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Shia Islam
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The Shia (/ˈʃiːə/; Arabic: شيعة Shīʿah), or the Shiites (/ˈʃiːaɪts/), represent the second largest denomination of Islam.
Adherents of Shia Islam are called Shias or the Shi'a as a collective or Shi'i individually.[1] Shi'a is the short form of the historic phrase Shīʻatu ʻAlī (شيعة علي) meaning "followers", "faction" or "party" of Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali, whom the Shia believe to be Muhammad's successor in the Caliphate. Twelver Shia (Ithnā'ashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shia Islam, and the term Shia Muslim is often taken to refer to Twelvers by default. As of 2009[update] Shia Muslims constituted 10-13% of the world's Muslim population, Shias comprised 11-14% of the Muslim population in the Middle East-North Africa region, and between 68% and 80% of Shias lived in four countries: Iran, Pakistan, India and Iraq.[2]
Shia Islam is based on the Quran and the message of the Islamic prophet Muhammad attested in hadith recorded by the Shia, and certain books deemed sacred to the Shia (Nahj al-Balagha).[3][4] Shia consider Ali to have been divinely appointed as the successor to Muhammad, and as the first Imam. The Shia also extend this "Imami" doctrine to Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt ("the People of the House"), and certain individuals among his descendants, known as Imams, who they believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the community, infallibility, and other divinely-ordained traits.[5] Although there are myriad Shia subsects, modern Shia Islam has been divided into three main groupings: Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaidis.[6][7][8][9]
The word Shia (Arabic: شيعة shīʻah /ˈʃiːʕa/) means follower[10] and is the short form of the historic phrase shīʻatu ʻAlī (شيعة علي /ˈʃiːʕatu ˈʕaliː/), meaning "followers of Ali", "faction of Ali", or "party of Ali".[11] Shi'a and Shiism are forms used in English, while Shi'ite or Shiite, as well as Shia, refer to its adherents.
The word Shia means "sect" or "faction". The plural is شِيَع, and the singular is شائع, Shaih, the word used by Winston Churchill in a discussion of the religious mixture of modern-day Iraq.[12]
Succession of Ali[edit]
Shia Muslims believe that just as a prophet is appointed by God alone, only God has the prerogative to appoint the successor to his prophet. They believe God chose Ali to be Muhammad's successor, infallible, the first caliph (khalifa, head of state) of Islam. Muhammad, before his death, designated Ali as his successor.[13]
Ali was Muhammad's first cousin and closest living male relative as well as his son-in-law, having married Muhammad's daughter Fatimah.[14][15] Ali would eventually become the fourth Muslim (sunni) caliph.[16]
After the Farewell Pilgrimage, Muhammad ordered the gathering of Muslims at the pond of Khumm and it was there that Shia Muslims believe Muhammad nominated Ali to be his successor. The hadith of the pond of Khumm was narrated on 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah of 10 AH in the Islamic calendar (10 March 632 AD) at a place called Ghadir Khumm, located near the city of al-Juhfah, Saudi Arabia.[17] Muhammad there stated:
Oh people! Reflect on the Quran and comprehend its verses. Look into its clear verses and do not follow its ambiguous parts, for by Allah, none shall be able to explain to you its warnings and its mysteries, nor shall anyone clarify its interpretation, other than the one that I have grasped his hand, brought up beside myself, [and lifted his arm,] the one about whom I inform you that whomever I am his master (Mawla[a])), then Ali is his master (Mawla); and he is Ali Ibn Abi Talib, my brother, the executor of my will (Wasiyyi), whose appointment as your guardian and leader has been sent down to me from Allah, the mighty and the majestic.
— Muhammad , from The Farewell Sermon[19]
- ^ The word mawla has many meanings as discussed in the book "Patronate And Patronage in Early And Classical Islam" By Monique Bernards, John Nawas on page 25:
"[M]awla may refer to a client, a patron, an agnate (brother, son, father's brother, father' brothers son), an affined kinsman, (brother-in-law, son-in-law), a friend, a supporter, a follower, a drinking companion, a partner, a newly-converted Muslim attached to a Muslim and last but not least an ally. Most of these categories have legal implications. In Islamic times, the term malawa mostly referred to Muslim freedmen and freed non-Arabs who attached themselves to Arabs upon their conversion to Islam. In these senses, Mawla is commonly translated as "a client". The association of malwa with non-arabs and a low status imparted an increasingly pejorative connotation to it.[18]
Shia Muslims believe this to be Muhammad's appointment of Ali as his successor.
Ali's caliphate[edit]
When Muhammad died in 632 CE, Ali and Muhammad's closest relatives made the funeral arrangements. While they were preparing his body, Abu Bakr, Umar, and Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah met with the leaders of Medina and elected Abu Bakr as caliph. Ali and his family accepted the appointment for the sake of unity in the early Muslim community.[14] It was not until the murder of the third caliph, Uthman, in 657 CE that the Muslims in Medina in desperation invited Ali to become the fourth caliph as the last source,[14] and he established his capital in Kufah in present-day Iraq.[11]
Ali's rule over the early Muslim community was often contested, and wars were waged against him. As a result, he had to struggle to maintain his power against the groups who betrayed him after giving allegiance to his succession, or those who wished to take his position. This dispute eventually led to the First Fitna, which was the first major civil war within the Islamic Caliphate. The Fitna began as a series of revolts fought against the first imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, caused by the assassination of his political predecessor, Uthman ibn Affan. While the rebels who accused Uthman of prejudice[clarification needed] affirmed Ali's khilafa (caliph-hood), they later turned against him and fought him.[14] Ali ruled from 656 CE to 661 CE,[14] when he was assassinated[15] while prostrating in prayer (sujud). Ali's main rival Muawiyah then claimed the caliphate.[20]
Imam Hasan ibn Ali[edit]
Upon the death of Ali, his elder son Hasan became leader of the Muslims of Kufa, and after a series of skirmishes between the Kufa Muslims and the army of Muawiyah, Hasan agreed to cede the caliphate to Muawiyah and maintain peace among Muslims upon certain conditions:[21][22]
- The enforced public cursing of Ali, e.g. during prayers, should be abandoned
- Muawiyah should not use tax money for his own private needs
- There should be peace, and followers of Hasan should be given security and their rights
- Muawiyah will never adopt the title of Amir ul momineen
- Muawiyah will not nominate any successor
Hasan then retired to Medina, where in 50 AH he was poisoned by his wife Ja'da bint al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, after being secretly contacted by Muawiyah who wished to pass the caliphate to his own son Yazid and saw Hasan as an obstacle.
Husayn, Ali's younger son and brother to Hasan, initially resisted calls to lead the Muslims against Muawiyah and reclaim the caliphate. In 680 CE, Muawiyah died and passed the caliphate to his son Yazid. Yazid asked Husayn to swear allegiance (bay'ah) to him. Ali's faction, having expected the caliphate to return to Ali's line upon Muawiyah's death, saw this as a betrayal of the peace treaty and so Husayn rejected this request for allegiance. There was a groundswell of support in Kufa for Husayn to return there and take his position as caliph and imam, so Husayn collected his family and followers in Medina and set off for Kufa. En route to Kufa, he was blocked by an army of Yazid's men near Karbala (modern Iraq), and Husayn and approximately 72 of his family and followers were killed in the Battle of Karbala.
The Shias regard Husayn as a martyr (shahid), and count him as an Imam from the Ahl al-Bayt. They view Husayn as the defender of Islam from annihilation at the hands of Yazid I. Husayn is the last imam following Ali whom all Shiah sub-branches mutually recognise.[23] The Battle of Karbala is often cited as the definitive break between the Shiah and Sunni sects of Islam, and is commemorated each year by Shiah Muslims on the Day of Ashura.
Imamate of the Ahl al-Bayt[edit]
Most of the early Shia differed only marginally from mainstream Sunnis in their views on political leadership, but it is possible in this sect to see a refinement of Shia doctrine. Early Sunnis traditionally held that the political leader must come from the tribe of Muhammad—namely, the Quraysh tribe. The Zaydis narrowed the political claims of the Ali's supporters, claiming that not just any descendant of Ali would be eligible to lead the Muslim community (ummah) but only those males directly descended from Muhammad through the union of Ali and Fatimah. But during the Abbasid revolts, other Shia, who came to be known as Imamiyyah (followers of the Imams), followed the theological school of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, himself the great great grandson of the Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law Imam Ali . They asserted a more exalted religious role for Imams and insisted that, at any given time, whether in power or not, a single male descendant of Ali and Fatimah was the divinely appointed Imam and the sole authority, in his time, on all matters of faith and law. To those Shia, love of the imams and of their persecuted cause became as important as belief in God's oneness and the mission of Muhammad.[8]
Later most of the Shia, including Twelver and Ismaili, became Imamis. Imami Shia believe that Imams are the spiritual and political successors to Muhammad.[8] Imams are human individuals who not only rule over the community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret the divine law and its esoteric meaning. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin, and must be chosen by divine decree, or nass, through Muhammad.[25][26]
According to this view, there is always an Imam of the Age, who is the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law in the Muslim community. Ali was the first imam of this line, the rightful successor to Muhammad, followed by male descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah.[8]
This difference between following either the Ahl al-Bayt (Muhammad's family and descendants) or Caliph Abu Bakr has shaped Shia and non-Shia views on some of the Quranic verses, the hadith (narrations from Muhammad) and other areas of Islam. For instance, the collection of hadith venerated by Shia Muslims is centered on narrations by members of the Ahl al-Bayt and their supporters, while some hadith by narrators not belonging to or supporting the Ahl al-Bayt are not included. Those of Abu Hurairah, for example, Ibn Asakir in his Ta'rikh Kabir and Muttaqi in his Kanzu'l-Umma report that Caliph Umar lashed him, rebuked him, and forbade him to narrate hadith from Muhammad. Umar said: "Because you narrate hadith in large numbers from the Holy Prophet, you are fit only for attributing lies to him. (That is, one expects a wicked man like you to utter only lies about the Holy Prophet.) So you must stop narrating hadith from the Prophet; otherwise, I will send you to the land of Dus." (A clan in Yemen, to which Abu Huraira belonged.) According to Sunnis, Ali was the fourth successor to Abu Bakr, while the Shia maintain that Ali was the first divinely sanctioned "Imam", or successor of Muhammad. The seminal event in Shia history is the martyrdom in 680 CE at the Battle of Karbala of Ali's son Hussein ibn Ali, who led a non-allegiance movement against the defiant caliph (71 of Hussein's followers were killed as well). Hussein came to symbolize resistance to tyranny.
