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Urinary tract infection - adults
A urinary tract infection, or UTI, is an infection that can happen anywhere along the urinary tract. Urinary tract infections have different names, depending on what part of the urinary tract is infected.
- Bladder -- an infection in the bladder is also called cystitis or a bladder infection
- Kidneys -- an infection of one or both kidneys is called pyelonephritis or a kidney infection
- Ureters -- the tubes that take urine from each kidney to the bladder are only rarely the site of infection
- Urethra -- an infection of the tube that empties urine from the bladder to the outside is called urethritis
See also:
Alternative Names
Bladder infection - adults; UTI - adults; Cystitis - bacterial - adults; Pyelonephritis - adults; Kidney infection - adults
Urinary tract infections are caused by germs, usually bacteria that enter the urethra and then the bladder. This can lead to infection, most commonly in the bladder itself, which can spread to the kidneys.
Most of the time, your body can get rid of these bacteria. However, certain conditions increase the risk of having UTIs.
Women tend to get them more often because their urethra is shorter and closer to the anus than in men. Because of this, women are more likely to get an infection after sexual activity or when using a diaphragm for birth control. Menopause also increases the risk of a UTI.
The following also increase your chances of developing a UTI:
- Diabetes
- Advanced age (especially people in nursing homes)
- Problems emptying your bladder completely (urinary retention)
- A tube called a urinary catheter inserted into your urinary tract
- Bowel incontinence
- Enlarged prostate, narrowed urethra, or anything that blocks the flow of urine
- Kidney stones
- Staying still (immobile) for a long period of time (for example, while you are recovering from a hip fracture)
- Pregnancy
- Surgery or other procedure involving the urinary tract
The symptoms of a bladder infection include:
- Cloudy or bloody urine, which may have a foul or strong odor
- Low fever (not everyone will have a fever)
- Pain or burning with urination
- Pressure or cramping in the lower abdomen (usually middle) or back
- Strong need to urinate often, even right after the bladder has been emptied
If the infection spreads to your kidneys, symptoms may include:
- Chills and shaking or night sweats
- Fatigue and a general ill feeling
- Fever above 101 degrees Fahrenheit
- Flank (side), back, or groin pain
- Flushed, warm, or reddened skin
- Mental changes or confusion (in the elderly, these symptoms often are the only signs of a UTI)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Severe abdominal pain (sometimes)
Exams and Tests
A urine sample is usually collected to perform the following tests:
- Urinalysis is done to look for white blood cells, red blood cells, bacteria, and to test for certain chemicals, such as nitrites in the urine. Most of the time, your doctor or nurse can diagnose an infection using a urinalysis.
- Urine culture - clean catch may be done to identify the bacteria in the urine to make sure the correct antibiotic is being used for treatment.
CBC and a blood culture may be done.
The following tests may be done to help rule out problems in your urinary system that might lead to infection or make a UTI harder to treat:
- CT scan of the abdomen
- Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
- Kidney scan
- Kidney ultrasound
- Voiding cystourethrogram
Your doctor must first decide whether you have a mild or simple bladder or kidney infection, or whether your infection is more serious.
Antibiotics taken by mouth are usually recommended because there is a risk that the infection can spread to the kidneys.
- For a simple bladder infection, you will take antibiotics for 3 days (women) or 7 - 14 days (men). For a bladder infection with complications such as pregnancy or diabetes, OR a mild kidney infection, you will usually take antibiotics for 7 - 14 days.
- It is important that you finish all the antibiotics, even if you feel better. If you do not finish all your antibiotics, the infection could return and may be harder to treat.
Commonly used antibiotics include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, Augmentin, doxycycline, and fluoroquinolones. Your doctor will also want to know whether you could be pregnant.
Your doctor may also recommend drugs to relieve the burning pain and urgent need to urinate. Phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium) is the most common of this type of drug. You will still need to take antibiotics.
Everyone with a bladder or kidney infection should drink plenty of fluids.
Some women have repeat or recurrent bladder infections. Your doctor may suggest several different ways of treating these.
- Taking a single dose of an antibiotic after sexual contact may prevent these infections, which occur after sexual activity.
- Having a 3-day course of antibiotics at home to use for infections diagnosed based on your symptoms may work for some women.
- Some women may also try taking a single, daily dose of an antibiotic to prevent infections.
See also: Catheter-associated UTI
If you are very sick and cannot take medicines by mouth or drink enough fluids, you may be admitted to the hospital. You may also be admitted to the hospital if you:
- Are elderly
- Have kidney stones or changes in the anatomy of your urinary tract
- Have recently had urinary tract surgery
- Have cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, or other medical problems
- Are pregnant and have a fever or are otherwise ill
At the hospital, you will receive fluids and antibiotics through a vein.
Some people have urinary tract infections that keep coming back or that do not go away with treatment. Such infections are called chronic UTIs. If you have a chronic UTI, you may need antibiotics for many months, or stronger antibiotics may be prescribed.
If a structural (anatomical) problem is causing the infection, surgery may be recommended.
Outlook (Prognosis)
A urinary tract infection is uncomfortable, but treatment is usually successful. Symptoms of a bladder infection usually disappear within 24 - 48 hours after treatment begins. If you have a kidney infection, it may take 1 week or longer for your symptoms to go away.
Possible Complications
- Life-threatening blood infection (sepsis) - risk is greater among the young, very old adults, and those whose bodies cannot fight infections (for example, due to HIV or cancer chemotherapy)
- Kidney damage or scarring
- Kidney infection
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of a UTI. Call right away if the following symptoms develop:
- Back or side pain
- Chills
- Fever
- Vomiting
These may be signs of a possible kidney infection.
Also call if you have already been diagnosed with a UTI and the symptoms come back shortly after treatment with antibiotics.
Lifestyle changes may help prevent some UTIs.
After menopause, a woman may use estrogen cream in the vagina area to reduce the chance of further infections.
- Choose sanitary pads instead of tampons, which some doctors believe make infections more likely. Change the pad each time you use the bathroom.
- Do not douche or use feminine hygiene sprays or powders. As a general rule, do not use any product containing perfumes in the genital area.
- Take showers instead of baths. Avoid bath oils.
- Keep your genital area clean. Clean your genital and anal areas before and after sexual activity.
- Urinate before and after sexual activity.
- Wipe from front to back after using the bathroom.
- Avoid tight-fitting pants.
- Wear cotton-cloth underwear and pantyhose, and change both at least once a day.
- Drink plenty of fluids (2 to 4 quarts each day).
- Drink cranberry juice or use cranberry tablets, but NOT if you have a personal or family history of kidney stones.
- Do NOT drink fluids that irritate the bladder, such as alcohol and caffeine.
Lin K, Fajardo K; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Jul 1;149(1):W20-4.
Little P, Moore MV, Turner S, et al. Effectiveness of five different approaches in management of urinary tract infection: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010 Feb 5;340:c199. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c199.
Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar;52(5):e103-20.
Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Mar 1;50(5):625-63.
Reviewed By: David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc., Susan Storck, MD, FACOG, Chief, Eastside Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Bellevue, Washington; Clinical Teaching Faculty, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine.


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30.06.2013 /
SOUTHWICK, Massachusetts – Red Bull KTM Factory rider Ryan Dungey captured his third overall win of the season finishing 1-2 at round six of the Lucas Oil Pro Motocross Championship Series held at Moto-X 338 racetrack.
In moto one Ryan Dungey didn't get the best of starts rounding the opening lap in 10th position. Chipping away at the front runners lead with every lap he worked his way into third spot by lap 10. With fellow KTM rider Andrew Short having his best race of the season leading the moto, Dungey got by Brett Metcalfe for second before passing Short for the lead with two laps to go. Dungey went on to win the moto with Short firmly placed second.
In the final 450 moto Dungey got a great start grabbing the holeshot with his KTM 450 SX-F and he battled neck-and-neck with Ryan Villopoto through the opening turns. Villopoto eventually got the upper hand and moved into the early lead with Dungey positioned close behind. The pair battled upfront for the majority of the moto before Villopoto clinched the moto win and Dungey took second. Dungey's 1-2 moto results beat out Villopoto's 4-1 results earning him his second-straight overall win and third overall victory of the season.
"Today was a good day," said Dungey. "It's nice to come out on top two weeks in a row. I feel I rode really goodin moto one putting in solid laps and pushing myself. I 'm not too stoked with finishing moto two in second place but I know I gave it my all and I pushed all the way to the end. What I'm most happy about is earning more championship points and narrowing the points gap to 12. I think we're in for an exciting end to the Motocross season with six rounds left."
