text:
Model (people)
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (September 2014) |
A model (from Middle French modelle),[1] is a person with a role either to promote, display, or advertise commercial products (notably fashion clothing) or to serve as a visual aide for people who are creating works of art.
Modelling ("modeling" in American English) is considered to be different from other types of public performance, such as acting or dancing. Although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play are generally not considered "modelling".
Types of modelling include fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, body-part and commercial print models. Models are featured in a variety of media formats including books, magazines, films, newspapers, and TV. Fashion models are sometimes featured in films (Looker), reality TV shows (America's Next Top Model, The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency), and music videos ("Freedom! '90", "Wicked Game", "Daughters", "Blurred Lines").
Celebrities, including actors, singers, sports personalities and reality TV stars, frequently take modelling contracts in addition to their regular work.
- 1 History
- 2 Types of models
- 3 Salaries
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 Further reading
- 7 External links
Early years[edit]
Modelling as a profession was first established in 1853 by Charles Frederick Worth, the "father of haute couture, when he asked his wife, Marie Vernet Worth, to model the clothes he designed.[2][3] The term "house model" was coined to describe this type of work. Eventually, this became a common practice for Parisian fashion houses. There were no model measurement requirements and most designers would use women of varying sizes to demonstrate variety in their designs.
With the development of fashion photography, the modelling profession expanded to photo modelling. Models remained fairly anonymous and relatively poorly paid until the late 1950s. One of the first well-known models was Lisa Fonssagrives, who was very popular in the 1930s.[4] Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 Vogue covers and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models. In 1946, Ford Models was established by Eileen and Gerard Ford in New York; it is one of the oldest model agencies in the world. One of the most prevalent models during the 1940s was Jinx Falkenburg who was paid $25 per hour, a large sum at the time.[5] During the 1940s and 1950s, Wilhelmina Cooper, Jean Patchett, Dovima, Dorian Leigh, Suzy Parker, Evelyn Tripp, Carmen Dell'Orefice, and Lisa Fonssagrives dominated fashion.[6] Dorothea Church was among the first black models in the industry to gain notoriety in Paris. However, these models were not known outside the fashion community. Compared to today's models, the models of the 1950s were more voluptuous. Wilhelmina Cooper's measurements were 38"-24"-36" whereas Chanel Iman's measurements are 32"-23"-33".[7] It was also during the 1950s that pin-up models originated.
The 1960s and the evolution of the industry[edit]
In the 1960s, the modelling world began to establish modelling agencies. Throughout Europe, secretarial services acted as models' agents charging them weekly rates for their messages and bookings. For the most part, models were responsible for their own billing. In Germany, agents were not allowed to work for a percentage of someone else's earnings. As a result, they referred to themselves as secretaries. With the exception of a few models travelling to Paris or New York, travelling was relatively unheard of for a model. Most models only worked in one market due to different labor laws regarding modelling in various countries. In the 1960s, Italy had many fashion houses and fashion magazines but was in dire need of models. Italian agencies would often coerce models to return to Italy without work visas by holding their pay.[8] They would also pay their models in cash, which models would have to hide from custom agents. It was not uncommon for models staying in hotels such as La Louisiana in Paris or the Arena in Milan to have their hotel rooms raided by the police looking for models without work visas. It was rumoured that competing agencies were behind the raids. This led many agencies to form worldwide chains; for example, the Marilyn Agency has branches in Paris and New York.[8]
By the late 1960s, London was considered the best market in Europe due to its more organised and innovative approach to modelling. It was during this time that models began to become household names. Models like Jean Shrimpton, Joanna Lumley, Tania Mallet, Celia Hammond, Twiggy, Penelope Tree, and Pauline Stone dominated the London fashion scene and were well paid, unlike their predecessors.[9] Twiggy became The Face of '66 at the age of 16.[10] At this time, model agencies were not as restrictive about the models they represented, although it was uncommon for them to sign shorter models. Twiggy, who stood at 5'6" with a 32" bust and had a boy's haircut, is credited with changing model ideals. At that time, she earned £80 an hour when the average wage was £15 a week.
In 1967, seven of the top model agents in London formed the Association of London Model Agents. The formation of this association helped legitimize modelling and changed the fashion industry. Even with a more professional attitude towards modelling, models were still expected to have their hair and makeup done before they arrived at the shoot. Meanwhile, agencies took the responsibility of a model's promotional materials and branding. That same year, former top fashion model Wilhelmina Cooper opened up her own fashion agency with her husband called Wilhelmina Models. By 1968, FM Agency and Models 1 were established and represented models in a similar way they do today.[11][12] By the late 1960s, models were treated better and were making better wages. One of the innovators, Ford Models, was the first agency to advance models money they were owed and would often allow teen models who did not live locally to reside in their house, a precursor to model housing.
In February 1968, an article in Glamour described 19 models as "supermodels". They were: Cheryl Tiegs, Verushka, Lisa Palmer, Peggy Moffitt, Susan (Sue) Murray, Twiggy, Sunny Harnett, Marisa Berenson, Gretchen Harris, Heide Wiedeck, Irish Bianchi, Hiroko Matsumoto, Anne de Zogheb, Kathy Carpenter, Jean Shrimpton, Jean Patchett, Benedetta Barzini, Claudia Duxbury, and Agneta Frieberg.[13][14] That same year, Naomi Sims became the first African American to be featured on the cover of Ladies' Home Journal.[15]
The 1970s and 1980s[edit]
The innovations of the 1960s flowed into the 1970s fashion scene. As a result of model industry associations and standards,[16] model agencies became more business minded and more thought went into a model's promotional materials. By this time, agencies were starting to pay for, as well control, a model's publicity.[8] In the early 1970s, Scandinavia had many tall, leggy, blonde-haired, blue-eyed models and not enough clients. It was during this time that Ford Models pioneered scouting.[8] They would spend time working with agencies holding modelling contests. This was the precursor to the Ford Supermodel of the World Competition which was established in 1980. Ford also focused their attentions on Brazil who had a wide array of seemingly 'exotic' models, which eventually led to establishment of Ford Models Brazil. It was also during this time that the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue debuted. They set a trend by photographing "bigger and healthier" California models[17] and printing their names by their photos, thus turning many of them into household names and establishing the issue as a hallmark of supermodel status.[17]
The 1970s marked numerous milestones in fashion. Beverly Johnson was the first African American to appear on the cover of U.S. Vogue in 1974.[18] Models including Grace Jones, Donyale Luna, Minah Bird, Naomi Sims and Toukie Smith were some of the top black fashion models who paved the way for black women in fashion. In 1975, Margaux Hemingway landed a then-unprecedented million-dollar contract as the face of Fabergé's Babe perfume and the same year appeared on the cover of Time magazine, labelled one of the "New Beauties", giving further name recognition to fashion models.[19]
Most of the world's most prominent modelling agencies were established in the 1970s and early 1980s. These agencies created the standard by which agencies now run. In 1974, Nevs Models was established in London with only a men's board, the first of its kind. Elite Models was founded in Paris in 1975 as well as Friday's Models in Japan.[20][21] The next year Cal-Carries was established in Singapore which was one of the first chain agencies in Asia. In 1977, Select Model Management opened its doors as well as Why Not Models in Milan. By the 1980s, agencies such as Premier Model Management, Storm Models, Mikas, Marilyn, and Metropolitan Models had been established.
By the 1980s, most models were able to make modelling a full-time profession. It was common for models to travel abroad and work throughout Europe. As modelling became global, numerous agencies began to think globally. In 1980 Ford Models, the innovator of scouting, introduced the Ford Models Supermodel of the World contest.[22] That same year, John Casablancas opened Elite Models in New York. In 1981, cosmetics companies began contracting top models to lucrative endorsement deals. By 1983, Elite developed its own contest titled the Elite Model Look Competition. During the 1980s in New York, there were so-called 'model wars' in which Ford Models and Elite Models fought over models and campaigns. Models were jumping back and forth between agencies such Elite, Wilhelmina, and Ford.[23] In New York, the late 1980s trend was the boyish look in which models had short cropped hair and looked androgynous. In Europe, the trend was the exact opposite. During this time, a lot of American models who were considered more feminine looking moved abroad.[24] By the mid-1980s, big hair was made popular by hair bands and the boyish look was out. The curvaceous models who had been popular in the 1950s and early 1970s were in style again. Models like Patti Hansen earned $200 an hour for print and $2,000 for television plus residuals.[25] It was estimated that Hansen earned about $300,000 a year during the 1980s.
The 1990s to present[edit]
The early 1990s were dominated by the supermodels of the late 1980s. In 1990, Linda Evangelista famously said to Vogue, "we don't wake up for less than $10,000 a day". This comment changed the landscape of the modelling industry through a pronounced shift in public perception of attainability. Evangelista and her contemporaries Naomi Campbell, Cindy Crawford, Christy Turlington and Stephanie Seymour, became arguably the most recognizable models in the world, earning the moniker of "supermodel", and were boosted to global recognition and new heights of wealth for the industry.[26] In 1991, Turlington signed a contract with Maybelline that paid her $800,000 for twelve days' work each year.
By the mid‑1990s, the new "heroin chic" movement became popular amongst New York and London editorial clients. While the heroin chic movement was inspired by model Jaime King, who suffered from heroin addiction, it was Kate Moss who became its poster child through her ads for Calvin Klein. It was during the heroin chic era that fashion split into two different categories:[citation needed] editorial and commercial. With the popularity of lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret and the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, there was a need for healthier supermodels such as Tyra Banks and Heidi Klum to meet the commercial modelling demand. In spite of the heroin chic movement, model Claudia Schiffer earned $12 million. The mid‑1990s also saw many Asian countries establishing modelling agencies.
By the late 1990s, the heroin chic era ran its course. Teen-inspired clothing infiltrated mainstream fashion, teenpop music was on the rise, and artists such as Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera popularized pleather and midriffs. As fashion changed to a more youthful demographic, the models who rose to fame had to be sexier for the digital age. Following the breakthrough of Gisele Bundchen, a wave of Brazilian models including Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, and Ana Beatriz Barros rose to fame on the runways and became popular in commercial modelling throughout the 2000s. However, models still failed to match the influence of the "Big 6" of the early 1990s. Many[who?] attribute this to publication decisions to place celebrities on the cover of magazines rather than fashion models.[27]
In the late 2000s, the Brazilians fell out of favour on the runways. Editorial clients were favouring models with a china-doll or alien look to them, such as Gemma Ward and Lily Cole. During the 2000s, Ford Models and NEXT Model Management were in disagreement over models. Both parties alleged the other was stealing their models.[28] However, the biggest controversy of the 2000s was the health of high-fashion models participating in fashion week. While the health of models had been a concern since the 1970s, there were several high-profile news stories surrounding the deaths of young fashion models due to eating disorders and drug abuse. The British Fashion Council subsequently asked designers to sign a contract stating they would not use models under the age of 16.[29] On March 3, 2012, Vogue banned models under the age of 16 as well as models who appeared to have an eating disorder.[30] Similarly, other countries placed bans on unhealthy and underage models, including Spain, Italy, and Israel, who all enacted a minimum body mass index (BMI) requirement.[31] In 2013, New York toughened its child labor law protections for models under the age of 18 by passing New York Senate Bill No. 5486. by which underage models are governed by the same labor protections afforded to child actors. Key new protections included: no work earlier than 5pm, later than 10pm on school nights, or later than 12:30am on non-school nights; the models may not return to work less than 12 hours after they leave; an on-site pediatric nurse; models under 16 must be accompanied by an adult chaperone; parents or guardians of underage models must create a trust account fund to which employers will transfer a minimum of 15% of the child model's gross earnings; and employers must set aside time and a dedicated space for educational instruction.[32]
Glamour modelling[edit]
It is widely considered[by whom?] that England created the market for glamour modelling when The Sun established Page 3 in 1969,[33] a section in their newspaper which now features topless models. In the beginning, the newspaper featured sexually suggestive images of Penthouse and Playboy models. It was not until 1970 that models appeared topless. In the 1980s, The Sun 's competitors followed suit and produced their own Page 3 sections.[33] It was during this time glamour models first came to prominence with the likes of Samantha Fox. As a result, the United Kingdom has a very large glamour market and has numerous glamour modelling agencies to this day.
It was not until the 1990s that modern glamour modelling was established. During this time, the fashion industry was promoting models with waif bodies and androgynous looking women, which left a void. Several fashion models who were deemed too commercial and too curvacious were frustrated with industry standards and took a different approach. Models such as Victoria Silvstedt left the fashion world and began modelling for men's magazines.[34] In the previous decades, posing nude for Playboy resulted in a model losing their agencies and endorsements.[35] Now, Playboy was a stepping stone which catapult the careers of Victoria Silvstedt, Pamela Anderson, and Anna Nicole Smith. Pamela Anderson became so popular from her Playboy spreads that she was able to land roles on Home Improvement and Baywatch.
In the mid-1990s, a series of men's magazines were established such as Maxim, FHM, and Stuff. At the same time, magazines including Sweden's Slitz re-branded themselves as men's magazines. Pre-internet, these magazines were popular among men in their late teens and early twenties because they were considered to be more tasteful than their predecessors. With glamour market growing, fashion moved away from the waifs and onto the Brazilian bombshells. The glamour market, which consisted mostly of commercial fashion models and commercial print models, became its own genre due to its popularity. Even in a large market like the United Kingdom, however, glamour models are not usually exclusively signed to one agency as they can not financially rely on one agency to provide them with enough work. It was and still is a common practice for glamour models to partake in kiss-and-tell interviews about their dalliances with famous men.[36][37] The notoriety of their alleged bed-hopping often propels their popularity and they are often promoted by their current or former fling.[38] With Page 3 models becoming fixtures in the British tabloids, glamour models became household names such as Jordan who is now known as Katie Price. By 2004, Page 3 regulars earned anywhere for £30,000 to 40,000,[33] where the average salary of a non-Page 3 model as of 2011 is between £10,000 and 20,000.[39] In the early 2000s, glamour models and aspiring glamour models appeared on reality television shows such as Big Brother to gain fame.[40] Several Big Brother alumni parlayed their 15 minutes of fame into successful glamour modelling careers. However, the glamour market became saturated by the mid-2000s and numerous men's magazines went under including Arena, Stuff and FHM in the United States.[41] During this time, there was an upward trend of glamour models becoming DJs to supplement their income, including Kellie Acreman and Lauren Pope. In a 2012 interview, Keeley Hazell said that going topless is not the best way to achieve success and that, "[she] was lucky to be in that 1% of people that get that, and become really successful."[42]
Types of models[edit]
Fashion modelling[edit]
Runway modelling[edit]
Runway models showcase clothes from fashion designers, fashion media, and consumers. They are also called "live models" and are self-employed. Runway models work in different locations, constantly travelling between those cities where fashion is well known—London, Milan, New York City, and Paris. Second-tier international fashion center cities includes Rome, Florence, Venice, Brescia, Barcelona, Los Angeles, Tokyo, and Moscow. Cities where catalog work comprises the bulk of fashion packaging, merchandising and marketing work includes Miami, San Francisco, Sydney, Chicago, Toronto, Mexico City, Tokyo, Hamburg, London, and Beijing.
The demands for runway models include certain height and weight requirements. During runway shows, models have to constantly change clothes and makeup. The models walk, turn and stand in order to demonstrate the garment's key features. Models also go to interviews (called "go and sees") presenting the absolute requirement of a portfolio.[43] The more experience a model has, the more likely she is to be hired for a fashion show. A runway model can also work in other areas, such as department store fashion shows, and the most successful models sometimes create their own product lines or go into acting.[44]:191–192
The British Association of Model Agents (AMA) says that female models should be around 34"-24"-34" in and between 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) and 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) tall.[45] The average model is very slender. Those who do not meet the size requirement may try to become a Plus-size model.[46] According to the New York Better Business Career Services website, the preferred dimensions for a male model are a height of 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) to 6 ft 2 in (188 cm), a waist of 29–32 in (73.66–81.28 cm) and a chest measurement of 39–40 in (99.06–101.60 cm).[47] Male runway models have been noted as being skinny and well toned.[48]
Male and female models must also possess clear skin, healthy hair, and attractive facial features. Stringent weight and body proportion guidelines form a selective criteria by which established and would‑be models are judged for their placement suitability, on an ongoing basis—with some variation regionally and market tier-level dependent, subject, too, to current prevailing trends at any point, in any era—by agents, agencies and end-clients.
Formerly, the required measurements for models were 35"-23.5"-35" in (90-60-90 cm), which were the alleged measurements of Marilyn Monroe.[citation needed] Today's fashion models tend to have measurements closer to the AMA-recommended shape, but some - such as Afghan model Zohre Esmaeli - still have 35"-23.5"-35" measurements. Although in some fashion centres, a size 00 is more ideal than a size 0.
The often thin shape of many fashion models has been criticized for warping girls' body image and encouraging eating disorders.[49] Organisers of a fashion show in Madrid in September 2006 turned away models who were judged to be underweight by medical personnel who were on hand.[50] In February 2007, six months after her sister, Luisel Ramos—also a model—died, Uruguayan model Eliana Ramos became the third fashion model to die of malnutrition in six months. The second victim was Ana Carolina Reston.[51] Luisel Ramos died of heart failure caused by anorexia nervosa just after stepping off the catwalk.
In the early 21st century, runway walks became less flamboyant compared to the late 20th century, when Naomi Campbell and other supermodels were known for their distinctive struts. Instead, most designers preferred a natural stroll.[52]
Supermodels are highly paid, high profile fashion models with a great amount of experience. These celebrities appear on top fashion magazine covers, national advertisements such as commercials or spreads and in fashion shows. Much more importantly, in financial terms, their appearance in advertising can amount to an endorsement, attracting far greater rewards, especially when they conclude deals to advertise a brand exclusively, as "the face" of that brand.
Plus-size models[edit]
Plus-size models are models who generally have larger measurements than editorial fashion models. The primary use of plus-size models is to appear in advertising and runway shows for plus-size labels. Plus-size models are also engaged in work that is not strictly related to selling large-sized clothing, e.g., stock photography and advertising photography for cosmetics, household and pharmaceutical products and sunglasses, footwear and watches. Therefore plus-size models do not exclusively wear garments marketed as plus-size clothing. This is especially true when participating in fashion editorials for mainstream fashion magazines. Some plus-size models have appeared in runway shows and campaigns for mainstream retailers and designers such as Gucci, Guess, Jean-Paul Gaulthier, Levi's and Versace Jeans.[56][57][58][59]
Top plus-size models include Ashley Graham, Candice Huffine, Marquita Pring, Robyn Lawley and Tara Lynn.[60][61][62][63]
Glamour models[edit]
Glamour modelling focuses solely on sexuality. Therefore, there are no requirements to be a glamour model other than the ability to pose seductively. Glamour models can be any size or shape. There is no industry standard for glamour modelling and it varies greatly by country. For the most part, glamour models are limited to modelling in calendars, men's magazines, such as Playboy, bikini modelling, lingerie modelling, fetish modelling, music videos, and extra work in films. However, some extremely popular glamour models transition into commercial print modelling, appearing in swimwear, bikini and lingerie campaigns.
Gravure idols[edit]
A gravure idol (グラビアアイドル gurabia aidoru?), often abbreviated to gradol (グラドル guradoru?),[64] is a Japanese female model who primarily models in magazines, especially men's magazines, photobooks or DVDs. Gravure idols, in most cases, emphasize their sexual attractiveness and often model in bikinis, swimsuits or lingerie.
"Gravure" (グラビア) is a Wasei-eigo term derived from "rotogravure", which is a type of intaglio printing process that was once a staple of newspaper photo features. The rotogravure process is still used for commercial printing of magazines, postcards, and cardboard product packaging. When translating into English, terms such as cheesecake photograph or pin-up girl are often employed.
Gravure idols appear in a wide range of photography styles and genres. Their photos are largely aimed at male audiences with poses or activities intended to be provocative or suggestive, generally accentuated by an air of playfulness and innocence rather than aggressive sexuality. Although gravure models may sometimes wear clothing that exposes most of their body, their nipples and genitals are generally covered and they seldom appear fully nude. It is also common for gravure idols to have very large breasts and in their videos, models are often shown performing activities specifically intended to cause their breasts to bounce or shake such as jogging or doing jumping jacks.
Gravure models may be as young as pre-teen age up to early thirties. In addition to appearing in mainstream magazines, gravure idols often release their own professional photobooks and DVDs for their fans. Many popular female idols in Japan launched their careers by starting out as gravure idols.
Gravure models are commonly photographed wearing bikinis or lingerie, but may also appear wearing schoolgirl uniforms, Japanese street fashion, and kimonos. Since 2008, zakzak magazine has awarded a Gravure Idol Award.[65]
Pin-up girls[edit]
Alternative models[edit]
An alternative model is any model who does not fit into the conventional model types and may include punk, goth, fetish, and tattooed models or models with distinctive attributes. This type of modelling is usually a cross between glamour modelling and art modelling. Publishers such as Goliath Books in Germany introduced alternative models and punk photography to larger audiences. Billi Gordon, an alternative model, has appeared on more greeting cards than any other model in the world, and at the height of her/his career was paid $12,000 an hour.[66]
Parts models[edit]
Some models are employed for their body parts. For example, hand models may be used to promote products held in the hand and nail-related products. They are frequently part of television commercials.[67] Many parts models have exceptionally attractive body parts, but there is also demand for unattractive or unusual looking body parts for particular campaigns.
Hands are the most demanded body parts. Feet models are also in high demand, particularly those who fit sample size shoes.[68] Models are also successful modelling other specific parts including abs, arms, back, bust or chest, legs, and lips.[69][70] Some petite models (females who are under 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) and do not qualify as fashion models) have found success in women's body part modelling.
Parts model divisions can be found at agencies worldwide. Several agencies solely represent parts models, including Hired Hands in London, Body Parts Models in Los Angeles, Carmen Hand Model Management in New York and Parts Models in New York.[71][72][73] Parts Models is the largest parts agency, representing over 300 parts models.[67][71][74][75][76]
Fitness models[edit]
Fitness modelling focuses on displaying a healthy, toned physique. Fitness models usually have defined muscle groups. The model's body weight is heavier due to muscle weighing more than fat; however, they have a lower body fat percentage because the muscles are toned and sculpted. Fitness models are often used in magazine advertising. Sometimes they are certified personal fitness trainers. However, other fitness models are also athletes and compete as professionals in fitness and figure competitions. There are several agencies in large markets such as New York, London, Germany that have fitness modelling agencies. While there is a large market for these models, most of these agencies are a secondary agency promoting models who typically earn their primary income as commercial models.
Commercial print and on-camera models[edit]
