text:
Joke of the day
Every man needs a go-to joke.
Stuffed Lion A hunter visited a friend and was given a tour of his home. In the den there was a beautiful stuffed lion. The visiting hunter asked: "When did you bag him?" The host said: "That was three years ago, when I went hunting with my wife." "What's he stuffed with?" asked the visiting hunter. "My wife."
Colorful Nicknames Three women were sitting around throwing back a few drinks and talking about their sex lives. Karen said: "I call my husband the dentist because nobody can drill like he does." Joanne giggled and confessed: "I call my husband the miner because of his incredible shaft." Kathy quietly sipped her whisky until Joanne finally asked: "Well, what do you call your boyfriend?" Kathy frowned and said: "The postman." "Why the postman?" asked Joanne. "Because, he always delivers late and half the time it's in the wrong box."
Life In The Fast lane A racecar driver picked up a girl after a race, went home with her and took her to bed. He fell asleep only to be awakened suddenly when she smacked him in the face. "What's the matter? Didn't I satisfy you," he asked. "It was after you fell asleep that got you into trouble," said the angry woman. "In your sleep, you felt my tits and mumbled, 'What perfect headlights.' Then you felt my thighs and murmured, 'what a smooth finish.'" "What's wrong with that?" asked the driver. "Nothing, but then you felt my pussy and yelled, 'who the hell left the garage door open?'"
The Disappearing Wife A man left from work one Friday afternoon. But, being payday, instead of going home, he stayed out the entire weekend partying with the boys and spending his entire paycheck. When he finally appeared at home on Sunday night, he was confronted by a very angry wife and was barraged for nearly two hours with a tirade befitting his actions. Finally his wife stopped the nagging and simply said to him: "How would you like it if you didn't see me for two or three days?" To which he replied: "That would be fine with me." Monday went by and he didn't see his wife. Tuesday and Wednesday came and went with the same results. Come Thursday, the swelling went down just enough where he could see her a little out of the corner of his left eye.
When I Drink, Everybody Drinks A guy walks into a bar and shouts: "When I drink, everybody drinks!" Everybody is cheering him and applauding like crazy. Feeling great, he finishes his beer, asks for another one and shouts: "When I drink again, everybody drinks again!" Once again, everybody is cheering him. He is the hero of the bar. When he is done drinking, he pulls out his wallet and shouts: "When I pay, everybody pays!"
Lawyers Are Replacing Rats Have you heard they're using lawyers instead of rats in laboratories these days? There are three reasons for this: 1. Lawyers reproduce faster. 2. The scientists don't get attached to the lawyers. 3. A lawyer will do things a rat wouldn't even consider.
A Short Affair A tall woman met a midget at a party. The midget was barely three feet tall but they were attracted to each other. After a few drinks they went back to the tall woman's apartment. "I can't imagine what it will be like making love to a midget," said the woman, "especially with the size difference and all." "Just take off your clothes, lie back on the bed, spread your legs apart and close your eyes," said the midget. The woman did as she was told and soon she felt the biggest thing she'd ever experienced inside her. Within a few minutes, the woman had climaxed eight times. "If you think that was good," said the midget with a smirk, "Just wait till I get BOTH legs in there!"


text:
Bodyguard Pro Youth Strapless NBA Phoenix Suns Mouthguards 2-pack
Save $7.02 (41%)
Product Information:
Support your Phoenix Suns with the NBA® Bodyguard Pro® strapless mouthguards. Featuring Perfect Fit Technology® these boilable, re-moldable mouthguards are designed for use with or without braces and are backed by a $30,000 dental warranty. The mouthguards offer top and bottom jaw stabilization, minimizing jaw motion on impact. The NBA® mouthguards come in a 2-pack so you can support your team at home or on the road.
For additional information relating to the Manufacturer's Warranty, please contact 1-847-715-1238.
- Features the Phoenix Suns logo on front of mouthguards
- Perfect Fit Technology® provides a customized fit
- Boilable and re-moldable
- Ideal for basketball
- Top and bottom jaw stabilization
- $30,000 manufacturer's dental warranty
- Official Licensed NBA® performance mouthguard
- 2-pack
- Model: SWG7900J-PHX
- Bodyguard Pro
For additional information relating to the Manufacturer's Warranty, please contact 1-847-715-1238.
Country of Origin: Taiwan
Web ID: 24863256

subset: commoncrawl


text:
3D Modeling and Simulation of the Electromagnetic and Thermal Properties of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Electronics Packages
J. Ding, and D. LintonQueen's University, Belfast
The COMSOL Multiphysics package has been used in this work to model and simulate the electromagnetic and thermal properties of GaAs pHEMT based Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMIC), and a multi-chip millimeter wave package including a Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) antenna array.
Embedded shielding ground planes inside the ceramic and silicon carriers have been studied. The temperature increase of each component due to the self heating of the power devices in the packages was simulated by being coupled to the static electromagnetic analysis.


text:
Main Content
Breaking out the face paint isn't the only way to show off your loyalty. Sometimes subtlety makes a greater statement than being loud and outlandish. Represent Stanford with a classic style that won't overpower your Cardinal game day ensemble with this Bar Design cap from The Game. It features "Stanford" embroidered on the crown along with contrasting team-colored accents for a timeless display of your Stanford spirit.
- 100% Cotton fabric
- Adjustable plastic snap strap
- Imported
- Officially licensed collegiate product
- Quality embroidery
- Structured fit
Cardinal Customers also liked:
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game
or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are
received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items
are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite
number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text:
In this month's issue, read about lawmakers who are authors, key cases affecting states before the U.S. Supreme Court, the state of civics knowledge, website ideas to steal and more.In this month's issue, read about how states using tax incentives to lure big corporations, approaches to get kids to eat more nutritious food, a new funding approach for social programs, an interview with TV host and chef Andrew Zimmern and much more.
Current Issue
State Legislatures offers discriminating readers a consistent level of editorial excellence. Our stories tackle the toughest legislative topics and make sense of complicated public policy issues—without taking days to read. Our writers are some of the best in the business, our researchers are knowledged experts in their fields and our editors are topnotch. What is a good measure that a magazine is among the best? It's quoted by other outstanding publications and ours is quoted by The New York Times, Washington Post, and The Wall Street Journal. And it's used in college, graduate and law classrooms, including Harvard University, The College of William and Mary and U.C.L.A. as well as by state legislators, members of Congress and their staffs. Our respected magazine is even used by the U.S. State Department in its briefings.
State Legislatures is the national magazine of policy and politics. It informs legislators, legislative staff, county government executives, lobbyists and the interested public about state actions and innovations in public policy issues. It reports on trends and legislation in the 50 states, best practices, the legislative process and institution, leaders, and federal initiatives that affect the states in a series of short features within a national context.
Through its departments it provides short profiles on individual legislators; reports on trends in tables, charts and graphs; provides short articles on state innovations; relates life and professional transitions of legislators and staff. It also provides one paragraph discussions on state happenings around the country, and presents "how to" articles and product reviews. It is issued 10 times a year and is mailed to all state legislators, key legislative staff, members of Congress, governors, county government executives, lobbyists, political scientists, librarians, universities and the interested public.
Subscribers to State Legislatures comprise a successful, influential and involved group of readers—excellent prospects for your advertising dollars. State Legislatures is the only magazine that reaches every state legislator (even at their home/district address when they're out of session), member of Congress, governor, state legislative analyst and county government executive. As an association publication of the National Conference of State Legislatures, State Legislatures magazine has strong relationships and insights to our readers who turn to us for assistance in policymaking.
Your ad reaches this powerful audience of decision makers who appropriate the funds for county, state and federal level projects. These are the users as well as the purchasers who decide what products and services will be purchased in every state of the nation. This elite audience develops and recommends policy decisions that affect health care, education, criminal justice, transportation, energy, immigration, the environment and more. They count on State Legislatures to provide accurate and timely coverage of the high pressure environment in which they work. State Legislatures has proved to be the hands-down leader in reader involvement and accurate, in-depth coverage of material.
An independent study surveyed a random sample of readers of State Legislatures. Its surpassed its competition in nearly every category. The documentation of this independent study proves that State Legislatures has the best readership of any state government publication.
Our readers were asked why they liked State Legislatures best and they said because it:
As a result of reading articles or columns in State Legislatures, our readers have taken the following actions:
Source: Independent Readex Readership Survey
Subscribers are elected and appointed officials across many levels of government. All elected and appointed officials receive State Legislatures as part of an appropriation paid by their states. All other subscriptions are paid at the rate of $49 per year.
Percentage of our readers who are...
Where our subscribers live:
When compared with Governing magazine and State Government News, more than twice as many copies of State Legislatures magazine are read in state legislatures.
When the legislature is in session, subscribers receive State Legislatures at their capitol address. When the legislature is out of session, all subscriptions are sent to subscribers' home/district address. That means your ad is seen each and every issue, because State Legislatures reaches the subscribers each and every month. State Legislatures outranks the other state government publications on average of 4 to 1.
Readers prefer State Legislatures for:
Information on Politics
Analysis of Current Issues
What's Happening in All 50 States
In-Depth Reporting of Issues of Interest
Pros and Cons of State Legislation
Federal Legislation that Affects their State
Printed offset, 60-lb. text coated stock, sheet fed for cover and Web for inside, saddle-stitched binding, 133-line screen.
All specifications are measured width by height.
All ads should be e-mailed as pdf files to email@example.com. When exporting an ad as a pdf, the preferences must be set to "press quality," embed all fonts or convert all fonts to outlines.
PROOFS REQUIRED: Iris, Matchprint, Kodak Approval, or other SWOP approved proofs are acceptable. Color lasers are not acceptable. A proof must be delivered regardless of media. NCSL will not be responsible for reproduction problems, fonts not embedded or file corruptions associated with ads not accompanied by an approved proof. Please be aware most color proofing devices are not color calibrated. Most sheetfed and web printers have calibrated their proofing devices to their own presses. Color proofs produced at one printer may not be an exact match to another printer. If you have ads that are color critical, please inquire about proofing your ads at our printer.
TWO-COLOR ADS: Build second color as cyan, magenta or yellow.
BLEEDS: Trim size is 8.5" x 10.875", add a 0.125" all around the trim size.
COPY ACCEPTANCE: Paid advertising with State Legislatures will be within the generally accepted bounds of taste and quality appropriate to a national magazine of state government and policy, as long as the advertisement is not overtly partisan or political. The publisher reserves the right to reject any advertisement considered unsuitable for the publication. Advertising that resembles editorial may be marked "Advertisement" by the publisher.
LIABILITY: Advertisers and advertising agencies assume liability for the contents of all advertisements printed and also assume responsibility for any claims arising there from against the publisher.
Send all contracts and insertion orders to: State Legislatures magazine National Conference of State Legislatures 7700 East First Place Denver, CO 80230 Attn: LeAnn Hoff Phone: 303-856-1426 Fax: 303-364-7800 E-mail: email@example.com
Send all pdf files, proofs and inserts to: State Legislatures magazine National Conference of State Legislatures 7700 East First Place Denver, CO 80230 Attn: Katie Peshek Phone: 303-856-1508 Fax: 303-364-7800 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Preferred Position: Subject to publisher's approval. +5% Inserts: Rates available upon request. Contact ad sales department at (303) 856-1426.
Full Page
2/3 Page
1/2 Page
1/3 Page
Cover 2
Cover 3
Cover 4
NCSL Contact:
Other Resources:
7700 East First Place Denver, CO 80230 Tel: 303-364-7700 | Fax: 303-364-7800
444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 515 Washington, D.C. 20001 Tel: 202-624-5400 | Fax: 202-737-1069


