this model
Additional Kohler Links
This Kohler item can also be referenced by the following color/finish specific model #:
- Kohler K-2323-8-47
Almond - Kohler K-2323-8-96
Biscuit - Kohler K-2323-8-7
Black - Kohler K-2323-8-K4
Cashmere - Kohler K-2323-8-NY
Dune - Kohler K-2323-8-W2*
Earthen White - Kohler K-2323-8-95
Ice Grey - Kohler K-2323-8-55*
Innocent Blush - Kohler K-2323-8-33
Mexican Sand - Kohler K-2323-8-G9
Sandbar - Kohler K-2323-8-Y2*
Sunlight - Kohler K-2323-8-NG*
Tea Green - Kohler K-2323-8-58
Thunder Grey - Kohler K-2323-8-0
White - Kohler K-2323-8-45*
Wild Rose
*Discontinued model or finish
More Than Just a Store - Your Reasons to Shop
Discover the best online deals for the K-2323-8 and everything else for your home from the leading online home improvement store.
We're committed to providing you with the best assortment of Kohler products with over 400 warehouses across the country.
Our knowledgeable product specialists work to bring you the best prices on every product and provide unmatched customer service. Your satisfaction is our highest priority!
Installation Resource Center
Whether you are installing the product yourself or hiring a professional, our installation Resource Center has everything you need to get your project done. Visit the Installation Resource Center to get started.


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Date: November 18, 2011
Running Time: 04:53
How can a wind-powered sailboat move faster than the wind? Why do the America's Cup sails look like airplane wings? With the beginner in mind, Exploratorium senior scientist Paul Doherty introduces the basic physics of sailing and sail design.
This collection of individual programs tells a wide range of stories, reflecting the diverse interests of the Exploratorium community.
00:30:00 | After Dark - Photographing the Universe with Hubble (Webcast) 5/7/2015 Time: 8:00 PM PDT We are thrilled to host Hubble Imaging expert, Zolt Levay, from the Space Telescope Institute f ... |
00:10:00 | Science in the City - Living With Wildlife in the Bay Area (Clip) 5/13/2015 With the ever shifting boundaries between humans and wildlife in the Bay Area, the daily rout ... |
00:30:00 | Rosetta Mission - Spring 2015 Update (Webcast) 5/14/2015 Time: 7:30 PM PDT Join Exploratorium Senior Scientist Paul Doherty as he gives an update on the Rosetta Mission, the ... |
00:30:00 | Rosetta Mission - Preparing for Landing (Clip) 11/7/2014 The race to find Philae's landing site could only begin once Rosetta arrived at comet, 67P/Churyu ... |
00:02:37 | Arts at the Exploratorium - Bob Miller - Light Walk (1982) (Clip) 10/21/2014 Light Walk captures former Exploratorium artist and "natural philosopher" Bob Miller (1935 ... |
00:30:00 | Live Deep-Sea Exploration with the E/V Nautilus - How Is Technology Changing Ocean Research and Exploration? (Clip) 9/29/2014 Join us for a live chat with researchers aboard the Exploration Vessel Nautilus as they study ... |
00:05:21 | Exploratorium at the Piers - Exploratorium at Pier 15: Green Machine (Clip) 2/6/2013 Catch a sneak peak of our new nine-acre campus at Piers 15/17 with Building Operations ... |
00:06:20 | Science in the City - Airships (Clip) 8/8/2012 Take to the skies on board the zeppelin Eureka with pilot Andrea Deyling of Airship Ventures ... |
00:05:00 | Science in the City - Tofu (Clip) 4/8/2015 Curious about Tofu? The folks over at Hodo Soy Beanery tell us everything we ever wanted to know ... |
01:43:00 | In the Balance: Bringing Science to Justice with David Faigman - �They Say They Want to Bring Me in Guilty� (Podcast) 4/2/2015 �They Say They Want to Bring Me in Guilty�: On the Need to Make Forensic Identification 'Science' ... |
00:35:00 | Resonance - Alonzo King and Bernie Krause: Interview (Clip) 3/26/2015 Join us for a moderated discussion with Alonzo King and Bernie Krause. Krause previously colla ... |
00:25:00 | Resonance - Alonzo King LINES Ballet and Bernie Krause: Performance (Clip) 3/26/2015 This newly added Resonance event highlights an emerging collaboration between one of ballet�s mo ... |
00:01:37 | Miscellaneous - Science of Cocktails 2015 Event (Clip) 3/21/2015 On January 30, 2015, the Exploratorium Lab hosted its fifth annual Science of Cocktails event. M ... |
activities after dark afterschool alaska antarctica arctic art astronomy barrow biology cameras cape royds climate change color competition contest contests craters curiosity demonstrations demos dispatches dry lakes eclipse education electricity evolution exhibit exhibits experiments exploration exploratorium extreme weather extremophiles film food frank oppenheimer geology glacier glaciers glaciology global warming greenland horizon ice ice stories images iron science teacher jet propulsion laboratory jpl landing light make magazine makers mars mars rover mars science laboratory math mcmurdo mer mission msl museum music nasa noaa ocean oceanography palace of fine arts particle physics penguins physics pier 15 rat resonance ringtones robot robots rocks rov rover san francisco science scientists snow solar power sound south pole space spacecraft speaking of music sun surfaces target. teachers teaching telescope vibration wheels


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AA Big Book Sponsors
In A.A., a Big Book Sponsor has but One primary purpose – to carry the message they found in the Big Book of hope and recovery from a seemingly hopeless state of mind and body to all those who suffer. To show others who suffer precisely how to recover is the only purpose of this site. We have NO dues, fees and decline any outside contributions. We have been given a way out and only wish to share, pass on and give freely this precious gift.
So many people today are not getting the wonderful message of recovery found in this book. We only want to pass on the message and experience of recovery we have found, by the grace of God, good sponsorship and a persistent and consistent dedication to our primary purpose to carry this message to those who suffer. After nearly two decades of continuous recovery and seeing so many deaths of not just the slipper but people with long term absence of alcohol die I decided it was time to make a website with specific directions of how to effectively carry the message of recovery as a sponsor.
by Joe McF. — Big Book Sponsors Group


text:
Living the life superlative | |
My tips, ideas, advice and observations on life, love, happiness and growth. This blog runs the gamut. Nothing is forbidden, too much, or too strange. I hope you'll enjoy, engage, and most important, explore paths for not just "living the dream", but "living a life beyond your wildest." by Victoria |


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Style #: 291T, 292, 299, 293, 297T
For further details regarding our pricavy policies including the use of cookies please click here. For instructions on how to enable cookies please click here. If you need assistance one of our customer service representatives at 1-800-850-7463 would be glad to help.
Color(s): Taupe Suede, Grey Suede, Brown Suede, Black Suede, Dusty Brown Suede
Price: $57.95
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Hi Top Back Zip Boot is a style check for women. Simplicity and comfort are the watchword for this low boot. The rounded and fringed collar beautified with metal conchos placed on it. Suede uppers are soft, conforming naturally to the shape of your foot. It features heel-to-toe foam cushioning for extra comfort and square toe shaped rubber sole delivers ample traction for a stable walk.
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Bakery Cafe
The Pirone Family invites you to visit their Bakery Café
Stroudsmoor Inn Towne – located at 125 Broad Street in Stroudsburg, just moments from downtown Stroudsburg, a quarter-mile from Interstate 80, and a hop, skip and a jump from the inn.
For over two decades, the Pirone Family has offered fine dining to its guests at the inn. Stroudsmoor Inn Towne continues this tradition by offering the same quality foods to go. Stroudsmoor baked goods, sauces and frozen entrees, complete with preparation instructions, are available for purchase from 7:30 AM to 6:00 PM Monday through Friday – Saturday and Sunday from 9 AM to 5 PM.
For more information about Stroudsmoor Inn Towne call 570-517-0663 or take a look through the pages of this site.


