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Every time I go to decant my starters, I can't help but think of how much of the "balance" of my grown up yeast is still trapped in suspension -- after all, unless the solution itself is more or less clear (like in washed yeast in mason jars kept in the fridge), doesn't that insinuate there's a significant balance of yeast still suspended in solution? I'm looking at a starter right now, and it only appears that I've got about 100ml of yeast cake on the bottom... shouldn't that look like more for 2.5b cells?
I don't know what you mean by "balance" of the yeast..
They are microorganisms. And I don't think anyone could eye-out the amount of cells in billions.. Have you ever tasted the starter beer that you decant out? When you do, you'll understand why people don't want that in their beer. I'm sure some is still in solution, but the amount is insignificant compared to the yeast cake
I like to trick myself into thinking I am playing god, and am helping along natural selection by eliminating some of the less floculating organisms. That and I am usually too lazy to cold crash...
Actually come to think of it I am usually too lazy to decant at all.
I'd avoid forcing dormancy. If you want all of your yeast, let it ferment out in the starter for three or four days before chilling it to drop. "Crashing" is not something yeast like to do. Forcing them to go dormant before they finish taking up their reserves will make for a stressful start in the new wort.
If you want to see how much you're losing, just decant into another vessel and cold crash that. Assuming a small start (1-2L) I'd prefer to lose the starter beer's yeast over missing the window on the end of lag phase (~15-22 hours.) For lagers or big ales when I'm up to a 5L starter I definitely let that last step-up go for a few days then refrigerate. On brewday I let it warm, decant and add about 1L fresh, chilled, aerated wort, pitch a couple of hours later. Seems to work well.


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BYU basketball: Tyler Haws stands out in return to Y.
Scott G Winterton, Deseret News
PROVO — Around 3,650 fans got their first glimpse of the 2012-2013 men's basketball team during the team's annual tip-off to the season. The exhibition saw the blue team, headlined by Tyler Haws and Matt Carlino beat the white team, 84-70.
The team has now scrimmaged against one another eleven times this season, but the tip-off provided their first opportunity to do so in front of fans and under the lights. The exhibition offered a lot of positives mixed with some negatives for coach Dave Rose.
Chief among the positives was the way the team moved the ball around the floor.
"This was really good for our group of guys," said Rose about the exhibition. "I think our film evaluation tonight and tomorrow will really help our team. There's a lot of things here that stand out on the stat sheet ... the one thing that I can say I liked watching the game was how we moved the ball."
Carlino set a good pace early and finished with 19 points and eight assists which is around the numbers Rose would like to see him at consistently. Together with Haws, who had a game high 26 points, the blue team maintained a good pace throughout.
"It's really good to get back in the Marriott Center and be back in this atmosphere again," said Haws. "It was really exciting to get out there, and run up and down the floor. It's good to be back."
Haws showed the same consistent mid-range game and free-throw shooting that made him a standout on the team as a true freshman. He finished with 9-17 shooting from the field, 2-3 shooting from 3-point range and 6-6 shooting from the stripe.
Brandon Davies led the white team for one half before sitting out the entire second half after sustaining two hard fouls. Davies finished with 20 points and seven rebounds in just one half of play.
"I really wanted to play (in the second half), but coaches thought it would be in the best interest of the team to sit out," said Davies. "We're out there and we compete -- we play hard no matter who we're playing against."
Newcomers Raul Delgado and Agustin Ambrosino both had their moments and seemed to settle down and perform better the longer the game went.
"I saw two guys who are really confident in their ability to play right now," said Rose about Delgado and Ambrosino. "(Ambrosino) gets 17 (points), which will help his confidence and Raul (Delgado) gets 14...they made their share of defensive and offensive mistakes, but they're confident in their ability to attack and score."
The play of the game was provided by Josh Sharp who threw down a monster dunk over Ambrosino midway through the second half. The thunderous, one-handed dunk brought the Marriott center and both benches to their feet.
"He catches you sleeping," said Davies about Sharp's dunk. "He'll put one on your head."
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Twitter: @BrandonCGurney
- Jazz knock off Thunder in emotional game with...
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- Former Jazz big man Enes Kanter goes off,...
- Utah State set to hire assistant Tim Duryea...
- Brad Rock: The unforgettable Hot Rod Hundley
- Photo gallery: BYU rugby blanks Utah State in...
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- A not-so-Sweet 16 for the Runnin' Utes... 123
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- Jazz knock off Thunder in emotional... 21

subset: commoncrawl


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Author: Chris Delatorre
Conference on Social Media for Good, Istanbul
I'm very happy to share that I've been selected to speak at The International Conference on Social Media for Good in Istanbul in May. The selection process was extended a few weeks due to an overwhelming global response, so the conference should be an interesting one!
My paper will offer a conceptual framework for a community-based digitally immersive social networking application for CSOs, and I will present for discussion the role of meta networks in facilitating a more robust global reporting structure via said app.
About the conference
Kimse Yok Mu (KYM) is an international NGO carrying out humanitarian aid and development projects in 110 countries. Following the International Conference on Philanthropy and Peacebuilding — organized by the Academic Studies Department of KYM in collaboration with the Journalist and Writers Foundation and Istanbul Bilgi University, with the participation of 25 academicians from 19 countries in April 2014 — the 2015 Conference aims to reveal theoretical contributions as well as representative practices addressing the use of new generation internet applications to generate social benefit.
Selected abstracts and agenda will be posted on the Kimse Yok Mu (KYM) site soon. Follow on Twitter @KYM_Academic.
What lies beneath
Is science a motherless child?
"In the US, 'progressive' and 'liberal' are often used interchangeably. But the two should not be confused. Of all of today's political philosophies, progressivism stands as the most pressing problem for science."
Hank Campbell and Alex Berezow
A few years back I wrote a piece for Hank Campbell, founder of Science 2.0, on Craig Venter's newfound literary genre in genetic code, after his team made history in 2010 as the first ever to create synthetic life. Venter inscribed the DNA with a passage from James Joyce, an action ill-received by the Joyce estate, and one that inspired the post. The 'literary genre in genetic code' was my thing btw — and if that ever takes off (which it might) you heard it here first.
In 2013, Campbell and Alex Berezow (RealClearScience.com) penned an op-ed for NewScientist on the somewhat fallacious duality between 'progressive' and 'conservative' at the nexus of politics, science and sustainability. If you've heard my take on the US two-party system, then you know I'm not one for labels or cultural or ideological absolutes. But with the upcoming election season (is 'looming' a better word?) it's a good time to revisit topics that expose what is for most the tenderest of cognitive spaces: our steadfast belief in right and wrong.
So it is with great discomfort that I share an essay that blasts progressivism with illustrations of how it's been usurped by 'the lunatic fringe', the most troubling of which is the (hopefully soon defunct) anti-vaccine movement. Progressive activists need to do their homework too, and as we've seen time and again, megaphones don't necessarily come with scruples to match.
Campbell and Berezow authored Science Left Behind: Feel-good fallacies and the rise of the anti-scientific left in 2012. Read their op-ed for NewScientist on Academia.edu.
Should I unfollow you?
"We're among the first generations expected to maintain connections with every single person we've ever met, thanks to the Internet." Helena Price
Photographer Helena Price decided one night before bed to unfollow everyone on the Internet. Easier said than done. Basically any network she frequented throughout the day that she passed off as 'productive'. For Price (and I'm betting for many photographers) this meant Twitter, Tumblr and Instagram, all image-rich, content-heavy-in-your-face-honey-I-shrunk-the-day social networks.
She wanted to see if she could recreate the Internet in a more productive way, de-cluttering her brain and doing what she wanted, instead of living in someone else's feed, inspirational or not.
For Price the addiction was real. She hit withdrawal immediately after 'purging', instinctively opening apps she knew had empty feeds, like an amputee reaching for a leg that's not there. One month later she's sharing her success on Medium with a take on minimalism that will make you feel lighter just reading it.
And here's the deal. Minimalism is good for leaders. Being more focused on fewer things makes a healthier, less cluttered path to success than muddling through with little or no focus. (Think 'Jack of all trades, master of none'.) I've seen this principle at work in my own life.
Organizing even our 'inspirational' inputs can be a profound experiment waiting to happen. It might not be for everyone, but those brave enough to try it might come away with a powerful lesson on what matters and what doesn't, online and off.
James Jean is one of my favorite illustrators. Here he talks about a piece he made for Wired magazine, which was later axed due to creative differences:
Wired Magazine asked me to illustrate a double page spread about 'crowdsourcing'. I immediately thought of depicting the crowd as a 1000 armed beast rising from the sea, threatening and powerful. I took inspiration from these amazing Buddhist statues I saw at Rengeo-in Sanjusagen-do Temple in Japan. Unfortunately, the editor at Wired thought the coloring was too morbid and wanted to depict the crowdsourcing beast in a better light.
Daniel Goleman's Emotional Intelligence illustrates how head and heart can work together to bolster productivity and personal relations. EI is the new IQ. For some of you that's old news. I first gained an appreciation for EI and its effect on leadership in grad school. Since Goleman set the tone lots of folks have written about EI, and the subject has helped change how we see relationships across personal and professional paradigms. I'm not saying he's my muse (he might be, I haven't gotten that far) but I do give credit where it's due, so I'm sure you'll see Goleman referenced here often.
I'm curious to know what you think of Emotional Intelligence, and if what you've seen gives you hope for the future, or if it seems like EI is just the new 'business as usual'.