Commercial models generally appear in print ads for non-fashion products, and in television commercials. Commercial print models can earn up to $250 an hour.[77] Commercial print models are usually non-exclusive, and primarily work in one location.
There are several large fashion agencies that have commercial print divisions, including Ford Models in the United States.
Promotional models[edit]
A promotional model is a model hired to drive consumer demand for a product, service, brand, or concept by directly interacting with potential consumers. The vast majority of promotional models tend to be attractive in physical appearance. They serve to provide information about the product or service and make it appealing to consumers. While the length of interaction may be short, the promotional model delivers a live experience that reflects on the product or service he or she is representing. This form of marketing touches fewer consumers for the cost than traditional advertising media (such as print, radio, and television); however the consumer's perception of a brand, product, service, or company, is often more profoundly affected by a live person-to-person experience.
Marketing campaigns that make use of promotional models may take place in stores or shopping malls, at tradeshows, special promotional events, clubs, or even at outdoor public spaces. They are often planned at high traffic locations to reach as many consumers as possible, or at venues at which a particular type of target consumer is expected to be present.
"Spokesmodel" is a term used for a model who employed to be associated with a specific brand in advertisements. A spokesmodel may be a celebrity used only in advertisements (in contrast to a "brand ambassador", who is also expected to represent the company at various events), but more often the term refers to a model who is not a celebrity in their own right. A classic example of such spokesmodels are the models engaged to be the Marlboro Man between 1954 and 1999.
Trade show models[edit]
Trade show models work a trade show floorspace or booth, and represent a company to attendees. Trade show models are typically not regular employees of the company, but are freelancers hired by the company renting the booth space. They are hired for several reasons. Trade show models make a company's booth more visibly distinguishable from the hundreds of other booths with which it competes for attendee attention. Also, trade show models are articulate and quickly learn and explain or disseminate information on the company and its product and service, and can assist a company in handling a large number of attendees which the company might otherwise not have enough employees to accommodate, therefore increasing the number of sales or leads resulting from participation in the show.
Convention models[edit]
A convention model is an assistant that works with a company's sales representatives at a trade show exhibit. They are used to draw in attendees and provide them with basic information about product or services. Convention models may be used to distribute marketing materials or gather customer information for future promotions.
Atmosphere models[edit]
Atmosphere models are hired by the producers of themed events to enhance the atmosphere or ambience of their event. They are usually dressed in costumes exemplifying the theme of the event and are often placed strategically in various locations around the venue. It is common for event guests to have their picture taken with Atmosphere models. For example if someone is throwing a "Brazilian Day" celebration, they would hire models dressed in Samba Costumes and Headdresses to stand or walk around the party.
Art models[edit]
Art models pose for any visual artist as part of the creative process. Art models are often paid, highly skilled human subjects, who aid in creating any work of art that includes the human figure. The most common types of art created using models are figure drawing, figure painting, sculpture and photography, but almost any medium may be used. Although commercial motives dominate over aesthetics in illustration, its artwork commonly employs models. For example, Norman Rockwell used his friends and neighbors as models for both his commercial and fine art work. Models are most frequently employed for art classes or by informal groups of experienced artists that gather to share the expense of a model. Models are also employed by artists.
Throughout the history of Western art, drawing the human figure from living models was considered the most useful way to develop the skill of draftsmanship. First, it is best to draw from real objects, rather than copying two dimensional images.[78] Second, an artist has a connection to drawing another human being that cannot exist with any other subject.[79][80] Models for life drawing classes are usually nude, to provide for an unobstructed anatomical study. This may be referred to as being "undraped" or "disrobed". Art models who pose in the nude for life drawing are also called life models or figure models. In the classroom setting, where the purpose is to learn how to draw the human form in all the different shapes, ages and ethnicity, there are no real limitations on who the model can be. In some cases, the model may pose with various props, one or more other models, against real or artificial background, in natural or artificial light and so on.
The role of art models has changed through different eras as the meaning and importance of the human figure in art and society has changed,.[81][82] More than being simply the subject of art, models are often thought of as muses, a source of inspiration without whom a particular work of art might not exist.[83] Many models gain a sense of self-esteem from contributing to the fine arts, something with high cultural capital. At the same time nude models must deal with the larger society's assumptions regarding sexuality and nudity.[84]
Like most jobs, a model's salary is directly proportional to the market in which they work and the level of experience they have. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median model's salary is $32,920 a year.[85] Models employed by electronic shopping and mail-order houses have the highest average salaries of any industry.
Fashion models[edit]
Since fashion models are scouted at a very young age, they spend the first couple of years making very little money because they are testing and working for lower echelon clients while developing their portfolios. Once a model makes it to the mainboard, they start earning more due to the diversity of their work.
Fashion print[edit]
A model earns different rates for different types of work. For instance, a model will earn his or her day rate for editorial print. For catalog work, a model can earn anywhere from $200 to $300 an hour. Depending on the length of the assignment, a model can earn anywhere from $1,200 to $3,500 for a day's work.[86] A typical catalog shoot lasts anywhere from two to five days. Fashion print, otherwise known as print campaigns, can yield $250 per hour. Advertisements for non-fashion related products will earn a model anywhere from $500 to $1,200 for a day. Swimwear and Lingerie pays the most with an average $400/day rate for an editorial. Lingerie and Swimwear catalog can pay $7,000 per day rate and above. Lifestyle print yields a rate of $400 to $950 per day.[86]
Fragrance and exclusive designer advertising campaigns are the most lucrative. For men, high-end catalog photo shoots pay an average of $8,000 to $15,000 per day and typically last one day. For women, models for luxury brand campaigns are paid from $40,000 to $1 million and fragrance campaigns pay from $100,000 to $1 million.[87] Contract supermodels for larger cosmetic brands are generally paid $300,000 to $2 million a year, depending on exclusivity and the amount of days the model is expected to work.[88] A multiyear, multimillion dollar contract as a Victoria's Secret "angel" is considered the most prestigious in the industry. The most established and famous print models can make hundreds of thousands of dollars per year, not only from modelling but also from personal appearances and merchandise, such as calendars or exercise videos.[44]:189
A model's rate for commercials can range anywhere from $2,000 and up, not including residuals.[86] The amount of money a model can earn off of residuals depends on how long the campaign runs and where it runs.
Runway modelling[edit]
Fashion Week happens twice a year in most markets. Each market has their own fashion week. Models can earn $250 per hour and up.[86] Runway models are expected to attend fittings as well as the show. Agencies usually limit the amount of shows younger models participate in due to the chaos of fashion week. Established models can walk in up to 20 shows in one fashion week. Top runway models can make $200,000 per season, but often the model will not continue finding work once the season is over.[89] On the other hand, there are models who are paid large sums for exclusives.[90] Exclusives are coveted as they help launch and propel high fashion careers.
Male models[edit]
The most famous male models earn from $200,000 to $500,000 per year. Most make a less glamorous living from catalog work.[92] Fragrance and exclusive designer advertising campaigns are the most lucrative. A male model can earn from $8,000 to $15,000 for high-end catalog photo shoots, which last one day.[93] In 1996, the highest-paid male model reportedly made $1 million per year.[94]
Plus-size models[edit]
Plus-size models earn the same as fashion models unless they are a commercial print or glamour model.
Parts models[edit]
Since this is a specialty, the rates for parts modelling are significantly higher. A model can earn $300 to $500 an hour.[86]
Fit modelling[edit]
Models who meet specific measurement requirements can be a fit model. Fit models can earn $150.00 per hour and up.
Showroom modelling[edit]
Showroom modelling can earn a model anywhere from $1,000 and up.[86]
Commercial print models[edit]
Since commercial print models usually look more or less like an average person, they are not as hard to find. There is a great volume of work done in this field, but there are significantly more commercial print models and actors available than the amount of work that is offered. Commercial print models earn $75.00 to $150.00 per hour with day rate $400 to $950, but the models do not work as often as the most successful fashion models. Print advertisements for real-people models usually has a day rate of $500 to $1,200.[86] The median wage for commercial and print models was only $11.22 per hour in 2006 according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics .[95] MarketWatch listed modelling as one of the ten worst jobs in America.[95] Print models who work with an agent give 15% to 20% of earnings to the agent. Depending on the market and the agency, a commercial print model can earn $10,000 to $40,000 a year or more depending on how much work they land.
Glamour modelling[edit]
As there are so many glamour models, it is incredibly difficult landing enough jobs to earn a steady salary others such as one of the world's top models Nadine Pasalskyj have prospered. Some glamour models work for TFP or low rates. While the average nude model can earn $600 for an editorial in a men's magazine, the jobs are few and far between. As there are no specific qualifications or other requirements, glamour models are easily replaceable. According to the British press, an average glamour model can earn £10,000.[citation needed] In England, the best paying nude jobs are appearing in Page 3 of tabloid newspapers such as The Sun. A Page 3 regular can earn £30,000 – as much as the average fashion model.[33] However, very few models regularly work for Page 3. Top glamour models like Lucy Pinder earn a £100,000 a year in comparison to a top fashion model who can earn millions.[33] There are adult lingerie catalogs where a glamour model can earn about $4,000 a day, but there is not enough glamour catalog work to go around. Obtaining that type of work is difficult depending on what market you work in. As many markets do not have glamour modelling agencies a lot of glamour models are freelance, meaning they find work themselves. The lucky ones are represented by commercial print or talent agencies.
Promotional modelling[edit]
Since promotional modelling usually occurs at night or on the weekends, commercial print models usually moonlight as promotional models to help supplement their salary. However, you do not have to be a working model in order to be a promotional model. A promotional model can earn anywhere from $15 to $30 per hour.[96] Typically, this type of job is found by word of mouth or internet forums such as Craigslist. There are very few promotional modelling agencies in the world. Most of them only represent working models. Aspiring promotional models should be aware of scams. Other forms of promotional model include trade show modelling can merit a day rate of $200. However, it is expected for the model manage the booth which includes answering question about the service or product.
Convention modelling is the same as trade show modelling. The only difference is the amount of money spent of the presentation. The models are educated on the product or service and are expected to use presentation aids. Trade show models can earn $1,000 to $4,000. All types of promotional are sporadic and can not be used to earn a living.
Art modelling[edit]
Unlike other types of modelling, there are essentially no qualifications for being an art model other than the ability to hold still for a long period of time. As a result, the rate of pay in art schools is low, on average only two or three times the minimum wage in the United States. In some countries there are organizations which concern themselves with the competence, conduct and reliability of art models. An example is the Register of Artists' Models (RAM) in the United Kingdom.[97] Some basic training is offered to beginners and membership is by audition – to test competence, not to discriminate on grounds of physical characteristics. RAM also acts as an important employment exchange for models and publishes the "RAM Guidelines", which are widely referred to by models and employers. A similar organization in the United States, the Bay Area Models Guild in California, was founded in 1947. Groups also exist in Australia,[98] Washington, D.C.,[99] and Sweden.[100] These groups may also attempt to establish minimum rates of pay and working conditions, but only rarely have models been sufficiently organized to go on strike.[101][102][103]
There is controversy regarding the status of photography as a fine arts medium that is reflected in the unwillingness of most nude models for other media also posing for photography.[84] However fine art nude photography does pay a much higher rate than for other fine art media, sometimes comparable to nude glamor photography. The distinction between Art and Glamor becomes one of marketing; fine art photography being sold as individual, limited edition prints through galleries rather than through mass media. Occasionally this distinction of participating in Fine Art may make a young amateur model willing to pose for a photographer, with unexpected consequences, examples being Vanessa Williams and Madonna. A signed print of one of the nude photographs of Madonna taken by Lee Friedlander in 1979 sold at auction for $37,000 in 2009.[104] Although largely a result of her fame, the model does not share in this increased value of the artwork.
See also[edit]
- Academy figure
- Child modeling
- Hip hop model
- Internet modeling
- Plus-size model
- Promotional model
- Spokesmodel
- Time for print
- Model agency
- ^ Merriam-webster.com
- ^ History from Model worker
- ^ Walker, Harriet (4 May 2009). "Fabulous faces of fashion: A century of modelling". The Independent.
- ^ Rosemary Ranck, "The First Supermodel", New York Times February 9, 1997. Retrieved September 24, 2006
- ^ "fashion models 1940s, fashion modeling in 1940, Forties Fashion modeling agencies, first fashion modeling agency in New York, 1940s fashion models, John Powers modeling agency, girls of the John Roberts Powers modeling agency, Powers Girls Photographs, popular 1". Oldmagazinearticles.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ CATHY HORYNPublished: February 04, 2002 (2002-02-04). "Jean Patchett, 75, a Model Who Helped Define the 50's - New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "Chanel Iman - Fashion Model - Profile on FMD". Fashionmodeldirectory.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ a b c d [1]
- ^ Armstrong, Lisa (2012-01-20). "David Bailey's favourite model Jean Shrimpton was the Shrimp who sparked the Sixties - Telegraph". London: Fashion.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "Twiggy - The Official Site". Twiggylawson.co.uk. 1966-02-23. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "Europe's Leading Model Agency". Models 1. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "FM Agency - London - Contact". Fmmodelagency.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ BarryPopik.com Supermodel 25 July 2004
- ^ Cokal, Susann. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. 1999. Michigan: Gale Group.
- ^ Wilson, Eric (3 August 2009). "Naomi Sims, 61, Pioneering Cover Girl, Is Dead". The New York Times (New York). Retrieved 18 February 2014.
- ^ "Europe's Leading Model Agency". Models 1. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ a b Curtis, Bryan (16 February 2005). "The Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue: An intellectual history". Slate. Washington Post. Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ Joy Sewing Beverly Johnson's got the right attitude The Houston Chronicle, Retrieved 23 August 2009
- ^ Fonseca, Nicholas (29 June 2001). "Entertainment Weekly: ''Papa's Little Girl''". Ew.com. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ^ "About Us". Fridayfarm.net. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "Elite Model Management India Pvt. Ltd". Elitemodelsindia.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "Ford Models Supermodel of the World". Supermodeloftheworld.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Rayl, Salley. "The Fashion World Is Rocked by Model Wars, Part Two: the Ford Empire Strikes Back". People.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Like (2010-07-06). "Kitchen Table Conversation with Cindy Morris and Roxan Gould on Vimeo". Vimeo.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Clurman, Shirley (1980-02-18). "Who Is Patti Hansen? Just the Successor to Tiegs and Fawcett, or So Says Scavullo". People.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Brown, Laura (March 2009). "Classic Lindbergh – Responsible for defining the era of the supermodel". Harper's Bazaar.
- ^ Death of the Supermodels by C. L. Johnson, Urban Models 21 October 2002 online retrieved 13 July 2006
- ^ "Model agency wars Next vs Ford (Vogue.com UK)". Vogue.co.uk. 2010-05-24. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "Fashion news: Underage models banned at London Fashion Week". Marie Claire. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "Vogue bans models who are too skinny, underage - style - TODAY.com". Today.msnbc.msn.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Associated Press (2012-05-07). "Vogue accused of 'grandstanding' after it promises to ban underage and underweight models | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Darwell, Robert A.; Theodore C. Max, Edwin Komen, James A. Mercer III, Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP (October 29, 2013). "The New Catwalk Experience: New York Tightens Laws for Underage Models". The National Law Review.
- ^ a b c d e Braid, Mary (2004-09-14). "UK | Magazine | Page Three girls - the naked truth". BBC News. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "Biography". Victoriasilvstedt.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Rebel Heart: An American Rock 'n' Roll Journey. "Rebel Heart: An American Rock 'n' Roll Journey: Bebe Buell,Victor Bockris: 9780312266943: Amazon.com: Books". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Blackburn, Jen (2012-06-11). "Alicia Douvall Baby: Plastic surgery addict opens up to The Sun | The Sun |Showbiz|TV". London: The Sun. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Lee, Cara (2011-05-16). "Katie Price parties with Peter Andre's ex Maddy Ford | The Sun |Showbiz|TV". London: The Sun. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Gente (2008-04-26). "'Interviú' desnuda a Nereida Gallardo, la novia de Cristiano Ronaldo". 20minutos.es. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "BBC News - Sussex benefit cheat glamour model Dionne Stenner fined". Bbc.co.uk. 2011-09-12. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "Big Brother: Only glamour models allowed - now". Nowmagazine.co.uk. 2012-06-07. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Newsbeat - Revealed: 'My body makes money'". BBC. 2010-12-10. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Rusu, M (April 2013). "Interview with Catwalk Model Rusu" (PRINTED PUBLICATION). Expatriates Magazine. Paris. p. 33.
- ^ a b Vogt, Peter; Angie Wojak (2007). Career Opportunities in the Fashion Industry. Info base Publishing. pp. 191–192. ISBN 0-8160-6841-0.
- ^ AMA - AMA code of practice - Getting Started as a Model
- ^ sawyer, Meieli. "how to become a plus size model". article.
- ^ Effron, Lauren (2011-09-14). "Fashion Models: By the Numbers". ABC News. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
- ^ The Vanishing Point
- ^ Nanci Hellmich, Do thin models warp girls' body image? USA Today 9/26/2006
- ^ Skinny models banned from catwalk. CNN. September 13, 2006.
- ^ Ban on stick-think models illegal, Jennifer Melocco, The Daily Telegraph, February 16, 2007.
- ^ O'Connell, Vanessa (20 March 2008). "How to Walk Like a Model". Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company, Inc). Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ Forbes, "The World's Top-Earning Models", 16 de julio de 2007.
- ^ "Robyn Lawley". Models.com. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ "Robyn Lawley: Plus-sized and proud". aww.ninemsn.com.au. ninemsn. 08/02/2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012. Check date values in:
(help)[dead link] - ^ Tran, Khan T.L. (1 May 2012). "Q&A: Paul Marciano on 30 Years of Guess Campaigns". wwd.com. Women's Wear Daily. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
- ^ Brown, Annie (3 July 2000). "Fashion's new Dahling; All Woman: Sophie Makes A Comeback with Three New Contracts and a Sexy, Slimmer Look.". The Daily Record. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
- ^ Serpe, Gina (8 February 2012). "Anna Nicole Smith's Death Five Years On: Timeline of a Tragedy". people.com. People Magazine. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
- ^ "Levi's Boyfriend Collection F/W 10". models.com. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
- ^ Banned-ad model: ABC is big bust NY Post, 23 April 2010]
- ^ Busty model ad too hot for TV The Sun, 26 April 2010
- ^ "Marquita Pring". Models.com. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "Tara Lynn". Models.com. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "Gravure idol", Dictionary (in Japanese), Goo
- ^ Yuko Ogura given 1st Japan gravure idol award, Japan today
- ^ Seaver, Linda (13 August 1987). "The Secret of Her Excess Oakland Tribune".
- ^ a b Hare, Brianna (August 10, 2009). "Their hands are worth 1,200 a day". CNN.
- ^ "Meet the model who stands in for Kate Moss". Mirror. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
- ^ Cahalan, Susannah. "The sum of their parts". nypost.com. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ^ Gosai, Anjana (2012-07-22). "How to get a body beautiful - by the REAL experts". theailymail.co.uk (London: The Daily Mail).
- ^ a b FoxNews.com (July 13, 2002). "'Part' Time Modeling". FoxNews.com. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
- ^ "Cool Companies". cnn.com (CNN). Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ^ "About Carmen Hand Model Management". carmenhandmodels.com. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
- ^ Herald Journal (March 30, 2003). "A Model For Good Hand Care". Herald Journal. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
- ^ Alan Burdick (July 2002). "I Was DeNiro's Leg: Tales from the parts-modeling industry". Alan Burdick. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
- ^ BellaSugar (August 11, 2009). "Five Fun Facts About Hand Models". BellaSugar. Retrieved November 11, 2012.
- ^ "Commercial Print Modeling". Explore Modeling. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Nicolaides, Kimon (1975). The Natural Way to Draw. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-395-20548-4.
- ^ Berry, William A. (1977). Drawing the Human Form: A Guide to Drawing from Life. New York: Van Nortrand Reinhold Co. ISBN 0-442-20717-4.
- ^ Jacobs. Ted Seth (1986). Drawing with an Open Mind. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-1464-9.
- ^ Clark, Kenneth (1956). The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01788-3.
- ^ Postle, M. & Vaughn,W. (1999). The Artist's Model: from Etty to Spencer. London: Merrell Holberton. ISBN 1-85894-084-2.
- ^ Steinhart, Peter (2004). The Undressed Art: Why We Draw. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4184-8.
- ^ a b Phillips, Sarah R. (2006). Modeling Life: Art Models Speak about Nudity, Sexuality and the Creative Process. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6908-8.
- ^ "Models: Occupational Outlook Handbook". Bureau of Labor Statistics. March 29, 2012. Retrieved 2013-02-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Model job rates. Independent Modeling, IndependentModeling.Com. Published in Tampa Bay, Florida". Independentmodeling.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ Mears, Ashley (2011). Pricing Beauty: The Making of a Fashion Model (1st ed.). Retrieved August 10, 2012.
- ^ Blakeley, Kiri. "How To Be A Supermodel". Forbes.
- ^ Blakeley, Kiri (2007-07-16). "The World's Top-Earning Models". Forbes. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
- ^ "Lyndsey Scott: First Black Model to Score Calvin Exclusive - The Cut". Nymag.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "Models.com's Top 50 Male Models". Models.com. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
- ^ Gell, Erin (2009-06-26). "The World's Most Successful Male Models". Forbes. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
- ^ Streib, Lauren (May 7, 2008). "The World's Most Successful Male Models". Forbes. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ Weisel, Al (June 1996). "Where the Boys Are". US Magazine: 90–98, 117–118.
- ^ a b Mantell, Ruth (November 1, 2007). "The 10 worst jobs in America: Low pay, no benefits put these workers in a tough spot". MarketWatch (Dow Jones). Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ "Promo Model FAQs". MyPromoJobs.com. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
- ^ "Register of Artists' Models". Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Lifemodelssociety.org.au". Lifemodelssociety.org.au. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Figure Models Guild of Washington, D.C.". Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ^ "The Swedish Organization for Life Models". Retrieved 2012-03-31.
- ^ "Model's Strike 1941". Trove. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ^ "Italian Model's Strike 2008". Fox News. 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ^ "Paris Model's Strike 2008". Bloomberg News. 2008-12-15. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
- ^ "Christie's: Nude (Madonna), 1979". Retrieved 20 October 2012.
Further reading[edit]
- Gross, Michael. Model : the Ugly Business of Beautiful Women. New York: IT Books, 2011. ISBN 0-062-06790-7
- Hix, Charles, and Michael Taylor. Male Model: the World Behind the Camera. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979. ISBN 0-312-50938-3
- Mears, Ashley. Pricing Beauty : the Making of a Fashion Model. Berkeley : University of California Press, 2011. ISBN 0-520-26033-3
- Vogels, Josey, and Smee, Tracy. "Object of Desire: Idealized Male Bodies Sell Everything from Underwear to Appliances; Are We Creating a Male Beauty Myth?" Hour (Montréal), vol. 3, no. 46 (14-20 Dec. 1995), p. [1], 10-11. N.B.: The caption title (on p. 10) is "Male Attention".
External links[edit]
Media related to Models (people) at Wikimedia Commons


