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For the most current version of this Note, see Background Notes A-Z
Republic of Zambia
Area: 752,614 sq. km. (290,585 sq. mi.); slightly larger than Texas.
Cities: Capital--Lusaka (pop. approx. 1 million).
Other cities: Kitwe, Ndola, Livingstone, Kabwe.
Terrain: Varies; mostly plateau savanna.
Climate: Generally dry and temperate.
Nationality: Noun and adjective--Zambian(s).
Population: Approx. 10 million.
Annual growth rate: 2%.
Ethnic groups: More than 70 ethnic groups.
Religions: Christian, indigenous beliefs, Muslim, Hindu.
Languages: English (official), about 70 local languages and dialects, including Bemba, Lozi, Kaonde, Lunda, Luvale, Tonga, and Nyanja.
Education: No compulsory education; 7 years free education. Net primary school enrollment: 67%. Literacy--women: 60.6%; men: 81.6%.
Health: Infant mortality rate--95/1,000. Life expectancy--32.7 years. HIV prevalence (15-49)--16%.
Work force: Agriculture--75%; mining and manufacturing--6%; services--19%.
Type: Republic.
Independence: October 24, 1964.
Constitution: 1991 (as amended in 1996).
Branches: Executive--president (chief of state and head of government), cabinet. Legislative--unicameral National Assembly. Judicial--Supreme Court, high court, magistrate courts, and local courts.
Ruling political party: Movement for Multi-party Democracy (MMD).
Suffrage: Universal adult.
Subdivisions: Nine provinces subdivided into 72 districts.
GDP (2004): $4.3 billion.
Annual growth rate (2004): 5%.
Per capita GDP (2004): $478.
Natural resources: Copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydroelectric power, fertile land.
Agriculture: Products--corn, sorghum, rice, groundnuts, sunflower seeds, vegetables, horticultural products, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, livestock, coffee, and soybeans.
Industry: Types--mining, transport, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, and textiles.
Trade (2004): Exports--$1.8 billion: copper, cobalt, lead, and zinc, cut vegetables, cotton. Major markets--South Africa, United Kingdom, Tanzania, Malawi, Japan. Imports--$2.2 billion: crude oil, refined petroleum products, manufactured goods, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs. Major suppliers--South Africa, China, Tanzania, Zimbabwe.
Major donors: Donors provided $38 million in development assistance to Zambia in 2004. The World Bank is Zambia's largest multilateral donor. Other key multilateral donors include the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the European Union, UN agencies, and the African Development Bank. Counting direct bilateral assistance and assistance through multilateral agencies, the U.S. is Zambia's largest country donor.
Zambia's population comprises more than 70 Bantu-speaking ethnic groups. Some ethnic groups are small, and only two have enough people to constitute at least 10% of the population. Most Zambians are subsistence farmers. The predominant religion is a blend of traditional beliefs and Christianity; Christianity is the official national religion. Expatriates, mostly British (about 15,000) or South African, live mainly in Lusaka and in the Copperbelt in northern Zambia, where they are employed in mines and related activities. Zambia also has a small but economically important Asian population, most of whom are Indians. The country is 44% urban. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is ravaging Zambia. Nearly 1 million Zambians are HIV positive or have AIDS. An estimated 100,000 died in 2004. Over 750,000 Zambian children have been orphaned by HIV/AIDS. Life expectancy at birth is 32.7 years.
The indigenous hunter-gatherer occupants of Zambia began to be displaced or absorbed by more advanced migrating tribes about 2,000 years ago. The major waves of Bantu-speaking immigrants began in the 15th century, with the greatest influx between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. They came primarily from the Luba and Lunda tribes of southern Democratic Republic of Congo and northern Angola but were joined in the 19th century by Ngoni peoples from the south. By the latter part of that century, the various peoples of Zambia were largely established in the areas they currently occupy.
Except for an occasional Portuguese explorer, the area lay untouched by Europeans for centuries. After the mid-19th century, it was penetrated by Western explorers, missionaries, and traders. David Livingstone, in 1855, was the first European to see the magnificent waterfalls on the Zambezi River. He named the falls after Queen Victoria, and the Zambian town near the falls is named after him.
In 1888, Cecil Rhodes, spearheading British commercial and political interests in Central Africa, obtained a mineral rights concession from local chiefs. In the same year, Northern and Southern Rhodesia (now Zambia and Zimbabwe, respectively) were proclaimed a British sphere of influence. Southern Rhodesia was annexed formally and granted self-government in 1923, and the administration of Northern Rhodesia was transferred to the British colonial office in 1924 as a protectorate.
In 1953, both Rhodesias were joined with Nyasaland (now Malawi) to form the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Northern Rhodesia was the center of much of the turmoil and crisis that characterized the federation in its last years. At the core of the controversy were insistent African demands for greater participation in government and European fears of losing political control.
A two-stage election held in October and December 1962 resulted in an African majority in the legislative council and an uneasy coalition between the two African nationalist parties. The council passed resolutions calling for Northern Rhodesia's secession from the federation and demanding full internal self-government under a new constitution and a new national assembly based on a broader, more democratic franchise. On December 31, 1963, the federation was dissolved, and Northern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zambia on October 24, 1964.
At independence, despite its considerable mineral wealth, Zambia faced major challenges. Domestically, there were few trained and educated Zambians capable of running the government, and the economy was largely dependent on foreign expertise. Abroad, three of its neighbors--Southern Rhodesia and the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola--remained under white-dominated rule. Rhodesia's white-ruled government unilaterally declared independence in 1965. In addition, Zambia shared a border with South African-controlled South-West Africa (now Namibia). Zambia's sympathies lay with forces opposing colonial or white-dominated rule, particularly in Southern Rhodesia. During the next decade, it actively supported movements such as the Union for the Total Liberation of Angola (UNITA), the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC), and the South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO).
Conflicts with Rhodesia resulted in the closing of Zambia's borders with that country and severe problems with international transport and power supply. However, the Kariba hydroelectric station on the Zambezi River provided sufficient capacity to satisfy the country's requirements for electricity. A railroad to the Tanzanian port of Dar es Salaam, built with Chinese assistance, reduced Zambian dependence on railroad lines south to South Africa and west through an increasingly troubled Angola.
By the late 1970s, Mozambique and Angola had attained independence from Portugal. Zimbabwe achieved independence in accordance with the 1979 Lancaster House agreement, but Zambia's problems were not solved. Civil war in the former Portuguese colonies generated refugees and caused continuing transportation problems. The Benguela Railroad, which extended west through Angola, was essentially closed to traffic from Zambia by the late 1970s. Zambia's strong support for the ANC, which had its external headquarters in Lusaka, created security problems as South Africa raided ANC targets in Zambia.
In the mid-1970s, the price of copper, Zambia's principal export, suffered a severe decline worldwide. Zambia turned to foreign and international lenders for relief, but as copper prices remained depressed, it became increasingly difficult to service its growing debt. By the mid-1990s, despite limited debt relief, Zambia's per capita foreign debt remained among the highest in the world.
Zambia became a republic immediately upon attaining independence in October 1964. The constitution promulgated on August 25, 1973, abrogated the original 1964 constitution. The new constitution and the national elections that followed in December 1973 were the final steps in achieving what was called a "one-party participatory democracy."
The 1973 constitution provided for a strong president and a unicameral National Assembly. National policy was formulated by the Central Committee of the United National Independence Party (UNIP), the sole legal party in Zambia. The cabinet executed the central committee's policy.