text:
PHP is an open-source server-side scripting language and it is a widely used. The Apache web server provides access to files and content via the HTTP OR HTTPS protocol. A misconfigured server-side scripting language can create all sorts of problems. So, PHP should be used with caution. Here are twenty-five php security best practices for sysadmins for configuring PHP securely.
{ 60 comments }


text:
Tomato Cages, Set of 4
Customers Also Bought
Super-Sturdy Tomato Cages Support Heavy Yields
- Extra-strong tomato cages keep tomato plants upright for a bigger, cleaner harvest
- Big, 8" square openings make harvesting easy
- Hinged panels fold flat for compact storage
Longtime customer favorites, our heavy-duty, powder-coated steel tomato cages are taller, wider and stronger than old-fashioned cone-shaped supports. And unlike flimsier versions, these are strong enough to support full-grown vines loaded with tomatoes. The tomato cages support plants on all sides (no tying needed) and keep plants up off the ground for better air circulation, cleaner fruit and fewer diseases. Large openings make harvesting easy, and the cages fold flat for off-season storage. In windy locations, we recommend anchoring with our Extra-Tall Earth Staples, sold separately.
- Powder-coated steel
- 14-3/8" square x 39" H including 7" legs; 32" H installed
- 8" square openings
- 10 gauge wire
- Cages fold for easy off-season storage
- Gardener's Supply Exclusive
Reviewed by 2 customers
Sort by
Displaying reviews 1-2
- Good Openings
- Sturdy
- Won't stay together
Best Uses
- Tomatoes
I bought a set in 2012 in plain metal that worked really well, though rust gathered at the corners. In 2013 I tried the green. Rust still gathers at the corners, and they won't stay together at all. Kept them together with tomato ties last year.
- Was this a gift?:
- No
- Frustratedwon't Hold Up
- Not Welded Together Very
- Poor Quality Many Corners
Best Uses
Poor quality all cages. Welds were unattached even before use. Will not hold together long. Bend very easy. Very disappointed as cost was expensive for all the cages I purchased.
- Was this a gift?:
- No
Displaying reviews 1-2
How It Works
Product Instructions
Download instructions for Tomato Cages, Set of 4 as a PDFVideos
Tomato plants are easy to grow, and they're one of the easiest plants to start indoors from seed. Here's how to grow your own tomatoes, from seed to harvest.
Learn how to plan, plant and tend your own super-productive, raised-bed vegetable garden.
Clever ideas for supporting tomato vines
Learn the best way to start your own tomato seedlings. Quick to germinate and grow, tomato seeds are best sown indoors about six weeks before your average last frost date. <!-- Made unsearchable because this is almost the same as 7902, which has the video. Redirect in place. DJG, 1/7/15 -->
Tomatoes are consistently the most popular vegetable in American gardens. But for most gardeners, just any old tomato won't do.
Learn how to repot your tomato seedlings when they've grown too large for the original pot.
Left on their own, tomatoes will grow into shrubby, multi-stemmed plants that topple under the weight of their fruit. Proper pruning will help prevent this problem.
There are no special shipping restrictions or charges associated with this item. For detailed information about our delivery methods and charges, click here.
We're proud of the fact that this item is shipped to you directly from our warehouse in Vermont, by one of our 250 employee-owners. In-stock items are packed with care and shipped within the next business day to ensure prompt delivery to your home and garden!


text:
The Last Five Years stars Adam Kantor and Betsy Wolfe dropped by Broadway.com's Ask A Star couch to chat about emotional Rent memories, Ragtime wardrobe mishaps and spending "the next 10 minutes" with famous Brits.
Clinton the Musical star Kerry Butler on her favorite part about playing a Disney princess, thoughts on Hillary and the scent of Aaron Tveit.
May 1, 2015Doctor Zhivago's Tam Mutu and Kelli Barrett on their diner obsessions, fantasy band names and what kind of wine to serve Javert and the Phantom.
April 17, 2015Christopher Sieber answers your questions about working on his knees in Shrek, working in the same theater as Spamalot and his dance-filled pre-show ritual in Matilda.
February 27, 2015Adorable and hilarious Honeymoon in Vegas headliners Brynn O'Malley and Rob McClure answer your questions about dream roles, comedy fantasies and the one and only Tony Danza.
February 13, 2015On the Town standouts Jay Armstrong Johnson and Alysha Umpress sing, joke around and are hugely adorable as they answer your questions.
February 3, 2015Beautiful Tony winner Jessie Mueller asnswers your questions on everything from Sondheim to "Bustle Fluffah."
January 16, 2015Bryce Pinkham and Jefferson Mays of A Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder answer your questions about wardrobe malfunctions, dressing like a lady and playing the villain.
October 21, 2014Annaleigh Ashford answers your questions about Halloween costumes, her short history with wrong guys and which of the crazy characters from You Can't Take It With You she'd invite to her own family dinner.
October 10, 2014Everybody's favorite six-time Tony winner Audra McDonald, star of Lady Day at Emerson's Bar & Grill, talks about everything from her male dream role to a weird fact about Norm Lewis to her love of all things chocolate and peanut butter.
September 20, 2014Adam Jacobs and Courtney Reed of Aladdin answer a whole new world of questions about their favorite Disney princes and princesses, where they shop and how they stay so buff!
July 4, 2014The Cripple of Inishmaan star Daniel Radcliffe sweetly answers your questions on everything from his one-word description of Emma Watson to his favorite film franchise (besides Harry Potter, natch).
June 13, 2014Rocky Tony nominee Andy Karl answered your questions about everything from beefing up to co-starring with his wife Orfeh to drinking eggs.
May 20, 2014


text:
LEGO Shop Home Categories Home Brick Calendar
- Exclusive
Brick Calendar
- Item: 853195
- Ages:6+
- VIP Points: 15
- Pieces:120
- Sold Out
Build your way through every day in LEGO® brick style!
Build an entire year with LEGO® bricks! Create the calendar you need with colorful bricks labeled with the days of the week, months and numbers 1–31. Follow the building instructions to rebuild the Brick Calendar every month! Makes a great gift for any LEGO builder!
- Includes 2 minifigures
- Features labeled LEGO® calendar bricks: 12 months, 7 days and numbers 1–31
- Rebuild every month!
- Colorful LEGO pieces make counting and learning the calender fun!
- Makes a great gift for LEGO fans!