text: 135 min | PG13 Based on the worldwide bestselling novel by John Green, THE FAULT IN OUR STARS explores the funny, thrilling, and tragic business of being alive and in love. Shailene Woodley and Ansel Elgory (DIVERGENT) bring heartfelt realism to the story of Hazel and Gus, two teenagers who fall in love after meeting at a cancer support group. Despite Gus� prosthetic leg, Hazel�s oxygen tank, and her terminal diagnosis, their love sweeps them on an unforgettable journey.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Forgot your username or password? Not signed up? Create an Account »
Phone: 503-823-4130
1221 SW 4th Avenue, Portland, OR 97204
Portland City Hall by "Cacophony"
State Capitol in Salem
United States Capitol
The Office of Government Relations provides government representation for all City bureaus and offices, the Mayor, and members of the City Council in advancing City objectives with the Congress, State Legislatures and other governments. The office also provides assistance to City Council members in achieving their outlined goals and objectives.
The Campbell Memorial pays tribute to Portland firefighters who have fallen in the line of duty and honors those who continue to serve the City every day. Learn more »


text:
You must be logged in to add to
your Wishlists.
- Home >Wirebound Planner Refills >2-Page-Per-Day Original Planner Refill Pocket Size
Item #98010
Day-Timer®2-Page-Per-Day Original Planner Refill Pocket Size
Color Choices:
Keep in-depth time records with our original pocket size planner format. It's the best choice if you bill by the hour or need to manage your time in detail. Use left-hand page for your to-do list and appointments; right-hand page is a roomy timed diary.
A Closer Look: 2-Page-Per-Day Reference Notebook Size Planner Refill
A Closer Look: 2-Page-Per-Day Reference Notebook Size Planner Refill
- Full-year supply of dated planner pages in 12 monthly wirebound books; perforated corners
- 2-Page-Per-Day format with quarterly appointments; 8 am - 5 pm, Sun - Sat
- Dated Monthly Advance Planner; 20 months, Jan - Aug, with special reference pages
- Work Organizer Booklet for on-the-go task lists, projects and more
- Address/Phone Directory (tabbed); 2 pages for double letter (A-B), except UVW (2 pages) and XYZ (1 page)
- Monthly File Folder/Log Sheets for tracking billing hours or monthly expenses.
- Sturdy archive storage box and bookmark/ruler
- FORMAT Daily
- PAGE SIZE 3 1/2" x 6 1/2"
- SIZE 5 19/64" x 7 51/64" x 4 51/64"
- MONTH Jan - Dec, Apr - Mar, Jul - Jun, Oct - Sep
- APPOINTMENT TIME Quarter-hourly
- PERFORATED PAGES Yes
- BINDING Wirebound
- STYLE Wirebound Planner Refill
There is no licensing information for this product