It is believed in Twelver and Ismaili Shia Islam that 'aql, divine wisdom, was the source of the souls of the prophets and imams and gave them esoteric knowledge called ḥikmah and that their sufferings were a means of divine grace to their devotees.[8][27][28] Although the imam was not the recipient of a divine revelation, he had a close relationship with God, through which God guides him, and the imam in turn guides the people. Imamate, or belief in the divine guide, is a fundamental belief in the Twelver and Ismaili Shia branches and is based on the concept that God would not leave humanity without access to divine guidance.[29]
Imam of the time, last Imam of the Shia[edit]
The Mahdi is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will rule for seven, nine or nineteen years (according to differing interpretations) before the Day of Judgment and will rid the world of evil. According to Islamic tradition, the Mahdi's tenure will coincide with the Second Coming of Jesus Christ (Isa), who is to assist the Mahdi against the Masih ad-Dajjal (literally, the "false Messiah" or Antichrist). Jesus, who is considered the Masih (Messiah) in Islam, will descend at the point of a white arcade, east of Damascus, dressed in yellow robes with his head anointed. He will then join the Mahdi in his war against the Dajjal, where Jesus will slay Dajjal and unite mankind.
The Shia Islamic faith is vast and inclusive of many different groups.[11] Shia theological beliefs and religious practises, such as prayers, slightly differ from the Sunnis'. While all Muslims pray five times daily, Shias have the option of always combining Dhuhr with Asr and Maghrib with Isha', as there are three distinct times mentioned in the Quran. The Sunnis tend to combine only under certain circumstances.[30][31] Shia Islam embodies a completely independent system of religious interpretation and political authority in the Muslim world.[32][33] The original Shia identity referred to the followers of Imam Ali,[34] and Shia theology was formulated in the 2nd century AH, or after Hijra (8th century CE).[35] The first Shia governments and societies were established by the end of the 3rd century AH/9th century CE. The 4th century AH /10th century CE has been referred to by Louis Massignon as "the Shiite Ismaili century in the history of Islam".[36]
The Shia believe that the status of Ali is supported by numerous hadith, including the Hadith of the pond of Khumm, Hadith of the two weighty things, Hadith of the pen and paper, Hadith of the invitation of the close families, and Hadith of the Twelve Successors. In particular, the Hadith of the Cloak is often quoted to illustrate Muhammad's feeling towards Ali and his family by both Sunni and Shia scholars. Shias prefer hadith attributed to the Ahl al-Bayt and close associates, and have their own separate collection of hadiths.[37][38]
Profession of faith[edit]
The Shia version of the Shahada, the Islamic profession of faith, differs from that of the Sunni. The Sunni Shahada states There is no god except God, Muhammad is the messenger of the God, but to this the Shia append Ali is the Wali (friend or intimate associate) of God, علي ولي الله. This phrase embodies the Shia emphasis on the inheritance of authority through Muhammad's lineage. The three clauses of the Shia Shahada thus address tawhid (the unity of God), nubuwwah (the prophethood of Muhammad), and imamah (imamate, the leadership of the faith).
Ismah is the concept of infallibility or "divinely bestowed freedom from error and sin" in Islam.[39] Muslims believe that Muhammad and other prophets in Islam possessed ismah. Twelver and Ismaili Shia Muslims also attribute the quality to Imams as well as to Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad, in contrast to the Zaidi, who do not attribute 'ismah to the Imams.[40] Though initially beginning as a political movement, infallibility and sinlessness of the imams later evolved as a distinct belief of (non-Zaidi) Shiism.[5]
According to Shia theologians, infallibility is considered a rational necessary precondition for spiritual and religious guidance. They argue that since God has commanded absolute obedience from these figures they must only order that which is right. The state of infallibility is based on the Shia interpretation of the verse of purification.[41][42] Thus, they are the most pure ones, the only immaculate ones preserved from, and immune to, all uncleanness.[43] It does not mean that supernatural powers prevent them from committing a sin, but due to the fact that they have absolute belief in God, they refrain from doing anything that is a sin.[44]
They also have a complete knowledge of God's will. They are in possession of all knowledge brought by the angels to the prophets (nabi) and the messengers (rasul). Their knowledge encompasses the totality of all times. They thus act without fault in religious matters.[45] Shias regard Ali as the successor of Muhammad not only ruling over the community in justice, but also interpreting Islamic practices and its esoteric meaning. Hence he was regarded as being free from error and sin (infallible), and appointed by God by divine decree (nass) to be the first Imam.[46] Ali is known as "perfect man" (al-insan al-kamil) similar to Muhammad, according to Shia viewpoint.[47]
The Occultation is a belief in some forms of Shia Islam that a messianic figure, a hidden imam known as the Mahdi, will one day return and fill the world with justice. According to the Twelver Shia, the main goal of the Mahdi will be to establish an Islamic state and to apply Islamic laws that were revealed to Muhammad.[48]
Some Shia, such as the Zaidi and Nizari Ismaili, do not believe in the idea of the Occultation. The groups which do believe in it differ as to which lineage of the Imamate is valid, and therefore which individual has gone into occultation. They believe there are many signs that will indicate the time of his return.
Twelver Shia Muslims believe that the Mahdi (the twelfth imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi) is already on Earth, is in occultation and will return at the end of time. Fatimid/ Bohra/ Dawoodi Bohra believe the same but for their 21st Tayyib. Whereas Sunnis believe the future Mahdi has not yet arrived on Earth.[49]
Historians dispute the origin of Shia Islam, with many Western scholars positing that Shiism began as a political faction rather than a truly religious movement.[8][50][51] Other scholars disagree, considering this concept of religious-political separation to be an anachronistic application of a Western concept.[52]
Following the Battle of Karbala, as various Shia-affiliated groups diffused in the emerging Islamic world, several nations arose based around a Shia leadership or population.
- Idrisids (788 to 985 CE): a Zaydi dynasty in what is now Morocco
- Uqaylids (990 to 1096 CE): a Shia Arab dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of Al-Jazira, northern Syria and Iraq.
- Buyids (934–1055 CE): at its peak consisted of large portions of modern Iraq and Iran.
- Ilkhanate (1256–1335): a Mongol khanate established in Persia in the 13th century, considered a part of the Mongol Empire. The Ilkhanate was based, originally, on Genghis Khan's campaigns in the Khwarezmid Empire in 1219–1224, and founded by Genghis's grandson, Hulagu, in territories which today comprise most of Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and Pakistan. The Ilkhanate initially embraced many religions, but was particularly sympathetic to Buddhism and Christianity. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, embraced Islam his brother Öljaitü promoted Shia Islam.
- Bahmanis (1347–1527 CE): a Shia Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms.[53] Bahmanid Sultanate was the first independent Islamic Kingdom in South India.[54]
Fatimid caliphate[edit]
- Fatimids (909–1171 CE): Controlled much of North Africa, the Levant, parts of Arabia and Mecca and Medina. The group takes its name from Fatima, Muhammad's daughter, from whom they claim descent.
A major turning point in Shia history was the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) in Persia. This caused a number of changes in the Muslim world:
- The ending of the relative mutual tolerance between Sunnis and Shias that existed from the time of the Mongol conquests onwards and the resurgence of antagonism between the two groups.
- Initial dependence of Shiite clerics on the state followed by the emergence of an independent body of ulama capable of taking a political stand different from official policies.[57]
- The growth in importance of Iranian centers of religious learning and change from Twelver Shiaism being a predominantly Arab phenomenon.[58]
- The growth of the Akhbari School which preached that only the Quran, hadith are to be bases for verdicts, rejecting the use of reasoning.
- Shah Ismail I also proclaimed himself the Mahdi and a reincarnation of Ali.[59]
With the fall of the Safavids, the state in Persia – including the state system of courts with government-appointed judges (qadis) – became much weaker. This gave the Sharia courts of mujtahids an opportunity to fill the legal vacuum and enabled the ulama to assert their judicial authority. The Usuli School also increased in strength at this time.[60]
The declaration of Shiism as the state religion of the Safavid dynasty in Persia
Monument commemorating the Battle of Chaldiran, which was fought between the Sunni Ottoman Empire and the Shia Safavid dynasty.
