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2003 Dodge Neon having trouble pulling hills, check engine light is flashing--what can be wrong?
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I was going up a hill and the car would hardly move. It didn't cut out but the check engine light kept flashing. I made it up he hill but it took a while. Can this be my fuel pump? Or would the check engine light come on for that?
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98DAK answered 8 years ago
Check the air cleaner. This often causes problems on hills when dirty, and the check engine light will sometimes come on because the car knows there is not enough air to mix with the fuel
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text: THE CANADIAN ATLAS ONLINE NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR – GRADES 9 TO 12 www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas The Fishery and Settlement Patterns in Newfoundland and Labrador: 17th -18th Century Trinity Bay Internal Migration Lesson Overview In this lesson, students will be exposed to two case studies from Trinity Bay in Newfoundland and Labrador that illustrate internal migration during the mid-1700s to 1950s. Through an examination of a variety of materials, various push and pull factors will be explored. These factors encouraged early fishermen and their families to continue their movement after their arrival from England and Ireland. Students will be required to produce a map to trace the migration routes taken by these early settlers. Teachers should encourage students to research and apply similar information to other regions of Atlantic Canada. Grade Level Grades 9-12 (secondary school) Grades 6-8 (middle school) Time Required Teachers should be able to conduct the lesson in two classes. Curriculum Connection (Province/Territory and course) Atlantic Provinces Curriculum for Social Studies: Council of Atlantic Ministers of Education and Training (CAMET): Newfoundland and Labrador Curriculum Outcomes (Can be adapted for any province) Newfoundland and Labrador Other Atlantic Provinces Intermediate social studies program Intermediate Social Studies Canadian Geography 1202 Senior High Social Studies World Geography 3200 World Geography 3202 Link to the Canadian Atlas Online (CAOL) The Canadian Atlas online can be used to help students construct their maps of internal migration in Trinity Bay. Using the link www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/, locate "Explore the maps". Then click on "How to use the map". Zoom in on Trinity Bay to 27kms to 54kms. Students can print a copy of this map and use it to show the migration routes taken by these three families. Contextual information can be found under: Themes: History and Heritage – The Fishery THE CANADIAN ATLAS ONLINE NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR – GRADES 9 TO 12 www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas Additional Resources, Materials and Equipment Required Computer and Internet access Sample copies of maps showing "Migration Routes in Trinity Bay" (not attached) Student information sheet Internal Migration for Trinity Bay (attached) Group copies of 3 Case Studies: #1: The Greens, #2: The Veys, #3: The Spurrells (attached) Student worksheet Internal Migration (attached) Assessment rubric (attached) Main Objective The primary objective of this lesson is to allow students to become familiar with internal migration and to identify the push and pull factors. This will be achieved through two case studies of families who arrived in Trinity Bay in the mid-1700s. These families continued to move until they found a permanent location to settle. Students will use mapping skills to show these migration routes. Teachers should challenge students to apply concepts to model their local areas for migration patterns. Learning Outcomes By the end of the lesson, students will be able to: • Define internal migration • Suggest possible push and pull factors that cause migration • Apply migration factors to their own extended family history • Construct maps showing internal migration • Be familiar with historical maps showing early 16th and 17th century fishing in Canada. • Become familiar with the importance of the Newfoundland fishery to England, Ireland and France. • Appreciate early settlement in the town of Trinity, in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador. The Lesson Teacher Activity Student Activity Introduction Open lesson with by introducing Plates 23 Use online Historical Atlas of and 24 from Volume 1, Historical Atlas Canada to examine early of Canada. Initiate discussions centred migration routes taken by on regions that supplied early immigrants immigrants from Ireland and to Newfoundland from England and England shown in Plates 23 and Ireland by asking the following questions: 24. "Where did the largest early migrant Suggest possible reason for this groups to eastern Canada settle?" migration. "Why do you think they came to Newfoundland?" THE CANADIAN ATLAS ONLINE NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR – GRADES 9 TO 12 www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas "What factors might have caused them to Encourage students to discuss settle in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland?" possible migration patterns within their families and communities. Lesson Separate class into several groups of four. Assemble in groups of four with Development Hand out Student Worksheet: Internal assigned case study. Read and Migration and have students complete. discuss the case study. Distribute case studies evenly among Complete the worksheet Internal groups. Encourage students to complete Migration for the assigned case the map using Canadian Atlas Online: studies. www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/ Note: Students should also be shown one template map to help them understand the type of map to be constructed for their case study. Conclusion Gather students in large group for Each group will briefly presentation and discussion of their discuss/describe their case study findings. to the class and show the map of internal migration for their assigned case study. Lesson Extension Students should be encouraged to examine their local areas and family history for evidence of migration patterns that exist in their community. Teachers could encourage local historians, church leaders, and local genealogists to speak on local settlement patterns. A homework assignment similar to this lesson could be given. Assessment of Student Learning Rubric Worksheet Further Reading Optional Link to Canadian National Standards for Geography Essential Element #1: The World in Spatial Terms • Maps and atlas used to observe the migration patterns in Eastern Canada • Identify settlement patterns in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland and other possible locations in eastern Canada. Essential Element #2: Places and Regions • Regional analysis of geographic issues and questions related to migration and settlement patterns. • Issues and problems of a region related to suitable settlement and employment. THE CANADIAN ATLAS ONLINE NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR – GRADES 9 TO 12 www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas Essential Element #3: Physical Systems • Components of Earth's physical system • World patterns of extreme events • World climate regions Essential Element #4: Human Systems • Impact of human migration • Human population distribution • Human settlement patterns…rural versus urban Canada Essential Element #5: Environment and Society • Distribution and utilization of local resources. • Use and sustainability of natural resources Geographic Skills #1: Asking Geographic Questions • Plan and organize a geographic project on internal migration • Research and answer questions • Identify internal migration as an issue facing early rural Canada Geographic Skills #2: Acquiring Geographic Information • Use various websites to locate information • Use a variety of research skills to locate and collect information Geographic Skills #3: Organizing Geographic Information • Use a variety of media to develop and organize geographic information Geographic Skills #4: Analyzing Geographic Information • Use the processes of analysis, synthesis, evaluation, and explanation to interpret geographic information from a variety of sources Geographic Skills #5: Answering Geographic Questions • Communicate clearly and effectively • Formulate valid generalizations based on information collected and analyzed THE CANADIAN ATLAS ONLINE NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR – GRADES 9 TO 12 www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas Student Information: Internal Migration at Trinity Bay As the Island of Newfoundland became more and more populated by Western Europeans, popular locations like Trinity, Bay de Verde, Grates Cove, and Scilly Cove (now Winterton) in Trinity Bay became overcrowded. Settlers searched for other favourable locations that could support their growing families and provide sheltered harbours and rich fishing grounds. It was a common practice in Newfoundland for migrants to travel about 20 kilometres to temporary winter homes to obtain food, wood supplies, and building materials at the bottom of harbours and inlets. Residents of Grates Cove and Scilly Cove often crossed Trinity Bay to cut timbers for boat building at Random Sound. Some families in Trinity looked to areas like Heart's Ease and Random as being good fishing grounds with an abundance of wood supplies. The Newfoundland Directory, 1871, describes Random as being "…very fertile, but is almost unoccupied. The inhabitants are engaged in lumbering, farming, and salmon fishing in conjunction with cod fishing…" This alone explains why a number of the residents of Bay de Verde, Grates Cove and Scilly Cove eventually migrated from the north side of Trinity Bay to the Southwest Arm area. Family names like Vey, Green, Hiscock, Martin, Shaw, Avery, Jacobs, Drodge, King, Benson, and Frost can be traced to Grates Cove, Bay de Verde and Winterton. Families like the Spurrells, Pitcher, Dodge, Langer, and Baker also moved from the Trinity area to seek out new opportunities and prosperities for their expanding families. Below you will find three