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Niki Lauda claims Ross Brawn will return to Formula One.
After signing Paddy Lowe, word was that he would replace Ross Brawn which is now apparently imminent.
The 2008 World Champion claims the Mercedes factory team will be okay without Ross Brawn.
Ross Brawn wants clear definition of his position at Mercedes or he will walk to McLaren, apparently!
Robert Kubica uses the Mercedes simulator to keep his Formula One skills sharp. In his first full-season in the WRC 2 category, he is in the title fight for 2013.
Having joined Mercedes unexpectedly early, Lowe is yet to be allocated his precise tasks.
According to Toto Wolff, one of the Brackley staff problems is it's lack of "identity".


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Comfort Hotel Bordeaux Merignac
Conveniently near the airport in Merignac, Comfort Hotel Bordeaux Merignac is close to Golf Practice Academy, Bordeaux Technowest, and Circuit Bordeaux Merignac. Also nearby are Zoo Bordeaux-Pessac and Chateau Pape Clement.
Hotel Features.
The hotel offers a restaurant. Wireless Internet access is complimentary in public areas. Additional amenities include multilingual staff, express check-in, and express check-out. Guests have complimentary access to a roundtrip airport shuttle during limited hours. Complimentary self parking is available onsite for guests.
The 85 guestrooms at Comfort Hotel Bordeaux Merignac include air conditioning. Complimentary wireless high-speed Internet access is provided. Rooms are equipped with flat-screen TVs with cable channels. All accommodations provide desks and phones. Housekeeping is offered daily.
Stayed one night which was reasonably comfortable. Unfortunately the restaurant was not…
Good value and especially the breakfast==they also do other meals but not on…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $49
- Standard Double Room, Non Smoking
- Standard Double Room, Non Smoking
- Standard Room, 2 Single Beds, Non Smoking
- Standard Twin Room, 2 Single Beds, Smoking
- Comfort Double
- Standard Double Room, Smoking
- Standard Double Room, Non Smoking
- Standard Room, 2 Single Beds, Non Smoking
- Standard Double Room, Smoking
- Standard Twin Room, 2 Single Beds, Non Smoking
- Standard Twin Room, 2 Single Beds, Smoking
- Standard Room, 1 Double Bed
- Standard Twin Room, 2 Single Beds, Non Smoking
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 85 rooms
- Check-in time 2 PM-midnight
- Check-out time is noon
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Children (12 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free airport shuttle during limited hours *
- Free self parking
In the hotel
- Buffet breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Golfing nearby
- Number of meeting rooms - 3
- Meeting rooms
- 24-hour front desk
- In-room accessibility
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Soundproofed rooms
- Private bathroom
- Bathtub or shower
- Flat-screen TV
- Cable TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
Special features
DiningOnsite venue - This restaurant serves lunch and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. Open select days.
Comfort Hotel Bordeaux Merignac's small print
Also known as
- Comfort Hotel Merignac
- Comfort Inn Bordeaux
- Comfort Hotel Bordeaux Merignac
- Comfort Hotel Bordeaux Merignac Bordeaux
For transfers, guests must contact the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 0.50 per person, per night
Optional extras
Buffet breakfast is offered for an extra charge of EUR 8.00 per person (approximately)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.

subset: commoncrawl


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Welcome to Lounge 31, Lutterworths newest and best girls available every day
Tweeted 31 - 03 : 9:04
Naughty Niki & Lucious Lucy in the Lounge today, open till 8pm. Try our £40 express service !
Tweeted 27 - 03 : 12:36
Niki & Lucy in today open till 8pm
Tweeted 24 - 03 : 9:38
Niki & Lucy are in the Lounge for your enjoyment today...cum in and play, just 2 mins from M1 motorway...
Welcome to Lounge 31, Formerly Studio 31. New owners, New en-suite shower rooms and New and Regular staff. We are a small, discreet and cosy venue in the centre of Lutterworth with plenty of free road side parking and car parks that are free for an hour.
Lounge 31,
31 Church Street Lutterworth LE17 4 AL
Tel 01455 550380
We are just passed the Unicorn Pub and on the part of Church Street that leads up to the church.
Our friendly receptionist will greet you and make you feel relaxed as soon as you enter, offering you light refreshments before your relaxing encounter with your chosen masseuse. We are open from 10.30am to 7.30pm Mon to Sat
Our entrance fees
Any 'specialised services' are at the ladies discretion and will be at an additional charge. These are to be discussed with the lady at the time of your visit.
NEW !! If time is an issue we have introduced our 'express service' especially for the busy businessman...this is a 15 minute service and is at an all inclusive price of £40 (No entrance fee) This is a basic 'no frills' service and available with most of our ladies...Try us we don't think you will be disappointed...


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Keep an eye out for the MC4 at the boat shows this fall. This is one you won't want to miss.
If you don't like the looks of the new Huckins 45 Sportfisherman, then we just can't help you. Check out some pics of this retro beauty here. ▶
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Arvada Center for the Arts and Humanities
Arvada, CO 80003
- Sun 1pm-5pm, Mon-Fri 9am-6pm, Sat 10am-5pm
Upcoming Events Here (13)
Sun., May. 24 7:30pm
Sat., Jun. 6 5:00pm
Thu., Jun. 18 7:30pm
Sat., Jun. 20 7:30pm
Sat., Jun. 27 7:30pm
Thu., Jul. 9 7:30pm
Best Of Awards
Related Stories (71)
Art Shows on Display Around Town Right Now
4 days ago by Michael Paglia
2015 Faculty Triennial. Dan Jacobs, director of the University of Denver's Vicki Myhren Gallery and curator of the institution's art collection, brings both vocations together for the 2015 Faculty Triennial. On one level, it's a kno...
Playbill: Three New Plays in Denver for March 19-22
14 days ago by Susan Froyd
Spring has sprung, and theater is blooming across town. This weekend a world premiere will launch this year's greatly expanded Athena Project Festival, while the longstanding Evergreen Players light up the foothills with a collectio...
The Arvada Center Takes a Fresh Look at Colorado's Ties to Pop Art
20 days ago by Michael Paglia
Collin Parson, the exhibition manager and curator at the Arvada Center, always seems to come up with shows that both highlight the local scene and push the art dialogue of the community forward. That's certainly the case with rePOPu...
Playbill: Three New Plays in Denver for January 28-February 1
2 months ago by Susan Froyd
While the Denver Center Theatre Company premiere of Benediction, the final installment of a Kent Haruf trilogy adapted for the stage by Eric Schmiedl, might be the biggest news on local stages this weekend, regional companies big an...


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Minneapolis-St. Paul International Film Festival
Star Of Backup Singer Doc To Perform In Mpls.
MINNEAPOLIS (AP) — A longtime backup singer to some famous rock acts is scheduled to perform Friday night in Minneapolis. Merry Clayton, star of the documentary "Twenty Feet From Stardom," will perform at a screening […]
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 8: 'Informant'
Remember the RNC Welcoming Committee? That group of self-described anarchists who were caught supposedly planning to shatter Molotov cocktails at the 2008 Republican National Convention in St. Paul?
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 7: 'Piazza Fontana'
Marco Tullio Giordana's The Best of Youth was one of the most impressive historical dramas of the last decade that just happened to be covering a period many people in Italy themselves lived through.
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 5: 'La Playa DC'
Serious and subtle, "La Playa DC" captures the coming of age of a Colombian boy pulled in different directions by everything — this past, his poverty, his pride, family, friends and dreams.
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 2: 'Leviathan'
If you thought Deadliest Catch was unnerving, imagine experiencing the show aboard the ship, peering through a pinhole, trying to make out what's moving around among the dripping nets, inhaling salty night air, underneath a cloud of scavenging sea birds.
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 1: 'The Angels' Share'
Throughout the entire festival, WCCO's Movie Blog will be spotlighting one particularly notable MSPIFF movie each day. So clear your schedules and get ready to go around the world in 18 days.
Movie Blog: Full List Of MSPIFF Titles Announced
We're now just a few weeks away from the opening of the 2013 MSPIFF, and it still feels pretty much like winter out there. So there will be no reason to feel bad about seeking late-season refuge inside a movie theater … for weeks.
Movie Blog: MSPIFF Announces 1st Batch Of Titles
There are few things sweeter than the sight of grass peeking through the snow after a long, hard winter season. But the opportunity to see new movies from world-class auteurs and local up-and-comers alike is among those things.
Movie Blog: Call For Submissions To 2013 MSPIFF
The dates have been set for the 2013 Minneapolis-St. Paul International Film Festival. Twin Cities film fans should block April 11-28 from their calendars.
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 22: 'Where Do We Go Now?'
I can't think of a more appropriate title for the final film of the 2012 Minneapolis-St. Paul International Film Festival.
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 20: 'Nancy, Please'
"The dog ate my homework" gets a wryly navel-gazing, grad school spin in Nancy, Please (a film which, incidentally, boasts maybe my favorite title this year).
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 19: 'Keyhole'
The latest film from Canadian treasure Guy Maddin is a handmade masterpiece.
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 16: 'Found Memories'
Gorgeously filmed (with only the very faintest whiff of a Stella Artois advertisement), Found Memories is another spin on the "strong will of youth overcomes staid obsolescence of age" archetype.
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 14: 'Restoration'
The thing about crowd-pleasers at film festivals … after a few of them, they start to all seem as though they're operating from the exact same playbook. You can anticipate the emotional beats with no […]
Movie Blog: MSPIFF, Day 10: 'Memorial Day,' 'Kill List'
Made in Minnesota with the reported assistance of Minnesota military organizations, Memorial Day is indeed a reverent piece of filmmaking, one which uses the same vocabulary as any number of other, more skeptical war movies.