text:
Search results
Query: classification: "42.05"
Authors | C. Hoorn, F.P. Wesselingh, H. ter Steege, M.A. Bermudez, A. Mora, J. Sevink, I. Sanmartín, A. Sanchez-Meseguer, C.L. Anderson, J.P. Figueiredo, C. Jaramillo, D. Riff, F.R. Negri, H. Hooghiemstra, J. Lundberg, T. Stadler, T. Särkinen, A. Antonelli |
Title | Amazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution and biodiversity |
Journal | Science |
Volume | 330 |
Year | 2010 |
Issue | 6006 |
Pages | 927-931 |
Keywords | Amazonia; evolution; biodiversity |
Abstract | The Amazonian rainforest is arguably the most species-rich terrestrial ecosystem in the world, yet the timing of the origin and volutionary causes of this diversity are a matter of debate. We review the geologic and phylogenetic evidence from Amazonia and compare it with uplift records from the Andes. This uplift and its effect on regional climate fundamentally changed the Amazonian landscape by reconfiguring drainage patterns and creating a vast influx of sediments into the basin. On this "Andean" substrate, a region-wide edaphic mosaic developed that became extremely rich in species, particularly in Western Amazonia. We show that Andean uplift was crucial for the evolution of Amazonian landscapes and ecosystems, and that current biodiversity patterns are rooted deep in the pre-Quaternary. |
Classification | 42.05 ; 42.21 ; 38.23 |
Note | Review |
Document type | article |
Download papers | http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/202755 doi- 10.1126/science.1194585 http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/202756 Supporting Online Material |
Use this url to link to this page: http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/365034