text:
Girls Shoes Sale
Dress her in affordable style from head to toe! Find every style of discount girls shoes you can imagine - all at unbelievable sale prices! We carry clearance girl's dress shoes, sandals, sneakers, boots and flats for your newborn baby, infant girl, toddler, or little girl. You're sure to find discount girl's shoes that are fit for any occasion. Shop and experience our great girls sale shoes today!
There are no products matching the selection. Continue Shopping.
- Girls Clothes
- All Girls Clothes by Style >>
- Girls Dresses
- Outfits and Sets
- Tops
- Bottoms
- School Uniforms
- Swimwear
- Sleepwear
- Undergarments
- Outerwear
- Dance
- Costumes and Dress Up
- Girls Dresses
- All Girls Dresses
- Birthday Dresses
- Casual Dresses
- Christening Gowns
- Christmas Dresses
- Communion Dresses
- Easter Dresses
- Flower Girl Dresses
- Pageant Dresses
- Spirng/Summer Dresses
- Fall/Winter Dresses
- Baby Gear
- All Baby Gear
- Diaper Bags
- Diapers
- Blankets
- Car Seat Covers
- Boys Clothes
- All Boys Clothes by Style >>
- Formal Wear
- Outfits and Sets
- Tops
- Bottoms
- Swimwear
- Sleepwear
- Outerwear
- Socks and Underwear
- Boys Shoes
- School Uniforms
- Girls Sale
- Girls Sale
- Boys Sale
- Accessories Sale
- Toys Sale
- Seasonal Sale
- Clearance - Up to 65% off
- Steal of the day
- Customer Service
- All Customer Service
- Track an Order
- Return an Item
- Contact Us
- Shipping
- FAQs
- My Account
About Clearance and Discount Shoes for Girls
Step into savings with our girls sales shoes. You are sure to enjoy our selection of cheap girls shoes at Sophias Style shoe sale. Find cheap girl's shoes for your baby, infant, toddler girl or little girl at our girls shoe clearance page.
Do you want to find more shoes at affordable prices? Shop our complete selection girls shoes today!


text:
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
The search textbox has an autosuggest feature. When you enter three or more characters,
a list of up to 10 suggestions will popup under the textbox. Use the arrow keys
to move through the suggestions. To select a suggestion, hit the enter key. Using
the escape key closes the listbox and puts you back at the textbox. The radio buttons
allow you to toggle between having all search items start with or contain the text
you entered in the search box.
carboplatin-Taxol regimen (KAR-boh-pla-tin-TAK-sol REH-jih-men)
A chemotherapy combination used to treat endometrial, ovarian, and head and neck cancers, and non-small cell lung cancer that has spread. It includes the drugs carboplatin and paclitaxel (Taxol). Also called Carbo-Tax regimen, carboplatin-Taxol, CaT regimen, and PC regimen. |


text:
Recently Completed Programs
Encyclopedia of Life
The Encyclopedia of Life program does not accept unsolicited grant proposals or letters of inquiry. Individuals or organizations wishing to cooperate with the Encyclopedia of Life should contact EOL's secretariat directly.
For more information about Alfred P. Sloan Foundation grant application guidelines and procedures, visit our Apply for Grants page.
Listen to the EOL podcast, One Species at a Time, hosted by Ari Daniel Shapiro.more


text:
This video is part of the following collections:
- Like
- Thanks for voting!
- Download
- Collection
db October 10, 2012
now suck my cock.lmao! classic.
dude September 21, 2012
so fake.
katrina halili September 20, 2012
I love sex with hyden ko
dam iy boy August 27, 2012
lol July 5, 2012
nice click
nico November 10, 2012
trop mignone
Horney+catchy January 5, 2013
lord maldek January 3, 2013
all of these are fake and gay. back to brazzers
Ahole December 8, 2012
So This guy claims to be offering a job?, shit it looks like rape by any other name to me!.
Sausage1 July 4, 2012
Really watching all those vids makes me want to be a porn actor......really hot!!!
cachondo June 27, 2012
big gorgeous blue eyes,cute girl.
quiet May 16, 2012
less talk and more fucking
eurotrip May 5, 2012
scotty doesnt know, scotty doesnt know dont tell scotty hahahah
lichi May 4, 2012
solo bueno
Duke17 April 30, 2012
vry cute erotic yng grl luvs to fuck & suck perfect yng cunt nice cum shot in mouth hot vid
cachondo May 24, 2012
shy girl with big pussy,good fuck.
Zboub June 4, 2012
I like it
Derek June 25, 2012
This is good one. Watched five backroom casting before this. All had whore tattoo. You can start sucking my cock. Oh yes.
dirkdiggler June 23, 2012
nice sweet teen pussy wanna jerk inside this lips
Kimno June 14, 2012
What is her real name? Is it like Libby or KC?
Longdicksoup January 6, 2013
dee dee January 15, 2013
he really put the meat to that ho.she took a nice pounding and loved it..................................................
Gary March 9, 2014
Did her boyfriend fine out??
Elmo March 2, 2014
Justin beiber?
my wife February 24, 2014
Why not show this video to your boyfriend. Who knows, maybe he'll get off on it. A lot of guys secretly fantasize about another man fucking our wives/girlfriends. i'd love to watch my wife suck this guys cock before he shoves it in her cunt and screws her.
maukka62 February 18, 2014
Hyvä vartaloinen tyttö jolla kiinteät rinnat,Nätit häpyhuulet
Thehp May 15, 2014
Dirty Old Man August 2, 2014
Good cocksucker.Seems to like a stranger fucking her.
Mike March 1, 2015
Geat video man keep it up!
crossfyres October 22, 2014
Love this gullible, dirty girl.
lll September 4, 2014
thank god for internet pornography
sirus778 February 5, 2014
his dick sucks
manuka13th January 18, 2014
amo quando engolem
. March 26, 2013
the guilt will eat her alive
jmhil February 7, 2013
wish she was my wife and would always be up for a good ,long hard fucking by her boyfriends
kris January 24, 2013
This one felt wrong
julio April 25, 2013
that's whitney
ping pong August 8, 2013
Larry October 15, 2013
She is the best of all.
heavy October 14, 2013
very good
labiak September 24, 2013
what shy try to suck a cock of a stranger and fuck without a condom - she like to fuck and should give more boys a chance to cream her
tomtom March 29, 2012
emma :)
pig fucker March 25, 2012
woot woot
Lame December 21, 2011
The fact that this chick has been in a shit ton of other vids is proof that these videos are fake. Too bad :-/
TBONE December 21, 2011
that is one meaty vagina
Happy Diver December 21, 2011
Dr. Cock is right the whole series is getting old. Why is his dick so red in this one? Does he have a disease?
koowodkj December 21, 2011
Her ass is perfect! I love her shapely cheeks that make me hard.
I seen this before... December 21, 2011
Lol.. its like they want her boyfriend(s) to find out haha!
peter December 21, 2011
Do you really believe this is real... nope it is just fake with porn girls
Diablo December 23, 2011
Loved watching her smile after swallowing She was so happy with herself
nice dick December 22, 2011
all that shit with castings are not real guys!
DAT ASS GUY December 22, 2011
santa in oz as in austral December 21, 2011
love his work but as they say only in the good old US OF A
german December 21, 2011
man....if this is real, just in case, she doesnt deserve better. cause she s so fucking fucking stupid.... "i ve a boy friend" teardrops... cheap bitch stupid assfucked bitch
she's a slut December 21, 2011
she's a whore with a loose pussy lol forget her
hahah this stuff is real! December 21, 2011
she is actually in one of the my exgf video!!! lol his bf is a marine!!! this dude should watch his back hahaha
:( December 21, 2011
my love
haha December 21, 2011
how ever im not a real casting agent and her boyfriend will find out lol
Bsten December 21, 2011
Yep if you type "Goldie locks" into the search bar you will find more videos of her
Dr Cock December 21, 2011
You need some new stuff this re-hash is getting to me
army December 21, 2011
this dude's dick, will be cut off soon
shitpiece December 21, 2011
sperm in the mouth is before he cums)
joe December 28, 2011
me December 30, 2011
trying to find some of this chicks other videos? Any Help?
Opanaman January 24, 2012
Real we all know porn actors are horrible this is real no porn girl or even hollywood actor can be the genuine, amazing shes fucked
hmm... January 23, 2012
They switch at 4min 13sec
chives January 19, 2012
Mehh... a lil to flat chested but still cute.
thatGuy January 19, 2012
I hope I end up like my sister.
Finchhaden February 6, 2012
I'd like to meet her. I think she's gorgeous.
woah February 9, 2012
i know this girl in real life. her names erica
Michael March 18, 2012
Thank you for fucking her !
rw March 15, 2012
Why didnt he cum inside her fertile pussy? Her boyfriend might got proud he became a dad!
hate to say but... February 23, 2012
this is copied straight from his actual website in the fine legal print "The following material represents staged, scripted, and fictional accounts of sexual relationships of adults. All performers in the following material are intended to be portrayed and understood as fully consenting adults that are performing of their own free will."
tt January 16, 2012
Since Rick is not a casting agent, he has a way to get girls to come in and give it to him for free. Whatever he wants and wants to do to them.
Rocky January 14, 2012
I think shes cute as can be.
rivars January 3, 2012
Estupendo. Buena Cogida
the wife January 2, 2012
Maybe show the video to your boyfriend. Deep down guys would like to see their woman getting laid.Maybe he'll like it. I'd love to see my wife come on here for an "audition" and have him strip her then screw her on the couch.
hhh December 30, 2011
please put the elizabeth hawkenson video!!
The ivorian January 6, 2012
Captain Obvious. January 11, 2012
That chick could never make it in the industry.
mandigo January 13, 2012
i fucvk the shit out her for reall
. January 11, 2012
Derp derp derp
nardine January 11, 2012
enorme l ejeculation faciale haha mdr
LOverboy111 December 21, 2011
Loading Comments
- Whitney has been with her boyfriend for 2 years so she does not want him to know that she is secretly trying out to be a "porn star" (LOL!) behind his back.