text:
Mice / Mouse Pads
Ergonomic office furniture is built to increase productivity by reducing workplace discomfort and injuries. There are a variety of cost effective ways to customize your workspace and improve your work posture. MC Ergo carries a wide range of ergonomic accessories, including mice and mouse pads, to improve your work experience.21 - 33 of 33
21 - 33 of 33


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Suggested Price: $1,100.00
AS-BT200Stereo Bluetooth Adapter | |
AS-WL300Wireless Network Adapter for Compatible A/V Receivers and Blu-ray Disc Players |
Specifications and design subject to modification without notice.
PIONEER and the Pioneer logo, MCACC and Advanced Sound Retriever are registered trademarks of Pioneer Corporation.
The impedances indicated are actual values that speakers can present to an amplifier while playing back music. They do not refer to the nominal rated impedances of
speakers you use.
HDMI connection may not allow transmission of copyright protected material, depending on the capability of the signal source.
Microsoft, Windows Media, and the Windows logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
SIRIUS and related marks are trademarks of Sirius XM Radio Inc.
DTS and the DTS Symbol are registered trademarks of DTS, Inc.
Dolby and the double-D symbol are registered trademarks of Dolby Laboratories.
"Made for iPod," "Made for iPhone," and "Made for iPad" mean that an electronic accessory has been designed to connect specifically to iPod, iPhone, or iPad,
respectively, and has been certified by the developer to meet Apple performance standards. Apple is not responsible for the operation of this device or
its compliance with safety and regulatory standards. Please note that the use of this accessory with iPod iPhone, or iPad may affect wireless performance.
Apple, AirPlay, the AirPlay logo, iPhone, iPad, iPod and iPod touch are registered trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. AirPlay works
with iPhone 4S, iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, iPod touch (4th, 3rd and 2nd generations), iPad 2, iPad with iOS 4.2 or later, and iTunes 10.1 (Mac and PC) or later.
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vTuner is a registered trademark of Noting Else Matters Software, Ltd.
Phase Control is a trademark placed on a product with Pioneer's Phase Control Technology concept. The technology enables high-grade sound reproduction environment
by improving the phase matching for each of the components.
Control4 and the Control4 logo are registered trademarks of Control4 Corporation.
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AMX and the AMX logo are trademarks of AMX, LLC registered in the U.S. and other countries.
Universal Remote Control logo is a registered trademark of Universal Remote Control, Inc.
RTI logo is a registered trademark of Remote Technologies Incorporated.
Savant Logo is a registered trademark of Savant Systems, LLC.
For details on iPod compatibility, visit http://pioneer.jp/homeav/support/ios/na/
Privacy Policy | Terms Of Use | Sitemap Copyright © 2014 Pioneer Electronics (USA) Inc.


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Flat Rate Shipping. Any Size Order!
Orlando Magic Online Store
Orlando Magic Gear
Orlando Magic Mens
Orlando Magic Mens Jackets
Sale Items
(26 items)
Product ID: 1220958
Main Content
The best part of your day is seeing the Orlando Magic on the basketball court. You need a way to show your support and stay comfortable during the highlight of your week! This On-Court home weekend warm-up jacket from adidas features a tackle twill team logo on the front and a tackle twill team wordmark on the back. You'll be ready to enjoy all the best moments of another Orlando win in this team-colored, full-zip Magic jacket!
- 100% Polyester
- 2 Front pockets
- Contrast color sleeves
- Full zip
- Imported
- Mesh lining
- Officially licensed NBA product
- Olympic collar
- Quality embroidery
- Rib-knit cuffs and waist
- Sewn-on stripes
- Tackle twill applique
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or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are
received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items
are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite
number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text: There are interepreters and interpreters. The good ones will be able to transmit your message as you express it, with all the emotion you add to it. Unfortunately, people tend to think that any bilingual person can work as an interpreter. Usually price determines the quality of the interpreter you are hiring. Cheaper ones might seem a better choice at first, but you are more than likely to be lost, or worse, forgotten, in the translation.


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Special Olympics' youth-focused initiative, Project UNIFY®, today announced the appointment of 10 new members to the National Youth Activation Committee (YAC), a group that empowers young people to engage in active social change. These candidates were selected from applicants across the United States, and exemplify extraordinary leadership skills and passion for the Special Olympics movement.
"We are excited to welcome this slate of accomplished young people to the Project UNIFY® team. The National YAC offers youth a chance to be leaders in a national arena. They not only will advocate for social inclusion but will inspire their peers to create school environments of acceptance and welcome for people of all abilities. They are pioneers in a movement that will change the social norms for generations to come", said Andrea Cahn, Senior Director of Project UNIFY.
The National Youth Activation Committee, which is currently in its fifth year, is comprised of young people with and without intellectual disabilities from across the country who work together to promote inclusive school communities where all young people are agents of change. With the appointment of the newest members, the National Youth Activation Committee will include 19 active and engaged young leaders from around the country, eight of whom have intellectual disabilities.
Currently, as many as 500,000 young people and 2,100 schools are participating in Special Olympics Project UNIFY® where they develop school communities that foster respect, dignity and advocacy for all people, including those with intellectual disabilities.
Special Olympics is an international organization that changes lives through the power of sport by encouraging and empowering people with intellectual disabilities, promoting acceptance for all, and fostering communities of understanding and respect worldwide. Founded in 1968 by Eunice Kennedy Shriver, the Special Olympics movement has grown from a few hundred athletes to nearly four million athletes in over 175 countries in all regions of the world, providing year-round sports training, athletic competition and other related programs. Special Olympics now takes place every day, changing the lives of people with intellectual disabilities all over the world, from community playgrounds and ball fields in every small neighborhood's backyard to World Games. Special Olympics provides people with intellectual disabilities continuing opportunities to realize their potential, develop physical fitness, demonstrate courage, and experience joy and friendship. Special Olympics continues to grow thanks in part to the support of global corporate sponsors including The Coca-Cola Company, Procter & Gamble, Hilton Worldwide, Mattel and Lions Club International.
Rebecca Ralston #(202)-email@example.com
Special Olympics transforms athletes' lives through the joy of sport. Help us make a difference.
Volunteering with Special Olympics is fun and very rewarding, for both the athlete and the volunteer!
Stay in touch! See inspiring stories, photos and videos in our Special Olympics newsletter.
Today, the Templeton Foundation gave its most prestigious award to my hero, Jean Vanier. For Linda and our children and me, he has also been our retreat leader, our teacher of humility, our guide.
Posted on 2015-03-11 by Tim
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Top Definition
Derogatory word used to describe specify Superman as seen in SUPERMAN RETURNS as opposed to in any other vehicle. Named for director Bryan Singer whose Superman movie featured the Man of Steel--played by a lackluster pretty boy--doing unbearably out of character stuff.
Singerman left everyone behind for five years. Singerman got Lois pregnant. Singerman peeked into her house out of jealousy. Superman would never do that shit.
dari Nightwing83
Kamis, 10 Juli 2008
1 more definition
v. To slather mayonnaise on a cat
dari Robbie Brown
Senin, 14 Juni 2004


text:
- Design House: Berdoues
- Fragrance Notes: Grapefruit, Peony Base, White Musk And Vanilla Accords.
- Year Introduced: 2010
- Recommended Use: casual
No reviews written for this product
1 - 5 (of 1 Reviews)
I'll also give this fragrance high rating. I've never tried this fragrance but it is very nice. I also love the pretty bottle with the atomizer. Those kind of spray atomizers are hard to find so I am glad I got one now. Thanks kindly!
Written by noravickroy30 on July 03, 2013
Read Review details ►1 - 5 (of 1 Reviews)


text:
- Author/Maintainer
- Version
- Release Date
- 2011-04-20
- Kwalitee
- 134.29
- Core Kwalitee
- 100.00
- External Resources
Kwalitee Fails
Core metrics
Excellent. This distribution passes all the core metrics.
Extra metrics
Excellent. Your distribution passes all the extra metrics.
Experimental metrics
These fails are not serious and don't affect your Kwalitee scores at all.
metric | remedy |
meta yml has provides |
This distribution does not have a list of provided modules defined in META.yml. Add all modules contained in this distribution to the META.yml field 'provides'. Module::Build or Dist::Zilla::Plugin::MetaProvides do this automatically for you. |
meta yml has repository resource |
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text:
I have a dynamic pivot query I have created.
There are 3 fixed columns, and then 1..n pivot columns generated, usually 4 but anything up to 10.
I can build the dynamic sql fine, but I've just realised I can't set any static variables to use the sql in a cursor, as I don't know how many I need at design time, only run time.
I then thought I'd create a temporary global table to hold the results from the dynamic sql, and use a for loop instead to do my processing.
Again though I realised I can't do this as I don't know the table name at run time, and can't use dynamic sql in a for loop.
So basically that's as far as my ideas go and would like a suggestion as to how I can do this, or even whether I can.
I'm using ORACLE 11g
Thanks in advance