text:
- archive
- New Careers Podcast: Louis Stupple Harris.
- "quite simply the best"
- Responsible Innovation Article
- STS Summer Internships
- STS Research behind EPSRC Statement
- New book: Presocratics and the Supernatural
- Sleepwalking in Middle Ages
- UK citizen views on carbon capture and storage: new study
- PlosOne for Stilgoe: new paper
- MSc prize winner
- STS Alumnus Publishes Policy Report
- Prize winning dissertation
- Material Histories of Chemistry
- Light and Dark
- Emotions, Transformations, Restorations
- New paper: Helmholtz Club, Neuroscience and Francis Crick
- New scholarship for PhD studies
- STS PHD students shine
- Notes for brewing genius
- STS Goes Dutch
- Vacancy: Project Co-ordinator
- New Careers Podcasts
- Why should we promote public engagement with science?
- New Paper: The Science of Destruction:
- UCL Donors help fund a forgotten treatment for TB
- PhD Studentship: Making the Oceans Visible
- STS Prof in award-winning book
- Vacancy: Lecturer in Science Communication
- STS Prof Hits 4 Million
- Vacancy: Lecturer in Science & Technology Studies
- PhD Conference Review. September - January.
- 8th London Ancient Science Conference
- STS explores science on a pagan planet
- Wonderments of the Cosmos
- STS Trip! War Rooms & Banquetting House
- Emotions, Transformations, Restorations
- New paper: Harvey, Aristotle, Astrology
- Students notice excellence
- STS Research Day 2014
- The Closed Loop
- Awe Fear and Fireworks
- Undergraduate Prizes 2014
- Two STS staff promoted
- Farewell Jo Pearson
- Prof Agar on Science and WW1
- Brian Balmer speaks at UN
- NSS2014 - STS scores 100 percent (again)
- STS takes on Latin America (part 1)
- European funding success
- Upcoming Event: Perspectives On Neglected Tropical Diseases
- STS PhD students shine in South America
- Honorary degree for STS leader
- Student Success For Grand Challenge Pitch
- First STS Haldane Lecture Announced
- STS Seminars Confirmed
- Eugenics at UCL: We inherited Galton
- A Clichéd History of Computing
- STS PhD student on the BBC Breakfast Show
- Fireworks, with Simon Werrett
- RRI in Rome
- CFP: Philosophy of Information workshop
- STS's Stilgoe speaks to Parliament
- STS research seminars Term 2 announced
- Prof Frank James elected
- Students Organise BSHS Postgraduate Conference 2015
- Science Communication Careers Event for STS Students
- Student article on science funding
- New book: Politics of Geoengineering
- Toxic World
- London Ancient Science Conference
- STS Invited to the UN in Geneva
- STS PGTAs Shine at the Teaching and Learning Conference 2015
- STS workshop on "scale" is big success
- Fully-funded PhD Studentship
UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies is an interdisciplinary centre for the integrated study of science's history, philosophy, sociology, communication and policy, located in the heart of London. Founded in 1921. Award winning for teaching and research, plus for our public engagement programme. Rated as outstanding by students at every level.
At UCL, the academic mission is paramount. Our ambition is to achieve the highest standards in our teaching and research.
Join us for BSc, MSc, and PhD study.
Staff books include:
Vacancy: Project Co-ordinator
27 January 2014
The Department of Science and Technology Studies wishes to appoint Project Co-ordinator to work on the 'Emotions, Transformations, Restorations' project being run jointly by STS and the Institute of Making. The successful applicant would be assisting the project leads, Dr Simon Werrett (STS) and Dr Leoni Hannan (History and Museums and Public Engagement) to set up and co-ordinate a series of workshops. The appointment will be part-time at approximately 135 hours over the period February – July 2014. Hours are negotiable, but the successful candidate would be expected to commence work immediately.
Further information and details of how to apply.
The deadline for applications is 5pm on 7th February 2014
Page last modified on 27 jan 14 16:59 by Jo E Pearson
UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies (STS)
0207 679 1328 office | +44 207 679 1328 international
email@example.com | www.ucl.ac.uk/sts | @stsucl
postal address: Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT | United Kingdom
street address: 22 Gordon Square, London, WC1E 6BT | maps