In accordance with the intention to formalize UNIP supremacy in the new system, the constitution stipulated that the sole candidate in elections for the office of president was the person selected to be the president of UNIP by the party's general conference. The second-ranking person in the Zambian hierarchy was UNIP's secretary general.
In December 1990, at the end of a tumultuous year that included riots in the capital and a coup attempt, President Kenneth Kaunda signed legislation ending UNIP's monopoly on power. In response to growing popular demand for multi-party democracy, and after lengthy, difficult negotiations between the Kaunda government and opposition groups, Zambia enacted a new constitution in August 1991. The constitution enlarged the National Assembly from 136 members to a maximum of 158 members, established an electoral commission, and allowed for more than one presidential candidate who no longer had to be a member of UNIP. The constitution was amended again in 1996 to set new limits on the presidency (including a retroactive two-term limit, and a requirement that both parents of a candidate be Zambian-born). The National Assembly is comprised of 150 directly elected members, up to eight presidentially-appointed members, and a speaker. Zambia is divided into nine provinces, each administered by an appointed deputy minister who essentially performs the duties of a governor.
The Supreme Court is the highest court and the court of appeal; below it are the high court, magistrate's court, and local courts.
Principal Government Officials
President--Levy Mwanawasa
Vice President--Lupando Mwape
Minister of Foreign Affairs--Lt. Gen. Ronnie Shikapwasha
Ambassador to the United States--Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika
Ambassador to the United Nations--Mwelwa Musambachime
Zambia maintains an embassy in the United States at 2419 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008 (tel: 202-265-9717/8/9).
The major figure in Zambian politics from 1964 to 1991 was Kenneth Kaunda, who led the campaign for independence and successfully bridged the rivalries among the country's various regions and ethnic groups. Kaunda tried to base government on his philosophy of "humanism," which condemned human exploitation and stressed cooperation among people, but not at the expense of the individual.
Kaunda's political party--the United National Independence Party (UNIP)--was founded in 1959 and was in power under Kaunda's leadership from 1964 to 1991. Before 1972, Zambia had three significant political parties--UNIP, the African National Congress (ANC), and the United Progressive Party (UPP). The ANC drew its strength from western and southern provinces, while the UPP found some support among Bemba-speakers in the Copperbelt and northern provinces. Although not strongly supported in all areas of the country, only UNIP had a nationwide following.
In December 1972, Zambian law established a one-party state, and all other political parties were banned; this was later enshrined in the 1973 constitution. Kaunda, the sole candidate, was elected President in the 1973 elections. Elections also were held for the National Assembly. Only UNIP members were permitted to run, but these seats were sharply contested. President Kaunda's mandate was renewed in December 1978, October 1983, and October 1988 in a "yes" or "no" vote on his candidacy.
Growing opposition to UNIP's monopoly on power led to the rise in 1990 of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD). The MMD assembled an increasingly impressive group of important Zambians, including prominent UNIP defectors and labor leaders. During the year, President Kaunda agreed to a referendum on the one-party state but, in the face of continued opposition, dropped the referendum and signed a constitutional amendment making Zambia a multi-party state. Zambia's first multi-party elections for parliament and the presidency since the 1960s were held on October 31, 1991. MMD candidate Frederick Chiluba resoundingly carried the presidential election over Kenneth Kaunda with 81% of the vote. To add to the MMD landslide, in the parliamentary elections the MMD won 125 of the 150 elected seats and UNIP the remaining 25. However, UNIP swept the Eastern Province, gathering 19 of its seats there.
By the end of Chiluba's first term as President (1996), the MMD's commitment to political reform had faded in the face of re-election demands. A number of prominent supporters founded opposing parties. Relying on the MMD's overwhelming majority in parliament, President Chiluba in May 1996 pushed through constitutional amendments that eliminated former President Kaunda and other prominent opposition leaders from the 1996 presidential elections. In the presidential and parliamentary elections held in November 1996, Chiluba was re-elected, and the MMD won 131 of the 150 seats in the National Assembly. Kaunda's UNIP party boycotted the parliamentary polls to protest the exclusion of its leader from the presidential race, alleging in addition that the outcome of the election had been predetermined due to a faulty voter registration exercise. Despite the UNIP boycott, the elections took place peacefully, and five presidential and more than 600 parliamentary candidates from 11 parties participated. Afterward, however, several opposition parties and non-governmental organizations declared the elections neither free nor fair. As President Chiluba began his second term in 1997, the opposition continued to reject the results of the election amid international efforts to encourage the MMD and the opposition to resolve their differences through dialogue.
Early in 2001, supporters of President Chiluba mounted a campaign to amend the constitution to enable Chiluba to seek a third term of office. Civil society, opposition parties, and many members of the ruling party exerted sufficient pressure on Chiluba to force him to back away from any attempt at a third term.
Presidential, parliamentary, and local government elections were held on December 27, 2001. Eleven parties contested the elections. The elections encountered numerous administrative problems. Opposition parties alleged that serious irregularities occurred. Nevertheless, MMD presidential candidate Levy Mwanawasa, having garnered a plurality of the vote (29%), was declared the victor by a narrow margin, and he was sworn into office on January 2, 2002. Three parties submitted petitions to the Supreme Court, challenging the election results, but the court ruled against the petitioners in February 2005. Opposition parties won a majority of parliamentary seats in the December 2001 election, but subsequent by-elections gave the ruling MMD a majority in parliament.
During his first months in office, President Mwanawasa encouraged the Zambian Anticorruption Commission to aggressively pursue its mandate. In July 2002, in a speech before the Zambian National Assembly, President Mwanawasa provided details on a number of corruption allegations targeting former President Chiluba, and called for Parliament to consider lifting Chiluba's immunity from prosecution. Mwanawasa appointed a special Task Force to investigate and prosecute corrupt officials. Zambian courts are now hearing cases involving corruption charges against Chiluba and numerous officials from his regime.
During his term in office, President Mwanawasa appointed an Electoral Reform Technical Committee (ERTC) and a Constitutional Reform Committee (CRC) to make recommendations for reforms. The ERTC submitted its final report to the President in August 2005. The Government of Zambia has not yet introduced legislation to propose changes to electoral procedures, and it is expected that the electoral process will not be changed significantly before national elections are held in the second half of 2006. Voter registration began on October 31 and continued through December 31, 2005. The CRC presented its final report and a draft constitution in December 2005. In February 2006 the government agreed to allow the formation of a Constituent Assembly to consider and adopt the draft constitution, subject to certain conditions.
Over 70% of Zambians live in poverty. Per capita annual incomes are currently at about one-half their levels at independence and, at $430, place the country among the world's poorest nations. Social indicators continue to decline, particularly in measurements of life expectancy at birth (about 37 years) and maternal mortality (729 per 100,000 pregnancies). The country's rate of economic growth cannot support rapid population growth or the strain which HIV/AIDS related issues (i.e., rising medical costs, decline in worker productivity) place on government resources. Zambia is also one of Sub-Saharan Africa's most highly urbanized countries. Almost one-half of the country's 10 million people are concentrated in a few urban zones strung along the major transportation corridors, while rural areas are underpopulated. Unemployment and underemployment are serious problems.
HIV/AIDS is the nation's greatest challenge, with 16% prevalence among the adult population. HIV/AIDS will continue to ravage Zambian economic, political, cultural, and social development for the foreseeable future.
Once a middle-income country, Zambia began to slide into poverty in the 1970s when copper prices declined on world markets. The socialist government made up for falling revenue by increasing borrowing. After democratic multi-party elections, the Chiluba government (1991-2001) came to power in November 1991 committed to an economic reform program. The government was successful in some areas, such as privatization of most of the parastatals, maintenance of positive real interest rates, the elimination of exchange controls, and endorsement of free market principles. Corruption grew dramatically under the Chiluba government. Zambia has yet to address effectively issues such as reducing the size of the public sector and improving Zambia's social sector delivery systems.