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Am 33, work in construction. Am hoping that investing will allow me to make up for time lost when I was younger and living a life based on bad decisions. I find economics and finances to be extremely interesting, as well as potentially profitable. I wish I had known this about myself earlier in life, but it is what it is. I have always been an independant learner, i taught myself the electrical trade, and got my certification without going to school. I now am working on teaching myself about finances and economics in my spare time.
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It is very hard to get any information about $MSSD.OB or its products, from anyone but the company. I can find no reviews of its products Feb 9, 2013
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Madder lake, comment by 22.214.171.124
In latin it is Radix rubiae tinctorum.
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Hi, I used 12mm ply because it gave the router bearing more material to ride against. Using 2 or 3mm ply would make i[…]
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Thank you for pointing out this error. Corrected. Have a nice day.
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Thank you. There is a link at the frontpage, and it references the great Cournall book on violin making. It is a great i[…]
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Soundpost, comment by 18.104.22.168
A good tip is to squeeze the side of the violin gently at the C bouts to release the sound post if it is wrong positione[…]Resolving problems, comment by 18.104.22.168
See the chapter on setup in the Courtnall and Johnson book, which is comprehensive.Pegs and endpin, comment by 188.8.131.52
The Alberti peg shapers are also very good.Glues, comment by 188.8.131.52
Andrew Carruthers (see his website) has recently suggested using fish skin glue (gelatin) which has a longer working tim[…]Sharpening, comment by 184.108.40.206
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See the article by Neil Ertz in Trade Secrets - explains this really well. Is 7 mm wide enough for linings?Wood ash oil varnish, comment by 184.108.40.206
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A reasonably-priced hotel in the much-desired Marais neighborhood of central Paris. Our family stayed for six days, and it was the perfect launch point for Notre Dame, Victor Hugo's historic home, canal trips, markets, and the Louvre. Friendly staff assisted us with event tickets, taxis, and directions.
Our junior suite faced a quiet rear courtyard, no street noise, and only minor noise from other residents. Fabric draped walls, high timbered ceilings, and a mini-bar consisting of a small fridge with products for sale. Ask for a quieter room on the top floor.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- A few steps away from the Place des Vosges, the Picasso Museum, the Georges Pompidou Center and from the Notre-Dame, you will enjoy a charming residence typical of the Marais area, which has managed to preserve its character.Each of its 7 suites and 22 rooms, uniquely decorated, invites you to an intimate stay. It resides in an old private hotel from the 17th Century and buried in the heart of Pari, where it is easy to get lost among the old facades and flowered interior gardens. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Travelocity, Hotels.com, Booking.com, Priceline, Odigeo and TripOnline SA so you can book your Hotel de la Bretonnerie reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- De La Bretonnerie Paris
- De La Bretonnerie Hotel
- Hotel De La Bretonnerie Paris


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Category Archives: Peak Oil
Important: Special Meeting on District Energy Project Monday
After Meeting Update – Catalyst will be approach to provide steam – Next Decision at Regular Meeting on Feb 23rd – Don't forget the poll on the side. We had an excellent meeting on Monday afternoon. Mr. Deakin (Economic Development Manager) … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change, Environment, Peak Oil, Politics 4 Comments
Thank You So Much! We did it! I'm In! Now the work begins.
I don't think it will quite hit me until the first orientation meetings this week…. but I am extremely honoured and excited to have succeeded in this campaign. I will be keeping this website and my Facebook page up so … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change, Environment, Family, Peak Oil, Pictures, Politics, The Good Life, ToTheEditor 1 Comment
Bike racks at 6PM. Foot/bike bridge and Nanaimo foot ferry at 7PM
Just a quick note that if you are in support of more bike and pedestrian friendly infrastructure in our City today might be a good day to head to City Hall. At 6PM there will be an official public hearing … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change, Environment, Family, Peak Oil, Politics, The Good Life Comments Off
Car Sharing – Bike Delivery – Climate Savvy City
If you were tuned into the news at all yesterday you will have seen mention of the US Governments release of its third National Climate Assessment. The conclusions were stark and made clear that Climate Change is upon us in … Continue reading
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A rebuttal to the BC Governments LNG propaganda quiz.
The BC Government has released a Quiz to show how fun LNG facts are! What it really is is an exercise in propaganda and PR to sell their ill advised, and dangerous, LNG wishes. Here is my spoiler of the … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change, Peak Oil, Politics 2 Comments


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Make Up For Ever HD High Definition Microfinish Powder
778 reviews
62% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.3
Price: $$$$
Package Quality: 3.3
Price: $$$$
INGREDIENTS100% silica
on 9/26/2013 1:37:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Cool
Hair: Blond, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Hazel
I'm upset that I didn't discover this sooner! Gives such an airbrushed finish to the face, it's amazing! This product controls oil better than anything I've ever tried. You get a luminous glow yet it's matte at the same time (hard to explain). I have a mini size for my purse, I'm obsessed!!!
on 9/20/2013 5:35:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Hazel
Wanted to love it, unfortunately I do not. It leaves a chalky look to your face and it is literally awful to smell. I cough when ever I inhale after putting it on my face. Not very pleased, however it is very fine and silky feeling, I use it first becAuse it's so fine but I just set it with another powder after application. I wouldn't wear this alone because it makes me look pale, sick and chalky.
on 9/4/2013 7:09:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Medium, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Brown
Flawless, invisible finish!
Despite my notorious cheapness, Make Up For Ever's HD Microfinish Powder has become an essential and permanent fixture in my little makeup box. :) It is worth every penny!
No more shiny face by mid-morning, even on sunny days... this powder has been consistent in keeping shine at bay and delivering a translucent, flawless finish, be it over foundation or even just my moisturizer. Love and will continue to buy!
on 8/20/2013 1:41:00 AM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Normal, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
Ok...I love this product....I use a light dusting at the end of the application after I have set the foundation. To set I am currently using RCMA's translucent, Ben Nye in Cameo, Banana or Camel.
I also use it on the eyes after putting foundation on and before eyeshadow and I have not had any issues with creasing.
on 8/16/2013 9:50:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair-Medium, Warm
Hair: Black, Straight, Other
Eyes: Brown
- Finely milled so will fill in all the pores/lines making your face appear younger
-Makes your face feel super smooth/ velvety
-Good setting powder for day time
-Does not cake up/ cling on to dry spots
-Does not break me out
-Flashback in flash photography
-Packaging (wish there was a sifter on top so you can get some product out without having to dip your brush in the entire container)
-Not very good oil control~~need to blot face in 2-3 hours
on 7/31/2013 4:34:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Oily, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Curly, Fine
Eyes: Black
I'm on the fence about this. It has some great qualities, but some not so great qualities as well.
-Since this powder is 100% silica, it does not look like it's "sitting" on the face (AS LONG AS YOU BLEND IT PROPERLY AND APPLY SPARINGLY), nor does it exaggerate fine lines, pores etc. It is super soft and leaves a velvety finish.
- Even though it has no pigmentation, it leaves your face with a gorgeous satin finish, and seems to add an over-all soft-focus look to your face, blurring out imperfections.
-Talc free
-Doesn't really do much to control oil.
-It can very easily leave a white cast. You have to apply this VERY sparingly and blend it out well. I had it on for hours until I finally saw myself in proper lighting and realized my whole face looked extremely chalky. I recommend applying this in natural light.
-Difficult packaging
It's okay, but not worth the hype or the money. The jar has .35 ounces of product, making this $85 an OUNCE! Lots of other brands (such as Coastal Scents for example) sell silica powders that do the same job for much cheaper.
TIP: This isn't my favorite powder ever, but I do love it for setting under eye concealer because it does not settle into fine lines and seems to blur out any that I do have. To me, this is way better for under eye concealer than for foundation.
on 7/23/2013 9:05:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Normal, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
This stuff is not worth the price tag AT ALL. I feel like i have to put more product on my face to achieve the matte finish. It does not blend well at all, I am olive skin and you can tell when I am wearing this powder because it gives me a chalky look.
on 7/17/2013 6:31:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Oily, Fair, Cool
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Grey
I've been wanting to try this powder for a long time since I read so much good things about it. And it's really great! The packaging is awesome, there is an extra lid with a net inside which prevents spilling. It looks super white in the jar but is transparent and is leaves a velvety finish on my face. Good for oily skin, does not break me out. It smells kind of odd when applying, but not on your face. Definite repurcashe when jar is empty.
on 7/12/2013 7:21:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
This powder really make a difference, because it reflects the light so pores and blemishes doesnt show as much. The skin looks smooth and nice, and its a good way to take away shine as well. But I dont use this to much, because it is so expensive and other powders i have do almost the same. But this is for special events.
on 7/10/2013 11:45:00 AM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Sensitive, Dark, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I reluctantly said that I would repurchase this if I ran out or lost it because for the most part that's true. I wanted a translucent powder that would keep shine at bay but NOT add more color to my face. This is that powder. Yes it's silica. Yes, it just glides onto the skin and doesn't sit in lines or pores (at least not for me). Yes, a little (and I DO mean a LITTLE) goes a really long way. Yes, it's been my experience that it does leave a white cast on your face, that really is only visible in pictures that use flash. If someone were looking at your (well my) face, they would see nothing, just a great shine free face. Pictures without flash are fine as well (in my experience).
So here's the deal with this powder. You HAVE to know how to use it, meaning application is most important, and that takes trial and error. I've found that big fluffy brushes are ok, but you want something a bit more dense and you want to really kind of buff this powder into your skin. Not hard core buff like you would do with your foundation, but definitely think flat top brush or kabuki, less big fluffy powder brush. I mean I know it's a powder, which would lead one to want to use a powder brush, but honestly something more dense would be your best bet.
The other thing that's trial and error is the amount. You really really do NOT need a lot of this powder, otherwise you WILL look white/pale/cakey.
ETA: I ended up returning this. It was just too messy and I found myself afraid to use it, just in case someone took my picture and I looked like a ghost. I'm using some of the Ben Nye powders to set my foundation instead.
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Product Wars - Episode 10 by fionaman