surnames that came to the shores of Trinity Bay and became internal migrants. THE CANADIAN ATLAS ONLINE NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR – GRADES 9 TO 12 www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas Case Study 1: The Greens The Greens arrived in Trinity in the 1700's. Early St. Paul's Church records state that John and Agnes Green had two young sons who died there in 1761. A son John Green married Mary Dewey of Bonavista in 1775. John and Mary settled in Trinity and made a living building and operating a metal forge to supply the demands of a growing fishing industry. John and Agnes had several other children and one of them, Daniel, married Jane Bailey in 1794. Jane had three children from a previous relationship. These were adopted and baptized into the Green surname at Scilly Cove (now Winterton). The population of Trinity was expanding rapidly and it appears that Daniel and Jane moved from Trinity to seek a new life for their family at Scilly Cove, a smaller fishing community on the opposite side of Trinity Bay. Here the children grew and eventually entered into the fishery. Daniel and Jane had a Grandson Levi, who married Rachael Adey in 1854. They had several children, all of whom were born in Scilly Cove. Levi and his cousin, John, often crossed Trinity Bay to harvest the forest for materials that could be used in construction of boats, homes, wharves, and stages back home in Scilly Cove. In addition, St. Jones Without offered good shelter, fishing grounds, and fertile soil. Around the 1870s, Levi and John moved their families permanently to start a new community that was recorded in the 1870s census as St. James but quickly became known as St. Jones Without. The move allowed their families to have easy access to the natural resources. The community of St. Jones remained an active fishing community from the 1870s until 1950s. Due to its isolation, however, the community lacked medical and educational facilities. To receive emergency help during stormy weather, a person had to walk to the nearest community of Little Heart's Ease. The surrounding hills limited communication and mail was often sporadic. With the beginning of roads in Newfoundland, the community was deemed impossible to reach by road. The families voluntarily left the inlet by the early 1950s. The great-grandson of Levi, William and his young wife, Olive moved their growing family to her hometown of Little Heart's Ease. Here, William continued to fish in the waters of Southwest Arm, Trinity Bay. He often returned to the abandoned community of St. Jones Without to fish during the summer months. THE CANADIAN ATLAS ONLINE NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR – GRADES 9 TO 12 www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas Case Study 2: The Veys The Veys of Trinity Bay were a family from New Ross, Ireland, which left that country under unusual circumstances. In New Ross, the family surname was Rice. Michael Rice and his wife, Sarah, had several children and times were very hard. Sarah had just given birth to Catherine, with the assistance of a mid-wife, Mary Browne. Mary and Michael Browne were friends of Sarah and Mick. During an early summer's evening in 1836, the family received a loud knock upon the door. A gang of men demanded to see Michael Browne. Because the gang members were bearing arms, Mick quickly grabbed a weapon and, along with Michael, confronted the local men. Both Michael and Mick were forced down the road and into the river. Here they both were killed. Fearing for their lives the women quickly gathered underneath the house and developed a plan to escape their husbands' killers. Sarah Rice, sons James, John and youngest daughter, Catherine, and their friend Mary Browne fled to England. Once in England they arranged passage on a ship traveling to Newfoundland. Before crossing the Atlantic, all of them reached a decision to change their names. It was agreed that the surname would become Vye and that their religion should be changed to Protestant. Mary would also become known as Granny Elizabeth. With their new identities in place it was vowed that no one would reveal the family secret. Sarah would locate her two oldest daughters who were living at Grates Cove upon their arrival in Newfoundland. However, while crossing the Atlantic, Sarah passed away and her infant, Catherine, died before reaching Newfoundland. Upon their arrival in Newfoundland, the remaining three slowly made their way up the Conception Bay shoreline until they reached Grates Cove. Here James and John established themselves in the fishing industry and married local women from Grates Cove. James married Lavina Stoyles, while John married Margaret Benson. James, along with his two older sons, started to cross Trinity Bay and established a sawmill at Long Beach to supply materials to Grates Cove and Trinity. During this time period, Grates Cove population continued to grow and land for houses, stages, wharves and fishing were become more difficult to obtain. Families had already started to move to the Southwest Arm area. In the summer of 1865, James and Lavinia moved their family, along with Granny Elizabeth, to Long Beach. Here James felt his family had everything - an abundance of land, forest, fertile soil, and rich fishing grounds. In 1868, John, who had remained in Grates Cove, drowned at sea hunting seals. His death was about one year after his brother James. Granny Elizabeth had outlived her four Rice allies who had left Ireland with her. On October 22, 1874, Granny Elizabeth passed away at the age of one hundred and two years. Her only request before her death was that she be buried at Grates Cove. Her body had to be "salted-in" until fair weather would allow its removal to Grates Cove for burial. The fear of reprisal did not end with their deaths, however. The family secret had been so well kept that it lasted another four generations before it was finally divulged. THE CANADIAN ATLAS ONLINE NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR – GRADES 9 TO 12 www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas Case Study 3: The Spurrells The earliest records indicate that a John Spurrell from Bath, Somerset married a Mary Cutler from Taunton, Somerset in 1747. They traveled from England to Newfoundland around 1748 to likely serve as servants to John Masters of Poole and Michael Ballard of Ireland. John and Mary's grandson Moses was born in Trinity in 1803. It was Moses's marriage to Honour Sexton in 1828 and the resulting family, most of who were born in Trinity, which prompted his movement to search for a new place to raise his family. The family's first movement was to a location close to Trinity called Sooley's Cove in 1840. However, by 1845, he heard of the rich fishing grounds at Little Heart's Ease. He likely visited this area with his older sons in 1844 and witnessed the excellent fishing grounds but there was little land available at the community of Little Heart's Ease. This likely caused him to build a summer's tilt at Butter Cove where there were no settlers. This location was at a greater distance from the fishing grounds than Little Heart's Ease and nearby Gooseberry Cove but it offered lots of land for his family. Church records indicate that he likely moved permanently to Butter Cove in the spring of 1845. It was not until the birth of his youngest child, Joshua, that the community was officially listed as Butter Cove. THE CANADIAN ATLAS ONLINE NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR – GRADES 9 TO 12 www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas Student Worksheet: Internal Migration Purpose To become familiar with internal migration that occurred in Trinity Bay between 17th and 18th centuries. Materials: Student Information: Internal Migration at Trinity Bay Case study Map of Trinity Bay or (students can be directed to produce their own at Canadian Atlas Online): www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/, Directions for Worksheet • Read the assigned case study and complete the questions. • Locate and label the place names in Trinity Bay in your case study. • Produce a group map of Trinity Bay outlining the migration route taken by the family. **It is suggested that students divide the responsibilities into student presenter, students to answer questions, and students to produce the map. Questions: 1. What is meant by the term migration? How is this different from internal migration? 2. What were some of the push and pull factors identified in your assigned family case study for internal migration at Trinity Bay? 3. Why did the settlers in your case study move from Europe to the Trinity Bay area? 4. Look at a current map of Trinity Bay. Are all the place names still there? Why might they have disappeared? (If you can't find them, do a Google search.) Using Plate 26, Volume 1, Historical Atlas of Canada, 5. What were some of the imports and exports for Trinity? 6. What were the ethnic origins of people from Europe? 7. Using a print or online atlas, see if you can locate the places in England and Ireland from which the settlers of Trinity Bay originated. THE CANADIAN ATLAS ONLINE NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR – GRADES 9 TO 12 www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas Assessment Rubric: Trinity Bay Internal Migration POINT VALUES CATEGORY 5 4 3 2 1 Most items completed. Most items completed. COMPLETENESS Everything completed. Missing 3-5 items Incomplete Missing 1 Missing 1-3 ACCURACY: All migration routes Everything completed Two migration routes One migration route Incomplete Migration routes completed NEATNESS: Exceptional Good Average Colour/Orderly/Legible Satisfactory Incomplete Colour/Orderly/Legible Colour/Orderly/Legible Colour/Orderly/Legible No colour Attention to Detail/ No horizontal Map labels Routes easily Routes identified and Routes identified but Routes not identified identified and labelled not labelled No labels labelled Push and Pull 4 push factors 3 push factors 2 push factors 1 push factor No push or factors for pull factors migration 4 pull factors 3 pull factors 2 pull factors 1 pull factor identified SCORE: ___/20


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Brad Keselowski may be ready to pick up where Tony Stewart left off last season (Photo: Getty Images).