text:
Alistair MacLeod and Newfoundland's Wayne Johnston. Through careful readings of their
fiction, with supplementary evidence culled from biographical and secondary sources, the thesis
shows that their work i... |
present, including the economic, environmental and social significance of milling
during this time. More specifically, it explores the rise and fall of water-powered
technology on two small islands with quite different w... |


text:
US 7003132 B2 Abstract Methods for embedding and reading auxiliary messages from image signals use embedded code signals modulated with the auxiliary message. These embedded ode signals may be used to convey hidden tracking codes in images, video and printed objects. The embedded code signals are embedded by varying characteristics of the image signal, including, for example, gray-level, reflective properties, photo-reactive properties, etc.
Claims(20) 1. A method of hiding an auxiliary message signal in an image signal comprising:
receiving an auxiliary message signal comprising two or more message symbols;
associating the symbols with corresponding code signals comprising a plurality of elements, the plurality of elements having a mapping to corresponding locations in the image signal; and
adjusting the image signal at the corresponding locations according to a value of the message symbol, the code signal, and at least a characteristic of the image signal to produce an image signal with the auxiliary message hidden in the image signal.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. A computer readable medium on which is stored instructions for performing the method of
9. A method of reading a hidden an auxiliary message signal embedded in an image signal, where the auxiliary message signal comprising two or more message symbols, the message symbol values modulating embedded code signals, the embedded code signals having a plurality of elements mapped to location in the image signal, the method comprising:
analyzing the image signal to determine an estimate of polarity of elements of the embedded code signals; and
extracting message symbol values from polarity of corresponding elements of the embedded code signals.
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. A computer readable medium on which is stored instructions for performing the method of
14. A method of hiding an auxiliary message signal in an image signal comprising:
receiving an auxiliary message signal comprising two or more message symbols;
associating the symbols with corresponding code signals comprising a plurality of elements, the plurality of elements having a mapping to corresponding locations in the image signal; and
at the corresponding locations, embedding the message symbols in the image signal according to a value of the message symbol and the code signal to produce an image signal with embedded auxiliary information, wherein the embedding is at least in part controlled as a function of a characteristic of the image signal to produce an image signal with the auxiliary message hidden in the image signal.
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
Description This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/626,984, filed Jul. 27, 2000 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,542,620), which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/967,693, filed Nov. 12, 1997 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,122,392), which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/614,521, filed Mar. 15, 1996 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,604), which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/215,289, filed Mar. 17, 1994 (abandoned), which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/154,866, filed Nov. 18, 1993 (abandoned). A microfiche appendix, comprising one microfiche, with a total of 21 printed pages of computer program listings, forms part of the specification of U.S. Pat. No. 6,542,620. The above patents and patent applications, including the microfiche appendix, are hereby incorporated by reference. The invention relates to the embedding of robust identification codes in electronic, optical and physical media, and the subsequent, objective discernment of such codes for identification and other purposes even after intervening distortion or corruption of the media. The invention is illustrated with reference to a few exemplary applications, including electronic imagery, emulsion film, and paper currency, but is not so limited.
Since time immemorial, unauthorized use and outright piracy of audio and visual source material has caused lost revenues to the owners of such material, and has been a source of confusion and corruption of original work. With the advent of digitizing data audio signals and images, the technology of copying materials and redistributing them in an unauthorized manner has reached new heights of sophistication, and more importantly, omnipresence. Lacking objective means for comparing an alleged copy of material with the original, owners and possible litigation proceedings are left with a subjective opinion of whether the alleged copy is stolen, or has been used in an unauthorized manner. Furthermore, there is no simple means of tracing a path to an original purchaser of the material, something which can be valuable in tracing where a possible �leak� of the material first occurred. A variety of methods for protecting commercial material have been attempted. One is to scramble signals via an encoding method prior to distribution, and descramble prior to use. This technique, however, requires that both the original and later descrambled signals never leave closed and controlled networks, lest they be intercepted and recorded. Furthermore, this arrangement is of little use in the broad field of mass marketing audio and visual material, where even a few dollars extra cost causes a major reduction in market, and where the signal must eventually be descrambled to be perceived and thus can be easily recorded. Another class of techniques relies on modification of source audio or video signals to include a subliminal identification signal, which can be sensed by electronic means. Examples of such systems are found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,972,471 and European patent publication EP 441,702, as well as in Komatsu et al, �Authentication System Using Concealed Image in Telematics,� Memoirs of the School of Science & Engineering, Waseda University, No. 52, p. 45�60 (1988) (Komatsu uses the term �digital watermark� for this technique). An elementary introduction to these methods is found in the article �Digital Signatures,� Byte Magazine, November, 1993, p. 309. These techniques have the common characteristic that deterministic signals with well defined patterns and sequences within the source material convey the identification information. For certain applications this is not a drawback. But in general, this is a highly inefficient form of embedding identification information for a variety of reasons: (a) the whole of the source material is not used; (b) deterministic patterns have a higher likelihood of being discovered and removed by a would-be infringer; and (c) the signals are not generally �holographic� in that identifications may be difficult to make given only sections of the whole. (�Holographic� is used herein to refer to the property that the identification information is distributed globally throughout the coded signal, and can be fully discerned from an examination of even a fraction of the coded signal. Coding of this type is sometimes termed �distributed� herein.) What is needed is a reliable and efficient method for performing a positive identification between a copy of an original signal and the original. This method should not only be able to perform positive identification, it should also be able to relate version identification of sold copies in order to better pinpoint the point of sale. The method should not compromise the innate quality of material which is being sold, as does the placement of localized logos on images. The method should be robust so that an identification can be made even after multiple copies have been made and/or compression and decompression of the signal has taken place. The identification method should be largely uneraseable or �uncrackable.� The method should be capable of working even on fractional pieces of the original signal, such as a 10 second �riff� of an audio signal or the �clipped and pasted� sub-section of an original image. The existence of such a method would have profound consequences on audio and image piracy in that it could (a) cost effectively monitor for unauthorized uses of material and perform �quick checks�; (b) become a deterrent to unauthorized uses when the method is known to be in use and the consequences well publicized; and (c) provide unequivocal proof of identity, similar to fingerprint identification, in litigation, with potentially more reliability than that of fingerprinting. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a computer system is provided with associated means for manipulating either digital audio signals or digital images. In cases where original material is in �non-digital� form, such as on audio tape or on a photograph, means for creating a high fidelity digital copy of the material is included in the illustrative embodiment. This physical system will be referred to as the �Eye-D� workstation or system which serves as a concise trade name. The Eye-D system embeds an imperceptible global signal either directly onto the digital original or onto the �digitized copy� of the original if it was in a non-digital form to begin with. The new copy with the embedded signal becomes the material which is sold while the original is secured in a safe place. The new copy will be nearly identical to the original except under the finest of scrutiny; thus, its commercial value will not be compromised. After the new copy has been sold and distributed and potentially distorted by multiple copies, the present disclosure details a method for positively identifying any suspect signal against the original. One embodiment uses identification signals which are global (holographic) and which mimic natural noise sources. This approach allows the maximization of identification signal energy as opposed to merely having it present �somewhere in the original material.� This allows it to be much more robust in the face of thousands of real world degradation processes and material transformations such as cutting and cropping of imagery. The foregoing and additional features and advantages will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description thereof, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following discussion of an illustrative embodiment, the words �signal� and �image� are used interchangeably to refer to both one, two, and even beyond two dimensions of digital signal. Examples will routinely switch back and forth between a one dimensional audio-type digital signal and a two dimensional image-type digital signal. In order to fully describe the details of an illustrative embodiment of the invention, it is necessary first to describe the basic properties of a digital signal. For audio information such as sound waves, it is commonly accepted that the digitization process discretizes a continuous phenomena both in the time domain and in the signal level domain. As such, the process of digitization itself introduces a fundamental error source in that it cannot record detail smaller than the discretization interval in either domain. The industry has referred to this, among other ways, as �aliasing� in the time domain, and �quantization noise� in the signal level domain. Thus, there will always be a basic error floor of a digital signal. Pure quantization noise, measured in a root mean square sense, is theoretically known to have the value of one over the square root of twelve, or about 0.29 DN, where DN stands for �Digital Number� or the finest unit increment of the signal level. For example, a perfect 12-bit digitizer will have 4096 allowed DN with an innate root mean square noise floor of �0.29 DN. All known physical measurement processes add additional noise to the transformation of a continuous signal into the digital form. The quantization noise typically adds in quadrature (square root of the mean squares) to the �analog noise� of the measurement process, as it is sometimes referred to. With almost all commercial and technical processes, the use of the decibel scale is used as a measure of signal and noise in a given recording medium. The expression �signal-to-noise ratio� is generally used, as it will be in this disclosure. As an example, this disclosure refers to signal to noise ratios in terms of signal power and noise power, thus 20 dB represents a 10 times increase in signal amplitude. In summary, the presently preferred embodiment of the invention embeds an N-bit value onto an entire signal through the addition of a very low amplitude encodation signal which has the look and characteristics of pure noise. N is usually at least 8 and is capped on the higher end by ultimate signal-to-noise considerations and �bit error� in retrieving and decoding the N-bit value. As a practical matter, N is chosen based on application specific considerations, such as the number of unique different �signatures� that are desired. To illustrate, if N=128, then the number of unique digital signatures is in excess of 10^^38 (2^^128). This number is believed to be more than adequate to both identify the material with sufficient statistical certainty and to index exact sale and distribution information. The amplitude or power of this added signal is determined by the aesthetic and informational considerations of each and every application using the Eye-D method. For instance, non-professional video can stand to have a higher embedded signal level without becoming noticeable to the average human eye, while very high precision audio may only be able to accept a relatively small signal level lest the human ear perceive an objectionable increase in �hiss.