One of the lingering problems in estimating the Shia population is that unless the Shia form a significant minority in a Muslim country, the entire population is often listed as Sunni. Shiites are estimated to be 21–35 percent of the Muslim population in South Asia, although the total number is difficult to estimate due to that reason.[61] It is variously estimated that 10–20%[62][63][64][65] of the world's Muslims are Shia. They may number up to 200 million as of 2009.[64] The Shia majority countries are Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Bahrain.[66][67] They also form the plurality in Lebanon. Shias constitute 36.3% of entire local population and 38.6% of the local Muslim population of the Middle East.[68]
Shia Muslims constitute 27-35% of the population in Lebanon, and as per some estimates from 35%[66][69] to over 35-40% of the population in Yemen,[70] 30%-35% of the citizen population in Kuwait (no figures exist for the non-citizen population),[71][72] over 20% in Turkey,[64][73] 10–20% of the population in Pakistan,[64] and 10-19% of Afghanistan's population.[74][75]
Saudi Arabia hosts a number of distinct Shia communities, including the Twelver Baharna in the Eastern Province and Nakhawila of Medina, and the Ismaili Sulaymani and Zaidiyyah of Najran. Estimations put the number of Shiite citizens at 2-4 million, accounting for roughly 15% of the local population.[76]
Significant Shia communities exist in the coastal regions of West Sumatra and Aceh in Indonesia (see Tabuik).[77] The Shia presence is negligible elsewhere in Southeast Asia, where Muslims are predominantly Shafi'i Sunnis. That is, except in Vietnam and Cambodia, where the totality of the small Muslim minority is made up of Shias of Imami persuasion.[citation needed]
A significant Shia minority is present in Nigeria, made up of modern-era converts to a Shia movement centered around Kano and Sokoto states.[64][65][78] Several African countries like Kenya,[79] South Africa,[80] Somalia,[81] etc. hold small minority populations of various Shia denominations, primarily descendants of immigrants from South Asia during the colonial period, such as the Khoja.[82]
According to Shia Muslims, one of the lingering problems in estimating Shia population is that unless Shia form a significant minority in a Muslim country, the entire population is often listed as Sunni. The reverse, however, has not held true, which may contribute to imprecise estimates of the size of each sect. For example, the 1926 rise of the House of Saud in Arabia brought official discrimination against Shia.[83]
List of nations for which the Shia population may be estimated[edit]
Figures indicated in the first three columns below are based on the October 2009 demographic study by the Pew Research Center report, Mapping the Global Muslim Population.[64][65]
Country | Shia population[64][65] | Percent of Muslim population that is Shia[64][65] | Percent of global Shia population[64][65] | Minimum estimate/claim | Maximum estimate/claim |
Iran | 66,000,000 – 70,000,000 | 90–95 | 37–40 | ||
India | 40,000,000 – 50,000,000 | 25–31 | 22–25 | 40,000,000[84] – 50,000,000.[85] | |
Pakistan | 50,000,000 – 60,000,000 | 30–35 | 25–30 | 43,250,000[86] – 57,666,666[87][88] | |
Iraq | 19,000,000 – 22,000,000 | 65–67 | 11–12 | ||
Yemen | 8,000,000 – 10,000,000 | 35–40 | 5 | ||
Turkey | 7,000,000 – 11,000,000 | 10–15 | 4–6 | ||
Azerbaijan | 5,000,000 – 7,000,000 | 65–70 | 3-4 | 85% of total population[89] | |
Afghanistan | 3,000,000 – 4,000,000 | 10–15 | <2 | 15–19% of total population[74] | |
Syria | 3,000,000 – 3,500,000 | 10-13 | <2 | ||
Nigeria | 1,500,000-4,000,000 | <5 | <2 | 5-10 million[90] | |
Saudi Arabia | 3,000,000 – 4,000,000 | 10–20 | <1 | ||
Lebanon | [91] | 1,000,000 – 1,600,000[92][93][94] | 30-35<1 | Estimated, no official census.[95] | |
Tanzania | <2,000,000 | <10 | <1 | ||
Kuwait | 360,000 - 480,000 | [71][72] | 30-35<1 | 30%-35% of 1.2m Muslims (citizen only)[71][72] | |
Germany | 400,000 – 600,000 | 10–15 | <1 | ||
Bahrain | 850,000 – 900,000 | 65–70 | <1 | 100,000 (66%[96] of citizen population) | 200,000 (70%[97] of citizen population) |
Tajikistan | 400,000 | 7 | <1 | ||
United Arab Emirates | 300,000 – 400,000 | 10 | <1 | ||
United States | 200,000 – 400,000 | 10–15 | <1 | ||
Oman | 100,000 – 300,000 | 5–10 | <1 | 948,750[98] | |
United Kingdom | 100,000 – 300,000 | 10–15 | <1 | ||
Qatar | 100,000 | 10 | <1 | ||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 30,000 | 3 | <1 |
The history of Sunni-Shia relations has often involved violence, dating back to the earliest development of the two competing sects. At various times Shia groups have faced persecution.[99][100][101][102][103][104]
Militarily established and holding control over the Umayyad government, many Sunni rulers perceived the Shia as a threat – to both their political and their religious authority.[105] The Sunni rulers under the Umayyads sought to marginalize the Shia minority, and later the Abbasids turned on their Shia allies and imprisoned, persecuted, and killed them. The persecution of the Shia throughout history by Sunni co-religionists has often been characterized by brutal and genocidal acts. Comprising only about 10–15% of the entire Muslim population, the Shia remain a marginalized community to this day in many Sunni Arab dominant countries without the rights to practice their religion and organize.[106]
In 1514 the Ottoman sultan, Selim I, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Shia.[107] According to Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, "Sultan Selim I carried things so far that he announced that the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."[108]
In 1801 the Al Saud-Wahhabi armies attacked and sacked Karbala, the Shia shrine in eastern Iraq that commemorates the death of Husayn.[109]
Under Saddam Hussein's regime, 1973 to 2003, in Iraq, Shia Muslims were heavily persecuted.[110]
In March 2011, the Malaysian government declared the Shia a "deviant" sect and banned them from promoting their faith to other Muslims, but left them free to practice it themselves privately.[111][112]
Shia, celebrate the following annual holidays:
- Eid ul-Fitr, which marks the end of fasting during the month of Ramadan
- Eid al-Adha, which marks the end of the Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca
The following days are some of the most important holidays observed by Shia Muslims:
- Eid al-Ghadeer, which is the anniversary of the Ghadir Khum, the occasion when Muhammad announced Ali's Imamate before a multitude of Muslims.[113] Eid al-Ghadeer is held on the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah.
- The Mourning of Muharram and the Day of Ashura for Shia commemorates Husayn ibn Ali's martyrdom. Husayn was a grandson of Muhammad who was killed by Yazid ibn Muawiyah. Ashurah is a day of deep mourning which occurs on the 10th of Muharram.
- Arba'een commemorates the suffering of the women and children of Husayn ibn Ali's household. After Husayn was killed, they were marched over the desert, from Karbala (central Iraq) to Shaam (Damascus, Syria). Many children (some of whom were direct descendants of Muhammad) died of thirst and exposure along the route. Arbaein occurs on the 20th of Safar, 40 days after Ashurah.
- Mawlid, Muhammad's birth date. Unlike Sunni Muslims, who celebrate the 12th of Rabi' al-awwal as Muhammad's birthday or deathday (because they assert that his birth and death both occur in this week), Shia Muslims celebrate Muhammad's birthday on the 17th of the month, which coincides with the birth date of the sixth imam, Ja'far al-Saadiq.[114] Note that Wahhabis do not celebrate Muhammad's birthday, believing that such celebrations constitute a bid'ah, despite this day begin celebrated for centuries among Muslims of all creeds.
- Fatimah's birthday on 20th of Jumada al-Thani. This day is also considered as the 'women and mothers' day".
- Ali's birthday on 13th of Rajab.
- Mid-Sha'ban is the birth date of the 12th and final Twelver imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi. It is celebrated by Shia Muslims on the 15th of Sha'aban.
- Laylat al-Qadr, anniversary of the night of the revelation of the Quran.
- Eid al-Mubahila celebrates a meeting between the Ahl al-Bayt (household of Muhammad) and a Christian deputation from Najran. Al-Mubahila is held on the 24th of Dhu al-Hijjah.
Holy sites[edit]
The holiest sites common to all Muslims are Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. For Shias, the Imam Husayn Shrine, Al Abbas Mosque in Karbala, and Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf are also highly revered.
Other venerated sites include Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery in Najaf, Al-Baqi' cemetery in Medina, Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad, Kadhimiya Mosque in Kadhimiya, Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra, Sahla Mosque and Great Mosque of Kufa in Kufa and several other sites in the cities of Qom, Susa and Damascus.
Most of the Shia holy places in Saudi Arabia have been destroyed by the warriors of the Ikhwan, the most notable being the tombs of the Imams in the Al-Baqi' cemetery in 1925.[115] In 2006 a bomb destroyed the shrine of Al-Askari Mosque.[116]
The Shia belief throughout its history split over the issue of the Imamate. The largest branch are the Twelvers, followed by the Zaidi and Ismaili. All three groups follow a different line of Imamate.