NASCAR: Could Brad Keselowski Be This Season's Tony Stewart?
(From BleacherReport.com)
By Jerry Bonkowski
Plus seven. Minus two. Minus seven.
That equals a 14-point swing in the standings for Brad Keselowski over the last three Sprint Cup races, going from being No. 1 previously to falling
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With Hundreds of Deaths, Feds Launch Investigation of Tires
NTSB probe to include how unsafe, recalled tires end up for sale, on the road.
Tire Industry Fights Bills to Get Aged Tires Off the Road
Efforts in 8 states to oppose laws that would require inspection of tire age.
Dangerous Tires: Aged Tires Linked to Auto Accidents
Brian Ross investigates the potential problems with old tires.
Do You Know How Old Your Tires Are?
ABC's Brian Ross shows consumers how to check the age of their tires.
Recall Roulette: Americans Could Be Driving on Bad, Dangerous Tires
Government investigates fatal crashes involving tire issues.
Danger on Wheels: How to Check the Age of Your Tires
Safety advocate Sean Kane shows ABC's Brian Ross how to determine a tire's age by its cryptic code.
Danger on Wheels: How Old Are Your Tires?
Are Your Tires Safe?
The treads on your tires can save your life.
Animation details what happens to tires as they age. (Courtesy: SRS)
Now Playing: Dangerous Tires: Aged Tires Linked to Auto Accidents
Now Playing: Do You Know How Old Your Tires Are?
Now Playing: Recall Roulette: Americans Could Be Driving on Bad, Dangerous Tires
Now Playing: Danger on Wheels: How to Check the Age of Your Tires
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Add to Calendar 04-07-2013 04-07-2013 15 Village of Port Chester's Independence Day Celebration Festivities begin at sundown at Ryan Stadium, behind Port Chester High School in Rye Brook. Entertainment is from the Port Chester High School Band. Fireworks are slated for 9pm, but get there early or bring a blanket and some lawn chairs because the bleacher seats go quick! http://www.nymetroparents.com/2014neweventinfo.cfm?id=138218 Port Chester High School - Ryan Stadium true DD/MM/YYYYIf you go: Please tell them you saw this event on


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HM Hospitales is a hospital group with six private hospitals in Madrid: three general hospitals, a cardiovascular hospital, an oncological center and a women's health hospital.
Phacoemulsification Surgery
upon request
Xanit Hospital Internacional is a modern private hospital located in the suburbs of Malaga, Spain. The hospital is modern (opened in 2005), and the staff include over 200 specialists in all medical specialties.
Head of The Ophthalmology Department
A modern (opened in 2007), general, private hospital located in Madrid, part of the NISA group of hospitals. The international patients department can assist patients with accomodation and trasportation, and can communicate in English as well as in Spanish.
The largest private hospital in Madrid, with over one hundred physicians providing tertiary medical services in over thirty medical specialties. The hospital is equipped to deal with the most complex of conditions, including oncology, neurosurgery and cardiac surgery.
idcsalud Hospital General de Catalunya provides medical services in over 25 specialties, being one of the most technologically advanced hospitals in Europe, with an excellent medical care capacity to carry out complex surgeries and medical conditions.
Medimar International Hospital is a tetriatry care hospital with 200 physicians, 50 resident and 150 affiliated, providing healthcare services to the residents of Alicante, as well as to over 25,000 foreign patients a year.
Sant Joan de Déu-Barcelona Children's Hospital is one of the leading medical centers in Europe for childhood and adolescence medicine and offers a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to health care from birth through 21 years of age.
An ISO certified modern private hospital, which was opened in 2006, and is part of the Quirón Hospital Group. This tertiary care hospital 400 has certified physicians from all medical specialties capable of treating the most complicated medical cases.
This information is intended for general information only and should not be considered as medical advice on the part of Health-Tourism.com. Any decision on medical treatments, after-care or recovery should be done solely upon proper consultation and advice of a qualified physician.
What is Phacoemulsification Surgery? Phacoemulsification surgery is a procedure to remove a cataract from the lens in the eye. Cataracts are cloudy parts in the eye's lens and phacoemulsification uses ultrasound to remove them, as well as to remove the front part of the lens capsule. Often an intraocular lens will be implanted in order to compensate for the removal of the natural lens. How is Phacoemulsification Surgery carried out? The surgeon makes two small cuts in the eye and creates a circular opening on the surface. Sound waves (ultrasound) through a special instrument destroy the cataract. The cataract and lens particles are removed using suction. The surgeon will then normally place an intraocular lens implant into the lens capsule. What are the chances of success with Phacoemulsification Surgery? According to the BMJ, phacoemulsification surgery works better than extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) to improve sight. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology (2006), 95 percent of adults were satisfied with the results of the surgery. How popular is this type of surgery? Phacoemulsification surgery is the most popular type of cataract surgery, according to WebMD. Phacoemulsification surgery is preferred over extracapsular surgery because it can be completed more quickly, recovery of sight after the surgery is quicker, the healing process is quicker and there is a lower risk of complications.
