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Bellatrix Lestrange (née Black) | |
Biographical information | |
Born | |
Died |
2 May, 1998 (aged 47) |
Blood status | |
Marital status |
Married |
Also known as |
Bella |
Physical information | |
Species | |
Gender |
Female |
Hair colour |
Dark |
Eye colour |
Dark |
Skin colour |
Pale |
Family information | |
Family members |
Magical characteristics | |
Wand | |
Patronus |
None[1] |
Affiliation | |
House | |
Loyalty |
- "Potter, you cannot win against me! I was and am the Dark Lord's most loyal servant. I learned the Dark Arts from him, and I know spells of such power that you, pathetic little boy, can never hope to compete!"
- —Bellatrix to Harry Potter during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries.[src]
Bellatrix Lestrange (née Black) (1951—2 May, 1998) was a pure-blood witch, the daughter of Cygnus and Druella Black and elder sister of Andromeda Tonks and Narcissa Malfoy. She started her education at Hogwarts in 1962 and was Sorted into Slytherin house. After graduating from Hogwarts, she became a Death Eater, fanatically loyal to Lord Voldemort. She was one of the few known females in the group, as well as among the most dangerous and sadistic of Voldemort's followers. While Bellatrix and Narcissa married pure-blood wizards, Andromeda married Ted Tonks and was disowned by the family. At the end of the First Wizarding War, Bellatrix, her husband, Rodolphus Lestrange, his brother Rabastan, and Barty Crouch Jr. took part in the torture of Aurors Frank and Alice Longbottom to the point of insanity, while searching for information on Lord Voldemort after his first downfall.
They were caught, and sentenced to life imprisonment in Azkaban for torturing the two Aurors, but escaped in the 1996 mass break-out, along with nine other Death Eaters. She participated in several battles of the Second Wizarding War, making it a particular goal to kill any relatives who were members of the Order of the Phoenix, including her cousin Sirius Black and niece Nymphadora Tonks. She also killed the Malfoy family's former house-elf, Dobby, who had become a firm ally of Harry Potter, with her knife. During the battle that ended the war, she was the last Death Eater standing, apart from Voldemort, but was eventually killed in a duel by Molly Weasley.
Early life
Bellatrix was born in 1951 to Cygnus and Druella Black, who raised her to be proud of her pure-blood heritage. She was the elder sister of Andromeda and Narcissa[2], though Bellatrix cut off contact with Andromeda when she married Muggle-born wizard Ted Tonks and was disowned from the House of Black, as she told Voldemort in 1997 that neither she or Narcissa had "set eyes on Andromeda since she married the Mudblood Tonks"[3]. Bellatrix also held her cousin Sirius Black in contempt for being a "blood traitor" for his different opinions on muggles and muggle-borns.
Bellatrix came from the Pure-Blood Black family, and as such she was given a rich lifestyle. Bellatrix attended Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and was sorted into Slytherin House. She eventually married Rodolphus Lestrange — a fellow pure-blood and Slytherin, as was expected of her — and when Voldemort first rose to power, she and her husband joined the Death Eaters. Unlike Narcissa, Bellatrix displayed no affection for Rodolphus whatsoever, never even mentioning him in conversations. Her true love was Voldemort[1], who gave her some training in the Dark Arts, which contributed to her incredible talent as an extreme duellist.
First Wizarding War and imprisonment
- "The Dark Lord will rise again, Crouch! Throw us into Azkaban; we will wait! He will rise again and will come for us, he will reward us beyond any of his other supporters! We alone were faithful! We alone tried to find him!"
- —Bellatrix at her trial.[src]
When the First Wizarding War broke out, Bellatrix and her husband Rodolphus both fought for Voldemort's Death Eaters, and remained loyal to Voldemort throughout the wizarding war and even after he was defeated by Harry Potter.
After the Dark Lord's fall on 31 October, 1981, Bellatrix and a group of Voldemort's followers, including Rodolphus, her brother-in law Rabastan, and Barty Crouch Jr., kidnapped Aurors and Order of the Phoenix members Alice and Frank Longbottom, just new parents to Neville Longbottom. Bellatrix and her partners used the Cruciatus Curse to torture Alice and Frank into insanity, a crime for which they were tried before the Council of Magical Law, and sentenced to life imprisonment in Azkaban. As a result of the torture, Alice and Frank spent the rest of their lives at St Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries, and were unaware that they had given birth to Neville together.
Unlike many other Death Eaters, Bellatrix did not lie about her loyalty — she proudly claimed that she was loyal to Voldemort and that she would wait for Voldemort's return.[4] Indeed, Bellatrix was so proud of her loyalty to Voldemort that, during her trial before the Council of Magical Law, she was said to have sat upon the chair she was chained to as if it were a throne. She would later describe herself as the Dark Lord's most loyal follower and even Lord Voldemort, whom Bellatrix admired the most, gained a considerable amount of respect for her.
Harry Potter later witnessed Bellatrix's trial in 1995 in a memory of Professor Dumbledore.[5]
Second Wizarding War
Escape from Azkaban
- "We have confirmed that ten high-security prisoners, in the early hours of yesterday evening, did escape. And of course, the Muggle Prime Minister has been alerted to the danger. We strongly suspect that the breakout was engineered by a man with personal experience in escaping from Azkaban; notorious mass murderer Sirius Black, cousin of escapee Bellatrix Lestrange."
- —Cornelius Fudge interview to the Daily Prophet regarding the 1996 Azkaban mass breakout[src]
When Voldemort returned to power in 1995, he said that Bellatrix, Rodolphus and Rabastan were faithful members of his inner circle.
In January of 1996, Bellatrix was one of the many Death Eaters who escaped from Azkaban and rejoined Voldemort when the Dementors joined the Dark Lord. As a result, Bellatrix became a wanted witch and lived in hiding to avoid being captured by the Ministry.[5]
Battle of the Department of Mysteries
- "You dare speak his name? YOU FILTHY HALF-BLOOD! —"
- —Bellatrix to Harry Potter when he uses Voldemort's name.[src]
Later that very same year, Bellatrix participated in the Battle of the Department of Mysteries in a plot to steal a prophecy regarding Harry Potter defeating the Dark Lord.Bellatrix was second-in command with the leader being her brother-in law Lucius Malfoy. Bellatrix was enraged when Harry mentioned Voldemort's real name and said Voldemort was really a Half-Blood. In payback to try get the students to hand over the prophecy, Bellatrix briefly tortured Neville Longbottom. When she continued to torture him, Bellatrix hoped that Neville would end up in St. Mungos just like his insane parents."
When the Order of the Phoenix members arrived, Bellatrix duelled and defeated her niece, Nymphadora Tonks. She began fighting her cousin,Sirius Black. Sirius taunted her about the wicked Black Family and their pure-blood beliefs. Bellatrix then struck Sirius with an unamed curse that sent him through the veil guarding the Death Chamber. After Sirius's death, Bellatrix defeated Kingsley Shacklebolt before going on the run. Later, Harry started to chase her in revenge for killing Sirius. He attempted the Cruciatus Curse on Bellatrix, but only knocked her over and caused her a few seconds of pain. Bellatrix taunted Harry because he could not use an unforgivable curse.
- "Never used an Unforgivable Curse before, have you, boy? You need to mean them, Potter. You need to really want to cause pain — to enjoy it — righteous anger won't hurt me for long — I'll show you how it is done, shall I? I'll give you a lesson — Crucio!"
- —Bellatrix to Harry Potter.[src]
Voldemort arrived at the Ministry shortly after Harry attempted to torture Bellatrix into insanity. Bellatrix pleaded to Voldemort not to be punished, but Voldemort ignored her. As Voldemort was about to cast the Killing Curse on Harry, Albus Dumbledore arrived. Before duelling Voldemort, Dumbledore summoned Cornelius Fudge and some Aurors to the Department. After the duel, Fudge and the Aurors Arrived. After Voldemort and Bellatrix disapparated from the Ministry, the Aurors rounded up the remaining Death Eaters and threw them in Azkaban. Narcissa was angered that Bellatrix did not let Lucius escape from the Ministry and how he was sentenced to life imprisonment.Bellatrix simply said it was Lucius's fault for not Disapparating
Plot against Albus Dumbledore
- "...I don't trust you, Snape, as you very well know!... Where were you when the Dark Lord fell? Why did you never make any attempt to find him when he vanished? What have you been doing all these years that you've lived in Dumbledore's pocket? Why did you not return at once when the Dark Lord was reborn? Where were you a few weeks ago when we battled to retrieve the prophecy for the Dark Lord? And why, Snape, is Harry Potter still alive, when you have had him at your mercy for the last five years?"
- —Bellatrix questions Severus Snape.[src]
In July of 1996, Bellatrix reluctantly accompanied her sister, Narcissa Malfoy, to the house of Severus Snape at Spinner's End. Once there, Bellatrix interrogated Snape and voiced her distrust of him. Snape's calm, reasonable, and logical answers to her aggressive questioning rendered her dissatisfied, but temporarily without retort. Narcissa, however, proceeded to beg Snape to look after her son Draco's welfare while he attended Hogwarts and tried to fulfill Voldemort's orders to kill Albus Dumbledore. Snape shocked Bellatrix by asking her to bind him and Narcissa with an Unbreakable Vow to assist Draco. Bellatrix also assisted her nephew in his task by teaching him Occlumency, a tool he used against Snape in order to conceal the details of his mission. Bellatrix showed her obsessive loyalty to her master's cause in telling her sister that she should be proud, instead of worried, that her son was not "shrinking away from his duty." Bellatrix went on to say that if she had sons, she would have gladly handed them over to Voldemort's service.