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To register for this live teleseminar replay, please click here
About the Teleseminar Subleasing commercial office and retail space is an increasingly common alternative for tenants who want to downsize the space they have leased and reduce their financial obligations. Subleases allow tenants to retain the space they need while avoiding the risks and liability of trying to renegotiate the underlying master lease with the landlord. But subleases as documents are very complex. They give subtenants rights vis-à-vis the tenant, but they must conform with the underlying master lease and generally cannot increase the obligations of the landlord. Subleases must also anticipate default – by the landlord, by the tenant or by the subtenant – and define remedies. This program will provide you with a practical guide to reviewing, drafting and negotiating subleases with an emphasis on allocation of risk and liability.
Day 1 – February 6, 2014
About the Speakers
Mark A. Senn is a partner in the Denver law firm of Senn Visciano Canges P.C, where he has an extensive national real estate practice, including commercial leasing, purchases and sales, title cases, condominiums, loan and workout transactions, and mezzanine financing transactions. He is the author of "Commercial Real Estate Leases: Preparation, Negotiation and Forms" (3d ed.) and "Commercial Real Estate Transactions Handbook (3d ed), both published by Aspen Law & Business. He is a member of the Board of Governors of the American College of Real Estate Lawyers and a member of the Board of the Advisors of the newsletter "Commercial Lease Law Insider." He received his B.S., with distinction, from Stanford University and his J.D. from Boalt Hall School of Law at the University of California, Berkeley.
Richard R. Goldberg is a retired partner, resident in the Philadelphia office of Ballard Spahr, LLP, where he established an extensive real estate practice, including development, financing, leasing, and acquisition. Earlier in his career, he served as vice president and associate general counsel of The Rouse Company for 23 years. He is past president of the American College of Real Estate Lawyers, past chair of the Anglo-American Real Property Institute, and past chair of the International Council of Shopping Centers Law Conference. Mr. Goldberg is currently a Fellow of the American College of Mortgage Attorneys and is a member of the American Law Institute. Mr. Goldberg received his B.A. from Pennsylvania State University and his LL.B. from the University of Maryland School of Law.
Mandatory MCLE Credit Hours
This seminar qualifies for 1.0 MCLE Credit Hour
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Discovering The Most Common Causes For Spinal Cord Injuries
Did you ever suffer from spinal cord soreness? Maybe you even went to a doctor to get some pain killers… How about chiropractic? Back stretching devices? Lower back braces? Stretches? Acupuncture?
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Your spinal cord is an amazing structure, but there is a problem with it. It is extremely ease for you to get a series of different injuries while performing any specific move without the appropriate amount of flexibility and balance to support your core.
If you do not have a stable core from doing the right exercises to strengthen the muscles and joints in your spine you are very likely to suffer several types of injury, even on a extremely common routine.
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Neutral Shimmer Shrug
Out of Stock
Just a glimmer of soft gold shimmer, and this shrug isn't so neutral anymore. 71% Silk, 18% Polyester, 11% Metallic. Machine wash, cold; lay flat to dry. Or dry clean. Imported.
- Relaxed fit.
- Collar high in the back. Rounded, banded edge and sleeve opening.
- Hits at the waist (15.5" from shoulder).
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Design &
IPC®, ART™, TET, FRS and the many other design and manufacturing technologies and protocols that go into building the most advanced fishing rods on earth didn't come about by accident – or by trial and error. We are always pushing the outer limits of new manufacturing technologies. We use the latest in CNC (Computer Numerical Control) technology to turn our own aluminum and plastic trim pieces, wind checks, shims and other rod components. This allows us to tightly control the precision and quality of every part while increasing efficiency in our work flow. It's about as high-tech as you can get – and produces a better, more consistent product, every time.
St. Croix Technologies:
When you set out to uncover what makes a St. Croix different from other rods, you need look no further than the engineer sitting right beside the rod designer. It's a partnership that's produced such breakthroughs as St. Croix's exclusive Integrated Poly Curve® and Advanced Reinforcing Technology™. Rod performance is only as good as the design behind it – and rest assured, before we even think about sending a rod through for production, we make sure we spend as much time as necessary in the design department to assure that every St. Croix rod is engineered and developed to outperform all others.
Integrated Poly Curve® (IPC®) Technology
Developed exclusively by St. Croix, Integrated Poly Curve® (IPC®) tooling technology has rapidly become the engineering leader in rodmaking. Designed to eliminate all transitional points in the rod blank, IPC-engineered rods feature smoother actions, increased strength and greater sensitivity.
Advanced Reinforcing Technology™ (ART™)
Advanced Reinforcing Technology™ (ART™) is an exotic carbon fiber material that adds a magnitude (10X) of strength with virtually no increase in blank diameter or weight. ART significantly improves the hoop strength of the blank by preventing it from deforming or "ovaling" under a severe load, such as a powerful hook set or fish battle. ART is also a critical part of our slim-profile ferrule design.
Taper Enhancement Technology
After several years of R&D and testing, St. Croix has perfected an innovative new Taper Enhancement Technology (TET) that begins with precision-cut, curved blank patterns made possible by a state-of-the-art computerized pattern cutting machine. When combined with IPC-mandrels, these unique patterns create blanks with better actions and improved sensitivity. This pattern design and cutting technology is a dramatic departure from traditional straight-line patterns cut by hand. TET will debut in the all-new Legend Xtreme series.
Fortified Resin System
St. Croix once again breaks new ground in premium rod manufacturing technology with the development of a new Fortified Resin System (FRS), which combines a fortified super resin with new computer operated curing ovens that provide improved temperature and time management through all stages of the curing cycle. FRS prevents microbuckling by keeping the carbon fibers in proper alignment. Blanks manufactured using this advanced manufacturing protocol test out consistently to be 33% stronger than those built with standard resins and curing methods. Rod series manufactured with FRS include Legend Elite, Legend Tournament Bass/Walleye/Musky, Legend Salt, Legend Surf, Bank Robber, High Stick Drifter – and the newly redesigned LegendXtreme.