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text: Material Safety Data Sheet Power Steering & Transmission Sealer Date of Preparation: 09-28-01 MSDS No. 071 Revision: 11-29-05 Section 1 - Chemical Product and Company Identification Product/Chemical Name: Power Steering & Transmission Sealer Part Number(s): 0712 (Blend PSTS) CAS Number: Not applicable to mixtures General Use: Automotive product Manufacturer: Berryman Products, Inc., 3800 E. Randol Mill Rd., Arlington, TX 76011-5434 Phone: 1-800-433-1704, Emergency phone number: 1-800-535-5053. Emergency Overview Section 2 - Composition / Information on Ingredients Ingredient Name Oil Mist (Mineral) Mixed Tri-aryl Phosphate Terephthalate Ester ATF Additive 2-Butoxyethanol Trace Impurities: Ingredient Oil Mist (Mineral) Mixed Tri-aryl Phosphate Terephthalate Ester ATF Additive 2-Butoxyethanol OSHA PEL TWA STEL 5 mg/m3 none estab. none estab. none estab. 50 none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. CAS Number Mixture Mixture 6422-86-2 Mixture 111-76-2 % wt or % vol 45-55 10-30 10-20 5-10 <5 ACGIH TLV TWA STEL 5 mg/m3 none estab. none estab. none estab. 20 none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. NIOSH REL TWA STEL none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. NIOSH IDLH none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. none estab. Section 3 - Physical and Chemical Properties Physical State: Liquid Appearance and Odor: Clear, Amber, Mild Vapor Pressure: 0.10 mm Hg at 68 °F (Major component) Vapor Density (Air=1): Heavier than air Density: 8.03 lbs/gal Specific Gravity (H2O=1, at 4 °C): 0.962 Boiling Point: >500 oF Refractive Index: 1.4995 % Volatile: <10 Evaporation Rate: Slower than ether Section 4 - Fire-Fighting Measures Flash Point: >200 °F Flash Point Method: CC LEL: Not established Flammability Classification: Class IIIB Extinguishing Media: Carbon dioxide, foam, water spray, dry chemicals NFPA 2 2 — 0 Unusual Fire or Explosion Hazards: Combustible liquid. Toxic fumes, gases or vapors may evolve on burning. Vapors can cause flash fire. Fire-Fighting Instructions: Do not release runoff from fire control methods to sewers or waterways. Fire-Fighting Equipment: Wear self contained breathing apparatus pressure demand, MSNA/OSHA (approved or equivalent) and full protective gear. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. MSDS No. 071 Power Steering & Transmission Sealer Revision: 11-29-05 Section 5 - Stability and Reactivity Stability: Power Steering & Transmission Sealer is stable at room temperature in closed containers under normal storage and handling conditions. Polymerization: Hazardous polymerization cannot occur. Chemical Incompatibilities and Conditions to Avoid: Isolate from oxidizers. Hazardous Decomposition Products: Thermal oxidative decomposition of Power Steering & Transmission Sealer can produce carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Section 6 - Health Hazard Information Potential Health Effects Primary Entry Routes: Skin, dermal, inhalation and ingestion. Target Organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system. Acute Effects: May cause irritation to the eyes, skin, nose, throat and respiratory system. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain and irritation of the mouth, esophagus and stomach may occur if ingested. Avoid breathing oil mists. Harmful or fatal if swallowed. Carcinogenicity: IARC, NTP, and OSHA do not list Power Steering & Transmission Sealer as a carcinogen. Chronic Effects: May cause defatting, cracking of the skin and dermatitis. Emergency and First Aid Procedures Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Get medical attention immediately. Eye Contact: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water. Get medical attention, if irritation persists. Skin Contact: Immediately wash skin with soap and plenty of water. Remove contaminated clothing. Get medical attention if symptoms occur. Wash clothing before reuse. Ingestion: GET MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY. Do not induce vomiting. After first aid, get appropriate in-plant, paramedic, or community medical support. Section 7 - Spill, Leak, and Disposal Procedures Spill /Leak Procedures: Eliminate all sources of ignition. Stop spill at source. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (Sec. 8). Contain the spill to facilitate cleanup with absorbent. Use non-sparking tools and equipment. Transfer to disposal containers. Containment: For large spills, dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Do not release into sewers or waterways. Disposal: Contact your supplier or a licensed contractor for detailed recommendations. Follow applicable Federal, state and local regulations. Regulatory Requirements: Follow applicable OSHA regulations (29 CFR 1910.120). Section 8 - Exposure Controls / Personal Protection Ventilation: Provide general or local exhaust ventilation systems to maintain airborne concentrations below OSHA PELs (Sec. 2). Local exhaust ventilation is preferred because it prevents contaminant dispersion into the work area by controlling it at its source. Respiratory Protection: Seek professional advice prior to respirator selection and use. Follow OSHA respirator regulations (29 CFR 1910.134) and, if necessary, wear a MSHA/NIOSH-approved respirator. Select respirator based on its suitability to provide adequate worker protection for given working conditions, level of airborne contamination, and presence of sufficient oxygen. For emergency or nonroutine operations (cleaning spills, reactor vessels, or storage tanks), wear an SCBA. Warning! Air-purifying respirators do not protect workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres. If respirators are used, OSHA requires a written respiratory protection program that includes at least: medical certification, training, fit-testing, periodic environmental monitoring, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and convenient, sanitary storage areas. Protective Clothing/Equipment: Wear chemically protective gloves, boots, aprons, and gauntlets to prevent prolonged or repeated skin contact. Wear protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles, per OSHA eye- and face-protection regulations (29 CFR 1910.133). Contact lenses are not eye protective devices. Appropriate eye protection must be worn instead of, or in conjunction with contact lenses. Safety Stations: Make emergency eyewash stations, safety/quick-drench showers, and washing facilities available in work area. Contaminated Equipment: Separate contaminated work clothes from street clothes. Launder before reuse. Remove this material from your shoes and clean personal protective equipment. Comments: Never eat, drink, or smoke in work areas. Practice good personal hygiene after using this material, especially before eating, drinking, smoking, using the toilet, or applying cosmetics. Section 9 - Special Precautions and Comments Handling Precautions: Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor and contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Use in well ventilated area. Wash thoroughly after handling. Page 2 of 3 Revision: 11-29-05 Power Steering & Transmission Sealer MSDS No. 071 Storage Requirements: Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Keep container closed when not in use. California Proposition 65: This product contains the following chemicals know to the state of California to cause cancer and/or reproductive toxicity: None. DOT Transportation Data (49 CFR 172.101): Part Number(s): 0712 Shipping Name: Consumer Commodity Hazard Class: ORM-D ID No.: N/A Packing Group: N/A SARA Title III Section 313 Supplier Notification: This product contains the following toxic chemicals subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313 of the emergency Planning & Community Right-To-Know-Act of 1986 & of 40CFR 372: None. Prepared By: Alicia L. Reed Disclaimer: All information appearing herein is based upon data obtained from manufacturers and/or recognized technical sources. While the information is believed to be accurate, we make no representations as to its accuracy or sufficiency. Conditions of use are beyond our control, therefore users are responsible for verifying the data under their own operating conditions to determine whether the product is suitable for their particular purposes and they assume all risks of their use, handling and disposal of the product. Users also assume all risks in regards to the publications of use of, or reliance upon information contained herein. This information relates only to the product designated herein, and does not relate to its use in combination with any other material or process. Page 3 of 3


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text: The stocking rate is the number of farm animals that can be effectively grazed on any area of land. The rate will vary greatly depending both on the type of livestock, the fertility of the land, and the climatic conditions. Stocking rates are expressed in terms of number of stock per hectare or acre. To determine how many animals your land will support (stocking rate), you need to know 1) How much forage the particular animal or group of animals you have on your rangeland will consume, 2) How much forage you have available The animal unit month (AUM) concept is the most widely used way to determine the carrying capacity of grazing animals on rangelands. The AUM provides us with the approximate amount of forage a 1000 lb cow with calf will eat in one month. It was standardized to the 1000lb cow with calf when they were the most prevalent on rangeland. This AUM was established to be 800 lbs of forage on a dry weight basis (not green weight). All other animals were than converted to an "Animal Unit Equivalent" of this cow. For example, a mature sheep has an Animal Unit Equivalent of 0.20. This means a sheep eats about 20% of the forage a cow will eat in one month. This allows managers to match the number of animals with the amount of available forage. While there are numerous ways to calculate how many animals can be carried on a particular range, based on what is available and what is being eaten, the following table is a starting point. How it can be altered depends on your management goals and management intensity. CLASS OF ANIMAL ANIMAL UNIT EQUIVALENT Cow, 1000 lb, dry 0.92 Cow, 1000 lb, dry 1.00 Cow, 1000 lb, with calf 1.35 Bull, mature 0.60 Cattle, 1 year old 0.80 Cattle, 2 years old 1.25 Horse, mature 0.20 Sheep, mature 0.15 Lamb, 1 year old 0.15 goat, mature 0.10 Kid, 1 year old 0.15 Deer, white tailed, mature 0.20 Deer, mule, mature 0.60 Elk, mature 0.20 Antelope, mature 1.00 Bison, mature 0.20 Sheep, bighorn, mature 0.20 CLASS OF ANIMAL ANIMAL UNIT EQUIVALENT Cow, 1000 lbs, with calf 1.0 Cow, 1200 lbs, with calf 1.2 Cow, 1400 lbs, with calf 1.4 Cow, 1600 lbs, with calf 1.6


text:
Topic Page
Nation Topics - Barack Obama
News and Features
With little to lose and everything to gain, Obama has lifted high the cross. But are there invisible strings attached?
Barack Obama may yet become the reform President who rearranges power on behalf of the people. But he'll need to resist the brotherhood of cozy insiders.
If Obama's looking for a right-of-center running-mate, Hillary's the best option out there.
Why is Barack Obama courting right-wing groups like AIPAC and steering clear of the American Jewish left and center?
When it comes to American Empire, Obama's change is parsed as running the planet with greater efficiency.
Obama calls for direct dialogue and new trade deals with Latin America, but continued counterinsurgency in Columbia, tensions with Venezuela.
