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US 7773566 B2 Abstract A method for operating a subscriber unit that communicates with a code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless network is provided. At the subscriber unit, synchronization information is encoded with a CDMA code. The CDMA encoded synchronization information is transmitted from the subscriber unit in discrete repeating intervals. The discrete repeating intervals are separated by other discrete repeating intervals during which the subscriber unit does not transmit synchronization information.
Claims(5) 1. A method for use in a subscriber unit in a code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless network, the method comprising:
receiving a message defining a timeslot assignment for a code phase reverse channel of the subscriber unit, wherein the timeslot assignment defines timeslots to be used only during an idle mode;
encoding synchronization information with a CDMA code;
monitoring a buffer to determine whether additional code phase channels are required to support the reverse channel;
on a condition that the additional code phase channels are not required, the subscriber unit remains in the idle mode; and
transmitting, during the idle mode, the CDMA encoded synchronization information on an assigned code phase channel, wherein the transmission of the CDMA encoded synchronization information is based on the received timeslot assignment.
2. The method of
monitoring the buffer;
supplying user information to the buffer;
requesting permission to use a first CDMA code for supporting transmission of a portion of the user information;
requesting permission to use a second CDMA code for supporting transmission of the user information not in the portion; and
transmitting the user information using the first CDMA code and the second CDMA code.
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
Description This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/997,732, filed Nov. 29, 2001 which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/778,474, filed Feb. 7, 2001, and a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/730,376, filed Dec. 5, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,707,804, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/088,413, filed Jun. 1, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,832. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference. The increasing use of wireless telephones and personal computers has led to a corresponding demand for advanced telecommunication services that were once thought to only be meant for use in specialized applications. In the 1980's, wireless voice communication became widely available through the cellular telephone network. Such services were at first typically considered to be the exclusive province of the businessman because of expected high subscriber costs. The same was also true for access to remotely distributed computer networks, whereby until very recently, only business people and large institutions could afford the necessary computers and wireline access equipment. As a result of the widespread availability of both technologies, the general population now increasingly wishes to not only have access to networks such as the Internet and private intranets, but also to access such networks in a wireless fashion as well. This is particularly of concern for the users of portable computers, laptop computers, hand-held personal digital assistants and the like who would prefer to access such networks without being tethered to a telephone line. There still is no widely available satisfactory solution for providing low cost, broad geographical coverage, high speed access to the Internet, private intranets, and other networks using the existing wireless infrastructure. This situation is most likely an artifact of several unfortunate circumstances. For one, the typical manner of providing high speed data service in the business environment over the wireline network is not readily adaptable to the voice grade service available in most homes or offices. Such standard high speed data services also do not lend themselves well to efficient transmission over standard cellular wireless handsets. Furthermore, the existing cellular network was originally designed only to deliver voice services. As a result, the emphasis in present day digital wireless communication schemes lies with voice, although certain schemes such as CDMA do provide some measure of asymmetrical behavior for the accommodation of data transmission. For example, the data rate on an IS-95 forward traffic channel can be adjusted in increments from 1.2 kbps up to 9.6 kbps for so-called Rate Set 1 and in for increments from 1.8 kbps up to 14.4 kbps for Rate Set 2. Existing systems therefore typically provide a radio channel which can accommodate maximum data rates only in the range of 14.4 kilobits per second (kbps) at best in the forward direction. Such a low data rate channel does not lend itself directly to transmitting data at rates of 28.8 or even 56.6 kbps that are now commonly available using inexpensive wireline modems, not to mention even higher rates such as the 128 kbps which are available with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) type equipment. Data rates at these levels are rapidly becoming the minimum acceptable rates for activities such as browsing web pages. Other types of data networks using higher speed building blocks such as Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL) service are just now coming into use in the United States. However, their costs have only been recently reduced to the point where they are attractive to the residential customer. Although such networks were known at the time that cellular systems were originally deployed, for the most part, there is no provision for providing higher speed ISDN- or xDSL-grade data services over cellular network topologies. Unfortunately, in wireless environments, access to channels by multiple subscribers is expensive and there is competition for them. Whether the multiple access is provided by the traditional Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) using analog modulation on a group of radio carriers, or by newer digital modulation schemes the permit sharing of a radio carrier using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), the nature of the radio spectrum is that it is a medium that is expected to be shared. This is quite dissimilar to the traditional environment for data transmission, in which the wireline medium is relatively inexpensive to obtain, and is therefore not typically intended to be shared. Other considerations are the characteristics of the data itself. For example, consider that access to web pages in general is burst-oriented, with asymmetrical data rate transmission requirements. In particular, the user of a remote client computer first specifies the address of a web page to a browser program. The browser program then sends this web page address data, which is typically 100 bytes or less in length, over the network to a server computer. The server computer then responds with the content of the requested web page, which may include anywhere from 10 kilobytes to several megabytes of text, image, audio, or even video data. The user then may spend at least several seconds or even several minutes reading the content of the page before requesting that another page be downloaded. Therefore, the required forward channel data rates, that is, from the base station to the subscriber, are typically many times greater than the required reverse channel data rates. In an office environment, the nature of most employees' computer work habits is typically to check a few web pages and then to do something else for extended period of time, such as to access locally stored data or to even stop using the computer altogether. Therefore, even though such users may expect to remain connected to the Internet or private intranet continuously during an entire day, the actual overall nature of the need to support a required data transfer activity to and from a particular subscriber unit is actually quite sporadic. Problem Statement What is needed is an efficient scheme for supporting wireless data communication such as from portable computers to computer networks such as the Internet and private intranets using widely available infrastructure. Unfortunately, even the most modern wireless standards in widespread use such as CDMA do not provide adequate structure for supporting the most common activities, such as web page browsing. Due to IS-95 being circuit-switched, there are only a maximum of 64 circuit-switched users that can be active at one time. In practicality, this limit is difficult to attain, and 20 or 30 simultaneous users are typically used, however certain implementations allow aggregation of up to 8 codes on a channel. In addition, the existing CDMA system requires certain operations before a channel can be used. Both access and traffic channels are modulated by so-called long code pseudonoise (PN) sequences; therefore, in order for the receiver to work properly it must first be synchronized with the transmitter. The setting up and tearing down of channels therefore requires overhead to perform such synchronization. This overhead results in a noticeable delay to the user of the subscriber unit. An attractive method of increasing data rate for a given user is the sharing of channels in both the forward and reverse link direction. This is an attractive option, especially with the ease of obtaining multiple access with CDMA; additional users can be supported by simply adding additional codes for the forward link, or code phases in the reverse link for an IS-95 system. Ideally, this subchannel overhead would be minimized so that when additional subchannels need to be allocated to a connection, they are available as rapidly as possible. To maintain synchronization, it is therefore advantageous to provide the sub-channels in such a way that the lowest possible speed connection is provided on a reverse link while at the same time maintaining efficient and fast ramp-up of additional code phase channels on demand. This in turn would maximize the number of available connections while minimizing the impact on the overall system capacity. One aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for operating a subscriber unit that communicates with a code division multiple access (CDMA) wireless network. The method comprises encoding at the subscriber unit synchronization information with a CDMA code, and transmitting from the subscriber unit the CDMA encoded synchronization information in discrete repeating intervals. The discrete repeating intervals may be separated by other discrete repeating intervals during which the subscriber unit does not transmit synchronization information. The method may further comprise monitoring a buffer at the subscriber unit, supplying user information to the buffer, and requesting permission to use a first CDMA code for supporting the transmission of a portion of the user information. Permission is also requested to use a second CDMA code for supporting the transmission of the user information not in the portion. The user information is transmitted from the subscriber unit using the first and second CDMA codes. Each discrete repeating interval may comprise a time slot of a recurring frame. The discrete repeating intervals may be of equal duration. The method may further comprise the step of receiving a message defining a size of the discrete repeating intervals. The synchronization information may comprise a heartbeat message. The step of transmitting synchronization information in discrete repeating intervals may not occur during the step of transmitting user information. Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for operating a subscriber unit to maintain synchronization when not actively transmitting data. The method comprises receiving from a base station a message defining discrete repeating intervals during which the subscriber unit transmits synchronization information encoded with a CDMA code at the subscriber unit. The encoded synchronization information is transmitted from the subscriber unit to the base station in the discrete repeating intervals. Yet another aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for supporting variable rate data transfers on a communication link between a base station and a field unit in a wireless CDMA communication system. The method comprises transmitting user information from the field unit to the base station using a first allocation of bandwidth. Synchronization information is transmitted from the field unit to the base station using a second allocation of bandwidth during discrete repeating intervals of time when the field unit is not actively transmitting user information using the first allocation of bandwidth. The present invention is a service option overlay for an IS-95-like CDMA wireless communication system which accomplishes the above requirements. In particular, a number of subchannels for a forward link are defined within a single CDMA radio channel bandwidth, such as by assigning different orthogonal codes to each sub-channel. Multiple subchannels are defined on the reverse link by assigning different code phases of a given long pseudonoise (PN) code to each subchannel. The instantaneous bandwidth needs of each on-line subscriber unit are then met by dynamically allocating additional capacity on an as needed basis for each network layer connection. More recently, the cdma-2000 system provides a variable spreading factor to increase data rate rather than using additional long codes. Only a single long code is used, and different data rate are obtained by changing the chips per data bit or the length of the orthogonal code. Further, additional orthogonal codes within the code phases are employed. More particularly, the present invention efficiently provides a relatively large number of virtual physical connections between the subscriber units and the base stations on the reverse link for extended idle periods such as when computers connected to the subscriber units are powered on, but not presently actively sending or receiving data. These maintenance subchannels permit the base station and the subscriber units to remain in phase and time synchronism. The power levels over the subchannels is regulated to minimize interference. This in turn allows fast acquisition of additional capacity. The additional capacity can be obtained in several ways. Additional code phases, or long codes, may be employed. Further, additional orthogonal codes within the same code phase may be added, as described above. Finally, the spreading factor of the codes may be varied. In an idle mode, the subscriber unit sends a synchronization or �heartbeat� message on the maintenance subchannel at a data rate which need only be fast enough to allow the subscriber unit to maintain synchronization with the base station. The duration of the heartbeat signal is determined by considering several factors, including the capture or locking range of the code phase locking circuits in the receiver at the base station, by the power control rate that is required, and/or by the rate at which the request indication needs to be sent, based on a maximum delay for which a channel may still be requested. For example, the receiver typically has a PN code correlator running at the code chip rate. One example of such a code correlator uses a delay lock loop consisting of an early-late detector. A loop filter controls the bandwidth of the loop which in turn determines how long the code correlator must be allowed to operate before it can guarantee phase lock. This loop time constant determines the amount of �jitter� that can be tolerated; phase lock is typically considered to be maintainable when this is equal to a fraction of a chip time, such as about ⅛ of a chip time. The heartbeat messages are preferably sent in time slots formed on the subchannels defined by the code phases according to a timing control loop. The use of time slotting allows a minimum number of dedicated base station receivers to maintain the idle reverse links. In particular, the reverse maintenance channel links are provided using multiple phases of the same long code as well as by assigning a time slot on such code to each subscriber unit. This reduces the overhead of maintaining a large number of connections at the base station. Because of the time slotted nature of the reverse maintenance channel, the base station receiver can also be time shared among these various reverse links. To permit this, during each time slot allocated to a particular subscriber unit, the base station receiver first loads information concerning the last known state of its phase lock such as the last known state of early-late correlators. It then trains the early-late correlators for the required time to ensure that phase lock is still valid, and stores the state of the correlators at the end of the time slot. When additional channel capacity is required to meet bandwidth demand, the additional code phases are assigned in a predetermined phase relationship with respect to the locked code in order to minimize overhead transmissions which would otherwise be needed from the base station traffic channel processor. As a result, many thousands of idle subscriber units may be supported on a single CDMA reverse link radio channel while at the same time minimizing start up delay when channels must be allocated. The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. Turning attention now to the drawings more particularly, The system 100 consists of two different types of components, including subscriber units 101-1, 101-2, . . . , 101-u (collectively, the subscriber units 101) and one or more base stations 170. The subscriber units 101 and base stations 170 cooperate to provide the functions necessary in order to provide wireless data services to a portable computing device 110 such as a laptop computer, portable computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) or the like. The base station 170 also cooperates with the subscriber units 101 to permit the ultimate transmission of data to and from the subscriber unit and the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 180. More particularly, data and/or voice services are also provided by the subscriber unit 101 to the portable computer 110 as well as one or more other devices such as telephones 112-1, 112-2 (collectively referred to herein as telephones 112). The telephones 112 themselves may in turn be connected to other modems and computers which are not shown in The subscriber unit 101 itself consists of an ISDN modem 120, a device referred to herein as the protocol converter 130 that performs the various functions according to the invention including spoofing 132 and bandwidth management 134, a CDMA transceiver 140, and subscriber unit antenna 150. The various components of the subscriber unit 101 may be realized in discrete devices or as an integrated unit. For example, an existing conventional ISDN modem 120 such as is readily available from any number of manufacturers may be used together with existing CDMA transceivers 140. In this case, the unique functions are provided entirely by the protocol converter 130 which may be sold as a separate device. Alternatively, the ISDN modem 120, protocol converter 130, and CDMA transceiver 140 may be integrated as a complete unit and sold as a single subscriber unit device 101. Other types of interface connections such as Ethernet or PCMCIA may be used to connect the computing device to the protocol converter 130. The device may also interface to an Ethernet interface rather than an ISDN �U� interface. The ISDN modem 120 converts data and voice signals between the terminal equipment 110 and 112 to format required by the standard ISDN �U� interface. The U interface is a reference point in ISDN systems that designates a point of the connection between the network termination (NT) and the telephone company. The protocol converter 130 performs spoofing 132 and basic bandwidth management 134 functions. In general, spoofing 132 consists of insuring that the subscriber unit 101 appears to the terminal equipment 110, 112 that is connected to the public switched telephone network 180 on the other side of the base station 170 at all times. The bandwidth management function 134 is responsible for allocating and deallocating CDMA radio channels 160 as required. Bandwidth management 134 also includes the dynamic management of the bandwidth allocated to a given session by dynamically assigning sub-portions of the CDMA radio channels 160 in a manner which is more fully described below. The CDMA transceiver 140 accepts the data from the protocol converter 130 and reformats this data in appropriate form for transmission through a subscriber unit antenna 150 over CDMA radio link 160-1. The CDMA transceiver 140 may operate over only a single 1.25 MHz radio frequency channel or, alternatively, in a preferred embodiment, may be tunable over multiple allocatable radio frequency channels. CDMA signal transmissions are then received and processed by the base station equipment 170. The base station equipment 170 typically consists of multichannel antennas 171, multiple CDMA transceivers 172, and a bandwidth management functionality 174. Bandwidth management 174 controls the allocation of CDMA radio channels 160 and subchannels, in a manner analogous to the subscriber unit 101. The base station 170 then couples the demodulated radio signals to the Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN) 180 in a manner which is well known in the art. For example, the base station 170 may communicate with the PSTN 180 over any number of different efficient communication protocols such as primary rate ISDN, or other LAPD based protocols such as IS-634 or V5.2. It should also be understood that data signals travel bidirectionally across the CDMA radio channels 160. In other words, data signals received from the PSTN-180 are coupled to the portable computer 110 in a forward link direction, and data signals originating at the portable computer 110 are coupled to the PSTN 180 in a so-called reverse link direction. The present invention involves in particular the manner of implementing the reverse link channels. Continuing to refer to In order to better understand how bandwidth management 134 and 174 accomplish the dynamic allocation of radio channels, turn attention now to Each of the CDMA transceivers, such as transceiver 140 in the subscriber unit 101, and transceivers 172 in the base station 170, are capable of being tuned at any given point in time to a given 1.25 MHz radio frequency channel. It is generally understood that such 1.25 MHz radio frequency carrier provides, at best, a total equivalent of about 500 to 600 kbps maximum data rate transmission within acceptable bit error rate limitations. In contrast to this, the present invention subdivides the available approximately 500 to 600 kbps data rate into a relatively large number of subchannels. In the illustrated example, the bandwidth is divided into sixty-four (64) subchannels 300, each providing an 8 kbps data rate. A given subchannel 300 is physically implemented by encoding a transmission with one of a number of different assignable pseudorandom codes. For example, the 64 subchannels 300 may be defined within a single CDMA RF carrier by using a different orthogonal code for each defined subchannel 300 for example, for the forward link. As mentioned above, subchannels 300 are allocated only as needed. For example, multiple subchannels 300 are granted during times when a particular ISDN subscriber unit 101 is requesting that large amounts of data be transferred. These subchannels 300 are quickly released during times when the subscriber unit 101 is relatively lightly loaded. The present invention relates in particular to maintaining the reverse link so that synchronization of the subchannels does not need to be reestablished each time that channels are taken away and then granted back. A relatively large number, N, such as 1000 individual subscriber units are then supported by using a single long pseudonoise (PN) code in a particular way. First, a number, p, of code phases are selected from the available 242-1 different long code phases. A given long code phase is unique to a particular subscriber unit and never changes. As will