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 9: 'Year Of The Tiger'
Besides daggers, mirrors and labyrinths, the Argentinian poet Borges felt an intense connection to tigers, and while reading Kipling's Jungle Book as a kid, he was upset that Shere Khan was a villain and not the protagonist's friend.
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 4: 'The Salt Of Life'
I remember watching a documentary about the angst of middle-aged men. One guy in his late 50s laments the fact that he can't get the attention of anyone at the bars or clubs he frequents, despite all the time he continues to put into maintaining his own visage.
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 3: 'Eye Of The Storm'
Fred Schepisi isn't particularly high on the list of most cinephile's lists of great working auteurs, but for a small, fiercely devoted group. The small, devoted group have a solid case, though.
Movie Blog @ MSPIFF, Day 2: 'Bert Stern'
For a man whose work is as timeless as photographer Bert Stern's, the title of his documentary kowtows almost disappointingly to current concerns … but for understandable reasons.
Movie Blog: Ready Or Not, It's MSPIFF Time!
Hey, the weather's been nice for a while now. There's no reason why you should spend your April basking in the sunlight we've already enjoyed for weeks. Especially since the Film Society of Minneapolis St. Paul just announced the list of movies playing during this year's three-week-long Minneapolis-St. Paul International Film Festival.
Movie Blog: MSPIFF Wraps Up After 3 Weeks
Remember back when the 2011 Minneapolis-St. Paul International Film Festival began? Remember how much colder it was that April 14th? The high temperature struggling to just barely edge into the 60s? Man, that seems like so long ago now. Oh wait …
Movie Blog MSPIFF Spotlight: 'Stake Land'
The second to last night of MSPIFF bites … in a post-apocalyptic vampire kinda way.
Movie Blog MSPIFF Spotlight: 'My Joy'
The Minneapolis-St. Paul International Film Festival is winding down, but some of the biggest titles are still in play, at least so far as exposure on the international festival circuit goes. For instance, "My Joy."
Movie Blog MSPIFF Spotlight: 'Sleeping Beauty'
To be blunt, I'm not sure Catherine Breillat cares what I think about her movies. In fact, I'm sure she cares about what I don't think about her movies. Actually, I suspect she thinks I don't think at all.
Movie Blog MSPIFF Spotlight: 'Free Radicals'
Free Radicals: A History of Experimental Film plays like a hip-hop collaboration in which a rapper or producer features the rhymes or rhythms of his rapper and producer friends.


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UKZN: Another statue, same revolution?Victoria John
Don't belittle the act of defacing symbols of the oppression students say is being upheld at universities, writes Victoria John.
Don't belittle the act of defacing symbols of the oppression students say is being upheld at universities, writes Victoria John.
Gender activists have welcomed talks between two departments about ways to reduce teenage pregnancies, but no decision has yet been taken.
EFF leader Julius Malema told students at VUT that the EFF is the only party that's not in anyone's pocket, "but in the pockets of the masses".
Sasco denies being compromised by its links with the ANC as dissidents plan a breakaway grouping.
It is not enough to say the curriculum is transformative, argues Adam Haupt.
Attaining a doctorate is difficult, but the journey that leads to the qualification is transforming.
Black students have taken to Twitter to voice their experiences of white privilege on the Rhodes University campus.
A Forbes Grant High School pupil is a proud member of Equal Education in the Eastern Cape, but says the school still lacks many basic things.
A teacher's organisation and two NGOs say that hundreds of thousands of children in KwaZulu-Natal walk long distances to and from school.
Let cultures clash and identities collide, for diversity benefits pupils and teachers alike.
Distance education opens the gates of knowledge but the rights of the authors may be threatened.
The way in which a black "director" was recently appointed at an ECape university raises questions about the white privilege in SA's universities.


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Entrepreneur's Club with John Sung Kim, DoctorBase: Starting a Company with 6 Credit Cards and a Laptop
- Business & Professional
- UCSF Mission Bay Campus, Genentech Hall room N-114, San Francisco CA
Idea to IPO Mixer & Information Session
Entrepreneurship Center at UCSF
Monday, December 2, 2013 from 5:30 PM to 7:00 PM (PST)
Learn more about the Idea to IPO curriculum and meet others who are interested in taking the course. Test out your idea with your peers and get feedback. If you don't have an idea, perhaps you'll meet someone who does. Network with people interested in learning about life science entrepreneurship.
More information on Idea to IPO: http://ita.ucsf.edu/entrepreneurship-center/education/courses/idea-ipo
Join millions of people on Eventbrite.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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While all of the world's top models pranced down the runway for the Balmain Paris Fashion Week presentation, a slew of celebrities looked on from the audience.
They're both busy ladies in their own right and on Wednesday (March 4) Alessandra Ambrosio and Emily Ratajkowski both ended up at Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, France.
The "Gone Girl" actress chatted away on her mobile phone while pushing her snazzy red suitcase through the terminal.
It's official: Kendall Jenner is the model of the moment! The 19-year-old worked it for the Giles show during London Fashion Week, making it her 9th runway appearance this season.
They're inseparable! BFFs Kendall Jenner and Cara Delevingne took their friendship to the front row of Topshop's London Fashion Week show at Tate Britain on Sunday afternoon (Feb. 22).
She's known as the topless star of Robin Thicke's "Blurred Lines" music video, but for the Antonio Berardi show at London Fashion Week, Emily Ratajkowski opted for a much more conservative look.
Getting in on some of the pre-Oscar craziness, Rosario Dawson hosted the Maison De Mode luncheon at Petit Ermitage in West Hollywood on Wednesday (February 18).
The "Josie and the Pussycats" hottie showed off her legs in a pink, black and white romper as she mingled with guests like "Gone Girl" actress Emily Ratajkowski, who will star in "We Are Your Friends" opposite Zac Efron.
The pre-Oscar fever has taken over Tinseltown and last night (February 17) a bevy of beautiful babes showed up at the No Vacancy venue in Los Angeles.
"Eye Candy" cutie Victoria Justice smiled for the cameras as she arrived at the Vanity Fair & FIAT Young Hollywood soiree, hosted by Krista Smith and James Corden.
Showing some love to their southern fans, the women of the 2015 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue took over the Schermerhorn Symphony Center on Wednesday night (February 11).


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Funeral Homes in KEYSVILLE VA
News and Links for Funeral Keysville Va
Browning-Duffer Funeral Home, Keysville, Virginia | Home 110 H Street Keysville, VA 23947 Phone: 434-736-9577 : Home Contact Us . About Us [http://www.browningduffer.com/]
Funeral.com - State of Virginia Obituaries State of Virginia USA Obituaries/Death notices, Listings by City. Complimentary Obituary posting for users of site, Sympathy E-Cards and family resources. Since [http://virginia.obituaries.funeral.com/]
Virginia Funeral Homes, funeral flowers, & funeral planning Listing all funeral homes in Virginia so you can easily send flowers to any location (same day delivery) or find any funeral service. [http://www.imortuary.com/funeral-homes/virginia/]
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Funeral Homes in KEYSVILLE VIRGINIA
Hospitals in KEYSVILLE VIRGINIA
Nursing Homes in KEYSVILLE VIRGINIA
Public Schools in KEYSVILLE VIRGINIA
Private Schools in KEYSVILLE VIRGINIA
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Queerty is better as a member
It should make us wonder, at least briefly, just how many such doddering old fools -who don't even know where they are- are crafting the laws that govern us all.
Need an account? Register It's free and easy.
Important Life Lessons From Men's Fashion Weeks
15 Gayest And Greatest Moments At The 2015 Grammys
13 Gay Sex Scenes That Went "Too Far" For TV
PHOTOS: Costumed Hunks Get Into La Leche Halloween in New York City
Meet The Adorable Boyfriend Duo That Dresses CFDA Icon Of The Year Rihanna


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Mar 23 -
Columbus (OH) :
West Mansfield - Accessories
WWW.BULLBABIES.COM NATIONAL PUPPY WEEK OUR BLUE /CHOCOLATE REDUCED TO $3,500 NOW TILL EASTER!!!! BREEDER FOR MORE THAN 25YRS. OF ONLY AKC ENGLISH BULLDOGS. LITTER of 8 FEMALES BORN JAN 8TH 2015. RARE COLOR BLUE CHOCOLATE TRI. READY NOW 2 SETS OF SHOTS AND ...
Mar 23 -
Columbus (OH) :
West Mansfield - Dogs & puppies
BLUE boy available!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
This stunning guy is Tonka!! He comes with full AKC registration. He will be up to date on shots and wormer, vet checked and have a one year health guarantee.
We are accepting $500.00 deposit to hold this guy until he is ready to go!
$4500.00 ...
Mar 23 -
Knoxville :
Corbin - Dogs & puppies
AKC Gorgeous male Frenchie puppy. This fella has a beautiful wrinkly face and a very stout, chunky body. He is a rich black & chocolate brindle with a splash of white on his chest. He is the classic French Bulldog color. He would make a wonderful Show Prospect as well as a ...
Mar 21 -
St. Louis :
Fenton - Dogs & puppies
AKC French bulldogs at stud. Blue, also fawn black mask and blue fawn.
Please call for more info. 865-654-0710
Mar 19 -
Asheville :
Newport - Dogs & puppies
I have a beautiful blue pied male French bulldog puppy available , He will come with full AKC papers , UTD shots / wormings , and vet checked. feel free to contact me for more info.
Mar 17 -
Charleston (WV) :
Summersville - Dogs & puppies
He is not for sale.
$1000 stud fee
Royal Flush (aka Roy) is a Tri AKC English Bulldog that carries blue.