Zambia's total foreign debt stood at about $7 billion when Zambia reached the Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) completion point in April 2005. Once debt cancellation under HIPC is completed, almost $5 billion in debt will be eliminated. Initially, Zambia hoped to reach the HIPC completion point, and benefit from substantial debt forgiveness, in late 2003. In January 2003, the Zambian Government informed the IMF and World Bank that it wished to renegotiate some of the agreed performance criteria calling for privatization of the Zambia National Commercial Bank and the national telephone and electricity utilities. Although agreements were reached on these issues, subsequent overspending on civil service wages delayed Zambia's final HIPC debt forgiveness from late 2003 to early 2005.
The Zambian economy has historically been based on the copper-mining industry. Output of copper had fallen, however, to a low of 228,000 metric tons in 1998, after a 30-year decline in output due to lack of investment, low copper prices, and uncertainty over privatization. Following privatization of the industry, copper production rebounded, reaching 398,000 metric tons in 2004. Improvements in the world copper market have magnified the effect of this volume increase on revenues and foreign exchange earnings.
The Zambian Government is pursuing an economic diversification program to reduce the economy's reliance on the copper industry. This initiative seeks to exploit other components of Zambia's rich resource base by promoting agriculture, tourism, gemstone mining, and hydro power.
The Zambian Defense Force (ZDF) consists of the army, the air force, and Zambian National Service (ZNS). The ZNS, while operating under the Ministry of Defense, is responsible primarily for public works projects. The ZDF is designed primarily for internal defense. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has hit the ZDF especially hard.
The ZDF contributes to African Union and United Nations peacekeeping operations in Africa, and in 2005 became a partner in the African Contingency Operations and Training Assistance (ACOTA) program.
Zambia is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the African Union, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), which is headquartered in Lusaka.
President Kaunda was a persistent and visible advocate of change in Southern Africa, supporting liberation movements in Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and South Africa. Many of these organizations were based in Zambia during the 1970s and 1980s.
President Chiluba assumed a somewhat higher profile internationally in the mid- and late 1990s. His government played a constructive regional role sponsoring Angola peace talks that led to the 1994 Lusaka Protocols. Zambia has provided troops to UN peacekeeping initiatives in Mozambique, Rwanda, Angola, and Sierra Leone. Zambia was the first African state to cooperate with the International Tribunal investigation of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
In 1998, Zambia took the lead in efforts to establish a cease-fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Zambia was active in the Congolese peace effort after the signing of a cease-fire agreement in Lusaka in July and August 1999, although activity diminished considerably after the Joint Military Commission tasked with implementing the ceasefire relocated to Kinshasa in September 2001.
The United States and Zambia enjoy warm relations. The United States is working closely with the Zambian Government to defeat the HIV/AIDS pandemic that is ravaging Zambia and to effect political reform needed to strengthen the nation's emerging democratic institutions. The United States is also supporting the government's efforts to root out corruption. Zambia is a beneficiary of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA).
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
The United States has a substantial foreign assistance program; the U.S. Government provided about $106 million in assistance to Zambia in 2004. Overall U.S. assistance, including that administered by USAID, increased in 2005 with the expansion of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, which during 2005 provided approximately $132 million in support for the fight against HIV/AIDS. USAID, the Centers for Disease Control, the Peace Corps, the Defense Attach� Office, and the State Department administered Emergency Plan programs.
USAID 's Country Strategic Plan forms the basis for development assistance to Zambia from 2004 to 2010. The strategy focuses on the following strategic objectives:
- Increased private sector competitiveness;
- Improved quality of basic education for more school-aged children;
- Improved health status of Zambians;
- Government held more accountable; and
- Reduced impact of HIV/AIDS through a multi-sectoral response.
In addition to supporting development projects, the United States has provided considerable emergency food aid during periods of drought through the World Food Program (WFP) and is a major contributor to refugee programs in Zambia through the UN High Commission for Refugees and other agencies.
Peace Corps
A country agreement inviting the Peace Corps to work in Zambia was signed by the United States and Zambia on September 14, 1993. The first group of volunteers was sworn in on April 7, 1994. In 2005, the Peace Corps program in Zambia continued to increase understanding between Zambians and Americans. More than 140 volunteers are promoting sustainable development through their activities in agricultural and natural resource management, health and sanitation, education, and humanitarian assistance. Volunteers are working in eight of Zambia's nine provinces building local capacity to manage family fish farms, to manage and preserve wildlife resources, to implement health reforms at the village level, to introduce interactive radio instruction for primary school children, and to extend HIV/AIDS education efforts. Recently, a Crisis Corps Program was resumed to support local organizations in the fight against AIDS. Volunteers live primarily in rural villages in remote parts of the country without running water, electricity, or other amenities. New trainees undertake training in local language, culture, and the relevant technical specialty for 9-12 weeks at a center in the Copperbelt.
Principal U.S. Officials
Ambassador--Carmen Martinez
Deputy Chief of Mission--Andrew Passen
Public Affairs Officer--Dehab Ghebreab
Political/Economic Section Chief--Jill Derderian
Consular Officer--Joshua Fischel
Defense Attach�--Lt. Col. David Dougherty
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention--Dr. Marc Bulterys
USAID Mission Director--James Bednar
Peace Corps Director--David Morris
The U.S. Embassy in Zambia is at the corner of Independence and United Nations Avenues (P.O. Box 31617), Lusaka (tel: 260-1- 250955; fax 260-1-252225).


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Taylor Lautner Gossip
Taylor Lautner gossip, latest news, photos, and video.