Next Round: Buchanan, MI – July 6th, 2013
Results 450MX Class Southwick
1. Ryan Dungey (USA), KTM (1-2)
2. Ryan Villopoto (USA), Kawasaki (4-1)
3. Justin Barcia (USA), Honda (3-3)
4. Brett Metcalfe (USA), Kawasaki (5-6)
5. Andrew Short (USA), KTM (2-16)
Other KTM
13. Les Smith (USA), KTM, (12-14)
18. Michael Byrne (USA), KTM (15-15)
20. Robby Marshall (USA), KTM (16-20)
Standings 450MX Class after 6 of 12 rounds
1. Villopoto, 283 points
2. Dungey, 271
3. Barcia, 219
4. Trey Canard (USA), , 169
5. Mike Alessi (USA), Suzuki, 158
Other KTM
9. Short, 110
21. Smith, 32
32. Marshall, 6


text:
Remember those nightmares you had as a child, where your toys came to life? That's the reality that Jun Sakurada suddenly finds himself living in when Shinku arrives in a box. She's the first of several magical Rozen Maidens to invade the secluded life he has made for himself since refusing to attend school anymore and living the life of a hermit. Worse, he finds himself magically bound to Shinku, his life force powering hers, and she's not too crazy about the way he's been living his life.
Unfortunately, fixing everything that's wrong with Jun is going to have to take a back seat to making sure that Shinku survives the Alice Game, a competition that pits Rozen Maiden against Rozen Maiden for the prize of becoming a real girl, while the losers' life essence is drained and they become lifeless toys again. In order to win this deadly game, Jun and Shinku will have to find a way to work together - but to do that they'll have to start trusting each other first!
Contains episodes 1-12 of Rozen Maiden, episdoes 1-12 of Rozen Maiden: Traumend, and episodes 1-2 of the OVA special, Ouverture.
Special Features: Clean Opening Animation; Clean Closing Animation.
Spoken Languages: English, Japanese, English subtitles.
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Ready for season 2 of The Voice? Don't miss the premiere on Sunday, February 5th after the Super Bowl on NBC. While your patiently waiting, check out a sneak peek of the premiere episode and a bonus clip of episode 2 which airs on February 6th at 8/7C!
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could have done better if my wife had kept the pace
The final version of the throat reducer is finished painted and operational.We will now put it to the test and see what comes out of it.Reep, yours is packed and will ship tomorrow
Thank you Scott for the kind comments.Wait, you said no more "hemming and hawing", just a couple of line and it is already over?
Scott please send your deposit to Antione. ASAP before he sells out!
Just to clarify for everyone, the FGM thermometer measures the temperature 2" inside the thickness ( out if 3"1/4 ) of the dome wall.
It can take a long time for heat to penetrate 2" of firebrick. Because of the insulating nature of the brick, it may delay the impact of the reduced throat. I know I'm asking a lot, but I'd like to see some dome temps, and, if not dome, then the same spot on the back wall.


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In 2013, the well-received movie "Rush" took to the box offices, displaying the feud between Formula 1 champions Niki Lauda and James Hunt in a Hollywood-like fashion.
Now comes along '33 Days – Born to be Wild,' a new movie … or rather, documentary, which appears to take a more sedated approach to the struggle that Niki Lauda had to overcome from his fiery crash in the 1976 German Grand Prix at the Nurburgring, to his solid return at the Italian Grand Prix just 33 days after leaving the hospital.
Tags: Formula 1, James Hunt, Niki Lauda


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Difference between revisions of "Redistricting in Wisconsin"
m (Text replace - " non-partisan " to " nonpartisan ") |
m (Text replace - " the the " to " the ") |
Line 148: | Line 148: | ||
===Maps released=== | ===Maps released=== | ||
− | Republicans publicly unveiled their plan on July 8, 2011. An early analysis said the new map put at least 11 pairs of current lawmakers in | + | Republicans publicly unveiled their plan on July 8, 2011. An early analysis said the new map put at least 11 pairs of current lawmakers in the same districts. Democrats decried the maps as gerrymandering while Republicans said they were just doing their jobs. The legislature may have taken them up as soon as July 19, 2011.<ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/125225179.html ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel,'' "GOP redistricting maps make dramatic changes," July 8, 2011]</ref> |
===Dems call for maps to be rejected=== | ===Dems call for maps to be rejected=== |
Revision as of 19:00, 7 February 2014
Redistricting in Wisconsin | |
General information | |
Partisan control: Republican | |
Process: Legislative authority; Governor can veto | |
Deadline: End of 2011 session | |
Total seats | |
Congress: 8 | |
State Senate: 33 | |
State House: 99 | |
Redistricting in other states | |
Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming | |
Redistricting on Policypedia • State legislative and congressional redistricting after the 2010 Census • State-by-state redistricting procedures |
- 1 Process
- 2 Census Results
- 3 Congressional Maps
- 4 Legislative Maps
- 5 Legal issues
- 6 Citizen Activism
- 7 Impact of recall elections
- 8 Timeline
- 9 History
- 10 Constitutional explanation
- 11 Ballot measures
- 12 See also
- 13 External links
- 14 References
Members of the State Assembly and Senate establish a committee to draw lines for the State Legislative and the U.S. Congressional boundaries. The Governor can veto any redistricting plan for any reason. There is no deadline set by law for Congressional redistricting, but the deadline for legislative redistricting is the beginning of the first legislative session after the decennial Census[1].
Dems object to outside counsel used
On January 4, 2011, an Assembly committee approved contracts for the Madison-based Troupis Law Office and Milwaukee-based Michael Best and Frederich to consult the Legislature on legal advice related to redistricting. The move came after the law firm of O'Neil, Cannon, Hollman, DeJong & Laing was fired by the Republican-controlled Legislature.
The O'Neil firm was put in place when Democrats had control of both houses of the Legislature during the 2009-2010 session. The Michael Best firm employed Reince Priebus, who was, at the time, a 2011 candidate for Chairman of the Republican National Committee. The Troupis Law Office was run by James Troupis, a frequent contributor to GOP candidates.[2] Senate Minority Leader Mark Miller and Assembly Minority Leader Peter Barca accused Assembly Speaker Jeff Fitzgerald and Senate President Scott Fitzgerald of engaging in political payback by hiring outside counsel[2].
Calls for nonpartisan redistricting
Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett wrote an opinion column in the January 12, 2011, edition of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel arguing for nonpartisan redistricting in Wisconsin[3]. In his column, Barrett called for the Government Accountability Board to handle redistricting instead of the State Legislature[3]. Mayor Barrett said that the independent, nonpartisan judges that make up the board could guarantee public participation and input, ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Act, along with being required to make legislative districts as competitive as possible[3]. Barrett also mentioned Iowa's nonpartisan redistricting method and credited the plan as one that "puts good government first"[3].
Democratic leaders -- worried that Republicans will gerrymander districts -- wanted an independent commission created. However, a similar bill the year prior -- when Democrats were in power -- never made it to the floor. |
In January of 2011, two Wisconsin newspapers issued editorials that criticized redistricting practices. The Sheboygan Press criticized Democrats, who previously controlled the Legislature, for not passing a bill that would create a independent redistricting commission in a January 12, 2011, editorial. The editorial said that: "Democrats...have no one to blame but themselves." [4]
In a January 9, 2011 editorial, The Racine Journal Times called on the Legislature to surrender it's redistricting power and suggested that the Government Accountability Board take over redistricting responsibilities. The editorial also cited lawsuits in the 1980, 1990, and 2000 censuses that effected redistricting in Wisconsin. [5] The lawsuit involving redistricting in the 2000 Census resulted in legal costs about $2 million according to the editorial. [5]
Census Results
Wisconsin remained at 8 congressional seats as a result of the 2010 Census[6]. Ideal Congressional districts would have 710,873 residents each. That meant that House districts 1,2, and 3 needed to lose population, while 4, 5, 6, and 8 needed to gain some citizens.
On March 9, 2011, the Census Bureau shipped Wisconsin's local census data to the governor and legislative leaders. This data guided redistricting for state and local offices. The data was publicly available for downloading.[7]
City/County population changes
These tables show the change in population in the five largest cities and counties in Wisconsin from 2000-2010.[8]
Congressional Maps
Early media reports indicated that Republicans sought to alter the congressional districts in order to protect U.S. House freshman Sean Duffy, considered to be the most vulnerable Republican incumbent. In the proposed plan, Duffy's 7th District would have lost Portage County, which was one of the most Democratic counties in the state, and gained St. Croix, a Republican county.[9]
Speaking on the matter for the first time on June 30, 2011, Duffy said he did not help to draw up the map with Rep. Paul Ryan, but admitted he requested that Pat Kreitlow, his Democratic opponent, be kept in the district.
Duffy explained, "I said 'listen, whatever you do I want to make sure Pat Kreitlow is in the district.' Because I had heard some postings that said 'Republicans are going to draw Pat Kreitlow out of the district.' When I heard that coming from the Democrat side of the aisle, I wanted to make sure that didn't happen. And so I didn't know what the map was going to look like, I just made one request that Pat Kreitlow be included in the district."[10]
Republicans released their proposed congressional map on July 8, 2011. While it was not as controversial as the proposed state legislature map, the congressional one did redraw seats held by Reps. Paul Ryan, Sean Duffy and Tom Petri to make them more solidly Republican.
