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Ring Hostel
This is THE place to enjoy the real Ischia vibe! Run by 3 Italian brothers, the Ring Hostel was established in 2002 and continues to be the only original hostel on the island. Located right in the historic centre of Forio, 5min from the port, where tiny roads and buzzing Vespa's will lead you to our front door. You will find great value for money in our themed rooms including Free breakfast, linen, internet and WiFi. We have international staff speaking different languages who will explain how to get around the island, what the best attractions are and give you free maps and info. We try our best to assist you with anything you need during your stay. You can relax and soak up the sun during the day on some of the most beautiful beaches on the island or simply enjoy the hostel's roof-top terrace with sunchairs. Other fun free activities include Cliff Jumping, Hiking and Hot Springs. Then sample the tastiest home cooking on the island and party with us at night at La Casereccia - our family restaurant. Look out for special deals and offers on our hostel wall! And don't forget to see our Wall of Fame! Stay with us and we will show you the best time you will have on your holiday! From Forio Port you can take day trips to Capri, Amalfi, Sorrento, Pompei. If you want to have a fun time, or just a calm vacation, Ring Hostel can offer both. We offer private ensuite rooms for 1 to 8 people as well as dorm rooms for 2, 4, 6, and 8 or 12 people with shared bathrooms. We have a wide selection of rooms, so please choose what suits you best. And if you don't find what you looking for, send us an email - we have other accommodation which might suite you better! Always happy to accommodate! Our Great rates include: Free linen Free Breakfast Free lockers Free internet Free Wi-Fi Connection Vending machines Free Pool Table, Ping Pong Table, Guitars Huge common room with books and a big Satellite TV Free access to our Private Beach Platform Free Kayaks and pedal boat No curfew No age limit Washing machines available A small self-serviced kitchenette for making light meals and snacks Roof garden & terraces with fresh herbs Discounts for local sites, like thermal gardens & spas Free Swimming pool access at the sister hotel Free transportation to and from our family restaurant Things to do in town: Disco & Night Club Pub & bar crawls Day trips to Capri, Pompei & Amalfi Coast - we do reservations Moped, car & bike rental can be arranged Boat Rentals Moonlight parties at the Hot Springs Italian Language & Culture courses Cooking & Pizza courses Cocktail Sun Downers at our Beach Residence Booking at Ring Hostel you will have free access to Poggio del Sole and Rotonda sul Mare facilities including swimming pool, bars, restaurants, beach, terraces, you name it! At Ring Hostel we try our best to make you feel at home! Some of the services include: # Free linens # Free Breakfast # Free locks # Free internet # Free Wi-Fi Connection # Self-service kitchen w/utensils # Satellite TV, DVD player # Foosball table, X-Box games # Rooftop terraces # Laundry service |
Availability & Rates
To view availability and prices please select dates and click 'Update Dates'Hostel Facilities & Policies
- Adaptors
- Bar
- Bicycle hire
- Bicycle parking
- Board Games
- Book exchange
- Breakfast Included
- Cable TV
- Café
- Common Room
- Credit Cards Accepted
- Currency exchange
- DVDs
- Fax Service
- Free City Maps
- Free Internet Access
- Free Parking
- Free Wifi
- Fussball
- Games Room
- Hair Dryers
- Hot Showers
- House Keeping
- Internet Access
- Kitchen
- Laundry Facilities
- Linen Included
- Lockers
- Luggage Storage
- Meals Available
- Meeting Room
- Mini Supermarket
- NightClub
- Outdoor Swimming Pool
- Outdoor Terrace
- Parking
- Pool Table
- Postal Service
- Restaurant
- Safety Deposit Box
- Shuttle Bus
- Taxes included
- Tea/Coffee Making Facilities
- Tours/Travel Desk
- Towels For Hire
- Vending Machines
- Washing Machine
Cancellation Policy
This property has a 1 day cancellation policy. Failure to cancel within this time will result in a cancellation charge equal to the first night of your stay.DirectionsShow MapHide Map
We are in the centre of Forio on the west coast of Ischia Island, where the sun always shines.
We can be reached by ferry (slower) or hydrofoil (faster) from the port of Naples. The hydrofoil arrives directly at the port of Forio.
The ferry will bring you to the port of Ischia from there, you can take the bus: #1, #2, or the CS bus from Ischia Port to Forio port. Get off at the port of Forio. You should see the yellow cathedral, the old castle tower and the yacht mall. Make your way toward the taxi rank and cross the pedestrian crossing up into the town centre. Follow this road up until you reach a small crossways. Continue up the road until you see the blue Ring Hostel sign - this is Via Gaetano Morgera - follow this road all the way up until you see the yellow building with our signage on the wall....you have arrived!
Located Near
The most beautiful and biggest island in the Gulf of Naples, Ischia is one
of the most famous seaside and touristic spa centres of Italy and the world, it is also famous for its unequalled natural beauty, for its mild clime, termal waters, modern tourist facilities and hotels and lastly for its 'wine'. On the island the viticulture has millenarian origines The
technique, is like the greek traditional one, in fact is different from that
one used in the middle of Italy and in the rest of the Campania province.
For long periods the economy of the island was based on the viticulture that
influenced the life and the uses of the inhabitants. The cultivations on the
isle are extended from the coasts to the steep mountain slopes where the
vine is cultivated on proper terraced fields.White Grapes Biancolella,
Forastera, Arilla,S.Lunardo
Red Grapes Guarnaccia, Pedirosso o Pere e Palummo
Six are the communes of the island: Ischia, Casamicciola Terme,
Lacco Ameno,
Forio, Serrara Fontana and Barano, with about 50.000 inhabitants.
Ischia is the most important. Into the harbour area is the trading part of
the town and another important area is that one around the 'Castello
Aragonese' which is called 'Ischia Ponte', a picturesque ancient fisher's
village.Forio is the second major town of Ischia according to population number and
importance. It stretches between two promontories, Punta Caruso (at Zaro)
and Punta Imperatore, between the considered most beautiful beaches on the
island and into the metallic green of the vineyards which cover the slopes
of Mount Epomeo, descending into a scene of incomparable beauty. Forio
covers 13 square kilometres and has a population of 12,638 inhabitants; it
ranges from 0 km above sea level to 700 in the Falanga areas. It is divided
into the hamlets of Forio and Panza with other peripheral villages
(Monterone, Cuotto, and Citara).
It is the only town which has preserved its entire historical centre with
its tiny streets, churches, sighting towers and monuments - all of which are
unaltered from their original construction. The main monuments are: the
church of Soccorso (pictured on one of the Italian stamps) dedicated to
Santa Maria della Neve, the Torrione (big tower), the church of San
Francesco da Paola, the church of Arciconfraternita' of Santa Maria delle
Grazie known as Visitapoveri, the Basilica Pontificia S. Maria di Loreto,
the church of San Vito, the parish church of S Leonardo Abate, S Maria al
Monte. You should visit the exotic garden of villa Gancia, the garden of
Lady Walton; the troglodyte house dug into a mass of tufa and the spa
gardens Poseidon and the Bay of Sorgeto near Panza which, due to its hot water wells, is the
favorite place in any season for a midnight dip.
However, the natural beauty of Ischia does not finish there. Everything from
the sea to the mountain - including its harbours, the small bays, its
convenient beaches and ports, the high rockface along its coast, the
vegetation, the variety of the plant life, the pine trees and the myriads of
multi-coloured flowers - make Ischia one of the most beautiful islands of
one of the most beautiful countries in the world. When you ll be there you
ll feel what others ( Luchino Visconti, Pierpaolo Pasolini,
Sir William Walton, Eduardo De Filippo, Liz Taylor and Richard Burton
Elsa Morante, Alberto Moravia, Renato Guttuso, Auden, Pablo
Neruda, Pietro Nenni and the jet-set Jackelin Kennedy
Aristotele Onassis) just felt and made of this island theyre second


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Middle School Science Fair Project Ideas
Cultivate your child's inner Einstein with these physics science fair project ideas! Learn about the cool physics going on behind-the-scenes in our everyday lives. Whether you need physics science fair projects that would make Newton proud or a fun activity to inspire wonder in the universe, you've come to the right place.

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Why did you choose this product?
Oil Rubbed Dark Bronze Widespread Bathroom Faucet
Add understated elegance to your washroom sink with this double-handle widespread bathroom faucet. Featuring an oil-rubbed dark-bronze finish, this attractive lever faucet will impress your guests when they wash up before your next big dinner.
- Details
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- Reviews
Update your bathroom decor with this brass widespread bathroom faucet. An oil rubbed bronze finish highlights this double-handle faucet.Click here to view additional information about this item.
- Faucet type: Bathroom
- Number of handles: Double-handle
- Faucet finish: Oil rubbed bronze
- Faucet style: Widespread
- Handle shape: Lever
- Spout reach: 5.75 inches
- Spout height: 4 inches
- Drip-free 1/4-turn washless cartridge
- All brass pop-drain assembly in matching finish included
- Widespread faucet for 8-16-inch centers
- GPM flow rate limitation of 2.0
- All mounting hardware is included
- AB1953 certified (lead free)
- Standard US plumbing connections
- Model number: KB965
Features | |
Material | Brass Bronze |
Finish | Brass Bronze Oil Rubbed Bronze |
Shape | Neo-Angle |
Faucet Style | Widespread |
Height | Less than 5 Inches |
Faucet Set | Bathroom Sets |
Number of Faucet Installation Hole | Three holes |
Configuration | Widespread |
Finish Style | Oil Rubbed |
Handle Style | Lever |
Product Features | ADA Compliant Includes Hardware |
Dimensions | 4 in. H x 5.75 in. W x 8-16 in. L |
Warranty | 1 year Limited Manufacturer |
Materials | Brass |
Model Number | PKB965 |
Customer Reviews
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- Most Recent
Great purchase Great purchase for the price with an easy install.