text:
Title: Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks
Composer: Richard Strauss Instrument: Bass Edited By: Paul Ellison Instrumentation: Orchestral Pages: 5 Please note: This score is only available for purchase by customers located in the USA and Canada.
Dear bassist or interested party, All my editing is done in the spirit of "living editions." They are never finished or to be considered set in stone. Bowings, articulations, fingerings, dynamics and phrasings may change with conductors, historical performance considerations, change of instrument, bow or strings, differing venues, individual physical considerations, change of climate or altitude not to mention additional acquired knowledge or change in personal taste. Asking oneself to have about five ways to play most passages seems to cover the fluctuating circumstances mentioned in addition to giving oneself reason and context for choices to be made. Each set of performances of any major work is likely to prompt some change(s). The very nature and future of music as an art form demands live, dynamic, fresh interpretations which frequently necessitates realizing that there actually is no "rule book" and that the "bass police" will never actually show up. Please accept this editing in the spirit of knowing that our skills and abilities are in constant flux and may require many possibilities. Here's to great music making. -Paul Ellison Click below to preview or purchase a recording of this piece. |


text:
Bergman faces Brewers seeking first career win
Estrada takes hill against Rockies looking to reverse recent fortunes
Christian Bergman earned the chance to pitch in the Major Leagues in Mark Wiley's mind.
Wiley, the Rockies' director of pitching operations, has a lot of say in deciding which pitchers are ready for the Major Leagues. In just two starts for the Rockies, Bergman is proving why Wiley had faith in him.
"The one thing that stood out more than anything was he was our No. 1 strike-thrower in the Minor Leagues," Wiley said. "He throws a high percentage of strikes, always has. He's been his league's pitcher of the year a couple of times, and when you do that, you're a strike-thrower and you have some of the elements that he has, those make you a prospect at the big league level."
In those first two Major League starts, Bergman has an ERA of 3.75. He's gone six innings in both his outings and has tallied seven strikeouts and two walks. He'll go for his first Major League win against the Brewers on Friday, after his first start resulted in a 1-0 loss to the Braves, and his second ended with Bergman receiving no-decision in a 5-4 win over the Giants.
Bergman will try to right the Rockies, after the team suffered a three-game sweep at the hands of the Dodgers, with Clayton Kershaw throwing a no-hitter against them in Wednesday night's finale. To beat the Brewers, Bergman will try to continue to use that big league command that helped get him to the Majors.
"As you get toward the big leagues and Triple-A, you're going to have to be able to move the ball to the other side," Wiley said. "The hitters understand that you're one-sided, they understand that you're getting into patterns. As you move up, you've got to improve. That's what he's done."
He'll be taking on a struggling veteran in Marco Estrada for the Brewers, who finished their series with the D-backs on Thursday, winning three of four against Arizona. Estrada has allowed a Major League-high 23 home runs this season and has allowed at least one long ball in 12 of his 13 starts this season. He has allowed four runs or more in his past three starts.
Although Estrada could be pitching for his job with top Brewers' prospect Jimmy Nelson pitching so well at Triple-A Nashville, he approached a between-starts bullpen session on Tuesday like business as usual.
He threw all fastballs and changeups, the latter a key pitch for Estrada that has not been as sharp this season as last year.
"I just have to keep going," Estrada said. "My confidence is always there, that's not something that's going to go away because of a bad month. Mechanically, it's a little thing. It really is. It's going from keeping pitches here [just above the knees] to here [right at the knees]. It's that small of a difference. I felt like it was much better the last two games, even though I've given up the most runs that I have the entire month. The last two games, my location is much better."
He was encouraged by zero walks in his last start. He blamed his poor first inning on feeling "too good" during warmups.
"I was way too amped up when I took the mound," said Estrada, who reiterated that his troubles have been related to, "little things."
"Now I need to forget about those things and go back out there," he said. "Home runs are what they are. I've always given up home runs, just not this many. It's a little command issue. No one is perfect the entire year."
He said after his last start that he has been dealing with an undisclosed off-field issue, but declined this week to expound.
"The best way to get people back on your side is to pitch well," Estrada said.
Rockies: Chatwood, Anderson making progress
Both Tyler Chatwood and Brett Anderson threw bullpen sessions on Wednesday, as the duo continues to move towards returning from injuries.
Chatwood, a right-handed pitcher who suffered a right flexor strain, and Anderson, a left-hander who's been out with a broken left index finger, are making strides on the same rehab schedule.
They both threw 47-pitches on Wednesday and used all of their pitches. They are scheduled to throw another bullpen session Saturday or Sunday before throwing a live batting practice two days later.
Brewers: Struggling Braun set for game No. 1,000
Ryan Braun sat on Thursday as he continued to battle a hitting slump, but his next game will be No. 1,000 in his career, which has been spent entirely in Milwaukee. He'll be the 12th Brewer to reach that milestone and the 18th current player to have at least 1,000 games with his current club. Teammate Rickie Weeks is on both lists.
"It sounds like a big number, yeah," said Braun, who debuted with the Brewers in 2007. "I've always said, anything like that you try not to focus on too much during the season. I think the focus is just on preparation, competing and helping us win games. All those types of things you kind of look back on in the offseason. But that does sound like a big number. It goes by really quick."
Braun will hit the milestone in the midst of a hitting slump that has sent his batting average from .311 on June 8 to .279 currently.
"It's just from at-bat to at-bat, we need to get him back and being that consistent guy who gives you the three good at-bats a game," Brewers manager Ron Roenicke said Thursday.
Worth noting
• The Rockies were swept for the third time this season on Wednesday. The other two sweeps, from May 30-June 5, were a part of an eight-game losing streak.
• The series in Colorado will wrap up a stretch where the Brewers played 15 of 18 games on the road. Milwaukee is 9-6 so far in this stretch.
• Carlos Gomez has reached base in 32 straight games, the current Major League high. By reaching base Thursday, he tied Robin Yount for the sixth-best streak in Brewers history
Mike Vernon is an associate reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


text:
Element Case Sector 5 Aluminum iPhone 5 Case Review
In the past, we have put numerous aluminum machined iPhone, iPod touch and even iPad cases thru testing. One case company stood out like a white knight in shining armor. Element Case is considered by many including us to be the best of the best when considering a case made from the 13th element. Elite cases like the Vapor Pro and Vapor Comp were truly a pair of groundbreaking offerings in the world of high-end protective iPhone accessories. Element Case went above and beyond with its latest hardcore case for the iPhone 5. The Sector 5 is an aluminum bumper-style case that tops off the amazingly curvy Draco 5 with its complexity and pure unadulterated awesomeness. If you were to tell us it was from another dimension, we'd believe you. So lock n' load, it's gonna be a bumpy in-depth review!


text:
Won't be surprised if flash player follows the same fate.
Phoronix: Adobe Drops Linux Desktop Support For AIR
Adobe doesn't see "the year of the Linux desktop" happening, so they've decided to kill off the Linux desktop client for their AIR run-time. Adobe AIR 2.7 was recently released for creating rich Internet applications, but the Linux desktop client wasn't updated. This wasn't an oversight or delay in development, but Adobe is dropping the Linux desktop client so they can focus on mobile platforms such as Android and Apple iOS...
Won't be surprised if flash player follows the same fate.
It wont be an surprise!! but it wont be a problem, they slowly are lossing the train (HTML5, WEBM, VP8, DIVx Web).
Can't say I like AIR. In fact, I really don't like it much at all. Still a shame though.
I am Enterprise programmer and never ever heard about "Adobe AIR". Except now, that it was canceled. Is there anything in AIR that we don't have in standard tools, like Java, HTML5?
I'm not sure I ever used AIR, can anyone point to something based on AIR that desktop users use?
I only care about the flash player being there for Linux, since HTML5 video is not nearly good enough, youtube's html5 player still sucks big time and I don't know why.
I think League of Legends uses air for the interface or at least in some degree.
Actually expect the Flash Player to get much better in the future thanks to Chrome OS. VA-API and Composite acceleration are among the first for 10.4/11.0.
Re: AIR, I only know about one Adobe AIR application and that is... the official ICQ client for Linux, which released the first beta version just few weeks ago.
maybe html5 player sucks so much, because there is this crappy flash blob from adobe for linux. I boykott it, one alternative for youtube is minitube a free gpl desktop-flash-player.
Yes I hope in the eyes of adobe Linux will never be ready for (commercial) Desktop.
Whats the point to make windows out of linux. Why then not using windows.
Keep away your stupid binary blobs from linux.
if they would offer some gpl stuff, be my guest. for pdf you dont need the adobe crap just use the free tools like evience. And for flash there are alternativs too, but I agree that works only for standard desktop stuff (not if you want to use special software or hardcore gaming) the biggest problem right now is the shit flashblob.
But there is also an alterntive availible here ubuntu and co fail to get them easy installable. I mean Lightspark, they should just make that the default. But they piss on free software and likes that proprietary unstable blobs.
Last edited by blackiwid; 06-15-2011 at 09:00 AM.


text:
For Wherever Life Takes You
Learn more about our free apps.
Best Price Guarantee
We promise you access to the guaranteed best available prices, or your first night is free.
Online Reservation Guarantee
Your room is guaranteed.
No Booking Fees!
We do not charge any booking fees for making reservations directly with us.
Data Privacy and Site Security
IHG takes your privacy seriously and works to protect you. All personal information you provide is encrypted and secure.
Top Destinations
Atlanta Hotels | Chicago Hotels | Dallas Hotels | Honolulu Hotels | Houston Hotels | Los Angeles Hotels | New York Hotels | Orlando Hotels | San Francisco Hotels | Washington DC Hotels | Las Vegas Hotels | New Orleans Hotels | London Hotels | Paris Hotels | Dubai Hotels | Sydney Hotels | Hong Kong Hotels | Amsterdam Hotels | Toronto Hotels | Shanghai Hotels | IHG Travel Blog
© 2015 IHG. All rights reserved. Most hotels are independently owned and operated.
The standard cookie policy for this website is to allow all cookies. This helps to ensure you have the optimal experience. If you would like to continue with our optimal website experience, you don't need to make any changes. If you would like to learn more about how we use cookies or change your settings, you can use the link at the bottom of any page at any time.


