text: Leicester Research Archive The DSpace digital repository system captures, stores, indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material. http://lra.le.ac.uk:80 2015-03-18T07:05:54Z 2015-03-18T07:05:54Z VEGFR2-Mediated Vascular Dilation as a Mechanism of VEGF-Induced Anemia and Bone Marrow Cell Mobilization Lim, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, D. Chen, F. Hosaka, K. Feng, N. Seki, T. Andersson, P. Li, J. Zang, J. Sun, B. Cao, Yihai http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31883 2015-03-18T03:00:16Z 2015-03-17T16:40:56Z Title: VEGFR2-Mediated Vascular Dilation as a Mechanism of VEGF-Induced Anemia and Bone Marrow Cell Mobilization Authors: Lim, S.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, D.; Chen, F.; Hosaka, K.; Feng, N.; Seki, T.; Andersson, P.; Li, J.; Zang, J.; Sun, B.; Cao, Yihai Abstract: Molecular mechanisms underlying tumor VEGF-induced host anemia and bone marrow cell (BMC) mobilization remain unknown. Here, we report that tumor VEGF markedly induced sinusoidal vasculature dilation in bone marrow (BM) and BMC mobilization to tumors and peripheral tissues in mouse and human tumor models. Unexpectedly, anti-VEGFR2, but not anti-VEGFR1, treatment completely blocked VEGF-induced anemia and BMC mobilization. Genetic deletion of Vegfr2 in endothelial cells markedly ablated VEGF-stimulated BMC mobilization. Conversely, deletion of the tyrosine kinase domain from Vegfr1 gene (Vegfr1TK−/−) did not affect VEGF-induced BMC mobilization. Analysis of VEGFR1+/VEGFR2+ populations in peripheral blood and BM showed no significant ratio difference between VEGF- and control tumor-bearing animals. These findings demonstrate that vascular dilation through the VEGFR2 signaling is the mechanism underlying VEGF-induced BM mobilization and anemia. Thus, our data provide mechanistic insights on VEGF-induced BMC mobilization in tumors and have therapeutic implications by targeting VEGFR2 for cancer therapy. Description: Supplemental materials at: Document S1. Supplemental Experimental Procedures and Figures S1–S5. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/MiamiMultiMediaURL/1-s2.0-S2211124714007712/1-s2.0-S2211124714007712-mmc1.pdf/280959/FULL/S2211124714007712/fc714754e08d8a44f5c473c0afb58d19/mmc1.pdf and Document S2. Article plus Supplemental Information. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/MiamiMultiMediaURL/1-s2.0-S2211124714007712/1-s2.0-S2211124714007712-mmc2.pdf/280959/FULL/S2211124714007712/71e9db57318036cf22be437be66e29a2/mmc2.pdf?_role=article-plus 2015-03-17T16:40:56Z Solving the Puzzle of Subhalo Spins Wang, Y. Lin, W. Pearce, F. Lux, H. Muldrew, Stuart I. Onions, J. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31882 2015-03-18T03:00:13Z 2015-03-17T14:53:42Z Title: Solving the Puzzle of Subhalo Spins Authors: Wang, Y.; Lin, W.; Pearce, F.; Lux, H.; Muldrew, Stuart I.; Onions, J. Abstract: Investigating the spin parameter distribution of subhalos in two high-resolution isolated halo simulations, recent work by Onions et al. suggested that typical subhalo spins are consistently lower than the spin distribution found for field halos. To further examine this puzzle, we have analyzed simulations of a cosmological volume with sufficient resolution to resolve a significant subhalo population. We confirm the result of Onions et al. and show that the typical spin of a subhalo decreases with decreasing mass and increasing proximity to the host halo center. We interpret this as the growing influence of tidal stripping in removing the outer layers, and hence the higher angular momentum particles, of the subhalos as they move within the host potential. Investigating the redshift dependence of this effect, we find that the typical subhalo spin is smaller with decreasing redshift. This indicates a temporal evolution, as expected in the tidal stripping scenario. 2015-03-17T14:53:42Z Argentina 2001. Videoactivismos. Garavelli, Clara http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31881 2015-03-17T02:02:13Z 2015-03-16T15:33:55Z Title: Argentina 2001. Videoactivismos. Authors: Garavelli, Clara Abstract: Brief web-entry that describes the emergence of video-activist groups after the events of December 2001 in Argentina. 