Read Morewaymac1 May 1, 2015 - Helpful 0
- Not Helpful 0
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Nice Very nice fixture. Comes with all the parts you'll need and looks very pretty.
Read Morevshattuck Apr 21, 2015 - Helpful 0
- Not Helpful 0
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matches perfectly Good quality faucet and matches our bathroom set perfectly. Would recommend. Only downside is the drain stopper doesn't open and close as freely as it should. Installed without difficulty but design seems to be a little short for application underneath sink.
Read MoreDevon M. Mar 19, 2015 - Helpful 0
- Not Helpful 0
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nice very elegant look great with travertine and easy to operate - I recommend them
Read Moretweetybirdvicky Dec 15, 2014 - Helpful 0
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Great faucet Bought 4 of these for our remodel and have bought them earlier for another remodel. Both times they have been great and are a great value and sturdy faucet.
Read Moresherry100 Dec 2, 2014 - Helpful 0
- Not Helpful 0
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Finish is inferior- very disappointed My husband and I are very disappointed with these faucets. We bought two of them for our double sink and they were installed approximately June of 2008. We thought they were made very nicely when we first got them. The installation was easy, per my husband, but about 6 months ago I noticed that the bronze finish on the cold water handle was all pitted and coming off in places. Then I noticed that the pop up drain was also losing the finish. It is now half bronze and half shiny metal, like chrome. I was cleaning the sinks this morning and on my husbands faucet, the finish was all bubbled up and when I touched it to see what it was the finish totally flaked off. Now the tip of the faucet is silvery and the bronze is gone! My bathroom is beautiful and the faucets make it look horrible. I can't wait to get them changed. I know they weren't very expensive, but I didn't expect them to fall apart in a year and a half. I'm not sure Overstock knows that this product is quite inferior. I will contact them and see what they will do and then update this review. Good luck with your purchase. Everything else I have ever bought from OS has been wonderful.
Read Moreonesleepyhead Jul 18, 2010 - Helpful 10
- Not Helpful 1
- Flag as Inappropriate
Great Buy This was one of the cheapest Oil Rubbed Bronze Faucets that Overstock offered at that time. I purchased it and then later realized that I wasn't sure if it came with everything I needed, as it didn't have a great discription. I was concerned it might not come with the drain assembly and then it would have been too good to be true. When I received it, I was glad to see that it came with everything I needed and I am very happy with it. It is beautiful and I would recommend it to anybody. I hope they still have it when I am ready to remodel my 2nd bathroom. I have had many compliments on it.
Read Moreshalonir Mar 17, 2007 - Helpful 9
- Not Helpful 0
- Flag as Inappropriate
DO NOT BUY UNLESS YOU WANT A COAL BLACK FIXTURE This product will be returned due to completely wrong color, so I cannot tell you how it works. There is no bronze here, it is just semigloss black. Black like coal black. No hint of copper or brass or any other tone. If you want oil rubbed bronze, don't buy this. The supply lines included are ridiculously short, so you will need to purchase new supply lines in about 90% of installation situations, so add that cost to the total cost of the item. All primary surfaces are cast brass (I assume as they are painted) and all secondary fittings are plastic. This is better quality Chinese manufacture, do not compare with name brand American or German made. Annoyingly, when you go to the web site to return, it says the item is not returnable, but calling customer service was pleasant enough and they gratefully offered a replacement or a return. Kudos to live service and a pox on the web lackeys.
Read Moreazbidr Aug 6, 2011 - Helpful 6
- Not Helpful 0
- Flag as Inappropriate
Good purchase for the price. Received the faucets in good condition, eaasily installed, as stated above, color a wee bit darker than I would have liked, but fits in with our decor nicely anyway. Think the faucets were a very good purchase.
Read Moreggandbamp Jul 6, 2011 - Helpful 5
- Not Helpful 0
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Great product! We purchased a new vanity at a great price and therefore did not want to spend too much for a faucet. I searched all the big box stores first and found this one at a great price (almost half price)! The reviews were good so I thought I'd give it a try. Once received I was pleasantly surprised at how nice it was! Great quality, arrived quickly and can't beat the shipping cost!
Read Morelogansmom827 Sep 30, 2010 - Helpful 4
- Not Helpful 0
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Questions & Answers
We are renovating the main bathroom of our home that was built in 1957. This sink faucet matches the bath tub and shower head set kit that we are also purchasing. It is difficult to find bathroom faucets for older homes if you are still keeping the original porcelain tub. Do it yourself stores call it a special purchase which can be costly.
hi there do you install these???
My husband did. I recommend using a plumber for bonding issues but it took my husband about 15 minutes. Very easy.
How wide are the bases of the hot and cold handles
They are 2 inches wide.
What valves you have to buy?
Duraseal washerless cartridge valves are recommended.
Is there a light fixture that matches this oil rubbed bronze faucet?
Unfortunately, there is not a matching light fixture.
Does the faucet have a guarantee-lifetime, like Pfister? How are replacement parts found?
This product does not come with a warranty.
What is the brand name on this faucet?
The manufacturer is a top brand name. We are, however, unable to disclose the manufacturer of some of our products. Overstock.com stands behind every product sold and can contact suppliers if a product issue arises. Please feel free to contact us again with any further questions.
What is the brand name on this faucet?
Unfortunately, we are unable to disclose the manufacturer of some of our products. However, Overstock.com stands behind every product we sell. When necessary, we can contact the suppliers if a product issue arises.
Is this item back in stock? If so, what is the shank length for faucet and handles? Installing through thick tile and need at least 1 3/4
Yes, this item is back in stock. The shank length for the faucet is 2 inches and for the handles 1.5 inches.
The shank length for the faucet is 2 inches and the handles are 1.5 inches. The item is currently in stock.
What is the shank length for the faucet and handles?
This is product is out of stock at this time.
does this come with the drain assembly and the valves?
The drain assembly is included. Valves are not.
who makes this faucet set?
Thank you for your interest. We are unable to disclose the manufacturer of some of our products, however, Overstock.com stands behind every product we sell. When necessary we can contact suppliers if a product issue arises. Please feel free to contact us with any further questions.
are kohler products made in the USA?
This item was made in Taiwan.
How wide is the pop drain assembly?
The width of the top is 2 1/8 inches, the size of a standard pop drain.
So this is not a ceramic cartridge right? I am not familiar with
No, it is not ceramic.
Is the faucet for a 4" or wider spread.
The spout and the handles are separate on a widespread faucet, so the distance can be adjusted to fit the spread of the wholes on your sink.
Shopping Guides
Tips on Maintaining Your Bronze Bathroom Fixtures
The rich look of oil-rubbed bronze bathroom faucets is an upscale addition to any bathroom style. The copper-red color has a rustic feel, giving the bathroom a warm, inviting feel. Bronze bathroom fixtures are more corrosion resistant than their iron, brass and cast-iron counterparts, but they still require some upkeep. Keeping bronze bathroom fixtures looking shiny and new requires several maintenance and care steps, as moisture and harsh cleaning solutions can easily damage bronze bathroom hardware. Here are a few tips on maintaining your bronze bathroom faucets and other bath fixtures.
Bathroom Faucet Buying Guide
Most of the plumbing fixtures in your home concentrate in the bathroom: sink faucets, bathroom tub faucets and shower fixtures. When it comes time to install new bathroom faucets during a home improvement project, there are many options and choices available. This bathroom faucet buying guide will help you choose the right bathroom faucets and fixtures to maximize functionality and style in your bath.
Tips on Choosing a Bathroom Faucet
Whether it's for a full home improvement project or if you're just replacing an old faucet, looking for a new bathroom faucet can be fun. Faucets are one of the most used fixtures in a home, and a gleaming new faucet is like the sparkling jewelry for your bathroom. Whether you're shopping for a bathroom faucet for your sink or a faucet for your shower and bath, take a look below to learn some tips on choosing a bathroom faucet.
How to Install a New Bathroom Faucet
A new bathroom faucet can make all the difference in a powder room, half-bath or full bathroom. Bathroom faucets are an excellent do-it-yourself project that take some basic hand tools, a bit of patience and the ability to work under a sink. Learning how to install a new bathroom faucet is a simple and rewarding process, so let's get to work.
How to Clean Bathroom Faucets
Bathroom faucets, especially in high-traffic bathrooms, can go from clean to dirty in hours. On top of getting so much use, calcium deposits in hard water can collect on your bath fixtures, creating a dull, filmy exterior. Make your bathroom faucets shine by getting them as clean as possible every time you wipe down the countertops or do a deep clean in your bathroom.
Understanding Bathroom Faucet Valves
All plumbing fixtures use valves. Valves, or mechanisms that take the place of valves, maintain a water-tight seal inside your bathroom faucet and regulate the flow and temperature of water. Knowing how bathroom faucet valves function will help you make a better purchase and understand how to make basic faucet repairs. Here are four valve types you're likely to see in modern bathroom faucets.
How to Install Vessel Sink Faucets
An elegant vessel sink can add a touch of modern flair to any bathroom. The requirements for installing vessel sinks and their compatible vessel sink faucets can vary a bit from regular bathroom faucets, however. Here are some simple instructions to help you get your vessel sink faucet installed properly and change the look of your bathroom.
Faucet Buying Guide
When you're replacing kitchen faucets or bathroom faucets that have broken or you're just working on a new look for your kitchen or bath, it can help to know a bit more about plumbing fixtures. Before checking out our wide selection of faucets for sinks and tubs, look over this faucet buying guide for some tips on selecting the perfect fixture for your plans.