His DNA is B/B D/d at/at.
He is AKC and IOEBA Reg.
He is proven producer of large litters.
Not related to Rocky or Smurf
Check out my website www.stlbullies.com ...
Mar 17 -
St. Louis :
Florissant - Animal services
2 male puppies, sire is Italian Mastiff 150 lbs and dam is Old English Bulldog/Bull Mastiff 85 lbs, parents on premises, born January 27. One puppy is black/brindle, one is blue with a little brindle. First shots, docked tails, dew claws removed. Puppies are 13 and 14 lbs at ...
Mar 9 -
Kalamazoo :
Cassopolis - Dogs & puppies
I have a beautiful litter of AKC blue and blue carrier French Bulldog puppies. They will be ready for their new homes March 29th. They will come with full AKC reg. UTD on shots/worming's and vet checked. There are 3 Black pieds (blue carriers) and two blue pieds. I have a ...
Mar 2 -
Charleston (WV) :
Summersville - Dogs & puppies
Scar is standing at stud at Dreamalittlebull english bulldogs. He's AKC registered. True black seal carries blue. He will produce black seal pups with whatever he's bred to.
Would like pup back for stud fee. Pic is one of his pups I have now
Contact Shannon
573-760-6163 ...
Mar 1 -
St. Louis :
Farmington - Animal services
I would like to breed my purebred English bulldog with papers for pick of the litter. I would only like to breed him with another purebred English Bulldog. He is a blue faun.
Feb 28 -
South Bend :
Elkhart - Animal services
Call/text 3142659672.Prices at bottom of ad.All Akc Full registration+FREE CKC.Pics taken TODAY.
Awesome French bulldog babies up for rehome. Litter of SEVEN! Four girls,3 boys. Healthy,updated continuously on shots&worming. Parvo/distemper guarantee. Big heads with great ...
Feb 24 -
St. Louis :
Saint Louis - Dogs & puppies
THIS LITTLE GUY HAS BEEN REDUCED ...AKC RED FAWN MALE AVAILABLE ...11 WEEKS OLD ..SIRE 19LBS AND DAM IS 18LBS ...BEAUTIFUL PEDIGREE WITH HUNGARIAN BLOODLINES ...DNA Bb/Dd/Ee/ayay...HE CAN PRODUCE CHOCOLATES ,BLUES, CREAMS , FAWN/SABLES, AND ALSO LILACS...HE WILL BE VERY ...
Feb 22 -
Fort Wayne :
Fort Wayne - Dogs & puppies
Prices at bottom of ad.All Akc Full registration.Pics taken TODAY.
Awesome French bulldog babies up for rehome. Litter of SEVEN! Four girls,3 boys. Healthy,updated continuously on shots&worming. Parvo/distemper guarantee. Big heads with great muscle tone & short legs. Daddy ...
Feb 19 -
St. Louis :
Saint Louis - Dogs & puppies
Price at bottom of ad.Very healthy&robust French bulldog babies. Akc full registration,Ukc& Ckc papers also available. Possible blue eyes as adults(last litter produced 3 blue eyed pups).Our dogs love the warm weather and have no breathing or palate issues. These are loved ...
Feb 16 -
St. Louis :
Saint Louis - Dogs & puppies
I am in search of a female french bulldog must be akc female and young or young adult also intact and good with kids. I have a blue male that wants a friend. She will spoiled inside my home. Not looking to spend a lot at this time, willing to do puppy back deal. My male has ...
Feb 12 -
Knoxville :
London - Dogs & puppies
We have 2 AKC registered French Bulldog puppies left. They are both females. Both are reverse black brindle w/ minimal white markings. Currently 5 weeks old. CANNOT LEAVE UNTIL THEY ARE 8 WEEKS OLD, VACCINATED, DEWORMED & VET CHECKED.
Prices are FIRM. Please research ...
Feb 10 -
Clarksville :
Clarksville - Dogs & puppies
Fee: 1500.00 or POL to Ckc and Olde English Females
OR * Pick Of The Litter / 2500.00* Breeders Choice
Chocolate male that carries Blue and a complete outcross to rare color lines . Skor has far exceeded our expectations and we overwhelmed with pride to have him. He is ...
Feb 8 -
Cincinnati :
Loveland - Animal services
Akc French Bulldog puppies, Cream w/ Blue carrier gene.
Mom is blue fawn, dad is cream.
Pups born 10.6.14
Dew claws removed
All Shots to Date.
Best Vet & home care by 5 year frenchie breeder & 30+yr. RN.
Call/text/email if interested !
Feb 4 -
Indianapolis :
Kokomo - Dogs & puppies
AKC English Bulldog males , these beautiful boys both carry the blue and black tri genes . Will be current on shots , dewormed and will be ready Feb 5th
Red and white has a small umbilical hernia so Ive lowered to 1600.00
Sable tri boy is 1800
Feb 2 -
Kansas City :
Columbia - Dogs & puppies
Gorgeous Blue fawn female , she has bee dna'd thru UC Davis and also carries Black tri . She is current on shots , dewormed and ready to go Feb 5th . Previous buyer fell ill so she is back available !!
3400 for full AKC
Beautiful 7 month old female Bully Pit dog (bulldog pit-bull mix) for sale. Blue with white markings. Approximately 50 lbs. House trained and crate trained. Very friendly and playful. $500.00 OBO.
Jan 28 -
Nashville :
Mount Juliet - Dogs & puppies
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Aug 18, 2012 at 01:25PM EDT
Yup, I do. I'm good with HTMl and CSS, and I'm learning javascript this year so I can make my websites even better. I've already made a site for my server business, and I'm getting the server space rented on saturday.
Here's a picture of the front page. Nothing fancy, and I still need to add a background, but the main stuff is there.
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Raymond Felton
Video: Allen to Wade to LeBron for the double alley-oop
Dec 7, 2012, 8:01 AM EDT
The Miami Heat had the highlight of the night — Ray Allen to Dwyane Wade to LeBron James for the double alley-oop. It was one of their few highlights as the Heat didn't play much defense, Raymond Felton carved them up like a Christmas turkey and the Knicks stomped on the Heat Thursday night. Still,…
No Carmelo, no problem. Knicks expose napping Heat defense in rout
Dec 7, 2012, 12:28 AM EDT
With New York, there is energy. There are guys willing to step up with Carmelo Anthony out. There is defense in the paint. There are guys making the extra pass and raining down threes. In Miami I expect Jimmy Carter to come out and give a speech about malaise. Especially if he is talking about…
Tyson Chandler and the acceptance of limitations
Dec 6, 2012, 5:44 PM EDT
New York Knicks center Tyson Chandler is talented, but he's also ridiculously limited in terms of what he can actually do on a basketball court. Chandler is a true 7-footer with a strong build, but he possesses no post game whatsoever. There are no jump hooks, no drop steps, no up-and-under moves — nothing. In…
J.R. Smith hits the step-back jumper at the buzzer to help Knicks beat Bobcats (VIDEO)
Dec 5, 2012, 10:23 PM EDT
The last few possessions of this game were pretty crazy, so it's only fitting that things ended on a shot like this. The Knicks beat the Bobcats on Wednesday in a game that was closer than expected, likely due to the fact that it was a look-ahead contest for them with a nationally televised game…
Felton to play through bruised thumb; Kidd may return, too
Dec 4, 2012, 3:03 PM EDT
It's not his shooting hand, but still it is a bone bruise in his hand near his thumb. I've never dribbled a ball with a bone bruise in my hand — or had a defensive player hit my hand in that situation while trying to swipe the ball — but I imagine it's not a…
NBA Power Rankings: Heat, Thunder on top, it feels like 2011
Dec 3, 2012, 3:11 PM EDT
It's early in the season, very early, but there are moments it feels line the NBA finals come June could be a rematch of last year — Miami vs. Oklahoma City. And that really shouldn't be a surprise. Right now those two teams are on top of the PBT power rankings. 1. Heat (12-3, last…
Knicks' Felton has bone bruise on non-shooting hand
Dec 3, 2012, 10:08 AM EDT
Well, it could have been worse. It's not broken. Raymond Felton suffered the hand injury in the fourth quarter against the Suns Sunday. The Knicks say an MRI revealed it to be a bone bruise, reports the New York Daily News. While it's not his shooting hand, the severity of the injury would impact his…
Suns' turnovers, Knicks' offensive rebounds earn New York win
Dec 2, 2012, 3:04 PM EDT
In the seminal NBA advanced stats book "Basketball on Paper," Dean Oliver identifies his four factors in winning a basketball game. At the top of the list is the most obvious thing — shooting. It represents 40 percent of the outcome, Oliver said. The Suns shot better than the Knicks in a Sunday matinee at…
Knicks show their flaws, Nets get big win for franchise
Nov 26, 2012, 11:49 PM EDT
Games in November don't have a playoff atmosphere… usually. But every once in a while there is an exception. And this was it — Brooklyn's first home game against the Knicks may have been in November but New York fans were treating this like a hockey playoff game. There was constant chanting like a Brazilian…
Raymond Felton tired of Jeremy Lin comparisons
Nov 23, 2012, 1:42 PM EDT
The Knicks play the Rockets Friday night, and the matchup will mark the first time that Jeremy Lin will face his former team after making a name for himself in New York during the incredible but brief "Linsanity" run last season. When the Knicks didn't match Houston's free agent offer to Lin, and ended up…
Five early season NBA trends to be thankful for
Nov 22, 2012, 4:29 PM EDT
We are 10 games or so into the NBA season and one thing is clear — this is fun. Not everything is fitting neatly into the preseason prediction boxes and that is the best part of being a sports fan. We at PBT are thankful for a lot of things. All of you who read…
Woodson not worried at all that 'Melo, Amare can coexist
Nov 21, 2012, 2:18 PM EDT
The Knicks are 8-1 to start the season and it isn't a fluke — this is a team that plays legitimately good defense and with Carmelo Anthony at the four (and Raymond Felton playing smartly at the point). But there remains a big question looming about this team — what happens when Amare Stoudemire returns?…
Jeremy Lin thinks he will still be an All-Star. Someday.