- Bellatrix: "My Lord, it is an honour to have you here, in our family's house. There can be no higher pleasure."
- Lord Voldemort: "No higher pleasure... That means a great deal, Bellatrix, from you."
- Bellatrix: "My Lord knows I speak nothing but the truth!"
- — Bellatrix's delight at Voldemort staying at Malfoy Manor.[src]
By the next year, Bellatrix was living with Narcissa at Malfoy Manor. She was the only resident of the manor who was actually pleased beyond measure that Voldemort was staying there. Despite her unwavering loyalty, Voldemort humiliated and jeered at Bellatrix and the Malfoys by bringing up their relative Nymphadora Tonks' marriage to werewolf Remus Lupin, Bellatrix eagerly told her master that she would "prune her family tree".
When the Death Eaters subsequently attacked the Order of the Phoenix while they were moving Harry Potter out his relatives' home, Bellatrix and her husband targeted Tonks in particular. Rodolphus was injured in the pursuit, and Tonks escaped. Soon afterwards, a copy of Godric Gryffindor's Sword was secured in Bellatrix's family vault at Gringotts Wizarding Bank on Voldemort's orders, Voldemort and Bellatrix both unaware, at the time, that it was merely a copy.
Skirmish at Malfoy Manor
In 1998, when Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger were captured by Snatchers and brought to the Manor with the real sword, Bellatrix panicked. This led to Harry thinking that there could be something else of Voldemort's in her vault — his Horcrux, Helga Hufflepuff's Cup, seeming most likely. Bellatrix Stunned all the Snatchers, intending to kill them later, as Draco was unwilling to himself.
Bellatrix then interrogated Hermione and tortured her with her knife, slitting her arm while carving "mudblood" into it and torturing her by making the cut grow bigger every second, but Hermione managed to lie under unbearable pain, claiming the real sword was only a copy, even if it meant torture.[3]She thought that maybe Harry and his friends got the Horcrux from her vault, so she told Peter Pettigrew to get Griphook from the cellar to tell her if the sword was fake or not. Griphook managed to tell a lie, obeying Harry's request to him and keeping their secret safe.
- "You're lying, you filthy Mudblood, and I know it! You have been inside my vault at Gringotts! Tell the truth, tell the truth! What else did you take? What else have you got? Tell me the truth or, I swear, I shall run you through with this knife! What else did you take, what else? ANSWER ME! CRUCIO!"
- —Overheard parts of Bellatrix's interrogation of Hermione Granger.[src]
Bellatrix also threatened Hermione with a knife, after Harry and Ron escaped from the cellar with the assistance of Dobby and Ron disarmed her. While holding the knife to an unconscious Hermione's throat, Bellatrix demanded that the prisoners drop their wands, and then pressed her Dark Mark, calling Voldemort. However, Dobby Apparated and created a diversion from Harry surrendering of nearly dead Hermione, and caused the chandelier to fall from above Bellatrix's head, making her release Hermione and jump out of the way. She lashed out at the house-elf in complete disbelief of his rebellious action to his "former masters". Dobby claimed he was a "free elf" and disapparated. As the house-elf disapparated with Harry, Bellatrix threw the knife at Dobby, and the apperation sucked up the knife with it, wounding Dobby in his chest, who died. She and her relatives were severely punished by Voldemort for allowing Harry to escape. Bellatrix also lost her wand in the skirmish.
After the incident at Malfoy Manor, Hermione used the hair of Bellatrix that had fallen on her while Bellatrix was torturing her, to change herself into Bellatrix, therefore letting her sneak into Gringotts (Diagon Alley was infested with Death Eaters.).
Battle of Hogwarts and death
During the Battle of Hogwarts in 1998, Bellatrix finally succeeded in killing Nymphadora Tonks, her estranged sister's daughter, [1]. When Voldemort called a temporary retreat, waiting for Harry Potter to turn himself in, Bellatrix waited by his side; she offered him help when he was dazed after using the Killing Curse on Harry, but was coldly rebuffed. Bellatrix eagerly asked Voldemort if she may check Harry for life, but was refused and instead, he sent her younger sister to confirm his death. When Narcissa had lied and told Voldemort that Harry was dead, Bellatrix and the other Death Eaters (and supporters) followed Voldemort to Hogwarts to announce Harry's "death".
- Bellatrix: "What will happen to your children when I've killed you? When Mummy's gone the same way as Freddie?"
- Molly: "You — will — never — touch — our — children — again!"
- — Bellatrix duels Molly Weasley.[src]
When the battle resumed, Bellatrix fought Hermione Granger, Ginny Weasley and Luna Lovegood all at once, just as her master fought three by himself. It was said that despite all three young witches being skilled, combined they did not equal Bellatrix's magical abilities. She shot a Killing Curse at Ginny, which missed by less than an inch; this enraged Ginny's mother, Molly Weasley, who prompty threw off her cloak and engaged in her own duel with the Death Eater. Bellatrix did not take Molly seriously in the least, initially taunting her over the death of her son, Fred.
The duel continued, however, and the ground beneath the two witches was said to become hot and cracked as their battle progressed. While Bellatrix laughed at her opponent, Molly managed to strike her in the chest with a curse which proved fatal. As her body toppled to the ground, an outraged Voldemort turned on Molly. This prompted Harry, who had watched the battle unfold beneath his Invisibility Cloak, to reveal himself, and the final showdown between him and Voldemort ensued. Bellatrix did not live to see her beloved master's final defeat moments later.[3]
Physical appearance
- "…a woman with thick, shining dark hair, long eyelashes and heavily hooded eyes… was sitting in the chained chair as though it were a throne…"
- —Description of Bellatrix at her trial[src]
Bellatrix was described as a tall woman with long, thick shiny dark hair, thin lips, heavily-lidded eyes with long eyelashes, and a strong jaw. She had the classic 'great good looks' and arrogant bearing common for members of the House of Black, but like her cousin Sirius, time in Azkaban took a toll on her appearance. After her lengthy imprisonment, she was described as having a gaunt and skull-like face, but managed to retain some vestige of her great beauty.[5] Bellatrix was noted to physically resemble her sister Andromeda[3], as Harry mistook Andromeda for Bellatrix on one occasion. Also, Harry noted that as much as Narcissa is fair as Bellatrix is dark, the two sisters still resembled each other.[6]
Personality and traits
- "...she definitely has a personality disorder."
- —Helena Bonham Carter discusses the character.
Bellatrix was slavishly devoted to Lord Voldemort, believing that she proved her loyalty by her time in Azkaban, which seems to have furthered her mental decline. She was Voldemort's most trusted and loyal follower, as well as one of his cruelest Death Eaters, always eager to inflict the Cruciatus Curse on enemies and her family members; Harry Potter noted that Bellatrix was as "mad as her master." [5]
Bellatrix was extremely narcissistic and imperiously arrogant. She was obsessed with blood purity and took immense pride in the aristocracy and pure blood of her family. Like all the rest of Lord Voldemort's followers, she was vehemently against all "blood traitors," half-bloods, Muggle-borns, and Muggles, but was not above killing members of her own family who displeased her.
Bellatrix was a natural leader and took charge in tricky situations, such as during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries and the Skirmish at Malfoy Manor. Another mark of her decisiveness and ruthlessness, Bellatrix took no unnecessary prisoners, preferring to kill them instead, as she planned to do with a group of Snatchers who attempted to defy her in Malfoy Manor in 1998.[3]
Despite her cruel personality, Bellatrix was not incapable of showing affection for others and appeared to care about her younger sister Narcissa, following her to Severus Snape's house, when Narcissa went to beg Snape to help her son. She also seemed to show affection for her nephew, Draco Malfoy, even teaching him some rare magical abilities, despite regarding him with disdain when he didn't show enough psychopathy when she tried to make him kill or torture. She also beleived that she was in love with her master, Lord Voldemort, though what she really had was a high level of obsession and he did not return her feelings because he was incapable of love.
Magical abilities and skills
- "She was a witch, as Harry knew, with prodigious skill and no conscience."
- —Harry Potter on Bellatrix.[src]
Bellatrix Lestrange was an extremely powerful and dangerous witch. She was a master of the Dark Arts, an incredibly skilled duellist, and an Occlumens. Her prodigious skill was proven by her many victories over other talented wizards and witches, including several Aurors.
- Dark Arts: Bellatrix claimed to have been trained in the Dark Arts by Voldemort himself, and displayed particular proficiency with the Cruciatus Curse. She boasted to have knowledge of Dark spells that few could comprehend the power of[5]; a claim supported by her status as Voldemort's "best lieutenant". Like her master, Bellatrix was capable of casting the Killing Curse with no regard for the life she wished to extinguish. Though, unlike the Dark Lord, she usually preferred to torture her victims rather than killing them straight away, doing so with such skill her victims can pass out, like Hermione Granger, or even go to the point of insanity like Frank and Alice Longbottom.[6][3] Like many Death Eaters, she could summon the Dark Mark. However, she could not perform a patronus charm, as she lacked the ability to think of a happy enough of a thought.
- Non-verbal magic: Bellatrix also seemed highly adept at using nonverbal spells. She killed a fox with a flash of green light on her way to Spinner's End, in 1996, which was highly likely to have been a nonverbal Killing Curse and ferociously duelled Molly Weasley with such intensity that the floor around her became "hot and cracked" without mentioning a single incantation. She also fired a curse at Harry, non-verbally, which caused a tank of brains to lift and tip itself onto him whilst he chased her in the Thought Chamber and furthermore fired several destructive curses at him without speaking in the Atrium at the Ministry of Magic, some of which were possibly Cruciatus curses. She also decimated the Great Hall non-verbally, and used an unknown spell to bring Greyback to his knees at Malfoy Manor.