Top 5 Types of Shower Faucets
Your bathing experience depends largely on the type of bathroom faucets you're using. Different types of shower faucets fit different types of preferences. If high water-pressure is important to you, you might prefer adjustable showerheads that let you select the perfect pressure. There are multiple shower faucets that add luxury and function to your bathroom, as well. Here are five faucets you can consider when planning a bathroom remodel.
5 Styles of Delta Faucets
Every room has its own style and personality. In the kitchen and bath, a lot of that personality comes from design details, such as the faucets. Delta faucets feature materials and finishes that will punctuate the style of your kitchen or bath, whether classic or modern. Here are five popular styles of Delta faucets, so you can start adding personality to your kitchen or bathroom.
How to Buy the Right Drain for Your Bathroom Sink
A new bathroom sink can completely transform and update your bathroom. Whether you choose a dramatic red vessel sink or a simple antique pedestal sink, a new bathroom sink will make a big difference in the look of your bathroom. Smaller items like the best bathroom sink drain and faucet will also make a statement. Many bathroom sinks will include parts for the sink drain, but some vessel sinks will require you to select your own drain. If you choose to purchase a bathroom sink that requires a separate drain purchase, then consider these tips to help you find the right sink drain for your bathroom.
How to Clean Bath Fixtures
Bath fixtures get dingy easily from soap scum and hard water deposits. Most bathroom faucets are made of brass, chrome or stainless steel. Soap scum and minerals collect and build on metal, greatly reducing faucets' shine. This can make a whole bathroom look dirty even if it isn't. Cleaning bathroom faucets takes some time; however, if you do it frequently enough, you'll find that scum and debris have little time to build up. Below, you'll learn how to clean bath fixtures.
How to Remove Shower Faucets
If your old shower needs a lift, an easy way to brighten things up is to replace the shower faucet and hardware. Whether your shower faucets leak or you just want to update your bathroom with a new design, the first step is to remove that old shower faucet. Removing old tub and shower faucets is simple, and you'll only need a few tools and some simple steps to switch out that old shower faucet and have your bath looking like new.
How to Install a Clawfoot Tub Faucet
Once you've put your new clawfoot tub in place and the plumbing is ready to go, you'll need to install the right bathroom faucet for your clawfoot tub. Your bathtub faucet will likely come with the necessary hardware and directions for the various mounting options. Every clawfoot bathtub faucet is going to mount a little differently, depending on the faucet's style, the mounting location and manufacturer, but the general process is the same for every clawfoot bathtub faucet installation.
5 Things to Look for in Kitchen Faucets
When it comes to plumbing fixtures, few see more use than bathroom and kitchen faucets. Because they're so heavily used, durability is a primary feature to consider when selecting a sink faucet. There are plenty of functional faucet features to choose from. You'll also want to consider the style of your kitchen, including the sink and surrounding area. Here are a few features you may want to keep in mind as you look for a kitchen faucet that fits.
How to Install Vessel Sinks
Style and luxury can be added to any bathroom by installing a vessel sink. Two installations are popular: You can either rest the bathroom sink directly on the countertop or cut a hole in the countertop and lower the vessel down so that the sink bowl is partially recessed. Once you've installed the countertop and sink faucet, you'll be ready to install the vessel sink itself.
5 Styles of Danze Fixtures
Elegance and style are almost too easy to come by if you find the right faucets and fixtures. A good way to really bring a room together is to start with the bath fixtures and build a theme from there. Danze home improvement products can give you plenty of inspiration for your next bath or kitchen remodel. Here are five inspired styles that Danze has created for kitchen and bathroom faucets, shower heads and bath hardware that will start your creative ideas flowing.
How to Clean Sumerain Faucets
After installing an elegant, innovative Sumerain faucet in your home, you'll want to ensure it stays beautiful and functional for many years. A big part of taking care of kitchen and bathroom fixtures is cleaning them properly. Sumerain fixtures are made of chrome, brass, ceramic, and stainless steel, and they often have a chrome-plated finish, all materials that need special care. To best maintain your Sumerain faucets, we recommend these cleaning methods.
How to Install a Soap Dispenser
Bathroom and kitchen decor really starts to come together when a single theme unites the room style. Matching bath hardware is especially good at accenting a room. If your towel bars, faucets and soap dispensers all match, everything will look more polished and permanent. To help this theme, you can install a built-in countertop soap dispenser next to your bath or kitchen sink. Here are step-by-step instructions on how to do it.
Top 5 Bathroom Cabinet and Storage Solutions
Bathrooms present unique challenges when it comes to finding functional yet decorative storage solutions. Bathroom cabinets, size and budget are obvious considerations when planning your bathroom storage ideas. Whether you need to organize toiletries or towels or you prefer bamboo or bronze, bathroom storage solutions are abundant if you know where to start. This article details the top 5 bathroom cabinet and storage solutions.
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Shipping & Returns
Usually leaves our warehouse in 1-2 business days. *
Standard Return Policy:
Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment. More Details
FINAL SALE EXCLUSION: Items marked as FINAL SALE are not returnable unless the problem you experience is the result of our error.
Shipping Information:
Our standard shipping method is ground shipping. We also offer expedited shipping for most items. Your final
shipping cost and estimated delivery timeframe will be available at checkout.
Standard shipping details
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* For your protection, all orders are screened for security purposes. If your order is selected for review, our Loss Prevention Team may contact you by phone or email. There may be a two business day delay to process your order.
** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


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Course Details Course Description About The Instructor |
Session, Dates: 1 (01/13/2014 - 05/03/2014) Days: T R Time: 03:30 - 04:45 pm Location: Moon Campus Room: Hale Center 210 Seats Available: 4 Seats Credits: 3 |
This course teaches students the processes of close reading, analysis, and interpretation of literature and invites students to make connections between literature and their experiences. Students learn to distinguish between reading for comprehension and reading for pleasure, to recognize key principles of storytelling, and to distinguish types of literary works. Introducing students to texts that are international and multicultural in scope as well as to Western literature, the course focuses on works that treat the themes of initiation and development, especially coming of age.
Mary Caporizzo
Part-Time Faculty
English Department
firstname.lastname@example.com Wheatley Center 142 Profile |


text:
Product Details: sku (shed12x16-GD)
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text:
Strolling into the hotly anticipated Season 3 finale of "The Walking Dead" Sunday, perhaps the most moronic question any journalist could ask a cast or crew member of the hit AMC series is what's going to happen next. That's because if the show has proved anything, anybody can unceremoniously get killed off at any given moment, and the network has gone to great lengths to protect vital plot details.
The lid is kept so tight on "The Walking Dead" in fact, that cast members like Dallas Roberts, who plays the pivotal role of Milton Mamet, is kept in the dark. Even the shocking death and zombie transformation of Merle (Michael Rooker) came as a complete surprise to him.
"They keep the lid so tight that, since I wasn't in the last night's episode, I wasn't sent the script," Roberts told me in an interview Monday. "I eventually figured what had happened when I found pictures in the makeup trailer of Merle. That's how I found out about it. I was like, 'What?' They know how to keep secrets over there."
Roberts, 42, joined the cast of the show this season as Milton, an introverted scientist who conducts experiments on the walking dead for the Governor, a charismatic, Jim Jones-type leader of Woodbury -- a makeshift town that's guarded by barriers and guns from the "biters" (the survivor group led by Rick, played by Andrew Lincoln, refers to the zombies as "walkers").
The actor is thrilled that audiences have embraced the newest cast members this year, as the show's core cast has grown -- and consequently thinned out -- considerably from Season 1 to Season 3.
"It's one of the amazing things about the big concept of the show, as you huddle together with as many people can find early on to try to determine what to do next. It would be terrible if the show were like 'Friends' in the zombie apocalypse, where you follow six people for 12 years," Roberts said, laughing. "Plus, the introduction of Woodbury and a different set of survivors -- that sort of dynamic has given the writers more latitude in terms of the kinds of stories they can tell. I'm never surprised when they do a smart thing. They're good at what they do."
Anybody who follows the show knows very well that Milton's fate in hanging in the balance, as it didn't look good for him in the eyes -- make that eye -- of the Governor (David Morrissey) nearly the conclusion of the episode before last. But teetering on the brink isn't something new for Milton, Roberts said, given the storyline's unpredictable nature.
"I receive the information about Milton episode by episode, the way the audience does," said Roberts, who previously starred on CBS' "The Good Wife." "There was never a clear map from 'here to there.' It was like, 'In the next episode he does this and the next episode he does that.' It's like you're building a house, brick by brick."
While Milton started the season firmly believing in the intentions of the Governor, the character has undoubtedly grown more wary of his boss and become more of a protagonist in the ensuing episodes as the embattled leader has reared his ugly head.
That's not to say Milton was ever an antagonist, however. He was merely a person who thought he was contributing to a greater good, especially as a scientist who thought he could somehow reverse the biter metamorphosis after members of the town died.
"Once they got the walls up in Woodbury and got the supplies, got the water running and solar panels, it was a place where we were going to build society back from that base," explained Roberts, a Houston native. "I think Milton dedicated himself to that idea, and was allowed a laboratory, although with crude equipment. Plus, he's got some razors to keep himself shaved and fabric softener to keep himself clean."
The turning point, of course, came when the Governor's intentions were ferreted out by Michonne (Danai Gurira) and Andrea (Laurie Holden) -- formerly of Rick's survivor group -- sending his thinly-veiled dictatorship into a tailspin.
Still with only one perspective, Roberts said, Woodbury residents like Milton really understood one thing and really couldn't be held accountable for their actions.