Nov 21, 2012, 8:42 AM EDT
Based on his play so far this season, Jeremy Lin doesn't deserve to be an All-Star. He's been below replacement level. Frankly, he's looked a young point guard learning how to play in the league and finding his game. He'll improve, but that's a process. This year, if the fans don't vote in Chris Paul…
Raymond Felton worked out this summer… for the first time
Nov 19, 2012, 10:16 AM EDT
I don't think we'd use the words "Raymond Felton" and "chiseled" in the same sentence. But we can safely say that this year with the Knicks he is in considerably better shape than following the lockout last year in Portland. He admitted he wasn't in shape for that season, and it showed on the court.…
The Knicks are legit. If they can keep this up is another question.
Nov 16, 2012, 1:25 PM EDT
The Knicks are 6-0, the last undefeated team in the NBA — and it's not a fluke. They are defending better than anyone in the league, giving up just 93.6 points per 100 possessions, via Hoopdata. (Anyone who says they just started defending this year wasn't watching last year.) Their offense with Carmelo Anthony at…
Three Stars of the Night: Two Knicks' guards… and LeBron.
Nov 16, 2012, 2:48 AM EDT
We should just name one of these stars after LeBron at this point. Aside that, the story of the night was the Knicks dramatic comeback win, so the two guards that led that charge are getting stars tonight. Third Star: Jason Kidd (14 points, 4-of-6 from three) His line isn't that impressive, but it's really…
New York 104, San Antonio 100: Yes, the Knicks are for real.
Nov 16, 2012, 12:09 AM EDT
You know how announcers talk about Shane Battier? How they say he "does things that don't show up in the boxscore" and how his value can't really be defined by common statistics? Well, no one ever really says those things about Carmelo Anthony. Ever. And that's fair. Anthony's entire career has been defined by the…
Jamal Crawford says he 'deserved to get booed' by Blazers fans
Nov 9, 2012, 12:17 PM EDT
Saying last season was a disappointment in Portland is like calling the Titanic a minor boating accident. There isn't enough hyperbole there to do it justice. The Blazers were a talented team a season ago, but dealt with all kinds of locker room trouble that resulted in a complete dismantling of the club that began…
Baseline to Baseline recaps: Spurs, Knicks remain undefeated
Nov 6, 2012, 4:42 AM EDT
Our nightly recap of every game around the NBA. We catch you up on what you missed while you were finding out where Superman's home planet Krypton actually was…. Spurs 101, Pacers 79: Don't look now, but the Spurs are defending again this year. Which is how they crushed the Pacers. We broke it down.…
Knicks continue impressive start by taking care of Sixers
Nov 4, 2012, 3:30 PM EDT
A tip-off time of 12 noon in the NBA can often be trouble for both teams. It's a quirk in the schedule for a league whose players are used to gearing up to perform at their peak sometime after 7:30 p.m., so the broken routine can result in some rough basketball during those early afternoon…
Fun matchups for Friday night: LeBron vs. 'Melo at power forward
Nov 1, 2012, 1:58 PM EDT
We've pretty much worn out the discussion of the Miami Heat going small with LeBron James at the four. The much more interesting discussion of late has been injuries forcing Mike Woodson to take the Knicks in a direction they were reluctant to go — small with Carmelo Anthony at the four. Now, what do…
A guide for which teams to watch
Oct 30, 2012, 12:00 PM EDT
Our ideas of fun may be completely different. Personally, I like to pretend I'm playing Supermarket Sweep in the grocery store, but you may like going out on "dates" or "talking to actual people." With that said, I can't in good faith tell you which teams will be fun this year. That's a decision for…
Deron Williams says Knicks better with Felton than Lin
Oct 29, 2012, 12:24 PM EDT
Jeremy Lin is gone from New York, which led to a lot of wailing and gnashing of teeth among some Knicks fans. He was their savior midseason, the guy who helped turn the team's season around, a guy the fans related to and loved and now he is in Houston. Deron Williams thinks the Knicks…
Tyson Chandler isn't buying 'Melo scoring less this season
Oct 26, 2012, 1:20 PM EDT
Carmelo Anthony is not just going to be a scorer anymore. He's changed. It's about team and trust and distributing the rock. That's what he's saying, anyway. "I'm done trying to score 35, 40 points to win the basketball game. I don't want that role anymore" You buying that? Tyson Chandler isn't. From the Wall…
The one where Mike Woodson let Zaza Pachulia skip practice for a "hot date"
Oct 26, 2012, 12:25 PM EDT
Who says Mike Woodson is an old-school, hard-ass coach. You work hard for him, you get some perks. Woodson, the current Knicks coach, was on "The Game 365" on MSG Network, and the show was such a snoozer that just about everybody tuned out. Everybody but the folks at nba247365.com, and they were rewarded with…
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Alexandria Golf Cars makes a 'green' donation
A donation from Alexandria Golf Cars will get good mileage - as a learning tool for students, a move toward green technology and a savings for taxpayers.
Harold Koep, owner of Alexandria Golf Cars, donated the 48-volt electric-powered Club Car to the Alexandria Technical College's (ATC) Center for Applied Mechatronics.
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You will need your subscription account number and phone number. Not sure if you have an account? Email us at email@example.com and we can help you.


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The North Korean government released this announcement claiming they had conducted an underground nuclear test.
Published October 9, 2006
The North Korean government released this announcement claiming they had conducted an underground nuclear test.
Smith's insightful book explores the policy issues testing the Japanese government as it tries to navigate its relationship with an advancing China. More
This revolutionary new look at volatility and crisis in oil markets explores the conditions in which oil supply fears arise, gain popularity, and eventually wane. More
Maximalist finds lessons in the past that anticipate and clarify our chaotic present, revealing the history of U.S. foreign policy in an unexpected new light. More
Rates of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries are increasing faster than in wealthier countries. The Independent Task Force outlines a plan for collective action on this growing epidemic.
This Independent Task Force asserts that elevating and prioritizing the U.S.-Canada-Mexico relationship offers the best opportunity for strengthening the United States and its place in the world.
While North Korea has been condemned by a UN panel for crimes against humanity, its ally China is focused on denuclearization, not human...
Scott A. Snyder outlines five things to know about the increase in threats from North Korea.
In his testimony before the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Scott Snyder argues that the United States should redouble its efforts to shape...
Kim Jong-il's death has prompted discussion about the future of the isolated country and its nuclear weapons program. Experts cited in this...


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Information Links
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BMW 1 Series Convertible catches fire and is then recalled
- BMW 1 Series Convertible burns to a crisp
- Insurance company pays out; BMW insists car wasn't part of original recall
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Jan 22, 2014
Used cars of the week: BMW 2 Series rivals for less than £12k
- Used rivals to the BMW 2 Series
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Jan 17, 2014
Big savings on fast BMWs and new Nissan Qashqai
- BMW Z4 and 125i two of the most enticing deals this week
- Nissan Qashqai also available with big savings
- Read more in our weekly deals round up


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It's time to make sure you own your business and that it doesn't own you. Take back some of the time it demands and save money while you do it. Being a business owner can be fun. Hire Someone Else Even though you are a business owner, and most-likely a fantastic one at that, you may not have all the skills necessary to complete every task that your business faces. That's okay. The quicker you accept that fact, … [Read more...]
Considering Weddings as Business Ventures
For those with an entrepreneurial streak at heart, there is always the question of how to make money. Technology? Maybe. An invention of some sort? Perhaps. Maybe you have considered rolling out an idea onto Kickstarter or Indiegogo. It might work, but the amount of effort that typically goes into successful projects like that can be staggering. Maybe it's time to consider piggybacking on industries that always need … [Read more...]
4 Ways to Get Customers Through the Door with Landscaping
When it comes to making the profit you want, your success will largely depend on how many customers you can get through the door. There are a number of things that may attract people to your store, and one of these is landscaping. A professional business should look like one with a well-manicured lawn. By knowing some helpful tips that can improve this critical space, you just wind up with more customers. Tip … [Read more...]
Calling All Men: 5 Ways to Maintain your Business Image at Work
If you're a man who has a professional job, you'll want to look the part. Wearing the right clothes and accessories can help you do just that. The key to your ultimate success may lie in your outer appearance each day. Knowing ways that can help you get and keep this image may be critical to you moving up quickly in the workplace. Clothes When it comes to a business image for a man, a suit and tie often … [Read more...]
Common Online Marketing Mistakes That Hurt Business
In the last 25 or so years, the internet has gone from something that almost no one could tell you anything substantial about, to one of the biggest advances in technology in human history. These days, the internet is truly one of the modern wonders of the world. Everyone and everything can be connected and found in one place. Obviously such a creation is a boon for advertising, but there are still plenty of pitfalls … [Read more...]


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Will & Grace
A.I.: Artificial Insemination
- Episode Description
After Will and Grace decide to have a baby together, obstacles pile up before them, including a missing specimen sample and bungled insemination efforts that have them teetering between artificial and natural means – all leading to mis-conceptions. Meanwhile, when Jack considers giving up his show-business aspirations, until he gets some career advice from a "divine" entity – his idol, Cher. Likewise, married Karen is sorely tempted by the romantic tickling of a rich and natty gentleman.moreless
- Cast & Crew
Eric McCormack
Debra Messing
Megan Mullally
Sean Hayes
Shelley Morrison
- Fan Reviews (1)
Will & Grace nearly get it on, Jack meets Cher, Karen meets a temptation that doesn't come in a medicine or vodka bottle. All this and Laura Kightlinger as Nurse.