Taylor Lautner in Tracers
There was a moment when watching Tracers that I thought it wasn't half bad, and was sort of surprised that I wasn't outright hating it. It gets off to a slow start, but once it gets going it's kind of like if 1990s rollerblading classic Airborne and The Fast and the Furious had a parkour baby—that would be Tracers. Full Story
Taylor Lautner pod-personed Andy Samberg
Today in completely improbable news, Taylor Lautner is replacing Andy Samberg on the BBC comedy Cuckoo. Let's give that a moment to sink in: We now live in a world where Taylor Lautner is an acceptable comedic replacement for Andy Samberg. Cuckoo is about a British girl who marries a hippy-dippy American during her gap year and takes him home to her uptight British family. Full Story
Tom Cruise Jr still has a girlfriend
You know how bad sh-t puts bad sh-t into perspective? Twilight 5 was on the other night. Not the greatest movie. But now that I've seen The Sound Of Music Live, well, suddenly Twilight not such an abomination. Now that I've cringed through Stephen Moyer, Taylor Lautner's lookin' pretty good. Full Story
Tom Cruise Jr and the older woman
Taylor Lautner has been shooting a movie called Tracers in NYC. His co-star is a Canadian actress called Marie Avgeropoulos. Apparently the two are dating now as they've been seen, and papped, off-set holding hands. Taylor is 21 years old. Marie just turned 27. So Tom Cruise Jr is with an older woman, just like Tom Cruise was early in his career. Full Story
Bike Boy & Skater Girl
Jose Perez/ Splash
First reaction seeing these shots of Taylor Lautner on set today in New York: I thought they already made this movie...? It was the one with Lily Collins. Didn't see it but the trailer showed him on the run all the time and super intense about his identity -- one of the reasons I call him Tom Cruise Jr. Full Story
Flesh Friday: Bears VS Twinks
Wenn, FameFlynet, Splash
Two very different types of stars, two very different body types. Today we're kicking off the weekend by taking off the shirts of Michael Phelps and Taylor Lautner. Ok yes, some of the Taylor pics below are of a wax figure, but we've included the real thing for your pleasure and to illustrate the point that when it comes to body hair, variety is the spice of life. Full Story
Dusk Falls on Twilight
Roshan Perera/ Splash
Does that even make sense? I don't know. But I'm running out of times of day. And moon phases. Waning Gibbous on Twilight didn't sound so good. Anyway, the MTV Movie Award nominations were announced yesterday. Mega Twi-Hard anxiety ensued because Twilight, which has dominated this event for the last few years, only received one nomination… and not even the most important one: Best Kiss. Full Story
There will be a "young Han Solo" movie
All your nightmares are coming true. In a move that surprised no one, Disney chief Bob Iger announced that not only are they continuing Star Wars with Episode VII, but they'll also make spin-off films of popular characters. EW is reporting that two of the projects are centered on the origin story of Han Solo and a "bounty hunter adventure" starring Boba Fett (the guy who hands Han over to Jabba the Hutt at the end of Empire Strikes Back). Full Story
Twilight's last carpet
Twilight 5 is expected to earn between $140 - $160 million this weekend. So if you want to see Bond, do you look for it at a community theatre as opposed to heading to the super cinemas where Twi-Hards will have taken over? Click here Full Story
One more night
Wenn, Carlos Alvarez/ Getty
OMG are you ready? Twilight 5 opens wide wide wide tomorrow! So far the reviews have been... decent? The movie is rating over 65% at this writing on Rotten Tomatoes although amusingly enough, even the ones who are coming in on a "fresh" ranking seem to amount to. Full Story
Better than the alligator and the tea-pouring hands?
The Vanity Fair cover, remember? No? Click here for a refresher. As I noted at the time, directed to Robert Pattinson -- WHO IS F-CKING WITH YOU??? Here's Pattinson on the cover of L'Uomo Vogue. The eyeliner is good. He's very beautiful. Full Story
VMAs: Twilight "Family"
Wenn, Kevin Winter/Getty
Things about the Twilight contingent's presentation that were gross, in no particular order: -Peter Facinelli's dead-eyes as he calculated how much of his salary is worth him doing endless teen press. -Taylor Lautner's tan and sad uncomprehending smile. Does he know what's actually going on, often? Sometimes I'm not sure. Full Story
Junior Mint has chest hair
Roshan Perera/ Splash News, FameFlynet
This must be why he's walking around with his shirt unbuttoned. Check out Tom Cruise's Junior Mint, Taylor Lautner, after dinner last night in West Hollywood showing you the man he is via shots of his young chest. The child thinks he's Colin Farrell now, poor thing. If only they could all be Colin Farrell with a few strategically forgotten buttons. Full Story
Teen Choice Awards 2012: Improbably Adorable
Kevin Winter/Getty
Oh, TCAs. I forgot you were on, you hilarious street party. There should maybe be more here to be critical of, but why, when it's all so much fun? Because all the ambitions and strategies are so naked and forced and everyone has just been through a metamorphosis and it's SO DAMN CUTE. Full Story

subset: commoncrawl


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Craftsman CanOBD2&1 Scan Tool Kit with PC Software & Optional RepairSolutions®
Item# 00920899000 | Model# 20899Specifications & Dimensions
Product Overview: | |
Diagnostic Tool Type: | Scan Tools |
Item Weight (lbs.): | 7.5 |
Warranties & Coverage: | |
General Warranty: | 2 years |
Ratings & Reviews
Product Description
Easily Diagnose Your Car Troubles With the Scan Tool Kit CanOBD2-1
Now, it's easy to read your car's mind and pinpoint the exact cause of trouble with the Craftsman Scan Tool. This tool reads diagnostic codes on all OBD2 and some OBD1 vehicles. The tool is compatible with OBD1 systems on GM 1982 to 1993 and some 1994 to 1995 models, Ford, Lincoln, Mercury 1983 to 1995 models, Toyota/Lexus 1991 to 1995 and Chrysler/Dodge/Plymouth 1984 to 1995 along with all OBD2 systems typical in vehicles from 1996 and newer. This wide range of OBD1 and OBD2 vehicles makes this a must-have tool for pros and car owners alike.
The Scan Tool Kit CanOBD2-1 can be used to access Repair Solutions to find definitions of trouble codes, a full diagnostic report, repair cost estimates and more information. It can also be updated using a standard Windows® computer. The OBD-PC Link software required for the update is included with the tool. Analyze and review the data even when the tool is not hooked up to your car with its memory/ battery backup.
- Use the Craftsman Scan Tool to read OEM Enhanced and Transmission DTCs
- It's compatible with all OBD2 protocols like C.A.N., ISO 9141, J1850PWM, J1850VPW, KWP 2000 ISO 14230-4 which means you can use the tool on different vehicles from domestic, European and Asian manufacturers
- Correctly diagnose any problem with the SAE enhanced OBD2 Live Data
- Shows freeze frame data which can be used to pinpoint what went wrong with your car at any particular time as this data is recorded in real time
- Spanish and French Interface & Definitions increase ease in operation
- Retrieves Generic and Manufacturer Specific DTCs
- Has patented all-in-one backlit screen and LED display
- Item Weight: 7.5 lbs.
- One year limited warranty from Craftsman
- Available for Gift Wrap
Added on July 26, 2010
Overall, others give this:
Reviewers may have received a benefit, like a sweepstakes entry or rewards program points, in exchange for writing a review.
Those benefits were not conditioned on the positive or negative content of the review.
Most Helpful Reviews
Brunswick, ME
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Vacaville, CA
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GOOD NEWS!! Many of you have said this product was no longer supported and could not be updated. I found out today that it is still supported and that the software disk that comes with the unit is outdated. You can find the updated software for this unit, which is manufactured by Innova, I called them today and their customer service advised me that it can be downloaded and that this unit is the same as the 3140b. You can call their 800 number from the Innova.com website and they will guide you to the softward download. it is version 184.108.40.206. I have downloaded it and there are 2 updates for mine. It is new updates that can read antilock brake and SRS (airbag) codes. Those who have this unit, no need to worry, it is still supported.
Keansburg, NJ
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Alachua, FL
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missing software cd and no way to get it. Only suggestion is to return the tool kit and reorder with no guarantee the reorder will have all the parts either. Not worth the time, money or effort...
Fredericksburg, TX
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Have not used that much yet, but expect it to save some money over long run
La Verne, CA
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The unit came with a convenient case with all the adapters I need. The LCD screen is clear and the key pad on the unit is sized right. Great tool accurate readings the first time.
Lockport, IL
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works great no problems
Arcadia, CA
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This is the second unit I have owned. The first unit was stolen. I liked the first unit enough to purchase a second one to replace it. The unit is simple to use, but complex enough to complete most diagnostics required. It will not diagnose ABS codes. You have to buy an ABS scanner to complement this unit.
Alamogordo, NM
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Works pretty well, BUT unable to update. This scanner is outdated, and not supported by the manufacturer. For a mear $100 I can have an updated scanner, on top of the $300+ !! If you need a scanner Get the updated version, it MUST have a USB cable to update from the web site. This scanner is the same as a INNOVA 3140, the updated one is a 3140b. Hope this helps some one.
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Does your arbitration clause protect you?