Twelver Shia or the Ithnā'ashariyyah' is the largest branch of Shia Islam, and the term Shia Muslim often refers to the Twelvers by default. The term Twelver is derived from the doctrine of believing in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as The Twelve Imams. Twelver Shia are also known as Imami or Ja'fari, originated from the name of the 6th Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, who elaborated the twelver jurisprudence.[117]
Twelvers constitute the majority of the population in Iran (90%),[118] Azerbaijan (85%),[11][89] Bahrain (70%), Iraq (65%), Lebanon (65% of Muslims).[119][120][121]
Twelver doctrine is based on five principles.[122] These five principles known as Usul ad-Din are as follow:[123][124]
- Monotheism, God is one and unique.
- Justice, the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, fairness, and equity, along with the punishment of the breach of said ethics.
- Prophethood, the institution by which God sends emissaries, or prophets, to guide mankind.
- Leadership, a divine institution which succeeded the institution of Prophethood. Its appointees (imams) are divinely appointed.
- Last Judgment, God's final assessment of humanity.
More specifically, these principles are known as Usul al-Madhhab (principles of the Shia sect) according to Twelver Shias which differ from Daruriyat al-Din (Necessities of Religion) which are principles in order for one to be a Muslim. The Necessities of Religion do not include Leadership (Imamah) as it is not a requirement in order for one to be recognized as a Muslim. However, this category, according to Twelver scholars like Ayatollah al-Khoei, does include belief in God, Prophethood, the Day of Resurrection and other "necessities" (like belief in angels). In this regard, Twelver Shias draw a distinction in terms of believing in the main principles of Islam on the one hand, and specifically Shia doctrines like Imamah on the other.
Besides the Qurʾan which is common to all Muslims, the Shiʿah derive guidance from books of traditions ("ḥadīth") attributed to Muḥammad and the twelve imams. Below is a list of some of the most prominent of these books:
- Nahj al-Balagha by Ali ibn Abi Talib - the most famous collection of sermons, letters & narration by first Imam regarded by Shias
- al-Kafi by Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni[125]
- Wasa'il al-Shi'ah by al-Hurr al-Amili
The Twelve Imams[edit]
The Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political successors to Muhammad for the Twelvers.[8] According to the theology of Twelvers, the successor of Muhammad is an infallible human individual who not only rules over the community with justice but also is able to keep and interpret the divine law and its esoteric meaning. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin, and Imams must be chosen by divine decree, or nass, through Muhammad.[25][26] Each imam was the son of the previous imam, with the exception of Hussein ibn Ali, who was the brother of Hasan ibn Ali.[8] The twelfth and final imam is Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive and in occultation.[29]
List of Imams[edit]
Number | Name (Full/Kunya) |
Title (Arabic/Turkish)[126] |
Birth–Death (CE/AH)[127] |
Importance | Birthplace (present day country) | Place of death and burial |
1 | Ali ibn Abu Talib علي بن أبي طالب Abu al-Hassan أبو الحسن |
Amir al-Mu'minin (Commander of the Faithful)[128] Birinci Ali[129] |
23–40[130] |
The first Imam and successor of Muhammad in Shia Islam; however, the Sunnis acknowledge him as the fourth Caliph as well. He holds a high position in almost all Sufi Muslim orders (Turuq); the members of these orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through him.[128] | Mecca[128] | Assassinated by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite in Kufa, who slashed him with a poisoned sword while in the morning prayer.[128][131] Buried at the Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf. |
2 | Hasan ibn Ali الحسن بن علي Abu Muhammad أبو محمد |
İkinci Ali[129] |
3–50[133] |
He was the eldest surviving grandson of Muhammad through Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah. Hasan succeeded his father as the caliph in Kufa, and on the basis of peace treaty with Muawiyah I, he relinquished control of Iraq following a reign of seven months.[134] | Medina[132] | According to Shia sources, He was poisoned by his wife in Medina on the orders of the Caliph Muawiyah.[135] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi. |
3 | Husayn ibn Ali الحسین بن علي Abu Abdillah أبو عبدالله |
Sayed al-Shuhada
Üçüncü Ali[129] |
4–61[137] |
He was a grandson of Muhammad. Husayn opposed the validity of Caliph Yazid I. As a result, he and his family were later martyred in the Battle of Karbala by Yazid's forces. After this incident, the commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali has become a central ritual in Shia identity.[136][138] | Medina[136] | Martyred and then beheaded at the Battle of Karbala.[136] Buried at the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala. |
4 | Ali ibn al-Hussein (Zayn al-Abidin) علي بن الحسین Abu Muhammad أبو محمد |
al-Sajjad, Zain al-Abedin[139]
Dördüncü Ali[129] |
658-9[139] – 712[140]
38[139]–95[140] |
Author of prayers in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, which is known as "The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet" and Risalah al-Huquq which is a charter of rights.[140][141] | Medina[139] | According to most Shia scholars, he was poisoned on the order of Caliph al-Walid I in Medina.[140] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi. |
5 | Muhammad ibn Ali (Muhammad al-Baqir) محمد بن علي Abu Ja'far أبو جعفر |
al-Baqir al-Ulum (splitting open knowledge)[142] Beşinci Ali[129] |
57–114[142] |
Sunni and Shia sources both describe him as one of the early and most eminent legal scholars, teaching many students during his tenure.[142][143] | Medina[142] | According to some Shia scholars, he was poisoned by Ibrahim ibn Walid ibn 'Abdallah in Medina on the order of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.[140] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi. |
6 | Ja'far ibn Muhammad (Ja'far al-Sadiq) جعفر بن محمد Abu Abdillah أبو عبدالله |
Altıncı Ali[129] |
83–148[144] |
Established the Ja'fari jurisprudence and developed the Theology of Shia. He instructed many scholars in different fields, including Abū Ḥanīfa and Malik ibn Anas in fiqh, Wasil ibn Ata and Hisham ibn Hakam in Islamic theology, and Geber in science and alchemy.[144][145] | Medina[144] | According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in Medina on the order of Caliph Al-Mansur.[144] Buried in Jannat al-Baqi. |
7 | Musa ibn Ja'far (Musa al-Kadhim) موسی بن جعفر Abu al-Hassan I أبو الحسن الاول[146] |
Yedinci Ali[129] |
128–183[147] |
Leader of the Shia community during the schism of Ismaili and other branches after the death of the former Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq.[148] He established the network of agents who collected khums in the Shia community of the Middle East and the Greater Khorasan.[149] | Medina[147] | Imprisoned and poisoned in Baghdad on the order of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Buried in the Al-Kadhimiya mosque in Kadhimiya, Baghdad.[147] |
8 | Ali ibn Musa (Ali ar-Ridha) علي بن موسی Abu al-Hassan II أبو الحسن الثانی[146] |
al-Rida, Reza[150]
Sekizinci Ali[129] |
148–203[150] |
Made crown-prince by Caliph Al-Ma'mun, and famous for his discussions with both Muslim and non-Muslim religious scholars.[150] | Medina[150] | According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in Mashhad, Iran on the order of Caliph Al-Ma'mun. Buried in the Imam Reza shrine in Mashad.[150] |
9 | Muhammad ibn Ali (Muhammad al-Taqi) محمد بن علي Abu Ja'far أبو جعفر |
al-Taqi, al-Jawad[151]
Dokuzuncu Ali[129] |
195–220[151] |
Famous for his generosity and piety in the face of persecution by the Abbasid caliphate. | Medina[151] | Poisoned by his wife, Al-Ma'mun's daughter, in Baghdad on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tasim. Buried in the Al-Kadhimiya Mosque in Kadhimiya, Baghdad.[151] |
10 | Ali ibn Muhammad (Ali Naqi) علي بن محمد Abu al-Hassan III أبو الحسن الثالث[152] |
al-Hadi, al-Naqi[152]
Onuncu Ali[129] |
212–254[152] |
Strengthened the network of deputies in the Shia community. He sent them instructions, and received in turn financial contributions of the faithful from the khums and religious vows.[152] | Surayya, a village near Medina[152] | According to Shia sources, he was poisoned in Samarra on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tazz.[153] Buried in the Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra. |
11 | Hassan ibn Ali (Hasan al-Askari) الحسن بن علي Abu Muhammad أبو محمد |
Onbirinci Ali[129] |
232–260[154] |
For most of his life, the Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, placed restrictions on him after the death of his father. Repression of the Shiite population was particularly high at the time due to their large size and growing power.[155] | Medina[154] | According to Shia, he was poisoned on the order of Caliph Al-Mu'tamid in Samarra. Buried in Al-Askari Mosque in Samarra.[155] |
12 | Muhammad ibn al-Hassan (Muhammad al-Mahdi) محمد بن الحسن Abu al-Qasim أبو القاسم |
al-Mahdi, al-Qa'im, Hidden Imam, al-Hujjah[156]
Onikinci Ali[129] |
255–unknown[157] |
According to Twelver doctrine, he is the current Imam and the promised Mahdi, a messianic figure who will return with Christ. He will reestablish the rightful governance of Islam and replete the earth with justice and peace.[158] | Samarra[157] | According to Shia doctrine, he has been living in The Occultation since 872, and will continue as long as God wills it.[157] |
The Twelver jurisprudence is called Ja'fari jurisprudence. In this jurisprudence Sunnah is considered to be the oral traditions of Muhammad and their implementation and interpretation by the twelve Imams. There are three schools of Ja'fari jurisprudence: Usuli, Akhbari, and Shaykhi. The Usuli school is by far the largest of the three. Twelver groups that do not follow Ja'fari jurisprudence include Alevi, Bektashi, and Qizilbash.