Democratic Party state Chairman Mike Tate issued a statement saying, "This is nothing but a pure, unprecedented partisan power grab. From now on, anytime any Republican claims they are fulfilling their constitutional duty when they defend this map, or they are trying to better represent Wisconsin, it's either A) a bald faced lie or B) stunning ignorance."[11]
On July 19, 2011, the state Senate passed the new congressional map along party lines,[12] with the Assembly passing them two days later. Democrats called the plans an unconstitutional power grab and argued the process was moving too quickly.[13] They were not able to offer an alternative plan in either chamber and said there was not time to come up with one.[14]
Gov. Scott Walker quietly signed the new maps into law on August 9, 2011, the day the state was holding six state senate recall elections. It was also the last day he had to act on them before becoming law without his signature.[15]
Legislative Maps
On June 7, 2011, Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald declined to say when maps would be ready for a vote when asked by a Democratic leader. Fitzgerald said there would be public hearings on the maps, but that he was advised by counsel not to comment on the process since it would most likely end up in court.[16]
It was reported on June 23, 2011 that legislative leaders redrew state legislative maps, kept them mostly secret, even from their own party members. Speaker of the Assembly Jeff Fitzgerald said he shared the maps with fellow Republicans in his chamber and decided whether or not to pass them in July, prior to the recall elections against nine senators.
At that point, Republican state Senators Luther Olsen and Robert Cowles, both of whom were the targets of recall elections, as well as President of the Senate Michael Ellis, said they had not seen maps of their own districts. While the legislature was not currently scheduled to be on the floor during July, a special session was called to address the maps. Ellis said he expected the senate to pass the maps before the recalls.[17]
Due to the unexpectedly ramped up schedule, many cities likely had to start over on their aldermanic redistricting maps. Under state law, these were completed before the state maps in order to prevent the splitting of municipal wards.[18] Republicans reportedly planned on changing the law so that legislative maps were put in place first, drawing anger from local politicians.[19] Milwaukee passed their maps 15-0, but may have had to start over. Mayor Tom Barrett said, "We have to decide whether to throw out all the work we have done. What the Republicans are doing obliterates the redistricting process."[20]
Gov. Scott Walker signed a bill on July 25, 2011 that allowed the state to redistrict before local governments complete their maps. The bill also required the state Supreme Court to create a three-judge panel to hear challenges to the new congressional and legislative maps.[21]
Maps released
Republicans publicly unveiled their plan on July 8, 2011. An early analysis said the new map put at least 11 pairs of current lawmakers in the same districts. Democrats decried the maps as gerrymandering while Republicans said they were just doing their jobs. The legislature may have taken them up as soon as July 19, 2011.[22]
Dems call for maps to be rejected
Assembly Minority Leader Peter Barca (D) called on Gov. Walker on July 11, 2011 to reject the maps in favor of a more nonpartisan approach, calling it "a significant test of leadership for Gov. Walker."[23]
Walker rejected this notion, saying he had not even seen the maps yet.
Legislative hearings on the maps were held on July 13, 2011. Republicans defended their maps as legally sound, while Democrats said the plans were unconstitutional and nothing short of gerrymandering. Senate Minority Leader Mark Miller (D) said, "They are using redistricting to take away people's ability to hold government accountable through fair, competitive elections."[19]
Marquette law professor Richard Esenberg testified that the maps would withstand any legal challenge.[24]
WDC involvement
The Wisconsin Democracy Campaign filed open record requests on June 28, 2011 that sought the proposed maps as well as information pertaining to the redistricting process.[25]
Following the release of the proposed maps by Republicans, the WDC put forward their own, more non-partisan, maps. According to the WDC press release, the map "creates a large number of toss-up districts that could be won by either Republicans or Democrats. Based on how Wisconsin voters cast their ballots in 2008 – a strong Democratic year – and 2010 – a strong Republican year, 80 of the 132 assembly and senate districts under WDC's plan have partisan splits of 10 percentage points or less."[26]
Redistricting Reform Act
Democratic state lawmakers, along with members of the Make Our Votes Count Committee, introduced a redistricting reform measure on June 28, 2011 that would put the process into the hands of two nonpartisan agencies.[27] Based on Iowa's process, the Legislative Reference Bureau and Government Accountability Board would be in charge of drawing new congressional and legislative maps, which the legislature would then vote on.[28][29]
Sen. Fred Risser said, "The Iowa approach is a nonpartisan approach, it's a much better approach from the stand point of the cost to the taxpayers and it's something that has worked well and we should learn from it."[30]
Maps pass
On July 19, 2011, the state Senate passed new legislative and congressional maps along party lines,[12] with the Assembly passing them two days later. Democrats called the plans an unconstitutional power grab and argued the process was moving too quickly.[13] They were not able to offer an alternative plan in either chamber, saying there was not time to come up with one.[31] The proposals now go to Gov. Scott Walker, who is expected to approve them.
Maps become law
Gov. Scott Walker quietly signed the new maps into law on August 9, 2011, the day the state was holding six state senate recall elections. It was also the last day he had to act on them before becoming law without his signature.[15]
Walker's press secretary Cullen Werwie issued a one sentence statement that read, "The maps passed by the Legislature meet the criteria laid out by the courts including communities of interest, fair minority representation and compact, contiguous districts."[32]
Democrats criticized Walker for privately signing the legislation during the elections. Assembly Minority Leader Peter Barca stated, "It is now clear that Gov. Walker signed these redistricting maps into law in a manner intended to hide his actions with only one goal in mind: giving himself and his fellow Republicans a monopoly on power in our state and dodging accountability for their anti-middle-class extremism."[15]
Legal issues
Citizen lawsuit
On June 10, 2011, fifteen citizens, including former state Senate majority Leader Judy Robson, filed a lawsuit seeking new redistricting maps to be drawn by a panel of judges.
Robson stated, "We are petitioning the court to redraw the legislative district lines. After the 2010 census, it was clear the legislative district maps were no longer equal. We are asking the court to do this since the Legislature has failed to act."[33]
Additionally, the group of citizens had asked a federal judge in July 2011 to throw out the new maps approved by the legislature, alleging they violated both the state and U.S. constitutions, as well as the federal Voting Rights Act, by dividing cities and minority communities.[34] The new maps, they argued, disenfranchised a large number of voters by depriving them of the right to vote for a state senator in November 2012. Senators in Wisconsin serve four-year staggered terms. Under the normal process, voters electing a senator in 2008 would vote again in 2012, but some 300,000 of those voters had been shifted to new districts, meaning they wouldn't vote until 2014.[35]
On July 27, 2011, the federal court in Milwaukee addressed the first suit, saying it would not take over the process and draw the maps, citing no special circumstances that would necessitate such a move.[36]
On September 26, 2011, Chief Judge for the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals Frank Easterbrook issued an order that created a federal three-judge panel to hear the case. It was made up of Joseph Stadtmueller from the Eastern District of Wisconsin, Diane Wood from the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals and Robert Dow from the Northern District of Illinois.[37]
On October 21, 2011, the three-judge panel ruled the suit could continue, noting the 300,000 voters in question. "That number vastly exceeds the 173,976 voters that were disenfranchised under the 1983 redistricting law, which persuaded the three-judge panel to find a constitutional violation. If the plaintiffs are correct that the redistricting law disenfranchises 300,000 voters, then their claim for relief appears much more than speculative at this stage of the proceedings," the decision stated.[35]
Congressional delegation tries to join suit
In mid-November 2011, the state's five Republican U.S. House members filed paperwork to intervene in the case to protect their interest. The three Democratic members of Congress also filed to join the suit. The group that originally brought the lawsuit argued against allowing congressional members of either party from joining, saying it would open the floodgates to a myriad of parties wishing to protect their own interests. Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen (R), who represented the state in the suit, said he did not oppose allowing the Republican members of Congress to intervene and would most likely not oppose allowing Democrats as well.[38]
Republican depositions
The three-judge panel ruled on December 8, 2011 that a consultant and a Senate aide who helped draft the maps had to give depositions and turn over documents to Democrats in the case.[39] The panel issued a similar ruling on December 20, 2011 and on January 3, 2012 clarified the decision, saying that nearly all information must be released by Republicans, who had argued for secrecy under attorney-client privilege.[40]
The panel said that GOP legislators filed "frivolous" motions in an attempt to keep information private and ordered them to pay the attorney's fees for the plaintiffs in the motion. The ruling stated, "Quite frankly, the Legislature and the actions of its counsel give every appearance of flailing wildly in a desperate attempt to hide from both the court and the public the true nature of exactly what transpired in the redistricting process." It goes on to say the court "will not suffer the sort of disinformation, foot-dragging, and obfuscation now being engaged in by Wisconsin's elected officials and/or their attorneys."[41]
Documents ordered released
In early February 2012, the GOP released documents that showed nearly all Republican legislators signed legal agreements to not discuss the maps while they were in progress. Also included was a memo of talking points that instructed Republican legislators that "Public comments on this map may be different than what you hear in this room. Ignore the public comments."[42]
The secrecy agreements all have the signature of attorney Eric McLeod of Michael Best & Friedrich, who was one of the attorneys who advised legislators during the map-making process. In a deposition, Adam Foltz, a legislative aide to Assembly Speaker Jeff Fitzgerald, said he probably helped write the talking points, but did not remember doing so. When asked about the stated suggestion to ignore public comments, Foltz said, "I honestly don't know exactly what it's referring to there."[42] While Fitzgerald had yet to comment on the matter, his brother, Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald, said of the talking points, "I've never seen that and no other member of my caucus has seen that. It wasn't put together for me."[43]
The ripples from their release continued to grow - on February 9, 2012, thirteen Democratic legislators sent Wisconsin Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen a letter that requested an investigation by the Department of Justice.[44]
Despite the order, Republicans continued to seek to keep 84 documents, mostly emails, confidential. Voces de la Frontera said the earlier order was clear and the documents must be released. The group contended open meeting laws and the state Constitution were violated by Republicans when they drafted their maps in secrecy.[45] On February 16, 2012, the three-judge panel agreed the documents could not be kept secret and forced Republicans to release them, saying it was "an all but shameful attempt" to keep redistricting out of the public eye. Most of the documents were between GOP-hired attorneys and legislative staffers working on the map.[46] They indicated that a large amount of the public testimony given in favor of the maps was choreographed by Republicans.[47]
Discovery of withheld documents
After Democrats took control of the state Senate in August, they demanded access to the Michael Best case file, releasing all of the documents they received to the public. However, after plaintiffs compared records with what had been released, they found emails that should have been turned over but never were. An investigation was undertaken, revealing 34 emails that were withheld.[48]
The emails discuss the process Republicans used to draw up the maps, including the details related to a July 2011 public hearing that was highly orchestrated to support Republicans. Attorneys for the legislature recruited people to testify, outlined witness testimony, and wrote questions for Republican committee members. There was also a concentrated effort to keep Latinos within the same Senate district so if changes were required they would be limited.[49]
Errors in maps
In a memo issued January 13, 2012, the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board said they were unable to strictly follow the law setting legislative boundaries, and that some voters were not in the districts legislators intended them to be. An analysis of 19 counties by legislative technology workers found over 4,000 voters in the wrong municipality, with at least 1,000 that would probably have to be moved to a different Assembly district. The memo warned that the situation could have occurred in most or even all counties.