text:
Phoronix: Using KWin To Power Other Non-KDE Linux Desktops
For those interested in ditching Compiz or other window managers in favor of KDE's KWin, it is actually possible to do so and use KWin on your favorite non-KDE desktop...
I prefer compton which is a liteweight compiz replacement and provides a flickering and tear free experience that feels so smooth as using wayland but still on X
I smell a set of new distros brewing.
Excellent! In the future I will remove xorg-server, install Wayland and use it as a window manager. But for now, I'll stuck with X11 and my Fluxbox wm. Hope this come soon in Gentoo! :-)
That's funny because I just started using kde4 over kde3.5 with the new OpenSuSE 13.1 release. Besides how settings are handled and having to install stealth cashew, I'm really impressed with how smooth and stable everything runs on my ThinkPad with a i5/HD4000. I still miss my old 3.5 but it is really starting to show it's age.
I want a broken, buggy POS to power my other desktop, okay, yeah... lol
KWin is the main reason which I'm not using KDE Plasma Workspaces anymore. In my case (GeForce GT 630 with nVidia proprietary driver0, KWin results in a lot of tearing in games, videos and in its effects, it has a poor performance and it is very buggy. So, as compositing window manager, it's a bad solution for me. I prefer to use Mutter in Plasma Workspackes rather than KWin.
And this is list of the packges to install together with KWin in openSUSE (excluding the recommended packages).
Code:appmenu-qt cln kactivities4 kde4-filesystem kde4-kgreeter-plugins kdebase4-runtime kdebase4-runtime-branding-openSUSE kdebase4-workspace kdebase4-workspace-branding-openSUSE kdebase4-workspace-ksysguardd kdebase4-workspace-liboxygenstyle kdelibs4 kdelibs4-branding-openSUSE kdelibs4-core kdepimlibs4 kscreen ksplashx-branding-openSUSE kwin libakonadi4 libakonadiprotocolinternals1 libattica0_4 libdbusmenu-qt2 libdmtx0 libepub0 libgps20 libkactivities6 libkde4 libkdecore4 libkdepimlibs4 libkscreen libkscreen1 libksuseinstall1 libphonon4 libpolkit-qt-1-1 libpoppler-qt4-4 libprison0 libqalculate5 libqca2 libqimageblitz4 libqjson0 libqt4-qt3support libsoprano4 libssh4 libstrigi0 libwayland-egl1 libxcb-composite0 libxcb-damage0 libxcb-image0 libxcb-keysyms1 libxcb-randr0 libxcb-shape0 libxcb-sync0 libxcb-xtest0 libzip2 nepomuk-core oxygen-icon-theme polkit-kde-agent-1 shared-desktop-ontologies soprano soprano-backend-redland susegreeter-branding-openSUSE


text:
Scene Info - Ava Devine, Scene #01
- Bonus Sites7
- Models1998
- Scenes3730
- Hours of Video2421
- Pictures454713
- Customer Support24/7
Yes it is. The one and only self-proclaimed uber-whore, Ava Devine. We've been waiting nearly 3 years to throat-fuck her. And she did not dissappoint. We guarantee this is one of the most intense hardcore throat fucks you will see in a long time. In fact, even Ava could barely take it. Now that's saying something!


text:
Don't think anyone has actually come back to say it is a bad thing. Most people just want to understand it better as for some it wont be financially viable to do so.
I think it is a good idea but just think that some things could have been better to get more people involved at the initial stage


text:
Perl 6
Perl 6 hackathon targets: Revision 18
These are topics and/or tasks that are likely candidates to be addressed or worked on at the [Oslo Perl 6 hackaton 2009]. They're here as a list to remind us of (1) important issues we may want to address when we have a gathering of the principals, and (2) ideas for things that we can recruit others to work on.
^^ Rakudo-specific targets * Update the development roadmap * Review RT tickets, verify that open bugs/tickets have corresponding spectests * Ideas/planning for initial module implementations, where hosted, if/how distributed with implementations * Update documentation on rakudo.org * Create/update FAQ on rakudo.org * Update "committer's guide", "release manager's guide", etc. documents * Plan for handling .leave * Spectest coverage review * Fix 'make install' target * Planning for laziness and lazy lists * Identify critical stumbling blocks for newcomers to Rakudo / Perl 6 * Clean up handling of True, False, .true, .not, etc. * Clean up handling of .Str for some builtin types (Int, Num) * qx() workarounds? * RT #64810? * Fix up capture handling * Container autovivification ^^ Perl 6 language targets (Language design issues that may involve discussions with Larry or proposals to p6l) * Handling of take() values, especially in loops * Details of infix:<cmp> * Do we want want() ? * See also [perl6 tasks] * String Range semantics * Types nested inside roles * access private members of sibling instances ^^ Perl 6 things accomplished / decided * is augment lexically scoped? (answer: no, it's a form of monkey patching) * review EXPORTALL semantics * Clarify enum/boolean stringification semantics * Type constraints in arrays [3, 4, 5] <-> Positional[Int] ? ** (answer -- generally an anonymous array/list doesn't promote to a given constraint) ** however, there is a "narrowness criteria" for parameterized roles, which jonathan++ has specced (S14) and implemented (Rakudo) * Eliminated prefix:<=>, now use .get, .lines. * Also eliminated fish term ( =<> ), it's now lines() . |


text:
Verve Ornamental Lawn Seed 10kg
Current price
was £49.98
you save £14.98
£3.50 per KG
This lawn seed is ideal for enhancing the health and thickness of your lawn. On average, it has a total coverage of 400m². Sow from March to early October depending upon conditions.
- Guarantee - 1 year
- Tolerant to drought
Read moreabout Verve Ornamental Lawn Seed 10kg
- Brand
Product notices
Home delivery
Out of stock for Home Delivery. Please check back soon.
Click & Collect
Out of stock for Click & Collect. Please check back soon.
- Stocked in store Check stock in store
[This is a block of tabs..]
Product Details
Features and benefits
- Child and pet friendly
Technical specifications
Brand | Verve |
Range | Ornamental |
Coverage | 400m² |
Weight | 10kg |
Where to plant | Shady areas |
Help & Advice
How to guides
How to look after your lawn
A good lawn brings all the elements of your garden together and creates a perfect area for fun and relaxation. It's easy to keep it looking good too.
Buying guides
Lawnmowers buying guide
The sheer variety of lawnmowers you can choose from can be bewildering. After all, you could go for anything from a lightweight hover mower right up to a tractor mower with as many gears as a family car. If you do pick the right model, it'll really help you keep your lawn in good shape.
Luscious lawns - perfect lawns made easy
Your lawn is, more often than not, the centrepiece of the garden and a vital balancing element. Without it mixed borders can seem messy and overwhelming, and subtle planting combinations just get lost in the crowd. Keeping it neat and tidy can be a never ending task; we can help you get the right results from your lawn maintenance.
More Information
We want both novice and more experienced gardeners to take up their tools and create a fabulous fragrant and colourful place of their own. So, whether you simply want to grow herbs on your patio or windowsill, or plant your own orchard, let Verve find the perfect plant for you.
Transform a dull border, or add a sprinkle of colour with our stunning selection of seasonal bedding, or create interest, shape or shade with our collection of perennials, annuals, ground cover, vines, shrubs, seeds, trees and bulbs. At Verve you will find everything you need for your garden to flourish. And with a great selection of easy-to-manage houseplants, your home can blossom too. Let Verve take you on a gardening adventure with our exciting new collection.
From cardboard and plastic pots and saucers, to helpful growing kits that hold your hand with step by step instructions, Verve gives you the confidence to get growing. Our range of plant protection and propagators has been designed to give your seeds and plants the best possible start by providing them with a safe and warm environment to germinate, thrive and grow. So, whether you're a novice or an expert, or somewhere in between, you really can make your garden bloom.
Product reassurances
Choose a convenient delivery date on 1000's of products
45 day returns policy
Customer support team - 0333 0143357
Free delivery on orders over £50
Home delivery orders placed on diy.com.
Excludes Next Day Bulk delivery goods


text:
Secure Online Access | Careers | Contact Us | Sitemap
Corporate Profile Press Room Careers Contact Us Related Sites
Who we are? Working at Standard Life Search our Careers Submit Resume Career Center
Home � careers �
The incumbent actively contributes to the proper functioning of the department by managing complex claims and developing and implementing intervention plans that impact profitability and client retention levels.
To submit your resume for this job, select how you heard about the job and then click the "Submit Your Resume" button below.
Confidentiality of personal information The personal information gathered on this website is considered strictly confidential and will be used exclusively for recruitment purposes by the Human Resources department at The Standard Life Assurance Company of Canada. Under no circumstances will this information be used for other purposes or forwarded to a third party without the candidates authorization.
Home | About Us | Individual Solutions | Group Solutions
Legal and privacy statement | ©1997-2012 Standard Life.
Powered by HRsmart


text:
Decorative and functional brass items for your home or office.
To order an item from Yesterdays Jewels, just click on the 'Add to Cart' button. Clicking on the thumbnail picture of any item gives you a larger picture of that item.
Thanks for shopping at Yesterdays Jewels!
Yesterdays Jewels Contact us! P.O. Box 345Bethlehem, PA 18016-0345United States Updated Thursday, May 07 2015Product descriptions copyright© 2015 Yesterdays JewelsAll else copyright© 1995-2015 TIAS.com All rights reserved.


text:
" Howell looked questioningly at Britton. He knew that they were but a portion of a ready mob,uggs outlet. "I'll need your help,www.uggsonsaleoutlet.net. With an erection. In one wonderful entry, Debo describes her mother-in-law, the Duchess of Devonshire, and her friend, the Duchess of Rutland,michael kors purse, going to Paris to check out Dior's New Look collection in 1947. "Alvin didn't want it?" asked Verily,www.michaelkorshandbagspurse.net. Flinging the shovel to the ground,michael kors outlet, he began feverishly swinging the pick,louis vuitton purses, breaking up the rough surface. "And my name, since Horace hasn't deigned to utter it yet, is Vilate Franker,www.louisvuittonofficialwebsitebelt.net. The pay-off is due.)Trademark dilution as a theory is controversial, to say the least,louis vuitton online store." McFarlane drew Rachel protectively toward him,louis vuitton sale, then turned to look at Lloyd. Then, from the darkness of the front hall,louis vuitton handbags, came a flank attack. "Hexed up six ways to Tuesday. "You're very smug,cheap uggs," said Peggy, "for a woman who has made such a botch of things herself. "Actually, time was running faster for me than it was for you, so from where I am sitting I have hardly been away,www.authenticlouisvuittonhandbagsweb.net.
Related articles:


text:
Roll Over Image to Zoom
Notre Dame Fighting Irish Helmet, Fathead
- Overview
Big, bold and bursting with team spirit, this outspoken graphic transforms empty wall space into the ultimate Notre Dame Fighting Irish tribute. It's made super tough and fade-resistant to make an impact season after season.
- 4' 5" wide x 4' 2" high
- Made of vinyl.
- Our peel-and-stick decals are easy to apply, reposition and remove.
- Self-adhesive backing removes without any surface damage.
- Dimensions + Care
- Prior to applying your decal, make sure the surface is smooth, free of dust or dirt, and completely dry.
- Decal is not recommended for use on "orange peel" walls or other heavily textured or overly porous surfaces.
- Clean the surface using a soft sponge and lukewarm water with mild soap or detergent.
- Shipping Info
- This item ships directly from our manufacturer. Please allow 2-3 weeks for delivery. This also applies to monogrammed and gift-wrapped items.