In Ja'fari jurisprudence, there are ten ancillary pillars, known as Furu' ad-Din, which are as follows:[159]
- Prayer
- Fasting
- Pilgrimage
- Alms giving
- Struggle
- One Fifth (One Fifth) (20% tax on yearly earnings after deduction of household and commercial expenses.)
- Directing others towards good
- Directing others away from evil
- Love those who are in God's path
- Disassociation with those who oppose God
According to Twelvers, defining and interpretation of Islamic jurisprudence is the responsibility of Muhammad and the twelve Imams. As the 12th imam is in occultation, it is the duty of clerics to refer to the Islamic literature such as the Quran and hadith and identify legal decisions within the confines of Islamic law to provide means to deal with current issues from an Islamic perspective. In other words, Twelver clerics provide Guardianship of the Islamic Jurisprudence, which was defined by Muhammad and his twelve successors. This process is known as Ijtihad and the clerics are known as Marja', meaning reference. The labels Allamah and Ayatollah are in use for Twelver clerics.
Zaidi ("Fiver")[edit]
Zaidiyya, Zaidism or Zaydi is the second largest branch of Shia Islam.[citation needed] It is a Shia school named after Zayd ibn Ali. Followers of the Zaidi fiqh are called Zaidis (or occasionally Fivers). However, there is also a group called Zaidi Wasītīs who are Twelvers (see below). Zaidis constitute roughly 42–47% of the population of Yemen.[160][161]
The Zaydis, Twelvers, and Ismailis all recognize the same first four Imams; however, the Zaidis recognize Zayd ibn Ali as the fifth. After the time of Zayd ibn Ali, the Zaidis recognized that any descendant of Hasan ibn Ali or Hussein ibn Ali could be imam after fulfilling certain conditions.[162] Other well-known Zaidi Imams in history were Yahya ibn Zayd, Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya and Ibrahim ibn Abdullah. In matters of Islamic jurisprudence, the Zaydis follow Zayd ibn Ali's teachings which are documented in his book Majmu'l Fiqh (in Arabic: مجموع الفِقه). Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya, founder of the Zaydi state in Yemen, instituted elements of the jurisprudential tradition of the Sunni Muslim jurist Abū Ḥanīfa, and as a result, Zaydi jurisprudence today continues somewhat parallel to that of the Hanafis.
The Zaidi doctrine of Imamah does not presuppose the infallibility of the imam nor that the Imams receive divine guidance. Zaidis also do not believe that the Imamate must pass from father to son but believe it can be held by any Sayyid descended from either Hasan ibn Ali or Hussein ibn Ali (as was the case after the death of Hasan ibn Ali). Historically, Zaidis held that Zayd was the rightful successor of the 4th imam since he led a rebellion against the Umayyads in protest of their tyranny and corruption. Muhammad al-Baqir did not engage in political action, and the followers of Zayd believed that a true imam must fight against corrupt rulers.
The Idrisids (Arabic: الأدارسة) were Arab[163] Zaydi Shia[164][165][166][167][168][169] dynasty in the western Maghreb ruling from 788 to 985 C.E., named after its first sultan, Idris I.
A Zaydi state was established in Gilan, Deylaman and Tabaristan (northern Iran) in 864 C.E. by the Alavids;[170] it lasted until the death of its leader at the hand of the Samanids in 928 C.E. Roughly forty years later the state was revived in Gilan and survived under Hasanid leaders until 1126 C.E. Afterwards, from the 12th to 13th centuries, the Zaydis of Deylaman, Gilan and Tabaristan then acknowledged the Zaydi Imams of Yemen or rival Zaydi Imams within Iran.[171]
The Buyids were initially Zaidi[172] as well as the Banu Ukhaidhir rulers of al-Yamama in the 9th and 10th centuries.[173] The leader of the Zaydi community took the title of Caliph. As such, the ruler of Yemen was known as the Caliph, al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi Rassids (a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali the son of Ali) who, at Sa'dah, in 893-7 CE, founded the Zaydi Imamate, and this system continued until the middle of the 20th century, when the revolution of 1962 CE deposed the Zaydi Imam. The founding Zaidism of Yemen was of the Jarudiyya group; however, with increasing interaction with Hanafi and Shafi'i rites of Sunni Islam, there was a shift from the Jarudiyya group to the Sulaimaniyya, Tabiriyya, Butriyya or Salihiyya groups.[174] Zaidis form the second dominant religious group in Yemen. Currently, they constitute about 40–45% of the population in Yemen. Ja'faris and Isma'ilis are 2–5%.[175] In Saudi Arabia, it is estimated that there are over 1 million Zaydis (primarily in the western provinces).
Currently the most prominent Zaydi movement is Houthis movement, known by the name of Shabab Al Mu'mineen (Believing Youth). They have been the subject of an ongoing campaign against them by the Yemeni Government in which the army has lost 743 men, and thousands of innocent civilians have been killed or displaced by government forces causing a grave humanitarian crisis in north Yemen.[176]
Ismaili ("Sevener")[edit]
Ismailis gain their name from their acceptance of Isma'il ibn Jafar as the divinely appointed spiritual successor (Imam) to Ja'far al-Sadiq, wherein they differ from the Twelvers, who accept Musa al-Kadhim, younger brother of Isma'il, as the true Imam.
After the death or Occultation of Muhammad ibn Ismaill in the 8th century, the teachings of Ismailism further transformed into the belief system as it is known today, with an explicit concentration on the deeper, esoteric meaning (bāṭin) of the faith. With the eventual development of Twelverism into the more literalistic (zahir) oriented Akhbari and later Usuli schools of thought, Shiaism developed in two separate directions: the metaphorical Ismailli group focusing on the mystical path and nature of God and the divine manifestation in the personage of the "Imam of the Time" as the "Face of God", with the more literalistic Twelver group focusing on divine law (sharī'ah) and the deeds and sayings (sunnah) of Muhammad and his successors (the Ahlu l-Bayt), who as A'immah were guides and a light to God.[177]
Though there are several sub-groupings within the Ismailis, the term in today's vernacular generally refers to The Shia Imami Ismaili Muslim (Nizari community), generally known as the Ismailis, who are followers of the Aga Khan and the largest group among the Ismailiyyah. Another community which falls under the Isma'il's are the Dawoodi Bohras, lead by a Da'i al-Mutlaq as representative of a hidden imam. While there are many other branches with extremely differing exterior practices, much of the spiritual theology has remained the same since the days of the faith's early Imams. In recent centuries Ismailis have largely been an Indo-Iranian community,[178] but they are found in India, Pakistan, Syria, Palestine, Saudi Arabia,[179] Yemen, China,[180] Jordan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, East Africa and South Africa, and have in recent years emigrated to Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and North America.[181]
Ismaili Imams[edit]
After the death of Isma'il ibn Jafar, many Ismailis believed that one day the messianic Mahdi, whom they believed to be Muhammad ibn Ismail, would return and establish an age of justice. One group included the violent Qarmatians, who had a stronghold in Bahrain. In contrast, some Ismailis believed the Imamate did continue, and that the Imams were in occultation and still communicated and taught their followers through a network of dawah "Missionaries".
In 909, Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah, a claimant to the Ismaili Imamate, established the Fatimid Caliphate. During this period, three lineages of imams formed. The first branch, known today as the Druze, began with Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. Born in 386 AH (985), he ascended as ruler at the age of eleven. The typical religiously tolerant Fatimid Empire saw much persecution under his reign. When in 411 AH (1021) his mule returned without him, soaked in blood, a religious group that was forming in his lifetime broke off from mainstream Ismailism and did not acknowledge his successor. Later to be known as the Druze, they believe al-Hakim to be the incarnation of God and the prophesied Mahdi who would one day return and bring justice to the world.[182] The faith further split from Ismailism as it developed very unusual doctrines which often class it separately from both Ismailiyyah and Islam.
The second split occurred following the death of Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah in 487 AH (1094). His rule was the longest of any caliph in any Islamic empire. Upon his passing away, his sons, Nizar the older, and Al-Musta'li, the younger, fought for political and spiritual control of the dynasty. Nizar was defeated and jailed, but according to Nizari tradition, his son escaped to Alamut, where the Iranian Ismaili had accepted his claim.[183] From here on, the Nizari Ismaili community has continued with a present, living Imam.
The Mustaali line split again between the Taiyabi (Dawoodi Bohra is its main branch) and the Hafizi. The former claim that At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim (son of Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah) and the imams following him went into a period of anonymity (Dawr-e-Satr) and appointed a Da'i al-Mutlaq to guide the community, in a similar manner as the Ismaili had lived after the death of Muhammad ibn Ismail. The latter (Hafizi) claimed that the ruling Fatimid Caliph was the Imam, and they died out with the fall of the Fatimid Empire.