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With dual adjacent doors that provide an expansive view of the outside world, a roomy interior and watertight construction, the Mountain Hardwear Optic 3.5 tent is an excellent choice for 3-season backpacking and camping.
New for 2015! A unique, shape-shifting rainfly lets you decide how the Mountain Hardwear Shifter 4 tent can serve you best. With 2 doors, a roomy interior, and watertight construction, it's a great option for 3-season camping. Footprint included.
Since its inception in 1993, Mountain Hardwear has been committed to manufacturing technologically innovative products. Well over a decade later, Mountain Hardwear continues to live up those ideals, unveiling high-performance tents, sleeping bags and apparel built specifically for the punishing demands of outdoor adventure.
Backcountry Edge is proud to be an authorized Mountain Hardwear dealer.
Click here to visit the official Mountain Hardwear website. (Note: you will be leaving Backcountry Edge.)
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LoriHairMedium BrownDry HairCurly HairBig Waste Of Money!I have been using this shampoo and conditioner for about 2 weeks. I have wavy/curly thick hair that is very prone to being frizzy and is mildy damaged from using a straightening iron for years. It seemed to work pretty good the first time i used it but my hair got progressively worse. Everyday i used this shampoo my hair became more and more dry, frizzy and extrememly weighed down and unclean feeling. Wasnt sure at first if it was the shampoo or the new mousse i had started using, but after reading some of the other reviews i decided to go back to my regular shampoo and conditioner and the results were amazing, my hair feels clean, bouncy and not nearly as frizzy.posted Jun 15, 2011Link to this post
Heather CollegeHairCurly HairLove ItI read the reviews on here for this and other curly hair products and I thought oh know what did I buy? Then I used it and loved it. I think it depends on the kind of water and your type of hair. This is a good product!posted Mar 19, 2009Link to this post
Marilyn JohnsonLove Curl LifeMy daughter and have loved the step 1,2 & 3 products for several years. It smells great and defines curl. I have not had a flaky, scabby scalp since using this product. I think the addition of coconut oil is good.Marilyn Oklahomaposted Feb 7, 2009Link to this post
AngelaNot Worth The MoneyI cant stand the smell for one, and my boyfriend usually compliments my wavy hair, well now..all i get is "fix your hair it looks tangled" Im definitely trying something new. What a waste of money!posted Nov 3, 2008Link to this post
LolaFLNo LifeThis product smells like cucumber which not everyone likes, but thats the smell I think everyone is talking about.This worked great for me for about a week (used with the conditioner and style creme) with decent results and then my hair just started to look frizzy and my curls became less defined. I didnt get the dryness but it definitely changed the texture of my hair and not for the better.A little disappointing because Matrix makes some great products.posted Jan 10, 2008Link to this post
GeorginaNot GoodIt has a smell that bothered me, it left my hair dry and tangled even after the use of the conditioner. When dry, my hair felt coarse, and not smooth at all.posted Jan 1, 2008Link to this post
KathyHickman KYCurl LifeMy husband and I love this shampoo. It does have an odor but we dont find it offensive. We both have naturally curly hair which tends to be dry and we like the way this product holds down the frizz.posted Oct 14, 2006Link to this post
Kim BakerIndianaCurl LifeiT DOES NOT HAVE A NICE SMELL AND IT TENDS TO BE VERY DRYING EVEN WHEN USING THE CONDITIONER.posted Aug 27, 2006Link to this post
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Honda's CR-Z hot production hybrid takes a bow
Article Summary
Honda made the first commercial hybrid and cut the path for the rest of the world's auto makers more than a decade ago. Now it is in the process of trailblazing the path for desirable hybrids with the release of its all-new CR-Z which made its world premiere at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit today. The ingredients are all top shelf: a six speed manual gearbox, a 1.5 litre i-VTEC engine coupled to Honda's IMA hybrid system, a flexible 2+2 seating arrangement, 3-mode drive system, 56.4 mpg from a sports car, light good handling chassis … but the package is integrated and that's what makes the Honda CR-Z hot, hot, hot! We are very impressed!
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Hammerhead91 Reviews: 1 |
NCIS is one of the best show ever. Why??? Summarized what NCIS makes one of the best shows is: The different cases and the chemistry between the characters makes NCIS a dynamic show. Read more Review posted on Monday, September 1st 2008 at 7:22 am |
Zepar Reviews: 6 |
Incredible, To describe this show in one word. You may be thinking this is "just another Crime show" but you would be wrong. Read more Review posted on Saturday, November 29th 2008 at 8:41 pm |
Arkanis Reviews: 6 |
Being spun off JAG I expected NCIS to be a bit better, though the stories get better with time to the point of being quite interesting. Although i seriously doubt that anyone on the show's crew knows anyone about computers, it is still quite watchable... Read more Review posted on Saturday, November 14th 2009 at 10:57 pm |
The NCIS theme song |


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West Rutland 72, Poultney 27
WEST RUTLAND West Rutland improved to 14-1 heading into next Tuesdays big game at Proctor, with an easy win over the winless Blue Devils.
Mikala Dambrackas poured in 21 points and Morgan Raiche 16 for Westside. Cassie Pitts had 10 points for the Blue Devils.MORE IN This Just InCity man faces Full StoryMan pleads guilty in beagles death Full StoryWAITSFIELD-A Vermont bank has been robbed twice in one week. Full Story -
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day 1739, 'Richard Palmer' identified in prison at York Castle as the notorious outlaw DICK TURPIN; IN 1836, Battle of the Alamo begins near San Antonio de Bexar, Texas; 1896, the Tootsie Roll invented by LEO HIRSCHFELD.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1472, Orkney, Shetland islands put up as collateral by Norway to Scotland in lieu of dowry for MARGARET OF DENMARK on her marriage with JAMES III, king of Scotland; 1962, JOHN GLENN first American to orbit Earth.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City mayoral candidates debate campaign issues; Hartford, Conn., woman still missing; Neal Goswami reports attempts to legislate suicide; local woman loses 100 pounds through TOPS program.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1878, JOHN TUNSTALL murdered near Lincoln, New Mexico, by the outlaw JESSE EVANS; in 1930, ELM FARM OLLIE first cow to fly in aircraft, first to be milked airborne; 1955, nuke test WASP; '79, snow in Sahara.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Keays and staff writer Gordon Dritschilo discuss stories planned for the February 18, 2015, edition of the newspaper: Winter budgets maxed, legal marijuana, Springfield bank job, USPS slowdown
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1249 AD, ANDRE of LONGJUMEAU is dispatched by LOUIS IX of France to meet the KHAGAN, ruler of the Mongol Empire; in 1804, during 1st Barbary War, STEPHEN DECATUR scuttles the pirate-held USS Philadelphia in Tripoli.


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Kakuzu Cosplay
Kakuzu is the crazy, money hungry akatsuki member in Naruto Shippuuden. Cosplaying him can be tough because of the eyes. If you can find some good contacts you'll be golden. We've got everything else ^_^
Happy Cosplaying otaku!
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breeze way. Milan-based Euga Design Studio lightens up the modern buffet with an open, airy weave and fresh new neutral. Inspired by vintage kitchen hutches, versatile design holds its own in a solid oak frame with a neutral grey/brown stain we call greige. Breezy doors handwoven of white-washed cane reference the aerated screens of yesteryear's dining storage pieces. Hinging all the way open for full serving range, doors reveal two fixed shelves within, and there's one shelf for display/storage below. Clean, meticulous design foregoes hardware with hidden magnetic closures, while back cutouts provide discreet and immaculate cord management for laptops and gadgets. Learn more about Euga Design Studio on our blog.


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EASTON Men's Baseball Sliding Shorts
Eligible Free Shipping on Outerwear, Shoes, Clothes! (see promotion details) |
Eligible for Free Shipping on Orders $49 or More! (see promotion details) |
Members of The League get 5% back when you spend $100! (see promotion details) |
Product Details
Whether you're stealing second or heading home, the EASTON® men's sliding shorts keep you protected. They feature an integrated cup holder and two-ply fabric inserted in key sliding areas as an added buffer between you and the ground. The Bio-Dri® fabric treatment ensures you stay dry and light when the game heats up.
Get your EASTON® sliding shorts today from Sports Authority.
- 90% polyester, 10% spandex
- EASTON® engineered cup holder and sliding short all in one
- Bio-Dri® fabric wicks away moisture, keeping you dry and light
- Two-ply fabric provides added protection to sliding areas
- Men's Inseam: 9 inches
- Imported
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Displaying review 1
Comments about EASTON Men's Baseball Sliding Shorts:
The item I revcieved was not as shown. The bag had a hole in it where it hab been fished out of the packaging and reinserted. I think someone did a switch by returning a different item from store inventory because the item did not look at all like that shown. The panel stiching was wrong, it had a yellow Easton wait elastic like the one in the store, and did not have a cup holder. But it did have an attached tag showing it was this item and not the compression shorts sold in the store. Very messed up.
I won't be ordering anything from Sports Authority by email again.
Displaying review 1


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thank you again for this really great article! it is exciting to read articles about this topic.
well, it is very sadly that they are not able to reduce ubuntu's power consumption.
perhaps they're going to get it with upstart. i recently read a great article about its future and it seems very exciting (http://liquidat.wordpress.com/2007/0...starts-future/)
in short: less services/deamons -> less power consumption (why do you need a cupsd when you don't have a printer?)
but i would like to see a test with the current fedora 8. they have optimised the whole system for less power consumption. i would say that it had less power consumption than ubuntu/other distris...