be explained, this is also true for supplemental code phases as well. The code p phases shifts are then used to provide p subchannels. Next, each of the p subchannels are further divided into s time slots. The time slotting is used only during the idle mode, and provides two advantages; it reduces the numbers of �maintenance� receivers in the base station, and it reduces the impact to reverse channel capacity by reducing transmit power and thus interference. Therefore, the maximum supportable number of supportable subscriber units, N, is p times s. During Idle mode, use of the same PN code with different phases and time slots provides many different subchannels with permits using a single rake receiver in the base station 104. In the above mentioned channel allocation scheme, radio resources are expected to be allocated on an as-needed basis. However, consideration must also be given to the fact that normally, in order set up a new CDMA channel, a given reverse link channel must be given time to acquire code phase lock at the receiver. The present invention avoids the need to wait for each channel to acquire code phase lock each time that it is set up by several mechanisms which are describe more fully below. In general, the technique is to send a maintenance signal at a rate which is sufficient to maintain code phase lock for each subchannel even in the absence of data. The objective here is to minimize the size of each time slot, which in turn maximizes the number of subscribers that can be maintained in an idle mode. The size, t, of each time slot is determined by the minimum time that it takes to guarantee phase lock between the transmitter at the subscriber unit and the receiver in the base station. In particular, a code correlator in the receiver must receive a maintenance or �heartbeat� signal consisting of at least a certain number of maintenance bits over a certain unit of time. In the limit, this heartbeat signal is sent by sending at least one bit from each subscriber unit on each reverse link at a predetermined time, e.g., its designated time slot on a predetermined one of the N subchannels. The minimum time slot duration, t, therefore depends upon a number of factors including the signal to noise ratio and the expected maximum velocity of the subscriber unit within the cell. With respect to signal to noise ratio, this depends on
To be consistent with certain power control group timing requirements, the time slot duration can be relaxed somewhat. For example, in the IS-95 standard, a power control group timing requirement requires a power output sample from each subscriber unit every 1.25 ms. Once code phase lock is acquired, the duration of the heartbeat signal is determined by considering the capture or locking range of the code phase locking circuits in the receiver at the base station. For example, the receiver typically has a PN code correlator running at the code chip rate. One example of such a code correlator uses a delay lock loop consisting of an early-late detector. A loop filter controls the bandwidth of this loop which in turn determines how long the code correlator must be allowed to operate before it can guarantee phase lock. This loop time constant determines the amount of �jitter� that can be tolerated in the code correlator, such as about ⅛ of a chip time, Tc. In the preferred embodiment, the system 100 is intended to support so-called nomadic mobility. That is, high mobility operation within moving vehicles typical of cellular telephony is not expected to be necessary. Rather, the typical user of a portable computer who is active is moving at only brisk walking speeds of about 4.5 miles per hour (MPH). At 4.5 MPH, corresponding to a velocity of 6.6 feet per second, a user will move 101 feet in ⅛ of the 1/1.2288 MHz chip time (Tc). Therefore, it will take about 101 feet divided by 6.6 feet, or about 15 seconds for such a user to move distance which is sufficiently far for him to a point where the code phase synchronization loop cannot be guaranteed to remain locked. Therefore, as long as a complete synchronization signal is sent for a given reverse link channel every 15 seconds, the reverse link loop will therefore remain in lock. In a next state 402, the heartbeat signal is sent in the assigned time slots. A state 403 is then entered in which the subscriber unit monitors its internal data buffers to determine whether additional code phase channels are required to support the establishment of a reverse link with sufficient bandwidth to support an active traffic channel. If this is not the case, then the subscriber returns to state 402 and remains in the idle mode 400. Prior to entering the Active state 405 from Idle mode 400, the subscriber unit must make a request to the base station. If granted, (step 403-b), processing proceeds to step 451, and if not granted, processing proceeds to step 402. However, the subscriber unit knows that it is assigned code phase channels in a predetermined relationship to the code phase channel of its fundamental channel, i.e.,
where Pn+1 is the code phase for the new channel (n+1), and Po is the code phase assigned to the fundamental channel for the particular subscriber. Such a code phase relationship may be, for example, to select uniformly from the available 242 codes, every 242/210′th or every 232′th code phase in a system which is supporting 1024 (210) reverse links, for a single subscriber. As described above the reverse link available capacity and related power control allow additional capacity by adding orthogonal codes rather than additional code phases and by varying the spreading factor, in addition to employing new codes. A number, C, of these new code phases are therefore instantaneously calculated based simply upon the number of additional code phase channels, and without the need to require code phase synchronization for each new channel. After step 452 is processed, a request is made for code phase channels. If granted (step 452-b), processing proceeds to step 453, and if not granted, processing proceeds to step 451 in order to process the additional channel requests. In a next state 453, the subscriber unit begins transmitting its data on its assigned code phase channels. In state 454, it continues to monitor its internal data buffers and its associated forward access channel to determine when to return to the idle mode 400, or state 451, to determine if new code phase channels must be assigned, or to state 455, where they are deallocated. Equivalents While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, instead of ISDN, other wireline and network protocols may be encapsulated, such as xDSL, Ethernet, and X.25, and therefore may advantageously use the dynamic wireless subchannel assignment scheme described herein. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described specifically herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed in the scope of the claims. While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. Patent Citations
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Taken by both upperclassmen and freshmen, this program is designed to give students a common experience on site while providing basic historical knowledge of the host country as well as survival language skills.
Writing is an integral part of the Liberal Studies Program. Every course in the program requires that students write to demonstrate their mastery of material. Writing provides students with an important method for organizing and expressing their thoughts, and it helps students to develop and enhance their critical, analytical, and interpretive skills.
Writing proficiency is required for the NYU bachelor's degree. The writing proficiency requirement is fulfilled by taking the Writing II course and receiving a minimum grade of C. A Writing II grade that is below grade C requires that the student take and pass the Writing Proficiency Examination.
The freshman core courses Cultural Foundations I and II and Social Foundations I and II are based on the study of great texts from antiquity to the Enlightenment. In the Cultural Foundations sequence, students study literature, the visual and performing arts, and music. In the Social Foundations sequence, students focus on philosophy, religion, political and social theory, and history. Taken together, the two sequences can be seen as a large-scale cultural history. The sequences also provide an introduction to skills in critical analysis and synthetic thinking that students need for successful study in all academic disciplines. All of the courses return again and again to a limited number of fundamental issues. Students will come to see that these problems are discussed in many kinds of texts and from many different cultural and historical points of view.
In addition to their Liberal Studies coursework, all students are required to take one course in Italian language each semester. Placement is finalized upon testing during orientation.
Students are not expected to have taken Italian coursework prior to their arrival in Florence. In fact, many students begin with Intensive Elementary Italian in the fall semester. That said, even the most proficient students should expect to take Italian in both the fall and the spring.
All Liberal Studies coursework (Writing, Social Foundations, and Cultural Foundations) is conducted in English.

subset: commoncrawl


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Out of Stock
Item # GBW3165
Don't worry though, we have a lot more Balaclavas & Neck Gaiters in stock than that.
Gore Bike Wear Universal Balaclava $0.00
Reviews & Community
What do you think of the
Gore Bike Wear Universal Balaclava
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Maybe Not
- Gender: Female
- Familiarity: I returned this product before using it
Let me start by saying I love just about everything Gore makes however I returned this item before wearing it. The eye section was very small and I felt my vision would be hindered once I put on my eye wear. In addition, the inside tag was very annoying. I kept it on for about two minutes before deciding that there was no way I would be able to ride with the inside tag rubbing on my head and neck.
Great item!
- Familiarity: I've used it once or twice and have initial impressions
I got me a traditional balaclava and couldn't breath. This one designed to breath without pulling it down below my chin. Great product must have for cold windy condition.
Debbie C
Help for the fogging issues...
Not a cure-all, but a help with the fogging that occurs while wearing 'face coverings', especially when combined with Oakley's vented lenses: Oakley's *Hydrophobic lens cleaner.
Has issues...
- Gender: Male
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I like it because it seems to give the best ws coverage , possibly more than Castelli. The breathing is a little difficult, but I found I just got used to it-- compare to the review of the Castelli where the guy could not breath at all or his nose gets frost bite. Its also quite snug, so pulling it down for a drink (although I gave up carrying water as it just freezes...will try salt this winter) is something you have to stop and do (and then your glasses fog/freeze up!). My glasses do fit under. But these all seem to be expected trade-offs. What bugs me is that the eye hole is too small. It is impossible to look down and check what gear I am in, or if ice/mud is building up. This sucks!!!! In other words, the coverage is max (and good in this sense) for only riding in the hooks and looking straight forward. Period. If you look down, you have to pull the balaclava down to see--good luck trying to do that w/lobster mitts, in traffic, on a busted up road, in the wind...!!!!
All that said, not so sure I want to try Castelli, somebody should write up the craft ws.
Debbie C
Was also interested in this item...Gore generally thinks-things-out really well. As for any article using *Windstopper to cover the nose is not a good idea, ever. Have you adjusted to this piece, or found something better?
Also, for the fogging glasses, try Oakley's *Hydrophobic lens cleaner...it 'helps' with the fogging up issue; Oakley's vented lenses help at bit to.
Hey Debbie C-
Its getting to be that time of year again...