Blog Entry:
January 24, 2013 4:30 AM | Author: RICHARD WITKOWSKI
Richard Witkowski
is a litigation attorney with
Nicola, Gudbranson & Cooper LLC
. He specializes in accounting and legal malpractice, insurance coverage, and commercial disputes.
Arbitration is often assumed to be a better alternative than litigation to resolve contractual disputes. In some cases this is true, but not always. Arbitration is often more expensive than litigation, and the outcome is equally unpredictable. In addition, standard arbitration provisions used in contracts do not provide the parties with the power to control the process. To have a fair shot at a satisfactory arbitration experience, you should understand standard provisions—and some smart ways to modify them.
A standard arbitration provision recommended by the American Arbitration Association (AAA) and frequently incorporated into all types of contracts reads:
Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract, or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association in accordance with its Commercial [or other] Arbitration Rules, and judgment on the award rendered by the arbitrator(s) may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof.
Following are some example issues, pitfalls and solutions illustrating modifications to the standard arbitration clauses:
Will the agreement to arbitrate be signed by, and therefore enforceable against, all potential parties to a contract dispute (e.g., your contractor's subcontractors)? Third parties who are not signatories to the arbitration agreement cannot be required to arbitrate. If you cannot get all essential parties to agree to arbitrate, do not mandate arbitration.
Do you have multiple contracts with the same party, each with a separate arbitration provision? Generally, an arbitrator's authority is strictly limited to that specified by the parties in the contract. An arbitrator will not have the authority to consolidate related disputes unless expressly provided in each contract. The standard arbitration provision can be revised to require the submission of all claims.
If you are in Ohio, the other party is in California, the arbitrator is in New York and the alleged breach of contract occurred in China, where do you want to arbitrate a dispute? Under AAA rules the arbitrator decides venue, absent an agreement by the parties. Arbitrating far from home is never easy or cheap, so it is always best to resolve the venue issue during contract negotiations.
Same scenario as above. Which state's or country's laws will apply to the contract dispute? You may have a valid statute of limitations defense to the claims under Ohio law, but not under California law. To avoid unpleasant surprises, the choice of law should be specifically designated in the arbitration clause.
If your business has an employment agreement with a key employee who has access to company trade secrets, customer lists and confidential information, can you obtain an effective temporary restraining order (TRO) and/or a preliminary injunction under the terms of the arbitration provision? AAA rules provide that the arbitrator has the authority to issue equitable remedies, but obtaining such a remedy first requires the initiation of arbitration, the selection of an arbitrator and the scheduling of a hearing—all of which take time. To preserve the immediate right to a TRO or an injunction, the standard provision should be modified to allow you to seek immediate injunctive relief through a court of law.
Is there a potential for a claim of theft, breach of fiduciary duties, breach of trust or intentional misconduct arising from the contract that may give rise to an award of punitive damages? Under AAA rules, the arbitrator is empowered to fashion any remedy he/she feels appropriate, even including an award of punitive damages. If a party wants to permit or preclude the arbitrator from awarding punitive damages, the standard arbitration provision should so state.
In order to ensure that your arbitration clause achieves the objectives of arbitration, i.e., speed, efficiency, fairness and cost-effectiveness, pay close attention to its terms, and consult with experienced counsel during negotiations. It is recommended that arbitration clauses used in significant contracts be reviewed and negotiated by legal counsel familiar with your business, the contract and the arbitration process.
Richard Witkowski
is a litigation attorney with
Nicola, Gudbranson & Cooper LLC
. He specializes in accounting and legal malpractice, insurance coverage, and commercial disputes.
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A letter from Linda Rocco, mom of patient and transplant survivor, David Rocco; PHA's Caregiver of the year in 2004 and long-time PH and PHA special events volunteer.
Hi Debbie,
I wanted to make you aware of another fundraiser that took place in honor of my son, David Rocco. You probably received the information and check in the mail this past week from Connor Kuremsky. Connor is 13 years old, and dives with my daughter, Diana, for the University of Pittsburgh Aquatic Club. Their club sponsored a regional meet at the University of Pittsburgh's "Trees Hall", where he sold "sammys" that he tie-dyed and sold for $20/each, to raise money for the Pulmonary Hypertension Association, in honor of David. As a result, he raised $869.00! (Divers use sammys, instead of towels to dry themselves off.)
Connor is not only a thoughtful, kind and all-around great kid, he is also a very talented and awesome diver. He has competed at the national level, as well as traveled to China and England to compete with some of the best divers in the world from his age group…
Thank you,
P.S. David is 10 months post transplant and is doing wonderful! He graduated from high school in June and is off to Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh (close to his doctors) to study Industrial Design. It's truly a miracle!
P.S.S. My family is sponsoring another golf outing August 20, and the proceeds this year are going to PHA, Allegheny General Hospital's PH research center and C.O.R.E


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Discussion in 'BW OU' started by Aerrow, Sep 19, 2010.
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Arya arrives in Braavos. Jon Snow has a decision to make.
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Devil May Cry Coming To PC on Jan 25th, 2012 – Rcommended System Requirements
Thu, Dec 13, 2012 - 10:38 AMCapcom today confirmed that Devil May Cry (DmC) will be available for digital download for Windows PC on January 25, 2013. They also announced that it will include full AMD support, including AMD Eyefinity and CrossFire setups. Set against a contemporary backdrop, DmC will depict a duplicitous world where nothing is ever as it seems and the line between good and evil is constantly blurred. Spurred into action by the promises of a trusted relation, Dante bursts into this world intent on revenge at any cost. DmC will retain the series' signature mix of sword and gunplay but add additional weapons, all new powers and a revitalized gameplay system as players encounter the game's devilish mix of enemies and navigate the rich, interactive environment.
The recommended and minimum specs for DmC Devil May Cry on PC are as follows:
Minimum System Requirements:
OS: Windows Vista/XP, Windows 7, Windows 8
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Video Card: ATI Radeon HD 3850 or better, NVIDIA GeForce 8800GTS or better
DirectX: 9.0c or greater
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Comments are closed.


text:
- Northern New York Newspapers
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May unemployment numbers released Tuesday by the state Department of Labor show fewer people are out of work than last year in Jefferson, Lewis and St. Lawrence counties.
All three counties posted lower unemployment rates compared with May 2012: Jefferson County decreased from 9.6 to 9 percent, Lewis from 9.9 to 9.3 percent and St. Lawrence from 10.2 to 9.2 percent. Jobless rates also dropped in the region from April to May. Jefferson County decreased from 10.2 to 9 percent, Lewis from 10.7 to 9.3 percent and St. Lawrence from 9.8 to 9.2 percent.
Despite the improved numbers, the three counties posted some of the highest unemployment rates statewide. Lewis has the second worst rate, St. Lawrence is tied for third with Oswego and Jefferson County is fourth.
The jobless rate for the 52-county upstate region improved in May, dropping from 8.2 to 7.2 percent compared with May 2012. Statewide, the rate fell from 8.4 to 7.4 percent over the period.


text:
Racing rage can be costly to drivers
It took Vickers 49 laps, but he delivered a payback that sent Stewart's car on top of a tire barrier.
Both drivers were outraged, neither backed down and it cost them both. Stewart expected retaliation from Vickers, so that may have been one reason why NASCAR actually lived up to its "Boys have at it," policy and didn't step in.
Johnson lost control of his No. 48 Chevrolet two weeks ago at the Kentucky Speedway. Frustrated and angry, he spent the rest of the race driving like a wild man to get back in the top 10.
"Oh that was really impressive," Danica Patrick said. "It doesn't, by any means, make it easy. And him (Johnson) coming from the back of the field to ninth at the end was pretty impressive. But you do tend to find a little extra."