"It's been great to watch Morrissey play the Governor, and watch that sort of slow creep-in of madness," Roberts said. "From our perspective on the Woodbury side, somebody from the outside came in, unprovoked and stabbed him in the eye and killed his kid (a biter he kept in a controlled environment) in front of him. So, from our perspective, they're the bad guys."
Perhaps the most interesting thing about Milton in the show is that, due to his extremely vulnerable nature, almost appears to be in fear more of the living – particularly the Governor -- instead of the walking dead. It's that particular wrinkle in his character that makes Milton such of an interesting character to play.
"I think it's safe to say that Milton fears human interaction more than the walkers," Roberts observed. "He's just not a guy who's not comfortable with himself in terms of relationships with other people. At the beginning of the season, it was very clear that he was like, 'Keep your head down. Do what the Governor says and advise him.' The role was really clear. But then Andrea comes and forces Milton to deal with her, and conversely, himself. It's been a fun journey to take."
Walking Dead' star loves to contemplate character's uncertainties
Dallas Roberts stars as Milton in hit zombie apocalypse series
Published On: Mar 28 2013 01:50:27 PM CDT
Updated On: Mar 28 2013 03:39:47 PM CDT
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text:
Human Placental-Derived Stem Cell Transplantation (HPDSC)
This study is currently recruiting participants.
(see Contacts and Locations)
Verified April 2015 by New York Medical College
New York Medical College
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
New York Medical College
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: April 25, 2012
Last updated: April 29, 2015
Last verified: April 2015
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
The purpose of this clinical trial is to investigate the safety of human placental-derived stem cells (HPDSC) given in conjunction with umbilical cord blood (UCB) stem cells in patients with various malignant or nonmalignant disorders who require a stem cell transplant. Patients will get either full dose (high-intensity) or lower dose (low intensity) chemo- and immunotherapy followed by a stem cell transplantation with UCB and HPDSC.
Condition | Intervention | Phase |
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Mucopolysaccharidosis VI Adrenoleukodystrophy Niemann-Pick Disease Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Wolman Disease Krabbe's Disease Gaucher's Disease Fucosidosis Batten Disease Severe Aplastic Anemia Diamond-Blackfan Anemia Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia Myelodysplastic Syndrome Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia |
Drug: Human Placental Derived Stem Cell |
Phase 1 |
Study Type: | Interventional |
Study Design: | Allocation: Non-Randomized Endpoint Classification: Safety Study Intervention Model: Single Group Assignment Masking: Open Label Primary Purpose: Treatment |
Official Title: | A Single-Arm Study to Assess the Safety of Transplantation With Human Placental-Derived Stem-Cells Combined With Unrelated and Related Cord Blood in Subjects With Certain Malignant Hematologic Diseases and Non-Malignant Disorders |
Resource links provided by NLM:
Genetics Home Reference related topics:
alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency
CASK-related intellectual disability
Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome
CHMP2B-related frontotemporal dementia
cholesteryl ester storage disease
congenital neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia
cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia
D-bifunctional protein deficiency
Diamond-Blackfan anemia
familial acute myeloid leukemia with mutated CEBPA
familial glucocorticoid deficiency
frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism-17
Gaucher disease
GRN-related frontotemporal dementia
inclusion body myopathy with early-onset Paget disease and frontotemporal dementia
infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
juvenile Batten disease
Krabbe disease
Kufs disease
late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter
MECP2 duplication syndrome
megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts
metachromatic leukodystrophy
mucopolysaccharidosis type I
mucopolysaccharidosis type VI
Niemann-Pick disease
peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase deficiency
PPM-X syndrome
purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
Renpenning syndrome
Schindler disease
succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency
Wolman disease
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
ZAP70-related severe combined immunodeficiency
Zellweger spectrum
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center resources:
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute Myelocytic Leukemia
Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Adult
Acute Non Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Adrenoleukodystrophy X-linked
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
Aplastic Anemia
Batten Disease
Ceroid Lipofuscinosis Neuronal 6
Ceroid Storage Disease
Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease
Diamond-Blackfan Anemia
Frontotemporal Dementia
Frontotemporal Dementia, Ubiquitin-positive
Gaucher Disease
Krabbe Leukodystrophy
Leukemia, Myeloid
Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VI
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses
Niemann-Pick Disease Type A
Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1
Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders
Pick's Disease
Primary Progressive Aphasia
Semantic Dementia
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Spielmeyer-Vogt Disease
Wolman Disease
U.S. FDA Resources
Further study details as provided by New York Medical College:
Primary Outcome Measures:
- Safety [ Time Frame: 100 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]to evaluate the safety of human placental-derived stem cells (HPDSC) administered in conjunction with umbilical cord blood (UCB) stem cells in patients with malignant and non-malignant diseases.
Secondary Outcome Measures:
- donor chimerism [ Time Frame: 1 year ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]donor chimerism will be assessed at set timepoints
- engraftment [ Time Frame: 1 year ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Survival [ Time Frame: 100 days and 180 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Relapse [ Time Frame: 100 days and 180 days ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
- Mortality [ Time Frame: 1 year ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
Estimated Enrollment: | 30 |
Study Start Date: | April 2013 |
Estimated Study Completion Date: | December 2019 |
Estimated Primary Completion Date: | December 2018 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure) |
Arms | Assigned Interventions |
Experimental: Group A
related cord blood with ≥3/6 HLA match to the patient and related HPDSC
Drug: Human Placental Derived Stem Cell
Infusions of thawed HPDSC to be given following UCB infusion.
Other Name: HPDSC
Experimental: Group B
unrelated cord blood with ≥ 4/6 HLA match to the patient and unrelated HPDSC
Drug: Human Placental Derived Stem Cell
Infusions of thawed HPDSC to be given following UCB infusion.
Other Name: HPDSC
Experimental: Group C
unrelated cord blood with ≥4/6 HLA match to the patient but related to HPDSC
Drug: Human Placental Derived Stem Cell
Infusions of thawed HPDSC to be given following UCB infusion.
Other Name: HPDSC
Experimental: Group D
double unrelated cord blood units with ≥4/6 HLA match to patient and each other and unrelated HPDSC
Drug: Human Placental Derived Stem Cell
Infusions of thawed HPDSC to be given following UCB infusion.
Other Name: HPDSC
Ages Eligible for Study: | up to 55 Years |
Genders Eligible for Study: | Both |
Accepts Healthy Volunteers: | No |
Inclusion Criteria:
- < 55 years of age
- Life expectancy greater than 3 months
- Lansky performance status ≥ 50% (children) or Karnofsky performance status ≥ 70% (adults) or ECOG performance status 0-2 (adults)
- DLCO > 50 percent predicted
- Left ventricular ejection fraction > 40% estimated
- Creatinine clearance or estimated GFR . 60 mL/min/1.73m2
- Serum bilirubin < 1.5x upper limit of normal
- Transaminases < 3x upper limit of normal
- Absence of uncontrolled infection
- HIV negative
Exclusion Criteria:
- Fanconi Anemia
- Myocardial infarction within 6 months prior to enrollment or has New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV heart failure, uncontrolled angina, severe uncontrolled ventricular arrhythmias, or electrocardiographic evidence of acute ischemia or active conduction system abnormalities
- Uncontrolled infection
- Pregnant or breast-feeding females
- Received other investigational agents within 30 days prior to the start of the conditioning regimen
Contacts and Locations
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below.
For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01586455
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01586455
Contact: Mitchell S Cairo, MD | 914-594-2150 | email@example.com | |
Contact: Lauren Harrison, MSN | 617-285-7844 | firstname.lastname@example.com |
United States, New York | |
New York Medical College | Recruiting |
Valhalla, New York, United States, 10595 | |
Contact: Mitchell Cairo, MD 914-594-2150 firstname.lastname@example.com | |
Contact: Lauren Harrison, MSN 6172857844 firstname.lastname@example.com | |
United States, Utah | |
University of Utah | Recruiting |
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States | |
Contact: Michael Pulsipher, MD firstname.lastname@example.com |
Sponsors and Collaborators
New York Medical College
Principal Investigator: | Mitchell S Cairo, MD | New York Medical College |
More Information
No publications provided
Keywords provided by New York Medical College:
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on May 05, 2015
No publications provided
Responsible Party: | New York Medical College |
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: | NCT01586455 History of Changes |
Other Study ID Numbers: | NYMC 550, NYMC IRB L-10,733 |
Study First Received: | April 25, 2012 |
Last Updated: | April 29, 2015 |
Health Authority: | United States: Food and Drug Administration |
Keywords provided by New York Medical College:
umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation placental stem cell inborn errors of metabolism marrow failure |
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease AML ALL MDS |
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell Adrenoleukodystrophy Anemia Anemia, Aplastic Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan Aphasia, Primary Progressive Frontotemporal Dementia Fucosidosis Gaucher Disease Leukemia Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia, Myeloid Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic Mucopolysaccharidoses |
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Mucopolysaccharidosis VI Myelodysplastic Syndromes Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses Niemann-Pick Disease, Type A Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C Niemann-Pick Diseases Pick Disease of the Brain Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma Preleukemia Thrombocytopenia Wolman Disease Adrenal Gland Diseases Adrenal Insufficiency Anemia, Hypoplastic, Congenital |
ClinicalTrials.gov processed this record on May 05, 2015


text:
Roger Brown's First and 10: CHaD event good practice for frosh 'Cats
Kennedy and Portsmouth defensive lineman Rick Holt have each signed a national letter of intent and will play football for UNH. Each player was picked to play in the CHaD East-West All-Star Game, which will be held at UNH on Saturday, June 29. Kennedy will play for the West, and Holt will represent the East.