The problem stemmed from a reversal of the redistricting process. Normally, local officials draw their maps first, with legislative lines drawn afterward. During this cycle, Republicans, who were in the middle of recall elections that threatened their majority in the Senate, changed the law to allow them to draw legislative lines first. This meant they did so without fully accurate information.[50]
On January 19, 2012, the state agreed to turn over documents regarding the errors and identify someone who could be deposed over the matter. Earlier in the week the state had submitted a court order that sought to allow them to withhold the documents. The group suing the state responded by asking the court to sanction the state for not providing the records.[51]
Trial underway
The trial was scheduled to begin on February 21, 2012, but the three judge panel said redistricting was better left to lawmakers than the court. To that end they asked attorneys in the case to meet with legislators to ask them to consider altering the maps. Republicans said they would be willing to do so but that the law would not allow them. The court rejected this argument and asked them to reconsider a second time, but again they declined.
With their refusal, the court began the trial on February 23, 2012. If the court did find problems with the map, it was unclear if they would redraw them or if they would order lawmakers to do so.[52] Plaintiffs dropped several allegations from the suit, including charges that Assembly districts in black neighborhoods were inappropriately drawn and that the discriminatory effects of the maps were intentional. That left only two main issues for the court to decide - if the maps unconstitutionally diluted Latino voting power and if the 300,000 were moved needlessly, delaying their ability to vote in a Senate election.[53]
Presiding Judge J.P. Stadtmueller said a written decision would be issued in the following few weeks.[54]
Two assembly districts ordered redrawn
The court issued their ruling on March 22, 2012, upholding congressional and state senate districts, but ordering two Milwaukee-area assembly districts to be redrawn. The panel stated the evidence "supports the need for a majority-minority district for Milwaukee's Latino community, not just one or two influence districts."[55] They sent the map back to the legislature, ordering them to redraw districts 8 and 9 without affecting any of the other districts. In the meantime the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board was barred from implementing the new map.
Although the judges upheld the great majority of districts drawn by Republicans, they harshly criticized the process, saying it was "needlessly secret, regrettably excluding input from the overwhelming majority of Wisconsin citizens."[56]
On March 27, 2012 the court took the task of fixing the two districts away from the legislature, saying lawmakers weren't able to make even the "precious few" changes necessary to bring the map into compliance.[57] In doing so, the court ordered the defendant and the plaintiffs in the case to try to reach agreement by April 2. If unable to do so, they were instructed to submit their own recommendations to the court by April 3.[58]
On the day both sides submitted their proposals, a spokeswoman for the state Department of Justice said the state would most likely appeal the case to the U.S. Supreme Court.[59]
The court accepted the plan put forth by Democrats on April 11, 2012, saying it did a better job than the Republican plan.[60]
Appeal to Supreme Court
Despite previously saying that the maps drawn by Republicans "have largely been vindicated" by the court, Wisconsin Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen (R) appealed the three-judge panel's decision regarding the two Assembly districts they ordered to be redrawn. The appeal went directly to the U.S. Supreme Court, who was required to take the case.[61]
Democrats called the move unnecessary and expensive. Assembly Minority Leader Peter Barca (D) stated, "Does their appetite for wasting taxpayer money on protecting their own political interests ever end? It must be the first time in history anyone has appealed their 'vindication' to the Supreme Court."[61]
In response to criticism, Van Hollen said, "While some view the adverse portion of the district court decision as being inconsequential, I disagree. Any time a federal court rejects a state redistricting statute, and decides to redraw or adjust a legislative district, it is a serious matter and appropriate for appellate review."[61]
Van Hollen dropped his appeal on June 18, 2012, agreeing to pay plaintiffs Voces de la Frontera over $185,000.[62]
Voces de la Frontera lawsuit
The Latino community group Voces de la Frontera filed suit against the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board on October 31, 2011 stating that the new legislative redistricting plan deprived Milwaukee's south side Latino community of a voting majority in the 8th Assembly district.[63]
The lawsuit stated, "As a result of the redistricting plan, Latino citizens have less opportunity than other members of the electorate to participate in the political process and to elect candidates of their choice to the Legislature of Wisconsin."[64]
The case was consolidated with the case brought earlier by a group of citizens.[42]
On November 18, 2011, a group of citizens asked a federal court to make sure that any recall elections taking place in 2012 occur in the old districts where the legislators were elected from, rather than the newly drawn districts.[65] Three days later, a group of Republicans asked the state Supreme Court to require any recall elections take place in the new districts. The new districts, drawn by the Republican majority, would help the GOP.[66]
Republicans filed a second lawsuit in Waukesha County on November 29, 2011 and requested that a panel of three circuit court judges hear the case. The new GOP suit was filed to make sure proper procedures were followed in the case.[67] On December 2, Republicans asked to withdraw their first lawsuit, a move Democrats immediately tried to block, saying the court should keep the case and dismiss it at a later date. The request came after it was known that Justice David Prosser, sidelined with an illness, would not take part in the case.[68] That same day, Republicans amended their complaint, requesting a single Waukesha County judge hear the case, rather than the three-judge panel.[69]
Three days later, Republicans announced they switched lawyers in the case, from the law firm of Michael, Best and Friedrich, to attorney Michael Dean. Michael, Best and Friedrich was the same firm used by Republicans during the redistricting process.[70]
Citizen Activism
Testimony regarding redistricting from July 2011. |
Draw the Line Midwest
On March 15, 2011, the Draw the Line Midwest campaign was announced. Billing itself as "the nation's first regional redistricting reform campaign organization," Draw the Line Midwest was made up of 25 reform organizations from Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. It was a collaboration between the Midwest Democracy Network and the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University Law School.
The groups said the campaign was a coordinated effort to depoliticize the redistricting process by pushing for transparency, public participation, and protection of minority rights. They proposed alternatives to legislative plans and set up District Builder, free open-based software that would allow anyone to draw the maps. The site was expected to be up in all states by April 2011.[71]
Impact of recall elections
Nine Wisconsin state senators faced recall elections in 2011 - six Republicans and three Democrats. With the partisan makeup of the senate standing at 19 Republicans and 14 Democrats, the recalls had the potential to lead to a Democratic senate, which would have given them control over redistricting in that body and created a divided government.
Media reports indicated that Republicans sought to alter the congressional districts in order to protect U.S. House freshman Sean Duffy, considered to be the most vulnerable Republican incumbent. A Democratic senate would have greatly increased Duffy's chance of losing his seat.[72]
Sensing that Republicans might have tried to speed through redistricting legislation before the recalls, Democratic Party of Wisconsin Chair Mike Tate issued a statement saying, in part:[73]
Wisconsin's redistricting process has never gone forward under such a dark ethical cloud. Conceived in darkness and obscured from the voters, this heinous redistricting plot now is foisted on Wisconsin as a fait accompli. Never before in Wisconsin's modern history has the process taken place without local participation and the creation of wards. Never before have the people of this state had so substantial a decision made in such an absence of democratic principle.