� These statements are generalities and each application has its own set of criteria in choosing the signal level of the embedded identification signal. The higher the level of embedded signal, the more corrupted a copy can be and still be identified. On the other hand, the higher the level of embedded signal, the more objectionable the perceived noise might be, potentially impacting the value of the distributed material. A definition of terms is now in order: The original signal refers to either the original digital signal or the high quality digitized copy of a non-digital original. The N-bit identification word refers to a unique identification binary value, typically having N range anywhere from 8 to 128, which is the identification code ultimately placed onto the original signal via the disclosed transformation process. In the preferred embodiment, each N-bit identification word begins with the sequence of values �0101,� which is used to determine an optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio in the identification procedure of a suspect signal (see definition below). The m'th bit value of the N-bit identification word is either a zero or one corresponding to the value of the m'th place, reading left to right, of the N-bit word. E.g., the first (m=1) bit value of the N=8 identification word 01110100 is the value �0;� the second bit value of this identification word is �1�, etc. The m'th individual embedded code signal refers to a signal which has dimensions and extent precisely equal to the original signal (e.g. both are a 512 by 512 digital image), and which is (in the illustrated embodiment) an independent pseudo-random sequence of digital values. �Pseudo� pays homage to the difficulty in philosophically defining pure randomness, and also indicates that there are various acceptable ways of generating the �random� signal. There will be exactly N individual embedded code signals associated with any given original signal. The acceptable perceived noise level refers to an application-specific determination of how much �extra noise,� i.e. amplitude of the composite embedded code signal described next, can be added to the original signal and still have an acceptable signal to sell or otherwise distribute. This disclosure uses a 1 Db increase in noise as a typical value which might be acceptable, but this is quite arbitrary. The composite embedded code signal refers to the signal which has dimensions and extent precisely equal to the original signal, (e.g. both are a 512 by 512 digital image), and which contains the addition and appropriate attenuation of the N individual embedded code signals. The individual embedded signals are generated on an arbitrary scale, whereas the amplitude of the composite signal must not exceed the pre-set acceptable perceived noise level, hence the need for �attenuation� of the N added individual code signals. The distributable signal refers to the nearly similar copy of the original signal, consisting of the original signal plus the composite embedded code signal. This is the signal which is distributed to the outside community, having only slightly higher but acceptable �noise properties� than the original. A suspect signal refers to a signal which has the general appearance of the original and distributed signal and whose potential identification match to the original is being questioned. The suspect signal is then applied to the decoding process of Eye-D to see if it matches the N-bit identification word. The detailed methodology of the preferred embodiment begins by stating that the N-bit identification word is encoded onto the original signal by having each of the m bit values multiply their corresponding individual embedded code signals, the resultant being accumulated in the composite signal, the fully summed composite signal then being attenuated down to the acceptable perceived noise amplitude, and the resultant composite signal added to the original to become the distributable signal. The original signal, the N-bit identification word, and all N individual embedded code signals are then stored away in a secured place. A suspect signal is then found. This signal may have undergone multiple copies, compressions and decompressions, resamplings onto different spaced digital signals, transfers from digital to analog back to digital media, or any combination of these items. IF the signal still appears similar to the original, i.e. its innate quality is not thoroughly destroyed by all of these transformations and noise additions, then depending on the signal to noise properties of the embedded signal, the identification process should function to some objective degree of statistical confidence. The extent of corruption of the suspect signal and the original acceptable perceived noise level are two key parameters in determining an expected confidence level of identification. The identification process on the suspected signal begins by resampling and aligning the suspected signal onto the digital format and extent of the original signal. Thus, if an image has been reduced by a factor of two, it needs to be digitally enlarged by that same factor. Likewise, if a piece of music has been �cut out,� but may still have the same sampling rate as the original, it is necessary to register this cut-out piece to the original, typically done by performing a local digital cross-correlation of the two signals (a common digital operation), finding at what delay value the correlation peaks, then using this found delay value to register the cut piece to a segment of the original. Once the suspect signal has been sample-spacing matched and registered to the original, the signal levels of the suspect signal must be matched in an rms sense to the signal level of the original. This can be done via a search on the parameters of offset, amplification, and gamma being optimized by using the minimum of the mean squared error between the two signals as a function of the three parameters. We can call the suspect signal normalized and registered at this point, or just normalized for convenience. The newly matched pair then has the original signal subtracted from the normalized suspect signal to produce a difference signal. The difference signal is then cross-correlated with each of the N individual embedded code signals and the peak cross-correlation value recorded. The first four bit code (�0101�) is used as a calibrator both on the mean values of the zero value and the one value, and on further registration of the two signals if a finer signal to noise ratio is desired (i.e., the optimal separation of the 0101 signal will indicate an optimal registration of the two signals and will also indicate the probable existence of the N-bit identification signal being present.) The resulting peak cross-correlation values will form a noisy series of floating point numbers which can be transformed into 0's and 1's by their proximity to the mean values of 0 and 1 found by the 0101 calibration sequence. If the suspect signal has indeed been derived from the original, the identification number resulting from the above process will match the N-bit identification word of the original, bearing in mind either predicted or unknown �bit error� statistics. Signal-to-noise considerations will determine if there will be some kind of �bit error� in the identification process, leading to a form of X % probability of identification where X might be desired to be 99.9% or whatever. If the suspect copy is indeed not a copy of the original, an essentially random sequence of 0's and 1's will be produced, as well as an apparent lack of separation of the resultant values. This is to say, if the resultant values are plotted on a histogram, the existence of the N-bit identification signal will exhibit strong bi-level characteristics, whereas the non-existence of the code, or the existence of a different code of a different original, will exhibit a type of random gaussian-like distribution. This histogram separation alone should be sufficient for an identification, but it is even stronger proof of identification when an exact binary sequence can be objectively reproduced. Imagine that we have taken a valuable picture of two heads of state at a cocktail party, pictures which are sure to earn some reasonable fee in the commercial market. We desire to sell this picture and ensure that it is not used in an unauthorized or uncompensated manner. This and the following steps are summarized in Assume the picture is transformed into a positive color print. We first scan this into a digitized form via a normal high quality black and white scanner with a typical photometric spectral response curve. (It is possible to get better ultimate signal to noise ratios by scanning in each of the three primary colors of the color image, but this nuance is not central to describing the core process.) Let us assume that the scanned image now becomes a 4000 by 4000 pixel monochrome digital image with a grey scale accuracy defined by 12-bit grey values or 4096 allowed levels. We will call this the �original digital image� realizing that this is the same as our �original signal� in the above definitions. During the scanning process we have arbitrarily set absolute black to correspond to digital value �30�. We estimate that there is a basic 2 Digital Number root mean square noise existing on the original digital image, plus a theoretical noise (known in the industry as �shot noise�) of the square root of the brightness value of any given pixel. In formula, we have:
We furthermore realize that the square root of the innate brightness value of a pixel is not precisely what the eye perceives as a minimum objectionable noise, thus we come up with the formula:
The next step in our process is to choose N of our N-bit identification word. We decide that a 16 bit main identification value with its 65536 possible values will be sufficiently large to identify the image as ours, and that we will be directly selling no more than 128 copies of the image which we wish to track, giving 7 bits plus an eighth bit for an odd/even adding of the first 7 bits (i.e. an error checking bit on the first seven). The total bits required now are at 4 bits for the 0101 calibration sequence, 16 for the main identification, 8 for the version, and we now throw in another 4 as a further error checking value on the first 28 bits, giving 32 bits as N. The final 4 bits can use one of many industry standard error checking methods to choose its four values. We now randomly determine the 16 bit main identification number, finding for example, 1101 0001 1001 1110; our first versions of the original sold will have all 0's as the version identifier, and the error checking bits will fall out where they may. We now have our unique 32 bit identification word which we will embed on the original digital image. To do this, we generate 32 independent random 4000 by 4000 encoding images for each bit of our 32 bit identification word. The manner of generating these random images is revealing. There are numerous ways to generate these. By far the simplest is to turn up the gain on the same scanner that was used to scan in the original photograph, only this time placing a pure black image as the input, then scanning this 32 times. The only drawback to this technique is that it does require a large amount of memory and that �fixed pattern� noise will be part of each independent �noise image.� But, the fixed pattern noise can be removed via normal �dark frame� subtraction techniques. Assume that we set the absolute black average value at digital number �100,� and that rather than finding a 2 DN rms noise as we did in the normal gain setting, we now find an rms noise of 10 DN about each and every pixel's mean value. We next apply a very mid-spatial-frequency bandpass filter (spatial convolution) to each and every independent random image, essentially removing the very high and the very low spatial frequencies from them. We remove the very low frequencies because simple real-world error sources like geometrical warping, splotches on scanners, mis-registrations, and the like will exhibit themselves most at lower frequencies also, and so we want to concentrate our identification signal at higher spatial frequencies in order to avoid these types of corruptions. Likewise, we remove the higher frequencies because multiple generation copies of a given image, as well as compression-decompression transformations, tend to wipe out higher frequencies anyway, so there is no point in placing too much identification signal into these frequencies if they will be the ones most prone to being attenuated. Therefore, our new filtered independent noise images will be dominated by mid-spatial frequencies. On a practical note, since we are using 12-bit values on our scanner and we have removed the DC value effectively and our new rms noise will be slightly less than 10 digital numbers, it is useful to boil this down to a 6-bit value ranging from −32 through 0 to 31 as the resultant random image. Next we add all of the random images together which have a �1� in their corresponding bit value of the 32-bit identification word, accumulating the result in a 16-bit signed integer image. This is the unattenuated and un-scaled version of the composite embedded signal. Next we experiment visually with adding the composite embedded signal to the original digital image, through varying the X and Y parameters of equation 2. In formula, we visually iterate to both maximize X and to find the appropriate Y in the following:
As an arbitrary assumption, now, we assume that our visual experimentation has found that the value of X=0.025 and Y=0.6 are acceptable values when comparing the original image with the candidate distributable image. This is to say, the distributable image with the �extra noise� is acceptably close to the original in an aesthetic sense. Note that since our individual random images had a random rms noise value around 10 DN, and that adding approximately 16 of these images together will increase the composite noise to around 40 DN, the X multiplication value of 0.025 will bring the added rms noise back to around 1 DN, or half the amplitude of our innate noise on the original. This is roughly a 1 dB gain in noise at the dark pixel values and correspondingly more at the brighter values modified by the Y value of 0.6. So with these two values of X and Y, we now have constructed our first versions of a distributable copy of the original. Other versions will merely create a new composite signal and possibly change the X slightly if deemed necessary. We now lock up the original digital image along with the 32-bit identification word for each version, and the 32 independent random 4-bit images, waiting for our first case of a suspected piracy of our original. Storage wise, this is about 14 Megabytes for the original image and 32*0.5 bytes*16 million=�256 Megabytes for the random individual encoded images. This is quite acceptable for a single valuable image. Some storage economy can be gained by simple lossless compression. Finding a Suspected Piracy of Our Image We sell our image and several months later find our two heads of state in the exact poses we sold them in, seemingly cut and lifted out of our image and placed into another stylized background scene. This new �suspect� image is being printed in 100,000 copies of a given magazine issue, let us say. We now go about determining if a portion of our original image has indeed been used in what is clearly an unauthorized manner. The first step is to take an issue of the magazine, cut out the page with the image on it, then carefully but not too carefully cut out the two figures from the background image using ordinary scissors. If possible, we will cut out only one connected piece rather than the two figures separately. We paste this onto a black background and scan this into a digital form. Next we electronically flag or mask out the black background, which is easy to do by visual inspection. We now procure the original digital image from our secured place along with the 32-bit identification word and the 32 individual embedded images. We place the original digital image onto our computer screen using standard image manipulation software, and we roughly cut along the same borders as our masked area of the suspect image, masking this image at the same time in roughly the same manner. The word �roughly� is used since an exact cutting is not needed, it merely aids the identification statistics to get it reasonably close. Next we rescale the masked suspect image to roughly match the size of our masked original digital image, that is, we digitally scale up or down the suspect image and roughly overlay it on the original image. Once we have performed this rough registration, we then throw the two images into an automated scaling and registration program. The program performs a search on the three parameters of x position, y position, and spatial scale, with the figure of merit being the mean squared error between the two images given any given scale variable and x and y offset. This is a fairly standard image processing methodology. Typically this would be done using generally smooth interpolation techniques and done to sub-pixel accuracy. The search method can be one of many, where the simplex method is a typical one. Once the optimal scaling and x-y position variables are found, next comes another search on optimizing the black level, brightness gain, and gamma of the two images. Again, the figure of merit to be used is mean squared error, and again the simplex or other search methodologies can be used to optimize the three variables. After these three variables are optimized, we apply their corrections to the suspect image and align it to exactly the pixel spacing and masking of the original digital image and its mask. We can now call this the standard mask. The next step is to subtract the original digital image from the newly normalized suspect image only within the standard mask region. This new image is called the difference image. Then we step through all 32 individual random embedded images, doing a local cross-correlation between the masked difference image and the masked individual embedded image. �Local� refers to the idea that one need only start correlating over an offset region of +/−1 pixels of offset between the nominal registration points of the two images found during the search procedures above. The peak correlation should be very close to the nominal registration point of 0,0 offset, and we can add the 3 by 3 correlation values together to give one grand correlation value for each of the 32 individual bits of our 32-bit identification word. After doing this for all 32 bit places and their corresponding random images, we have a quasi-floating point sequence of 32 values. The first four values represent our calibration signal of 0101. We now take the mean of the first and third floating point value and call this floating point value �0,� and we take the mean of the second and the fourth value and call this floating point value �1.