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I'd love for them to add more "real" fish into the FInding Nemo Subs, instead of so much on a TV screen.
I'd love for them to add more "real" fish into the FInding Nemo Subs, instead of so much on a TV screen.
I would like to enhance Pirates by removing the movie references and the PC updates.
They can enhance the island by removing the pirate crap and having Tom and Huck walk around characters again.
Finally, they can greatly enhance Small World by removing the Disney characters and turning it back into a message of world peace rather than "Where's Waldo: Disney Edition".
"Greetings, Starfighter! You have been recruited by the Star League to defend the Frontier against Xur and the Ko-Dan Armada."
I would make a few changes:
Pirates: Remove the first two Jack Sparrows, only keeping the treasure room one. That would sort of make Jack a "cameo" character, and not the ever present character he is right now.
Space Mountain: Take over the upper floor of the Starcade and turn it into an indoor Space Mountain line, saving guests from standing on the boring roof the line currently passes through.
Indiana Jones: Actually get Harrison Ford to voice the Indy audio animatronics.
Disneyland Cast Member
Outdoor Vending
1996 - 1999
My interview with MiceAge about working at Disneyland:
PotC... when the moon comes out from the clouds in the battle between the Wicked Wench and the fort, have the pirates change to their "ghastly" appearance. If that is supposed to be Barabosa and his crew, I think that would be an aweome special effect tie-in to the movies.
Peter Pan: "You know, your hair is on fire."
Me: "Yes. It happened after a recent trip to Neverland."
Peter Pan: "Well, you can dunk your head in the pond behind us, if you want."
Lost Child of Neverland since 1996.
~Favorite Hero: Peter Pan. Favorite Villian:Malificent.Favorite Ride: The Haunted Mansion.~
Turn Jungle Cruise into an interactive shooting safari with laser "guns."
"Ignore the Chihuahua behind the curtain."
Find our trip report videos on Youtube at FreshBakedDisney. Find our blog at www.freshbakeddisney.com.
ToT needs a random drop sequence like the Florida version. Also they should make the whole thing taller by at least 40 feet.
I would enhance the queue for Star Tours to make it even more of a busy space port. Instead of the lame extended queue area I would theme that into a airport like setting that has fake stores and a cantina where there could be a live band like the one from the Tatooneen cantina (they would be animatronic of course). The queue needs to be spiced up a lot. Much to look at and even interact with. It's not bad once you are in the main building but before that is aweful.
Turn the Finding Nemo submarine ride into the Disney Undersea Adventures with tableau from various movies, like Pinocchio, 20,000 Leagues, Bedknobs, Little Mermaid as well as Nemo.
"Ignore the Chihuahua behind the curtain."


text:
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Engine oil seal where power steering shaft attaches
I have a 97 Dodge Cummins 3500 First off I wanna be clear that I am correct... where the power steering pump mounts to the engine... does the engine oil lubricate power steering shaft? I have a huge oil leak coming from where the 2 connect and also was wondering if anyone has already done this and how hard it was. Any help is appreciated!
Only if you have a bad leak! Engine oil has nothing to do with the power steering.
I am also a TDR member ( Turbo Diesel Register ) this is what you need. I have used them before simple instructions with a dvd to and spare parts too. ( www.fixinrams.com )
I had this same problem in my 98 and the steering pump housing was cracked. Yes it is engine oil leaking out of there. I opted for a used part from a wrecker but you can get a new part and they aren't cheap. Also it isn't super easy to replace as it is in a tight spit but can be done
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24/7 Labor
If we want to solve the problem of homelessness it's pretty simple: Sober him up…Clean him up…Put him to work. Why? Because work works!
When an able-bodied guy gets to work it does so many things. It pays for food, shelter and something even more important: it gives a man the esteem to be a healthy, productive, member of society.
How do we know all this? From years of experience. We know blind compassion does nothing to promote self-esteem and self-respect. Handing a dollar to an alcoholic helps him stay drunk. And programs that takes responsibility away from a capable person dehumanizes that person.
At step 13 we instill in each resident the value of independence, individual responsibility, self-sufficiency and industriousness. Each resident is given the time he needs to turn his life around provided he follows three simple rules:
• No drinking or drugs --we give Antabuse daily as an added incentive to stay sober.
• He holds a job --if an able-bodied resident can't find one we'll provide him short-term work at one of our in-house companies.
• He pays us a fee. This ensures he has skin in the game and re-enforces the idea of paying for a place to live.
Provided a resident stays with our program long enough, he becomes a self-supporting, contributing member of society. About one in three do. Considering a recent government study found that alcoholics and addicts receiving government benefits, 99 out of 100 do not maintain their sobriety or become gainfully employed.
Right now Step 13 is home to 100 men. Some work in our in-house businesses-others work for local companies. At step, we follow our own free-market philosophy. We accept no government money -- we're a private-sector solution through and through. A little more than half of our budget comes from residents' fees. The rest comes from our in-house businesses and from people like you (donation page) who believe in our philosophy and our success. If we were to become dependent on government money we would experience the same bad effects as it does on people who rely on the system.
At Step13 we believe "Work works!" Do you need a hand with a special project? Don't want to pay exorbitant prices and still want to help a guy out? Step13 can help you with your labor needs. We make our residents available for all kinds of work including:
• Painting
• Moving
• Yard Work
•Skilled labor (e.g. carpentry, electrical, dry wall) Call for availability.
Work orders can fill up quickly -- especially in the summer. Please call early to ensure men are available for your project! Step13 does require a minimum 24 hour notice for requests.
Please call us at (303) 295-STEP to discuss your project and let's see how we can help you!


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I would like to find the latest Rogers radio to flash to see if I can get better reception.
Where would I find it? Can I flash the radio even if I'm running a GPE ROM and my phone is not a Rogers M8?
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My stepmom is listed as my mom on fb. My mom doest have a fb, but Im sure she would be mad if she knew. Can you list more than one mom? Maybe she sent that request to her biomom as well.
If your SD and her Mom have already confirmed each other as mother/daughter, then their names and relationships are listed in blue on their "Family" lists. (Blue = people can click on the name and call up however much of your family member's profile page is public). If you accept SD as your daughter, her name will continue to be listed on her Mom's "Family" list, under "daughter", but it will stop being blue and will only be blue, on your "Family" list. Worse, SD's Mom's name will disappear from SD's "Family" list altogether and be replaced with yours.


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Today's Trivia Quiz
jasdipSeptember 10, 2012
I thought I would have gotten more guesses for Friday's question.
Even in a loving relationship, 94% of people say they do not like this about their partner?
A: Their hobby
Today's question is
when you get one of these you will keep it 10 times longer if you like the colour of it.


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Equine & Western Art; Watercolors & Oils on Canvas
Spring in the Mountains © 2015 20 x 21 Oil on Linen Canvas
Receive updates on works in progress, finished pieces, and Studio Information.
- Follow this link to sign up today, it's FREE to sign up! : Newsletter
- Now accepting Major Credit Cards for local collectors.
Debbie Flood Illustrative Paintings


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April 19th – Win Magic Valley Speedway Tickets And Pit Tour<Loyal Listener Club
Enter for a chance to win two (2) tickets to the races at the Magic Valley Speedway on Saturday night (April 19, 2014), plus a pit tour of the Magic Valley Speedway!
Opening night of the 2014 season features:
- Late Models
- Brennans Carpet Super Stocks
- Street Stocks
- Shari's Cafe Hornets
- Quale's Electronics Jr Stingers
- Arrive for the pit tour no later than 4:45 PM
Winners will be notified via email and all tickets are WILL CALL tickets. (Winners need to bring ID and guest to pick up tickets at the Magic Valley Speedway, day of event.)
Visit Magic Valley Speedway's website for ticket prices and times.