During the last redistricting cycle following the 2000 census, Democrats controlled the Senate and Republicans the Assembly. Unable to agree on a map, the task was ultimately completed by the courts.[74]
Democratic Party of Wisconsin Chair Mike Tate said a review of the maps showed two Democratic challengers in the recall elections - Fred Clark and Nancy Nusbaum - would be moved out of the districts they ran in. Incumbent Sen. Robert Wirch, the target of a recall, would also have been removed from his district.[75]
The new plan helped protect three Republican held state Senate seats, including Alberta Darling, the target of a recall.[76]
The following timeline was provided by the Wisconsin Legislature.[77] [1].
Minority Democrats took issue with the pace of redistricting in the legislature and worried that the GOP was deliberately working to complete the matter before recall elections took center stage and had any chance to impact the chamber's make-up.[78][79]
Wisconsin 2010 Redistricting Timeline | |
Date | Action |
December 21, 2010 | State informed of number of Congressional Seats on the 2010 Census. |
February 15, 2011 | Last municipal primary elections in currently drawn boundaries. |
March 1, 2011 | Expected date to receive complete Census data from the U.S. Census Bureau. |
April 1, 2011 | Final deadline to receive Census data. |
April 5, 2011 | Last municipal general elections in currently drawn boundaries. |
August 2011 | Municipalities created voting wards. |
Fall 2011 | Legislative redistricting database created. |
January 2, 2012 | Deadline to have state legislative redistricting plan in place. |
April 2012 | First municipal elections in newly created wards. |
November 2012 | First general election in newly created legislative and congressional boundaries. |
The following modern redistricting history in Wisconsin as follows:
1951-The Wisconsin Legislature begins drawing the lines for legislative districts[80]. This has been the current practice of redistricting since the 1950 Census[80].
1951-Wisconsin remains at ten congressional districts for the 1950 Census[80].
1951-The Wisconsin Legislative Council creates a reapportionment commission consisting of 2 State Senators, 3 State Representatives, and 3 citizens for the purpose of legislative redistricting[80].
1951-The Supreme Court upholds the legislative redistricting plan drawn by the reapportionment commission[80].
1961-Wisconsin remains at ten congressional districts for the 1960 Census[80].
1961-A Republican controlled Legislature and Democratic Governor Gaylord Nelson fail to enact a redistricting plan[80].
1963-On a second attempt, the Republican controlled Legislature and Democratic Governor John Reynolds fail to enact a redistricting plan[80].
1964-The Wisconsin Supreme Court promulgate a redistricting plan that drew the lines for the rest of the 1960's.
1971-Wisconsin loses a congressional seat from the 1970 Census and is reduced from ten to nine congressional districts[80].
1971-A Republican Legislature and Democratic Governor Patrick Lucey fail to adopt a redistricting plan.
1971-1972-A 12 person reapportionment commission is also formed in attempt to enact a redistricting plan and fails to reach an agreement[80]. The commission consists of lawmakers and citizens that are appointed by the Governor.
1972-Members of the Wisconsin Legislature approve a redistricting plan in special session under the threat of state and federal lawsuits[80]. Members of the Legislature enact the plan for the 1970 Census against a deadline set by the Wisconsin Supreme Court[80].
1981-Members of the Wisconsin Legislature approve a Congressional Redistricting plan for the 1980 Census. The plan was approved on the second attempt after Governor Lee Dreyfus vetoes the first congressional redistricting plan[80]. Wisconsin remains at 9 congressional districts.
1982-A three judge panel of the Chicago-based Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals promulgates a Legislative redistricting plan that governs only the 1982 legislative elections. The court promulgates the plan after Republican Governor Lee Dreyfus and a Democratic controlled Legislature fail to approve a legislative redistricting plan in 1981[80].
1991-Members of the Legislature fully enact a congressional redistricting plan. Wisconsin remains at 9 congressional districts[80].
1991-Governor Tommy Thompson vetoes a Legislative redistricting plan for the 1990 Census[80]. At the time the lines are drawn, Democrats control both houses of the Legislature and the Republicans control the Governor's office[80].
1992-The Western District of Wisconsin federal court promulgates a plan for legislative redistricting for the 1990 Census[80].
2001-Wisconsin loses a congressional seat from the 2000 Census and is reduced from nine to eight congressional seats[80].
2001-The Wisconsin Legislature reaches an agreement on Congressional redistricting plan for the 2000 Census[80]. This is the first redistricting plan for Wisconsin at its current allotment of 8 congressional districts.
July 2002-The Western District of Wisconsin federal court promulgates a Legislative redistricting plan for the 2000 Census after a split-controlled Legislature fails to approve a plan[80].
December 21, 2010-The U.S. Census Bureau releases reapportionment figures for the 2010 Census. Wisconsin remains at 8 congressional districts[81].
2001 redistricting
Deviation from "Ideal Districts"
2000 Population Deviation[82] | |||||||
Office | Percentage | ||||||
Congressional Districts | 0.00% | ||||||
State House Districts | 1.60% | ||||||
State Senate Districts | 0.98% | ||||||
Under federal law, districts may vary from an 'Ideal District' by up to 10%, though the lowest number achievable is preferred. 'Ideal Districts' are computed through simple division of the number of seats for any office into the population at the time of the Census. |
There were 3 lawsuits related to the Wisconsin 2000 census redistricting process.[83]
- Arrington v. Elections Board, No. 01-C-121 (E.D. Wis. Nov. 28, 2001) : The complaint alleged that population shifts had rendered Wisconsin's congressional districts no longer "as equal in population as practicable," and that the Legislature would fail to redraw the districts to meet constitutional requirements. It requested appointment of a three-judge panel, an injunction against further use of the unconstitutional districts, and that the court draw a plan if the Legislature failed to do so. On November 28, 2001, the three-judge panel found that plaintiffs had standing to bring the suit and that it could not be dismissed. However, the court stayed its proceedings until February 1, 2002, in order to give the Legislature an opportunity to do its constitutional duty. On March 26, 2002, the Governor signed AB711, creating new congressional districts.
- Jensen v. Elections Board, No. 02-0057-OA, 2002 WI 13 (Wis. Feb. 12, 2002) : The Wisconsin Supreme Court denied a petition for leave to file an original action in the Supreme Court to declare the existing legislative and congressional districts invalid and draw new districts in the event of a legislative impasse, on the ground that the petition was submitted too late in the process.
- Baumgart v. Wendelberger, No. 01-C-121 (E.D. Wis. May 30, 2002) : On May 22, 2002, the three-judge federal court issued its order adopting legislative districts, accompanied by maps. The court rejected all 16 plans submitted by the parties and amici and drew one of its own, beginning with the 1992 court-drawn plan and making modifications necessary to achieve population equality. The court allowed the parties five days to review and comment on a draft plan before issuing the final plan. On May 30, 2002, the court issued an amended memorandum and order as its final plan. On July 11, 2002, the court issued an order making technical corrections to the plan.
Constitutional explanation
The Wisconsin Constitution provides authority to the Legislature for legislative redistricting in Section 3 of Article IV.
Ballot measures
The following ballot measures have appeared on the ballot in relation to redistricting.