RE Hydro lens anti-fog--I am using hockey visor anti fog. But I suspect at the temps I use it in, any warm vapor/liquid just condenses & freezes on a cold surface. So its a big prob. Still cant figure out why some days the fogging is so much worse than others though. Given the eye hole is so small, it may be the precise way the balaclava just happens to sit on my face that minute. Again, if the eye hole was bigger, it would tolerate some miss adjustment.
Yes, I would some like to able to afford Rx oakley (I suspect the lens-in-a-lens fogs even worse...how would you get to the ice BETWEEN the lenses?)
RE windstopper on nose--If u look close on pic, the bottom of nose is open. This actually is well done, as I can pull the mask down below my schnoze and breath out of nose hole...which is fine if its not too cold e.g. not into the wind. But its really hard to do w/bulky lobster gloves on. Labels make lots of jackets that work down to minus infinity, but w/respect to all else, they go to down 32f & that's it.
Deb, would be nice to talk to you directly...somehow...any recommendations on non-Assos "hard core cold" gloves, over shoes, tights (where the back of legs isn't fleece e.g. the "new and improved" PI AMFibs)? And any ideas on a better balaclava would be appreciated. Just posted a review on Giordana FRC light jacket
Aaron Martin
Better for recreational use
- Familiarity: I've used it several times
I bought this to deal with sub zero on my road bike. The vent holes are too restrictive for hard climbing. You're better off with a neck gator that you can pull down on the climbs.
Debbie C
Hi Aaron,
Have you any 'brand' suggestions that would do the job this product was supposed to do??? I'm not familiar with gaiters', etc. So you input would be greatly appreciated (I live in the Great Lakes region where it gets pretty nasty in winter.
I'll check back later.
Aaron Martin
Hi Debbie,
I am going to try the Castelli because it looks like you can move the month and nose portion up and down easier.
Face opening too small
I bought this in hopes of using it on cold morning rides, but ended up returning it because the fit was a tad bit snug. I'd call it more like "uncomfortably snug". Being a female with a good amount of thick hair, it was rather difficult getting this thing onto my head. I pulled my hair into a ponytail, and it was still pretty tough to get it on. Once it was on, I found the face opening to be too small for my liking. Also with no slits on the sides, it makes wearing sunglasses a challenge as well. I was really hoping this balaclava would work for me, because I have several other Gore pieces that I am completely happy with. I think I'll stick to using my Smartwool balaclava for now.
Debbie C
Hey Linda,
Have you ever found another balaclava that worked out better? You also make a good point mentioning the ability or not, to fit long hair inside it (male or female)!


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Nicasio, Ross fight ups, downs of starting in Majors
Rox righty comes in off seven scoreless; Rangers lefty has slumped
Tuesday's second of four Rangers-Rockies games features a pair of starting pitchers -- right-hander Juan Nicasio (3-1, 4.19 ERA) for the Rockies, lefty Robbie Ross Jr. (1-2, 3.86) for the Rangers -- who have learned the hard way how beautifully simple baseball can be.
Nicasio (3-1, 4.19 ERA) has been burned at times by a lack of fastball command. But when he is getting the pitch over for strikes, the way he did in throwing seven scoreless innings in Thursday night's 7-4 Rockies victory over the Mets, he can be very good.
Nicasio used his hard slider on occasion against the Mets, but the fastball was so spot-on that he barely used his split-finger pitch as a change-of-pace. But if he is hitting spots with his fastball, he can use the other pitches as needed.
"I threw a lot of sliders for a strike, but I was good [against the Mets] because I had command of my fastball, first," Nicasio said.
As for Ross, the lesson of this year is there is only so much a pitcher can control.
In his last three starts, Ross has been the victim of nine unearned runs.
"I wouldn't say the errors are having an impact on his ability," Rangers manager Ron Washington said. "It might be inexperience on the mound that's having an impact on what's been happening. I don't think the errors themselves have created that.
"You got to understand, this guy is for the first time pitching at the major league level as a starter. You just don't go out there and because you're a starter, it's just going to happen. You got to work a little bit mentally. And through all of that, that's where you gain experience. And I think as it happens, you'll get better at it."
Rockies: Ball meets bat at Coors Field
Shortstop Troy Tulowitzki is hitting everywhere, but he's virtually a machine at Coors Field.
According to a tweet from ESPN Stats & Info, Tulowitzki has swung at 91 pitches at Coors Field and has hits on 28 of those swings. The number of extra-base hits (12) equals the number of swings and misses.
His two home runs on Monday were his first against the Rangers. He has homered against 26 different teams.
Rangers: Tolleson in a rough patch
Rangers reliever Shawn Tolleson gave up Troy Tulowitzki's second two-run homer Monday while yielding three hits and two runs in one inning. Tolleson has allowed four runs in 3 2/3 innings in his past three outings.
Over his past seven games, Tolleson has a 6.10 ERA (7 earned runs, 10 1/3 innings) to raise his ERA from 1.59 to 4.50. He has allowed five home runs in 16 innings this season and has been scored upon in six of 12 appearances.
Worth noting
• During his 25-game hit streak, Rockies third baseman Nolan Arenado has batted .354 (35 for 99) with four home runs (one Monday night) and eight doubles. His run is two games shy of the club-record 27-game streak by Michael Cuddyer last year.
• The Rangers are 4-8 all-time at Coors Field.
• Rockies right-hander Jordan Lyles went eight innings and threw 104 pitches in Monday night's victory over the Rangers. It was his first triple-digit pitch count with the Rockies.
In three seasons with the Astros, Lyles threw 100 or more pitches 24 times. His team won four of those games.
• Before Arenado, the last third baseman with a hit steak of at least 25 games in the Majors was Adrian Beltre of the Rangers, who had a 25-gamer in 2011.
Thomas Harding is a reporter for MLB.com. Read his blog, Hardball in the Rockies, and follow him on Twitter @harding_at_mlb. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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Can anyone tell me if Zhang/Bartolomay's scores are enough to meet the minimum standard? It would be nice if they could get that requirement out of the way.
Can anyone tell me if Zhang/Bartolomay's scores are enough to meet the minimum standard? It would be nice if they could get that requirement out of the way.
If they skate in London like here, no question will be getting an extra spot for Canada.
This year is a great opportunity for them considering the injuries of the top chinese teams, also B/L and the top american team.
When you get such an opening, you better march through it!
As far as I can tell, Zhang/Bartholomay have exceeded the minimum scores for 2013 Worlds by healthy margins.
(Question: Is it not possible that the ISU will set new minimums for the Olympics and for 2014 Worlds? Hopefully Z/B's scores already are high enough to keep them above any new minimums. They might be cutting it close for the SP.)
Minimum Total Technical Scores for Pairs:
- SP 24.00 points (changed from 28.00)
- FS 41.00 points (changed from 45.00)
- SP 29.60 http://www.isuresults.com/results/fc2013/SEG005.HTM
- FS 61.27 http://www.isuresults.com/results/fc2013/SEG006.HTM
PAIRS FREE SKATE - RESULT & VIDEOS (Updated)
1. Meagan DUHAMEL & Eric RADFORD (CAN) - 199.18 Free Skate
2. Kirsten MOORE-TOWERS & Dylan MOSCOVITCH (CAN) - 196.78 Free Skate
3. Marissa CASTELLI & Simon SHNAPIR (USA) - 170.10 Free Skate
4. Felicia ZHANG & Nathan BARTHOLOMAY (USA) - 167.30 Free Skate
5. Cheng PENG & Hao ZHANG (CHN) - 164.82 Free Skate
6. Paige LAWRENCE & Rudi SWIEGERS (CAN) - 162.30 Free Skate
7. Wenting WANG & Yan ZHANG (CHN) - 145.56 Free Skate
Last edited by Mao88; 02-10-2013 at 02:20 PM.
The judges really were on crack giving M-T/M PCS 2.5 points higher than to D/R.
M-T/M skated with a lot of power, yes, but their program was quite empty and they don't have the polish that D/R managed to acquire. D/R had much more complex choreography and a program with a lot of detail in it, presented beautifully.
I understand that M-T/M really gave it 110% and had this "WOW effect" but the judges should be able to see beyond that and judge PCS appopriately.
I also think that Castelli/Shnapir were overmarked both on the GOE and the PCS. I was very surprised that Zhang/Bartolomay didn't manage to beat them in the FS at least.
I'd also have Lawrence/Swiegers further ahead of Pang/Zhang in the FS. They skated beautifully, good flow, quite elegant. P/Z, on the other hand, were a hot mess. Yeah 4twist was great but they didn't even pretend to skate to the music and it looked like she was being dragged across the ice by him.
In fairness, the judges only should be able to see beyond that. They've demonstrated time and time again that the wow factor, whether it be quads, hip thrusts, or loud music, will make PCS skyrocket. I just think we need to lower our expectations a bit.