� We then step through all remaining 28 bit values and assign either a �0� or a �1� based simply on which mean value they are closer to. Stated simply, if the suspect image is indeed a copy of our original, the embedded 32-bit resulting code should match that of our records, and if it is not a copy, we should get general randomness. The third and the fourth possibilities of 3) Is a copy but doesn't match identification number and 4) isn't a copy but does match are, in the case of 3), possible if the signal to noise ratio of the process has plummeted, i.e. the �suspect image� is truly a very poor copy of the original, and in the case of 4) is basically one chance in four billion since we were using a 32-bit identification number. If we are truly worried about 4), we can just have a second independent lab perform their own tests on a different issue of the same magazine. Finally, checking the error-check bits against what the values give is one final and possibly overkill check on the whole process. In situations where signal to noise is a possible problem, these error checking bits might be eliminated without too much harm. Assuming that a positive identification is made, we must now decide what to do about it. Benefits of the Eye-D Method Now that a full description of the preferred embodiment has been described via a detailed example, it is appropriate to point out the rationale of some of the process steps and their benefits. The ultimate benefits of the process are that obtaining an identification number is fully independent of the manners and methods of preparing the difference image. That is to say, the manners of preparing the difference image, such as cutting, registering, scaling, etcetera, cannot increase the odds of finding an identification number when none exists; it only helps the signal-to-noise ratio of the identification process when a true identification number is present. Methods of preparing images for identification can be different from each other even, providing the possibility for multiple independent methodologies for making a match. The ability to obtain a match even on sub-sets of the original signal or image is a key point in today's information-rich world. Cutting and pasting both images and sound clips is becoming more common, thus Eye-D provides a method whereby identification can still be performed even when original material has been thus corrupted. Finally, the signal to noise ratio of matching should begin to become difficult only when the copy material itself has been significantly altered either by noise or by significant distortion; both of these also will affect that copy's commercial value, so that trying to thwart the system can only be done at the expense of a huge decrease in commercial value. The fullest expression of the Eye-D system will come when it becomes an industry standard and numerous independent groups set up with their own means or �in-house� brand of applying embedded identification numbers and in their decipherment. Numerous independent group identification will further enhance the ultimate objectivity of the method, thereby enhancing its appeal as an industry standard. Use of True Polarity in Creating the Composite Embedded Code Signal The foregoing disclosure made use of the 0 and 1 formalism of binary technology to accomplish its ends. Specifically, the 0's and 1's of the N-bit identification word directly multiplied their corresponding individual embedded code signal to form the composite embedded code signal (step 8, It is preferred to maintain the formalism of the 0 and 1 nature of the N-bit identification word, but to have the 0's of the word induce a subtraction of their corresponding embedded code signal. Thus, in step 8 of At first glance this seems to add more apparent noise to the final composite signal. But it also increases the energy-wise separation of the 0's from the 1's, and thus the �gain� which is applied in step 10, We can refer to this improvement as the use of true polarity. The main advantage of this improvement can largely be summarized as �informational efficiency.� �Perceptual Orthogonality� of the Individual Embedded Code Signals The foregoing disclosure contemplates the use of generally random noise-like signals as the individual embedded code signals. This is perhaps the simplest form of signal to generate. However, there is a form of informational optimization which can be applied to the set of the individual embedded signals which the applicant describes under the rubric �perceptual orthogonality.� This term is loosely based on the mathematical concept of the orthogonality of vectors, with the current additional requirement that this orthogonality should maximize the signal energy of the identification information while maintaining it below some perceptibility threshold. Put another way, the embedded code signals need not necessarily be random in nature. Use and Improvements of the Invention in the Field of Emulsion-Based Photography The foregoing portions of this disclosure outlined techniques that are applicable to photographic materials. The following section explores the details of this area further and discloses certain improvements which lend themselves to a broad range of applications. The first area to be discussed involves the pre-application or pre-exposing of a serial number onto traditional photographic products, such as negative film, print paper, transparencies, etc. In general, this is a way to embed a priori unique serial numbers (and by implication, ownership and tracking information) into photographic material. The serial numbers themselves would be a permanent part of the normally exposed picture, as opposed to being relegated to the margins or stamped on the back of a printed photograph, which all require separate locations and separate methods of copying. The �serial number� as it is called here is generally synonymous with the N-bit identification word, only now we are using a more common industrial terminology. In Now in the case of selling print paper and other duplication film products, this will still be the case, i.e., an �original� without the embedded codes will indeed exist and the basic methodology of the invention can be employed. The original film serves perfectly well as an �unencoded original.� However, in the case where pre-exposed negative film is used, the composite embedded signal pre-exists on the original film and thus there will never be an �original� separate from the pre-embedded signal. It is this latter case, therefore, which will be examined a bit more closely along with various remedies on how to use the basic principles of the invention (the former cases adhering to the previously outlined methods). The clearest point of departure for the case of pre-numbered negative film, i.e. negative film which has had each and every frame pre-exposed with a very faint and unique composite embedded signal, comes at step 9 of Getting back to the applying the principles of the invention in the case of pre-exposed negative film. At step 9, A succinct definition of the problem is in order at this point. Given a suspect picture (signal), find the embedded identification code IF a code exists at al. The problem reduces to one of finding the amplitude of each and every individual embedded code signal within the suspect picture, not only within the context of noise and corruption as was previously explained, but now also within the context of the coupling between a captured image and the codes. �Coupling� here refers to the idea that the captured image �randomly biases� the cross-correlation. So, bearing in mind this additional item of signal coupling, the identification process now estimates the signal amplitude of each and every individual embedded code signal (as opposed to taking the cross-correlation result of step 12, It remains to provide a few more details on how the amplitudes of the individual embedded codes are found. Again, fortunately, this exact problem has been treated in other technological applications. Besides, throw this problem and a little food into a crowded room of mathematicians and statisticians and surely a half dozen optimized methodologies will pop out after some reasonable period of time. It is a rather cleanly defined problem. One specific example solution which is also the current preferred embodiment comes from the field of astronomical imaging. Here, it is a mature prior art to subtract out a �thermal noise frame� from a given CCD image of an object. Often, however, it is not precisely known what scaling factor to use in subtracting the thermal frame and a search for the correct scaling factor is performed. This is precisely the task of this step of the present invention. General practice merely performs a common search algorithm on the scaling factor, where a scaling factor is chosen and a new image is created according to:
The new image is applied to the fast fourier transform routine and a scale factor is eventually found which minimizes the integrated high frequency content of the new image. This general type of search operation with its minimization of a particular quantity is exceedingly common. The scale factor thus found is the �amplitude� being sought within the steps of the present invention. Refinements which are contemplated but not yet implemented are where the coupling of the higher derivatives of the acquired image and the embedded codes are estimated and removed from the calculated scale factor. In other words, certain bias effects from the coupling mentioned earlier are present and should be eventually accounted for and removed both through theoretical and empirical experimentation. Use and Improvements of the Invention in the Detection of Signal or Image Alteration Apart from the basic need of identifying a signal or image as a whole, there is also a rather ubiquitous need to detect possible alterations to a signal or image. The following section describes how the present invention, with certain modifications and improvements, can be used as a powerful tool in this area. The potential scenarios and applications of detecting alterations are innumerable. To first summarize, assume that we have a given signal or image which has been positively identified using the basic methods outlined in the foregoing disclosure. In other words, we know its N-bit identification word, its individual embedded code signals, and its composite embedded code. We can then fairly simply create a spatial map of the composite code's amplitude within our given signal or image. Furthermore, we can divide this amplitude map by the known composite code's spatial amplitude, giving a normalized map, i.e. a map which should fluctuate about some global mean value. By simple examination of this map, we can visually detect any areas which have been significantly altered wherein the value of the normalized amplitude dips below some statistically set threshold based purely on typical noise and corruption (error). The details of implementing the creation of the amplitude map have a variety of choices. The preferred embodiment at this time is to perform the same procedure which is used to determine the signal amplitude as described above, only now we step and repeat the multiplication of any given area of the signal/image with a gaussian weight function centered about the area we are investigating. Universal Versus Custom Codes The disclosure thus far has outline how each and every source signal has its own unique set of individual embedded code signals. This clearly entails the storage of a significant amount of additional code information above and beyond the original, and many applications may merit some form of economizing. One such approach to economizing is to have a given set of individual embedded code signals be common to a batch of source materials. For example, one thousand images can all utilize the same basic set of individual embedded code signals. The storage requirements of these codes then become a small fraction of the overall storage requirements of the source material. Furthermore, some applications can utilize a universal set of individual embedded code signals, i.e., codes which remain the same for all instances of distributed material. This type of requirement would be seen by systems which wish to hide the N-bit identification word itself, yet have standardized equipment be able to read that word. This can be used in systems which make go/no go decisions at point-of-read locations. The potential drawback to this set-up is that the universal codes are more prone to be sleuthed or stolen; therefore they will not be as secure as the apparatus and methodology of the previously disclosed arrangement. Perhaps this is just the difference between �high security� and �air-tight security,� a distinction carrying little weight with the bulk of potential applications. Use of the Invention in Printing, Paper, Documents, Plastic Coated Identification Cards, and Other Material where Global Embedded Codes can be Imprinted The term �signal� in the title of the disclosure is often used narrowly to refer to digital data information, audio signals, images, etc. A broader interpretation of �signal,� and the one more generally intended, includes any form of modulation of any material whatsoever. Thus, the micro-topology of a piece of common paper becomes a �signal� (e.g. it height as a function of x-y coordinates). The reflective properties of a flat piece of plastic (as a function of space also) becomes a signal. The point is that photographic emulsions, audio signals, and digitized information are not the only types of signals capable of utilizing the principles of the invention. As a case in point, a machine very much resembling a braille printing machine can be designed so as to imprint unique �noise-like� indentations as outlined in the disclosure. These indentations can be applied with a pressure which is much smaller than is typically applied in creating braille, to the point where the patterns are not noticed by a normal user of the paper. But by following the steps of the present disclosure and applying them via the mechanism of micro-indentations, a unique identification code can be placed onto any given sheet of paper, be it intended for everyday stationary purposes, or be it for important documents, legal tender, or other secured material. The reading of the identification material in such an embodiment generally proceeds by merely reading the document optically at a variety of angles. This would become an inexpensive method for deducing the micro-topology of the paper surface. Certainly other forms of reading the topology of the paper are possible as well. In the case of plastic encased material such as identification cards, e.g. driver's licenses, a similar braille-like impressions machine can be utilized to imprint unique identification codes. Subtle layers of photoreactive materials can also be embedded inside the plastic and �exposed.� It is clear that wherever a material exists which is capable of being modulated by �noise-like� signals, that material is an appropriate carrier for unique identification codes and utilization of the principles of the invention. The trick becomes one of economically applying the identification information and maintaining the signal level below an acceptability threshold which each and every application will define for itself. Appendix A Description Appendix A on microfiche in U.S. Pat. No. 6,542,620, which is incorporated by reference, contains the source code of an implementation and verification of the Eye D system on an 8 bit black and white imaging system. Conclusion Having described and illustrated the principles of my invention with reference to an illustrative embodiment and several variations thereof, it should be apparent that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. Accordingly, I claim as my invention all such embodiments as come within the scope and spirit of the following claims and equivalents thereto. Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Classifications Legal Events
Rotate |