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Archive - December, 2011
- Pregnant Kourtney Kardashian
Errands At Top Speed
December 31, 2011... She certainly knows how to make a mad dash! Kourtney Kardashian was spotted running errands in Beverly Hills on Friday (literally!), and the pregnant reality TV starlet covered up her growing baby bump with a top from the family's Sears clothing...
Adam Levine And His Lady Love Shop At YSL
December 31, 2011... Adam Levine and girlfriend Anne Vyalitsyna shopped at Yves Saint Laurent on Rodeo Drive the other night, and it looks like the duo are still going strong! Anne and Adam met in February of 2010 at the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit...
Kim Kardashian Keeps Her Head Down In Beverly Hills
December 31, 2011... Kim Kardashian was spotted heading to a meeting at a hotel in Beverly Hills the other day, and after pulling up in her white Ferrari 458 Italia, she darted inside and skipped posing for pictures. What happened to the...
Mariah Carey And Nick Cannon Share Their Twins' First Christmas Photos
December 31, 2011... dembabies.com Mariah Carey and husband Nick Cannon posted these darling shots of Moroccan and Monroe Cannon on the babies' official website, and the proud parents couldn't help but gush about their 8-month-old twins. Mariah and Nick wrote: "We are so elated to finally...
Giuliana Rancic Opens Up About Double Mastectomy On
The Today Show
December 31, 2011... Visit msnbc.com for breaking news, world news, and news about the economy Giuliana Rancic and her husband Bill chatted with The Today Show's Matt Lauer yesterday, and the couple opened up about her struggle with breast cancer and her recent double...
Alessandra Ambrosio Shows Off Her Baby Bump In Brazil
December 31, 2011... Facebook We already knew Alessandra Ambrosio was expecting her second child with fiance Jamie Mazur, and now here's our first peek at the supermodel's baby bump! Alessandra and daughter Anja posed for this cute snapshot in Florianopolis, Brazil, and the 30-year-old stunner...
Rebecca Gayheart And Eric Dane Welcome A Baby Girl
December 31, 2011... Rebecca Gayheart and husband Eric Dane have welcomed their second daughter, and they've named her Georgia Geraldine. "Rebecca Gayheart and husband Eric Dane welcomed Georgia Geraldine Dane on Dec. 28, just in time for the New Year!" Gayheart's rep said in...
Kyle Richards Takes Advantage Of The Holiday Sales
December 31, 2011... Seeing as she's clutching a Barneys bag, we doubt she was there to make a return, so it looks like Kyle Richards is taking advantage of some of the post-Christmas sales. Of course, a sale at Barneys New York...
Johnny Depp's Daughter Lily-Rose Is 12 Going On 25
December 31, 2011... There's no doubt that Lily-Rose Melody Depp (pictured at left) has inherited both of her parents' good looks (mom is French actress Vanessa Paradis), but it seems as though she's also acquired their wacky fashion sense! We spotted the 12-year-old and...
Celebs Flock To St. Barth To Ring In The New Year!
December 30, 2011... If you're an A-list celeb, there's no better place to spend NYE than the fabulous St. Barth! Everyone who's anyone is currently soaking up the sun in the luxurious French West Indies, where stars like Owen Wilson, Rachel Zoe, Kimora Lee,...
Nicky Hilton Keeps Warm And Cool While Shopping At Barneys
December 30, 2011... Dressing for the winter season, yet also accommodating the warm LA weather, Nicky Hilton stepped out in a tank underneath a fur vest (we're sure it's faux!), paired with a long black skirt and a $1,000 Alexander Wang bag, while...
Model Claudia Galanti Heats Up Miami Beach
December 30, 2011... There is certainly not a shortage of hot bodies on Miami Beach, but Paraguayan model Claudia Galanti certainly stands out from the rest! Wearing a number of teeny-tiny bikinis, the brunette stunner strutted her sexy stuff in and out of the...
Kingston Rossdale Hangs Tough With Daddy
December 30, 2011... Kingston Rossdale is NOT to be messed with! While heading to the dentist with his rock star dad Gavin Rossdale in LA, the trendy tot had no problem mad dogging the cameras. Check out the 5-year-old cutie's face!...
Chris O'Donnell Hits The Slopes With His Family In Aspen
December 30, 2011... How sexy does Chris O'Donnell look in his bright green ski outfit? The NCIS: Los Angeles actor was all suited up --helmet included! -- as he hopped into a fancy lift and headed off for a ski day with his family...
Brandy Flashes Her Million Dollar Smile
December 30, 2011... We haven't seen Brandy Norwood in quite some time, but wow, she is getting more and more gorgeous as time passes! The former Moesha star looked sexy while out shopping in Beverly Hills ... wearing a brown paper boy cap, slim...
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Bumble Bee House
I'm surprised, the house I have built for them is being used!
Taken a pic with a bumble was not so easy, with a blink of a eye, the bumble queen is in or out!
Here, the queen is leaving the house.
Sure, give me some time, have to go out and mesure it up.
I have just taken appr. dimension from this video.
If you have problem opening it, please search here for bumble bee video.
Jamesy40: You might want to try and get a closer look. It is possible that your Bumble Bees are really Carpenter Bees.
Hopefully I get some dimension tomorrow, they are not at home, out in the nursery.
I set them on a fencepost facing west, about 4 feet up, I had luck the first season with one entry, [two boxes]
I figured, the fence wire make a kind of "ring", when the wind blows and this could disturb the bees,
I then moved them the following year onto a lone standing post but I had no nest this season.
Not sure what I will do this year, perhaps I move them onto a tree.
I don't think size is too critical, same with opening, I almost think the hole could be on the bottom too.
One could experiment with different design's.
I had clay pots buried into the ground with ends [hole] sticking up on a slant but no take.
Ok... the house is made from 3/8 thick material, measurement to
the outside is 4" x 4" by 6" tall, the entrance hole 3/4".
The house is filled with paper insulation material, right up to the hole, from home depot.
Queen bumbles constantly look for a new home in spring, If they find
what they're looking for they stay and start making a nest. They
stay for one season, new bumbles are raised and only from this brood
one or more queens will overwinter. I have seen one today when digging, transplanting trees,
a HUGE queen bumble came and checked out the
pile of dirt.
It's been now several years since I started making houses, ..overall, I'm not too pleased with the results. Just a little disappointed that not more bumbles use this home.
I have also tried with several clay pots dug a little into the ground, laid down sideways, never one's a bumble nested.
One of my owl houses was occupied by them one year, took some pictures at the end of season, [low number of bees].
I know that bumbles like moss, have seen many bumble nest in the ground,..as a child in Switzerland, on a hill/shade side was mostly moss, I could find many nest there.
I might just fill the houses with moss and see, have build another 5 and I will place the entrance holes on different spots, perhaps paint with yellow around the hole.
This house is about 16 feet up on a tree, pretty shady in the bush. Never had owls but Northern flying squirrel were in it one time, perhaps they got the moss inside?
Please share your experience with attracting bumbles to your home. Allot of natural habitat gets destroyed by man, hopefully we can help a little.


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Our special coverage of the closest race for years
Explore the personal stories of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
Entrepreneurship has become a symbol in our capitalist society, yet it still remains an elusive goal for the majority.
22 Dec 2012 14:21 GMT
The entrepreneurial spirit that guided every great surge of innovation in America's past is as alive as it's ever been.
24 Sep 2012 11:11 GMT | Business & Economy, US & Canada, United States
It is a source of sustenance but also of tension and new political realities are now increasing uncertainty.
Egypt, Sudan, Middle East
A media post-mortem into the UK's surveillance report. Plus, why five years on in Argentina the media looks so familiar.
Media, Edward Snowden, Security
The untold story of how the Lebanese community overcame the odds and found their place in multicultural Australia.
Asia Pacific, Australia, Lebanon
How to keep a telenovela profitable and demanding sponsors happy while inspiring the production team to stay passionate.
Arts & Culture, Mexico, Latin America


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- 7,525 milesTo be sold at the Kansas City Spring 2015 auction, Kansas City, MO, April 23-25, 2015. To consign a car or to... More
Excellent 1992 Chevy Corvette Coupe. 5.7L V-8, six-speed manual transmission, nicely optioned and in like-new condition.... More
Goodman HDS 1200 One of just 17 (yes, just 17) made by the Goodman Engineering Company of Worcestershire, England. The Goodman family is famous for their... More
JUST IN AND GREAT VALUE! THIS CAR HAS NOT BEEN DETAILED YET READY FOR SALE. LOTS OF PHOTOS COMING SOON. IF YOU WANT US... More
1992 Porsche 911C2 RUF RCT, originally a 1992 Carrera II Turbo. The Carrera the 964 design - is a very cherished Porche model, which I... More
1992 NISSAN "240-SX" Convertible w/Power Top. 2-Florida Owned! Great Condition! Aztec Red / Black CV Top, Rear Spoiler, Graphite Bucket Seat Interior, Stereo/Cass w/Sirius Radio, 2.4L 6-Cylinder 155... More
LOW MILE V8 5 SPEED Z28 CONVERTIBLE. THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY CAMARO IS THE LAST OF AN ERA. 1992 WAS THE LAST YEAR FOR THE... More
1992 Mercedes-Benz 500SEL Sedan ID# WDBGA51E1NA083179 This car is considered by most to be the flagship of the Mercedes-Benz line-up. This is a very nice example... More
This is a 1992 Jeep wrangler, new 'plum crazy' purple paint, new tires, seats, CD player, truck has a 351 Ford In it with... More
1992 MERCEDES-BENZ 500 SERIES THIS IS A BEAUTIFUL CAR AS CLEAN AS A WHISTLE DRIVES JUST GREAT LOTS OF CAR FOR NOT MUCH MONEY... More
1992 California Highway Patrol EVOC Camaro B4C/1LE This 1992 California Highway Patrol (CHP) Unit # 892921 spent its entire 20 year service life in EVOC... More
PROFESSIONALLY RESTORED 92 Jeep Cherokee Laredo XJ features a high end custom paint job using House of Color black base with a red candy clear... More
Type: Used Year: 1992 Make: Harley-Davidson TRIKE Model: Electra Glide Classic FLHTC Body Style: Motorcycle Stock 508462 Mileage: 29841 Engine Size: 1340cc Transmission: 5 Speed Exterior Color: Black Interior Color: Black Vin: 1HD1DJL19NY508462 866-230-2851 Contact Us CRUISIN CLASSICS is proud to offer for your consideration a stunning 1992 1-owner Harley Davidson... More
1992 JAGUAR XJ6 VANDEN PLAS TOTALLY ORIGINAL CONDITION SILKY SMOOTH 4.0 6 CYLINDER JUST 62,000 MILES EVERY POWER OPTION THIS JAGUAR IS IN BEAUTIFUL... More
1992 FORD F350 CREW CAB PICKUP CALIFORNIA TRUCK FROM NEW 74000 ORIGINAL MILES V8 AUTOMATIC POWER STEERING FACTORY AIR COND VERY NICE TAN INTERIOR... More