- Duelling: Bellatrix Lestrange was an incredibly talented duellist, and defeated and seriously injured Nymphadora Tonks and Kingsley Shacklebolt in duels during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries, as well as her cousin Sirius and was the only Death Eater to deflect a spell from Albus Dumbledore himself, allowing her to escape the renowned wizard.[5] She also quickly and single-handedly defeated four Snatchers at Malfoy Manor and all four were described to be "no match". She later killed her niece in battle. Just before her death, Bellatrix duelled Hermione Granger, Luna Lovegood, and Ginny Weasley all at once, and was described as being equal in skill to all three of the powerful, if inexperienced, witches. Her death at the hands of Molly Weasley was due to her vastly underestimating the witch, who was fuelled by grief over the murder of her son.[3] In addition, despite her years of captivity within Azkaban, Bellatrix displayed incredible reflexes that outmatched the much younger and physically fit Harry Potter; she was able to conjure a Shield Charm and deflect his own spell back at him the moment he cast it.[5] She was also physically fit enough to throw a knife with lethal accuracy across a room to strike her target. During the Battle of Hogwarts, Bellatrix was the last Death Eater standing, apart from Lord Voldemort, and it should be noted that she was wielding a wand which she had most likely not won the allegiance of, which is further evidence of her exceptional duelling skills.
- Occlumency: Bellatrix trained her nephew Draco Malfoy in Occlumency as part of his mission to kill Albus Dumbledore. This training was effective enough that Draco was able to block out Severus Snape. It is also possible that she could perform Legilimency as she may have penetrated Draco's mind to train him to block his thoughts[6]
- Flying: Bellatrix participated in the Battle of the Seven Potters, duelling her niece while flying. Her proficiency in this battle demonstrates her abilities as a flyer.
- Unbreakable Vow: Bellatrix could cast a bonding spell to help make an Unbreakable Vow for Draco Malfoy and forced Severus Snape to kill Albus Dumbledore and protect Draco when he failed to do so.
- Teaching skills: Bellatrix was able to teach her nephew Draco Malfoy Occlumency, the unforgivable curses, as well as several non-verbal spells before the school year started. Occlumency was something Severus Snape completely failed to teach Harry Potter (though admittedly, Harry was very poor at the technique and Snape did not seem to be actually attempting to teach it to Harry). Harry Potter also acknowledged that his success on the Cruciatus Curse was from Bellatrix's taunting
- Charms: Bellatrix was good at charms as she was the only Death Eater besides Voldemort to block an attack from Dumbledore.
- Voldemort: "I'm talking about your niece, Bellatrix. And yours, Lucius and Narcissa. She just married the werewolf, Remus Lupin. You must be so proud."
- Bellatrix: "She is no niece of ours, my Lord. We -- Narcissa and I -- have never set eyes on our sister since she married the Mudblood. This brat has nothing to do with either of us, nor any beast she marries."
- Voldemort: "What say you, Draco? Will you babysit the cubs? [...] Many of our oldest family trees become a little diseased over time. You must prune yours, must you not, to keep it healthy? Cut away those parts that threaten the health of the rest."
- Bellatrix: "Yes my Lord. At the first chance!"
- Voldemort: "You shall have it. And in your family, so in the world...we shall cut away the canker that infects us until only those of the true blood remain..."
- — Voldemort discussing blood purity with the Death Eaters[src]
- Bellatrix: "We were told not to speak of the plan to anyone, this is a betrayal of the Dark Lord's —"
- Narcissa: "Let go, Bella!"
- Bellatrix: "Cissy, your own sister? You wouldn't —"
- Narcissa: "There's nothing I wouldn't do any more!"
- — Bellatrix and Narcissa disagreeing with each other at Spinner's End[src]
After Snape agreed to make the Unbreakable Vow, Bellatrix acted as Bonder, ensuring that Snape would fulfil his promises to Narcissa. Narcissa and Bellatrix occasionally clashed over the former's protectiveness towards her son; Bellatrix argued that Narcissa should be proud that her son was a Death Eater, while Narcissa consistently demonstrated that the safety of her son and husband were her first priorities. Still, the two seemed close, and, at some point, Bellatrix trained Draco in Occlumency to aid him in his mission.[6]
On the other hand, Bellatrix hated her "blood traitor" relatives. After her sister Andromeda married a muggle-born and was disowned, Bellatrix never saw her again[3]. She shared a mutual loathing with her "dear cousin" Sirius Black, and the two taunted each other as they duelled during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries. After killing Sirius, Bellatrix jeered at Harry about the death of his godfather on multiple occasions.[5]
Bellatrix also eagerly attacked her niece, Nymphadora Tonks, on at least three occasions — this was likely for a combination of reasons, including Tonks' being a half-blood, an Auror, and member of the Order of the Phoenix, the fact that she had married a werewolf and Voldemort's comments to her about "pruning her family tree". Bellatrix eventually killed Tonks during the Battle of Hogwarts in 1998.
- "Come out, come out, little Harry! What did you come after me for, then? I thought you were here to avenge my dear cousin!...Did you love him, little baby Potter?"
- —Bellatrix taunts Harry about killing Sirius.[src]
Her relationship with Draco seemed to have some affection; though she seemed to disapprove of his inability to kill and dislike for torture. She taught him Occlumency and possibly non-verbal spells. His blood relationship with her is probably the only reason he is still alive; due to his father's failure and his failure of his 1996-1997 task. Seeing Lucius's extreme failure and the confiscation of his wand, Bellatrix saw her brother-in-law with disdain and contempt, showing him little to no respect during their argument of summoning Voldemort for capturing Harry.
Rodolphus Lestrange
In marrying Rodolphus Lestrange, Bellatrix made a "respectable pure-blood marriage"[5], as was expected of her. There is no indication that her relationship with her husband went beyond this, as Bellatrix loved Voldemort and never expressed any affection or concern for her husband. They were both Death Eaters and seemed to work together in this role, as Rodolphus tortured Alice and Frank Longbottom with his wife, as well as his brother and Barty Crouch Jr. in 1981[4], and was paired with Bellatrix during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries[5]. He was also by her side during the Battle of the Seven Potters, as Nymphadora Tonks mentioned cursing him and being pursued by Bellatrix[3]. Sirius Black described them as part of the same "gang of Slytherins" at Hogwarts, which also included Lucius Malfoy, Evan Rosier and Severus Snape[5].Quite the opposite of her sister, Narcissa, Bellatrix showed virtually no affection towards or otherwise acknowledged her husband, and Rodolphus's feelings for his wife are unknown. Other than marrying for the purpose of entering a "pure-blood marriage," it is likely that Bellatrix and Rodolphus did not love, or were not particularly attracted to each other. Bellatrix felt that Narcissa ought be proud that Draco was called into service as a Death Eater; she once told her sister that if she had sons, she would "be glad to give them up to the service of the Dark Lord", once again showing her fanatical devotion towards Lord Voldemort.[6] No children appear beneath Bellatrix and Rodolphus's names on the Black family tapestry, which indicates that Bellatrix died childless.
Lord Voldemort
- "She sat beside her sister, as unlike her in looks, with her dark hair and heavily lidded eyes, as she was in bearing and demeanour; where Narcissa sat rigid and impassive, Bellatrix leaned toward Voldemort, for mere words could not demonstrate her longing for closeness."
- —Bellatrix demonstrates her obsession with Voldemort during the Meeting at Malfoy Manor[src]
Bellatrix was genuinely loyal to Lord Voldemort[1]. Unlike many of the other Death Eaters, Bellatrix never attempted to deny her loyalties when Voldemort fell in 1981. Instead she proudly claimed that she was his most loyal and trusted servant and that he would rise again, and willingly endured the horrors of Azkaban prison for him[4]. More than just being a fanatic, Bellatrix was obsessed with Voldemort's ideals of blood purity and fascination with the Dark Arts. She is described as being slavishly devoted to her master, regarding him with "worshipful fascination" and speaking to him in a romantic way, as if to a lover[3]. Voldemort did not reciprocate, as he did not know love at all.
It was Voldemort's cold reactions that seemed to make Bellatrix even more determined to kill her niece, Nymphadora Tonks and "prune" her family tree. For her, satisfying Voldemort was of the utmost importance, and therefore the thought of disappointing him was Bellatrix's deepest fear.
Voldemort considered Bellatrix his most valuable and loyal Death Eater. He trained her in the Dark Arts and when she was killed in a duel with Molly Weasley in the final battle, Voldemort's fury was said to "explode like a bomb" and hers was the only death that he attempted to avenge before Harry Potter intervened. However, it is unlikely that he was angry because he truly cared about Bellatrix as a person. He regarded her only in terms of how useful she was to him.
Despite Bellatrix being fanatically devoted to the ideology of blood purity, she did not seem to mind that Voldemort was a half-blood, even though she flew into a rage when Harry spoke of this heritage. This may be due to Voldemort lying to his subordinates about being pure-blood, and that Bellatrix fully chose to believe her master's lie over the truth from the enemy.
Harry Potter
- —Harry Potter expresses his hatred towards Bellatrix.[src]
Bellatrix Lestrange saw Harry Potter as her master's most hated enemy and despised him for the inexplicable threat he posed to the Dark Lord.