2015-03-16T15:33:55Z Elefante Blanco/White Elephant (Campanella) Garavelli, Clara http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31880 2015-03-17T02:02:13Z 2015-03-16T15:31:06Z Title: Elefante Blanco/White Elephant (Campanella) Authors: Garavelli, Clara Editors: Oyarzabal, S.; Pigott, M. Abstract: Review of the film Elefante Blanco/White Elephant (Campanella 2013) 2015-03-16T15:31:06Z Reflexiones fragmentadas: pensar los Estudios Culturales desde España Garavelli, Clara Arroyo, P. Casáus, M. Ortega, M. L. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31879 2015-03-17T02:02:19Z 2015-03-16T15:21:00Z Title: Reflexiones fragmentadas: pensar los Estudios Culturales desde España Authors: Garavelli, Clara; Arroyo, P.; Casáus, M.; Ortega, M. L. Abstract: El título de este libro describe, en cierto modo, su contexto de origen: un foro de debate y discusión abierto a distintas aproximaciones al campo de los "estudios culturales" y a la reflexión sobre la validez disciplinaria y la utilidad interpretativa de este tipo de enfoques para el análisis de los fenómenos sociales, políticos y culturales de América Latina. Dichas reflexiones, no obstante, fueron hechas desde el contexto académico español, un espacio de enunciación que hasta muy recientemente ha sido particularmente reacio a la introducción de la in-disciplina que entraña la aproximación inter-trans-disciplinaria a los fenómenos del campo de la cultura propia de los Estudios Culturales. Si bien hoy en día cuenta con un número considerable de partidarios, la realidad sigue siendo la de rechazo, principalmente por parte de las instituciones que regulan los quehaceres académicos en base a un sistema de puntuación y competencias regladas que no contemplan la posibilidad que ofrecen los estudios que sortean esas barreras disciplinares impuestas, condenándoles así al olvido. En este sentido, el presente volumen pretende ser a la vez un compendio de algunas de las principales aportaciones que los estudios culturales y la teoría postcolonial han hecho al campo de los estudios latinoamericanos en las últimas décadas, y también una propuesta y una apuesta a favor de la pertinencia de este tipo de aproximaciones a la hora de abrir nuevos campos de análisis y nuevos debates transdisciplinares en la academia española. 2015-03-16T15:21:00Z IMMUNITY AND THE PUBLIC/PRIVATE BOUNDARY IN EU EMPLOYMENT LAW Rodgers, Lisa http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31878 2015-03-17T02:02:17Z 2015-03-16T15:12:34Z Title: IMMUNITY AND THE PUBLIC/PRIVATE BOUNDARY IN EU EMPLOYMENT LAW Authors: Rodgers, Lisa Abstract: The doctrine of 'immunity', whether considered in terms of state immunity (the immunity of the state against claims by embassy employees), or diplomatic immunity (the immunity of diplomatic agents against claims by their own employed staff ) acts to block employment law claims and therefore prevent access to justice for certain employment law groups. This article discusses recent developments in the doctrine of immunity in the context of the jurisdictional scope of EU (employment) law. In particular, it considers two recent trends in the development of the immunity doctrine. The first trend is the erosion of the 'absolute' nature of state immunity and an increased willingness at both EU and national (UK) levels to consider state immunity as just one factor in the 'balancing' exercise associated with human rights. The second trend considered in this article is that associated with diplomatic immunity. Whilst there have been signs of a relaxation of the strict operation of this doctrine in some cases, there is also evidence of a judicial reluctance to erode diplomatic immunity in others. The article discusses the arguments put forward in both (state and diplomatic immunity) cases, and particularly what they reveal about the current understanding of the jurisdictional scope and public/private divide in EU employment law. Description: Embargoed pending rights clearance with publisher 2015-03-16T15:12:34Z Do Student Evaluations of University Reflect Inaccurate Beliefs or Actual Experience? A Relative Rank Model. Brown, G. D. Wood, A. M. Ogden, R. S. Maltby, John http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31877 2015-03-17T02:02:16Z 2015-03-16T14:56:37Z Title: Do Student Evaluations of University Reflect Inaccurate Beliefs or Actual Experience? A Relative Rank Model. Authors: Brown, G. D.; Wood, A. M.; Ogden, R. S.; Maltby, John Abstract: It was shown that student satisfaction ratings are influenced by context in ways that have important theoretical and practical implications. Using questions from the UK's National