Ismailis have categorized their practices which are known as seven pillars:
The Shahada (profession of faith) of the Shia differs from that of Sunnis due to mention of Ali[184]
Contemporary leadership[edit]
The Nizaris place importance on a scholarly institution because of the existence of a present Imam. The Imam of the Age defines the jurisprudence, and his guidance may differ with Imams previous to him because of different times and circumstances. For Nizari Ismailis, the imam is Karim al-Husayni Aga Khan IV. The Nizari line of Imams has continued to this day as an unending line.
Divine leadership has continued in the Bohra branch through the institution of the "Unrestricted Missionary" Dai. According to Bohra tradition, before the last Imam, At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim, went into seclusion, his father, the 20th Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah, had instructed Al-Hurra Al-Malika the Malika (Queen consort) in Yemen to appoint a vicegerent after the seclusion – the Unrestricted Missionary, who as the Imam's vicegerent has full authority to govern the community in all matters both spiritual and temporal while the lineage of Mustaali-Tayyibi Imams remains in seclusion (Dawr-e-Sitr). The three branches of the Mustaali, the Alavi Bohra, Sulaimani Bohra and Dawoodi Bohra, differ on who the current Unrestricted Missionary is.
See also[edit]
- ^ Shi'a is an alternative spelling of Shia, and Shi'ite of Shiite. In subsequent sections, the spellings Shia and Shiite are adopted for consistency, except where the alternative spelling is in the title of a reference.
- ^ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population". Retrieved 10 December 2014.
- ^ Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam." Oxford University Press, 2002 | ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0. p. 40
- ^ "From the article on Shii Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online". Oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- ^ a b "Lesson 13: Imam's Traits". Al-Islam.org.
- ^ Tabataba'i (1979), p. 76
- ^ God's rule: the politics of world religions - Page 146, Jacob Neusner - 2003
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Shīʿite". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
- ^ Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam," Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0. p.40
- ^ Duncan S. Ferguson, (2010), Exploring the Spirituality of the World Religions, p.192
- ^ a b c d The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Jacob E. Safra, Chairman of the Board, 15th Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1998, ISBN 0-85229-663-0, Vol 10, p. 738
- ^ Michael Makovsky (1 August 2007). Churchill's Promised Land: Zionism and Statecraft. Yale University Press. p. 110.
- ^ Momen 1985, p. 15
- ^ a b c d e Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Wendy Doniger, Consulting Editor, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, Springfield, MA 1999, ISBN 0-87779-044-2, LoC: BL31.M47 1999, p. 525
- ^ a b "Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam" Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0. p. 46
- ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Jacob E. Safra, Chairman of the Board, 15th Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1998, ISBN 0-85229-663-0, Vol 22, p. 17.
- ^ "Event of Ghadir Khumm". Al-islam.org. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- ^ Bernards, Monique; Nawas, John (2005). Patronate And Patronage in Early And Classical Islam. BRILL. pp. 25. ISBN 978-90-04-14480-4.
- ^ The Last Sermon of Muhammad by Shia Accounts
- ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Jacob E. Safra, Chairman of the Board, 15th Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1998, ISBN 0-85229-663-0, Vol 10, p. tid738
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- ^ Discovering Islam: making sense of Muslim history and society (2002) Akbar S. Ahmed
- ^ Religious trends in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, By Ghulam Mustafa (Hafiz.), Pg 11, Author writes: Similarly, swords were also placed on the Idols, as it is related that Harith b. Abi Shamir, the Ghassanid king, had presented his two swords, called Mikhdham and Rasub, to the image of the goddess, Manat....to note that the famous sword of Ali, the fourth caliph, called Dhu-al-Fiqar, was one of these two swords
- ^ a b Nasr (1979), p.10
- ^ a b Momen (1985), p. 174
- ^ Corbin 1993, pp. 45-51
- ^ Nasr (1979), p. 15
- ^ a b Gleave, Robert. "Imamate". Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1. MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-865604-0.
- ^ "Learn to do Shia Prayer - Islamic Prayer - Shia Salat". Revertmuslims.com. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- ^ "Joining Prayers and Other related Issues". Al-islam.org. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- ^ "Druze and Islam". American Druze.com. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
- ^ "Ijtihad in Islam". AlQazwini.org. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
- ^ "Shi'ite Islam," by Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, translated by Sayyid Husayn Nasr, State University of New York Press, 1975, p. 24
- ^ Dakake (2008), pp. 1 and 2
- ^ In his "Mutanabbi devant le siècle ismaëlien de l'Islam", in Mém. de l'Inst Français de Damas, 1935, p.
- ^ "The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Religions," Brandon Toropov, Father Luke Buckles, Alpha; 3rd edition, 2004, ISBN 978-1-59257-222-9, p. 135
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- ^ Quran 33:33
- ^ Momen (1985), p. 155
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- ^ Dabashi (2006), p. 463
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- ^ "Part 1: The Perfect Man". Al-Islam.org.
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- ^ Francis Robinson, Atlas of the Islamic World, pg. 23.
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- ^ Momen, Moojan, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, 1985, p.123
- ^ Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology Page 23 By Stephen P. Blake [1]
- ^ Momen, Moojan, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, 1985, p.191, 130
- ^ Momen, Moojan, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, 1985, p.277
- ^ "Religions". CIA. The World Factbook. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
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Religion: Virtually the entire population is Muslim. Between 80 and 85 percent of Muslims are Sunni and 15 to 19 percent, Shia.
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Religions: Sunni Muslim 80%, Shia Muslim 19%, other 1%
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- ^ a b Tabatabae (1979) pp. 209–210.
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- ^ "Encyclopedia of the Middle East". Mideastweb.org. 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2011-05-04.
- Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- Encyclopædia Iranica. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. ISBN 1-56859-050-4.
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- Corbin, Henry (1993) [1964)]. History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard. London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 0-7103-0416-1.
- Dakake, Maria Massi (2008). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. Suny Press. ISBN 0-7914-7033-4.
- Holt, P. M.; Lewis, Bernard (1977a). Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29136-4.
- Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03531-4.
- Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988). The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-511915-0.
- Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn; Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Suny press. ISBN 0-87395-272-3.
Further reading[edit]
- Peter J. Chelkowski (ed.), Eternal Performance: Taziyah and Other Shiite Rituals (Salt lake City (UT), Seagull Books, 2010) (Seagull Books - Enactments).
- Corbin, Henry (1993). History of Islamic Philosophy, translated by Liadain Sherrard and Philip Sherrard. Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 0-7103-0416-1.
- Dabashi, Hamid (2011). Shi'ism: A Religion of Protest. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674-06428-7.
- Halm, Heinz (2004). Shi'ism. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1888-0.
- Halm, Heinz (2007). The Shi'ites: A Short History. Markus Wiener Pub. ISBN 1-55876-437-2.
- Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-434-1.
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03499-7.
- Shirazi, Sultanu'l-Wa'izin. Peshawar Nights, A Transcript of a Dialogue between Shia and Sunni scholars. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-320-5.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Hamid Dabashi (1989). Expectation of the Millennium: Shiʻism in History. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-88706-843-X.
- Rogerson, Barnaby (2007). The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni Shia split. Overlook Press. ISBN 1-58567-896-1.
- Wollaston, Arthur N. (2005). The Sunnis and Shias. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4254-7916-2.
- Moosa, Matti (1988). Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-2411-5.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Shiites. |
- Library of Shia Muslims Videos
- Shafaqna: International Shia News Agency
- English language website
- YaHusain.com, Shia Website with informative lectures in English & Urdu
- Islamic - Shia Website
- Al-Islam.org, A Digital Islamic Library
- The Shiapedia, an online Shia encyclopedia
- Murajaat - A Shi'i/Sunni debate
- Patheos Library – Shi'a Islam
- shiasource.com
- Imam Al-Khoei Foundation (Twelver)
- Official Website of Nizari Ismaili (Ismaili)
- Official Website of Alavi Bohra (Ismaili)
- Dawoodi Bohra (Ismaili)
- The Institute of Ismaili Studies (Ismaili)
- Shia at DMOZ
- al-shia.org Ahlulbayt Global Informations Center


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Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
Illinois' only United Nations World Heritage Site. This 2,200-acre site preserves the central section of the largest prehistoric Indian city north of Mexico. An Interpretive Center presents a coherent account of this sophisticated prehistoric culture. Climb Monk's Mound, see the film and life-size village. Don't miss annual events that focus on Native American culture.
The Old Chain of Rocks Bridge
Built in 1927, Old Chain of Rocks was the fifth bridge to cross the Mississippi River, which shortened the distance between St. Louis, Missouri, and Edwardsville, Illinois by 15 miles.
World's Largest Catsup Bottle
This 170-foot-tall bottle that resembles a Brook's Catsup Bottle served as a water tower for the catsup manufacturer after being constructed in 1949. A popular roadside attraction, it makes for a great photo op.
Lewis & Clark Confluence Tower
The Lewis & Clark Confluence Tower is dedicated to the duo's history-making journey, and serves as a gateway to the Meeting of the Great Rivers National Scenic Byway. The Corps of Discovery voyage began here on May 14, 1804, at the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Take the elevator up to the top of the 180-foot-tall tower, where you'll step out to panoramic views of the swirling river waters (the view is particularly stunning at sunset). On platforms located at 50, 100 and 150 feet visitors learn about the early days of Hartford, as well as Lewis and Clark's journey.