Kennedy and Holt have also each accepted an invitation to play in the Shrine Maple Sugar Bowl, which will be held at Dartmouth College in August. Both all-star games raise money for charity.
WEST head coach Jim Schubert said Goffstown's Connor Benjamin will be used as a running back. Benjamin was Goffstown's starting quarterback during his junior and senior seasons.
Benjamin rushed for 1,660 yards and 24 touchdowns, and passed for 1,342 yards and 15 TDs last season. His best game may have been in the Division III semifinals, when he rushed for a touchdown and the two-point conversion in overtime to give fourth-seeded Goffstown a 54-53 triumph over top-seeded Souhegan.
EXETER'S Logan Laurent would appear to give the East an edge in the kicking game. Laurent, who will punt as well as handle the placekicking duties, received a scholarship to kick at the University of Massachusettts.
SCHUBERT coached Central to six state championships and guided New Hampshire to a Shrine Maple Sugar Bowl victory in 2006. Camirand was Concord's head coach when the Crimson Tide won the Division I title in 2000. He was also an assistant coach for three teams that won the Division I championship: Salem (1983), Concord (1987) and Concord (1989). … Milford's Keith Jones coached the West to a 44-12 victory in last year's game. … Twenty-two players on the CHaD rosters were also picked to represent New Hampshire in this summer's Shrine Maple Sugar Bowl. ... Wilson provided this year's game shirts. … Nashua South quarterback/defensive back Trevor Knight, a junior who is a likely candidate to play in next year's CHaD game, received a scholarship offer from Albany this week. He also has offers from UNH and UMass.


text:
Required Camper Forms
Camp Aaron
Click here to download all of the required Camper forms
Please download and complete all forms by May 1st. If you are having difficulty downloading them, feel free to contact our office at 856-424-4444 x1238 and we can mail you the required forms.
Forms should be returned to: JCC Camps at Medford, 1301 Springdale Road, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003.


text:
United States > All 3M Products > Electronics > 3M™ Abrasives for Electronics Finishing > Fiber Optic Polishing > Thermoset Multimode MT and MT-RJ - Nanometer Polisher
Connector Type: Thermoset Multimode MT and MT-RJPolishing Machine: Nanometer
3M Technical Service Engineers recommend using the following sequences for polishing Thermoset Multimode MT and MT-RJ connectors using a Nanometer polishing machine. These sequences provide typical starting points. Your actual process may vary depending on your polishing equipment and requirements.
< Back
3M Fiber Optic Polishing(PDF 883 KB)
Recommended Sequence
* All abrasive discs are available with PSA (self-adhesive) backing.
Polishing Tips:


text:
State Senate bill to prohibit gun sales to mentally ill sparks debate
Senate Bill 244 would require people with court-determined mental illness to be added to the federal list of those prohibited from purchasing guns — a list that licensed dealers use for background checks.
"There are very dangerous people who have no diagnosed mental illness or substance abuse disorders," said Ken Norton, executive director of National Alliance on Mental Illness NH. "Like Carl Drega, some of these people are well known to our communities and to law enforcement."
Rep. John Burt, R-Goffstown, said the bill is the start of a movement to disarm the United States, as was done in Australia and England. "This bill will lead to that, I have no doubt," he said.
• Found not guilty by reason of insanity;
• Having a court-appointed guardian;
• Involuntarily committed to a mental health facility.
The bill also includes a provision that allows a person to have his or her name removed from the background check list if he or she is no longer mentally ill.
James Bryant of Enfield said the bill would finally allow him to regain his guns, which he lost when he had a mental breakdown.
"(The path) comes to a dead end in the middle of the night," Bryant told the Senate Judiciary Committee. "I'm just looking for a path to redemption."
NH Civil Liberties Union Executive Director Devon Chaffee said the decision to deny someone their constitutional right ought to be based on statistical data, not on perpetuating a stereotype that one group of people is more likely to commit violence.
Michael Skibbie of the Disability Rights Center said lawmakers ought to rethink the list of qualifiers.
The committee will accept written testimony on the bill until Friday.


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Summary: Interleukin 2
Pfam includes annotations and additional family information from a range of different sources. These sources can be accessed via the tabs below.
This is the Wikipedia entry entitled "Interleukin". More...
Interleukin Edit Wikipedia article
Interleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes).[1]
The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper CD4 T lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and hematopoietic cells.
Interleukin receptors on astrocytes in the hippocampus are also known to be involved in the development of spatial memories in mice.[2]
History and name
The name "interleukin" was chosen in 1979, to replace the various different names used by different research groups to designate interleukin 1 (lymphocyte activating factor, mitogenic protein, T-cell replacing factor III, B-cell activating factor, B-cell differentiation factor, "Heidikine"). This decision was taken during a meeting in Interlaken (Switzerland).
The term interleukin derives from (inter-) "as a means of communication", and (-leukin) "deriving from the fact that many of these proteins are produced by leukocytes and act on leukocytes". The name is something of a relic, though (the term was coined by Dr Vern Paetkau, University of Victoria;[3] it has since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of body cells.
Common families of interleukins
Interleukin 1
Interleukin 1 / 18 | |||||||||
Crystallographic structure of human interleukin 1B.[4]
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | IL1 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF00340 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR000975 | ||||||||
SCOP | 1i1b | ||||||||
SUPERFAMILY | 1i1b | ||||||||
Interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta) are cytokines that participate in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis.[5] Two types of IL-1 receptor, each with three extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, limited sequence similarity (28%) and different pharmacological characteristics have been cloned from mouse and human cell lines: these have been termed type I and type II receptors.[6] The receptors both exist in transmembrane (TM) and soluble forms: the soluble IL-1 receptor is thought to be post-translationally derived from cleavage of the extracellular portion of the membrane receptors.
Both IL-1 receptors (CD121a/IL1R1, CD121b/IL1R2) appear to be well conserved in evolution, and map to the same chromosomal location.[7] The receptors can both bind all three forms of IL-1 (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1RA).
The crystal structures of IL1A and IL1B[8] have been solved, showing them to share the same 12-stranded beta-sheet structure as both the heparin binding growth factors and the Kunitz-type soybean trypsin inhibitors.[9] The beta-sheets are arranged in 3 similar lobes around a central axis, 6 strands forming an anti-parallel beta-barrel. Several regions, especially the loop between strands 4 and 5, have been implicated in receptor binding.
Molecular cloning of the Interleukin 1 Beta converting enzyme is generated by the proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor molecule. A complementary DNA encoding protease that carries out this cleavage has been cloned. Recombinant expression enables cells to process precursor Interleukin 1 Beta to the mature form of the enzyme.
Interleukin 1 also plays a role in the Central Nervous System. Research indicates that mice with a genetic deletion of the IL-1 receptor type I display markedly impaired hippocampal-dependent memory functioning and Long-term potentiation, although memories that do not depend on the integrity of the hippocampus seem to be spared.[10][11] However when mice with this genetic deletion have wild-type neural precursor cells injected into their hippocampus and these cells are allowed to mature into astrocytes containing the interleukin-1 receptor, the mice exhibit normal hippocampal-dependent memory function, and partial restoration of Long-term potentiation.[10]
Interleukin 2
Interleukin 2 | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Interleukin-2 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF00715 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR000779 | ||||||||
T Lymphocytes regulate the growth and differentiation of T cells and certain B cells through the release of secreted protein factors.[12] These factors, which include interleukin 2 (IL2), are secreted by lectin- or antigen-stimulated T cells, and have various physiological effects. IL2 is a lymphokine that induces the proliferation of responsive T cells. In addition, it acts on some B cells, via receptor-specific binding,[13] as a growth factor and antibody production stimulant.[14] The protein is secreted as a single glycosylated polypeptide, and cleavage of a signal sequence is required for its activity.[13] Solution NMR suggests that the structure of IL2 comprises a bundle of 4 helices (termed A-D), flanked by 2 shorter helices and several poorly defined loops. Residues in helix A, and in the loop region between helices A and B, are important for receptor binding. Secondary structure analysis has suggested similarity to IL4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF).[14]
Interleukin 3
Interleukin 3 | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Interleukin_3 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF02059 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR002183 | ||||||||
Interleukin 3 (IL3) is a cytokine that regulates blood-cell production by controlling the production, differentiation and function of granulocytes and macrophages.[15][16] The protein, which exists in vivo as a monomer, is produced in activated T cells and mast cells,[15][16] and is activated by the cleavage of an N-terminal signal sequence.[16]
IL3 is produced by T lymphocytes and T-cell lymphomas only after stimulation with antigens, mitogens, or chemical activators such as phorbol esters. However, IL3 is constitutively expressed in the myelomonocytic leukaemia cell line WEHI-3B.[16] It is thought that the genetic change of the cell line to constitutive production of IL3 is the key event in development of this leukaemia.[16]
Interleukin 4
Interleukin 4 | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Interleukin_4 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF02059 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR002183 | ||||||||
Interleukin 4 (IL4) is produced by CD4 T cells specialized in providing help to B cells to proliferate and to undergo class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. TH2 cells, through production of IL-4, have an important function in B-cell responses that involve class switch recombination to the IgG1 and IgE isotypes.