Judging by their voting patterns in the primaries, crossover Republicans may swing the presidential election for Barack Obama.
Can the entire narrative of the last few months of the Democratic nomination fight be found in the second Star Wars film?
As far as Hillary Clinton is concerned, if you disagree with her gas tax plan, you're an elitist.
Shelby Steele's book on Barack Obama, an outdated critique of identity politics, misses the candidate's essential power.
Nation Media
Also From The Nation
- New ACLU Cellphone App Automatically Preserves Video of Police Encounters
- 6 Scholars Who Are 'Reimagining Black Politics'
- 6 Degrees of Separation Between Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton
- 'Charlie Hebdo' Deserves Its Award for Courage in Free Expression. Here's Why.
- Defend Charlie Hebdo's Publishing Disgusting Cartoons About Muslims? Yes. Give Them an Award for It? No.


text:
Classifieds category for the Golf I/Jetta I.
Post your for sale and want to buy parts for the Golf I/Jetta I in this forum.
MK1 Rabbit Parts-Navarre,...
Today, 08:45 AM
Post your for sale and want to buy Golf I/Jetta I cars in this forum.
FS: '79 Westy Rabbit C 2 door...
Today, 06:54 AM


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Today's Customer Journey
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Opportunities BecomeResults
Results are Maximized ThroughMarketing Channel Integration
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We do our best work (and have the most fun) when we are fully engaged as your trusted marketing partner.
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Tycho Tickets
Find the Tycho tickets you're looking for on viagogo, the world's largest ticket marketplace. Select an event to view the range of tickets available or view the Tycho tour on a map to find an event near you. You can also sell your spare Tycho Concert Tickets on viagogo, and listing tickets is free. All Tycho tickets are covered by the viagogo Ticket guarantee!
Do you know of a Tycho event we can't find? Click Here to tell us about it!


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11-15-2006 #1
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Help me setup my scanner and my printer
I have a scanner HP 5300C and preview scan is working but scan freezes
and how can print with canon i865


text: b-page for contributions are not supported anymore. Facebook Conversations Next On BuzzFeed News › Rihanna And The Radical Power Of "Carefree Black Girl"... Next On BuzzFeed News › What I Learned From Spending My Entire Twenties In... Next On BuzzFeed News › Sister Confirms Google Exec's Death On Mount Everest... Next On BuzzFeed News › Meet The Man Determined To Prevent Marriage Equality... Saving... Saving... Saving... Rebuzzed! This post has been added to your Feed I know, right? And there's more where that came from. Totally! And there's plenty more to love! Broken hearted? Maybe you'll like something over here instead? I know, right? Will your friends agree? Share this Link Loser Loser Your link was successfully shared! Facebook Conversations


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Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your Motor World Car Factory question for iPhone - iPod and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
- Developer: Oh Bibi Socialtainment
- Publisher: Oh Bibi Socialtainment
- Genre: Driving
- Release: Aug 21, 2012
- ESRB: Not Set
- Other Platforms
Game Question & Answers
10 Referrals / Car 92
Is there another way to receive Mystery Car 92 than recruting 10 referrals? I'm not using Facebook so I think I would be nearly impossible for me. What do you think?
Answer from: guest
Theres No other way
Answer from: cfemfert
Hey guys, I'm looking for some referrals for this game, and I'll gladly return a referral in another game of your choice. My Code: GCJE9212
Answer from: biters
Please add me GGJF0847 and ull get the car :)
Answer from: jamake
Please add me IEHE3054
Answer from: pickles
Add me please. KVP169. :)
Answer from: rory9595
Please! KFHA3550
Answer from: cheeeseee
Ill add your code. you wont get a referral unfortunately because i'm past the tutorial but hey, we can still race and work in eachothers stores. heres my code: LDJF230. thanks alot to whoever adds the code
Answer from: Joshf88
Please add me: OFEM89
Unanswered Questions
From: Andiesal
Posted on: 01-17-2015
From: BigJTX
Posted on: 10-30-2014
Motor World Car Factory - Gameplay
- Aug 21, 2014, Views: 294
Motor World Car Factory - Review Trailer
- Aug 21, 2014, Views: 214
- 100 Cartoon Quiz, (iPhone-iPod)
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The advantages of Hotels.nl
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text:
Pronunciation: /ˈtaŋɡeɪ/
Definition of Tange, Kenzo in English:
( 1913–2005), Japanese architect. His work, for example the Peace Centre at Hiroshima (1955), is characterized by the use of modern materials while retaining a feeling for traditional Japanese architecture.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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= trending


text:
Comment: Re:Raise Them To Infinity! (Score 1) 298
You have confused ideas with property.
And you are confused to think all intellectual property is ideas, whereas the reality is things like songs are based upon ideas, but are not ideas themselves. Songs are air vibrations created by instruments or human voices and ideas are ueed to guide these vibrations -- so songs are not ideas. Songs are tangible (to the ear) whereas ideas are abstract.
Just as a house can be based upon ideas (such as ideas about location, ideas about exterior design, ideas about interior design etc), the house is not ideas, rather it uses ideas just as songs use ideas.
The only rational argument for using state force to punish people or make them pay for making a copy of a work is that doing so promotes the creation of more works.
When you derive benefit from a commercial product, such as a song, without payment, that is theft, pure and simple. Your argument that the owner is not deprived of his copy is irrelevant. The music was created to be listened to by consumers in exchange for payment.
if I sing one of his songs it doesn't -- and so your comparison makes no sense.
I'm sure if enough people hear it, it does make a difference. You're using somebody else's hard work for your own gain (whether monetary or not) and it dilutes the value of that work even if you give it away for free. This results in lower sales of said song.


text:
In this video, you'll see how to make a quick party appetizer with ripe brie cheese, fresh pears, and course-ground black pepper. See how to pick the perfect ripe brie and pears for this recipe. Chef John also points out the tastiest crackers for this recipe. This one is so easy and delicious. These delicious party bites are perfect for your "wine and cheese friends."
Where is the recipe?
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US 6655076 B1 Abstract Longline comprises at least one polyamide monofil A) with at least one cylindrical hollow body (stopper) B) secured on the polyamide monofil surface, wherein said stopper B) consists essentially of a thermoplastic elastomer having a Shore D hardness (as defined in DIN 53505) of at least 50.
Claims(14) 1. A longline comprising at least one polyamide monofil with at least one stopper secured on the polyamide monofil surface, wherein said stopper consists essentially of a thermoplastic elastomer having a Shore D hardness of at least 50.
2. A longline as defined in
3. A longline as defined in
4. A longline as defined in
5. A longline as defined in
6. A longline as defined in
7. A longline as defined in
8. Angling lines, fishlines and continuous lines for catching fish, formed from the longlines of
9. A process for manufacturing a longline, which longline comprises at least one polyamide monofil with at least one stopper secured on the polyamide monofil surface, wherein said stopper consists essentially of a thermoplastic elastomer having a Shore D hardness of at least 50, which process comprises
a) extruding a polyamide melt through a die to form a polyamide monofil,
b) cooling the monofil,
c) drawing the monofil in the longitudinal direction in at least one further step,
d) relaxing the monofil, and then
e) securing said at least one stopper on the monofil.