Bob's Civil War Fort
Tucked away in the rolling hills of Germantown is a Civil War Fort. There is a jail, civil war cannons, a stage coach, a livery, log cabins, and much more.
Lewis and Clark State Historic Site
The Lewis and Clark State Historic Site commemorates Camp Dubois, the 1803-1804 winter camp of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. It was at Camp Dubois that members of the Corps of Discovery prepared for their expedition to the Pacific Ocean. The 14,000 square-foot exhibit space contains six galleries that outline the background and history of the Lewis and Clark expedition from its conception to its meaning for today's America. Exhibits are kid-friendly, offering opportunities for hands-on engagement. A "reconstruction" of the winter camp, Camp Dubois, is located on the grounds near the visitor center. Its design reflects 1803 U.S. Army regulations for the construction of military posts. Interpreters are on-site daily in the camp to explain how the men prepared for the journey.
National Shrine of Our Lady of the Snows
The Shrine has 200 beautifully landscaped acres of gardens and devotional areas, including the Outdoor Amphitheatre, Shrine Church, Lourdes Grotto, Stations of the Cross, Millennium Spire, the Visitors Center with a restaurant and gift shop, and the Shrine Hotel.
Louis Latzer Homestead
Louis Latzer, the founder of the Pet Milk Company, built this homestead for his wife and family in 1901. The home had many modern features of the day, including running water pumped by hand to a holding tank in the attic, a manufactured gas light system, speaking tubes between many of the rooms and one of the first telephones in the community.
Weezy's Route 66 Bar and Grill
The restaurant is known for charbroiled burgers, homemade pies and hearty breakfasts, particularly biscuits and gravy made with fresh sausage from locally produced hogs. The decor follows a diner theme with a black-and-white checkered floor and red vinyl seat cushions on chrome booths, tables and chairs. Walls are lined with vintage signs, photos of old vehicles and other Route 66 memorabilia and even has an outdoor patio.
Gateway Geyser Fountain
As the world's tallest fountain, the Gateway Geyser Fountain reaches 627 feet in height, and is centered in a pond that holds five million gallons of water.
CITY:East St. Louis
Old Fire Engine Museum
Learn how firemen fought fires throughout history. See all of the antique firefighting memorabilia.
CITY:Granite City
Dr. Poos Home - Heritage House Museum
Built in 1888, this home was occupied by Dr. Robert Poos, a local practitioner and druggist. Dr. Poos was also the staff physician at the Springs Hotel and Bath House, later known as the Okawville Original Springs Hotel.
Wood River Refinery History Museum
Step back in time more than 75 years at the Shell History Museum in Roxana, Illinois. Trace the history of Shell Wood River and neighboring communities as you look at early photographs and the many items of interest, including vintage gasoline pumps, glass motor oil bottles Shell product advertising and city maps.
Old Six Mile Museum in the Emmert-Zippel House
This 158-year-old home has displays of historic items including Civil War artifacts, a Native American collection, and 1830s furnishings.
CITY:Granite City
Schneidewind Barn Museum
Hundreds of interesting items amassed over a lifetime are housed in this unique gallery that was formally a working farm barn.
Lewis and Clark Memorial
This memorial commemorates Camp Dubois, the 1803-04 winter camp of Lewis and Clark where they launched their Corps of Discovery expedition to the Pacific.
The Mermaid House
The beautiful house is an example of an 1830s hotel. Charles Dickens once visited there in 1842 while researching a book he wrote on prairies in America.
Gateway Classic Cars & Museum
Car enthusiasts are tempted by every make from Model T's to muscle cars. Shop the Antique Mall for Collectibles or attend their monthly sales and auctions.
CITY:Fairmont City
General Dean Suspension Bridge
Located just outside the city of Carlyle, this historic 130-year-old bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the area. The original bridge served as a crossing over the Kaskaskia River.
Civil War Fort
Visit an exact replica of a Civil War Fort complete with a jail, one-room home, livery, and log cabins.
Collinsville Historical Society Museum
Local and world histories are combined in these exhibits.
Yanda Log Cabin
An authentic log cabin located in the heart of Glen Carbon, it has the original ceiling rafters and attic floor. The sidewalks are made from a 1912 school building. The Cabin is used for group activities and community events. Tours by appointment.
CITY:Glen Carbon
Clinton County Historical Museum
This building was the former home of Judge Sidney Breese, who came to Illinois from New York. He studied law here and became Assistant Secretary of the State of Illinois.
Cholera Cross
The original wooden cross was erected in 1850 by a farmer in thanksgiving for his family being spared during a cholera epidemic. Subsequent owners of the property have repaired and replaced it.
Labor & Industry Museum
The Labor & Industry Museum is the only public institution devoted to the history of the labor and industry of Belleville and southwestern Illinois. The centerpiece is Jumbo, a 19th-century steam engine along with coal mining, carpentry, and stove-making exhibits.
Edwardsville Children's Museum
The museum focuses on expanding young minds through a variety of educational programs. It is available for birthday parties and field trips.
Berger-Kiel Log House
The log house gives a glimpse into local life in the 1800s. While at the park, visit the refurbished caboose and passenger train.
St. Clair County Historical Society Museum
This Victorian adaptation of a Greek Revival home was built in the early 1800s. In addition to period furniture and vintage clothing, artifacts, and quilts, the museum contains an extensive research library and gift shop.
Marissa Academy Museum and Coal Miners Monument
Memorabilia celebrating the city's growth from a coal mining town to the present makes this an interesting stop.
Mascoutah Heritage Museum
The museum focuses on the businesses that helped the city grow, particularly milling.
Marissa Academy Museum & Coal Miners Monument
Memorabilia celebrating the city's growth from a coal-mining town to the present makes this a fascinating touchstone of local history.
Log Cabin Museum
In the park next to Hamel School, this building was built between 1820 and 1852 and moved to Hamel in 1980. Artifacts from the period are displayed inside.
Coal Miners Monument
Joseph Koch, who along with eight other local miners died in a mine explosion in 1947, is depicted here.
Jarrot Mansion
The subject of intensive historical interest, the Mansion is probably the oldest brick house in the state of Illinois. It was built in 1810 by Nicholas Jarrot, who was a native Frenchman and landowner in Cahokia.
Downtown Lebanon
Stroll brick-paved St. Louis Street in the Lebanon Antiques District, where you'll find more than 20 antique and specialty shops in this historic town that was founded in 1804, during the time of the Lewis & Clark expedition.
Heritage House Museum
Three properties -- Dr. Poos Home & Medical Museum; the Frank Schlosser Home, which includes a turn-of-the-century house, barn, harness shop, and commercial laundry; and the Joseph Schlosser Home -- make up the Museum complex.
Emma Kunz House
Visitors are invited to walk through this home, considered to be the oldest Greek Revival-style home in Illinois.
Rieso Farm Museum & Antiques
There is a large collection of machinery and primitives dating back to the 1800s.
CITY:New Athens
Katherine Dunham Museum
Katherine Dunham is probably best known as a legendary dancer who propelled the awareness of the cultures of the African Diaspora via her choreography. Her famous dance technique reflects a fusion of many cultures. Miss Dunham was a true renaissance woman. She was an artist, anthropologist, author, activist, manager, movie star, producer, educator, wife, mother, and so much more. The world needs to know about her wonderful life story and there's no better learning environment than the Museum and Centers for Arts and Humanities she created. The museum houses Miss Dunham's outstanding collection of symbolic and functional art, including more than 250 African and Caribbean art objects from more than 50 countries.
CITY:East St. Louis
Wood River Museum and Visitors Center
The Wood River Heritage Council has worked diligently to preserve the town's past at the Wood River Museum and Visitors Center. It is here that you will find exhibits on the Wood River massacre of 1814, Olde Downtown, the Flood of 1915, the World's largest swimming pool, and the impact of Standard Oil on this growing community. Hours Thursday - Saturday, 1 p.m. - 4 p.m.
CITY:Wood River
Greater Saint Louis Air and Space Museum
Learn about the history of aviation in the St. Louis area. The Museum is located at the St. Louis Downtown Parks Airport and has Gus Grissom's flight suit, a collection of TWA artifacts, and a 1941 Meyers O.T.W. Bi-plane on exhibit.
Colonel Benjamin Stephenson House
This two-story brick home is a wonderful example of Federal-style architecture from 1820. Col. Stephenson, who was a contemporary of Lewis & Clark, moved there in 1809.
Bosshard Monument
The monument is a tribute to Swiss poet Heinrich Bosshard, who wrote Semparcherlied here in the 1850s.
Madison County Historical Society Museum & Archives
The 1836 Weir House is filled with an amazing display of artifacts representing local and county history, in addition to a historic research library.
Governor Coles Memorial
This memorial in Valley View Cemetery honors Edward Coles, the second governor of Illinois (1822-1826). A former slaveowner from Virginia, Coles became an abolitionist and won the 1822 gubernatorial election as the candidate of anti-slavery forces.
Martin/Boismenue House
Built in the 1790s, the house is designed in the French vertical-log style rather than the more familiar horizontal-log style. This is the oldest known residence in Illinois.