Interleukin 5
Interleukin 5 | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Interleukin_5 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF02025 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR000186 | ||||||||
Interleukin 5 (IL5), also known as eosinophil differentiation factor (EDF), is a lineage-specific cytokine for eosinophilpoiesis.[17][18] It regulates eosinophil growth and activation,[17] and thus plays an important role in diseases associated with increased levels of eosinophils, including asthma.[18] IL5 has a similar overall fold to other cytokines (e.g., IL2, IL4 and GCSF),[18] but while these exist as monomeric structures, IL5 is a homodimer. The fold contains an anti-parallel 4-alpha-helix bundle with a left handed twist, connected by a 2-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet.[18][19] The monomers are held together by 2 interchain disulphide bonds.[19]
Interleukin 6
Interleukin 6/G-CSF/MGF | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | IL6_MGF_GCSF | ||||||||
Pfam | PF00489 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR003573 | ||||||||
Interleukin 6 (IL6), also referred to as B-cell stimulatory factor-2 (BSF-2) and interferon beta-2, is a cytokine involved in a wide variety of biological functions.[20] It plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B cells into IG-secreting cells, as well as inducing myeloma/plasmacytoma growth, nerve cell differentiation, and, in hepatocytes, acute-phase reactants.[20][21]
A number of other cytokines may be grouped with IL6 on the basis of sequence similarity.[20][21][22] These include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) and myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF). GCSF acts in hematopoiesis by affecting the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell groups in the blood.[22] MGF also acts in hematopoiesis, stimulating proliferation and colony formation of normal and transformed avian cells of the myeloid lineage.
Cytokines of the IL6/GCSF/MGF family are glycoproteins of about 170 to 180 amino acid residues that contains four conserved cysteine residues involved in two disulphide bonds:.[22] They have a compact, globular fold (similar to other interleukins), stabilised by the 2 disulphide bonds. One half of the structure is dominated by a 4-alpha-helix bundle with a left-handed twist;[23] the helices are anti-parallel, with 2 overhand connections, which fall into a 2-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet. The fourth alpha-helix is important to the biological activity of the molecule.[21]
Interleukins 7 and 9
Interleukin 7/interleukin 9 | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Interleukin_7_9 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF01415 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR000226 | ||||||||
Interleukin 7 (IL-7)[24] is a cytokine that serves as a growth factor for early lymphoid cells of both B- and T-cell lineages. Interleukin 9 (IL-9)[25] is a cytokine that supports IL-2 independent and IL-4 independent growth of helper T cells. Interleukin 7 and 9 seems to be evolutionary related.[26]
Interleukin 8
Interleukin 10
Interleukin 10 | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Interleukin_10 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF00726 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR000098 | ||||||||
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a protein that inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF, and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T cells. In structure, IL-10 is a protein of about 160 amino acids that contains four conserved cysteines involved in disulphide bonds.[27] IL-10 is highly similar to the Human herpesvirus 4 (Epstein-Barr virus) BCRF1 protein, which inhibits the synthesis of gamma-interferon and to Equid herpesvirus 2 (Equine herpesvirus 2) protein E7. It is also similar, but to a lesser degree, with human protein mda-7.[28] a protein that has antiproliferative properties in human melanoma cells. Mda-7 contains only two of the four cysteines of IL-10.
Interleukin 11
Interleukin 11 | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | IL11 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF07400 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR010873 | ||||||||
Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a secreted protein that stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis, resulting in increased production of platelets, as well as activating osteoclasts, inhibiting epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, and inhibiting macrophage mediator production. These functions may be particularly important in mediating the hematopoietic, osseous and mucosal protective effects of interleukin 11.[29] Family members seem to be restricted to mammals.
Interleukin 12
Interleukin 12 alpha subunit | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | IL12 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF03039 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR004281 | ||||||||
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a disulphide-bonded heterodimer consisting of a 35kDa alpha subunit and a 40kDa beta subunit. It is involved in the stimulation and maintenance of Th1 cellular immune responses, including the normal host defence against various intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Measles virus, and Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV). IL-12 also has an important role in enhancing the cytotoxic function of NK cells[30][31] and role in pathological Th1 responses, such as in inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis. Suppression of IL-12 activity in such diseases may have therapeutic benefit. On the other hand, administration of recombinant IL-12 may have therapeutic benefit in conditions associated with pathological Th2 responses.[32][33]
Interleukin 13
Interleukin 13 | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Interleukin_13 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF03487 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR003634 | ||||||||
Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a pleiotropic cytokine that may be important in the regulation of the inflammatory and immune responses.[34] It inhibits inflammatory cytokine production and synergises with IL-2 in regulating interferon-gamma synthesis. The sequences of IL-4 and IL-13 are distantly related.[35]
Interleukin 15
Interleukin 15 | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | Interleukin_15 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF02372 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR003443 | ||||||||
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a cytokine that possesses a variety of biological functions, including stimulation and maintenance of cellular immune responses.[36] IL-15 stimulates the proliferation of T lymphocytes, which requires interaction of IL-15 with components of IL-2R, including IL-2R beta and probably IL-2R gamma, but not IL-2R alpha.
Interleukin 17
Interleukin 17 | |||||||||
Identifiers | |||||||||
Symbol | IL17 | ||||||||
Pfam | PF06083 | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR010345 | ||||||||
Interleukin 17 (IL-17) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated memory T cells.[37] The IL-17 family is thought to represent a distinct signalling system that appears to have been highly conserved across vertebrate evolution.[37]
List of human interleukins
A list of interleukins:
Name | Source [38] | Target receptors[38][39] | Target cells[38] | Function[38] |
IL-1 | macrophages, B cells, monocytes,[40] dendritic cells [40] | CD121a/IL1R1, CD121b/IL1R2 | T helper cells | co-stimulation [40] |
B cells | maturation & proliferation [40] | |||
NK cells | activation[40] | |||
macrophages, endothelium, other | inflammation,[40] small amounts induce acute phase reaction, large amounts induce fever | |||
IL-2 | Th1-cells | CD25/IL2RA, CD122/IL2RB, CD132/IL2RG | activated[40] T cells and B cells, NK cells, macrophages, oligodendrocytes | stimulates growth and differentiation of T cell response. Can be used in immunotherapy to treat cancer or suppressed for transplant patients. Has also been used in clinical trials (ESPIRIT. Stalwart) to raise CD4 counts in HIV positive patients. |
IL-3 | activated T helper cells,[40] mast cells, NK cells, endothelium, eosinophils | CD123/IL3RA, CD131/IL3RB | hematopoietic stem cells | differentiation and proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells [40] to e.g. erythrocytes, granulocytes |
mast cells | growth and histamine release[40] | |||
IL-4 | Th2 cells, just activated naive CD4+ cell, memory CD4+ cells, mast cells, macrophages | CD124/IL4R, CD132/IL2RG | activated B cells | proliferation and differentiation, IgG1 and IgE synthesis.[40] Important role in allergic response (IgE) |
T cells | proliferation[40] | |||
endothelium | ||||
IL-5 | Th2 cells, mast cells, eosinophils | CD125/IL5RA, CD131/IL3RB | eosinophils | production |
B cells | differentiation, IgA production | |||
IL-6 | macrophages, Th2 cells, B cells, astrocytes, endothelium | CD126/IL6RA, CD130/IR6RB | activated B cells | differentiation into plasma cells |
plasma cells | antibody secretion | |||
hematopoietic stem cells | differentiation | |||
T cells, others | induces acute phase reaction, hematopoiesis, differentiation, inflammation | |||
IL-7 | Bone marrow stromal cells and thymus stromal cells | CD127/IL7RA, CD132/IL2RG | pre/pro-B cell, pre/pro-T cell, NK cells | differentiation and proliferation of lymphoid progenitor cells, involved in B, T, and NK cell survival, development, and homeostasis, ↑proinflammatory cytokines |
IL-8 or CXCL8 | macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells | CXCR1/IL8RA, CXCR2/IL8RB/CD128 | neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes | Neutrophil chemotaxis |
IL-9 | Th2 cells, specifically by CD4+ helper cells | CD129/IL9R | T cells, B cells | Potentiates IgM, IgG, IgE, stimulates mast cells |
IL-10 | monocytes, Th2 cells, CD8+ T cells, mast cells, macrophages, B cell subset | CD210/IL10RA, CDW210B/IL10RB | macrophages | cytokine production[40] |
B cells | activation [40] | |||
mast cells | ||||
Th1 cells | inhibits Th1 cytokine production (IFN-γ, TNF-β, IL-2) | |||
Th2 cells | Stimulation | |||
IL-11 | bone marrow stroma | IL11RA | bone marrow stroma | acute phase protein production, osteoclast formation |
IL-12 | dendritic cells, B cells, T cells, macrophages | CD212/IL12RB1, IR12RB2 | activated [40] T cells, | differentiation into Cytotoxic T cells with IL-2,[40] ↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α, ↓ IL-10 |
NK cells | ↑ IFN-γ, TNF-α | |||
IL-13 | activated Th2 cells, mast cells, NK cells | IL13R | TH2-cells, B cells, macrophages | Stimulates growth and differentiation of B cells (IgE), inhibits TH1-cells and the production of macrophage inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1, IL-6), ↓ IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 |
IL-14 | T cells and certain malignant B cells | activated B cells | controls the growth and proliferation of B cells, inhibits Ig secretion | |
IL-15 | mononuclear phagocytes (and some other cells), especially macrophages following infection by virus(es) | IL15RA | T cells, activated B cells | Induces production of Natural killer cells |
IL-16 | lymphocytes, epithelial cells, eosinophils, CD8+ T cells | CD4 | CD4+ T cells (Th-cells) | CD4+ chemoattractant |
IL-17 | T helper 17 cells (Th17) | CDw217/IL17RA, IL17RB | epithelium, endothelium, other | osteoclastogenesis, angiogenesis, ↑ inflammatory cytokines |
IL-18 | macrophages | CDw218a/IL18R1 | Th1 cells, NK cells | Induces production of IFNγ, ↑ NK cell activity |
IL-20 | Activated keratinocytes and monocytes | IL20R | regulates proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes | |
IL-21 | activated T helper cells, NKT cells | IL21R | All lymphocytes, dendritic cells | costimulates activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells, augment NK cytotoxicity, augments CD40-driven B cell proliferation, differentiation and isotype switching, promotes differentiation of Th17 cells |
IL-22 | T helper 17 cells (Th17) | IL22R | Production of defensins from epithelial cells.[30] Activates STAT1 and STAT3 and increases production of acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A, Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and haptoglobin in hepatoma cell lines | |
IL-23 | macrophages, dendritic cells | IL23R | Maintenance of IL-17 producing cells,[30] increases angiogenesis but reduces CD8 T-cell infiltration | |
IL-24 | melanocytes, keratinocytes, monocytes, T cells | IL20R | Plays important roles in tumor suppression, wound healing and psoriasis by influencing cell survival, inflammatory cytokine expression. | |
IL-25 | T Cells, mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, mucosal epithelial cells | LY6E | Induces the production IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, which stimulate eosinophil expansion | |
IL-26 | T cells, monocytes | IL20R1 | Enhances secretion of IL-10 and IL-8 and cell surface expression of CD54 on epithelial cells | |
IL-27 | macrophages, dendritic cells | IL27RA | Regulates the activity of B lymphocyte and T lymphocytes | |
IL-28 | - | IL28R | Plays a role in immune defense against viruses | |
IL-29 | - | Plays a role in host defenses against microbes | ||
IL-30 | - | Forms one chain of IL-27 | ||
IL-31 | Th2 cells | IL31RA | May play a role in inflammation of the skin | |
IL-32 | - | Induces monocytes and macrophages to secrete TNF-α, IL-8 and CXCL2 | ||
IL-33 | - | Induces helper T cells to produce type 2 cytokine | ||
IL-35 | regulatory T cells | Suppression of T helper cell activation | ||
IL-36 | - | Regulates DC and T cell responses |
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- ^ Liu C, Hart RP, Liu XJ, Clevenger W, Maki RA, De Souza EB (August 1996). "Cloning and characterization of an alternatively processed human type II interleukin-1 receptor mRNA". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (34): 20965–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.34.20965. PMID 8702856.