Harry had hated and feared Bellatrix ever since he first saw her in the Pensieve, learning that she was responsible for the attack on Alice and Frank Longbottom. Harry's attention was immediately drawn to Bellatrix's picture when the news of the ten escaped Death Eaters appeared in the Daily Prophet, and whenever he saw her image on wanted posters after that. During the Battle of the Department of Mysteries, Harry fully intended to kill Bellatrix in retaliation for her murder of his godfather, and at the onset of the Skirmish at Malfoy Manor, the mere sound of her voice when she appeared in the fray was enough to make his fear reach a new high. Bellatrix also killed Dobby the house-elf and Nymphadora Tonks, and when she attempted to murder Ginny Weasley during the Battle of Hogwarts, Harry was diverted from his goal of destroying Voldemort in the hopes of attacking her; he was stopped only by the sudden intervention of Molly Weasley.
Longbottom family
- Bellatrix: "Longbottom, is it? How's Mum and Dad?"
- Neville: "Better, now they're about to be avenged!"
- — Bellatrix mocking Neville Longbottom about his parents.[src]
After the fall of the Dark Lord in 1981, Bellatrix along with three other Death Eaters (including her husband, Rodolphus Lestrange) set out to attack members of the Order of the Phoenix, hoping to interrogate them for information on Voldemort's whereabouts. She personally attacked Alice and Frank Longbottom, torturing them by means of the Cruciatus Curse in her attempt at forcing them to yield the information she wanted. The event rendered the Aurors clinically and permanently insane, therefore condemning them to St Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries for the remainder of their lives. Prior to the Longbottoms' capture and torture, Alice had given birth to a baby boy, Neville Longbottom.
Neville was left with parents incapable of even recognising him let alone caring for him, and so was raised by his grandmother. Bellatrix seemed to find the fact that she had caused Neville's family tragedy highly amusing. Upon first meeting Neville, she proceeded to mock his loss, extremely angering him in the process. Ever since he was old enough to understand why his parents needed to be hospitalised, Neville had despised Bellatrix Lestrange, but given his benign nature, he never sought vengeance against her. Instead, Neville honoured his parents by showing more bravery than anyone could have expected of him, retaliating, when Bellatrix taunted him, rebelling against the tyranny of the Carrows during his seventh year at Hogwarts and subsequently fighting during the 1998 Battle of Hogwarts against Voldemort and his forces.
Severus Snape
- "I don't trust you, Snape, as you very well know!"
- —Bellatrix to Severus Snape.[src]
Severus Snape was a Death Eater prior to the end of the First Wizarding War, changing sides shortly before Voldemort's 1981 downfall, and becoming a triple agent for Albus Dumbledore. Bellatrix was highly suspicious of him, possibly because of Snape's half-blood status, though mainly citing his evading a sentence to Azkaban "in Dumbledore's pocket;" mistrust may also have been Bellatrix's only real way of expressing her envy of the position of trust and respect Snape enjoyed under Voldemort. In 1996, Bellatrix followed Narcissa to Snape's house, trying to dissuade her from seeking his help in guiding and guarding Draco in the task of killing Albus Dumbledore. Bellatrix was taken aback by Snape's conformance in making the Unbreakable Vow, for which she acted as a Bonder. Both she and Snape fought at the Battle of Hogwarts, Bellatrix dying, however, before being able to discover that her initial mistrust of Snape had been valid after all.
Albus Dumbledore
- "...or dear Bellatrix, who likes to play with her food before she eats it..."
- —Albus Dumbledore on Bellatrix.[src]
Albus Dumbledore knew Bellatrix to be a highly dangerous Death Eater since the First Wizarding War, having also witnessed her trial and imprisonment, after she tortured the Aurors Alice and Frank Longbottom to insanity and beyond.
Though Bellatrix was fanatically loyal to Voldemort, and believed that he was greater and more powerful than Dumbledore, she would not brave Dumbledore in a duel, as she recognised him as a far more superior wizard than she was a witch. During the Battle of the Department of Mysteries, Bellatrix opted to flee rather than engage Dumbledore in battle, deflecting his spells as she made her escape, and was the only Death Eater in the Death Chamber who succeeded in escaping from him - a testament of her prodigious magical skills.
While Bellatrix most likely never had so much as a full conversation with the Headmaster, Dumbledore seemed to understand her very well; he admitted to Severus Snape that he would prefer to not fall prey to Bellatrix Lestrange in his weakened state (caused by Voldemort's cursed Horcrux ring), as she liked to "play with her food before she eats it".
Death Eaters
Bellatrix was not likely to have viewed many of the other Death Eaters as her equals, as she believed both her skill, devotion, and family status exceed that of others. Undoubtedly, she considered Voldemort's most loyal Death Eaters to be those who, like her, were imprisoned in Azkaban at some point: namely, Barty Crouch Jr., and her husband and his brother. While it's unclear exactly how much genuine respect the other Death Eaters had for Bellatrix, it was clear they were familiar with her view of herself, as Travers became less suspicious of Hermione Granger, disguised as Bellatrix via Polyjuice Potion in 1998, only after Hermione took on a much haughtier persona. Bellatrix is notable for being one of the only female Death Eaters, this is exceptionally impressive since wizarding society as a whole seems fairly patriarchal. A desire to prove herself in a 'Man's World' could also lead to her obsessive overkill.
Order of the Phoenix and enemies
Most of the Order of the Phoenix knew Bellatrix as one of the most dangerous and sadistic of Lord Voldemort's followers, especially considering Bellatrix managed to kill, seriously injure, or duel and successfully defeat several Order members. She despised her "blood traitor" cousin and niece, Sirius Black and Nymphadora Tonks, both of whom she eventually killed; she bested Kingsley Shacklebolt at the Battle of the Department of Mysteries, was disgusted by Remus Lupin, as a werewolf, marrying into her family through Nymphadora Tonks, and of course, took part in torturing the Aurors Alice and Frank Longbottom.
- Ron Weasley: "No! You can have me, keep me!"
- Bellatrix Lestrange: "If she dies under questioning, I'll take you next. Blood traitor is next to Mudblood in my book."
- — During the Skirmish at Malfoy Manor[src]
At the Skirmish at Malfoy Manor, she singled out Hermione Granger, as a Muggle-born, to torture and interrogate, though she offered to take Ron Weasley next, as a member of the Weasley family, well known in pure-blood supremacist circles as "blood traitors." During the Battle of Hogwarts, Bellatrix cruelly taunted Molly Weasley about the death of Molly's son, Fred, and when she tried to attack Molly's daughter, Ginny, she instigated a vicious battle between Molly and herself. This battle ended in the death of Bellatrix, who continued laughing derisively at the efforts of her opponent until the moment she realised Molly had defeated her.
Kreacher was the last house-elf of the House of Black, and he mimicked his family's pure-blood supremacist values. Presumably by showing Kreacher a bit of kindness, Bellatrix and Narcissa managed to convince the lonely house-elf, who had lived by himself for years at 12 Grimmauld Place following the death of his beloved Walburga Black, to give them information about the nature of Harry Potter and Sirius Black's relationship — information they were able to use in a scheme that ultimately led to Black's death. Kreacher later helped Bellatrix by injuring Buckbeak, Sirius's hippogriff, and by lying to Harry that Sirius was gone, when he had actually only gone upstairs to tend to Buckbeak's injury. Harry went to the Ministry of Magic to "save" Sirius, who in turn went there to save Harry, and was killed in a duel with Bellatrix[5]. After Sirius's death, Kreacher hoped to move into Bellatrix's possession, but Sirius's will transferred ownership to Harry[6]. Kreacher finally gave his loyalty to Harry in 1997, and fought against Voldemort and his Death Eaters, Bellatrix included, during the Battle of Hogwarts[3].
Like many members of the House of Black, Bellatrix's name is derived from that of a star. Bellatrix is the third brightest star in the constellation Orion; it is also known as the Amazon Star. This is presumably an allusion to Bellatrix Lestrange being among the most dangerously skilled Death Eaters. The Amazons were warrior women in Greek mythology. Her name likely has Latin, French and English origins: Bella is Latin both for the plural of bellum, meaning war, and the feminine singular adjective meaning "beautiful;" trix is Latin feminine suffix (i.e. Bellatrix is the Latin word for a female warrior or a personification of feminine beauty), and Lestrange is likely a play on l'étrange, which is French meaning "the strange one". Her name thus alludes to both her beauty and her mental instability, although technically Lestrange came from Bellatrix's husband Rodolphus.
Behind the scenes
- In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Harry witnesses her trial for the torture of Neville's parents in the pensieve. Despite this, she does not appear in the film adaptation.
- Originally, Helen McCrory was going to play the role of Bellatrix in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, but due to her pregnancy, she opted out of the film and was replaced by Helena Bonham Carter. Ironically, Bonham Carter herself learned she was pregnant shortly after completing filming. McCrory was eventually cast as Bellatrix's sister Narcissa in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. In the film, Bonham Carter is noticeably wearing looser clothing, as opposed to her form-fitting costume of the previous film (see below).
- In the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Bonham Carter's costume reflected the mental state of the character, thus the torn gloves and dress. She also had alternate attires with a hood worn up and a mask, but they were not used in the final cut of the film.
- On the tapestry depicted in the film, the face of Bellatrix pictured is a face of Helena Bonham Carter. On the DVD there is a different picture of Bellatrix on the tapestry, where she has a purple hat and looks stylistically similar to her sisters.