Student Survey, the study examined whether and how students' expressed satisfaction with issues such as feedback promptness and instructor enthusiasm depends on the context of comparison (such as possibly inaccurate beliefs about the feedback promptness or enthusiasm experienced at other universities) that is evoked. Experiment 1 found strong effects of experimentally provided comparison context-for example, satisfaction with a given feedback time depended on the time's relative position within a context. Experiment 2 used a novel distribution-elicitation methodology to determine the prior beliefs of individual students about what happens in universities other than their own. It found that these beliefs vary widely and that students' satisfaction was predicted by how they believed their experience ranked within the distribution of others' experiences. A third study found that relative judgement principles also predicted students' intention to complain. An extended model was developed to show that purely rank-based principles of judgement can account for findings previously attributed to range effects. It was concluded that satisfaction ratings and quality of provision are different quantities, particularly when the implicit context of comparison includes beliefs about provision at other universities. Quality and satisfaction should be assessed separately, with objective measures (such as actual times to feedback), rather than subjective ratings (such as satisfaction with feedback promptness), being used to measure quality wherever practicable. Description: PMCID: PMC4297360 2015-03-16T14:56:37Z Guerrilla Tactics of Investigative Journalists in China Tong, Jingrong http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31876 2015-03-16T14:44:47Z 2015-03-16T14:44:07Z Title: Guerrilla Tactics of Investigative Journalists in China Authors: Tong, Jingrong Abstract: [From 1st paragraph] Thanks to socio-economic and political change in China, investigative reporting had emerged as a new genre of Chinese journalism by the 1990s. Both the Party and the people seemed to welcome its rise (Zhao, 1998, 2000). This tendency reached its peak in 2003, when both domestic and foreign media hailed coverage of several important stories, especially the SARS epidemic and the Sun Zhigang event, as a breakthrough in Chinese journalism. Such stories were often covered first and best by Southern Metropolis Daily (nanfang dushi bao), which became very popular for its tough investigative reporting on social issues and dodgy doings by local officials. Description: Also Journalism, 8(5): 530–535 DOI: 10.1177/1464884907081047 2015-03-16T14:44:07Z What Didn't Happen Stannard, Martin J. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31875 2015-03-17T02:02:16Z 2015-03-16T12:25:34Z Title: What Didn't Happen Authors: Stannard, Martin J. Description: Review of David Lodge, Quite a Good Time to be Born: A Memoir 1935-1975 (Harvill Secker, 2015) 2015-03-16T12:25:34Z Video Experimental Argentino Contemporáneo: Una Cartografía Crítica Garavelli, Clara http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31874 2015-03-17T02:02:16Z 2015-03-16T12:08:17Z Title: Video Experimental Argentino Contemporáneo: Una Cartografía Crítica Authors: Garavelli, Clara Abstract: Since the beginning of the new millennium, experimental video in Argentina has spread at great speed. Far from being a cult product created by only a few, as was the case in previous decades, it has become popular and has acquired a wide range of characteristics. The disparity of aesthetics and creative processes, of conceptual models, of spaces and forms of exhibition, as well as the mutation of video in terms of its format and artistic medium, have continued to make the analytical categories of experimental video problematic, rendering traditional modes of inquiry/fields of knowledge insufficient in the study of these types of works. Accordingly, this book aims to systematically study, from a plurality of perspectives, these kinds of productions that have been increased exponentially and that illustrate, among other things, the changes not only in the field of audiovisual production but also in the national socio-political context. Hence, a critical cartography of contemporary experimental Argentine video productions is outlined, bearing in mind that such productions are influenced by a national reality marked by the post-dictatorship period and by the political, social and economic consequences of the rampant implementation of neoliberal policies. Thus, the corpus is limited to those works directly connected to this context and which have a particular social and political sensibility. This is a significant research project that aims to fill a gap in the theoretical field of Argentine video creation. 