- ^ McMahan CJ, Slack JL, Mosley B, Cosman D, Lupton SD, Brunton LL, Grubin CE, Wignall JM, Jenkins NA, Brannan CI (October 1991). "A novel IL-1 receptor, cloned from B cells by mammalian expression, is expressed in many cell types". EMBO J. 10 (10): 2821–32. PMC 452992. PMID 1833184.
- ^ Priestle JP, Schär HP, Grütter MG (December 1989). "Crystallographic refinement of interleukin 1 beta at 2.0 A resolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (24): 9667–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.24.9667. PMC 298562. PMID 2602367.
- ^ Murzin AG, Lesk AM, Chothia C (January 1992). "beta-Trefoil fold. Patterns of structure and sequence in the Kunitz inhibitors interleukins-1 beta and 1 alpha and fibroblast growth factors". J. Mol. Biol. 223 (2): 531–43. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(92)90668-A. PMID 1738162.
- ^ a b Ben Menachem-Zidon O, Avital A, Ben-Menahem Y, Goshen I, Kreisel T, Shmueli EM, Segal M, Ben Hur T, Yirmiya R (July 2011). "Astrocytes support hippocampal-dependent memory and long-term potentiation via interleukin-1 signaling". Brain Behav. Immun. 25 (5): 1008–16. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.11.007. PMID 21093580.
- ^ Avital A, Goshen I, Kamsler A, Segal M, Iverfeldt K, Richter-Levin G, Yirmiya R (2003). "Impaired interleukin-1 signaling is associated with deficits in hippocampal memory processes and neural plasticity". Hippocampus 13 (7): 826–34. doi:10.1002/hipo.10135. PMID 14620878.
- ^ Arai K, Yokota T, Arai N, Lee F, Rennick D, Mosmann T (1985). "Use of a cDNA expression vector for isolation of mouse interleukin 2 cDNA clones: expression of T-cell growth-factor activity after transfection of monkey cells". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82 (1): 68–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.1.68. PMC 396972. PMID 3918306.
- ^ a b Gillis S, Cerretti DP, McKereghan K, Larsen A, Cantrell MA, Anderson D, Cosman D, Baker PE (1986). "Cloning, sequence, and expression of bovine interleukin 2". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (10): 3223–3227. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.10.3223. PMC 323485. PMID 3517854.
- ^ a b Driscoll PC, Campbell ID, Mott HR, Boyd J, Cooke RM, Weir MP (1992). "Secondary structure of human interleukin 2 from 3D heteronuclear NMR experiments". Biochemistry 31 (33): 7741–7744. doi:10.1021/bi00148a040. PMID 1510960.
- ^ a b Dorssers L, Burger H, Bot F, Delwel R, Lowenberg B, Wagemaker G, Geurts van Kessel AH (1987). "Characterization of a human multilineage-colony-stimulating factor cDNA clone identified by a conserved noncoding sequence in mouse interleukin-3". Gene 55 (1): 115–124. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(87)90254-X. PMID 3497843.
- ^ a b c d e Ymer S, Tucker WQ, Sanderson CJ, Campbell HD, Young IG, Hapel AJ (1985). "Constitutive synthesis of interleukin-3 by leukaemia cell line WEHI-3B is due to retroviral insertion near the gene". Nature 317 (6034): 255–258. doi:10.1038/317255a0. PMID 2413359.
- ^ a b Tucker WQ, Sanderson CJ, Campbell HD, Young IG, Hort Y, Martinson ME, Mayo G, Clutterbuck EJ (1987). "Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the gene encoding human eosinophil differentiation factor (interleukin 5)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (19): 6629–6633. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.19.6629. PMC 299136. PMID 3498940.
- ^ a b c d Proudfoot AE, Wells TN, Milburn MV, Hassell AM, Lambert MH, Jordan SR, Graber P (1993). "A novel dimer configuration revealed by the crystal structure at 2.4 A resolution of human interleukin-5". Nature 363 (6425): 172–176. doi:10.1038/363172a0. PMID 8483502.
- ^ a b Proudfoot AE, Turcatti G, Davies JG, Wingfield PT (1991). "Human interleukin-5 expressed in Escherichia coli: assignment of the disulfide bridges of the purified unglycosylated protein". FEBS Lett. 283 (1): 61–64. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80553-F. PMID 2037074.
- ^ a b c Hirano T, Harada H, Nakajima K, Iwamatsu A, Yasukawa K, Taga T, Watanabe Y, Matsuda T, Kashiwamura S, Koyama K (1986). "Complementary DNA for a novel human interleukin (BSF-2) that induces B lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulin". Nature 324 (6092): 73–76. doi:10.1038/324073a0. PMID 3491322.
- ^ a b c Heinrich PC, Rose-John S, Lutticken C, Kruttgen A, Moller C (1991). "Evidence for the importance of a positive charge and an alpha-helical structure of the C-terminus for biological activity of human IL-6". FEBS Lett. 282 (2): 265–267. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80491-K. PMID 2037043.
- ^ a b c Clogston CL, Boone TC, Crandall BC, Mendiaz EA, Lu HS (1989). "Disulfide structures of human interleukin-6 are similar to those of human granulocyte colony stimulating factor". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 272 (1): 144–151. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(89)90205-1. PMID 2472117.
- ^ Cook WJ, Bugg CE, Walter MR, Ealick SE, Zhao BG, Reichert P, Nagabhushan TL, Trotta PP, Cameron Jr RP, Walter Jr RL (1992). "Crystal structure of recombinant human interleukin-4". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (28): 20371–20376. PMID 1400355.
- ^ Henney CS (1989). "Interleukin 7: effects on early events in lymphopoiesis". Immunol. Today 10 (5): 170–173. doi:10.1016/0167-5699(89)90175-8. PMID 2663018.
- ^ Renauld JC, Goethals A, Houssiau F, Merz H, Van Roost E, Van Snick J (1990). "Human P40/IL-9. Expression in activated CD4+ T cells, genomic organization, and comparison with the mouse gene". J. Immunol. 144 (11): 4235–4241. PMID 1971295.
- ^ Paul WE, Boulay JL (1993). "Hematopoietin sub-family classification based on size, gene organization and sequence homology". Curr. Biol. 3 (9): 573–581. doi:10.1016/0960-9822(93)90002-6. PMID 15335670.
- ^ Wlodawer A, Zdanov A, Schalk-Hihi C, Gustchina A, Tsang M, Weatherbee J (1995). "Crystal structure of interleukin 10 reveals the functional dimer with an unexpected topological similarity to interferon gamma". Structure 3 (6): 591–601. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00193-9. PMID 8590020.
- ^ Jiang H, Lin JJ, Goldstein NI, Fisher PB, Su ZZ (1995). "Subtraction hybridization identifies a novel melanoma differentiation associated gene, mda-7, modulated during human melanoma differentiation, growth and progression". Oncogene 11 (12): 2477–2486. PMID 8545104.
- ^ Leng SX, Elias JA (1997). "Interleukin-11". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 29 (8–9): 1059–1062. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(97)00017-4. PMID 9416001.
- ^ a b c Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S (2012). Cellular and molecular immunology (7th ed. ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1437715281.
- ^ Zhang C, Zhang J, Niu J, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Tian Z (2008). "Interleukin-12 improves cytotoxicity of natural killer cells via upregulated expression of NKG2D". Hum. Immunol. 69 (8): 490–500. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2008.06.004. PMID 18619507.