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|Good Friday
Fri Apr 03 @12:00AM
All county offices will close at noon (12pm) in observance of Good Friday.
|Commissioner's Meeting
Mon Apr 06 @10:00AM -
Commissioner's Chambers
|County Council Work Session
Mon Apr 06 @ 6:00PM -
All County Council Work Sessions and Regular Meetings are open to the public. The Governmental Office Building is ...
|Community Corrections Advisory Board Meeting
Fri Apr 10 @ 8:00AM - 09:00AM


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Hi neighbor! Have a 'Gansett tall boy gift pack - 0 Comments
Narragansett has a brand new 12-pack box set of its tall boy cans. Three can each of its Lager, Cream Ale, Bock and Fest beer.
Narragansett Lager is what it is: your generic American-style lager that's really at its best when ice cold. But I've been quite impressed with the line of seasonal beers they began releasing a couple years ago. The fall Fest seasonal in particular is incredibly well done.


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Premium Listings
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Like new 2008 Lamborghini Gallardo Spyder. This car is finished with a Verde Ithica Metallic Exterior and Bianco Polar with Verde Ulysses Tw...
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Range of prices within this search:
- Highest Price:$504,998
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Justified Season 6 Episode 11 Review: Fugitive Number One
On Justified Season 6 Episode 11, Raylan attempts to hunt down Ava and bring her in. Meanwhile, Wynn awaits his fate at the hands of Katherine and Mikey.
Posted in: Justified
Justified is a new show on FX. It stars Timothy Olyphant.
The actor portrays Deputy U.S. Marshal Raylan Givens," described by the network as a modern-day 19th century-style lawman.
He enforces his brand of justice in a manner that places a target on his back with criminals; while also placing him at odds with bosses in the Marshal service.


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Login to your Meijer mPerks account to get a FREE Skinny Cow Creamy Iced Coffee Drink! You can clip the eCoupon now -click the "coupons" tab and then enter "Skinny Cow" in the search/promo code offer bar to access it. This is valid for a 8 oz. bottle of Skinny Cow Creamy Iced Coffee, and expires 3/28/15. Be sure you use your mPerks card in the store.
Thanks, Money Saving Mom!
{ 0 comments }


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Resources and Publications
Resource and Publication
Advancing globally, cost-competitive clean energy solutions to climate change requires a shift from a...
We need an "innovation economics" approach to the budget that spurs growth through increased investments,...
The EU-U.S. T-TIP Agreement will only be fully successful if it fully maximizes innovation.
A thorough analysis of capital investment over the past three decades uncovers several troubling trends.
The use of localization barriers to trade, by numerous countries, threatens the global economy.
Congress needs to reauthorize the Federal Helium Program now in order to avoid idling a valuable public...
Neo-Luddites are once again blaming technology for job loss but the evidence shows they are wrong.
An infographic illustrating how to fund next-generation clean energy breakthroughs.
ITIF explains the difference between competitiveness, innovation and productivity in this policy memo.
The U.S. cloud computing industry could lose $22 to $35 billion over the next three years due to PRISM.
The U.S. and its allies need to tell China enough is enough.
U.S. elections have not kept pace with the opportunities afforded by technology.
ICANN reforms are required to ensure that the upcoming transition of Internet oversight is successful.
Advocates who promote net neutrality as a societal equalizer are fighting the wrong battle.
The small businesses amendments to the Ex-Im Banks' Reauthorization hurt small businesses.
Optimists say there is a renaissance underway in American manufacturing, but they are torturing the data and drawing dangerous conclusions.
Two new tax proposals promise to help small, research-intensive companies attract investors even when they are still far from profitability.
How policymakers can rise above the trench warfare that has long impeded progress on trade policy.
Welcoming high-skilled STEM workers in technology industries creates jobs in the service economy.
If Congress fails to reauthorize the U.S. Export-Import Bank it puts America at a competitive disadvantage.
Senior Analysts, Stephen Ezell and Matthew Stepp present on innovation policy at the Center for Clean Air...
ITIF president Rob Atkinson gave the keynote address at an innovation policy forum presented by the Institute...
Robert Atkinson presented "Brazil in the Global Innovation System" at conferences in Sao Paulo and...
Richard Bennett will discuss the transition to all-IP networks as part of the panel discussion "...
Richard Bennett will present on a panel on the IP transition.
Stephen Ezell presented on strengthening the US-EU Collaboration to the EU-NJ Business Forum on Technology...
Daniel Castro will be part of the EAC discussion on the results of grant funded work and recent innovations...
Stephen Ezell presented on the importance of the global innovation and competitiveness race at the 2013...
Senior Analyst Matthew Stepp will present as part of the 2013 Villanova Environmental Law Journal Annual...
ITIF president Rob Atkinson presented the keynote address at the 2013 NACFAM conference.
The Internet of Things presents an opportunity to address major economic and societal change.
ITIF filed comments with the FCC recommending guiding principles for aspects of the IP transition.
Rob Atkinson testifies on the follies of Title II.
Efforts to block sales of Tesla are bad for consumers and environment.
Actions need to be taken to address China's mercantilist practices.
This letter expresses ITIF's strong support of the Immigration Innovation Act of 2015.
The Center for Data Innovation has filed comments describing how the ICANN community would benefit greatly...
Matthew Stepp provided testimony to the Commission to Review the Effectiveness of the National Energy...
ITIF Comments to the New York State Department of Financial Services on the Proposed BitLicense Framework
ITIF proposes comments for the New York Department of Financial Services on the BitLicense Framework.
NHTSA should hold off on a DSRC mandate until spectrum questions are resolved.
A collection of essays making the case for the progressive power of innovation and the digital economy in enabling societies to cope with new challenges.
Conventional economics provides an increasingly poor guide for economic policy and should be replaced by an evolutionary economics framework.
Rob Atkinson contributed the chapter "Public Policy, Innovation and New Technologies" to the textbook "Guide to U.S. Economic Policy."
Robert Atkinson contributed the chapter "Innovation in Cities and Innovation by Cities" for the book "Creating Competitiveness: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Polices for Growth."
In a chapter for the new book Practicing Sustainability, Rob Atkinson wrote about sustainability from an innovation economics perspective.
"Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage." This new book delivers a critical wake-up call: a fierce global race for innovation advantage is under way and the United States is running the risk of losing.
Daniel Castro contributed a chapter titled "U.S. Federal Cybersecurity Policy" in the book "Cybersecurity: Public Sector Threats and Responses."
Rob Atkinson contributed a chapter titled chapter "Who's Who in Internet Politics" for the book "The Next Digital Decade: Essays on the Future of the Internet."
Supply-Side Follies: Why Conservative Economics Fails, Liberal Economics Falters, and Innovation Economics is the Answer
Supply-Side Follies methodica