- Trivia & Quotes
Quotes (19)
Karen: Wow, so you and Will are having a baby. Grace: Ok, now, before you start judging and saying things like, "he's gay," and, "that's weird," and, "you're so flat that Will's gonna have to breast feed..." you should know that we are very serious about this. Karen: Well of course you are. (Chuckles to herself) Breast feed, I'm funny...
Karen: You two are having a baby?! Grace: Isn't it incredible? Karen: Oh honey, it really is. And you know with everything that's been going on with me lately; Stan staying in prison, me all alone in the house with sixteen servants--most of whom don't even jump anymore when I shoot at their feet--well, your news really gives me something to smile about. Grace: Oh Kar, it's so good to see you smile. Hell, it's good to see you exibit any human attribute.
Jack: So, where's this baby going to live? Will: Well, you know in my office in a file folder. Under "O" for offspring....here with us! What do you think? Jack: Huh...(Quickly and quietly) Well isn't that all cozy, one big happy family. Will: What's wrong with you? Jack: Is this because I'm gay You feel you failed somehow and now you need to get a new baby and start all over again? Will: I'm gay And you're not my baby. Jack: It's just that...(in whiny voice) It's just that the new baby's gonna come and he's gonna be cuter than I am, and younger than I am, and it's gonna have a better job than I do... Will: Well sure, but we'll still love you. Jack: (quietly) I don't know, it all sounds kinda crazy. Will: We'll still pay for you. Jack: (excited) Yay! We're having a baby!
Grace: We're gonna make a baby! Will: (excitedly) I know. Grace: But don't forget what we talked about last night. We're not gonna tell anyone about this baby until I'm actually pregnant. Will: Well, what about our friends? Grace: No, no, our friends will just make stupid comments and have stupid opinions. Will: That's a little unfair. Jack: (entering) Are there any hobbits left in America? Will: I take it back, that's totally fair.
Grace: Okay now remember Karen, not a word about...(gestures to her stomach) Karen: Oh, John Goodman. Grace: Yes Karen, John Goodman. Also try to avoid the subject of baby.
Notes (2)
This episode marks the final appearance of Michael Angarano (Elliot) as a series regular.
This episode originally aired as a one hour episode, though syndication will usually air them in two half hour episodes. NBC counts this as one episode, as they will with any one hour or "super-sized" episodes.
Trivia (3)
Goof: When Grace runs into the lamp post it bounces wildly. Considering the post is estimated to be 12 feet tall and 500 pounds, and Grace couldn't weigh much more than 100 pounds, this would be impossible.
Adam Barr wrote the first half of the episode with Kari Lizer providing the story, while Jeff Greenstein and Alex Herschlag wrote the second half with Jhoni Marchinko providing the story.
After Grace affirms Will's assertion that Sheila "is a whore's name," the nurse says that her name is Sheila. But in Season 2's "Seed of Discontent," the same nurse has the name "Sue" clearly emblazoned on her nametag.
Allusions (3)
Nurse Sheila: Where's your girlfriend? I'd like to fill her to the rim with 'him' and catch the bus to Atlantic City. This is a reference to the old commercials for Brim Coffee that would say, "Fill it to the rim with Brim".
Jack: Homo, I don't think we're in Barney's anymore.
Jack spoofs Dorothy's well-known line in The Wizard of Oz: 'Toto, I don't think we're in Kansas anymore.'
Title: "A.I.: Artificial Insemination"
A.I.: Artifical Intelligence is a movie about a robot boy.
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The present invention is directed to improvement in an image recorder for recording developed images or toner images by microwave fixation. According to the invention there is used a novel thermoplastic developer comprising of two components. The first component contains a dielectric material which is able to absorb microwave and generate heat by dielectric loss. The second component contains magnetic loss exothermic material. The microwave absorbing power of the first component is improved by heating the first component with heat generated from the second component.
1. An image recording apparatus with microwave fixation comprising:
means for forming a developed image on a recording material, said developed image being formed by a thermoplastic developer having a mixture of a first component and a second component, said first component being a dielectric material having the property of increasing microwave absorption efficiency as the temperature of said first component increases and capable of generating heat by dielectric loss when microwave energy is absorbed, said second component being a magnetic material capable of generating heat by magnetic loss so as to heat said first component to advance the microwave absorption efficiency of said first component and to concentrate the microwave energy itself on said developed image; and
means for applying microwave energy to the recording material bearing said developed image and for microwave fixing said developed image onto said recording material.
2. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein said microwave fixing means includes means for generating microwave radiation of higher frequency than 1 MHz and means for applying said generated microwave radiation to said recording material and developed image.
3. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 2, wherein said microwave fixing means further includes means for absorbing the microwave radiation passed over said application means.
4. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein said second component is a magnetic powder.
5. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 4, wherein the particle size of said magnetic powder is less than 1μ.
6. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 5, wherein the particle size is less than 0.1μ.
7. An image forming apparatus as set forth in any of claims 4, 5 and 6, wherein the value of μ"r of said magnetic powder is above 0.1 wherein μ"r is the imaginary portion of complex relative permeability.
8. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 7, wherein the value of μ"r is above 1.
9. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 4, wherein the content of said magnetic powder is in the range of from 20 to 80% by weight of the developer.
10. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 9, wherein the content of said magnetic powder is in the range of from 30 to 60% by weight of the developer.
11. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 9 or 10, wherein the particle size of said magnetic powder is less than 1μ.
12. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 11, wherein the particle size of said magnetic powder is less than 0.1μ.
13. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 11, wherein the value of μ"r of said magnetic powder is above 0.1.
14. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 13, wherein the value of μ"r of said magnetic powder is above 1.
15. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 12, wherein the value of μ"r of said magnetic powder is above 0.1.
16. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 15, wherein the value of μ"r of said magnetic powder is above 1.
17. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 1 or 4, wherein said first component is dielectric material.
18. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 17, wherein the relative dielectric constant of said first component is above 3.
19. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 18, wherein the relative dielectric constant of said first component is above 4.
20. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 17, wherein said first component is such material whose value of relative dielectric constant/relative permeability is above 3.
21. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 20, wherein said first component is such material whose value of relative dielectric constant/relative permeability is above 4.
22. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 1 or 4, wherein said second component is dielectric material and its dielectric loss εrtanδ is above 0.03.
23. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 22, wherein the dielectric loss εrtanδ of said second component is above 0.1.
24. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 17, wherein said second component is dielectric material and its dielectric loss εrtanδ is above 0.03.
25. An image forming apparatus as set forth in claim 24, wherein the dielectric loss εrtanδ of said second component is above 0.1.
26. An image recording apparatus according to claim 1, 5 or 9 wherein said microwave fixing means comprises a dielectric base, a conductor for concentratingly propagating microwave disposed on the surface of said base along the direction intersecting the direction transmiting the recording material, and means for transmitting the recording material in contact with or in the vicinity of said conductor.
27. A recording apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said thermoplastic developer includes as said second component fine particles of more than 20 percent by weight of magnetic material having particle size of less then 1μ and imaginary part of complex relative permeability μ" of more than 0.1.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for forming images including the steps of visualizing electrostatic latent images or magnetic images with developer and recording the visualized images on a recording material by microwave fixing. The steps are carried out in accordance with a known image forming method such as an electrophotographic process an, electrostatic recording process or a magnetic recording process. The term "microwave" as used herein is to be understood to mean those electromagnetic waves whose wavelength is less than several meters and to include also sub-millimeter region waves having wavelength less than 1 mm close to the far infrared region.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A copying apparatus provided with a microwave dielectric heating fixing system is already known in the art. In this type of copying machines microwaves are used for fixing. This has a particular advantage that a wait time is no longer required to warm up fixing rollers and other members, and further there is no problem of offset. The microwave dielectric heating fixing method according to the prior art uses a dielectric material that is able to absorb and generate heat. Such dielectric material is admixed with thermoplastic developer in order to make full use of microwave radiation. The dielectric developer is introduced into a high frequency electric field to induce a polarization oscillation within the dielectric material thereby transforming microwave radiation into thermal energy. The thermal energy melts the main component resin of the developer, a thermoplastic resin, whereby the developed image is fixed on the recording material.
As will be understood from the above, if there is used, as the dielectric material in the developer or in the developed image, such material which has a higher microwave dielectric loss, then a substantial improvement in microwave absorption and therefore a substantial improvement in fixability can be attained.
However, until now, a suitable resin has not been available which can satisfy the requirements of high dielectric loss and low melting point at the same time. For this reason, a mixture of two different materials has been used as the developer for microwave fixing. The mixture contains material of high dielectric loss and material of low melting point.
Resin having higher dielectric loss is more exothermic. In the mixture, the heat generated from the resin of high dielectric loss by microwave is transmitted to another component resin of low melting point through surface-surface contact of the two materials. Use of a high content of the resin of high dielectric loss is limited by the heat transmission time. If the content is high, the heat transmission time becomes long. Therefore, it is very difficult to obtain a developer which exhibits good fixativeness in a short time. There has not been developed yet any developer having satisfactory thermal efficiency.
As another attempt to improve the fixativeness of such developer, the amount of microwave radiation has been increased. But, this attempt has resulted in failure. Increase of microwave output has increased only the quantity of wasted microwave radiation. The increased microwave radiation was used in vain.