text:
Canadian oil sands currently account for more than 1 million barrels/day of U.S. oil imports. The U.S. is stalling refinery and pipeline projects needed to further develop these reserves--the Keystone XL pipeline is one example. The 1,661-mile Keystone XL pipeline would deliver Canadian crude oil to Gulf of Mexico refineries, supporting jobs across America and generating $775 billion in GDP for America.
We're sorry but the page or file you requested may not exist or may have moved.


text:
The original deal pioneer keeps on pinching pennies and cracking wise. No, that price isn't a typo.
Go to Woot
Candlepower and puppet shows are so passé. Get the newest TVs, speakers, home theater gear, and more.
Go to Electronics.Woot
The robots are coming! And so are the laptops, the tablets, the chargers, and all sorts of other gadgets!
Go to Computers.Woot
High living at low prices with name-brand deals for your pad, crib, nest, or castle - inside and out.
Go to Home.Woot
Make it, build it, improve it. But whatever home project you've got in mind, start by saving money on it.
Go to Tools & Garden
Sports, fitness, and outdoors deals, because saving money is only one of your passions.
Go to Sport.Woot
You don't have to spend a lot to look like you do. Werk it and twerk it with amazing deals on designer watches, handbags and more.
Go to Accessories & Watches
Deals for moms and dads and anybody else who needs kids' stuff, from toys to baby gear to furniture to clothing.
Go to Kids.Woot
Our exclusive graphic tees will make you laugh, will make you cry, will make you look totally hot.
Go to Shirt.Woot
Direct from the winery to your thirsty lips: wine deals worth doing a spit-take over.
Go to Wine.Woot
Last chance deals for hardcore cheapskates. Catch 'em before they - you guessed it - sell out.
Go to Sellout.Woot
459,278 deals (and counting) from around the web, shared and ranked by a community of deal fiends like you. Go to Deals.Woot.
animals with power tool limbs and/or appendages
imprisoned jessica alba
sentient raw meat
Spare Change Sunday eta: Feral Marmosets
ann curry
PemberDucky wrote:astounded Tim Curry
I think we have meme...
hostile banana slug
bluejester wrote:I think we have meme...
holy hotpants...somebody get the "Know Your Meme" ppl in hurr!
PemberDucky wrote:advice from a head of cabbage
That's 2 for you, madam.
j5 wrote:That's 2 for you, madam.
yep. this can stay.
photobombing. with ham. hambombing?
bluejester wrote:I thought Wednesday/Wangsday was the next big meme...
I'm sorry. Some great ideas in here, but this is still my personal favorite.
thunderwang wrote:I'm sorry. Some great ideas in here, but this is still my personal favorite.
you don't get a vote.
stir the pudding.
PemberDucky wrote:stir the pudding.
Bacon Fountain.
peyton manninging
bluejester wrote:Bacon Fountain.
Makes me thirsty just thinking about it.
View All →