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Founded in 1885, Michigan Technological University is a leader in technology, engineering, and scientific degree programs, and leading research university.
Michigan Technological University honored the achievements of nearly 1,000 graduates Saturday, May 4, 2013, at Spring Commencement. Among the honorees was Brian Kaufman of Midland who earned a ... more
Spring 2013 Verified by Michigan Technological UniversityBrian has not added any work experience yet.


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Iona Insider
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Vacuum Attachments
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Rotho TB150 Hand-held Turbo Brush Attachment For Stairs & Upholstery, 787 228.
$49.95Hand-held turbo brush designed to fit Rotho Water Filtration vacuum cleaners. An excellent added attachment for cleaning stairs & upholstery, especially for homes that have breathing issues or allergies. This attachment comes packaged standard with th Learn More


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Pruritus (itching) is an unpleasant sensation that elicits the desire to scratch. It is a distressing symptom that can cause discomfort and threaten the effectiveness of the skin as a major protective barrier. Because of the subjective nature of pruritus, the lack of a precise definition, and the lack of suitable animal models, pruritus is a disorder that has not been researched adequately.
The skin accounts for 15% of the body's total weight and is the largest organ of the body. The skin has significant psychosocial and physical functions. Its function as a protective mechanism is the skin's most important role. But skin is also essential to self image and one's ability to touch and be touched, thereby providing an important component of communication.
Symptoms of generalized itching, without rash or skin lesions, may be related to anything from dry skin to an occult carcinoma, and the etiology of the symptoms should be explored. Common nonmalignant etiologic factors include drug reactions, xerosis, scabies, and primary skin diseases. Pruritus is one of the most common complaints of the elderly patient, but estimates of the significance of pruritic symptoms in the elderly population vary from 10% to 50%. The most common diagnosis related to pruritus in this population is simply dry skin.[1]
Generalized pruritus is found in about 13% of all individuals with chronic renal disease and about 70% to 90% of those undergoing hemodialysis for its treatment.[2] Cholestatic liver disease with intrahepatic or posthepatic obstruction, with or without increased serum levels of bile acids, is often associated with pruritus.[3] Other etiologic factors include (but are not limited to) primary biliary cirrhosis, cholestasis related to phenothiazines or oral contraceptives, intrahepatic cholestasis in pregnancy, and posthepatic obstruction.[3]
In this summary, unless otherwise stated, evidence and practice issues as they relate to adults are discussed. The evidence and application to practice related to children may differ significantly from information related to adults. When specific information about the care of children is available, it is summarized under its own heading.
- Duncan WC, Fenske NA: Cutaneous signs of internal disease in the elderly. Geriatrics 45 (8): 24-30, 1990. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Blachley JD, Blankenship DM, Menter A, et al.: Uremic pruritus: skin divalent ion content and response to ultraviolet phototherapy. Am J Kidney Dis 5 (5): 237-41, 1985. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Abel EA, Farber EM: Malignant cutaneous tumors. In: Rubenstein E, Federman DD, eds.: Scientific American Medicine. New York: Scientific American, Inc, Chapter 2: Dermatology, Section XII, 1-20, 1992.
Hematologic disorders that cause pruritus include polycythemia vera. Some conditions that cause iron deficiency, including exfoliative skin disorder, also cause pruritus. Diabetes and thyrotoxicosis are endocrine causes of pruritus.[1]
Pruritus is a frequent clinical manifestation of people with AIDS, AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, and AIDS-related opportunistic infections. Pruritus with or without rash has been reported in approximately 84% of people with AIDS and 35.5% of those with AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. The incidence of pruritus associated with AIDS-related opportunistic infections approaches 100%.[2]
Various malignant diseases are known to produce pruritus. Hodgkin lymphoma causes pruritus in 10% to 25% of patients. In some instances, pruritus precedes diagnosis of the lymphoma [1] and may be an indicator of a less favorable prognosis when associated with significant fever or weight loss ("B" symptoms).[3] Pruritus associated with Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by symptoms of burning and intense itching occurring on a localized skin area, frequently on the lower legs. Other lymphomas and leukemias have been associated with a less intense but more generalized pruritus. Adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of various organs (i.e., stomach, pancreas, lung, colon, brain, breast, and prostate) sometimes produce generalized pruritus that is more pronounced on the legs, upper trunk, and extensor surfaces of the upper extremities.[1,3] Pruritus associated with malignant diseases has been observed to diminish or disappear with eradication of the tumor and reappear with recurrence of disease.[3]
Drugs associated with secondary pruritus include opium derivatives (cocaine, morphine, butorphanol), phenothiazines, tolbutamide, erythromycin estolate, anabolic hormones, estrogens, progestins, testosterone and subsequent cholestasis, aspirin, quinidine and other antimalarials, biologics such as monoclonal antibodies, and vitamin B complex. Subclinical sensitivity to any drug may be related to pruritus.[3]
Hypothesized mechanisms of pruritus have been inferred from studies of pain, since pain and itching share common molecular and neurophysiological mechanisms.[4] Both itch and pain sensations result from the activation of a network of free nerve endings at the dermal-epidermal junction. Activation may be the result of internal or external thermal, mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulation. The cutaneous nerve stimulation is activated or mediated by several substances including histamine, vasoactive peptides, enkephalins, substance P (a tachykinin that affects smooth muscle), and prostaglandins. It is believed that nonanatomic factors (such as psychological stress, tolerance, presence and intensity of other sensations and/or distractions) determine itch sensitivity in different regions of the body.
The itch impulse is transmitted along the same neural pathway as pain impulses, i.e., traveling from peripheral nerves to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, across the cord via the anterior commissure, and ascending along the spinothalamic tract to the laminar nuclei of the contralateral thalamus. Thalamocortical tracts of tertiary neurons are believed to relay the impulse through the integrating reticular activating system of the thalamus to several areas of the cerebral cortex. Factors that are believed to enhance the sensation of itch include dryness of the epidermis and dermis, anoxia of tissues, dilation of the capillaries, irritating stimuli, and psychological responses.[1,3-5]
The motor response of scratching follows the perception of itch. Scratching is modulated at the corticothalamic center and is a spinal reflex. After scratching, itching may be relieved for 15 to 25 minutes. The mechanism through which the itch is relieved by scratching is unknown. It is hypothesized that scratching generates sensory impulses that break circuits in the relay areas of the spinal cord. Scratching may actually enhance the sensation of itching, creating a characteristic itch-scratch-itch cycle. Other physical stimuli such as vibration, heat, cold, and ultraviolet radiation diminish itching and increase the release of proteolytic enzymes, potentially eliciting the itch-scratch-itch cycle.
A pinprick near or in the same dermatome as an itchy point will abolish the itch sensation.[3] It is known that hard scratching may substitute pain for the itch, and in some instances, the patient might find pain the more tolerable sensation. It is thought that spinal modulation of afferent stimuli (Gate theory) and central mechanisms may play a role in the relief of itch.[3]
Hypothesized pathogenesis of pruritus associated with underlying disease states are varied. Biliary, hepatic, renal, and malignant diseases are thought to produce pruritus through circulating toxic substances. Histamine released from circulating basophils and the release of leukopeptidase from white blood cells may trigger pruritus associated with lymphomas and leukemias. Elevated blood levels of kininogen in Hodgkin lymphoma, release of histamine or bradykinin precursors from solid tumors, and release of serotonin in carcinoid may all be related to pruritus.[1,6]
People receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy, irradiation, and/or biologic response modifiers for treatment of malignancy are likely to experience pruritus. This same population is quite likely to be exposed to many of the other etiologic factors relating to pruritus ranging from nutritionally related xerosis (dry skin) to radiation desquamation, chemotherapy and biologic agent–induced side effects, antibiotic reactions, and other drug sensitivities.
Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
Each of the major classes of antineoplastic agents (alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, plant alkaloids, nitrosoureas, and enzymes) include drugs capable of producing cutaneous reactions including pruritus. Patients receiving antineoplastic drugs frequently report dry skin and scaling, thought to be related to effects on sebaceous and sweat glands.[7,8] Many problems are self-limiting and require no active intervention. Other problems warrant anticipation and implementation of preventive measures.
Hypersensitivity to cytotoxic agents can be manifested by pruritus, edema, urticaria, and erythema. Hypersensitivity reactions vary in symptomatology and depend on the drug, the dosage, and the allergy history of the patient. The agents most associated with hypersensitivities include doxorubicin, daunorubicin, cytarabine, L-asparaginase, paclitaxel, and cisplatin. In most reports, these reactions have been localized to the area of the vascular access and dissipate within 30 to 90 minutes.[9,10] More dramatic and even life-threatening reactions can occur, and the development of pruritus may represent an early stage of serious hypersensitivity reactions.[11]
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy–related pruritus is usually associated with dry desquamation of skin within the treatment field. Dryness and pruritus may occur at an accumulated dose of 20 Gy to 28 Gy,[12] and is caused by obliteration of sebaceous glands within the field. This is an acute phenomenon that correlates with the depletion of actively proliferating basal cells in the epidermal layer of the skin, a fixed percentage of which die with each dose fraction of irradiation. Remaining basal cells undergo cornification and shed at an increased rate, while nonproliferating basal cells are stimulated and their cell cycle shortened. Subsequent peeling of the skin is defined as dry desquamation. The skin becomes dry, and the patient may notice itching and burning sensations.[12] Dry skin is susceptible to further injury through scratching and/or formation of fissures, augmenting the risk of infection and tissue necrosis.
If the desquamation process continues, the dermis will eventually be exposed, resulting in moist desquamation. This side effect increases the risk of infection, discomfort, and pain, possibly necessitating interruption of a treatment plan to allow for healing. This interruption can compromise the final outcome of cancer therapy. For this reason, it is desirable to anticipate and prevent the progression of skin reactions to this stage.[13]
External beam therapy with electrons may elicit more skin reactions than photon therapy since the depth of penetration and linear energy transfer is closer to the skin surface with electrons. Radiation delivery techniques (bolus doses and tangential fields) also influence the degree of reaction. Fields that include skin folds (i.e., the axilla, breast, perineum, and gluteus) are anticipated to have increased reactions because of friction, higher moisture content, and low aeration.[14,15]
Combination Therapy
Therapy combining radiation and chemotherapy plays a significant role in state-of-the-art cancer therapy. The synergism of these cytotoxic modalities enhances normal tissue reaction and can be expected to precipitate higher complication rates.[7] The total combined effects of the drugs and irradiation exceed the individual effects of either modality. Significant cutaneous reactions are thought to occur more frequently when chemotherapy and irradiation are administered concurrently.[16]
Biologic Response Modifiers
Biologic response modifiers used in the treatment of malignant disease are associated with a wide variety of side effects and toxic effects. Pruritus has been a side effect associated with several biologics but has been most reported in patients receiving interferons.[17-20] Reports of pruritus as a side effect of biologics are primarily anecdotal and have not been a focus of attention.
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) affects 25% to 50% of patients who live longer than 100 days after bone marrow transplantation. The incidence of skin GVHD is reported to be 80% to 90%, and symptoms vary in severity and type.[21] Reported skin changes include dryness and pruritic, erythematous, maculopapular rashes. Onset can be subtle or sudden; skin GVHD can progress to scleroderma and contracture.[22]
Other Pharmacologic Support During Cancer Treatment
Many pharmacologic agents employed at any point during the cancer course, whether in a primary treatment plan or incorporated into a symptom control or supportive care program, are capable of eliciting a pruritic reaction. These drugs include morphine, other opium derivatives, and aspirin used in pain management; corticosteroids; antibiotics; phenothiazines; and, to a lesser degree, hormonal agents (estrogen, progestins, and testosterone).[3] Mechanisms of these reactions range from hypersensitivity to chemical interference with neural pathways.[4]
Pruritus can be a symptom of infection. Pruritus involving anal or vulvar areas might be caused by infections with Trichomonas or fungi, local tumors, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, fistula discharge, wound effluent, or surgical wound drainage.
- Abel EA, Farber EM: Malignant cutaneous tumors. In: Rubenstein E, Federman DD, eds.: Scientific American Medicine. New York: Scientific American, Inc, Chapter 2: Dermatology, Section XII, 1-20, 1992.
- Dangel RB: Pruritus and cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 13 (1): 17-21, 1986 Jan-Feb. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Bernhard JD: Clinical aspects of pruritus. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al., eds.: Dermatology in General Medicine. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1987, Chapter 7, pp 78-90.
- Greaves MW: Pathophysiology of pruritus. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al., eds.: Dermatology in General Medicine. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1987, Chapter 7, pp 74-78.
- Duncan WC, Fenske NA: Cutaneous signs of internal disease in the elderly. Geriatrics 45 (8): 24-30, 1990. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Abel EA, Farber EM: Drug eruptions and urticaria. In: Rubenstein E, Federman DD, eds.: Scientific American Medicine. New York: Scientific American, Inc, Chapter 2: Dermatology, Section VI, 1-11, 1990.
- Dunagin WG: Clinical toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents: dermatologic toxicity. Semin Oncol 9 (1): 14-22, 1982. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Hood AF: Cutaneous side effects of cancer chemotherapy. Med Clin North Am 70 (1): 187-209, 1986. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Gullo SM: Adriamycin extravasation versus flare. Oncol Nurs Forum 7 (4): 7, 1980.
- Barlock AL, Howser DM, Hubbard SM: Nursing management of adriamycin extravasation. Am J Nurs 79 (1): 94-6, 1979. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Weiss RB: Hypersensitivity reactions to cancer chemotherapy. In: Perry MC, Yarbro JW, eds.: Clinical Oncology Monographs: Toxicity of Chemotherapy. Orlando, Fla: Grune and Stratton, Inc., 1984, pp 101-123.
- Hassey KM, Rose CM: Altered skin integrity in patients receiving radiation therapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 9 (4): 44-50, 1982 Fall. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Miaskowski C: Potential and actual impairments in skin integrity related to cancer and cancer treatment. Top Clin Nurs 5 (2): 64-71, 1983. [PUBMED Abstract]
- O'Rourke ME: Enhanced cutaneous effects in combined modality therapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 14 (6): 31-5, 1987 Nov-Dec. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Hassey KM: Skin care for patients receiving radiation therapy for rectal cancer. J Enterostomal Ther 14 (5): 197-200, 1987 Sep-Oct. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Phillips TL, Fu KK: Quantification of combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy effects on critical normal tissues. Cancer 37 (2 Suppl): 1186-1200, 1976. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Mayer DK, Smalley RV: Interferon: current status. Oncol Nurs Forum 10 (4): 14-9, 1983 Fall. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Krown SE: Interferons and interferon inducers in cancer treatment. Semin Oncol 13 (2): 207-17, 1986. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Spiegel RJ: Intron A (interferon alfa-2b): clinical overview and future directions. Semin Oncol 13 (3 Suppl 2): 89-101, 1986. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Irwin MM: Patients receiving biological response modifiers: overview of nursing care. Oncol Nurs Forum 14 (6 Suppl): 32-7, 1987 Nov-Dec. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Sullivan KM, Deeg HJ, Sanders JE, et al.: Late complications after marrow transplantation. Semin Hematol 21 (1): 53-63, 1984. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Nims JW, Strom S: Late complications of bone marrow transplant recipients: nursing care issues. Semin Oncol Nurs 4 (1): 47-54, 1988. [PUBMED Abstract]