The most important problem in microwave heating fixing system is, therefore, how to efficiently convert microwave radiation into fixing energy. Now, there is an increasing demand for a novel technique by which the fixativeness and fixing speed can be improved.
Accordingly it is the principal object of the present invention to provide an effective solution to the above mentioned problem and provide a practically useful image recording apparatus based on the novel solution.
More specifically, it is an object of the invention to provide an image recording apparatus which has improved microwave fixing efficiency. The developer conventionally used in the above mentioned type of image recording apparatus has contained such component which acts to reduce the fixativeness. Magnetic powder is one example of such component. According to this invention, such component is transformed into useful material for improvement of fixativeness thereby improving the microwave fixing efficiency.
It is another object of the invention to provide an image recording apparatus which improves not only the microwave fixativeness but also recording speed.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an image recording apparatus with which microwave radiation can be converted into fixing energy at improved conversion efficiency. According to the invention, this object is attained by improving the microwave absorbing power of the developer by the heat generating action of a developer component which is magnetic loss exothermic.
Other and further objects, features and advantages of the invention will appear more fully from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the microwave fixing apparatus 20 in the embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the fixing apparatus taken along the line B--B in FIG. 2 with other elements around the fixing apparatus;
FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the microwave fixing apparatus;
FIG. 5 is a relation curve between imaginary part of complex specific permeability of magnetic powder (μ"r) and fixativeness;
FIG. 6 is a relation curve between content of magnetic material in developer and fixativeness; and
FIG. 7 is a relation curve between particle size of magnetic powder and fixativeness.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an electrophotographic copying machine in which the present invention is embodied.
Designated by 1 is a cover member covering an original carriage 11. An original (not shown) is placed on the original carriage and is held in the position by the cover member 1. Reference numeral 22 is a photosensitive drum. To scan the original on the carriage, any suitable optical means such as moving optical scanning means or stationary optical scanning means is provided. Through said optical means an optical image of the original is projected on the photosensitive drum 22. In the shown embodiment, said optical means includes an original illumination lamp 2, illumination light reflector 3, first mirror 4, second mirror 5, in-mirror lens 6 and third mirror 7. These members are arranged in the manner known to form an image of the original with a desired magnification. To this end, the reflected beam from the original is directed to the photosensitive drum by the third mirror 7.
The photosensitive drum 22 has an insulating layer on the top surface of the drum. Arranged around the drum are members and devices necessary for image formation on the photosensitive drum. 8 is an integrally formed primary and secondary charger. In the shown copying machine, imagewise exposure is carried out simultaneously with the secondary charging. After imagewise exposure, the whole surface of the drum 22 is exposed to light by a whole surface exposure lamp 10 so that an electrostatic latent image is formed on the drum 22. The latent image is then developed by a known developing device 11. The developer used in this embodiment will be described in detail hereinafter.
The developer contained in the developing device 11 is a colored developing powder composed of thermoplastic resin having a high dielectric constant and magnetic powder having magnetic loss property. The latter mentioned component consists of a metal oxide. Therefore, the visualized image with the developer is a mixture of the microwave electric field energy absorbing dielectric material and the magnetic material having the characteristic of magnetic loss by a magnetic field formed by the microwave.
15 is a supply paper stacker containing a stack of recording materials 24 which may be sheets of cut paper. A pick-up roller 16 is brought into operation in response to a determined signal to feed the recording material 24 into the apparatus from the stacker 16. The recording material is guided to the photosensitive drum 22 along a paper guide 17. Since the feeding of the recording material is synchronous with the developed image on the rotating drum 22, the developed image is transferred onto the recording paper 24 with the aid of a transfer charger 18. After transferring, the recording paper 24 is conveyed to a microwave fixing apparatus 20 by a conveyor belt 19. The conveyor belt 19 is so arranged as to pass over near and above the fixing apparatus 20 and convey the recording paper 24, after fixing, to a pair of paper discharge rollers 23. The recording paper 24 is discharged by the pair of rollers 23 into a discharged paper stacker 21 provided outside of the machine. The manner of operation of the fixing apparatus 20 will be described later with reference to FIG. 2.
After transferring, the developer remaining on the drum 22 is cleaned off by a cleaner 12 and then the drum is discharged by a discharger 13 and a discharge lamp 14 to erase the residual electric image. Thus, the drum is returned to it original state. 9 is a blank exposure lamp for forming a latent image bright part. The function of the blank exposure lamp 9 is to prevent development at the time of the optical system being returned back.
FIG. 2 is a perspective of the microwave fixing apparatus 20 and FIG. 3 is a cross section thereof taken along the line B--B in FIG. 2.
Reference numeral 28 is a microwave generating source. The microwave generator 28 is connected to a planar conductor 32 and a zigzag conductor 30. Disposed between the conductors 32 and 30 is a dielectric member 31. The microwave generator 28 is mounted on one end of the dielectric member 31. At the opposite end of the dielectric member there is provided a cooling unit 27 for absorbing any excess microwave radiation and cooling it. The zigzag line conductor 30 extends from the microwave generator 28 to the cooling unit 27 along the length of the dielectric member 31. The direction in which the conductor 30 extends in the form of a zigzag line is normal to the direction of the recording material 24 being conveyed. This direction of the zigzag conductor 30 is hereinafter referred to as the longitudinal direction of the dielectric member 31. The zigzag line conductor 30 divides the upper surface area of the dielectric member 31 into two equal parts. In other words, the conductor 30 is symmetrical in the width in the microwave running direction with respect to the longitudinal axis of the dielectric member 31 and lies in a plane parallel to the planar conductor 32.
Referring to FIG. 3, the fixing apparatus is shown within a shield casing 38. The conveyor belt 34 in FIG. 3 is somewhat different from the conveyor belt shown in FIG. 1. The former is an improved form of the latter.
In FIG. 3, the conveyor rollers 35 and 36 are fixed to a stationary part of the machine and mounted for rotation in the direction of arrow. A conveyor belt 34 is disposed around the rollers 35 and 36. The conveyor belt 34 is kept under tension by a roller 37 rotatably supported by the casing 38. An extension 381 of the casing 38 prevents leakage of microwave radiation. A small clearance is provided between the extension 381 and the belt 34.
On the discharge side of the recording material 24 there are provided a pair of rollers 39 and 40 in contact with each other under pressure. The rollers 39 and 40 are rotatably supported by a stationary part of the machine. The recording material 24 is discharged into tray 41 by the rollers 39 and 40.
The shield casing 38 prevents leakage of microwave radiation from the inner room of the casing. Preferably, the escaping microwave is used to preheat the recording material 24 etc. For this purpose, the rollers 39 and 40 can be formed so as to absorb or reflect microwave. Also, the conveyor belt 34 may be formed of the above mentioned magnetic material which absorbs microwave and generates heat, or a material of high dielectric constant. The casing 38 is preferably made of microwave reflecting material, such as metal, except the inlet and outlet opening parts. These parts of the casing around the inlet and outlet openings are preferably made of microwave reflecting material.
When the operator turns on the copy switch, the above described image forming process, which is, in this case, a electrophotographic copying process, is started. A recording material 24 bearing thereon a developed image 25 corresponding to the original image at any selected magnification enters the fixing station where the above microwave fixing apparatus 20 is arranged.
In the fixing apparatus 20, microwave radiation is concentrated near the zigzag conductor 30 and a concentrated electric field of microwave radiation is formed there. In addition there is formed a concentrated magnetic field by the concentration of microwave radiation at that area. In the prior art microwave fixing apparatus, this concentrated magnetic field has been wasted. According to the invention, this magnetic field serves to fix the developed image 25.
Since, as previously noted, the developed image 25 is formed of dielectric material and magnetic material, the dielectric material generates heat by microwave dielectric loss and also the magnetic material generates heat by microwave magnetic loss simultaneously. Furthermore, the dielectric material itself is heated by the heat generated from the magnetic material by magnetic loss. This further improves the microwave absorbing power of the dielectric material. Therefore, the developed image 25 melts and becomes fixed on the recording material 24 instantly under the combined action of the heat from the dielectric material itself and the heat from the magnetic material. Consequently, as compared with the prior art fixing apparatus with the same microwave output, the embodiment of the invention improves the microwave absorption factor of the developed image and therefore the fixativeness thereof to a great extent. Accordingly, a substantial speed-up of image recording can be attained.
The mechanism of this microwave fixing apparatus will be described in detail.
Generally, when a microwave region alternating electric field is applied to a dielectric material, the dielectric material absorbs the microwave energy as thermal energy and generates heat. This phenomenon is called dielectric loss. Microwave fixing of a developed image is achieved by the melting of a part of the dielectric material contained in the developer and fixing the melted part to the recording material.
The dielectric material in the developer continues to be heated as the result of dielectric loss and a part of the dielectric material begins melting. At this time, the fixing of the developed image begins (this time is referred to as melting start point although a lower melting point component in the developer, if any, has already begun melting before this time).
Heat generation of the dielectric material itself is accelerated by the melting of a part of the dielectric material. At the same time, adjoining developer particles become contacted with each other more closely thereby reducing escape of heat. Therefore, after the melting start point, the whole developed image melts and becomes rapidly fixed on the recording material. Thus, fixing is completed.
The magnetic material component in the developed image according to the invention has the effect of advancing the melting start point. In the microwave concentrated magnetic field, the magnetic material generates heat as the result of magnetic loss and the heat is transmitted to the dielectric material so that heat generation of the latter by dielectric loss is accelerated. Thus, the magnetic material cooperates with the dielectric material to quicken the melting of a part of the dielectric material whereby the developed image is fixed on the recording material in a shorter time and in a more reliable manner.