- The house-elf Kreacher had a great fondness for Bellatrix. Harry Potter eventually came to understand that Kreacher responds to respect and kindness, and Hermione Granger realised that Bellatrix and Narcissa were indulgent with him, in contrast with Sirius' abuse. When they were kind to him, he gave them the information they wanted.
- Sirius Black told Harry Potter that Bellatrix ran in the same crowd as Severus Snape while at Hogwarts, but her date of birth makes this impossible. Bellatrix would have attended Hogwarts from 1962 to 1969, or possibly 1963 to 1970, depending on which month in 1951 she was born in, whereas Snape began his schooling in 1971. This may simply be an error, as J. K. Rowling has admitted that maths is not her strong suit. [7] Another possible explanation could be that both Bellatrix and Snape went around with the same type of people, some of whom may have overlapped depending on age.
- Bellatrix's wand is 12¾" walnut wood, with a dragon heartstring core. It was described by Garrick Ollivander as "unyielding". [8]
- Helena Bonham Carter, who portrays Bellatrix in the Harry Potter (film series), described the character as being "as bonkers as they come", commenting that Bellatrix has "a bit of a child-like madness... like boys who like to pick apart an insect for the sake of it" [9].
- In the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Bellatrix participates in the Battle of the Astronomy Tower but in the book there is no mention of her. Also, a new scene was been added of The Burrow being attacked and burned over the Christmas holidays by Bellatrix, Fenrir Greyback and an unknown Death Eater, possibly Amycus Carrow, Yaxley, or Thorfinn Rowle.
- J. K. Rowling states in an interview that she had always intended that Molly Weasley would kill Bellatrix, for two main reasons: Firstly, so that Molly could "have her moment [of victory]" and show the doubting Bellatrix that simply because she dedicates herself to her family doesn't mean that she isn't a powerful witch. And second, to show the difference of Molly's "romantic and maternal love" against Bellatrix's "obsessive 'love'" of Voldemort.[10]
- In the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Bellatrix appears in the adapted scene of the Battle of the Astronomy Tower despite there being no mention of her presence there in the sixth book. Also of difference is the fact that there is no literal "Battle" between the Death Eaters and the Order of the Phoenix during this scene; allowing the former group to pass through Hogwarts without resistance and Bellatrix to walk insanely on the Gryffindor table in the Great Hall before casting a spell to destroy all of the Hall's many windows. It is during the segment in the Astronomy Tower that Bellatrix speaks the line, "well done", to Draco for cornering Dumbledore. In the book, it is Amycus Carrow who congratulates Draco for his work. Bellatrix then proceeds to order Draco to hurry and murder Dumbledore, in place of Yaxley (who does not make a true appearance at all in the film). Also different in this section of the film is that Bellatrix casts the Dark Mark into the sky after Dumbledore's death, whereas in the book, it is Gibbon who does so prior to the death of the Headmaster. Finally, Bellatrix (in the film) is shown to perform the main acts of crime that were committed by Thorfinn Rowle in the book. These include burning down Hagrid's hut (although the film shows the burning process to be more explosive than it was described to be in the book) and briefly torturing Harry with the Cruciatus Curse.
- Bellatrix's wanted poster is featured on an official Warner Brothers Harry Potter t-shirt. It says that Bellatrix was convicted for murder. In the book, she was sentenced to Azkaban for her participation in the torture of Frank and Alice Longbottom.
- Bellatrix has the distinction of being the only person in the series to duel all three main characters on separate occasions. She attacked Harry Potter during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries, fought Ron Weasley in the sky during the Battle of the Seven Potters and duelled with Hermione Granger in the Battle of Hogwarts.
- In the special features of the Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2, J.K Rowling describes Bellatrix as 'the female Death Eater par excellence'.
- Bellatrix is the only one of the three Black sisters to not have any children, Andromeda having Nymphadora Tonks and Narcissa having Draco Malfoy.
- In the final book and film, Molly Weasley is the one who kills Bellatrix. However, in the final video game, after Neville defies Voldemort and pulls the sword of Gryffindor out of the Sorting Hat, Voldemort casts a Killing Curse at Neville and it ricochets off of the sword and hits Bellatrix, she does not die when it hits her, but screams when it does. She later fights Molly and is defeated, lying on the floor dead, unlike the movie when she's blasted into ash.
- The script for Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince describes Bellatrix as a "mad child."
- In the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Bellatrix does not question Snape about his loyalties nor does she show any signs of disagreement or hatred towards Snape. However, she does sneer at him and taunt him for being a coward.
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (First appearance) (Appears in flashback(s))
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (First identified as Bellatrix Lestrange)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (video game)
- LEGO Harry Potter: Building the Magical World
- LEGO Harry Potter: Characters of the Magical World
- Harry Potter LEGO Sets
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 5-7
Notes and references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Leaky Cauldron: J.K. Rowling Webchat 30 July 2007
- ↑ Black family tree
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
tag; no text was provided for refs namedOTP
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- ↑ F.A.Q. at J.K. Rowling's Official Site
- ↑ Deathly Hallows, Ch. 24
- ↑ Entertainment Weekly: Helena Bonham Carter Gets Wicked
- ↑ J. K. Rowling at Carnegie Hall
| ||||
Leader: Lord Voldemort | ||||
Death Eaters: Alecto Carrow | Amycus Carrow | Antonin Dolohov | Augustus Rookwood | Avery (I) | Avery (II) | Barty Crouch Jr. | Bellatrix Lestrange | Crabbe | Evan Rosier | Gibbon | Goyle | Jugson | Lestrange | Mulciber (I) | Mulciber (II) | Nott | Rabastan Lestrange | Rodolphus Lestrange | Rosier | Selwyn | Thorfinn Rowle | Travers | Walden Macnair | Wilkes | Yaxley | ||||
Death Eaters who Defected: Draco Malfoy | Igor Karkaroff | Lucius Malfoy | Peter Pettigrew | Regulus Black | Severus Snape | ||||
Death Eaters' allies: Vincent Crabbe | Golgomath | Gregory Goyle | Fenrir Greyback | Narcissa Malfoy (defected) | Quirinus Quirrell | Scabior | Dolores Umbridge | ||||
Other affiliations: Dementors | Giants (Golgomath's control) | Muggle-Born Registration Commission | Snatchers | Werewolves |


text:
Darren Cook
UPDATE: My new book, "Data Push Apps with HTML5 SSE" is out and selling! Get it from O'Reilly here: http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920030928.do Or from Amazon here: http://www.amazon.com/dp/1449371930 Or from any good bookseller.
I'm director at QQ Trends, a company that solves difficult data and software challenges for our clients. (We often have freelance projects, so get in touch if interested.)
UPDATE: currently looking for a part-time CSS/JS programmer. 理想は東京所在、日本語が読める方。Interesting project(s), you will definitely learn something.
(And, of course, please do get in touch if you have interesting challenges that you would like our world-class experts to work on!)
Typical work: doing fun stuff with data (fixing, mining, etc.), web sites (front and back-ends), trading strategies. Research: trading strategies, computer go, machine translation, understanding context, AI search algorithms. Languages: C++, PHP, R, javascript, and many more.
I'm British, living and working in Tokyo for almost 20 years. Human Languages: English, Japanese (fairly fluent, 1 kyu), some German, Chinese and Arabic.
(Contact me at dc at qqtrend dot com: please mention you are coming from StackOverflow, so I know it is not spam.)
Easy ways to irritate me on StackExchange sites (whether my own question or someone else's): 1. Downvote without a comment (N/A/ if someone already left a comment and you just agree with it, of course); 2. Answer in comments. Other than that I'm a really easy-going pragmatic guy :-)
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Draw inspiration from other MOO customers. Browse through our archive to help you get the most out of MOO.
Setting up pop-up photography studios at events and parties is not only a brilliant and varied way to make a living, it's also a match made in Printfinity heaven.
Read moreAustralian wedding photographers Still Love like to capture images with a difference. Read how they've brought that uniqueness out in their branding for stand-out Luxe stationery.
Designers and typographers take note! These agencies show their business off with MiniCard portfolios and a Postcard competition.
Paul Pateman, an art-director-turned-illustrator and savvy MOO customer, took the our Letterhead, and transformed it into a series of beautiful artistic posters he hopes to see hanging in every ad agency in the country.
Keep your kids occupied in the festive season with some handmade gift ideas - courtesy of some of our most creative MOO mums and dads.
Aspiring nail artist Ashley harnessed the size and shape of MiniCards to great effect to show off her nail art both on her blog and offline.
Melbourne-based artist Kass Hall has used Printfinity to capture her favourite visual diaries on her Business Cards. Check out the result - a colourful set of cards that really gets her noticed.
Find out how Inthefrow's Victoria McGrath used Instagram and Square Business Cards to promote her popular blog and social network offline.
In the competitive real estate industry, nurturing relationships is crucial. Read our tips for making sure you're the agent clients return to and recommend.
Writer and Director James Skerritt's latest project sees him capturing a daily photo of someone who's inspired him. Discover how he's using Square Business Cards to promote it.
For Lola, sensory sophistication is everything. Discover how she's using MOO stationery to create customer experiences that are as indulgent as her luxury skincare brand.
The gift of reinvention: read how a San Francisco-based craft company has transformed Business Cards into vintage collage tags.
Take a leaf out of crowdfunded publisher Unbound's book by using Flyers to share your story with the world.