10. A process as defined in
11. A process as defined in
12. A process as defined in
13. A process as defined in
14. A process as defined in
Description The present invention relates to longlines comprising at least one polyamide monofil A) with at least one cylindrical hollow body (stopper) B) secured on the polyamide monofil surface, wherein said stopper B) consists essentially of a thermoplastic elastomer having a Shore D hardness (as defined in DIN 53 505) of at least 50. The present invention further relates to processes for manufacturing longlines according to the present invention and to their use for manufacturing nets, angling lines, fishlines and continuous lines for catching fish and to the resulting continuous lines, angling lines and fishlines. Longlines comprising stoppers and monofils of plastic are known from CH-A 641 637 and EP-A 445 810. The monofils comprise polyamide and the stopper comprises a thermoplastic polymer which is either welded onto the monofilament in a two-part form or is provided with spikes and bonded to the monofilament by fusion or by spraying on by means of injection-molding processes. The adhesion can be brought about mechanically by fusion and/or chemically (adhesion forces between various components). The stoppers generally serve to limit the mobility of rotors or clips to which hooklines and hooks are attached. The stoppers applied by existing processes exhibit too little adhesion, even if the same polymer material is used for stopper and line. Commercially available systems tried to improve the adhesion by means of glassfiber-including stoppers. Especially commercial fishing, since the use of driftnets is increasingly prohibited, requires systems providing a slippage resistance (pulloff resistance of the stopper) of almost 1000 N (in the moist state!). Such continuous lines are kilometers in length and require a very high tensile strength. Given a length of from 10 to 20 km owing to the weight of hooked fish or hangers on the bottom, high slippage resistances of the stoppers and a high line breaking strength are desirable. Furthermore, commercially available systems exhibit an unsatisfactory knot strength of the monofil, since knotting a monofilament considerably reduces the tensile strength in the region of the knot. It is an object of the present invention to provide longlines whose stoppers have a higher slippage resistance in the moist state and whose monofil lines exhibit improved knot strength. We have found that this object is achieved by the longlines defined at the beginning. Preferred embodiments are revealed in the subclaims. We have also found processes for producing these longlines and also their use for manufacturing continuous lines, angling lines and fishlines. The drawing is an illustrative diagram of a section of a continuous line for catching fish made in accordance with this invention. Polyamide monofilament A) of the longlines of this invention customarily comprises one or more polyamides which may include up to 30% by weight, preferably up to 15% by weight (based on 100% by weight of polyamide), of further, additive substances and processing aids. The monofils are generally from 1 to 5, in particular from 1.5 to 2.5, mm in diameter. Suitable polyamides for the monofils have a viscosity number (VN) of at least 180 ml/g, preferably at least 200 ml/g, especially at least 220 ml/g; determined in a 0.5% strength by weight solution in 96% strength by weight sulfuric acid at 25° C. in accordance with ISO 307. Semicrystalline or amorphous resins having a molecular weight (weight average) of at least 5000 as described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,071,250, 2,071,251, 2,130,523, 2,130,948, 2,241,322, 2,312,966, 2,512,606 and 3,393,210 are preferred. Examples thereof are polyamides derived from lactams having from 7 to 13 ring members, such as polycaprolactam, polycapryllactam and polylaurolactam, and also polyamides obtained by reacting dicarboxylic acids with diamines. Suitable dicarboxylic acids include alkanedicarboxylic acids having from 6 to 12, in particular from 6 to 10, carbon atoms and aromatic dicarboxylic acids. Exemplary acids are adipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid and terephthalic and/or isophthalic acid. Suitable diamines include in particular alkanediamines having from 6 to 12, in particular from 6 to 8, carbon atoms and also m-xylylenediamine, di(4-aminophenyl)methane, di(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane, 2,2-di(4-aminophenyl)propane or 2,2-di(4-aminocyclohexyl)propane. Preferred polyamides are polyhexamethyleneadipamide, polyhexamethylen-esebacamide and polycaprolactam. Also suitable are polyamides obtainable for example by condensation of 1,4-diaminobutane with adipic acid at elevated temperature (nylon-4,6). Processes producing polyamides of this structure are described for example in EP-A 38 094, EP-A 38 582 and EP-A 39 524. Also suitable are polyamides obtainable by copolymerization of two or more of the aforementioned monomers or mixtures of a plurality of polyamides in any mixing ratio. Particularly preferred polyamides are copolyamides 6/66, especially those having an 80:20, preferably 85:15, ratio of 6/66 units (eg. Ultramid® C from BASF AG). The polyamides may include further, additive substances and processing aids. Customary additives include for example stabilizers and oxidation inhibitors, agents against thermal decomposition and decomposition due to ultraviolet light, lubricants, demolding agents, dyes, pigments and plasticizers and also toughening polymers (rubbers). Oxidation inhibitors and thermal stabilizers which can be included in the thermoplastic compositions of this invention include for example halides selected from the group of metals of group I of the Periodic Table, eg. lithium, sodium, potassium halides, and copper(I) halides, eg. chlorides, bromides or iodides, or mixtures thereof It is also possible to use sterically hindered phenols, secondary, aromatic amines, hydroquinones, substituted representatives of this group and mixtures thereof, preferably in concentrations of up to 1% by weight, based on the weight of the mixture. Examples of UV stabilizers include substituted resorcinols, sterically hindered phenols, salicylates, benzotriazoles and benzophenones, which can generally be used in amounts of up to 2% by weight. Lubricants and demolding agents, which can generally be added to the polyamide in an amount of up to 1% by weight, include for example long-chain fatty acids or derivatives thereof such as stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, alkyl stearates, stearamides and also esters of pentaerythritol with long-chain fatty acids. It is further possible to add inorganic pigments such as titania, ultramarine blue, iron oxide and carbon black and organic pigments such as phthalocyanines, quinacridones, perylenes and also dyes such as nigrosine and anthraquinones as colorants. Sodium phenylphosphinate, alumina, silica, nylon 22 and preferably talc can be used as nucleating agents, customarily in amounts of up to 1% by weight. Examples of plasticizers are dioctyl phthalate, dibenzyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, hydrocarbon oils, N-(n-butyl)benzenesulfonamide and o- and p-tolylethylsulfonamide. The longlines 1 can also comprise a plurality of polyamide monofils A) which are knotted together. This is a preferred embodiment especially for use as continuous lines in fishing. The cylindrical hollow body (stopper 2) secured on the polyamide monofil consists essentially of a thermoplastic elastomer having a Shore D hardness (in accordance with DIN 53 505) of at least 50, preferably at least 60, in particular at least 70. Preferred thermoplastic elastomers are thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), preferably (polyether)polyurethanes. Very particular preference is given to TPUs based on polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) having an average molecular weight (Mn) of from 200 to 3000, preferably from 1000 to 2000, as polyetherol components of the TPU. Suitable TPUs can be prepared for example by reacting a) organic, preferably aromatic, diisocyanates, b) polyhydroxy compounds having molecular weights from 500 to 8000, and c) chain extenders having molecular weights from 60 to 400 in the presence of optionally d) catalysts, e) auxiliaries and/or additives. The usable starting materials (a) to (c), catalysts (d), auxiliaries and additives (e) will now be more particularly described: a) Suitable organic diisocyanates (a) include for example aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and preferably aromatic diisocyanates. Specific examples include aliphatic diisocyanates such as hexamethylene diisocyanate, cycloaliphatic diisocyanates such as isophorone diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanate, 1-methyl-2,4- and -2,6-cyclohexane diisocyanate and also the corresponding isomer mixtures, 4,4′-, 2,4′- and 2,2′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate and also the corresponding isomer mixtures and preferably aromatic diisocyanates such as 2,4-toluylene diisocyanate, mixtures of 2,4- and 2,6-toluylene diisocyanate, 4,4′-, 2,4′- and 2,2′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Mixtures of 2,4′- and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, urethane-modified