Pruritus is a symptom, not a diagnosis or disease. Generalized pruritus is a "cardinal symptom of medical significance"[1] and should be taken seriously.
Assessment of pruritus must incorporate an accurate and thorough history and physical examination. The history includes the following data:[2,3]
- Location, onset, duration, and intensity of itching.
- Previous history of pruritus.
- Previous history of malignant disease.
- Current malignant disease and treatment.
- Nonmalignant systemic diseases.
- Use of analgesics.
- Use of antibiotics.
- Use of other prescription and nonprescription drugs.
- Presence of infection.
- Nutritional and fluid level status.
- Current skin care practices.
- Existence of other pruritic risk factors.
- Review of relevant laboratory values (complete blood cell chemistry).
- Factors that relieve and aggravate itching.
- Patient's emotional state.
Physical examination will provide data from assessment of the following:
- All skin surfaces for signs of infection.
- All skin surfaces for signs of drug reaction.
- Environmental factors (temperature, humidity).
- Physical factors (tight, constrictive clothing).
- Evidence of scratching (erythema, dryness, excoriation).
- Skin turgor, texture, color, temperature, and lesions.
- Bernhard JD: Clinical aspects of pruritus. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al., eds.: Dermatology in General Medicine. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1987, Chapter 7, pp 78-90.
- Lydon J, Purl S, Goodman M: Integumentary and mucous membrane alterations. In: Groenwald SL, Frogge MH, Goodman M, et al., eds.: Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass: Jones and Bartlett, 1990, pp 594-635.
- Pace KB, Bord MA, McCray N, et al.: Pruritus. In: McNally JC, Stair JC, Somerville ET, eds.: Guidelines for Cancer Nursing Practice. Orlando, Fla: Grune and Stratton, Inc., 1985, pp 85-88.
Note: Some citations in the text of this section are followed by a level of evidence. The PDQ Editorial Boards use a formal ranking system to help the reader judge the strength of evidence linked to the reported results of a therapeutic strategy. (Refer to the PDQ summary on Levels of Evidence for more information.)
Management of pruritus associated with neoplastic disease is directed toward effective management of the underlying malignancy, elimination of actual or potential alterations in skin integrity, and promotion of comfort. Given the subjective nature of itching, the extent to which any therapy is effective may be modified by psychological factors. Multiple approaches and combined efforts may be needed to promote comfort and prevent alterations in the integrity of the skin.
Treatment of pruritus can be grouped into four categories:[1,2][Level of evidence: IV]
- Patient education and minimizing or eliminating provocative factors.
- Application of topical preparations.
- Systemic therapy.
- Physical treatment modalities.
Patient Education and Elimination of Provocative Factors
Patients and caregivers must be included in planning care and providing care to the extent possible. Education is an important aspect of symptom control. Skin care regimens incorporate protection from the environment, good cleansing practices, and internal and external hydration.[3][Level of evidence: IV] The intensity of the regimen and the techniques employed will vary according to etiologic factors and the degree of distress associated with the pruritus.
Affected individuals (either patients or caregivers) should have a good understanding of factors that promote or aggravate itching. Knowledge of factors that alleviate symptoms provides rationale for the development and implementation of effective and reasonable self-care interventions.
Adequate nutrition is essential to the maintenance of healthy skin. An optimal diet should include a balance of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and fluids. Daily fluid intake of at least 3,000 cc is suggested as a guideline but may not be possible for some individuals.[4,5]
Aggravating factors should be avoided, including the following:
- Fluid loss secondary to fever, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, or decreased fluid intake.
- Use of ointments (e.g., petroleum, mineral oil).
- Bathing with hot water.
- Use of soaps that contain detergents.
- Frequent bathing or bathing for longer than ½ hour.
- Adding oil early to a bath.
- Genital deodorants or bubble baths.
- Dry environment.
- Sheets and clothing laundered with detergent.
- Tight restrictive clothing or clothing made of wool, synthetics, or other harsh fabric.
- Emotional stress.
- Use of opium alkaloids, morphine, and antibiotics.
- Underarm deodorants or antiperspirants.
Alleviating factors should be promoted, as follows:
- Basic skin care.
- Application of emollient creams or lotions.
- Use of mild soaps or soaps made for sensitive skin.
- Limiting bathing to ½ hour daily or every other day.
- Adding oil at the end of a bath or adding a colloidal oatmeal treatment early to the bath.
- Use of cornstarch to areas of irradiated skin following bathing.
- Maintenance of a humid environment (e.g., humidifier).
- Use of cotton flannel blankets if needed.
- Washing of sheets, clothing, and undergarments in mild soaps for infant clothing (e.g., Dreft).
- Wearing of loose-fitting clothing and clothing made of cotton or other soft fabrics.
- Use of distraction, relaxation, positive imagery, or cutaneous stimulation.
- Use of antibiotics if pruritus is secondary to infection.
- Use of oral antihistamines, with increased doses at bedtime.
- Use of topical mild corticosteroids (except for pruritus secondary to radiation therapy).
Topical Skin Care
If pruritus is thought to be primarily related to dry skin, interventions to improve skin hydration can be employed. The main source of hydration for skin is moisture from the vasculature of underlying tissues. Water, not lipid, regulates the pliability of the epidermis, providing the rationale for use of emollients.[6] Emollients reduce evaporation by forming occlusive and semiocclusive films over the skin surface, encouraging the production of moisture in the layer of epidermis beneath the film (hence, the term moisturizer).[3][Level of evidence: IV]
Knowledge of the ingredients of skin care products is essential, since many ingredients may enhance skin reactions. Three main ingredients of emollients are petrolatum, lanolin, and mineral oil. Both petrolatum and lanolin may cause allergic sensitization in some individuals.[3][Level of evidence: IV]
Petrolatum is poorly absorbed by irradiated skin and is not easily removed. A thick layer could produce an undesired bolus effect when applied within a radiation treatment field.[7][Level of evidence: IV] Mineral oil is used in combination with petrolatum and lanolin to create creams and lotions and may be an active ingredient in bath oils. Other ingredients added to these products, such as thickeners, opacifiers, preservatives, fragrances, and colorings, may cause allergic skin reactions.
Product selection and recommendations must be made in consideration of each patient's unique needs and should incorporate such variables as the individual's skin, the desired effect, the consistency and texture of the preparation, its cost, and acceptability to the patient.[3][Level of evidence: IV] Emollient creams or lotions should be applied at least two or three times daily and after bathing. Recommended emollient creams include Eucerin or Nivea or lotions such as Lubriderm, Alpha Keri, or Nivea.[4] Gels with a local anesthetic (0.5%–2% lidocaine) can be used on some areas, as often as every 2 hours if necessary.[8][Level of evidence: IV]
Some topical agents including talcum powders, perfumed powders, bubble baths, and cornstarch can irritate the skin and cause pruritus. Cornstarch has been an acceptable intervention for pruritus associated with dry desquamation related to radiation therapy, but it should not be applied to moist skin surfaces, areas with hair, sebaceous glands, skin folds or areas close to mucosal surfaces, such as the vagina and rectum.[9,10] Glucose is formed when cornstarch is moistened, providing an excellent medium for fungal growth.[10] Agents with metal ions (i.e., talcum and aluminum used in antiperspirants) enhance skin reactions during external beam radiation therapy and should be avoided throughout the course of radiation therapy. Other common ingredients in over-the-counter lotions and creams that may enhance skin reactions include alcohol and menthol. Topical steroids can reduce itching, but they reduce blood flow to the skin, resulting in thinning of the skin and increased susceptibility to injury.[11][Level of evidence: IV]
Skin Cleansing
The goal of skin cleansing is to remove dirt and prevent odor, but actual hygienic practices are influenced by skin type, lifestyle, and culture. Extensive bathing aggravates dry skin, and hot baths cause vasodilation, which further promotes itching. Many soaps are salts of fatty acids with an alkali base. Soap is a degreaser and can also irritate skin. Older adults or individuals with dry skin should limit use of soaps to those areas with apocrine glands. Plain water should suffice for other skin surfaces. Mild soaps have less soap or detergent content. Superfatted soaps deposit a film of oil on the skin surface, but there is no proof that they are less drying than other soaps and they may be more expensive.