text:
Scholarship Profile: Engineering Solutions to Patent Puzzles (Virginia Journal 2008)
Faculty Q&A: Bagley Focuses on Law Behind Keeping Drug Patents Profitable (October 2011)
Virginia Law Students Get Rare Front-Row Seat to Federal Appellate Process (September 2011)
Hardy Cross Dillard Professor of Law
J.D., Emory University School of Law, 1996
B.S., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1986
Margo A. Bagley's teaching and writing focus on U.S., international and comparative patent law issues, particularly relating to biotechnology and pharmaceutical protection.
After receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering in 1986 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Bagley worked in products research and development with the Procter & Gamble Company, where she was named Food Product Development Excellence "Rookie of the Year" and was co-inventor on a U.S. patent for improved peanut butter. Later, she worked as a senior research analyst for the Coca-Cola Company. Through her corporate experience, Bagley developed an interest in the law of intellectual property.
Bagley received her J.D. in 1996 from Emory, where she was a Robert W. Woodruff Fellow, an editor of the Emory Law Journal and was elected to Order of the Coif. She is a member of the Georgia bar and is licensed to practice before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Bagley worked as an associate with Smith, Gambrell & Russell and Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner before becoming an assistant professor of law at Emory University in 1999. She was a visiting professor of law at Washington & Lee University School of Law in fall 2001 and at the University of Virginia School of Law in fall 2005. She has also taught international patent law and policy courses in Germany, China, Israel and Singapore. She joined the University of Virginia faculty in 2006.
Bagley is a member of the board of directors of the Public Patent Foundation and also served on the National Academy of Sciences Committee on University Management of Intellectual Property: Lessons from a Generation of Experience, Research, and Dialogue. She also was a member of the Scientific Committee of the 2013 European Policy on Intellectual Property Conference in Paris, France, and recently co-authored a report on the Nagoya Protocol and Synthetic Biology commissioned by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
In 2013, Bagley co-authored "International Patent Law and Policy," the first stand-alone casebook focusing on international patent law in more than a decade. (More)
Bagley also has provided expert assistance to the government of Mozambique in the World Intellectual Property Organization Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore negotiations in Geneva, Switzerland. (More)
The Nagoya Protocol and Synthetic Biology Research: A Look at the Potential Impacts (with Arti K. Rai) (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2013).
(a link to the program description, a webcast, and the report, released that day, is available here.)
Patent Law in Global Perspective (with Ruth L. Okediji and Jay A. Erstling)(Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2014).
International Patent Law and Policy (with Ruth L. Okediji and Jay A. Erstling) (West, 2013).
Book Chapters:
"Patent Barbarians at the Gate: The Who, What, When,Where, Why & How of U.S. Patent Subject Matter Eligibility Disputes," in Ruth Okediji & Margo Bagley, eds., Patent Law in Global Perspective (Oxford University Press, forthcoming 2014).
"'Grant Me Justice Against My Adversary': What Parables Can Teach Us About AMP v. Myriad Genetics and Organic Seed Growers & Trade Assoc. v. Monsanto," in Irene Calboli & Srividyha Ragavan, eds., Reconciling Diverse Identities and Intellectual Property (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 2014).
"Patent Term Restoration and Non-Patent Exclusivity in the US," in Josef Drexl & Nari Lee, eds., Pharmaceutical Innovation, Competition and Patent Law: A Trilateral Perspective 111 (Edward Elgar, 2013).
"Patents and Technological Innovation; Issues and Opportunities," in Gary Libecap ed., Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth, Vol. 18: The Innovation Process: A Multidisciplinary Approach, (Elsevier Science & Technology Books 2007).
"A Global Controversy: The Role of Morality in Biotechnology Patent Law," in Peter Yu ed., Intellectual Property and Information Wealth (Praeger Press 2007).
'The Wheat and the GMO Tares: Lessons from Plant Patent Litigation and the Parables of Christ,' 11 St. Thomas L. J. (forthcoming 2014, symposium issue).
"A Place at the Table: The Future of Public Interest Patent Subject Matter Eligibility Challenges," Vand. J. Ent. & Tech. L. (forthcoming 2014, symposium issue).
"On Shaky Ground?" review of "Knowledge as Property: Issues in the Moral Grounding of Intellectual Property Rights" by Rajshree Chandra , J. Intell. Prop. L. & Pract. (2013).
Link | PDF
Review of Peter Drahos, The Global Governance of Knowledge: Patent Offices and Their Clients (2010) 2 IP L. Book Rev. 15 (2011).
"The New Invention Creation Activity Boundary in Patent Law," 51 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 577 (2009).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"The Need for Speed (and Grace): Issues in a First-Inventor-to-File World," 23 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 1035 (2008).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Academic Discourse and Proprietary Rights: Putting Patents in Their Proper Place," 47 B.C.L. Rev. 217 (2006).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Stem Cells, Cloning and Patents: What's Morality Got to Do With It?" 39 New Eng. L. Rev. 501 (2005) (symposium issue).
HeinOnline (PDF)
"Patents and Morality: A Role for Congress," Nat'l L.J., May 3, 2004.
"Patent First, Ask Questions Later: Morality and Biotechnology in Patent Law," 45 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 469 (2003).
HeinOnline (PDF)
"Legal Movements in IP: TRIPS, Bilateral Agreements, and Access to Essential Medicines," 17 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 781 (2003) (symposium issue).
SSRN | HeinOnline (PDF)
"Still Patently Unconstitutional: A Reply to Professor Nard," 88 Minn. L. Rev. 239 (2003).
HeinOnline (PDF)
"Patently Unconstitutional: Geographical Limitations on Prior Art in a Small World," 87 Minn. L. Rev. 679 (2003).
HeinOnline (PDF)
"Internet Business Model Patents: Obvious By Analogy," 7 Mich. Telecomm. & Tech. L. Rev. 253 (2001) (symposium issue).
HeinOnline (PDF)
Comment, "Using Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 to Block Materially Different Gray Market Goods in the Common Control Context: Are Reports of Its Death Greatly Exaggerated?" 44 Emory L.J. 1541 (1995).
HeinOnline (PDF)
In the Media


text: 118 min | NR Korean hip hop star Choi Seung–hyun aka T.O.P. makes his feature film debut in COMMITMENT, an exciting thriller about a North Korean forced to go undercover as a spy to save his sister. After his father is killed in a botched espionage mission, Myung–hoon and his young sister are sent to a labor camp — until Myung–hoon volunteers to infiltrate South Korea, assuming the role of typical high school student while carrying out deadly missions.


text:
05/02/13 Lawrence Norford is director of gift planning and senior philanthropic advisor at the Johns Hopkins University, where he leads a team in the central office of gift planning that provides comprehensive gift-planning support to all areas of the Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Medicine. He practiced law for 22 years before joining Johns Hopkins in 2007. He is a graduate of Washington & Lee University and the University of Virginia School of Law. Mr. Norford will discuss ways to structure your estate to maximize gifts to your children and organizations that you value. Space is limited. To RSVP, contact Kristen Pruski at the Sibley Foundation, 202-537-4257 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Thursday, May 02, 2013 12:00 PM - 1:30 PM
Sibley Hospital, Medical Building, Conference Room 25255 Loughboro Road, NWWashington, DC
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text:
Thanks, but I'm more interested in other things.
Thanks, but I'm more interested in other things.
Last edited by pluran; 1st August 2011 at 08:29 PM.
imagine the splits. 300 dollars for 50mL
What a freaking joke.
i can't wait!
$$$$$.....This seems crazy to me in this slow economy.....I'm sure there will be those that purchase this.....not me that's for sure!!!
Thanks for the info and pictures cairomerta!!!
The bottle size is 500ml, to justify the huge price tag?
For that price I cannot imagine it not being pure extrait. It should be highly potent stuff I would think.
Custom made for the great Napoleon himself. Oh wait.... is that historically accurate?
If you can afford a $1300 frag the bumps in the economy probably don't matter so much... I don't think extremely high end luxury items are affected by economic swings as much as other products.
That said, it's a free economy and I wish Creed the best of luck selling their stuff. I have been impressed by a few Creeds so I think the new frag could be great, but unfortunately... I will probably never know.
Isn't this one supposed to be a feminine fragrance? Thanks for the photo of the Pochet flacon.
If the anniversary was 2010, why is this coming out in December, 2011?
BN sales: http://www.basenotes.net/threads/300...avidoff-Bombay.
Off-BN sales (super rare CREED): http://flacon.ambaric.net/viewtopic.php?t=95
Just been emailed the notes list by Erwin:
Top notes: Unicorn horn, Rainbow difused light
Heart notes: Adamantium, Maria Ozawa's underpants
Basenotes: Michael Jacksons ashes (this will be too ashy for some of you lightweights), Ambergris
Who's up for a split?
How much, Creed must have found the fabled fountain of youth and has bottled it.lol
Yall slag it but you knows you gunna be fallin over yourselves to get a decant Crazy money but hey if you can afford it then good on you
I'm almost more intrigued about the fabulous amount of PR balderadash this will generate. I doubt the fragrance will be any better than, say, the crazily priced Clive Christians, which are, after all, just the usual contemporary blend of aromachemicals and naturals (nothing one wouldn't find in a $30 bottle of Caron puh etc. pp.). Like with most high-priced perfumes, this will be artificially generated exclusivity via wanton pricing, rathern than genuine exclusivity based on limited availability of ingredients or production capacity.
My Wardrobe
II est de forts parfums pour qui toute matière/Est poreuse. On dirait qu'ils pénètrent le verre.
I think it's a great idea actually. In commemoration of their longstanding, charge a rate of about $5.20 for every year they've been a house for the anniversary scent. Or a rate of $32.50 for every year that they've actually been making perfume for. Depends on how you look at it. It all makes perfect sense.