In other words, according to the above embodiment, the developed image 25 can be fixed on the recording material 24 instantly and surely by dielectric loss and magnetic loss as well as by the synergism of the two. In fact, the conversion efficiency in converting the microwave into fixing energy has been improved to a great extent in experiments using the above embodiment. Also, the fixativeness of the developed image has been found to be very good.
FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the microwave fixing apparatus according to the invention.
Item 42 depicts a microwave generator from which microwave is transmitted to a main fixing body 44 through a coaxial cable 43. The center axis of the cable 43 is connected to a conductor 46 arranged on a dielectric base plate 45. The grounding conductor of the coaxial cable is connected to a conductor 47. The main fixing body forms a coplanar guide. A recording material is guided in the direction of arrow a and passes through in the microwave electromagnetic field concentrated on the surface of the base plate 45. Under the action of the electromagnetic field, a developed image on the recording material melts and is fixed to the recording material. 48 is a microwave absorber for absorbing the microwave radiation concentrated in the vicinity of the conductors 46 and 47 and passed over them. The microwave absorber 48 prevents generation of any stationary wave at the main fixing body 44. 49 is a grounding means by which the microwave absorber 48 is grounded.
According to the embodiment, microwave can be applied to the whole area of the recording material and the developed image thereon. Therefore, stability and assuredness in microwave fixing of the developed image can be further improved in this embodiment.
For purpose of explanation, a description will be made hereinafter regarding the heat generation of the above mentioned magnetic material.
In general, high frequency induction heating is mainly induced from eddy current loss and magnetic hysteresis loss in a metal. The applied frequency is in the range of from several Hz to several KHz. In contrast, the magnetic loss in the present invention is approximately equal to the residual loss. The reason for this is that the frequency of microwave applied is in the order of over 1 MHz and the particle size of the developer and the magnetic material is very small.
This residual loss is magnetic loss excluding eddy current loss and magnetic hysteresis loss. More specifically, it is magnetic aftereffect, rotation resonance, magnetic wall resonance, relaxation etc. Since the particle size of the magnetic powder contained in the developed image is very small, eddy current loss is extremely low. Magnetic hysteresis loss decreases its proportion to the total loss with the increasing of frequency of the alternating magnetic field. On the contrary, the residual loss increases. The preferred range of frequencies used in the fixing apparatus of the invention is above 500 MHz. Under these conditions, the proportion of the residual loss to the total loss increases up.
To demonstrate the effect of this invention, some experimental results are given below which were obtained by using the embodiment shown in FIG. 2.
A developer was prepared employing epoxy resin having a softening point of 80� and carbonyl iron powder of particle size less than 1μ. 35% by weight of the carbonyl iron powder was added to the epoxy resin. The resulting mixture was melted and kneaded in a roller mill. The mixture was pulverized at first roughly by a hammer mill and then finely by a jet mill into powder of 5 to 20μ in particle size. This powder was used as the developer.
A developed image composed of the above developer was fixed onto a recording paper employing the fixing apparatus shown in FIG. 2. The microwave radiation used for fixing was generated from a magnetron of 2540 MHz and high frequency output 200 W. The time required for fixing was about 1 to 2 seconds. For comparison, a latent image was developed with a control developer containing no magnetic powder and the developed image was fixed in the same procedure as above. It took about 4 to 5 seconds to fix the developed image on the recording paper. Although no magnetic powder was added, the developer used as a control exhibited relatively high fixativeness. This is because the epoxy resin was relatively high in ε tan δ and a large amount of dielectric loss was produced in the resin. The relative dielectric constant of the resin at room temperature was εr=4.0, tan δ≈0.08 and ε tan δ=0.32. Its 2r/μr=4. As compared with common resin of er ≈2-3 (such as polyethylene), the epoxy resin has also the effect of intensifying the magnetic field in resin and increasing the magnetic loss of the magnetic material.
As a second experiment, a developer was prepared by adding 20% by weight of NiFeO4 powder to acrylic resin. The added powder was less than 1μ in particle size and the imaginary part of complex relative permeability (which is called also relative permeability) was μ"≈8 at about 2.45 GHz. The mixture was pulverized in the same manner as above into a developer powder having an average particle size of about 15μ. As a control, a developer containing no magnetic magerial was prepared in the same manner.
The two developers were compared with respect to fixativeness. Microwave output used for fixing was 250 W. The result was that the fixing time required for the developer containing the magnetic powder was about 5 to 8 seconds shorter than the fixing time for the control developer without magnetic material.
Examples of other preferred magnetic materials are:
Ferrox planar (trade name) magnetic material having μ"r≈20 at microwave frequency region of 2.45 GHz; NiZn ferrite of μ"r≈5; and MnMg system ferrite of μ"r≈1.
The frequency used is never limited to 2.45 GHz only. A magnetic field (in this case, it is electromagnetic field) of lower frequency region may be used. Of course, magnetite Fe3 O4 and similar materials also may be used. Preferably the developer has a value of μ" more than 0.1.
By suitably adjusting the mixture ratio or other factor of the developer while dispersing suitable magnetic pyrogenic particles into the developer there can be obtained a developer which has a peak of magnetic loss absorption within the range of microwave frequency. In view of fixing performance, frequencies above 500 MHz are preferred.
As a third experiment, a developer was prepared employing polyol�450 resin (softening point: 97� C.: supplier: Shell Chemicals) and NiZn ferrite (μ"r≈5 in 2.45 GHz microwave magnetic field and particle size: about 0.8μ). 33% by weight of the ferrite was added to the polyol resin. The developer was compared with a control developer prepared without addition of the ferrite powder. For the developer containing the magnetic material, it was fixed completely within about three seconds. In contrast, the control developer without magnetic material could not be fixed even after five seconds.
As understood from the above, if one tries to find any suitable resin for dielectric heating fixing which has a large dielectric loss as in the case of prior art, then the selection range of resin is very limited. In addition, it has been extremely difficult to obtain the desired very large dielectric loss from the selected material. According to the invention, a magnetic powder is added to thermoplastic resin as a component of the developer to make use of magnetic loss. By using such developer, the microwave energy loss is increased up to a great extent and the heat generating efficiency is remarkably improved thereby improving, the fixativeness of the developer. The recorded images obtained by microwave fixing according to the invention are superior to those as obtained by pressure fixing or heated roller fixing in image faithfulness as well as in image quality. It is possible by the present invention to provide an image forming process with which image recording can be carried out at higher speed and at any desired time. Further, this invention makes it possible to provide a recording apparatus which is simple in structure and small in size.
In the above shown embodiment, the zigzag conductor 30 carries microwave radiation along a zigzag course as indicated by the arrow 29 and forms many concentrated magnetic fields per unit width of the recording material. With this arrangement, microwave magnetic field energy is applied uniformly to the whole area of the recording material.
Therefore, the developed image is fixed to the recording material uniformly and without any irregularity of fixing. The conductor 30 can transmit the microwave also in the direction of running of the recording material because of the zigzag line form of the conductor. Therefore, the fixing area can be broadened and good, uniform fixing is always assured even when the recording material is moved at high speed.
In case of the prior art microwave fixing apparatus, the miniatuarization of the apparatus as a whole is limited by the wavelength of microwave magnetic field. According to the invention present, miniatuarization can be attained without losing the advantage of improved fixativeness and excellence in fixing uniformity. In the prior art, any magnetic material contained in a developer has exhibited an adverse effect on fixativeness of the developer. On the contrary, in the present invention, the magnetic powder in the developer is positively used to improve the fixativeness of the developer by making the developed image absorb the microwave magnetic energy so as to generate heat by it. Thus, the present invention has provided a novel and very desirable image forming apparatus.
We, the inventors of the present invention have made a vast study on suitable developer and suitable additive magnetic powder for microwave fixing. The results of our studies will be described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 5 to 7. In summary, the following developers have been found to be most preferable:
(1) A developer for microwave magnetic field fixing, which is characterized in that the developer contains more than 20% by weight of magnetic powder of a particle size less than 1μ dispersed, into the developer particles and the value of μ"r of the magnetic powder at the frequency range of the fixing microwave magnetic field is above 0.1.
(2) A developer for microwave magnetic field fixing, which is characterized in that the developer contains more than 20% by weight of magnetic powder of a particle size less than 1μ, dispersed in the developer particles and the value of μ"r of the developer at the frequency range of the fixing microwave magnetic field is above 0.1.
Examples of the magnetic powder added as magnetic loss source in the developer include:
Carbonyl iron, magnetite, Ni-Zn system ferrite, NiFe2 O4 ferrite, Co2 Z, MnMg system ferrite, MnZn system ferrite, γ-hematite, NiCnZn ferrite and Ferrox planar.
To illustrate the invention the following examples are given.
Evaluation of fixing was conducted by the following procedure:
After fixing, the image on the recording material is rubbed with finger, nail, cloth, tissue paper etc. After rubbing, the image quality is visually observed for ranking. For ranking, five different grades are used which are Rank 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 as explained below. The final evaluation rank is determined by the mean value of several runs. Among the five ranks Rank 1 is the least desireably and Rank 5 is the most desireably Fixing evaluation is ranked up according to the resistance against rubbing with finger, tissue paper, cloth and nail in this order.
Rank 5: The fixed image remains unerased from recording material by any rubbing with finger, tissue paper, cloth and nail.
Rank 4: The fixed image is slightly erased from the recording material only by a strong rubbing with nail.
Rank 3: The fixed image is slightly erased from the recording material by a strong rubbing with cloth.
Rank 2: The fixed image is partly erased from the recording material by a slight rubbing with tissue paper or finger.