"But every now and again, a certain emotion bubbles inside of you and it makes for a different result or different racing on some levels. And a lot of times it happens when you're running better and you get taken out of that position. So, those are also days where you probably have better cars to do it, too."
"It might seem that I'm real calm all the time, but I think all drivers leave the track frustrated with something," he said. "A missed opportunity, car didn't perform all weekend or car didn't respond. There are pit calls, there are driver mistakes, speeding penalties.
"You know, he wrecked me and I wrecked him," Vickers said. "I could keep talking about it if you want. I could lie to you if you'd like. He made his move, and I addressed it. That's the end of the discussion.


text:
State, State Employee Association fail to reach mediation agreement
After four days of mediation ended last Friday, the two sides failed to agree on details of a health care plan that would require state workers to pay deductibles the State Employees' Association claims would be much larger for lower income state workers than the raise they would receive.
SEA President Diana Lacey said her negotiators have continued to ask Gov. Maggie Hassan's negotiating team for information about the new health care plan, but has not received the information.
Hassan issued a statement saying she believes the deal reached in June was fair to both state workers and the state's taxpayers. The two sides have worked to address the concerns raised by the union, she said.
"They are in a different league now and have not gained an appreciation of that," she said.
Fact finding is expected to begin next month and conclude by early November.


text: If the political system is broken, as you suggest, why did it work with all other recent presidents? Each since Carter compromised on major legislation to create a 'grand bargains' (Taxes up, Taxes down, Welfare reform, Prescription drugs, etc.). It's not the political system which has changed, it's the politician at the top... who was ranked in the most liberal 5% before taking office. We'd have the same problem if we elected one of the 5% most conservative members. You don't get compromise by electing the fringes.


text:
Top Definition
a suburb in the western suburbs of Sydney
guy: Dude last night after the movies when i was walking to the station there was a bunch of hard cunts fighting just outside westpoint and this one dude got stabbed!
other guy: haha, man i love blacktown its so exciting.
other guy: haha, man i love blacktown its so exciting.
po westy_mystery_man
Август 7, 2007
2 more definitions
A Western Sydney Shire, that covers Quakers Hill, Mt Druitt, Marayong, Riverstone etc. It's flooded with "Lads" (teens that smoke, wear canterbury's, listen to gay techno music, overuse the word "cunt," wag school and hang out in public areas until late) and it's hard to find a white aussie there that isn't a lad/bogan. It's home to what has been named "the filthiest train station" in Western Sydney and often suringes can be found laying around. It's not shy of drug dealers, either. Loads of graffiti, loads of dickheads...
I'm going to Blacktown Boys High!
What are you on?
What are you on?
po ColdHardRocker96
Јануар 17, 2011
to get extremely intoxicated from (alcohol, weed, etc.) and blackout or not remember anything that happened.
"Tonight im settin' sail to blacktown! Wooo!"
"What happened last night?"
- "I have no idea I went to blacktown."
"What happened last night?"
- "I have no idea I went to blacktown."
po ladywood
Децембар 14, 2011


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Clinical Veterinary Advisor: The Horse
In Stock
Available Formats | Price | |
PDF eBook | $139.00 | |
(With Adobe DRM, readable with Adobe Digital Editions for PCs and Macs, and on most mobile devices except Kindle) | ||
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Author Information
By David Wilson, DVM, MS, DACVS, Associate Professor, Equine Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
Customer Reviews
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The museum helps children understand the technicality of sound while also distilling Austria's musical history and heritage into a format that they can appreciate. Seilerstätte 30; (43-1) 513-4850; www.hdm.at.
The colorful and unique apartment building with an undulating facade was designed by Austrian artist Friedensreich Hundertwasser and architects Joseph Krawina and Peter Pelikan during the 1980s. Löwengasse 41-43; (43-1) 715-1553.
You can buy traditional Austrian clothing for all ages here, along with other items that reflect the character of Vienna. Michaelerplatz 6; (41-1) 533-8032.
The boulevard is Vienna's biggest shopping street, but perhaps more interesting are the tiny lanes that radiate off of it; they are home to trendy fashion and interiors boutiques.
You can't leave Vienna without purchasing the decadent chocolate and apricot jam cake for which the city is so famous.
Enjoy amazing city views at this rooftop bar, thanks to the expansive wall made almost entirely of glass. Kärntner Strasse 19; (43-1) 513-1712.
Chef Heinz Reitbauer serves a farm-to-table, modern Austrian menu at this restaurant idyllically located in the center of the city park. Am Heumarkt 2A; (43-1) 713-3168; www.steirereck.at.
The funky neighborhood in the 7th district has many original boutiques for hip fashion and accessories, as well as cool bars and restaurants focused on organic fare.
Conchita Wurst won for Austria in 2014. As a result, the 60th Eurovision Song Contest will take place in Vienna.
Every year in Spring Vienna's Stadtpark turns into a realm of culinary pleasures. Visitors come to enjoy more than 170 food manufacturers and producers from all Austria.
After a culinary foray through top cuisine, one can enjoy at City Hall Square music films from opera and ballet to jazz and classical on the giant open-air screen.
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Germantown School Board member calls for gender segregation in health class
Rest of Germantown board does not agree
Germantown - A Germantown School Board member on Monday asked that high school boys and girls be segregated whenever sexuality is discussed in the classroom.
In light of reviewing the School District's policy on its curriculum in relation to Act 216, board member Diana Kline asked that sex education be cut from the curriculum. At the very least, she asked that the board mandate separation between male and female high school students when sexual education is taught in the human growth and development course.
Act 216 says a School District can separate pupils from members of the opposite sex. It also gives the board the power to separate genders when certain curriculum is discussed in relation to human growth and development.
Before Act 216, certain subjects were required to be included in human growth and development instruction. With Act 216, instruction is "recommended," such as discussing the benefits of abstaining from sexual activity.
"I believe sex education is very private," Kline said. "I think it should be discussed between a parent, their child, their clergy and their pediatrician."
Kline said she was overwhelmingly opposed in the Policy Committee meeting, which was held before the board meeting Monday.
"I'm very saddened that we've become such as sexualized society that the majority of a conservative board believes that we should have sex education in our public schools," Kline said.
Director of Curriculum and Learning Maria Kucharski said there is not one particular lesson in the human growth and development curriculum that focuses on sexuality. The curriculum also discusses peer pressure, alcohol and other drug use, emotional development, finances and sexual education is interwoven throughout the semester.
"I don't know how we would divide that," Kucharski said. "Even within the current change in state law, our health curriculum already was all about abstinence, family/marriage focused and I think that's so embedded in the curriculum."
Board member Michael Loth said in Policy Committee they discussed the difficulty of separating high school boys and girls "because these things don't necessarily come up in the same class or the same day."
After a 15 minute discussion, Kline's motion to separate gender when sexual education is discussed was voted down, 6-1. The board then approved the human and growth and development policy that details the curriculum such as instruction will be presented "with abstinence from sexual activity as the preferred choice of behavior for unmarried students."
The policy is in line with the state statute. It also says the district will provide parents annually with an outline of the human growth and development program used in their child's grade level. Parents have the opportunity to excuse their child from certain instruction.
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Professor of Law
J.D., Columbia University School of Law, 2001
B.A., Yale University, 1997
Brandon L. Garrett joined the law faculty in 2005. His research and teaching interests include criminal procedure, wrongful convictions, habeas corpus, corporate crime, scientific evidence, civil rights, civil procedure and constitutional law. Garrett's recent research includes studies of DNA exonerations and organizational prosecutions. The research web pages below provide data related to those studies.