Last edited by Partario; 31st July 2011 at 06:32 PM.
Jazznpool, latest word is that it is indeed UNISEX. Not feminine. This makes sense. I expect this to transcend a lot of categories.
Expect the plants to also raise the stakes through anticipatory drooling and absurdly ecstatic comments. Besides the already known, expect lots of August- and September-registered new BN-ers, who coincidentally, starting with post no. 5, happen to inquire about the new masterpiece, which I suppose might include some essence of leather. painstakingly squeezed by Erwin from Elvis Presley's personal pants collection, according to a Creed family formula guarded for centuries.
I would simple this but not buy it,sadly creed is going down in quality while upping prices. Relics like vintage tabarome are not the norm from this house on top of their reforulations and subpar new releases I personally am becoming disheartened by this house.
If I ever win Lotto, maybe I'd consider buying this....
Its ridiculous to offer something only very few can enjoy. What is the message here? Creed only wants the select few to participate in celebration of their company? To me, offering such a product doesn't celebrate the majority of people that keep their company strong.
Is the juice worth the squeeze?
It's the message around which the entire brand image is built: royalty, celebrity, exclusivity. Wear Creed, the scents of Kings and glitterati. Be exclusive, rise above the masses (never mind that I've failed to see Prince Charles at Costco shopping for GIT to this date ). Rather conventional sales strategy in the "deluxe mass market" I would say.
My Wardrobe
II est de forts parfums pour qui toute matière/Est poreuse. On dirait qu'ils pénètrent le verre.
at this point, I think it fair to say that Creed can pretty much charge whatever they want for a scent, regardless of the bottle's contents (or in spite of them, one could argue). personally, I'm altogether nonplussed by all this forced "exclusivity;" Nathan Branch recently reported on his blog about Hermes components factory-manufactured in factories in Asia, and some of their leather stitching, long performed by human hands, has also gone the way of the machine.
in the luxury goods marketplace, the concepts of value and cost are becoming increasingly arbitrary, and are more based on theory than pragmatic reality.
in spite of all this... oh, what I would pay for a truly vintage formulation of vintage Tabarome. if only. Creed, please take note.
[hope it's ok to pull out a quote from you, t_g_l.]
mmm another designer ripoff with royal natural materials and appointed by Queen Elizabeth II by royal Email 250 years ago?
Yeh, fine, thanks - so it's a mystery bottle, that's it then?
Thanks for the news.
I think I'll get a few back up bottles of the first batch, just in case they change!
Last edited by boosh; 31st July 2011 at 06:24 PM.
I'm so excited, I can't contain myself...
Let your nose be your pilot
He's here, he's here,
Oh let the bells toll,
Everybody turn around,
Its Mazel-Troll!!!,
He's only here to comment on Creed,
Even though he hates Green Irish Tweed,
He's been banned before, But he always comes back,
Thats because he's on a roll, Ya'll watch your back !
He's here, he's here,
Oh let the bells toll,
We know he hates Creed, But thinks Erwin's a doll
Thats our Mazel-troll!
Seriously, the Creed haters have pretty much ruined basenotes for me. That said, I look forward to reviews on this particular Creed from serious members.
I consider myself a serious member and have never been counted among Creed haters or Creed lovers.......but are you serious? $1300 for yet another release and yet another thread for shills to continue bumping?
Maybe a section devoted to this house should have a forum all its own for all the devotees. The Creed "Insiders" are beginning to ruin the male forum for me.......and I don't think I am alone in this train of thought.
I thank the kind Creed salesmen for their attention, but I really believe that the dignity of this forum is above this kind of childish attacks, so I will not respond in kind. (I have to admit it though, for a Creed agent it was pretty impressive to notice that "Creed" and "Tweed" [somewhat] rhyme.)
Just one more observation: responding to any stimulus whatsoever with an automatic Creed-worshiping behavioral pattern does not equate being educated, in the real world.
Best wishes to all.
Last edited by Mazeltov; 31st July 2011 at 07:04 PM.
I'm neither a Creed hater nor a devoted fan, yet I am very much interested in reading actual reviews about this and I find the OP's pic interesting. All this Pro/Contra Creed-talk is indeed getting tiresome.
I can't understand why the mods have allowed you to do an end run around them again Addict/ Mazel-troll in a blatant display of disrespect toward them and the BN community. Seldom, if ever, have I seen a helpul post from you. Your shenanigans result in locked threads. Everyone else has to abide by forum decorum and rules but you. Nice!
Huge price-tag is not uncommon to Creed... but this is really HUGE. Where are they suppose to sell this limited quantity? Are they going to send samples to retailers? Will this be an "buy it blind or don't buy at all" because it's unique and limited?
And sorry about the ripoff comment, but i was very enthusiastic about getting my first creed little bottle and I feel very underwhelmed by it right now. I won't add more about this for the health of the topic.
Anyway, 1300$? they should think more about those poor creed fans who make the brand what it is nowadays and that are willing to pay a lot but not that much for a fragrance. Let's celebrate our 250 years with our fans, not with a limited quantity of big expenders.
That is good news Fume. I wonder what type of fragrance it will be? If it is an aquatic, I'd have no interest. I suppose more information will be available as we move toward the end of the year. And, maybe a few of our AZB bretheren will have an advanced sniff. By the time this one is available, I will have already spent myself into a coma on flacons Feuille Verte.
Just don't read the Creed threads then AE. Then you'll have perfect peace. I pass on reading about 90% of the forum as I don't care about Pure Malt or pantydroppers or whatever. I buy and wear fragrances other than Creed, but I love many of Creed's fragrances and this is the place to discuss them. No shills here, just BN fragrance enthusiasts.
You should apply this precept when you attack fellow BaseNoters who happen not to share the jihadist Creed Credo.
You flatter yourself if you believe you abide by forum decorum and rules: you don't!
Creed plants are a lot more aggressive towards the doubters than the doubters are towards the Creed plants.
You could always easily create some esoteric internet space in which any Creed criticism, no matter how mild, is met with virtual amputations, stonings, and whatever else you see fit.
Creed should perhaps consider selling a line of hats with a sign at the front that reads: "I am wealthy".
Just a thought.
Isn't this at the very heart of the niche versus designer fragrance arguments that go on around here? Seriously, stating that something is out of reach for one group as a ridiculous thing is just as frequently pointed out when folks place some praise on a designer fragrance but the similar (in note, smell or artistic direction) and more expensive niche take is praised to new levels... because it's "more exclusive".
I'm not arguing nor putting up that you're "wrong"... just amazes me how further up the latter the exclusivity goes, the people that are more than likely left behind will say it's not a fair thing to limit whom can enjoy their offerings.
The majority doesn't support Creed. They started off as tailors to royalty. Limiting this to release to those type of folks is more aligned with their heritage than dropping their prices.
Not that I agree with it, I can see it that way.
Hi, I'm William | My Swap Thread


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Last edited by Hanaka; 04-25-2010 at 08:06 AM.
The Korean and Japanese reports are contradictory. Mao's agent denies of making such a request, while Orser says that he was asked by "Asada's agent" to consider. I think it's most likely that someone at IMG asked him about it but never told Mao's side about it.
Did Brian actually use the term 'agent'? I was under the impression that he said IMG. So yes, I agree with you that your scenario (that a person from IMG asked but probably didn't tell Mao's personal agent) is the one that happened. Brian says it was just the once, and unofficial, anyway...
Last edited by Ren; 04-25-2010 at 08:57 AM.
What else is new about IMG anyway? They've been dirty for years.
Whoever told the papers about this is the dirty one. Someone wanted to spread some dirt on a non story. Mao wants to train in Japan. She has a lash training facility there. It's the reason she never moved to Russia to train with TT. Top IMG officials probably thought it was a great Idea to have their best skater with the Olympic winner's coach. There is nothing dirty about that. In USA gymnastics all the girls flock to the winning coaches so imo it wouldn't have been dirty even if Mao had asked. The philosophy goes something like: If you want to be the best go with the best. All it would have been is an admitting that Yu Na's coaching/choreography situation was a better decision then her own to go with TT.
Orser is IMG represented. They had easy access to him. An IMG rep could have said something as simple as wouldn't it be nice to be the coach of the current Olympic champion and the current world champion? Imo the only one being unprofessional is whomever released whatever this was to the press almost a month later.
oh, that's right, we can't ever do anything that might be negative to YUNA what does IMG gain from keeping her off of their show? nothing - chances are HER agency is being unreasonable. add to the fact that IMG's FIRST responsibility is to THEIR skaters, and, yeah they get first pick for SOI. It's not "wrong" or "evil" it's business.
Orser put an end to this nonsense today. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/artic...sp?aid=2919642


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A television channel featuring programming targeted to appeal to middle-class, white, suburban, middle-aged women. Lifetime was the original Estrogen Channel. Now competing for estrogen with WE and Oxygen.
Hey, there's another Sandra Bullock movie on the Estrogen Channel tonight, and after that they're showing "Hope: One Woman's Struggle with Breast Cancer" starring Melissa Gilbert and Peter Gallagher.
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For information on special events, check the community calendar compiled by the Abraham Lincoln Tourism Bureau of Logan County.
Geocachers can pick up the new Abraham Lincoln Geocaching Trail at any of these locations:
Atlanta: N40 15.639 W089 13.904
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Logan County communities:
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Well, if the linux support for hybrid graphics is POOR, what do you want from Canonical?
Phoronix: Ubuntu Still Figuring Out How To Handle Hybrid Graphics
While NVIDIA Optimus and other multi-GPU/hybrid laptop graphics systems have been available for years, in the Linux world support for these capabilities is still in the early stages...