CITY:East Carondelet
Nashville Roadside Chapel
One of the smallest country chapels in the world was built in Nashville in the late 1980s. Thousands of travelers from all over the globe have stopped to visit this miniature chapel.
CITY:New Athens
Bethalto History Museum
A log cabin originally built in 1873 is this city's history museum. The cabin is authentically furnished as it might have appeared 150 years ago. The building once housed Bethalto's water, fire and police departments. The tiny one room jail can still be seen. Open M - F 1 - 4 p.m. for tours. Call for tour appointment.
Martin-Boismenue House
This traditional one-story French Creole residence, built circa 1790, is considered to be one of the oldest surviving residences in Illinois.
CITY:East Carondelet
Sears House
This turn-of-the-century Victorian house was ordered through the Sears Roebuck catalog and assembled for only several hundred dollars.
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Justin Upton Jersey
(28 items)
Product ID: 1639334
Main Content
I spy with my little eye enormous Braves team spirit! This huge sheet of decals from WinCraft gives you plenty of ways to proclaim your Atlanta pride along with the love for your favorite ball player, Justin Upton. Featuring team and player graphics that can be removed and reused, this sheet is ideal for displaying on any window or mirror. After all, every fan knows bigger Braves gear is better!
- High-quality team graphics
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Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game
or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are
received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items
are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite
number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


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Ohio State coach Urban Meyer, firing up his team before a game against Wisconsin on Nov. 17, gains income from a deal with the Kroger supermarket chain. / Jeff Hanisch, US Presswire
USA TODAY Sports reporters and editors analyzed thousands of documents in calculating salaries for the 124 FBS head coaches and nearly 1,000 assistants.
While combing through contract after contract â?? after contract after contract â?? we also came across a few interesting contractual "quirks." Some involve relationships with supermarket chains, golf clubs and gun shops. Others are bonuses that can be earned by reaching certain on- and off-field goals. Here are a few examples:
Texas coach Mack Brown:
Brown was paid $60,000 to serve as the chairman of the board for the University of Texas Golf Club. While it's a pittance compared to his football earnings, Brown's off-the-field benefits also included a $750 gift card to McBride's Guns in Austin.
Ohio State coach Urban Meyer:
Meyer has $50,000 in outside income from a deal with the Kroger supermarket chain that involves the cash payment for him, a $60,000 donation to his foundation and a $55,000 discretionary fund "for use on mutually agreed upon events" with any unused funds being donated to the foundation. One of Meyer's "general responsibilities" under the arrangement is that "The Meyer family will consider Kroger their supermarket of choice."
LSU coach Les Miles:
If LSU fires Miles before Dec. 31, 2012, it will owe him $18.75 million. If LSU fires Miles at any point from Jan. 1, 2013, through Dec. 31, 2014, it will owe him $15 million. If Miles wins the national championship â?? he came close last year â?? in addition to a $200,000 bonus for appearing in any BCS game, his total annual compensation shall be adjusted to be no less than the highest salary of any coach in the SEC, plus $1,000.
Missouri coach Gary Pinkel:
Pinkel contractually had been due $50,000 in increases this season for endorsements and TV, radio and public appearances, but his pay in those areas was frozen for one year by the university after his arrest in November 2011 for DWI. He pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge in connection with the incident, which also resulted in a one-week suspension by the school.
South Carolina coach Steve Spurrier:
Spurrier reported more than $10,000 in golf-related income, including $2,000 in golfing paraphernalia â?? clubs and balls, made by Wilson. Spurrier said in an interview with USA TODAY Sports that he also receives compensation for playing in a golf tournament in Lake Tahoe. He played in a celebrity tournament there in July and finished 40th of 82 players, earning $3,260 in prize money.
California coach Jeff Tedford:
While his team underperformed this season, Tedford received two $150,000 bonuses: For being the head coach when the team fully occupied the Simpson High Performance Center and for being the coach when the team played its first home football game in renovated Memorial Stadium.
Oregon State coach Mike Riley:
Riley gets 25% of all revenue from season ticket sales over 23,000.
Kansas coach Charlie Weis:
In addition to the money he is receiving from Kansas, Weis continues to get huge termination payments from Notre Dame, which fired him as head coach in December 2009. He received $2,054,744 from Notre Dame during the 2010 calendar year "under a separation agreement that includes additional annual payments through December 2015," according to Notre Dame's most recent federal tax return.
Hawaii coach Norm Chow:
Chow can get $25,000 per home game win on national TV (two such games on 2012 schedule) and $40,000 per road game win on national TV (four such games on 2012 schedule). Unfortunately for Chow, Hawaii has only one win in 2012 â?? and it came against Lamar, a game that didn't fit into either of those two categories.
West Virginia coach Dana Holgorsen:
Holgorsen can get $25,000 if his team ranks between second and fifth in the FBS in total offense, or $50,000 if team ranks first in the FBS in total offense. Heading into Saturday, the Mountaineers are averaging 510.0 yards a game, the ninth-best average in the country.
Arkansas State coach Gus Malzahn:
As a condition of his contract, Malzahn is required to live in a university-owned residence in Jonesboro, Ark., to "successfully conduct fund raising and recruiting activities." Arkansas State maintains the house and grounds and pays all utilities except Internet and cable/satellite TV charges, but Malzahn is responsible for furnishing the home and securing insurance for all personal property placed in the home.
Washington State coach Mike Leach:
As part of his deal with the Cougars, Leach will get an 18-seat family suite at Martin Stadium once construction of suite facility is complete. He also gets 20 tickets for each home football game and each postseason football game. Finally, Leach gets 150 tickets to each regular-season road game.
Army coach Rich Ellerson:
How much does Army value the Commander-in-Chief's Trophy? Ellerson gets $150,000 if his team beats Navy and Air Force in the same season; or $50,000 if the Cadets beat Navy; or $50,000 if the Cadets beats Air Force. Having beaten the Falcons this season, Ellerson is in line for a nice bonus should Army beat Navy to end the season.
Air Force coach Troy Calhoun:
Likewise at Air Force: Calhoun receives a bonus of 5% of his annual payment if Air Force wins or retains the Commander-in-Chief's Trophy. Calhoun's payment this year is $825,000; 5% of that is $41,250.
Utah coach Kyle Whittingham:
Whittingham gets an additional 25% tuition benefit for his college-eligible children (unmarried age 26 and younger) to attend Utah. When combined with the school's regular half-tuition benefit, Whittingham would receive 75% off the Utah's total tuition price.
Virginia coach Mike London:
Like basketball? London gets six tickets to the ACC men's basketball tournament for personal use.
Kansas State coach Bill Snyder:
Snyder gets one car, comparable in make and model to one provided to the men's basketball, women's basketball and volleyball head coaches; a $10,000 annual vehicle stipend; and a $4,000 annual insurance stipend. He also gets a full membership in the Manhattan Country Club, including golfing privileges and use of a golf cart.
Washington coach Steve Sarkisian:
The university pays the cost of having Sarkisian's family travel to all away football games, all postseason events in which the football team participates and two additional business-related trips each fiscal year if he so elects.
Copyright 2015
Read the original story: What quirks are in college football coaches' contracts?


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Welcome to the Itinerary Planner tool. Use this to select your shortlist of places to stay and visit, and it will automatically calculate distances between them for you to plot them on a map.
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text: Utility worker pierced pipe before Mass. gas blast Share this story email Share this story «Previous 6 of 9 Photos Next » Read the story « » Massachusetts Gas Explosion Robert Spano, left, and Alan Hugley clean up broken glass, Saturday, Nov. 24, 2012, outside of Punta cana Restaurant & Bar, a few blocks from the site of a Friday-evening gas explosion that leveled a strip club in Springfield, Mass. (AP Photo/Jessica Hill)


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Latest update : 2013-01-01
We explore the digital revolution and check out the latest technological trends. Every Saturday at 2.15 pm Paris time.
2015-05-01 Apple
Apple Watch put to the test
In this edition, we look at a contest for coders. Battle Hack 2015 has crowned its best app, made in under 24 hours. Other internet tools already exist to help locate survivors...
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Space Special: Happy Birthday, Hubble!
In this edition, we're celebrating 25 years of the Hubble Space Telescope. Thanks to Hubble, we know how old the universe is, and that it's expanding increasingly fast. We tell...
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Europe vs. Google: EU accuses search giant of market dominance abuse
The EU accuses Google of abusing its dominance of internet searches to push its own products. In this edition we tell you what this antitrust probe implies for the tech giant. We...
2015-04-10 technology
'Killer robots': Towards faceless wars?
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2015-04-03 Medicine
Virtual reality applied to health
In this special high-tech health edition, we tell you all about how doctors around the world are using virtual reality-driven solutions to treat patients, from anxiety disorders...


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Posted on 4/7/2014 by Paige Donham
Tanglewood Community Tennis Center is open and ready for play.
2014 Season Pass Rates
Additional Benefits to Season Pass Holders
All Season Pass Holders will receive a Tanglewood Gate Pass. Season Pass Holders may reserve online.
Hours of Operation
Visit the Winston-Salem Tennis website for more information.
4201 Manor House Circle Clemmons, NC 27012 (336) 703-6400 Park Hours Open Daily 7:00 am - Sunset (Closed Christmas) Mailing Address 4061 Clemmons Road Clemmons, NC 27012