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Background: E-cigarettes are coming into wider use. They are advertised as an aid to smoking cessation, but there is concern that they may also serve as a gateway drug for cigarette smoking.
Methods: The authors systematically searched the PubMed database for relevant publications on the mechanism of action of e-cigarettes, the nature of their emissions, their assessment by potential users, their efficacy in smoking cessation, and their potential for addiction.
Results: There have been many reports of epidemiologically uninformative case series in which smokers were helped to stop smoking by the use of e-cigarettes. Only two controlled trials have shown that e-cigarettes have approximately the same effect as nicotine substitution therapy when used as an aid to smoking cessation. The effect is nearly independent of nicotine content. E-cigarettes are also consumed, to a small extent, by nonsmokers. As far as can be estimated toxicologically at present, the danger to active and passive smokers of e-cigarettes is presumably orders of magnitude less than that of tobacco smokers, although the variable composition of the fluids used in e-cigarettes introduces a degree of uncertainty.
Conclusion: Preclinical and initial clinical data, including some data from randomized controlled trials, indicate that e-cigarettes may be useful as an aid to smoking cessation or as a means of lowering risk in high-risk groups. In contrast to the demonstrated efficacy of multimodal smoking-cessation programs with pharmacological and psychotherapeutic support, the efficacy of e-cigarettes in smoking cessation has not yet been satisfactorily shown. Valid and informative clinical trials are urgently needed. These should also be designed to determine what predisposition(s), if any, might make the use of e-cigarettes more or less successful than that of other aids to smoking cessation. Moreover, e-cigarettes might be a gateway drug for cigarette smoking; thus, no clear recommendation about their use can be made at present.
E-cigarettes have been freely on sale since approximately 2008. They were initially sold only online but in the last few years have also been sold in shops specializing in e-cigarettes only. In e-cigarettes, nicotine is vaped, i.e. vaporised, instead of being smoked in the conventional manner. There is no scientifically valid data on the use of e-cigarettes in Germany.
According to investment bank Goldman Sachs, the e-cigarette market was one of the eight most important areas of investment in 2013, and the market share of e-cigarettes will rise to 10% by 2020 (Wall Street Journal, August 10, 2013). The use of e-cigarettes is expanding very rapidly; on the surface, they suggest the possibility of healthy smoking. However, as yet there is no clear scientifically justifiable position regarding e-cigarettes and tobacco cessation (13).
This review article involved systematic collation and classification of the available scientific literature on e-cigarettes. The results of the PubMed literature search are shown in the eBox.
How e-cigarettes work
An e-cigarette is a battery-operated electronic device that releases aerosolized nicotine for inhalation. No combustion is involved. The terms e-cigarette, electric/electronic cigarette, smoke-free cigarette, and electronic nicotine delivery device (ENDD) are more or less used as synonyms. An e-cigarette typically consists of the following parts (Figure 1):
The liquid contains varying proportions of the nebulizers or carrier substances propylene glycol (propanediol), glycerin, and water, and sometimes nicotine, pharmacological agents, and various fragrances and aromas (e.g. menthol, linalool [floral], ethyl acetate [fruity], tabanon [cigarette-like]). Smokers of e-cigarettes can mix their own liquids, and an almost endless range of substances is available for this; even tadalafil (a male potency enhancer) and rimonabant (an appetite suppressant) have been detected (4). The nicotine content of commercially available cartridges is only loosely correlated with levels declared for them (5), and even with a single liquid the release of aerosols differs significantly between devices (6). As a result, there is no reliable information on the inhaled dose of nicotine available to e-cigarette users. This makes it difficult to provide an unambiguous toxicological risk assessment.
Current knowledge concerning potential and present users
Qualitative focus group interviews with smokers of e-cigarettes revealed five areas which respondents gave as reasons for using e-cigarettes:
In the tobacco control four-country survey, which covered the period from 2010 to 2011 and involved 5939 current and former smokers in Canada, the USA, the UK, and Australia (8), 46.6% of participants were aware of e-cigarettes and 7.6% had tried them. 85.1% of e-cigarette users reported that they used them to stop smoking. E-cigarette users tended to be younger people, those with higher incomes, and heavier smokers.
According to repeat cross-sectional surveys in the UK, the proportion of people aware of e-cigarettes doubled between 2010 and 2012, and the proportion of users increased four-fold (9). The data suggest that awareness and consumption of e-cigarettes will also increase rapidly in Germany; however, no reliable figures on usage are currently available.
Online surveys of 1347 e-cigarette users recruited via manufacturers websites indicated that 74% of participants had abstained from tobacco smoking for at least several weeks since using e-cigarettes, and 70% reported reduced cravings (10). The mean length of use in these surveys was 10 months, significantly longer than standard medication-assisted tobacco cessation such as nicotine replacement products.
In a recent cross-sectional study, 320 individuals in Munich were asked why they used e-cigarettes, what they thought about smoking, and whether they intended to stop (Rüther T. et al.: Electronic cigarette [e-cigarettes]an aid for smoking cessation? Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2013; International Meeting Boston MA 2013): in those who smoked only e-cigarettes, nicotine dependency as measured using the Fagerström test (11) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than in those who smoked conventional cigarettes. In addition, e-cigarette users reported a significantly higher level of confidence that they would be able to stop smoking completely. E-cigarettes were used as an aid to smoking cessation by 50% of individuals. Users also felt healthier than smokers of conventional cigarettes. There were no e-cigarette users who had not previously been regular tobacco consumers (Rüther T. et al.: Electronic cigarette [e-cigarettes]an aid for smoking cessation? Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2013; International Meeting Boston MA 2013). However, the literature reveals evidence that people who have never previously smoked do use e-cigarettes: the percentages of Polish (12) and US (13) students were 3.2% and 9.3% of survey participants respectively. It is not yet known how many of these consumers later switch to conventional tobacco products and develop nicotine dependency.
This and many other literature sources, dating mainly from 2012 and 2013, have only the empirical validity of case reports or case series, as they are based on self-selection by study participants and the size of the reference population (i.e. the denominator) is unknown. This means that only the following conclusions can be drawn:
Pharmacological action
The nicotine inhaled via this type of e-cigarettes enters the body more slowly than when smoking conventional cigarettes (14, 15) (Table 1). Accordingly, a conventional cigarette suppressed the craving to smoke more than a 16 mg nicotine-containing e-cigarette (15) (Figure 2). There is currently no clinical data available on any direct reward effect, or kick, from an e-cigarette.
In an experimental study of 20 tobacco smokers who had abstained from smoking for 8 to 10 hours, it was shown that an e-cigarette containing 18 mg nicotine improved prospective memory when compared to a nicotine-free e-cigarette (16). This demonstrates the acute pharmacological effect on the CNS of nicotine absorbed from an e-cigarette.
Role in tobacco cessation
In addition to nicotines direct, short-term reward effect and the long-term dependency-causing psychotropic effect, psychological dependency also plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of a tobacco addiction (ICD-10: F17.2). This psychological dependency involves the following:
Initial studies indicate that e-cigarettes can reduce acute cravings almost as much as conventional cigarettes, even at low or undetectable levels of nicotine intake (19, 20). This means they might have the potential to act as a means to wean individuals off the psychological components of smoking.
Because nicotine enters the body very slowly with the current generation of e-cigarettes, at a speed comparable to common nicotine replacement products (14, 15), they may indeed be useful in tobacco cessation programs. Theoretically, this would address the psychological aspects of dependency, including the sensorimotor effects of smoking, and at the same time achieve similar nicotine replacement to common nicotine products. The addiction potential of e-cigarettes themselves in this scenario can be assessed as low.
There are currently only two randomized controlled trials available on the efficacy of e-cigarettes in smoking cessation. The results of a three-arm study (nicotine-containing e-cigarettes/nicotine-free e-cigarettes/nicotine patches with minimal other assistance) with a six-month follow-up period (21) are particularly interesting. Smokers who wanted to stop smoking were recruited by telephone, randomized, and assigned to one of the study armsnicotine e-cigarette (16 mg), nicotine patch (21 mg), and placebo e-cigaretteat a ratio of 4:4:1.
Members of the e-cigarette groups received the products at home by courier, and the nicotine patch group received coupons that could be redeemed at a pharmacy for a small fee. Both e-cigarettes and patches were to be used daily from one week before to 12 weeks after a self-determined smoking cessation day.
The six-month continuous abstinence rate, verified via carbon monoxide measurement, was 7.3% (21 out of 289) for the nicotine e-cigarette group, 5.8% (17 out of 295) for the nicotine patch group, and 4.1% (3 out of 73) for the placebo e-cigarette group. With this program, without any additional assistance, the abstinence rates fell below expected levels.
The differences were not statistically significant; this was also true for unwanted or serious adverse effects. The authors concluded that nicotine-containing and nicotine-free e-cigarettes were comparable to nicotine patches in achieving six-month tobacco abstinence. The weaknesses of this study, however, are obvious: no additional assistance or motivation for participants, no placebo nicotine patch study arm, low to no monitoring of compliance, differing availability of smoking cessation aids, no laboratory or other tests.
In another 12-month prospective study (22), smokers who did not want to stop smoking were given e-cigarettes with two different levels of nicotine content. This was a three-arm study; the third arm involved placebo e-cigarettes containing nicotine-free liquids. After one year all three groups showed a statistically significant reduction in daily consumption of conventional cigarettes and levels of carbon monoxide in exhaled air, and there were no significant differences between the groups. Overall, 8.7% of study participants abstained from conventional cigarettes completely. Thus the reduction and abstinence rates in smokers who did not want to stop were comparable to those for nicotine replacement therapy without additional support (23).
Both of the currently available randomized controlled trials on smoking cessation therefore indicate that e-cigarettes can be successful in smoking reduction and cessation regardless of nicotine content. Further, larger studies of better methodological quality are urgently needed on this subject. It seems advisable to determine whether different treatment conditions for smoking cessation and different patient groups benefit from the available aids in different ways. Because diseases caused by cigarette smokingsuch as lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cardiovascular diseasesare so prevalent, all available methods should be tested objectively.
Potential for addiction
For the e-cigarettes currently on the market, the speed with which nicotine enters the CNS after being inhaled is comparable to that of nicotine replacement products (nicotine patches, chewing gums, mouth sprays, or inhalers) and is a matter of minutes. In contrast, when tobacco smoke is inhaled nicotine reaches the CNS within 20 seconds, as a result of tobacco smokes more favorable pH for resorption and the binding of nicotine to smoke particles (24). In addition, lower maximum serum nicotine levels have been found following the use of e-cigarettes and therapeutic nicotine products than in smokers of conventional cigarettes (14, 15).