That said, I'm more impressed that Mt/M actually have that wow effect now. When we first saw this program, I didn't think they'd be able to truly fill an arena with it, and they've done so.
i'm glad that some of you share my opinion about pairs world-wide being a complete mess this season (minus V/T and S/S)
I'm actually really excited for the Zhang/Bartolomay partnership. The improved so much this season, and 4CC was a great experience for them...i'm excited to see what they do next season and beyond. Their programs lack intricacies and true difficulty right now, but what they are doing, is really good. as long as they stay together and don't rush towards success i think they could be a very good team.
Castelli/Schnapir are always fun to watch, and their lifts are gorgeous, but consistency and not having the best international track-record is an issue for them...we all know at this point that they have harder technical elements that they can do, but until they stop making small/silly mistakes, it's still not enough.
I always respect Duhamel/Radford for going for the hard stuff (and when they hit the lutzs it's always a reminder of what other pairs teams AREN'T doing), but i just don't find them interesting, and at times they look sloppy. obviously they benefit from the TES boost if they hit, and there's a maturity in their skating that isn't over-wrought...but i feel a little bit ho-hum when I watch them...like they just dont' stand out.
Components are exactly based on the "wow effect" - artistic interpretation, choreography, skating skills, etc. If you've ever seen them both skate live there's no doubt that MT/Ms components are better D/Rs. D/Rs strength is their first score (technical). MT/M really have moved above and beyond with their second score and their technical components beat D/Rs with a fall. D/R may have a tougher road at worlds if MT/M can skate clean. MT/M will also have crowd advantage as they train out of waterloo which is about 45 minutes - 1 hour away from London. And they're both from 1.5-2.5 hours away. They're really putting the pressure on and if this performance was an indicator about how D/R perform under pressure after nationals, I think MT/M have a strong chance to capitalize.
Me, too! I know I've written it before, but I see something young and fresh about them. I really haven't even been interested in pairs for years... and in American pairs for longer than that. That the US national bronze medalists have caught my eye is fascinating to me.
Switching subjects: I know this is off the wall, but I wonder if a good dance coach would take them on. I think Dance is much more innovative than the other disciplines now, and dance teams seem to have better carriage, choreography, steps, line... and DEFINITELY better pair spins than the pairs do. Yeah, I know we're supposed to call them "dance spins" but you get what I mean. In addition, dance lifts may lack some of the daring that pairs lifts do, but overall they're more inventive and interesting.
Wouldn't it be crazy to get someone like Marina to choreograph a program for them... just an awesome program with the tricks sprinkled in.
I agree that M-T/M's program is a bit empty choreographically, and they're not stretching themselves artistically. The program is just so archetypally "North American pairs style"--the Muzak rock music, the boring costumes, the lack of choreographic detail and interest; just everything about it is generic.
On the other hand, I didn't really like D/R's program either. They are trying something different artistically this year, but it's not clicking. The program feels sort of workmanlike; it doesn't sing. And trying for a more lyrical style is somehow highlighting their differences as skaters, rather than their pairs quality. Eric handles the sweeping, romantic movement rather well, but I don't see that as much with Meagan.
This I don't agree with. I actually really enjoyed C/S's program (except for the SBS spins, which were almost comically bad). Now I'll admit I'm biased, because C/S are my hometown pair. Still, though, I really like this tango program. I find the choreography very interesting, and challenging, and they're looking more comfortable and confident with it all the time. I like how the choreography really highlights Marissa at various points. This is smart--she's a great performer, and they need to use that.
I enjoyed Zhang/Bartholomay quite a bit, but don't think they deserved to beat C/S. Z/B started off well, but the program got away from them a bit in the second half. Not only did they fall on the second throw, but also their pairs spin and final lift were well behind the music and needed to be rotating much faster. I think they did really well to get 4th, though. And I do like this team. They seem really well matched in most ways--their personalities work well together on ice--so I look forward to seeing more of them. Hopefully they'll get some GP assignments next year. My advice to them: Get away from Peterson and find a new coach who can help you develop artistically. Peterson IMO is almost as bad as Tom Z when it comes to stunting his skaters' artistic growth.
Yeah I know but it's not right. *throws a strop* :P
They shouldn't be though. They have a set of criteria that they are supposed to be based on.
Program Components Explanations
Speed probably yes (although it's easier to skate faster if your program construction is less complex) but what else are M-T/M better in?
I do agree that Duhamel/Radford's FS doesn't necessarily "click" but it did seem to tick most of the PCS boxes. Which should be more important than whether you feel that you really like the program or not.
I do agree that Z/B's program started very well but they seemed to have run out of steam in the second half.
I think they were more elegant than C/S, though. The huge height difference between Castelli and Shnapir really highlights their subpar posture and lines (his in particular). And I wasn't buying their program at all. I felt like it did have some in-character tango-ish movements but that was mostly posing here and there and it didn't flow well or work well as a whole.
Last edited by Ziggy; 02-11-2013 at 09:58 AM.
The two Canadians teams just added their names into the mix for a world medal. B and L are coming back from injured and have sort of moved ahead of K and S - for now - and I am not so sure why K and S were dropped so abruptly. Pang and Tong with his injury and age are hugely questionable. The Italians are inconsistent. T and T are gone and even if they were skating were hit or miss. sui and han are coming back from injury so the door is open if eithe rteam can skate clean. They aren't all that special but such is life.


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Eloise had fallen in love with powerful Greek tycoon Marcus Kouvaris. Now, years later, Marcus holds her responsible for defrauding his uncle...and he's come to get his revenge!
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Plans are now underway for Jump$tart's 2015 Annual Awards Dinner. Mark your calendars now for April 22, 2015 and Save the Date for this year's gala! Once again, the event will be held at the Renaissance Washington DC Downtown Hotel, 999 9th Street NW, Washington, DC 20001. The reception starts at 6:30 and the dinner at 7:30 p.m., followed immediately by the Awards Program.
This year, the financial literacy community will honor U.S. Senator Jack Reed (D-RI); recently retired Vice President of Public Education at Experian, Maxine Sweet; and the Montana Financial Education Coalition. Read the news release here.
Make your reservations by clicking here. For more information, please contact: Turn on JavaScript!/781-385-9153
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About Jump$tart's Annual Awards Dinner
At the dinner, Jump$tart historically recognizes one or two Federal Legislators of the Year—members of the U.S. House of Representatives or Senate who have demonstrated commitment and effectiveness in advancing financial literacy among American citizens and, especially, among our nation's youth. (To see the criteria for the Federal Leadership award, please click here.) Previous honorees have included Senators Daniel K. Akaka (HI), Jon Corzine (NJ), Rick Santorum (PA), Michael Enzi (WY), Wayne Allard (CO), Robert Menendez (NJ),and Kay Hagan (NC) and U.S. Representatives David Dreier (CA), Judy Biggert (IL), Rubén Hinojosa (TX), Earl Pomeroy (ND) Eddie Bernice Johnson (TX), and Carolyn McCarthy (NY). In 2010, this award was expanded to include others in the Federal government and renamed—the Federal Leadership Award. The honorees have included Sheila Bair, FDIC Chairman, and Arne Duncan, Secretary of Education.
Additionally, Jump$tart presents the William E. Odom Visionary Leadership Award, named for Bill Odom, the former chairman of Ford Motor Credit Corporation, whose vision of financial education laid the groundwork for the creation of Jump$tart and Jump$tart's State Coalition of the Year Award for exemplary work by one of Jump$tart's state affiliate organizations. The 2013 Odom Award winner was Annamaria Lusardi, Ph.D., Denit Trust Distinguished Scholar in Economics and Accountancy at the George Washington University School of Business, and director of the Financial Literacy Center, a joint center of the RAND Corporation, Dartmouth College and the Wharton School.(To see the criteria for the Odom Award, please click here.)
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Wynne Lum and Danielle Campos, Bank of America, enjoyed this year's dinner.
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Facial Nerve Problems Center - Caldwell, IDCaldwell Neurologist Doctors for Facial Nerve ProblemsType of Physician: Neurologist What is a Neurologist? A certification by the Board of Psychiatry & Neurology; practitioners focus on the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease or impaired function of the brain, spinal cord, muscles and nervous system, as well as the blood vessels that relate to these structures. The neurologist is often the primary physician but also serves as a consultant to other physicians and may render all levels of care, including the continuing care of outpatients and/or inpatients. The neurologist will often perform and interpret tests that relate to the nervous system or muscles. Specialty: Neurology Common Name: Neurologist Doctors in Caldwell *Idaho Sleep & Neurology St. Lukes Saltzer Medical Group Lawrence E Green MD Neurological Associates Neurological Associates Neurological Associates Les Bois Neurology Neuroscience Associates Boise Neurological Consultants Boise Neurological Consultants Saint Alphonsus Med Grp Neuro Saint Alphonsus Med Grp Neuro Boise Neurological Consultants Consultants In Epilepsy & NEU St Lukes Neurology Clinic Movement Disorders Center St Lukes Neurology Clinic Movement Disorders Center Movement Disorders Center St Lukes Neurology Clinic St Lukes Neurology Clinic Caldwell, IdahoFacial Nerve Problems and Bell's Palsy (Bell Palsy)Facial nerve problems and Bell's palsy facts
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Dental X-Rays Center - Plymouth, MNWebMD Physician DirectoryPlymouth, MinnesotaDental X-RaysTypes of Intraoral X-RaysThere are several types of intraoral X-rays, each of which shows different aspects of teeth.