text:
You must be logged in to add to
your Wishlists.
- Home >Academic Wall Calendars >Academic Monthly Desk/Wall Calendar
Item #SK16
AT-A-GLANCE®Academic Monthly Desk/Wall Calendar
Color Choices:
This versatile calendar can hang on your wall, sit on your desk or easily pop into a 3-ring binder.
Recycled product. Contains paper with at least 30.0% post-consumer material. Learn More
- 16 months (September - December)
- Unruled daily blocks: 1 1/2" x 1 1/4"
- Julian dates
- Includes extra space for notes and moon phases for reference
- Federal holidays printed in red
- Printed on quality paper containing a minimum of 30% post-consumer waste
- wirebound and 3-hole punched for binder use or hanging
- FORMAT Monthly
- PAGE SIZE 11" x 8"
- SIZE 11" x 8 1/8" x 1/4"
- MONTH Sep - Dec
- RULING Unruled Blocks
- BINDING Wirebound
- STYLE Academic Wall Calendar
There is no licensing information for this product


text:
Wedding Planners near langley,sc
Other Wedding Vendors near langley,sc:
Wedding Band (251) |
Wedding Beauty & Health (789) |
Wedding Catering (630) |
Wedding Ceremony Music (176) |
Wedding DJ (608) |
Wedding Dress & Attire (408) |
Wedding Event Rentals (224) |
Wedding Favors & Gifts (215) |
Wedding Flowers (653) |
Wedding Invitations (361) |
Wedding Jewelry (305) |
Wedding Lighting & Decor (93) |
Wedding Officiant (384) |
Wedding Photography (2014) |
Wedding Planning (1030) |
Wedding Rehearsal Dinner (148) |
Wedding Transportation (125) |
Wedding Travel Agents (113) |
Wedding Venue (1287) |
Wedding Videography (339) |
You've chosen the maximum (5) items in this category. Compare your items or remove and replace with another.
Compare Now
0 Vendors Selected. Select up to 5 vendors to compare in one of the following categories: Venues, Bands, Catering, Photography or Videographers.
9eighteen Events derived from the day that changed our Chief Producers life, 9/18/2004- her wedding day. Through her vision, we've become a team...(more)
B.A. Bride Wedding Consultants and Event Planners
14 ReviewsElegant weddings and events wiith a splash of Attitude!!!!!
Lithonia, GA | 770-484-7545
For more than 18 years, B.A. Bride has helped "couples" to create dreams, unforgettable nuptial events. We have transferred our award winning...(more)
Wedding planning partner...voice of calm...orchestrator of your perfect wedding day. As one of Atlanta's premier wedding consultants, Daria is by...(more)
Alabaster & Ivory is a Wedding and Event planning Company based out of Atlanta. We have a passion for planning and attention to detail. Tea...(more)
Tracy Sloan Events sets itself apart as a unique, full-service event planning boutique with a professional level of service, but a personal touch...(more)
We are based in Atlanta, GA but can travel wherever love takes you! We are happy to offer you and your fiance a complimentary consultation to...(more)
Table 6 Productions
10 ReviewsIt's your day, your way. But, we will make it mahhvelous dahhling!
Atlanta, GA | 808-321-8286
Congratulations on your engagement!! Are you wanting the wedding of your dreams but need just a little guidance on bringing your dreams to life?...(more)
OneTouch Events is a wedding and special events planning firm based in Atlanta, GA, providing services for both social and corporate occasions...(more)
We work to provide you with the ultimate planning experience by tailoring our services to meet your specific event need and to fit your personal...(more)
You're Engaged! Once the ring has been slipped on your finger, it's time to start planning with us! Let us help you pull off the wedding of your...(more)
ABOUT US Wedding Belles is a full-service wedding planning company based in Atlanta, Georgia. Our professional team is prepared to assist our...(more)
Panache Atlanta Events is a creative Mother and Daughter team skilled at interpreting our client's vision to create a unique and memorable...(more)
Day of Coordination Packages start at only $500! www.signatureweddingsbychristine.com I am a Day of Coordinator working in the Metro Atlanta area...(more)
Contact Us
Expires: Jul 01, 2015
Hurry and book your 2016 dates before July 1st to lock in 2015 pricing! Prime dates will book up to a year in advance! Email me now to check availability and to book your date. It is so important to have someone there to be your liaison, communicate with vendors, and assist your family and bridal party. Your day. Your vision. I make it happen.
Julie and her team have built a reputation in Alabama and Georgia as the go-to wedding planners for ultra personalized weddings. Our philosophy is...(more)
Niq Williams Event Management LLC
15 Reviewswww.niqwilliamsevents.com ~ Wedding & Party Planner ~ Floral Designer
Marietta, GA | 678-525-0940
Niq Williams Events is a full-service event management and design team, skilled and experienced in planning events to fabulously fit your...(more)
Sister Secrets was founded in 2012 in an effort to fulfill a passion, a dream, a wish and at one time a SECRET. Callie is a Certified Wedding...(more)
From classic to fantastic, we are the sophisticated planners. Adding elegance to every detail, is our signature. From full planning to full...(more)
SAS Weddings is a full-service wedding & event planning design consultancy company nestled in the heart of Atlanta. Our team was founded on the...(more)
Che Bella Weddings and Events is a certified event planning service. Che, pronounced "Kay", Bella means "so beautiful" in so many languages, that...(more)


text:
WIMBLEDON, England (AP) — Andy Roddick sprinted forward to scoop up a ball near the net, then backpedaled for another shot, leaping, stretching and swinging in one desperate motion.
He hit the ball into a camera bay.
So it went Tuesday for Roddick, outclassed by Novak Djokovic in the second round of the Olympics at Wimbledon, 6-2, 6-1.
"I hit the ball fine," Roddick said. "He was just too good from the baseline. He was seeing it like a basketball."
Djokovic also praised his performance.
"It was a perfect match in every sense," the Serb said.
Even so, the drubbing was a dismal result for Roddick, whose declining fortunes in recent months have left him fending off questions about retirement.
Playing under the Centre Court roof, Djokovic closed out the victory with consecutive aces. Roddick then quickly left the court where he lost three Wimbledon finals, and was noncommittal about the possibility he won't be back.
"It's not close to my mind right now," the 29-year-old Roddick said. "That's not something that I'm going to talk about."
Like Djokovic, Venus Williams charged into the third round. She won 15 of 16 points when she reached the net and beat Aleksandra Wozniak of Canada 6-1, 6-3.
Back on her favorite stage — Centre Court — Williams dominated with her aggressiveness, which is what makes her so dangerous on grass. Of the points she has won through two rounds, nearly one-third have come when she moved forward.
Williams is also serving well and ripping returns. She broke Wozniak six times in eight games.
"Every day I'm just concentrating on trying to bring my best tennis out," Williams said. "And honestly, if there's a time to do it, it's now."
Williams won her most recent tournament title 2½ years ago, and she took a long layoff after being diagnosed in 2011 with an autoimmune disease that causes fatigue. But at 32, she seems rejuvenated by the chance at a record fourth gold medal in Olympic tennis.
"Much improvement in the last few weeks," U.S. coach Mary Joe Fernandez said. "And this is where she feels at home. It's great to be back on the grass."
Williams has won five of her seven major titles at the All England Club, most recently in 2008. Her opponent Wednesday will be No. 7 Angelique Kerber of Germany, who beat Timea Babos of Hungary 6-1, 6-1.
Maria Sharapova hit 10 aces under the roof and beat Laura Robson of Britain 7-6 (5), 6-3. Sharapova, seeded No. 3, will next play No. 15 Sabine Lisicki of Germany.
British hopeful Andy Murray, seeded No. 3, advanced by beating Jarkko Nieminen of Finland 6-2, 6-4. Nieminen won cheers for his scrappy play, including a tumble into the first row in pursuit of a shot.
Also scrappy but more successful was three-time Olympian Lleyton Hewitt, the Wimbledon champion 10 years ago. He beat No. 13 Marin Cilic of Croatia 6-4, 7-5.
Djokovic-Roddick stirred considerable anticipation as second-round matches go, and the crowd was near capacity when they took the court, with both players wearing red, white and blue. For the first time in the tournament, even the Royal Box was almost full.
Roddick started well enough, holding his first two service games, but from there the match quickly slipped away. His big serve was negated as a weapon against the game's best returner, and in baseline rallies Roddick was no match for Djokovic, who deployed his extensive arsenal of slices, drop shots and rocket-like groundstrokes.
Djokovic won seven consecutive games during one stretch, and 12 of the final 13. He finished with 14 aces, lost only 10 points in eight service games and had just six unforced errors.
In the final game Roddick hit a perfect drop shot, but Djokovic ran it down and whipped it cross-court for a winner. The Serb stood with his arms raised, basking in the roar of the crowd, while Roddick shook his head.
"That was one of the best drop shots I ever hit," Roddick shouted to Djokovic when the cheers died down.
Djokovic only smiled. Then he hit another ace.
A bronze medalist in 2008 and a Wimbledon champion last year, Djokovic has high hopes in the tournament but plans to enjoy the Olympics regardless. He enjoys hanging out in the athletes village and met two-time NHL MVP Alex Ovechkin, who agreed to trade a hockey stick for a racket.
"The basics of any Olympic Games is to be alongside the best athletes in the world, to dine with them, to make pictures with them, to chat, exchange experiences," Djokovic said. "This happens only every four years."


text:
Category page
38,286pages on
this wiki
this wiki
This is the supercategory for all individuals. Those not listed here will belong to one of this page's subcategories.
This category has the following 200 subcategories, out of 369 total.
(previous 200) (next 200)8AB |
B cont.CDEFGH |
H cont.IJKLM |
Pages in category "Individuals"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 1,062 total.
(previous 200) (next 200)(previous 200) (next 200)