Garrett's new book examining corporate prosecutions, titled "Too Big to Jail: How Prosecutors Compromise with Corporations," was published by Harvard University Press in Fall 2014. In 2011, Harvard University Press published Garrett's book, "Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong," examining the cases of the first 250 people to be exonerated by DNA testing. That book was the subject of a symposium issue in New England Law Review, and received an A.B.A. Silver Gavel Award, Honorable Mention, and a Constitutional Commentary Award. It was translated for editions in Japan and Taiwan in 2014, and a translation is China is forthcoming in 2015. In 2013, Foundation Press published Garrett's casebook, "Federal Habeas Corpus: Executive Detention and Post-Conviction Litigation," co-authored with Lee Kovarsky. Garrett's work has been widely cited by courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court, lower federal courts, state supreme courts, and courts in other countries, such as the Supreme Courts of Canada and Israel. Garrett also frequently speaks about criminal justice matters before legislative and policymaking bodies, groups of practicing lawyers, law enforcement, and to local and national media.
Garrett attended Columbia Law School, where he was an articles editor of the Columbia Law Review and a Kent Scholar. After graduating, he clerked for the Hon. Pierre N. Leval of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He then worked as an associate at Neufeld, Scheck & Brustin LLP in New York City.
Federal Corporate Prosecution and Plea Agreement Data
"Convicting the Innocent" Data
Author Website
On Twitter @brandonlgarrett
Too Big to Jail: How Prosecutors Target Corporations (Harvard University Press, 2014).
Federal Habeas Corpus: Executive Detention and Post-Conviction Litigation (with Lee Kovarsky) (Foundation Press casebook, 2013).
Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong (Harvard University Press, 2011).
"The Decline of the Virginia (and American) Death Penalty" (work in progress).
"A Tactical Fourth Amendment" (with Seth Stoughton) (work in progress).
"Constitutional Law and the Law of Evidence," 71 Cornell L. Rev. __ (2015).
"Contaminated Confessions Revisited," 101 Va. L. Rev. __ (2015).
"The Corporate Criminal as Scapegoat," 102 Va. L. Rev. __ (2015).
"DNA and Distrust" (with Kerry Abrams). 91 Notre Dame L. Rev. __ (2015).
"Accuracy in Sentencing," 87 S. Cal. L. Rev. 499 (2014).
"The Constitutional Standing of Corporations," 163 U. Pa. L. Rev. 95 (2014).
"Aggregation and Constitutional Rights," 88 Notre Dame L. Rev. 593 (2013).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Blinded Criminal Justice," 2 J. Applied Res. Memory & Cognition 73 (2013).
"Habeas Corpus Standing Alone: A Reply to Lee B. Kovarsky and Stephen I. Vladeck," 98 Cornell L. Rev. Online 35 (2013).
HeinOnline (PDF)
"How Jurors Evaluate Fingerprint Evidence: The Relative Importance of Match Language, Method Information, and Error Acknowledgment" (with Gregory Mitchell), 10 J. Empirical Legal Stud. 484 (2013).
"Remaining Silent after Salinas," 80 U. Chi. L. Rev. Dialogue 116 (2013).
HeinOnline (PDF)
"Validating the Right to Counsel," 70 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 927 (2013).
HeinOnline (PDF)
"Habeas Corpus and Due Process," 68 Cornell L. Rev. 47 (2012).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Eyewitnesses and Exclusion, 65 Vand. L. Rev. 451 (2012).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Trial and Error: Learning from Patterns of Mistakes," Crim. Just., Winter 2012, at 30.
"Globalized Corporate Prosecutions, 97 Va. L. Rev. 1775 (2011).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"The Substance of False Confessions," 62 Stan. L. Rev. 1051 (2010).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Invalid Forensic Science Testimony and Wrongful Convictions" (with Peter Neufeld), 95 Va. L. Rev. 1 (2009).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Claiming Innocence," 92 Minn. L. Rev. 1629 (2008).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Judging Innocence," 108 Colum. L. Rev. 55 (2008).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Structural Reform Prosecution," 93 Va. L. Rev. 853 (2007).
HeinOnline (PDF)
"Aggregation in Criminal Law," 95 Cal. L. Rev. 383 (2007).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Criminal Justice Collapse: The Constitution After Hurricane Katrina" (with Tania Tetlow), 56 Duke L. J. 127 (2006).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Innocence, Harmless Error and Federal Wrongful Conviction Law," 2005 Wisc. L. Rev. 35.
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Madisonian Equal Protection" (with James Liebman), 104 Colum. L. Rev. 837 (2004).
HeinOnline (PDF)
"Experimentalist Equal Protection" (with James Liebman), 22 Yale L. & Pol'y Rev. 261 (2004).
HeinOnline (PDF)
"Remedying Racial Profiling," 33 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 41 (2001).
HeinOnline (PDF)
"Standing While Black: Distinguishing Lyons in Racial Profiling Cases," 100 Colum. L. Rev. 1815 (2000).
HeinOnline (PDF)
Book Chapters:
"The Constitutional Rights of Corporations in the United States" (chapter in Understanding the Modern Company, forthcoming 2016).
"Individual and Corporate Criminals" (chapter in Research Handbook on Corporate Crime and Financial Misdealing, Jennifer Arlen, ed., forthcoming 2016).
"Blinding Eyewitness Identifications" (chapter in Blinding as a Solution to Bias in Biomedical Science and the Courts: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Kathi Hanna, Chris Robertson & Aaron Kesselheim eds., forthcoming 2015, Elseveir Press).
"Images of Injustice" (chapter in Punishment and Popular Culture, ed. Austin Sarat & Charles Ogletree (NYU Press, 2014).
"Wrongful Convictions and the Role of Forensic Science" (chapter in Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science, 2014).
"Roots of Wrongful Convictions," in Philip H. Crowley & Thomas R. Zentall, eds., Comparative Decision Making 379 (Oxford University Press, 2013).
"Trial and Error" in C. Ronald Huff & Martin Killias, eds., Wrongful Convictions and Miscarriages of Justice: Causes and Remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems 77 (Routledge, 2013).
"Collaborative Organizational Prosecution," in Rachel Barkow and Anthony Barkow, eds., Prosecutors in the Boardroom: Using Criminal Law to Regulate Corporate Conduct 154 (New York University Press, 2011).
"Mis-constitutionalized Evidence Law" (work in progress).
"Confession Contamination Revisited," 101 Va. L. Rev. __ (forthcoming 2015).
"Interrogation Policies," 49 U. Rich. L. Rev. __ (forthcoming 2015).
"Why Plea Bargains are not Confessions," 57 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. __ (forthcoming 2015).
"Eyewitness Identifications and Police Practices in Virginia," 3 Va. J. Criminal L. 1 (2014).
"Validating the Right to Counsel," 70 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 927 (2013).
"Introduction: Symposium on 'Convicting the Innocent,'" 46 New Eng. L. Rev. 671 (2012) (symposium issue).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"DNA and Due Process," 78 Fordham L. Rev. 2919 (2010).
"Corporate Confessions," 30 Cardozo L. Rev. (2009) (symposium issue).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
Book Reviews and Shorter Works:
"Applause for the Plausible," 162 U. Penn. L. Rev. Online 221 (2014).
"Big Data and Due Process," 100 Cornell L. Rev. Online 207 (2014).
"Rehabilitating Corporations," 67 Fla. L. Rev Online 1 (2014).