Well, if the linux support for hybrid graphics is POOR, what do you want from Canonical?
Meh, I've always hated hybrid graphics even in windows. My brother has an HP laptop running windows 7 with hybrid AMD/intel graphics and its a horrible buggy mess. whenever looking for linux hardware I always make sure to totally stay away from any hybrid graphics.
Nvidia didn't do shit to enable hybrid graphics. They patiently waited for the linaro guys to create dma-buf, then for the X guys to do the X API changes and RANDR imrpovements, then they waltzed in with some comments (when all was done) and made a wrapper around GPL exported symbols. That's history as I remember it...
To be fair, bwat, AMD's implementation of Hybridness is VERY different than Nvidia. Optimus tends to be relatively bug free and very clean on windows 7 at least in my experience with laptops sporting Nvidia+Intel.
On a separate note, because I know what that someone else would mention it eventually...
Canonical has to implement Hybrid graphics on their own, in server. Wayland also is currently without Hybrid support but for them its actually better-- remember Wayland just wants buffers filled with pixels. It doesnt care how those pixels got there. Daniel Stone said "Optimus? Thats a client problem." at his linux.conf.au presentation, most likely meaning hybrid support will come down to the Mesa devs leveraging DMA-BUF (everything has to be done in the driver, the kernel, or the GL stack. Wayland just wants buffers.)
Of interesting note is the actual implementation. On Windows when the hybrid kicks in, things flicker or stutter for a half second whenever you change GPU's and then youre good until you change GPU's again. On OS X interestingly, no stuttering or flickering or even pausing. It was either Daniel or David that said they most likely did all of their hybrid stuff inside their GL layer.
On Wayland, with compositing being mandatory and with the use of double/triple buffers..I wonder if Wayland will get to the same level of tear-free flicker-free switching. Either solution (Flicker or no flickering) is fine, really, it just looks nicer if we can achieve zero-flicker.
Your timeline is accurate, but Nvidia has been quite involved on the mailing lists. Aaron Plattner has been providing lots of advice and code reviews on how to accommodate binary drivers.
There are many different groups putting work into hybrid graphics. Now it's Canonical's turn. If all goes to plan, Lankhorst's fencing work provide the necessary X infrastructure for tear-free Nvidia blob use of RandR 1.4 in Ubuntu 13.10.
Once fencing is out of the way, people will move onto multi-monitor situations and power management. Everything is babysteps.
Really? Then maybe Nvidia/MS worked it out. Both of my parents have Optimus in their laptops and when I was still at home before the semester started I know theirs flickered sometimes when I was using it and starting up something GPU hungry. If so, good for them then, it was always really annoying to me haha.
Ha, that seems to be the common sentiment from fanboys, eh?
Ubuntu is great, everything they've done is awesome. No one else has done anything that isn't crap.
Oh, something sucks? Well, why didn't someone else fix it? You can't expect Canonical to do anything, can you?
Really, I'm starting to get tired of the fan boys on here. It's not just pro-Ubuntu either, the whole site is crawling with them, and Michael encourages them to drive up page hits and ad revenue.


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History & Civilization
People & Culture
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I Didn't Know That
I Didn't Know That: Hot Air Balloons
The world's first passenger-carrying hot air balloon flew over France in 1783. Join Richard Ambrose and Jonny Phillips as they explain how today's hot air balloons become light enough to leave the ground.
I Didn't Know That
I Didn't Know That: Hot Air Balloons
Hot-Air Balloons
The world's first passenger-carrying hot air balloon flew over France in 1783. Join Richard Ambrose and Jonny Phillips as they explain how today's hot air balloons become light enough to leave the ground.
JONNY PHILLIPS: Now we all know what a balloon is. It's basically a flexible bag filled with air or some kind of gas. And we often associate them with kiddies' parties, but believe you me there's a lot more to the story of balloons than cakes and clowns. Rich what are you doing? Come down.
NARRATOR: Today, balloons of all shapes and sizes are used for all sorts of things, from lighting up sporting events to advertising.
Doctors use them to open arteries of patients with heart disease.
Surgeons can use them to stretch skin, allowing women to have bigger silicone implants.
Film companies use them for lighting and providing birds eye views of football games. And scientists use them to gather vital information from the Earth's atmosphere, and even occasionally send them into space. Oh, and they're also quite fun to fly and are, in fact, man's oldest form of manned-air transport.
In 1783 one hundred and twenty years before the Wright brothers took to the skies, the world's first passenger carrying hot air balloon flew over France.
It managed to climb to around 500 meters and travelled more than 3 kilometres before landing in a forest.
So what did the passengers think? Well, it was hard to tell, because the passengers on this historic flight were a sheep, a chicken and a duck.
RICHARD AMBROSE: Of course it wasn't long before humans followed where those intrepid farmyard animals led and balloons were taking to the skies across the world.
NARRATOR: So how do hot air balloons become light enough to leave the ground? Well, as you've probably guessed, the clues in the name.
JOHNNY: As air is heated it begins to expand, becoming less dense and more buoyant than the colder air surrounding it and so it begins to rise.
RICHARD AMBROSE: And we've got a little demonstration involving a toaster for you.
JONNY PHILLIPS: Now, if you just take a cereal packet and place it over the toaster, and this is to keep the heat from the plastic bag from burning it, we don't advise doing this at home.
JONNY PHILLIPS: And then, turn the toaster on.
RICHARD AMBROSE: Power it up
JONNY PHILLIPS: And the hot air rising should lift the bag.
RICHARD AMBROSE: In a hot air balloon this rising air produces lift and given enough heat it will eventually lift the balloon off the ground or over the toaster in this case. Success.
RICHARD AMBROSE: Our first flight, Jonny.
NARRATOR: But to lift anything significant, you do need to heat an awful lot of air. Which is why a typical hot air balloon will have a volume approaching 7000 cubic meters.
JONNY PHILLIPS: Although ballooning has been around for a very long time, hot air balloons as we know them today, with their wicker baskets, propane burners, and teardrop shapes are really a relatively recent invention, dating in fact from the 1960s.
NARRATOR: The first ones were funded by the US Navy, but the public loved them too and the sport of hot air ballooning was back in the public eye more than 170 years after it's invention.
RICHARD AMBROSE: The real breakthrough came with the addition of lightweight propane burners, I've got one here. Watch this it's impressive.
NARRATOR: In a modern hot air balloon the liquid propane enters these coils where it's heated up and turns into a gas.
RICHARD AMBROSE: Wow
NARRATOR: The advantage of burning hot gas is that it produces a much bigger flame and dramatically increases the efficiency of the burners.
JONNY PHILLIPS: Heating the air inside the balloon and letting it cool down is the main way that the pilot has of controlling altitude. But it's not the only way, they can also open a flap at the top of the balloon, called a parachute valve, which allows air to escape quickly, which in an emergency could be a lifesaver.
However, in terms of direction the balloon is really at the mercy of the wind, but the wind blows in different directions at different altitudes, so by going up and down the pilot does have some control over where they end up.
I Didn't Know That
I Didn't Know That: Hot Air Balloons
The world's first passenger-carrying hot air balloon flew over France in 1783. Join Richard Ambrose and Jonny Phillips as they explain how today's hot air balloons become light enough to leave the ground.
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Scene Info - Jenna Presley, Scene #01
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Jenna Presley fans are in for a real treat. She showed up today slimmed down and more fit than she has been in months! Weighing in at just under 106 pounds and begging for cum, it was hard to hold out long enough to give her a proper fucking before busting a nut all over her sexy teen face. She was on her knees squatting down and giggling with her mouth WIDE open when it came time to catch a batch of semen... but we managed to make a facial mess out of this adorable model and didn't let her swallow any cum until we were done painting her cheeks and lips with sticky white sauce!
Jenna is looking GOOD.... and sticky!
- Relentless


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Danielle M.Lakeland, FLAug 1, 2010Link to this post
SarahAnswer To The Question:"how Many Ounces In This Bottle?"8.00 fl. oz (US)
(It says How Many Ounces are in this Bottle at The Very Bottom Of The Description For The Sedu Moisturizing Heat Protecting Boost. :)Jun 1, 2011Link to this post
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MargotKeep Hair Straight?If I use this before I straighten, will it help to keep my hair straight all day??Reply to this postJan 19, 2010Link to this post
MackyNevadaUsing ItShould I use this on my air dried hair and then appy it, then flat iron it? Because I dont like using a blow drier...Reply to this postJan 19, 2010Link to this post
ErinnBrooklynYepive used it lightly on dry hair. it works fine!
can also use when hair is wet.Jan 13, 2011Link to this post
AnonDoes It Moisturize?Im just wondering if this product really does its job. Im always happy to have something that protects from heat, but I have enough of those products right now. So does this moisturize? After you use it, does it not only prevent damage but also help heal your hair? Mine is not in bad condition - not damaged at all. But I like to moisturize where I can, to keep it from getting all dried out. Has anyone here tried using it without their flat iron, and does it make hair feel softer? Im hoping, too, that it doesnt feel heavy and gross in your hair. I havent ordered any yet.Reply to this postJan 19, 2010Link to this post
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Football is an inherently violent sport. That is what the players sign up for, and it's what the fans want to watch. To make professional football "safe" enough to satisfy all worried parents would ruin a sport that millions of people love.
thank you.
they still have tennis and swimming and lacrosse
since your from canada, you better watch out, cause once they're doen with football, ice hockey will be next.