The potential of a drug to cause dependency is strongly correlated with the time between administration and the beginning of central reward effects (25, 26). The addiction potential of nicotine replacement products is therefore extremely low. In this regard, pharmacologically, the low addiction potential of nicotine replacement therapies also holds true for e-cigarettes. To date there is no clear evidence for their hypothetical potential as a drug, particularly among the young. As there is no kick from e-cigarettes, as opposed to conventional cigarettes, this risk seems to be low, but it must nevertheless be monitored, especially as it is possible that the cigarette industry might act manipulatively. This is also true for e-cigarettes much more worrying but insufficiently researched potential as a gateway drug to cigarette smoking.
Harm reduction
As yet, there is no data in the available literature on the use of e-cigarettes in high-risk groups such as psychiatric patients. High-risk groups have considerably higher prevalences of smoking than the general population (depression: approximately 60%, schizophrenia: approximately 85%, addictive disorders: up to 95%) (27), they have a significantly higher risk of dying of tobacco-related diseases (28), and they have lower success rates for smoking cessation (29). The use of e-cigarettes for risk reduction is a possible option and should be the subject of future studies.
Pulmonary effects
There is little data available on this subject. In 30 smokers with no manifest airway disease who vaped e-cigarettes with an 11 mg nicotine cartridge for five minutes at will, there was a statistically significant reduction in exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO)a marker mainly of eosinophilic inflammationand an increase in respiratory impedances measured via impulse oscillometry (IOS)an indicator of peripheral airway resistancewhen compared to control exposure (no cartridge) (30). Two recent publications (Vakali S. et al.: Short term use of an e-cig: Influence on clinical symptoms, vital signs and CO levels. European Respiratory Society Conference. Barcelona 2013; Palamidas A. et al.: Acute effect of an e-cigarette with and without nicotine on lung function. European Respiratory Society Conference. Barcelona 2013) found on average a significant increase in central airway resistance and an increase in carbon monoxide in exhaled air among both non-smokers and smokers with and without airway disease, regardless of nicotine content of cartridge.
A study by the authors, however, was unable to confirm these FeNO findings (31). In two other studies, no significant effects on conventional lung function parameters or leucocyte populations in the blood were observed when compared to participants who smoked conventional cigarettes (32, 33).
Overall, although the reported acute effects on the airways were slight, from a physiological perspective they must be considered adverse. The fact that small changes in parameters such as FeNO and IOS are susceptible to artefacts, that interpretations are by no means unambiguous, and other factors cause interpretation difficulties. To date there is no data on long-term use that shows clinically relevant target parameters. However, two very recent case reports on potential adverse effects of e-cigarettes are worth further investigation (34, 35).
Toxicological assessment
As e-cigarette use involves no combustion, their emissions would not be expected to contain significant levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The fact that they involve a vaporization process also suggests that no significant levels of carbon monoxide are released, so carbon monoxideinduced cardiocirculatory effects are unlikely. However, in experimental conditions, increased PAH levels have been measured in the surrounding air (31); this finding needs to be verified in various exposure scenarios.
Overall, the levels of harmful substances in e-cigarette vapor are between nine and 450 times less than in conventional tobacco smoke (Table 2) (36). There is no question but that this is a step forward in harm reduction.
The main carrier substance used for nicotine and fragrances is propylene glycol (propanediol). This is a colorless, almost fragrance-free alcohol that is an oily liquid at room temperature. The quantity of propylene glycol at which 50% of experimental animals die (lethal dose 50) is very high in rats (20 g/kg), and its known levels of irritation to the eyes, skin, and airways are low. There is no data yet available on airway-sensitizing effects, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, or carcinogenicity; no scientifically justifiable threshold limit value (TLV) has been determined (37).
The carcinogen burden received by people who are exposed to e-cigarette emissions at home, in public spaces (bars, restaurants), or at work is undoubtedly several orders of magnitude smaller than the burden from passive exposure to conventional tobacco smoke (31, 38). This means that, unlike conventional passive smokers, people who are exposed to e-cigarette vapor at home or work are not likely to have a measurably increased risk of lung cancer. Nevertheless, passive vapor does contain detectable levels of 1,2-propanediol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, diacetin, fragrances, and nicotine (39). The burden on those exposed at home or work must therefore be clarified within environmental and occupational medicine as part of the prevention of diseases other than lung cancer (40). A further factor, which is completely independent of toxicology, is the irritation caused to others by the released fragrances.
The market share of e-cigarettes will increase. The cigarette industry will enter this market, probably also targeting groups who are not yet consumersin other words, the young in particularwith cigarettes that are ostensibly healthier because they are smoke-free. This would thwart medical professionals efforts to prevent tobacco use among young people. The cigarette industry may try to accelerate nicotine release and increase the quantity of absorbed nicotine in order to attain the kick that is well known in cigarette smoke and to support addiction behavior among consumers in the long term. A further aim of the cigarette industry may be to force users to switch to conventional tobacco products later and thereby win back the market share they have been losing. It is impossible to foretell whether such efforts will be successful. In addition, disposable e-cigarettes might cause an electrical waste problem.
Conflict of interest statement
Prof. Nowak has received consultancy fees (Advisory Board) from Pfizer (a manufacturer of smoking cessation aids). He has received lecture fees from GSK. Prof. Nowak is a member of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area (Senatskommission zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe) of the German Research Foundation (DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) and of the Scientific Advisory Board of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Wissenschaftlicher Beirat des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung).
Dr. Jörres has given lectures (on areas of pulmonology unrelated to tobacco cessation) for GSK, AstraZeneca, Boehringer, Novartis, and Mundipharma and has received reimbursement of travel expenses and fees in return. He is a member of the Executive Committee of Germanys national COPD network, COSYCONET.
Dr. Rüther has received consultancy and lecture fees from Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson. He is a member of the Tobacco Dependency S3 Guideline Committee of the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF, Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften). He is a principal investigator of clinical trials on drug-assisted tobacco cessation for the pharmaceutical company Pfizer and Chairman of the German Addiction Medicine Society (DGS, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Suchtmedizin).
Manuscript received on 14 November 2013, revised version accepted on 5 March 2014.
Translated from the original German by Caroline Devitt, M.A.
Corresponding author:
Prof. Dr. med. Dennis Nowak
Institute and Outpatient Department for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine
Munich University Hospital
Ziemssenstr. 1
80336 München, Germany
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Dual Y-Bridge (was One and a Half H-Bridge)
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- by ignoblegnome
- Collected by 3 users
January 18, 2010
I had an idea tonight that is either inspired... or stupid. Please help me determine which. ; j
I was thinking about using one of my new Picaxe-08 processors for a project. They only have 5 I/O ports, three of which can be either an input or an output. However, for my project, I wanted to be able to control two motors and two sensors. Since traditional dual H-Bridge designs would require four processor outputs to control two motors with forward and reverse, that would leave only one I/O port left. Boo hoo.
I began to wonder if there was a way to control two motors in forward and reverse with only three outputs. I first thought of a simple Y-shaped circuit, which would have the motors sharing a common connector. After monkeying with the idea and reviewing some H-Bridge designs, here is what I came up with:
I did not bother with flyback diodes for the back EMF for now. I just want to see if the circuit would work conceptually. If so, I'll look at practical matters like that.
The logic table for this circuit is below. Note that the output at the top-right of the diagram is an inverted copy of Output 3.
If I haven't overlooked something, this circuit would allow a robot with two motors to drive forward, reverse, spin left, spin right, or reverse to one side. The bottom two logic input settings would result in a condition where two or more transistors in the same leg of the circuit would short out power to ground, and should be avoided.
OK, folks. Fire away! What did I miss?
Based on Telefox's modification, I have updated the circuit diagram. I have also added base bias resistors and protection diodes.
Here's the logic table for the circuit.
I decided to call this circuit a "dual Y-Bridge". One "Y" is turned on when you enable the "Reverse" line. The other "Y" is turned on when you turn on "Forward_1" and "Forward_2".
In practical application, I'd like to add some logic to make sure the dangerous states are never applied and make this a "smoke-proof" bridge. I'd also have some noise supression capacitors on the motors.
After testing my own and Telefox's "smoke-proof" circuits, we came to the conclusion that they were not working. The good news is that the 2n2222A transistors seemed capable of surviving the short condition I was trying to protect against. Therefore I will just leave the protection circuit out.
Here are some current results for the circuit, using 4xAAA batteries as the supply.
- One motor forward: ~130mA
- Two motors forward: ~240mA
- Two motors reverse: ~220mA
- Reverse + one motor forward: ~610mA (transistor short condition)
- Reverse + two motors forward: ~850mA (transistor short condition)
The 2n2222A transistors I used are the high current version of the 2n2222. They seem to withstand the abuse of being shorted.
Here's the Y-Bridge implemented on a Picaxe-08 Protoboard.
- Six (6) pn2222A npn transistors
- Six (6) 1n4454 diodes
- Two (2) 1n4006diodes
- Six (6) 1k ohm 1/8 watt resistors
- Assembled Picaxe-08 Protoboard
- Assorted wires, header pins, etc.
Although the initial layout went very well, I ended up having to get creative to provide all the contacts I needed for the motor output pins. I used cut off pieces of component lead to fit into the same contact hole as the Q1 and Q5 emitter leads. This was a pretty ugly hack, but it worked.
You can see the Y-Bridge implemented on Blind Lemon.
Another approach
I might be building a 08-bot in near (or far :-) future so this is an interesting topic. I thought I'll give a try for a different approach. I'm not so sure if it's a good one because it's kinda "crippling" a L293D H-Bridge.
The idea is to build a logic to between 08 Picaxe and L293D. I created one logic with 6 NAND gates and another with 2 XOR gates and 4 NAND gates. Here's what I ended up with (08 outputs/logic inputs on the left and L293D/logic outputs on the right side. Click for non-scaled image):
And here's the logic table:
If I try to build this I'll probably try to build the logic using two 4011 quad 2 input NAND gates (DIP14 case). Of course it may get difficult to fit in two DIP14 chips if you are really running out of free space :-) But I think I have enough space anyway.
Here's a nice video of my logic simulation in KTechLab: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bM8HI0YTF-A
I had a similar idea at
I had a similar idea at first, using an extra transistor or two as inverters, but then I realised there's already 2 transistors that are essentially inverting the Reverse signal: Q4 and Q6.
When Reverse is pulled high, Q4 and Q6 pull the two Forward signals low via the extra diodes D1 and D2. R1 and R2 are just there to limit current flow and ensure the Forward signals are easily defeated.
Oops, that's what I get for
Oops, that's what I get for being hasty =)
I've flipped the diodes over in the above diagram.