- ^ Park AY, Scott P (2001). "Il-12: keeping cell-mediated immunity alive". Scand. J. Immunol. 53 (6): 529–532. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00917.x. PMID 11422900.
- ^ Presky DH, Gately MK, Gubler U, Renzetti LM, Magram J, Stern AS, Adorini L (1998). "The interleukin-12/interleukin-12-receptor system: role in normal and pathologic immune responses". Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16: 495–521. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.495. PMID 9597139.
- ^ Minty A, Chalon P, Dumont X, Kaghad M, Labit C, Leplatois P, Liauzun P, Miloux B, Derocq JM, Guillemot JC (1993). "Interleukin-13 is a new human lymphokine regulating inflammatory and immune responses". Nature 362 (6417): 248–250. doi:10.1038/362248a0. PMID 8096327.
- ^ Seyfizadeh, N., Seyfizadeh, N., Babaloo, Z. (2014). "Interleukin-13 as an Important Mediator: A Review on its Roles in Some Human Diseases", Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, In Press.
- ^ Arena A, Merendino RA, Bonina L, Iannello D, Stassi G, Mastroeni P (2000). "Role of IL-15 on monocytic resistance to human herpesvirus 6 infection". New Microbiol. 23 (2): 105–112. PMID 10872679.
- ^ a b Gurney AL, Aggarwal S (2002). "IL-17: prototype member of an emerging cytokine family". J. Leukoc. Biol. 71 (1): 1–8. PMID 11781375.
- ^ a b c d Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Immunology. Paperback: 384 pages. Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; (July 1, 2007). Language: English. ISBN 0-7817-9543-5. ISBN 978-0-7817-9543-2. Page 68
- ^ Noosheen Alaverdi & David Sehy (2007-05-01). "Cytokines - Master Regulators of the Immune System". eBioscience. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cytokine tutorial, The University of Arizona
External links
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR000779
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Interleukin 2 Provide feedback
No Pfam abstract.
External database links
Pseudofam: | PF00715 |
SCOP: | 3ink |
This tab holds annotation information from the InterPro database.
InterPro entry IPR000779
T-Lymphocytes regulate the growth and differentiation of certain lymphopoietic and haemopoietic cells through the release of various secreted protein factors [PUBMED:3918306]. These factors, which include interleukin-2 (IL2), are secreted by lectin- or antigen-stimulated T-cells, and have various physiological effects. IL2 is a lymphokine that induces the proliferation of responsive T-cells. In addition, it acts on some B-cells, via receptor-specific binding [PUBMED:3517854], as a growth factor and antibody production stimulant [PUBMED:1510960]. The protein is secreted as a single glycosylated polypeptide, and cleavage of a signal sequence is required for its activity [PUBMED:3517854]. Solution NMR suggests that the structure of IL2 comprises a bundle of 4 helices (termed A-D), flanked by 2 shorter helices and several poorly-defined loops. Residues in helix A, and in the loop region between helices A and B, are important for receptor binding. Secondary structure analysis has suggested similarity to IL4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF) [PUBMED:1510960].Gene Ontology
The mapping between Pfam and Gene Ontology is provided by InterPro. If you use this data please cite InterPro.
Cellular component | extracellular region (GO:0005576) |
Molecular function | growth factor activity (GO:0008083) |
interleukin-2 receptor binding (GO:0005134) | |
Biological process | immune response (GO:0006955) |
Domain organisation
Below is a listing of the unique domain organisations or architectures in which this domain is found. More...
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Pfam Clan
This family is a member of clan 4H_Cytokine (CL0053), which has the following description:
Cytokines are regulatory peptides that can be produced by various cells for communicating and orchestrating the large multicellular system. Cytokines are key mediators of hematopoiesis, immunity, allergy, inflammation, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, and embryonic development [2]. This superfamily includes both the long and short chain helical cytokines.
The clan contains the following 22 members:
CNTF EPO_TPO Flt3_lig GM_CSF Hormone_1 IFN-gamma IL10 IL11 IL12 IL13 IL2 IL22 IL3 IL34 IL4 IL5 IL6 Interferon Leptin LIF_OSM PRF SCFAlignments
We store a range of different sequence alignments for families. As well as the seed alignment from which the family is built, we provide the full alignment, generated by searching the sequence database using the family HMM. We also generate alignments using four representative proteomes (RP) sets, the NCBI sequence database, and our metagenomics sequence database. More...
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We make a range of alignments for each Pfam-A family. You can see a description of each above. You can view these alignments in various ways but please note that some types of alignment are never generated while others may not be available for all families, most commonly because the alignments are too large to handle.
Seed (7) |
Full (151) |
Representative proteomes | NCBI (164) |
Meta (0) |
Jalview | ||||||||
PP/heatmap | 1 | |||||||
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We make all of our alignments available in Stockholm format. You can download them here as raw, plain text files or as gzip-compressed files.
Seed (7) |
Full (151) |
Representative proteomes | NCBI (164) |
Meta (0) |
Raw Stockholm | ||||||||
Gzipped |
You can also download a FASTA format file containing the full-length sequences for all sequences in the full alignment.
External links
MyHits provides a collection of tools to handle multiple sequence alignments. For example, one can refine a seed alignment (sequence addition or removal, re-alignment or manual edition) and then search databases for remote homologs using HMMER3.
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HMM logos is one way of visualising profile HMMs. Logos provide a quick overview of the properties of an HMM in a graphical form. You can see a more detailed description of HMM logos and find out how you can interpret them here. More...
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Curation and family details
This section shows the detailed information about the Pfam family. You can see the definitions of many of the terms in this section in the glossary and a fuller explanation of the scoring system that we use in the scores section of the help pages.
Seed source: | Pfam-B_709 (release 2.1) |
Previous IDs: | none |
Type: | Domain |
Author: | Bateman A |
Number in seed: | 7 |
Number in full: | 151 |
Average length of the domain: | 124.30 aa |
Average identity of full alignment: | 65 % |
Average coverage of the sequence by the domain: | 94.53 % |
HMM information
HMM build commands: |
build method: hmmbuild -o /dev/null HMM SEED
search method: hmmsearch -Z 23193494 -E 1000 --cpu 4 HMM pfamseq
Model details: |
Model length: | 145 | ||||||||||||
Family (HMM) version: | 12 | ||||||||||||
Download: | download the raw HMM for this family |
Species distribution
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For those sequences which have a structure in the Protein DataBank, we use the mapping between UniProt, PDB and Pfam coordinate systems from the PDBe group, to allow us to map Pfam domains onto UniProt sequences and three-dimensional protein structures. The table below shows the structures on which the IL2 domain has been found. There are 47 instances of this domain found in the PDB. Note that there may be multiple copies of the domain in a single PDB structure, since many structures contain multiple copies of the same protein seqence.
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The PH Professional Network (PHPN) Mentor Program connects healthcare providers working with PH patients with a qualified peer who can provide professional mentorship. Mentees may be seeking general guidance and advice on PH-related treatment, care, and research, or seeking specific guidance on a particular topic pertaining to PH. The program is designed to enhance patient care and professional collaboration.
Mentors will be available to answer questions and provide individual support to mentees about a variety of subjects, including:
To apply, interested mentees and mentors must fill out an application, include a photo and submit a CV. All applicants must be PHPN members. Applications will be reviewed and approved by the PHPN Executive Committee on a quarterly basis.
The Chair of the Membership Committee will contact the mentor and mentee and provide each with the other's contact information. The mentee will then be free to contact the mentor as needed. The mentor and mentee will discuss their preferred mode of communication and a schedule for any regular communication, if needed. The mentor will agree to be available to one mentee for a period of up to six months.
Both the mentee and mentor will be expected to fill out an evaluation form after Month 1, Month 3, and Month 6 of the relationship. The evaluation will collect information about:
The Membership Committee will review the data and share this information with PHA and the PHPN Executive Committee as needed to help identify the needs and challenges faced by new PH professionals as well as opportunities to improve the program.
Support is available through PHA and your fellow mentors. Mentors will have access to an email group where they can ask questions and share experiences, successes, and challenges with one another as a way to enhance their mentoring skills. All mentors will be added to the group and may use it as needed. The Membership Committee Chair, as well as the PHA Allied Health Program Associate, will help monitor the group.
The Chair of the Membership Committee will contact active mentors after six months of a mentorship to evaluate the relationship. If the mentee wants to extend the mentorship, the mentor will have the option to continue the mentorship or end it. Should the mentor elect to end the mentorship, he/she should send the mentee a transition message to end the formal relationship.
If the mentee would like to continue working with a mentor, they may request a new mentor.
The six-month period is in place to make mentors available to future mentees. Mentors are not bound to a term length, and may resign from their position if professional or personal obligations interfere with their ability to carry out mentor responsibilities.
If you have any questions about the program or the status of your application, please email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 301-565-3004 x761.


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When someone joins the Auburn Tiger Football Team for an estimated sum of around $180,000+. As made famous by Cameron Newton spurning the $180,000 offer to play at Mississippi St and instead "Taking His Talents to Auburn" where they have a long illustrious history of paying their players.
This year, based on 'the money being too much', I'm going to take my talents to Auburn and be paid-to-play by the Awbarn Fambly.
viết bởi $Cam Newton
10 Tháng mười hai, 2010


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Poll: What will AMC show 'Bombingham' mean for Birmingham?
It will reawaken stereotypes and hurt our image
It will spark interest in our Civil Rights sites
It will give Birmingham more publicity, which is good
It gives us a chance to show how far we've come
All of the above
Votes Cast: 335
This survey is not a scientific sampling, but offers a quick view of what readers are thinking
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