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Storm watch: Isacc aims at southern Louisiana, Florida PanhandleAugust 26, 2012Eds: APNewsNow. Updates with new details from 5 p.m. advisory. Next advisory expected at 8 p.m. EDT. AP Video. With AP Photos. Isaac prompts hurricane warnings from La. to Fla.... No comments posted for this article.
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Mar 30, 2015Introducing a ruthless antagonist and including more guts and gore than its predecessor, season three gets the job done in spectacular fashion. The finale may disappoint some, but it's nothing too unbearable.
Feb 23, 2015Wow that's all I can say for this season it was amazing so much happened here. All the characters that dealt with the problems with being on the road and everything it was amazing god this show keeps getting better and better.
Feb 23, 2015
Dec 16, 2014
Dec 4, 2014
Nov 28, 2014This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Sep 23, 2014#KillCarl
Never have I longed to have a character killed off in a series. Aside from the horrific tedium of Carl, #KillCarl, there is a mild prison stability which tires the viewer. -
Aug 19, 2014Introducing a ruthless antagonist and including more guts and gore than its predecessor, season three gets the job done in spectacular fashion. The finale may disappoint some, but it's nothing too unbearable.
Aug 1, 2014
Jun 25, 2014The third season of The Walking Dead is an uneven one. However there are great moments especially in the first half of the season. The second half plods along and nothing really happens. However the first half was so good that I didn't mind.
Jun 24, 2014The best season for sure as we are in a new location, more deaths and twists, an awesome and deadly villain, better supporting cast and a more interesting story to along with it.
Apr 15, 2014Esta temporada fue mejor que la segunda pero no tan brillante como la primera, razones, pues la 1era mitad de temporada fue buena, pero es en la segunda parte donde pecan en lo que es alargar la trama, episodios de relleno sin un fin de avanzar la trama, y un final de temporada algo decepcionante.
Mar 20, 2014Probably the best season out of the first 3 seasons! I was losing hope in season 2. but the show turned around! When you cant wait till you see the next episode, that means it a good show! and this is it!
Feb 20, 2014This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Feb 9, 2014Although the season as a whole is much more solid it still has its downfalls. The Woodbury plot lasted just a bit longer than it should have and so did the Rick-Lori plot. That said it was a very interesting and entertaining season and it did correct a lot of the flaws of the second season but it didn't quite correct them enough.
Jan 22, 2014
Jan 6, 2014
Dec 31, 2013Rick was not a great leader, father or husband at all. The show would've been much better if Shane had lived instead! Every decision he made kept putting the team in jeopardy and the only thing or people he cared about was his whore wife Lauren. Shane said it b est when he said "Rick was not a great protector" so miss him!!!!!
Dec 30, 2013Não consegue ser melhor que a primeira e a segunda temporada mesmo assim a adição de novos personagens faz a gente se envolver em uma trama mau manuseada e fraca que ao mesmo tempo boa mais não tanto.
Dec 1, 2013This 3rd season was good. The 2nd season is still better. The 4th season is bad. I have seen the first 7 episodes of the fourth season and the writers must be different. I recommend the other ones if you are starting to get into the series.
Nov 21, 2013The epic TWD returns, with more Shane. Awesome gore and dialogue! Loved this season, full of jump out scares and awesome zombie effects. Frank Darabont has done good direction this time and added a whole new A+ horror in his epic show. TWD just got better.
Nov 15, 2013The Walking Dead esta maior e com menos conteúdo racional, o roteiro insiste em fazer drama com banalidades e a narração repetitiva e cansativa, o numero de zumbis ao invés de diminuir só aumenta a cada temporada e a lógica passa cada vez mais longe da serie.
Nov 11, 2013Episode #1 started off super stupid, but ended cool. Episode #2 was ok. Episode #3 through #8 were AWESOME, and I loved every one. Episode #9 to the end got worse & worse with each airing to the horrible final which left me totally not pumped for season 4.
Nov 9, 2013The Walking dead is one of the greatest series i've ever seen, only Breaking Bad is on same level. Right from actors, story, drama and character development its just great! Many think that there isnt enough action but then people dont understand what the walking dead is about. This show is about people and thats happens to them in when the world goes under.
Nov 5, 2013Compared to the first 2 seasons, it is a little disappointing. But this time it's more gritty and sometimes a little comical in my opinion. I still can't stop watching it.
Oct 23, 2013This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Oct 19, 2013the third season of the walking dead began exploding and stayed that way throughout the season, she deserved high marks to release the last episode of this season in which I was quite disappointed.
Oct 19, 2013This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Oct 15, 2013
Oct 11, 2013This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Oct 7, 2013Now it starts to get good. It's not perfect but damn it's getting better and better. seeing characters die, zombies getting their skulls bashed in every 15 minutes and a great adversary, The Governor. It's a great show now. Can't wait for season 4 next week!
Oct 3, 2013
Oct 1, 2013
Sep 24, 2013Amazing show! It has everything a zombie apocalypse show should have! The acting is outstanding and has an amazing storyline. It has you on edge always worried about each character and what is about to happen to the group next. Some episodes have even made me cry! Amazing! I'm going to write this for all 3 season because they all truly are brilliant! No complaints!
Sep 16, 2013Cómo la web me pide un mínimo de 150 caracteres, y necesito hacer el review para poder tenerla archivada en mi perfil, pues suelto este rollo y mi votación es de 8. Un saludo.
Sep 1, 2013This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Aug 8, 2013
Jul 25, 2013
Jul 8, 2013In some cases, the acting could use some work and the plot of season 3 dragged to a limp conclusion. The episode before the conclusion was more exciting, which is a let down because of how awesome the farm attack was for the season 2 finale. Still, TWD is one of the best shows on TV and I can't wait for Season 4.
Jun 22, 2013
Jun 16, 2013
Jun 16, 2013There is no comparison between this season and the two before. Plot extraordinary,. Action, suspense, Drama in one tv show. Great. That's all i can say. can't wait for the next season
Jun 7, 2013
May 23, 2013The best season of the series, so far. Best performances more epic moments, excellent script, perhaps the only thing that disappointed me was the end.
May 21, 2013Been a pretty good season so far. It fades in and out through out the season but it has always been enjoyable to watch. I liked it as much as I did any other season.
Apr 27, 2013
Apr 27, 2013
Apr 17, 2013This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Apr 13, 2013
Apr 12, 2013I was never planning on watching this series. Mostly I just don't like to watch horror. That said, this is such a good mix of drama and horror that I got hooked. Now I can't miss an episode. I think the third season was as strong as the previous two seasons and am eagerly awaiting season four.
Apr 7, 2013
Apr 6, 2013This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Apr 6, 2013
Apr 5, 2013
Apr 4, 2013
Apr 3, 2013This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Apr 3, 2013This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Apr 2, 2013
Apr 1, 2013
Apr 1, 2013
Apr 1, 2013
Apr 1, 2013This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Mar 31, 2013Interesting, original season, that shows us the conflicts between two human groups The Goodguys, and the Badguys. In this season, there are two types of episodes The boring type, and the interesting, epic, tension-filled episode that gets your hopes up, but then just goes boring again.
Mar 26, 2013um pouco frustrante com relação as outras temporadas, porem continua a manter o índice de boa serie, cativante e com muito sangue, acho que pode se melhorar sem fugir muito do roteiro!
Mar 26, 2013Simply the best show on television. The perfect blend of character development, a great story, and plenty of zombie killing (if you're into that like I am). If you're expecting just a mindless show with plenty of pointless killing this is not it, you have to love it and trust me you will.
Mar 24, 2013This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Mar 22, 2013Zombies!! Are you kidding!! At first I thought it was a comedy plot, after a while I realized that it was not, but could not see the drama, so I goggled it and found it was a Terror TV Series!!! Those zombies scare less than a golden retriever puppy!!!
Mar 21, 2013People arguing all time. No action, poor acting, poor directing, 0 apocalyptic feeling. I watched it 3 seasons in hope it get better, the first season 3 episodes were going in the right direction, but now I'm tired. This show is just terrible, I don't get how people can rate it so high, boring poor acted telenovela where zombies are rather victims of characters stupidity and not a threat.
Feb 26, 2013
Feb 24, 2013With such a weak second season, the third season has proved episode after episode that this is the biggest survival horror of the present and will be for years to come.