liquid 4,4′- and/or 2,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanates, 4,4′-diisocyanato-1,2-diphenylethane and 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate. Preference is given to using hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate isomer mixtures having a 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate content of greater than 96% by weight and in particular 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate. b) Suitable high molecular weight polyhydroxy compounds (b) having molecular weights from 500 to 8000 are preferably polyetherols and polyesterols. However, it is also possible to use hydroxyl-containing polymers, for example polyacetals, such as polyoxymethylenes and especially water-insoluble formals, eg. polybutanediol formal and polyhexanediol formal, and polycarbonates, especially those formed from diphenyl carbonate and 1,6-hexanediol by transesterification, having the abovementioned molecular weights. The polyhydroxy compounds have to have an at least predominantly linear structure, ie. difunctional within the meaning of the isocyanate reaction. The polyhydroxy compounds mentioned can be used as individual components or in the form of mixtures. Suitable polyetherols can be prepared by reacting one or more alkylene oxides having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkylene moiety with an initiator molecule containing two active hydrogen atoms. Suitable alkylene oxides include for example ethylene oxide, 1,2-propylene oxide, 1,2- and 2,3-butylene oxide. Preference is given to using ethylene oxide and mixtures of 1,2-propylene oxide and ethylene oxide. The alkylene oxides can be used individually, alternatingly in succession or as a mixture. Examples of suitable initiator molecules include water, amino alcohols, such as N-alkyldiethanolamines, for example N-methyldiethanolamine, and diols, such as ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol and 1,6-hexanediol. If desired, it is also possible to use mixtures of initiator molecules. Suitable polyetherols further include the hydroxyl-containing polymerization products of tetrahydrofuran (polyoxytetramethylene glycols). Preference is given to using polyetherols formed from 1,2-propylene oxide and ethylene oxide in which more than 50%, preferably from 60 to 80%, of the OH groups are primary hydroxyl groups and in which at least some of the ethylene oxide forms a terminal block, in particular, for example, polyoxytetramethylene glycols. Such polyetherols can be obtained by for example polymerizing the initiator molecule first with the 1,2-propylene oxide and then with the ethylene oxide or initially copolymerizing all the 1,2-propylene oxide in a mixture with some of the ethylene oxide and then polymerizing the rest of the ethylene oxide or stepwise by first polymerizing part of the ethylene oxide, then all the 1,2-propylene oxide and then the rest of the ethylene oxide with the initiator molecule. The essentially linear polyetherols have molecular weights from 500 to 8000, preferably from 600 to 6000, in particular from 800 to 3500. They can be used not only individually but also in the form of mixtures with one another. Suitable polyesterols are preparable for example from dicarboxylic acids having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 4 to 8 carbon atoms, and polyhydric alcohols. Suitable dicarboxylic acids include for example aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, such as succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid and sebacic acid, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid. The dicarboxylic acids can be used individually or as mixtures, for example in the form of a succinic, glutaric and adipic acid mixture. Similarly, it is possible to use mixtures of aromatic and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. For preparing the polyesterols it can be advantageous, if desired, to use not the dicarboxylic acids but the corresponding dicarboxylic acid derivatives, such as dicarboxylic esters having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alcohol moiety, dicarboxylic anhydrides or dicarbonyl chlorides. Examples of polyhydric alcohols are glycols having from 2 to 10, preferably from 2 to 6, carbon atoms, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol and dipropylene glycol. Depending on the properties desired, the polyhydric alcohols can be used alone or if desired in mixtures with one another. Also suitable are esters of carbonic acid with the diols mentioned, in particular those having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms, such as 1,4-butanediol and/or 1,6-hexanediol, condensation products of w-hydroxycarboxylic acids, for example w-hydroxycaproic acid, and preferably polymerization products of lactones, for example substituted or unsubstituted w-caprolactones. Preferred polyesterols are dialkylene glycol polyadipates having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkylene moiety, eg. ethanediol polyadipates, 1,4-butanediol polyadipates, ethanediol butanediol 1,4-polyadipates, 1,6-hexanediol neopentyl-glycol polyadipates, polycaprolactones and especially 1,6-hexanediol 1,4-butanediol polyadipates. The polyesterols have molecular weights from 500 to 6000, preferably from 800 to 3500. c) Suitable chain extenders (c) having molecular weights from 60 to 400, preferably from 60 to 300, preferably include aliphatic diols having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably having 2, 4 or 6 carbon atoms, eg. ethanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and especially 1,4-butanediol. However, it is also possible to use diesters of terephthalic acid with glycols having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, for example bisethylene glycol or bis-1,4-butanediol terephthalate, hydroxyalkylene ethers of hydroquinone, eg. 1,4-di(β-hydroxyethyl)hydroquinone, (cyclo)aliphatic diamines, eg. 4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane, isophoronediamine, ethylenediamine, 1,2-, 1,3-propylenediamine, N-methylpropylene-1,3-diamine, N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine, and aromatic diamines, eg. 2,4- and 2,6-toluylenediamine, 3,5-diethyl-2,4- and -2,6-toluylenediamine and primary ortho-di-, -tri- and/or -tetra-alkyl-substituted 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethanes. To control TPU hardness and melting point, formative components (b) and (c) can be varied within relatively wide molar ratios. It is advantageous to use molar ratios of polyhydroxy compounds (b) to chain extenders (c) of from 1:1 to 1:12, especially from 1:1.8 to 1:6.4, in which case the hardness and the melting point of the TPUs increase with increasing diol content. To prepare the TPUs, formative components (a), (b) and (c) are reacted in the presence of optionally catalysts (d), auxiliaries and/or additives (e) in such amounts that the equivalence ratio of NCO groups of diisocyanates (a) to the sum of the hydroxyl groups or hydroxyl and amino groups of components (b) and (c) is within the range from 1:0.85 to 1:1.20, preferably from 1:0.95 to 1:1.05, especially from 1:0.98 to 1:1.02. d) Suitable catalysts which speed up in particular the reaction between the NCO groups of diisocyanates (a) and the hydroxyl groups of formative components (b) and (c) include the well known and customary tertiary amines, eg. triethylamine, dimethylcyclohexylamine, N-methylmorpholine, N,N′-dimethylpiperazine, 2-(dimethylaminoethoxy)ethanol, diazabicyclo(2,2,2)octane and the like and in particular organic metal compounds such as titanic esters, iron compounds such as iron(III) acetylacetonate, tin compounds, eg. tin diacetate, tin dioctoate, tin dilaurate or the tin dialkyl salts of aliphatic carboxylic acids such as dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate or the like. The catalysts are customarily used in amounts from 0.001 to 0.1 part per 100 parts of polyhydroxy compound (b). As well as catalysts, formative components (a) to (c) may also incorporate auxiliaries and/or additives (e), in amounts of up to 40, preferably up to 20, % by weight, based on 100% of thermoplastic elastomer. Examples are lubricants, inhibitors, stabilizers against hydrolysis, light, heat or discoloration, dyes, pigments, inorganic and/or organic fillers and plasticizers. Details about the abovementioned auxiliary and additive substances are given in the technical literature, for example the monograph by J. H. Saunders and K. C. Frisch, "High Polymers", Volume XVI, Polyurethanes, Parts 1 and 2, Verlag Interscience Publishers 1962 and 1964, respectively, or DE-B2901774. The stoppers 2 of the longlines of this invention are particularly advantageously made with those TPUs which include up to 25, preferably up to 15, % by weight of fibrous filler, preferably glass fibers. Suitable products are commercially available as Elastollan® 1174D, Elastollan®R3000 and Elastollan®R3001, from ElastogranGmbH, DE. For better flexural strength, stopper 2 can be provided with at least one radial constriction. It preferably has at least 3 and in particular 5 radial constrictions. Generally the external diameter is from 3 to 10 mm, preferably from 6 to 8 mm. The length of the stopper on the monofilament is customarily from 10 to 80 mm, preferably from 20 to 30 mm. The spacing of