- Wisconsin Question 1, Method of Reapportionment (1953) [84]
See also
- State Legislative and Congressional Redistricting after the 2010 Census
- State-by-state redistricting procedures
External links
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wisconsin Legislature "Wisconsin Redistricting Profile"
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Chicago Tribune "Democrats cry foul over GOP hiring law firms" 5 Jan. 2011
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 JSOnline "Improve Wisconsin's redistricting process" 12 Jan. 2011
- ↑ Sheboygan Press "Editorial: Lots of blame for redistricting mess" 12 Jan. 2011
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Racine Journal Times "Take politics out of redistricting" 9 Jan. 2011
- ↑ Northland's News Center "Minnesota and Wisconsin Both to Keep Eight Seats in House", December 21, 2010
- ↑ PR Newswire, "Census Bureau Ships Local 2010 Census Data to Wisconsin," March 9, 2011
- ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "Wisconsin Custom tables 2010," accessed March 10, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "GOP redistricting plan has Republican Cong. Sean Duffy's re-election in mind," June 13, 2011
- ↑ FOX 21 Online, "Congressman Duffy Responds to Redistricting Issue," July 1, 2011
- ↑ Politico, "GOP redraws Wis. congressional map," July 8, 2011
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 WDIO, "Wis. Senate Passes Redistricting Bill," July 19, 2011
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 GazetteXtra, "Wisconsin Senate panel passes GOP redistricting plan," July 15, 2011
- ↑ La Crosse Tribune, "Assembly passes maps redrawing political lines," July 20, 2011
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Walker signs legislation to redraw district boundaries," August 9, 2011
- ↑ Daily Reporter, "Wisconsin GOP Senate leader won't say when redistricting maps may be ready," June 7, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "GOP leaders have redrawn maps," June 23, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "State redistricting would force do-over for cities," July 12, 2011
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Parties joust over Wisconsin redistricting plan," July 13, 2011
- ↑ Madison.com, "GOP's redistricting plan wreaks havoc for some cities, but not Madison," July 14, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Walker allows new legislative mapping, doesn't OK actual maps yet," July 25, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "GOP redistricting maps make dramatic changes," July 8, 2011
- ↑ Times Union, "Democratic leader calls on Walker to reject maps," July 11, 2011
- ↑ WHBL, "Marquette law professor, GOP redistricting maps would pass legal challenge," July 13, 2011
- ↑ Wisconsin Democracy Campaign, "WDC Files Open Records Request For Redistricting Maps," June 28, 2011
- ↑ Wisconsin Democracy Campaign, "WDC Puts Out Alternative Redistricting Plan," July 12, 2011
- ↑ The Daily Page, "Citizens and Legislators Join in Support of Redistricting Reform Measure Based on Iowa's Non-Partisan Process," June 28, 2011
- ↑ The Daily Page, "Democrats expect GOP to rush through Wisconsin redistricting plan," June 28, 2011
- ↑ Superior Telegram, "Democrats want nonpartisan approach to redistricting," June 29, 2011
- ↑ WKOW, "Democrats introduce redistricting reform," June 28, 2011
- ↑ La Crosse Tribune, "Assembly passes maps redrawing political lines," July 20, 2011
- ↑ WHBL, "Governor signs redistricting maps," August 9, 2011
- ↑ Beloit Daily News, "Robson joins suit seeking fair remap," June 28, 2011
- ↑ WSAU, "Lawsuit asks judge to throw out redistricting maps," July 22, 2011
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Court panel keeps alive challenge to state redistricting," October 21, 2011
- ↑ WTAQ, "Judges rule against extraordinary request on approved redistricting maps," July 29, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Three-judge panel to hear redistricting case," September 26, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "State's redistricting fight widens," November 18, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Judicial panel deals setback to GOP in redistricting case," December 8, 2011
- ↑ WTAQ, "Judge orders redistricting consultant to answer questions over new state voting boundaries," January 4, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Judges again rule for Democratic group in redistricting case," January 3, 2012
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Lawmakers were made to pledge secrecy over redistricting," February 6, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Fitzgerald: Senate Republicans didn't use redistricting talking points," February 7, 2012
- ↑ The Republic, "Democrat to seek Justice Department probe into Wisconsin redistricting," February 9, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "GOP lawmakers argue to keep redistricting documents out of public eye," February 13, 2012
- ↑ Twin Cities, "Federal court blasts Wisconsin Republicans over redistricting," February 16, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Federal judges slam GOP lawmakers over redistricting secrecy," February 16, 2012
- ↑ Green Bay Press Gazette, "State Republicans' lawyers hid emails in redistricting lawsuit," October 17, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Lawyers in GOP redistricting case withheld 34 emails from groups," October 16, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Redistricting problem means thousands are listed in wrong district," January 13, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "State to give documents to group that sued over redistricting map," January 20, 2012
- ↑ Mansfield News Journal, "Wis. trial over new voter maps to begin Thursday," February 22, 2012
- ↑ WISN, "Two Issues Remain In Redistricting Lawsuit," February 24, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Wisconsin's redistricting trial goes to judges," February 24, 2012
- ↑ BusinessWeek, "Wisconsin's Congressional Redistricting Is Upheld by Judges," March 22, 2012
- ↑ Wisconsin State Journal, "Court strikes down GOP redistricting, orders just 2 districts redrawn," March 22, 2012
- ↑ Wisconsin State Journal, "Federal court orders parties in redistricting case to settle on boundaries," March 27, 2012
- ↑ Todays TMJ4, "Judges: Collaboration needed on Wisconsin voting map redistricting," March 27, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "State likely to appeal redistricting ruling to Supreme Court," April 3, 2012
- ↑ The Republic, "Federal court accepts Democrats' revisions to Wis. election maps, ending long-running dispute," April 11, 2012
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Van Hollen appeals redistricting ruling to U.S. Supreme Court," April 19, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Van Hollen drops appeal in redistricting case," June 18, 2012
- ↑ Washington Examiner, "Latino group sues Wis. GAB over redistricting plan," November 1, 2011
- ↑ Badger Herald, "State faces redistricting bill suit," November 1, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Group asks court to ensure recall elections are held in old Senate districts," November 21, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Republicans sue to place recalls in new districts," November 21, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Republicans file second suit seeking new districts for recalls," November 30, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Republicans withdraw redistricting lawsuit with state Supreme Court," December 2, 2011
- ↑ Courthouse News Service, "Dueling Claims over Wisconsin Redistricting," December 5, 2011
- ↑ The Republic, "Republicans change lawyers in case challenging Wisconsin redistricting," December 5, 2011
- ↑ PR Newswire, "Midwest States Launch Campaign to Pull Back Curtain on 2011 Redistricting," March 15, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "GOP redistricting plan has Republican Cong. Sean Duffy's re-election in mind," June 13, 2011
- ↑ Democratic Party of Wisconsin, "Normalizing the Outrageous," June 13, 2011
- ↑ Sheboygan Press, "Recall effort could affect redistricting in the state," May 23, 2011
- ↑ Superior Telegram, "GOP releases redistricting plan," July 11, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "How the GOP redistricting plan protects 3 Republican state senators," July 11, 2011
- ↑ Wisconsin Legislature "Wisconsin Legislature Redistricting Timetable"
- ↑ The Cap Times "Dems fear GOP will race to redistrict before recall elections," May 12, 2011
- ↑ The Northwestern, "Recall effort could affect state redistricting", May 20, 2011
- ↑ 80.00 80.01 80.02 80.03 80.04 80.05 80.06 80.07 80.08 80.09 80.10 80.11 80.12 80.13 80.14 80.15 80.16 80.17 80.18 80.19 80.20 Wisconsin Legislature "Wisconsin Redistricting History"
- ↑ 2010 Census "U.S. Census Bureau Announces 2010 Census Population Counts -- Apportionment Counts Delivered to President", December 21, 2010
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Redistricting 2000 Population Deviation Table", accessed February 1, 2011
- ↑ Minnesota State Senate "2000 Redistricting Case Summaries"
- ↑ UW-Madison Library Digital Collections "1954 Wisconsin Blue Book"(See Page 779)


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Feb 20, 2015Let's get this out of the way first. The Hobbit is not in any way, shape, or form as good as Lord of the Rings. However, when compared to such incredible films, very few movies are great. When looking at it from an unbiased standpoint, I found there was much enjoyment to be had in this fun fantasy romp, even if its clumsy pace and overabundance of CGI bring it down a few notches.
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Jan 29, 2015The only reason I give The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey an 8 is because of the fact that it takes about 43 minutes for Bilbo's journey to actually start. Plus the, what I call "Deleted beginning LotR scene", which I thought was not necessary. But other than that, it was very enjoyable to see one of my favorite books finally appear of the silver screen.
Jan 27, 2015Even the extended version leaves me wanting more. This movie could have been so much better. It relied far too heavy on CGI and special effects and not enough on establishing the story and the characters.
Jan 16, 2015This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Jan 4, 2015Peter Jackson regresa después de tantos años a la tierra media de una forma épica, espectacular y increíble. Visualmente es Perfecta, en todos los aspectos es magistral. Aunque no este al nivel de "El Señor de Los Anillos" es y sera un clásico por siempre.
Dec 29, 2014The pacing is very uneven at times, but The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey is a very well done return to Middle Earth with enough action, heart, and lore to keep people satisfied.
Dec 28, 2014This movie did not wow or disappoint me. It was a good enough movie to establish the Hobbit trilogy and introduce the characters, for sure. However, the worst problems of this movie were boring scenes and an unnecessarily long running time. But the Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey is definitely a solid movie and is a great setup for the trilogy. 7/10 (good)
Dec 28, 2014
Dec 24, 2014
Dec 18, 2014Peter Jackson made a perfect ending for his middle earth odyssey. And Martin Freeman was awesome. Best of Hobbit series. More action and more fun. And more disappointing because of it is the last
Dec 14, 2014
Dec 13, 2014
Dec 9, 2014
Dec 8, 2014Great movie, I enjoyed and I think that Peter Jackson had and will do a great job with middle earth because Middle earth is very difficult to make in a movie. Great actors comes with great effects and movie making.
Dec 6, 2014
Dec 2, 2014I badly struggled getting through this. The pace is terrible and there's way too much detail, with an uninteresting story and hilariously over the top and illogical action. Avoid at all cost.
Nov 13, 2014Though the first piece of Jackson's Hobbit Trilogy by no means lives up to the expectations set by the LOTR trilogy, it is worth seeing, as it often times lives up to the book's well-earned famed. A bit sloggish at times and cartoony in physics (the main characters go through the ridiculous unscathed) it is a decent film for those not expecting a masterpiece.