Feb 23, 2013The story development around the characters growth is great. Its so not about the blood and guts-- its about how to adapt in a new world and different challenges.
Feb 14, 2013
Feb 11, 2013
Feb 8, 2013
Feb 3, 2013
Jan 26, 2013Love this show. Been watching it since episode 1, and even though season two was "meh" this season definitely makes up for it. This is great television.
Jan 13, 2013
Jan 7, 2013
Dec 28, 2012It's better then the soap opera that it was in the second season but, there is still a lot of work to be done for this show to get back to the high level it was at in season one.
Dec 26, 2012
Dec 25, 2012While this show may be about dead, it is very much alive. And with every new season it is only getting better. If someone can digest the gore, there won't be any regrets.
Dec 16, 2012The third season seems to revolve around the conflict between two human groups with the zombies being something of a filler, rather than the zombies being a main focus, nevertheless its still one of the best TV shows around. I do love the fact that no main character (except may be Rick) is immune to death and you are left with a feeling that anyone can be next.
Dec 14, 2012
Dec 14, 2012This mid-season has already reached a whole new level with characters interactions, it has become smarter than ever, and definitely the most thrilling season of the series.Although it hasn't reached it's maximum potential this season shows more professionalism than many other series in television and still keeping fans entertained in a whole new level.
Dec 14, 2012This has by far been my favorite season of the Walking Dead yet, with an amazing plot that has none of the slow patches that afflicted the second season. Every episode I've watched has been completely interesting, and the entire ride has been very enjoyable.
Dec 11, 2012The best season so far. The season premiere is fantastic, but the episode 3x04 is definitely the best episode of the show, terrific, amazing acted and brilliant directed. The Walking Dead is fantastic.
Dec 5, 2012
Dec 4, 2012
Nov 30, 2012This review contains spoilers, click expand to view.
Nov 28, 2012
Nov 25, 2012
Nov 24, 2012
Nov 24, 2012A disgusting emotional trip, the walking dead represents ; edgy, violent and classy TV.
i applause the characters 's psychological background work..especially rick's . -
Nov 22, 2012Universal Acclaim
Nov 22, 2012The Walking Dead from the get-go has been about its story telling and drama, as Robert Kirkman said himself "i wanted the Walking Dead to be about how people survive and hug and cry and sh*t. Season 3 takes what makes the Walking Dead good and mixes it up a little. Season 3 contains massive twists and turns with new characters and locations. Defiantly one of the best shows on air.
Nov 17, 2012If you've made the through the first two seasons of this show you should know what to expect by now and are used to the flaws. The Governor has finally arrived and every bit as crazy as i wanted him to be. makeup is amazing, and the artists should all be given beers. this show stretches what is decent on on non HBO channel and is worth a watch.
Nov 12, 2012
Nov 9, 2012After last season's lull as a result of the lack of action and over-abundance of character study, changes have been made and I love it. One of the best dramas on television.
Nov 8, 2012
Nov 7, 2012La pesadilla zombie sigue, despues de casi un año desde que se estreno la segunda temporada, con una trama que ya me engancho, despues del final en que son perseguidos por una horda, de encontrar que hay un refugio de gente donde esta el hermano de daryl, merle, y de tantas muertes sorpresivas, solo habiendo visto 4 episodios, espero mas cosas haci.
There's still a sense that The Walking Dead is shambling along too lackadaisically. Great pulp is propulsive, ruthless. But the show's embrace of "B"-movie values is a heartening sign.
The Walking Dead is extremely realistic about the decayed, vast, destroyed world, and dopily idealistic about its main character.
If early episodes are any indication, Season 3 will provide a glorious payoff for those EST-ian weeks down on the farm.


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Numerical Modeling of a Levitated Liquid in a Cold Crucible
R. Ernst, C. Garnier, P. Petitpas, and C. TrassySIMAP-EPM Laboratory (CNRS), Saint Martin d'Hères, France
The cold crucible is a useful tool for the elaboration of high purity materials by electromagnetic fields. The application areas range from titanium part elaboration, for the aeronautic industry or in medical prosthesis, to silicon purification for the photovoltaic industry.
In this paper, the main results of a 3D electromagnetic model of a cold crucible from a former paper are briefly summarized. Then a 2D time-dependent electromagnetic-fluid mechanics coupled model with a deformed mesh technique (ALE method) is presented, showing the liquid charge shape in levitation state including the electromagnetic stirring.
Finally, the first results of the extrapolation in 3D of the 2D model are shown.
- Ernst_pres.pdf - 1.89MB
- Ernst.pdf - 0.76MB
- CF_3D_02.avi - 12.31MB
- CF_3D_01.avi - 12.31MB
- CF_2D_02.avi - 12.31MB
- CF_2D_01.avi - 12.31MB


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Hometown | Lexington, Tennessee |
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By Todd Ceisner BassFan Editor With high-water conditions at Sam Rayburn Reservoir last week for the second stop of the Texas Division of the Rayovac
By Todd Ceisner BassFan Editor Driving back home to Del Rio, Texas, on Sunday morning, Ray Hanselman was still in a state of shock. Despite having
By John Johnson BassFan Senior Editor Skeet Reese had as many as a dozen rods on his deck throughout most of the practice period for the Lake Guntersville


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Reds put hopes in Cueto to stop steep slide
Club trying to avoid equaling '91 mark as rolling Nationals start Gio
CINCINNATI -- The Reds will try to avoid a post-All-Star break run of futility they haven't endured in 23 years when they take on the Nationals at Great American Ball Park on Saturday afternoon: losing eight straight to start the second half.
The last time Cincinnati lost eight in a row immediately following the Midsummer Classic was in 1991, and the last thing the 2014 club wants is to end up like the '91 squad. That team was 44-36 in the first half, and after losing the first eight after the break, went on to finish 74-88, in fifth place and 20 games out of first.
"It's a stretch in the season. We're going to get back," Reds manager Bryan Price said before Friday's 4-1 series-opening loss. "We're going to have other stretches where we play better than we have here. What we need is to play well enough to get ourselves to the top of the division and into the playoffs, and hopefully be one of the hotter teams going into the playoffs so we can do more than we've done in the past few opportunities."
Cincinnati will ask its ace to be the stopper of the season-long skid.
Johnny Cueto set the bar so high for himself in the first three months of the season that his 3.70 ERA in four July starts jumps off the stat sheet when compared with his 1.88 ERA through the end of June. Cueto lasted less than six innings for only the third time in 21 starts in his last outing, a no-decision against the Yankees last Sunday. The right-hander allowed two runs on five hits while walking a season-high-tying four and striking out seven over five frames, tallying 112 pitches.
The Nationals, going in the opposite direction of the Reds, look to keep the train rolling after having won 15 of their last 21, including Friday's victory. They'll give the ball to left-hander Gio Gonzalez, who's hit a rough patch of his own following an outstanding stretch of starts between June 23 and July 5.
In three outings spanning 23 innings, the southpaw didn't yield a run and allowed only nine hits. But since then, he's gone 0-1 with a 5.40 ERA (six earned runs in 10 innings pitched) in two starts.
In his last outing, on Sunday against the Brewers, Gonzalez went 3 1/3 innings and gave up three runs on four hits, throwing 88 pitches in the process.
"It's one of those games where you have to brush under the rug," Gonzalez said. "Nine days off [for the All-Star break], it didn't help. Obviously, my command and fastball location wasn't where I wanted it to be."
Nationals: With Zimmerman out, Walters gets chance at second
With Ryan Zimmerman on the 15-day disabled list after straining his right hamstring while running to first on Tuesday against the Rockies, manager Matt Williams slotted rookie utility infielder Zach Walters into the starting lineup at second base on Friday. It was Walters' first Major League start at the position. Anthony Rendon is the everyday third baseman until Zimmerman gets back.
Walters played second base in 27 games at Triple-A Syracuse this season, compared with 14 at shortstop, 11 at third and seven in the outfield.
"With Zim's loss, we are looking for a little bit of offense," Williams said. "[Walters] has been swinging well. In a small ballpark [like Great American Ball Park], you never know with him. He could drive the ball out of here. He was going to get a start over there eventually."
Williams' hunch paid dividends quickly, as Walters drove in Washington's first run Friday with an RBI double in the fourth. He went 1-for-4 with a run scored and the RBI, striking out twice.
Reds: Hannahan getting closer to return, would help at first base
Jack Hannahan has been out all season recovering from offseason right shoulder surgery, having incurred some setbacks along the way. But the corner infielder is well into a rehab assignment split between Class A Dayton and Triple-A Louisville, and could return to the Reds soon.
That would provide a much-needed option at first base with Joey Votto still on the disabled list with a strained left quad.
"He's playing without pain when he hits. He's able to go out and defend at first base," Price said. "We'll see him here soon and kind of be able to have a better look at him when we see him ourselves."