the stoppers on the monofil is generally not critical and depends essentially on the intended use. For example, two stoppers can firmly grasp one clip 3 with associated hookline 5, in which case care has to be taken to ensure that the distance to the two nearest stoppers plus clips and hookline is sufficient for the hooklines not to become mutually entangled. In a further embodiment of the longlines, the clips plus hooklines can be limited in their mobility along the line by individual stoppers. A conventional hookline is attached to clip 3 by a hook 4 and is attached at its other end to a fishhook 6. The clip, which is freely rotatable about the longline, can also be moved along the longitudinal direction (eg. by the fish) as a result. In a further embodiment it is also possible to apply clips (plus hooklines) on the stoppers themselves. Such clips are freely rotatable about the line, but are not free to move in the longitudinal direction of the line. We have also found a process for manufacturing a longline, which comprises a) extruding a polyamide melt through a die to form a polyamide monofil, b) cooling the monofil, c) drawing the monofil in the longitudinal direction in at least one further step, d) relaxing the monofil, and then e) securing said stoppers b) on the monofil. In general, the aforementioned polyamides are introduced as pellets with or without further, additive substances into suitable apparatus, for example extruders, and processed to form a homogeneous melt which is extruded through a die so as to form a monofil. The extruded monofils can be cooled in one or more stages by passing monofils through one or more successive waterbaths. The cooling water in these baths is customarily regulated and/or circulated so that temperatures from 10 to 20° C., preferably from 15 to 25° C., are achieved. The monofils are then drawn in the longitudinal direction in at least one further process step. Preferably, to improve the adhesion of the stopper, the monofil cross-section is flattened by suitable means (eg. an embossing station) before drawing, preferably at the position of the stopper on the longline and over the length which the stopper is subsequently intended to occupy on the line. Process step c) in a preferred embodiment is carried out in at least 2 stages, at least one drawing being carried out in steam at temperatures from 95 to 105° C., preferably from 100 to 102° C., and at least one further drawing being carried out in hot air at temperatures from 240 to 330° C., preferably from 270 to 310° C. For this the monofils are for example passed over rolls which rotate at different speeds so that the monofils are drawn to a draw ratio of not more than 7, preferably not more than 6.3, in total. In the preferred two-stage embodiment, the drawing in steam is to a draw ratio of from 3.2 to 4.2 and the drawing in hot air is to a draw ratio of from 1.24 to 1.82, making a total draw ratio for the two stages of from 5.2 to 5.8. This preferred drawing leads in particular to an increase in the knot strength of the monofils. Subsequently, the monofils are relaxed over rolls which rotate slower than the draw rolls by a factor of from 0.90 to 0.98, preferably from 0.93 to 0.96. Relaxation generally serves to stabilize and set the drawn monofil properties and is generally carried out at temperatures from 140 to 220° C., preferably from 160 to 190° C. The monofils then have stoppers B) applied to them by means of suitable processes, for example welding or injection-molding processes (see for example NO-A 87/0531). To improve the adhesion of the stopper on the monofil surface, the latter can preferably be pretreated, in which case a pretreatment can be carried out in particular by means of the corona process. The corona surface effect is due to the bombarding of the polymer surface with electrons. These leave the electrode and are accelerated by the effect of the high voltage in the direction of the moving web. On the way they collide with air molecules, which in turn emit light and in some instances react to form ozone and nitrogen oxides. When the electrons impact the polymer, they have so much energy that they can break the bonding, for example between carbon and hydrogen or between two carbon atoms. The free valences (radicals) are then the site of reactions with the corona gas, predominantly oxidations. The functional groups formed are polar and hence the basis for the adhesion of, for example, applied printing inks, coatings, etc. The best effectivity is achieved when the discharge is very uniform and the discharge current is very high while sparks are gentle. The discharge current depends on generator power and on the electrical coordination of generator, high voltage transformer, electrode and counter-electrode. The gentle and homogeneous sparks profile is determined by the design and construction of the electrode and the working frequency of the generator. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the pretreatment can be effected for example by passing the monofil through a high voltage field, in which case the monofil surface is statically charged up in parts via multipoint electrodes. The longlines of this invention are useful for manufacturing angling lines, fishlines and especially continuous lines for catching fish. Apparatus and processes for securing the clips plus hooklines are discernible for example from EP-A 537 193, U.S. Pat. No. 4,407,087 and also technical publications of Mustad & Sřn, Norway. Polyamide granules comprising a copolyarnide with 85% by weight of PA6 and 15% by weight of PA66 units (Ultramid® C4 from BASF AG) with a viscosity number (VN) of 250 ml/g (measured on a 0.5% strength by weight solution in 96% strength by weight H2SO4 at 25° C. in accordance with ISO307) were melted in an extruder at 280° C., the melt was extruded at 285° C., and the extrudate was cooled by a waterbath at 19° C. The drawing was carried out in a 1st stage in steam (100° C.) to a draw ratio of 4.1 and then in hot air at 305° C. to a total draw ratio of 5.4. Subsequent relaxation at 185° C. shrank the monofil back, so that the post-relaxation draw ratio was 5.1.
The following compositions were used: 1. For Comparison polyamide 66 with VN 150 ml/g including 20% by weight of an ethylene/acrylic acid/n-butyl acrylate/maleic anhydride copolymer (60/4.3/35/0.7) as toughener (Ultramid® A3Z from BASF AG) 2. For Comparison polyamide 66 with VN 150 ml/g including 1% by weight of carbon black, 8% by weight of the same toughener as under 1. and 40% by weight of glass fibers (Ultramid®A3ZG8 from BASF AG) 3. For Comparison polyamide 6 with VN 140 ml/g including 30% by weight of glass fibers (Ultramid®BEG6 from BASF AG) 4. A Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Formed from polytetrahydrofuran (Mn: 1000) (polyetherol), 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), 1,4-butanediol (Elastollan® 1174 D from Elastogran GmbH) Shore D hardness (as defined in DIN 53505): 50 5. TPU Formed from hexanediol butanediol adipate, MDI, 1,4-butanediol with 0.3% by weight of Stabaxol® (stabilizer based on an aromatic carbodiimide) and 20% by weight of glass fibers (Elastollan® R3000 from Elastogran GmbH) Shore D hardness: 73 6. TPU Comprising 65% by weight of TPU formed from a) butanediol adipate, polytetrahydrofuran (Mn: 1000), polytetrahydrofuran (Mn: 2000), MDI, butanediol mixed with 19% by weight of TPU formed from b) polytetrahydrofuran (Mn: 1000), MDI, butanediol stabilized with 0.2% by weight of Irganox® 1010 (Ciba Geigy AG) 1% by weight of carbon black 15% by weight of glass fibers (Elastollan® R 3001 from ElastogranGmbH) Shore D hardness: 75 Stoppers 1 to 6 were applied to the monofil by injection molding. The melt temperatures are shown in the table. The number of radial constrictions was: 5 Length of stopper: 30 mm Diameter (outer) of stopper: 7 mm Type 1: Corona Pretreatment by Softal, Hamburg corona pretreatment via two ceramic electrodes having dimensions 12×16×100 mm applied voltage: 10 kV monofil-electrode distance 0.6 mm pulloff speed: 1 m/min Type 2:Pretreatment on Carrier Roll (Corona Apparatus for Films from Softal, Hamburg) knife electrode with 11 steel knives roll diameter: 255 mm applied voltage: 1 kV Knife electrode-monofil distance: 2 mm roll circumferential speed: 40 m/min number of roll revolutions: 2×3 (monofils treated from both sides) Type 3: Pretreatment via KNH 34 High Voltage Generator from Eltex, Weil am Rhein Principle: Partial Chargeup of Monofil Surface via Three Point Electrode applied voltage via generator: 20 kV electrode-monofil distance: 50-70 mm treatment time 2×3 s (monofil treated from both sides) The pulloff resistance of the stopper [N] was measured in accordance with the data given below in the table a) following air aging at room temperature b) following water aging (24 h) at room temperature and c) with or without pretreatment of the monofil. The pulloff resistance was measured on a Zwick 1435 tensile tester by fixing the longline in a clamp. The stopper was guided above the roll through a metal bolt having a round throughole so that the stopper came to rest on the bolt. The bolt is then guided upward while the force required to detach the stopper from the monofil is measured. The results of the measurements are shown in table 2.
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