Rank 1: The fixed image is almost completely erased from the recording material by a slight rubbing with tissue paper or finger.
A most common cause for erasion of fixed images is rubbing between paper and paper (with tissue paper or with another recording paper). Ranks 5, 4 and 3 mean that the fixed images are resistable against such rubbing with tissue paper or another recording paper. Therefore, fixing as ranked in Rank 3, 4 or 5 may be considered good in fixativeness and image quality.
FIG. 5 shows data concerned with the relative permeability of magnetic powder μ"r. In the following examples, the apparatus shown in FIG. 4 was used.
A 200 W output magnetron (2.45 GHz) was used as the microwave source.
Developers were prepared from a mixture of epoxy resin and magnetic powder with the content of the magnetic material being 30% by weight of the finished developer. Magnetic materials used were NiFe2 O4 having μ"r�8 at the above frequency, Ferrox planar (trade name: supplied by Philips) having μ"r�20, NiZn system ferrite having μ"r�5 and MnMg system having μ"r�1.
The recording paper bearing an image developed with the above developer was passed over the fixing apparatus at a speed of 50 mm/sec to fix the developed image on the recording material. Data concerning the relation between fixativeness and relative permeability μ"r obtained from this example are shown in FIG. 5.
As seen from the relation curve, good fixativeness can be attained when μ"r≧0.1 (in particular μ"r≧1.0). μ"r�0.1 is therefore a boundary. The reason for this may be considered as follows:
Before fixing, a developed image on the recording paper is in such state in which the developer of 10μ in particle size is laying on the surface of the recording paper in 1 to 10 layers. The contact area between the developer surface and the air layer is relatively large. Therefore, if the magnetic loss of the magnetic powder is lower than a certain limit value, the heat generated in the developer is easily dissipated in air from the surface of the developer and it is no longer possible to increase up the temperature to the desired level for good fixing.
The relative permeability of the developer is variable depending on the content of the magnetic material. Therefore, to attain good and stable fixativeness, it is desirable that the finished developer should have a value of μ"r higher than 0.1 and preferably higher than 1.0. It is possible to bring the peak of μ"r to any desired frequency range by suitably adjusting the mixing ratio of magnetic material to resin in the developer.
A comparative test was also conducted using a developer containing magnetic material and a developer without magnetic material. The developer was prepared using Polyol�450 resin (softening point: 97� C., supplied by Shell Chemicals). The magnetic material used was NiZn ferrite (particle size: about 0.5μ) which has a value of μ"r�5 in the microwave magnetic field of 2.45 GHz. One developer contained such magnetic material in an amount of 33% by weight of the developer. Another developer (control) contained no magnetic material and was composed of the above polyol resin.
The fixativeness of the image attained by the developer containing the magnetic material was two ranks better that by the control developer containing no magnetic material.
Samples of developer were prepared varying the content of magnetic material i.e., 0 wt.%, 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 40 wt.% and 50 wt.%. The magnetic powder component of the developer was Ni-Zn system ferrite and the resin component was phenol resin. Externally added to the mixture was about 1% of silica (SiO2).
Images formed by the above developers on a recording paper were fixed at a fixing speed of 50 mm/sec with a microwave generator having an output of 200 W. The results obtained are shown in FIG. 6.
As seen in the relation curve in FIG. 6, the fixativeness increases sharply at the content of magnetic powder near 10 to 20 wt.%. At the area higher than 20 wt.%, the relation curve describes a gentle slope. The rise-up of the curve at the area near the content of 10 to 20 wt.% may be explained as follows:
The thermal conductivity of resin itself is generally low. The frequency of microwave is in the order of MHz. In this range of high frequency, the magnetic loss by which the magnetic powder generates heat is mainly constituted of residual loss such as magnetic aftereffect. As the thermal conductivity of resin is low, it takes relatively long time for the generated heat to be transmitted to the whole of resin from the magnetic powder. It is likely that the rise of the curve in FIG. 6 is attributable to the thermal conduction and the escape of heat from the developer surface. Of course, the relation between fixativeness and content of magnetic material is affected by the fixing speed. It has been found that a higher content of magnetic material becomes preferable with an increase in the feeding speed of the recording material.
Also, the content of magnetic material is variable depending on factors other than fixativeness, such as characteristics relating to developing and cleaning, /or type of transfer system. Generally speaking, the range of magnetic material content is from 20% to 80% by weight and preferably from 30% to 60% by weight and more preferably from 30% to 50% by weight.
Samples of developer containing magnetic powder (carbonyl iron) and resin (phenol resin) were prepared. The content of magnetic powder was 30% by weight. About 1% of silica (SiO2) was externally added to the developer. The particle size of the finished developer was in the range of from 5 to 15μ (mean particle size: 9μ). Magnetic powders having different particle sizes, 2μ, 1μ, 0.5μ and 0.1μ were used for different samples of the developer. In every case, the magnetic powder was dispersed in the resin. With these samples of developer, fixativeness evaluation tests were conducted in the same manner as in Example 1 (output of microwave generation: 200 W; fixing speed: 50 mm/sec). The results of the tests are shown in FIG. 7.
The relation curve in FIG. 7 shows that the fixativeness of the developer is variable depending on the mean particle size of the magnetic powder used in the developer. This difference in fixativeness is attributable to the difference in time required to transmit the heat to the resin from the magnetic powder the temperature of which is raised by microwave heating.
For example, when there are two powders in the same amount which are different from each other only in particle size, the powder of smaller particle size has a larger surface area than that of larger particle size does. Therefore, the former will bring about essentially better heat transmission efficiency than the latter.
The fixativeness is variable also depending on the depth up to which the electromagnetic wave can penetrate the interior of the magnetic material. The skin depth at which the intensity of electromagnetic wave becomes 1/e is represented by √2/(2πfkμ). As will be readily understood from the formula, the skin depth is decreased with increasing of any of frequency f, permeability μ and electroconductivity k. As the frequency of microwave used in the invention is high, the effect of the skin depth on the energy conversion rate is not negligible. It is evident that the microwave energy can be converted into thermal energy more efficiently with smaller particle size of magnetic powder for the same amount.
FIG. 7 also shows that a distinct difference in fixativeness appears between the side of smaller particle size than 1μ and the side of larger particle size than 1μ. This means that the critical point as to fixativeness exists at about 1μ of particle size of 1. When the particle size of the magnetic powder is larger than 1μ, the ratio of the particle size of the magnetic powder to the particle size of the developer becomes larger than 1/10. Under these conditions, the state of dispersion of the magnetic powder in the developer is not good. The decline in fixativeness at the side of larger particle size than 1μ may be attributable to the bad dispersion state of the magnetic powder. Heat transmission from the inside of magnetic powder to the resin of developer is very easily affected by the dispersion state of the magnetic material as compared with the case of heat transmission of externally applied thermal energy.
The intensity of the magnetic field around the magnetic material can be increased by use of a larger relative dielectric constant of material as the material (resin etc.) by which the magnetic particle is enclosed. Let the dielectric constant of the material surrounding the magnetic material be ε, its permeability be μ and the intensity of the electric field of electromagnetic wave be E. Then, the above mentioned magnetic field intensity H is given by: H=√ε/μ�E
Therefore, the magnetic field around the magnetic material can be intensified by using a larger value of √ε/μ for the material surrounding the magnetic material. Thereby, the magnetic loss also can be increased and the microwave energy can more effectively converted into thermal energy. The value of (relative dielectric constant)/(relative permeability) for the material surrounding the magnetic powder is preferably greater than 3 and more preferably greater than 4. Preferably this material is a dielectric resin having a relative dielectric constant than 3 and more preferably greater than 4. The resin constitutes the main component of the developer. In view of simple construction of the developer, thermoplastic resin is preferred.
The developer used in the invention has to absorb magnetic energy and generate heat. In the developer, the dielectric heating effect of the main commponent resin is, of course, important. To obtain good dielectric heating effect, it is desirable for the resin to have a larger value of εrtanδ. The value is preferably larger than 0.03 and more preferably larger than 0.1. The lower the softening point of the resin is, the smaller the energy necessary for fixing becomes. From this point of view, it is preferable that the softening point is below 100� C.
The above requirements are also applied to the magnetic powder itself. Magnetic powder Mn-Zn ferrite (μ'r�2) and magnetic powder Ni-Zn ferrite (μ"r�2) are equally useful for improvement of fixativeness of the developer according to the invention. However, if the two magnetic materials are compared each other more specifically, then it will be found that they are different in the value of εrtanδ. The value of the former is 2 whereas that of the latter is 0.3. This means that Mn-Zn ferrite has a larger dielectric loss and is more effective in improving the fixativeness than Ni-Zn ferrite.
As previously mentioned, the term "microwave" as used herein means high frequency wave higher than 1 MHz. However, the use of microwave in the frequency range of 1 to 10 MHz is disadvantageous for image forming apparatus. It needs high output and therefore it makes the apparatus expensive in particular when a small size apparatus is desired. To solve the problem it is preferred to use higher frequency microwave than 100 MHz. Microwave radiation which has a frequency higher than several hundreds MHz are more preferred. Microwave radiation of 900 MHz commonly used in the United States and microwave radiation of 2.4 KGHz used in Japan are very suitable for the fixing apparatus according to the invention.
As fully understood from the foregoing, the fixing apparatus of the invention has many advantages over the prior art. In the apparatus of the invention, the applied microwave radiation is more effectively absorbed into the developed image than in the prior art apparatus whatever the output and frequency might be. According to the invention, therefore, the fixativeness and the fixing energy efficiency of microwave radiation can be improved to a great extent as compared with the conventional apparatus. Images can be recorded on any recording material with high image quality.
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