Louisville will be home this weekend, meaning Hannahan could make the trip to Cincinnati so the Reds can evaluate his progress firsthand. In four games with Class A Dayton as the designated hitter, he was 4-for-12. In seven games with Louisville -- five as the DH and two at first base -- Hannahan has gone 5-for-24 (.208) with two doubles and five RBIs.
Worth noting
• Denard Span is 4-for-7 (.571) in his career against Cueto. He recorded his second consecutive four-hit game Friday.
• Nationals closer Rafael Soriano's next save will be the 200th of his career.
• The Reds' seven-game losing streak is their longest since losing eight in a row from July 28 to Aug. 4, 2009.
• Cincinnati is 2-9 without Votto and second baseman Brandon Phillips since Phillips tore a ligament in his left thumb on July 9.
Manny Randhawa is an associate reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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Rangers, A's meet for final time before September
Holland tries to continue road success as Griffin protects AL West lead
The A's stemmed the tide of the Rangers' sudden surge in the American League West, taking a game Saturday to extend their division lead. Come Sunday, the two teams' final meeting until September is on tap.
The Rangers had gone 28 days without gaining any ground on the A's before picking up 3 1/2 games in four days, and now the A's enter Sunday's finale with the margin back up to 3 1/2 games in the AL West standings.
With A.J. Griffin making the start for the A's, it'll be Derek Holland on the mound for the Rangers, after what would be their biggest road series victory thus far. The Texas left-hander says it's not too early to elevate the game's importance to stretch-run levels.
"They are all big games from here on out," Holland said. "We're chasing Oakland. Obviously every game counts, but these are big games. It's a chance to gain ground, a turning point, and take off from there."
Holland enters Sunday's game with a sharp 6-1 record and a 2.89 ERA on the road.
"You have to perform, whether it's home or on the road. I just have to go out and match the other pitcher, and do everything to give my team a chance to win and gain ground," Holland said.
Griffin will try to do the same as he makes his first August start following a July in which he went 4-1 with a 4.86 ERA and a .252 opponents' batting average in six starts, allowing eight homers over his last three starts for a Majors-leading 26 on the season.
"It's pretty frustrating, but today was a little different story," Griffin explained after the slugging Blue Jays took him deep three times Monday. "I had a [seven]-run lead. I was trying to get ahead of guys and get us back to the dugout as quick as possible."
Griffin has been sharp in two outings against the Rangers this season, posting a 2.19 ERA in 12 1/3 innings of work against them.
While some might consider this one of the early pivotal games as baseball heads toward the stretch run, as Holland does, Rangers manager Ron Washingon has a different perspective.
"I want to take over first place on Sept. 30," Washington said. "But if you start to think about things like that, you miss what's going on in the present. First place will take care of itself by playing good baseball, not thinking about taking first place and trying to win a ballgame today."
Rangers: Andrus keeps on rolling
Shortstop Elvis Andrus extended his hitting streak to a career-high-tying 16 games Saturday, matching his streak from Aug. 28-Sept. 14, 2009. It's also the longest active streak in the Majors, and the longest streak for a Rangers hitter this season.
• Washington said the A's have an advantage over the Rangers because of the weather.
"I was here for 11 years. The weather here is refreshing," Washington said Saturday. "I'd like to see them play in 100-degree heat and 90 percent humidity for two months. All you have to worry about here is blue skies and the sun in your face. It's great. The weather here refreshes you and energizes you."
Athletics: Callaspo starts at second
Alberto Callaspo, acquired from the Angels earlier this week, made his first start for the A's on Saturday, playing the entire game at second base. He said when he was acquired he hadn't played second in longer than he could remember, but A's manager Bob Melvin remembered Callaspo as a fit at second from their days together in Arizona.
"Now there is some uncertainty, obviously, because he hasn't played there in a couple years, but he's always been a sure-handed defender," Melvin said.
Callaspo had a clean game at second with Eric Sogard shifting over to shortstop. Jed Lowrie still batted third, as the designated hitter. Callaspo went 0-for-2 with a run scored, while Sogard delivered a perfect safety squeeze for an insurance run late in the game and added a single, extending a career-high hitting streak to 11 games.
Worth noting
• The Rangers still lead the season series, 7-5, despite Saturday's loss. After Sunday's finale, the two teams will meet twice in the season's finale month, first Sept. 2-4 at Oakland and then Sept. 13-15 at Arlington.
• The A's will have two days off in the next four, traveling Monday to Cincinnati for a two-game set with the Reds that begins Tuesday, then traveling to Toronto on Thursday for a three-game set that starts Friday. The Rangers continue an AL West trip with a three-game set at the Angels before heading to Houston on Thursday to begin a three-game set Friday.
John Schlegel is a national reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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RATINGS: 765 WEIGHTED AVG: 3.68 SEASONAL: Special EST. CALORIES: 252 ABV: 8.4%
COMMERCIAL DESCRIPTION The Stone 08.08.08 Vertical Epic Ale is a Strong Golden Belgian style ale highly hopped with American hops (Ahtanum, Amarillo and Simcoe). The beer pours pale golden with a thick and creamy white head of foam. The aroma is full of depth: nuances of pepper, clove, and banana from the Belgian yeast strain, and the resiny citrus notes from the American hops blend together nicely to provide a complex aromatic character. The taste is spicy, hoppy and fruity, with a very dry and a pleasant bitter end. The bitterness lingers nicely, and provides a refreshing finish that leads you to want to drink more and more of this beer!
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Matte-finished stainless steel.
7.9" H x 16.5" W x 3.3" D
Used in conjunction with the Signo Letter Box (Sold separately).
In 2001, blomus Germany was created to design and manufacture the highest quality stainless steel, modern homegoods and accessories. Through the years, blomus has continued to offer a wide selection of modern products for the kitchen, accessories for the bathroom, office accessories, and outdoor garden ornaments. Some of the most interesting modern mirrors, contemporary hardware, bar accessories and wine tools have been designed and manufactured by blomus Germany. Visit the shop by brand section of our website for the complete blomus collection. See all of our Blomus products ( here )
The Nexio Toilet Paper Holder made with polished stainless steel and holds 4 rolls. Size - Height: 17.9" (45.5 cm) Diameter: 5.3" (13.5 cm) Ship Time The Brand Global Ships in 1-3 days International: YES In 2001, Blomus Germany was created to design and manufacture the highest quality stainless steel, modern homegoods and accessories. Through the years, Blomus has continued to offer a wide selection of modern products for...
The Acqua Cooling Carafe can be used with or without the included cooling cartridge. Made with clear glass and matte finished stainless steel. Total Size: 13.5" height; 4" diameter inches Total Capacity: 40.5 ounces (1200 mL) Includes 1 removable Cooling Cartridge Additional Cooling Cartridges also available; sold separately.
Set of 2 replacement Cooling Cartridges for use with the Acqua Cooling Carafe by Blomus (sold separately).These plastic coolers can be frozen to serve in place of ice in the carafe, preventing beverages from becoming watered down.Total Size Each: 13" height; 1.7" diameter inches
Who's heard of Houzz? Many of us have the same decor simply because creating a new one or changing one aspect can feel daunting. Houzz, created by Adi and Alon, is a free online service used by over 20 million...
Navetta Cheese Grater Attention cheese connoisseurs! Shred, store and sprinkle your favorite hard cheeses with this sleek shredder and bowl combo. Keep all those little pieces of cheese in one place and ready for an additional sprinkle. Madra Log Basket...


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Car Polish
Our car polish products are scientifically designed to remove car scratches, swirl marks, and other imperfections with the utmost care. Your car's health is important, and with micro-abrasive technology you can be sure that our car polish products will enhance the beauty, health, and luster of your car's paint finish without compromise.
Clay Kit
$52.97Our Clay Kit provides you with all the necessary tools for claying your car before buffing or polishing. The clay kit comes with your choice of a fine or medium grade 200 gram clay bar, a 12 oz bottle of our clay spray, and two microfiber towels for cleaning it all up. Buy now and your search for the perfect set of claying tools is over.
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Correcting Polish
$24.99Correcting Polish is a hand polish perfect for removing scratches from problem areas on your car such as underneath door handles and around the gas tank. Its diminishing abrasive technology makes it safe for use on even delicate and antique paint finishes. The first step in our Paintwork Preservation Line, this hand polish levels the paint surface to remove pesky surface scratches.
• Perfect as first step before using Smoothing Polish
• Heavy grit formula removes most clear coat scratches
• Safe for use on delicate and antique paint finishes
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- 22 Resorts
- Consistent Snow
- Diverse destinations
- Resorts open before those of many other states
- Home to Vail, Beaver Creek, Copper Mountain
Related Regions: Indiana, North America, United States
Perfect North Slopes, near Cincinnati, is hosting its Spring Carnival and annual freestyle camp, Pink Flamingos, in March. The season is winding down, but there's still plenty of snow. More