Tepid baths have an antipruritic effect, possibly resulting from capillary vasoconstriction. The bath should be limited to a half hour every day or every two days. Examples of mild soaps that can be recommended include Dove, Neutrogena, and Basis. Oil can be added to the water at the end of the bath or applied to the skin before towel drying.
Heat increases cutaneous blood flow and may enhance itching. Heat also lowers humidity, and skin loses moisture when the relative humidity is less than 40%. A cool, humid environment may reverse these processes.
Residue left by detergents used in laundering clothes and linens, as well as fabric softeners and antistatic products, may aggravate pruritus. Detergent residue can be neutralized by the addition of vinegar (1 teaspoon per quart of water) to rinse water. Mild laundry soaps marketed for infant items may offer a solution as well.
Loose-fitting, lightweight cotton clothes and cotton bed sheets are suggested. The elimination of heavy bedcovers may alleviate itching by decreasing body heat. Wool and some synthetic fabrics may be irritating. Distraction, music therapy, relaxation, and imagery may be useful to relieve symptoms.[12]
Pharmacologic Therapy
If treatment of the underlying disease and/or control of other aggravating factors provides inadequate relief of pruritus, topical and oral medications may be useful. Topical steroids may provide relief when symptoms are related to a steroid-responsive dermatosis, but anticipated benefits must be weighed against the vasoconstrictive side effects. Topical steroids have no role in the management of pruritus of unknown origin. Topical steroids should not be applied to skin surfaces inside a radiation treatment field.
Systemic medications useful in the management of pruritus include those directed toward the underlying disease or control of symptoms. Antibiotics can reduce symptoms associated with infection. Oral antihistamines may provide symptomatic relief in histamine-related itching. A higher dose of antihistamines at bedtime may produce antipruritic and sedative effects. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride, 25 mg to 50 mg every 6 hours, has demonstrated effectiveness.[13][Level of evidence: IV] Hydroxyzine hydrochloride, 25 mg to 50 mg every 6 to 8 hours, or cyproheptadine hydrochloride, 4 mg every 6 to 8 hours, may provide symptomatic relief.[14] Oral chlorpheniramine (4 mg) or hydroxyzine (10 mg or 25 mg) orally every 4 to 6 hours has been used with good results.[15][Level of evidence: IV] If one antihistamine is ineffective, one of another class may provide relief.
Sedative or tranquilizing agents may be indicated, especially if relief is not provided by other agents. Antidepressants can have strong antihistamine and antipruritic effects.[15][Level of evidence: IV] Diazepam may be useful in some situations to alleviate anxiety and promote rest.[16]
Sequestrant agents may be effective in relieving pruritus associated with renal or hepatic disease through binding and removing pruritogenic substances in the gut and reducing bile salt concentration. Cholestyramine is not always effective and produces gastric side effects.[17]
Aspirin seems to have reduced pruritus in some individuals while increasing pruritus in others. Thrombocytopenic cancer patients should be cautioned against using aspirin. Cimetidine alone or in combination with aspirin has been used with some effectiveness for pruritus associated with Hodgkin lymphoma and polycythemia vera.[18][Level of evidence: III]
Physical Modalities
Alternatives to scratching for the relief of pruritus can help the patient interrupt the itch-scratch-itch cycle. Application of a cool washcloth or ice over the site may be useful. Firm pressure at the site of itching, at a site contralateral to the site of itching, and at acupressure points may break the neural pathway. Rubbing, pressure, and vibration can be used to relieve itching.[2][Level of evidence: IV][12]
There are anecdotal reports of the use of transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulators (TENS) and acupuncture in the management of pruritus.[1] Ultraviolet phototherapy has been used with limited success for pruritus related to uremia.[1]
- Bernhard JD: Clinical aspects of pruritus. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al., eds.: Dermatology in General Medicine. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1987, Chapter 7, pp 78-90.
- Dangel RB: Pruritus and cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 13 (1): 17-21, 1986 Jan-Feb. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Klein L: Maintenance of healthy skin. J Enterostomal Ther 15 (6): 227-31, 1988 Nov-Dec. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Lydon J, Purl S, Goodman M: Integumentary and mucous membrane alterations. In: Groenwald SL, Frogge MH, Goodman M, et al., eds.: Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. Boston, Mass: Jones and Bartlett, 1990, pp 594-635.
- Pace KB, Bord MA, McCray N, et al.: Pruritus. In: McNally JC, Stair JC, Somerville ET, eds.: Guidelines for Cancer Nursing Practice. Orlando, Fla: Grune and Stratton, Inc., 1985, pp 85-88.
- Blank L: Factors which influence the water content of the stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 18 (2): 133-39, 1952.
- Hilderley L: Skin care in radiation therapy. A review of the literature. Oncol Nurs Forum 10 (1): 51-6, 1983 Winter. [PUBMED Abstract]
- De Conno F, Ventafridda V, Saita L: Skin problems in advanced and terminal cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 6 (4): 247-56, 1991. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Hassey KM: Skin care for patients receiving radiation therapy for rectal cancer. J Enterostomal Ther 14 (5): 197-200, 1987 Sep-Oct. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Maienza J: Alternatives to cornstarch for itchiness. Oncol Nurs Forum 15 (2): 199-200, 1988 Mar-Apr. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Hassey KM, Rose CM: Altered skin integrity in patients receiving radiation therapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 9 (4): 44-50, 1982 Fall. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Yasko JM, Hogan CM: Pruritus. In: Yasko J, ed.: Guidelines for Cancer Care: Symptom Management. Reston, Va: Reston Publishing Company, Inc., 1983, pp 125-129.
- Geltman RL, Paige RL: Symptom management in hospice care. Am J Nurs 83 (1): 78-85, 1983. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Levy M: Symptom control manual. In: Cassileth BR, Cassileth PA, eds.: Clinical Care of the Terminal Cancer Patient. Philadelphia, Pa: Lea and Febiger, 1982, pp 214-262.
- Winkelmann RK: Pharmacologic control of pruritus. Med Clin North Am 66 (5): 1119-33, 1982. [PUBMED Abstract]
- Supportive Care. In: Casciato DA, Lowitz BB: Manual of Bedside Oncology. Boston, Mass: Little & Brown, 1983, pp 59-95.
- Abel EA, Farber EM: Malignant cutaneous tumors. In: Rubenstein E, Federman DD, eds.: Scientific American Medicine. New York: Scientific American, Inc, Chapter 2: Dermatology, Section XII, 1-20, 1992.
- Daly BM, Shuster S: Effect of aspirin on pruritus. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 293 (6552): 907, 1986. [PUBMED Abstract]
Changes to This Summary (06/30/2011)
The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.
Editorial changes were made to this summary.
This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Supportive and Palliative Care Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the About This PDQ Summary and PDQ NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database pages.
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If you have questions or comments about this summary, please send them to Cancer.gov through the Web site's E-mail Us. We can respond only to email messages written in English.
About This PDQ Summary
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the pathophysiology and treatment of pruritus. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians who care for cancer patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions.
Reviewers and Updates
This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Supportive and Palliative Care Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should:
- be discussed at a meeting,
- be cited with text, or
- replace or update an existing article that is already cited.
Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary.
The lead reviewer for Pruritus is:
- Barry A. Eagel, MD, CPI (Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc./Regulatory Compliance and Human Subjects Protection Program/NIAID/NIH/Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research)
Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the Web site's Contact Form. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries.
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Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Supportive and Palliative Care Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system in developing its level-of-evidence designations.
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The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is:
National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Pruritus. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Date last modified <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/pruritus/HealthProfessional. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>.
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