Nov 9, 2014The first installment of the Hobbit franchise spends a lot of time laying its foundations then uses it to create an immersive experience for its audience.
Oct 23, 2014
Oct 19, 2014
Oct 12, 2014I love this movie and I really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really like this movie.
Oct 8, 2014I remember being so diappointed after watching this film in the cinema. As a Tolkien fan who knows the books,, I can say that this movie (just like every other Hobbit movie) is a horrible piece of fan fiction.
Oct 7, 2014
Sep 28, 2014
Sep 26, 2014
Sep 1, 2014It is clear that Peter Jackson should not stretch the children's book into three Lord of the Rings-length feature films. Nevertheless, Jackson brings an insightful look into Middle Earth once again. An Unexpected Journey is by no means a repeat of the previous trilogy--it's fresh and exciting.
Aug 24, 2014
Aug 16, 2014
Aug 14, 2014
Aug 7, 2014Excellent movie Series..!! thanks a lot for making an extra ordinary movie :) you have really worked hard as well as amazing. hope to watch an unfinished tale as well.
Jul 28, 2014
Jul 15, 2014
Jun 25, 2014A great action, adventure, fantasy film. Improves on the Lord of the Rings trilogy, and is less dark, sad, and violent. It's well balanced between non-exciting moments to exciting moments. Has some good parts for comedy and laughs. Has a rat gripping storyline, jaw-dropping CGI and awesome action scenes. A great film for everyone, and an absolute must see! And must see the sequel!
May 18, 2014Some great scenes in this movie, that I will remember for a while. Not as good as the second Hobbit movie though. It started off really well by introducing all of the main characters well as the movies take place before LOTR. There are some great battle scenes in this movie, and a scenes with a song that I really loved. It was a really long movie but I think every scene was needed in it.
May 10, 2014
May 4, 2014Aweful, just plain aweful. one of the most boring movies I have ever seen... and I love lord of the rings so this movie was a huge huge let down. Hobbit 2 and 3? count me out
May 3, 2014
Apr 2, 2014The Hobbit :An unexpected journey is a made for children. It has no plot, the actors are not good and the added comedy makes what might have been a okay movie even worse. I sat through the DVD hoping I would end up liking it. But was disappointed . I hated it.
Mar 29, 2014
Mar 4, 2014It drags quite considerably, but technically and musically, it's just great. Full to the brim with nostalgic scenes and references and an unsurprisingly great Freeman as the Hobbit. Not as grand and heartfelt overall as the LOTR series, but I felt the same with that first installment too, so here's hoping it improves!
Feb 25, 2014
Feb 15, 2014
Feb 14, 2014Peter Jackson's new take on the Lord of the Rings like always contains vivid scenes of animation but fails to make the film anymore than a simple adventure story.
Jan 15, 2014One of the uglier and more bewildering films of our time. I actually laughed when I realized Bilbo's ring-vision actually looks more real than the phoney, almost fully C.G. 'regular' world. Martin Freeman looks visibly uneasy to be in the film during every single, cartoonish scene of this calamity. Peter Jackson should have been put in charge of the J.R.R. Tolkien Theme Park, not the films.
Jan 15, 2014It's like Jackson just took a giant bucket of C.G.I., a giant bucket of terrible editing, a giant bucket of terrible dubbing and a giant bucket of incoherency and dumped them all over an awful movie.
Jan 7, 2014It's definitely not at the level of Lord of the Rings, and I"ll admit, there are some lines that I laughed at that I probably wasn't supposed to, but it was still entertaining. It was well-written, and the fact that it's more "childish" than LOTR is just because that's how the books went as well.
Jan 6, 2014Ugh!
As good a job as Peter Jackson did with the rings, I simply cannot believe he is destroying The Hobbit. The Hobbit is the introductory book to the world of Tolkein and he is crapping all over it. This is, however, the best Harry Potter movie to date! -
Jan 5, 2014
Jan 5, 2014I can't rate this any higher than a 6. The film is deviating from the book just a bit too much for me to enjoy it. For those of you that enjoy a good action movie set in Middle Earth, this is for you. If you care about the lore and any backstory whatsoever, don't watch it as it has too many details that aren't supposed to be there.
Dec 31, 2013
Dec 28, 2013
Dec 25, 2013
Dec 23, 2013An Unexpected Journey is an overlong film, which seems to buckle under its own weight. The journey is beautifully imagined, but no so beautifully realized. There is some of the Middle-earth magic we have come to love (Riddles in the Dark), but it mostly falls flat.
Dec 21, 2013
Dec 19, 2013
Dec 14, 2013
Dec 13, 2013The first installment of the Hobbit franchise spends a lot of time laying its foundations then uses it to create an immersive experience for its audience.
Dec 13, 2013A very nice movie with a great epic battle,a cast of different characters and a lot of lighthearted and funny scenes.I watched it because every friend of mine told me that it was better than the Lord of the Rings and they were right.This movie is way better than the Lord of the Rings trilogy.
Dec 13, 2013The Film was good, not amazingly spectacularly great, the films rather boring in parts yet overall is fun and entertaining, i love the new characters for example the dwafs and seeing the adventure of Bilbo giving us the viewer a better understanding of how he come in position of the ring
8/10, probably more like a 7 but im too lazy, then again i did write a review -
Dec 12, 2013Peter Jackson combine with j r tollkien makes a very good imaginative partnership though un expected journey is the first chapter before Lord of the rings to tollkien fans the movie brings far more imagination in the middle earth
Dec 12, 2013
Dec 11, 2013
Dec 6, 2013Perhaps not as breathtaking as the "Lord of the Rings" trilogy, but "The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey" is still an exciting and adventurous journey that you will embark on. It's an elegantly shot film and the use of 3D is brilliant. It really makes us forget that we're watching a movie, as though we, ourselves, are part of this unexpected journey.
Dec 3, 2013Perfect movie. The cast was awesome, the dwarves were hilarious, Thorin was awesome, the fight scenes were intense, and the ending was emotionally satisfying. It wasn't slow or boring at all. All in all, this was an amazing, entertaining, funny, exciting film. Great job, Peter Jackson!
Nov 30, 2013The Hobbit is extremely disappointing coming from a director who has accomplished so much, and knows the material so well. It is still has great moments, and for the most part is easy going adventure to watch, but come on.
Nov 27, 2013
Nov 23, 2013
Nov 20, 2013
Nov 17, 2013
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Nov 11, 2013
Nov 9, 2013The problem with 'The Hobbit' is that he tries to show an epic movie with the passing of the minutes, but forgets that not strong enough for that and reveals nothing less than purely commercial.
Nov 2, 2013It starts out slow with some story telling, but don`t give up on it cause it picks up, and takes you into the adventure you probably expected.The thing is when I ask myself if I was really amazed, the answer is no for the most part, but it was a good watch.
Oct 30, 2013A perfect recreation of the Tolkien's world. It's excelent in all the aspects: direction, interpretation, script, soundtrack, etc. And the "guess game" with Bilbo and Gollum is a masterpiece.
Oct 27, 2013altought it isn´t in the level of the lord of the rings trilogy,it is still a good film,for an prequel this movie have a great story,the special effects are great and it can be a revolution just like the lord of the rings were.
Oct 23, 2013The brilliant settings and action spectacles of "An Unexpected Journey" do not make up for its lack of characterization, thematic unity, and emotional force. From the protagonist, the plot demands a sense of initial self-alienation which should eventually lead to the recovery of the self in others; while present, this seemed more like an afterthought than something gluing the film together.
Oct 14, 2013
Oct 6, 2013You can see its high production right away but this first part of the story was kinda boring I mean there is not that much going on and the dwarfs have no personality or depth to them (was it really necessary to put that many dwarfs in the movie?). Well I hope the next part is better.
Oct 5, 2013
Oct 1, 2013
Sep 14, 2013
Sep 10, 2013
Aug 31, 2013Epic!!! I have to say that I liked it more than The Lord Of The Rings. Actually, I prefer Bilbo. Frodo was not as good as his father. I am waiting like crazy for the next chapter of the trilogy.
Aug 26, 2013This movie is a snooze fest. I fell asleep, that was how absolutely boring that movie was. It is three hours of a hobbit traveling around magical fairy land. Boring.
Aug 18, 2013Being a fan is irrelevant. There is nothing about this movie that doesn't excite anyone. The script was well-written, humorous and fresh. The movie was visually pleasing. The characters were interesting and unique. The soundtrack brought tears to my eyes. Again, there is nothing not to love. Everything Peter Jackson touches turns to gold, in the form of an Oscar!
Aug 1, 2013A very well done adaption of a classic book. Not as good as LOTR but still very enjoyable, Although it may be a little to childish for some people, But I personally can't wait for the sequels.