text:
Get an alert for markdowns and new arrivals of Ocean Minded!
In addition to making fine footwear for the beach-going individual, Ocean Minded has successfully endeavored to protect beaches for the past eleven years.
As ocean enthusiasts, their goal is to give back to Mother Nature by educating beach goers on the importance of leaving beaches cleaner than they found them.
Taking an active role in protecting the oceans and beaches has also helped to fuel their passion for business. Using natural and recycled products, Ocean Minded has been able to create some of the most comfortable sandals on the market.


text:
Porsamo Bleu
Unisex SoHo Rose Gold & Black Watch
- Color:
- black
Please select an available size.
Please select a size.
- Round rose tone ionic plated stainless steel case with white dial and chronograph subdial at 6 o'clock
- Black leather strap with double deployment buckle closure
- Swiss quartz movement
- Water resistance tested at 100M
- Case measures 42mm (1.65 inches) wide
- Strap measures 22mm (0.87 inches) wide
- 2 year limited manufacturer warranty
- Note: IP or ionic plating is a plating process that is primarily used for wear resistance and corrosion protection
Material: Rose tone ionic plated stainless steel and leather
Brand: Porsamo Bleu
Origin: Imported


text:
Nagasumi's in hot water after a beautiful, young mermaid named Sun saves him from drowning. The deep-sea sweetheart's dad is a merman Yakuza prone to executing anyone who learns his family's scaly secret! Luckily, there's a catch - if Nagasumi agrees to marry Sun, he just might avoid sleeping with the fishes!
Of course, the honeymoon ends before it even begins when Nagasumi finds his life flooded with gilled gangsters looking out for their boss's little girl. The kid's definitely in over his head, but there's no denying the mermaid's allure - Nagasumi's hooked and Sun's ready to come ashore!
Contains episodes 1-13.
Special Features: Textless Songs, Trailers.
Spoken Languages: English, Japanese, English subtitles.
This item has customer reviews! See what other people think.
Submit your own review of this item.
People Ordering This Have Also Been Interested In:
See more products people have ordered with this one.
Do you have questions about this item or a correction to the description? Send us some feedback!


text:
What is Distance Education? Online Orientation for NUTR-D010.-64Z with Barbara Liechty
Distance learning courses at De Anza College are regular college credit courses which allow students to complete most or all of their course work on their own time, at home or at another convenient location. The courses are academically equivalent to on-campus courses and are taught by De Anza instructors.
Distance learning courses are similar to traditional classroom courses in content, assignments, exams and grading. Courses are not self-paced. Students are expected to meet deadlines stated in the Schedule of Classes and established by instructors. De Anza distance learning courses use a variety of media such as online resources and video. Check the course schedule and the Distance Learning web site for additional information. The syllabus (or Green Sheet) for each class is available from the De Anza Distance Learning web site. |