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Makes sense to have Ock-Spidey already at odds with people as the Superior Spider-Man. Interesting to say the least!
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Everyone quit your bitching and give it a shot.
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@G-Man said:
I'm actually surprised people didn't complain when Peter got his dream job at Horizon. He had so much money, a great apartment, etc, everything that was the opposite of what Peter Parker's "Parker Luck" was about. Now he's getting fired and people are having a fit?
And for the record, I still say "The Other" story where Peter dies and gets reborn in a cocoon made from spiders was way more whack than what's going on now. I know there are those that really loved that story but it just didn't work for me personally.
Personally, I did have a problem with him getting his dream job, money, etc. It's one of the reasons why I haven't been that into Slott's run and think it's been mediocre. He wrote some good stories, but for the most part they were bland to me and he usually didn't write the Peter that I like to read.
The Other was terrible. I have to say that I like JMS' run, but that has more to do with how he wrote Peter's personal life and his relationship with MJ and Aunt May than it does with the superhero aspect, which I consider he wrote terrible.
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@DerfelMacklin: i know right? the avengers are earths mightiest heros , i dont think wolverine is a good fit there.
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One question that's been bugging me about Doctor Octopus's "Superior Spider-Man" is that if Octavius is trying to prove that he is a better and smarter Spider-Man than Peter Parker, why would he redesign the spider on his back to look even less like an actual spider?
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This ruines my Spidey and Captain Marvel relationship chances, still love the idea of the all new spider man though and will be reading this!
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@chocobojam said:
No matter what fans said about how they dont like this new direction Spiderman is taking, they will still buy it. And thats the funny truth about superior Spiderman!!
Wow, I can't believe this is surprising news for you, but no it's not. Sales may not show in the first month or two, but go to any Marvel forum, and it's filled with people telling Marvel they're going to cancel their subscriptions to anything Spider-Man-related. More people than you know are hating the very idea that this series is actually a reality. I swear, it's almost like having a villain kill a superhero in the harshest, insensitive, most ill-conceived way imaginable, then expecting fans to root for said villain as a hero, is a BAD idea or something. (and yes, I'm being sarcastic as f*** on that sentence.)
@ahgunsillyo: I've seen a lot of criticism of this new change, but that's got to be the most hilarious complaint I've yet seen levelled against Spidey-Ock.
I'm starting to wonder if I'm the only person who actually likes this change. It's not as if Marvel are really expecting us to root for Dr Octopus as a hero; he's still a complete prick, and now it looks like his attitude is going to come back to bite him. There's room or some interesting character development here. Will being confronted with his personality laws drive Ock back to villainy, or will he take another look at himself in a new light?
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Better art, then we get no Peter. :[
@ahgunsillyo said:
One question that's been bugging me about Doctor Octopus's "Superior Spider-Man" is that if Octavius is trying to prove that he is a better and smarter Spider-Man than Peter Parker, why would he redesign the spider on his back to look even less like an actual spider?
He wants it to look more like an Octopus lol.
@ahgunsillyo said:
One question that's been bugging me about Doctor Octopus's "Superior Spider-Man" is that if Octavius is trying to prove that he is a better and smarter Spider-Man than Peter Parker, why would he redesign the spider on his back to look even less like an actual spider?
What are you smoking bro. This makes no sense what so ever.
@Thatdood87 said:
Everyone quit your bitching and give it a shot.
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@Dark_Guyver said:
Replace "fired" with "CANCELLED!" then that would be a start in the right direction for this garbage.
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@RuinedGlory said:
My thoughts on The Amazing Spider-Man #700. Also as for the "Fired" photo, Spidey's feet look like he has two giant toes & that's it.
They're Japanese style "tabi boots"
@Super_SoldierXII said:
I like the arc personally.
I hope Ock loses it as Parker, I mean the kid gloves come off completely, and we finally see what kind of damage a moral-less Spidey is really capable of (and no, Kaine doesn't count as a 100% valid substitute for me).
As a fan of the battle threads, it could prove very revealing - we might finally put to rest a lot of speculation.
Doc Ock Spidey versus Wolverine. Both out for blood. Make it happen.
Be careful. Spider-Man fans are already posting images of Peter drawing Blood from Logan with a single blow. For me, its a moral victory =D.
I can already see it . Spider-Man actually has Carboduim Armor and Claws as well, so it will just make a close up brawl between them even more bloody. Still favor Logan in a tight no webbing/cyro pellets brawl, but it is an interesting concept nonetheless. Still, this talk of a morals off Spider-Man is getting a bit Passe. If you want Morals off Spider-Man, read Back in Black or Grim Hunt. We also have Kaine who is filling that role (Granted not 100 percent LOL) and Flash Thompson as Venom.
As for Superior Spider-Man, Its okay. Don't feel much either way (Which is weird). Upset that he could be fired from Avengers and/or Horizon Labs. I found it refreshing that Spider-Man was actually starting to be acknowledged for his abilites and intelligence. If it happens , I hope it does so as a one-shot.
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If Doc Ock is Peter Parker than technically Peter Parker is still Spider-Man...Amirite?
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Not really surprised.
It's in a way impressive that Marvel could make a story that has Humberto Ramos as an artist that I'm not even generally interested in checking out.
That's because the new job signified some level of growth after after some 40 odd years of events were taken away with OMD. People are probably upset because this isn't Peter screwing things up, but Doc Oc in Peter's skin pretending to be him. All for Peter to eventually return and have to put things back together again. However, this image more implies he's being removed from the Avengers. Which isn't that big a deal.
From the moment they "killed" Peter, ever one just began counting the months for Peter's return. They've basically created a story arc where many aren't waiting to see how it ends. They're just waiting for it to end. Then they get the lead back, and everyone can forget any of it even happened. They're asking consumers to support a series where the lead is replaced by a villain pretending to be the lead.
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Most likely getting kick out of the Avengers or getting fired from Horizon. Damnit Dan Slott!!!!!!!!
That would be cool, if now Doc Ock starts beating the Avengers to the punch, by saving people before they even get there. It would be awesome to see Cap's face when Spider-man starts kicking ass and not following rules. I guess it would just kinda be like when the Punisher does it, but less violently.
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@Sammo21 said:
@G-Man: You can't please people, Tony. I think Dan Slott has done a great job with Spider-Man. I'm excited to seeing where this story arc goes because OBVIOUSLY as of issue #1 of Superior this is an arc. I'm sure we'll come out of this seeing Parker as the superior Spider-Man and defeating Ock once again.
@powerhouse1122: wow, really dude...calm down. Many people think that Spider-Man being a full time Avenger (and on three different teams at the same time) was a completely screw up in and of itself.


text: Warc Global Marketing Index flat in June Published on June 20, 2013. 0 Reprints Reprints Ad Age LookBook Weekly Feature Why Taco Bell's Social Media Blackout Was a Brilliant Campaign Learn more London—The Warc Global Marketing Index, which tracks global marketing spending, registered 54.3 in June, flat compared with May. A score of 50 indicates no change in global marketing budgets; a score below 50 indicates a decrease; and a score above 50 indicates growth. A score above 60 indicates rapid growth. In the Americas, the marketing budget index registered 56.3, down from 58.0 in June. The headline GMI, which measures overall market trading conditions, including confidence in the economy, registered a global value of 55.9, consistent with the May index. In this article: BtoB Advertisement Read These Next Pio Schunker, Former Coca-Cola Marketing Exec, Joins Samsung Mark Bergen on 03.31.2015 85 0 People on the Move: Chris Hassall Joins APCO Worldwide on 03.31.2015 11 0 Wendy Clark to Return to Coca-Cola on April 6, Company Says E.J. Schultz on 03.31.2015 56 0 Comments (0)