Jul 30, 2013
Jul 25, 2013
Jul 24, 2013This movie is exiting as well as action-packed. It does take around 30-40 minutes for the adventure to actually begin which can be annoying. However it is worth the wait as the "unexpected journey" is great and worth watching. This movie doesn't exactly follow the book but I would still recommend it to fans of the book
Jul 22, 2013Bilbo definitibamente es poco entretenido y algo estupido a una excepcion la pelicula guarda exclentes efectos y la originalidad al 100 sin embargo solo BLA BLA BLA Y ganas de ZZZzzzzz
Jul 21, 2013Boring, not funny, and plain too long, this is a departure from the well loved franchise and an insult as it only serves to appeal to a younger audience and those who favor 3-D. With absolutely no real effects as CG takes over, it almost becomes painful to think this comes from the flagship franchise that earned 30 Oscar nominations.
Jul 21, 2013Fails to capture the epicness of the Trilogy. Also, way too much CGI. What happened? Why is everything CGI in this movie? Im not too excited about the other two now. I just love the Trilogy so much.
Jul 18, 2013The Hobbit does suffer from some pretty severe pacing issues, but (apart from its opening 45 minutes) is a gripping and welcome return to middle earth, that will definitely improve as we adjust to the new tone and feel of 'The Hobbit.'
Jul 17, 2013
Jul 15, 2013
Jul 13, 2013Wow..........my expectations weren't high enough and honestly i was little scared that it will come out pale repetition of the Lord of The Rings....i enjoyed every second of it and looking forward for the next one....
My first thought in watching The Hobbit was: Do we really need this movie? It was my last thought, too.
In this fitfully engaging, but often patience-straining preamble to Hobbit adventures to come, there is one transporting 10 minutes of screen time. It happens when Bilbo meets the freakish, ring-obsessed creature Gollum.
It's a bloated, shockingly tedious trudge that manages to look both overproduced and unforgivably cheesy.


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Makes You Think: Van Gaal has a genius plan - and Carrick could replace Xavi
Alexander Netherton praises Louis van Gaal for keeping Manchester United's powder dry in the run-in, but fears Michael Carrick could leave. More »
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There is no doubting the impact the Portuguese coach can have in the short-term, but it's clear that he craves a legacy of success at Stamford Bridge. More »
Eurosport - 3 hours ago Premier League - John Carver staying at Newcastle
John Carver has survived a crunch meeting with Newcastle managing director Lee Charnley and is set to remain at St James's Park until the end of the season. More »
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Eurosport - 2 hours 4 minutes ago


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Comfort Shield Perineal Care Washcloths - 12 pk.
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Personal Protection with Discreet Delivery
Protecting delicate skin from the harshness of incontinence related moisture can be a difficult task. Comfort Shield incontinence care washcloths make it easier by combining dimethicone, a proven skin protecting barrier, with our soothing ultra-soft cloths. They're gentle, even to irritated skin, and minimize discomfort associated with incontinence cleanups. Comfort Shield is the only product that thoroughly cleans, treats, and seals out wetness to protect skin in one step.
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Little piggy gets special wheelchair from New Hampshire company
UPDATED 1:13 AM HST Feb 04, 2013Meet Chris P. Bacon -- a special little piggy that is getting some special help from a New Hampshire company.
The views expressed are not those of this site, this station or its affiliated companies. By posting your comments you agree to accept our terms of use.blog comments powered by Disqus


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Top Definition
A relationship, usually sexual and physical, between two people that only occurs when one returns to the neighborhood or a location nearby. When the two are not together in the "hood" they have nothing to do with each other. The relationship or person living in the neighborhood is known as the "hood thang."
That chick right thurr is my hood thang.
por Nate Doggy Dog
11 de Junho de 2008


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silent runner wrote:No, you are not alone, there are one or two of us in Oregon. Just curious, where are you? As stated, there are still a few 75mhz radios available. With that Typhoon, you are almost going to need independant motor control if you want it to turn. Seems as though I just read of a module that adjusts motor speed in a turn when running on a single throttle channel, just can't remember where ATM. Mike's Subworks had some 75mhz 6channels -http://www.mikessubworks.com/page1.html-so you might drop him a line and inquire on various sites, look for a 2nd hand Robbe/Futaba F-14 twin stick. Glad I got mine when I did. Vantec also has 75mhz radios, but they have a multi function box built in, mostly for robotics use. They are also high $$$$
Good luck and welcome.
you can get frequency/crystals changed, check out http://www.radiosouthrc.com
silent runner wrote:you can get frequency/crystals changed, check out http://www.radiosouthrc.com
Tony can't convert from 40mhz to 75mhz-I just asked him over the weekend. I did notice though that Ships n things still lists the F-14's. I shot him an email and his reply to me today was: ' The F-14 has not been discontinued, call me for info'.
Have not had time to call, I'm west coast, he is east coast. But a call is in the near future. Would like to pick up another in case mine dies.
roedj wrote::( Funny thing, I enquired about an exemption or license for 40mHz from the FCC but they haven't sent anything back one way or the other. I take it no news is good news?
No, no news is NOT good news. The 40MHz band has been allocated to Land Mobile service which means you'll have lots of interference from authorized users of the band and may result in you boat not coming home from a "mission". The chances of you receiving an FCC waiver for 40MHz are somewhere between never and zero.
There are lots of legal ways to do RC submarines - they have been outlined here - may I suggest you stick with those.
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Basketball coach Keefe's reign ends at Trinity
Keefe announced Wednesday he was stepping down from his post at Trinity High of Manchester.
Keefe leaves Trinity with two state titles and three runner-up crowns.
"When I decided to step down, I went to the school to thank them along with (principal) Denis Mailloux," said Keefe. "I was blessed to have an opportunity to coach at a school which is rich in sports history. Pat Smith hired me and I'll always be grateful to him for the opportunity."
Keefe got the Pioneers back in the finals in 2011, losing that game to Bishop Guertin of Nashua. But in a rematch last year, the Pioneers defeated the Cardinals.
Trinity's march to the state finals this season got derailed in the semifinals against Merrimack, but his program lost just three times over the last two seasons.
"Dave is a great coach who had a great run," said Polak. "He gave his heart and soul to Trinity. The guy can flat out coach and the way he handles his team is very impressive. Coaching is a labor of love for Dave and he certainly had the passion for the game. He's a winner in my book."


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"So far so good! My daughter just turned 10, and it is hard to find soccer shoes for her at a good price, because she has big skinny feet. They have to be comfortable for her too, she is flat-footed. So we definitely like them for the price, nice kangaroo leather!" (E998)
"Our boys likes these jersey's. They look great, do not wrinkle and wash well. Thanks" (E2249)
"I love my chair. " (E10638)
Diadora Scudetto LT TF W Soccer Shoes - White [E33060]


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Tennessee Walking Horse trainer Jeffrey Givens and three Tennessee Walking Horses were killed Oct. 6 when their truck and trailer overturned on Interstate 71 in Gallatin County, Ky. Givens' assistant, Tim Taylor, was also injured in the incident.
To continue reading this article, become a member of TheHorse.com.
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After the Bell | |
Event Type: Children's Program Date: 6/4/2014 Start Time: 2:00 PM End Time: 3:00 PM Description: It's our weekly after-school program for kids ages 8+! Activities include crafts, movies, games, and contests.
Library: Oak Park Public Library Dole BranchLocation: Meeting Room - Dole Branch Contact: Dole Branch Library Contact Number: 708.386.9032 |


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WILDERNESS SYSTEMS Angler Essential Kit
The Wilderness Systems Angler Essential Kit has everything you need to kit your boat out for catching fish.Features/Benefits:
- Includes flush-mount rod holder, Baitcaster rod holder, 22 oz. anchor with 30 ft. (9.2 m) line, jam cleat, and all necessary mounting hardware
- Packaged in reusable mesh bag
Reviewed by 1 customer
Displaying review 1
Comments about WILDERNESS SYSTEMS Angler Essential Kit:
Gear mounted on a WS Pungo 120:Flush mount rod holder works perfect and was easy to mount. Only issue was it was hard to find a "sweet spot" to mount it flush like the pictures.Scotty rod holder is great but I am 5'5 with T-rex arms so I mounted it on the kayak console that came with my pungo. WS has it mounted forward of the cockpit on their pungo angler 120/140 and that is way too far forward for me.Anchor works like an anchor should. I will be adding a longer line for it but the 30' it came with is fine if that's all you need.Issues I had:1: there was no mounting hardware for the scotty included. I am sure that was just a simple mistake and I just managed to get the unlucky box.I spent about 6 bucks on some nice stainless mounts at [@].2: The picture fooled me as this package does not come with paddle clips. paddle clips are in the picture but not in the description. I bought them separately for around 10 bucks.In the end those issues were not worth bothering the store over.
Displaying review 1


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A guy that lets you know he is tougher than you by squealing the tires of his '86 ford escort hatchback, usually while wearing a dirty wife beater or a bad heavy metal band concert shirt that he never went too.
Slow down there Teddy Toughnuts before you start scaring the little neighborhood kids.
מאת T-Bone
14 בפברואר, 2005