"Remaining Silent after Salinas," U. Chi. L. Rev. (2013)
"The Banality of Wrongful Convictions," 112 Mich. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2013) (book review of Dan Simon, In Doubt, and James Liebman et al., Los Tocayos Carlos).
"Habeas Corpus Standing Alone: A Reply to Lee B. Kovarsky and Stephen I. Vladeck," Cornell L. Rev. Online (2013).
"Blinded Criminal Justice," J. Applied Res. Memory & Cog., Commentary on "The Forensic Confirmation Bias," by Saul Kassin, Itiel Dror and Jeff Kukucka (2013).
"Roots of Wrongful Convictions," Commentary in Comparative Decision Making, ed. Philip H. Crowley & Thomas R. Zentall (Oxford U. Press 2013).
"Judges and Wrongful Convictions," 48 Ct. Rev. 132 (2012).
"Opening the Black Box," 58 Crime, L. & Soc. Change 567 (2012) (book review of Dan Medwed, Prosecution Complex).
"The Great Writ," Rev. of Pol. (2012) (book review, Justin J. Wert, Habeas Corpus in America).
"United States v. Goliath," 93 Va. L. Rev. In Brief 91 (2007).
DNA Exonerations in the United States, United Nations, OHCHR Global Panel, "Moving Away from the Death Penalty: Wrongful Convictions" (2014).
The United States, in The Death Penalty Project, Wrongful Convictions, Miscarriages of Justice, Unfair Trials and the Death Penalty (2014).
Corporate Anti-Corruption Prosecutions in the United States, Fifth Session of the International Forum on Crime and Criminal Law in the Global Era, Nov. 2013.
The Incidence of Improper Forensic Science Testimony in the Criminal Trials of the Innocent, National Academy of Science, Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Sciences Community, February 1, 2008 [with Peter J. Neufeld].
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Wobbler Syndrome
Genetic Disorders: Breed by Breed
By knowing what conditions certain horses are predisposed to, owners and breeders can take preventive steps.
Photo by Thinkstock
Where are we Headed with Wobbler Syndrome?
Despite all that is known, important questions still remain about wobbler syndrome.
Photo by University of Kentucky's College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment
Seattle Slew's Senior Surgeries
Seattle Slew made headlines as a senior horse when he underwent two major neck surgeries in the early 2000s.
Photo by Barrie Grant, DVM, Dipl. ACVS
Genetic Disorders: Breed by Breed
February 11, 2015
By knowing what conditions certain horses are predisposed to, owners and breeders can take preventive steps.... Read More
Where are we Headed with Wobbler Syndrome?
December 30, 2014
Despite all that is known, important questions still remain about wobbler syndrome.... Read More
UK Graduate Student Spotlight: Jennifer Janes
July 26, 2014
Janes' research has focused on the roles of orthopedic pathology and genetic determinants in wobbler syndrome.... Read More
Lecture on Equine Neurologic Diseases Scheduled at Penn Vet
March 30, 2014
The lecture will focus on neurologic diseases, which ranges from a drooping eyelid to an inability to stand.... Read More
Detecting Upper Body Issues
January 16, 2014
Learn about less common but more difficult to diagnose upper body lamenesses. ... Read More
Study: Some Wobbler-Affected Thoroughbreds Can Race
July 13, 2013
Some Thoroughbreds with mild clinical signs of wobbler syndrome eventually made it to the racetrack.... Read More
Equine Neurologic Disease
June 08, 2013
The accurate diagnosis of equine neurologic disease is important for several reasons.... Read More
What's Behind Wobbler Syndrome?
April 30, 2013
Researchers still have questions about wobbler syndrome's etiology and pathogenesis. ... Read More
Wobbler Syndrome in Older Horses
March 28, 2013
One vet says to consider wobbler syndrome as a diagnosis for aged horses with neurologic signs and neck pain.... Read More
Triaging Acute Equine Neurologic Emergencies
March 19, 2013
One veterinarian reviewed the steps in triaging acute equine neurologic emergencies in the field.... Read More
Grayson-Jockey Club to Fund 12 New Projects in 2013
March 15, 2013
The Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation approved funding of 12 new projects in 2013. ... Read More
UK to Host 2013 Equine Showcase, Breeders' Short Course
December 04, 2012
The programs will highlight industry research findings, reproduction topics, and horse management issues.... Read More
Wobbler Syndrome: An Increasingly Recognized Problem
November 25, 2012
Many wobbler cases can be managed successfully thanks to increased appreciation by owners and veterinarians.... Read More
MRI to Detect Wobbler Syndrome? (AAEP 2011)
March 12, 2012
Researchers found that MRI more accurately identified compression in CSM horses compared to radiographs.... Read More
Cervical Stabilization and S. Neurona Horse Courses Archived
January 04, 2012
The newest Horse Courses were filmed at the 2011 Advances in Equine Neurological Disease Symposium.... Read More
Advances in Equine Neurological Disease Symposium a Success
December 16, 2011
Featured topics included equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, wobbler syndrome, and neurologic herpesvirus.... Read More
Rutgers ESC Announces 2012 Spirit of the Horse Award Winner
December 10, 2011
Liz Durkin sponsored R.U. Levi, a Wobbler syndrome-afflicted Mustang who now serves as a teaching horse.... Read More
Thoroughbred Stallion Jet Master Dead
November 18, 2011
Champion South African Thoroughbred racing sire Jet Master died Tuesday from complications from surgery.... Read More
What's Up with Wobblers?
November 01, 2011
Wobbler syndrome is no longer a death sentence for horses if detected and managed early.... Read More
Wobbler Syndrome in Horses: An Overview
August 06, 2011
Horses affected by wobbler syndrome have sustained spinal cord damage that leads to ataxia (incoordination). ... Read More
Neurologist Joins the Faculty at New Bolton Center
July 28, 2011
Neurologist Amy Johnson, DVM, Dipl. ACVIM, was recently appointed to the faculty of New Bolton Center.... Read More
Wobbler Syndrome in Thoroughbreds: Racing Prognosis Examined
July 09, 2011
In some cases, Thoroughbreds diagnosed and treated for wobbler syndrome using conservative therapy can recover... Read More
Grayson-Jockey Club Foundation Funds Wobbler Research
May 23, 2011
The study "Orthopedic and Genetic Roles in Wobbler Syndrome" is being carried out at the Gluck Equine Research... Read More
Mustangs Teach RU Students About Nutrition, Behavior
April 02, 2011
What do wild mustangs have to teach people? If you ask the students enrolled in Rutgers University's (RU) Young Horse Teaching and Research Program (YHTRP), the answer will likely be, "plenty." For the past two years, the YHTRP, headed by Sarah L. ... Read More
Samples Needed for Wobbler Syndrome Research
January 27, 2011
On a warm spring night everyone in the barn is eagerly awaiting a new foal's arrival. The wait is rewarded with the birth of a big, strong, and beautiful colt. During the next 12 months the foal thrives. The owners dream of having a future champion... Read More


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The 2010 NCAA Tournament - Sweet 16 Breakdown West Regional
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Real Snow Class of 2014
Real Snow, the X Games all-video, all-urban snowboarding contest is back for another year. Eight snowboarders. Eight videos. No mountains. No parks. No holds barred.Right at this very moment, this season's competitors are out in the streets in cities around the world looking for the craziest features to do next-level tricks on for your viewing pleasure.
Contest video entries will debut on Tuesday, Jan. 7 here on XGames.com. Winners of the judged portion of the event will be announced during the live broadcast of X Games Aspen. The Fan Favorite will be decided in a three-round voting bracket contest that starts when the videos go live.
Are you ready? Time to meet this year's contestants.