2015-03-16T12:08:17Z Resolving non-determinism in choreographies Bocchi, L. Melgratti, H. Tuosto, Emilio http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31873 2015-03-17T02:02:13Z 2015-03-16T11:59:32Z Title: Resolving non-determinism in choreographies Authors: Bocchi, L.; Melgratti, H.; Tuosto, Emilio Abstract: Resolving non-deterministic choices of choreographies is a crucial task. We introduce a novel notion of realisability for choreographies -called whole-spectrum implementation- that rules out deterministic implementations of roles that, no matter which context they are placed in, will never follow one of the branches of a non-deterministic choice. We show that, under some conditions, it is decidable whether an implementation is whole-spectrum. As a case study, we analyse the POP protocol under the lens of whole-spectrum implementation. © 2014 Springer-Verlag. 2015-03-16T11:59:32Z Does the Use of antipyretics prolong the duration of fever in children? Roland, Damian http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31872 2015-03-17T02:02:19Z 2015-03-16T11:51:20Z Title: Does the Use of antipyretics prolong the duration of fever in children? Authors: Roland, Damian Abstract: [From first paragraph] The work by Purssell and While has poured further oil on the flames that keep the fever debate alive. The potentially deleterious affect of antipyretics lengthening disease course has been previously described but this is the first meta-analysis of studies. Surprisingly, given the potentially large differences between the studies (four studies on inpatients and two on outpatients) statistical heterogeneity was relatively low. 2015-03-16T11:51:20Z Ifjúság és Elias: A Fiatal Munkás projekt O'Connor, Henrietta Goodwin, John Plugor, Reka http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31871 2015-03-17T02:02:12Z 2015-03-16T11:35:11Z Title: Ifjúság és Elias: A Fiatal Munkás projekt Authors: O'Connor, Henrietta; Goodwin, John; Plugor, Reka Editors: Goodwin, John; Hadas, M.; Hughes, Jason R. A.; Plugor, Reka Abstract: Ebben a tanulmányban röviden bemutatjuk Eliasnak egy "elveszett" kutatási projektjét, amelyet az 1960-as évek elején végzett Leicesterben a fi atal munkások munkahelyi szerepekhez és felnőtt helyzetekhez való alkalmazkodásáról: A Fiatal Munkások Alkalmazkodása a Munkahelyi Helyzetekhez és a Felnőtt Szerepekhez. Az elveszettnek hitt interjús ütemtervek felfedezése levéltári kutatással kiegészítve lehetőséget nyújtott arra, hogy összerakjuk a projekt hátterét és Elias ifj úságról alkotott elméleti megközelítését. Elméleti modelljének azt a részét vázoljuk fel, amely a sokk hipotézisre és a gyermekeknek a felnőtt világtól való elválasztására koncentrál. Description: Embargoed pending copyright clearance from publisher 2015-03-16T11:35:11Z Bevezetés: Norbert Elias és a folyamatszociológia Goodwin, J. Hadas, M. Hughes, Jason R. A. Plugor, Reka http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31870 2015-03-17T02:02:12Z 2015-03-16T11:23:40Z Title: Bevezetés: Norbert Elias és a folyamatszociológia Authors: Goodwin, J.; Hadas, M.; Hughes, Jason R. A.; Plugor, Reka Editors: Goodwin, J.; Hadas, M.; Hughes, Jason R. A.; Plugor, Reka Abstract: 2014 júniusában fontos konferencia került megrendezésre a Leicesteri Egyetemen Elias munkásságáról, amelynek apropóját az életművet bemutató összkiadás (Th e Collected Works of Norbert Elias) kötetsorozatának befejezése szolgáltatta. Az összkiadást a University College Dublin Press adta ki Stephen Mennell szerkesztésében [az ezzel kapcsolatos információkat lásd a hasznos oldalak között a kötet végén]. A konferencia főszervezői John Goodwin és Jason Hughes voltak, a szervezésben aktívan részt vett Plugor Réka, és – a mintegy kéttucatnyi országból érkezett konferencia-résztvevő között – jelen volt Hadas Miklós is. Itt merült föl annak ötlete, hogy elkészüljön ez a különszám. Description: Embargoed pending rights clearance with publisher. 2015-03-16T11:23:40Z Female perineal injuries in children and adolescents presenting to a Paediatric Emergency Department Roland, Damian Lewis, Gareth Rowlands, Rachel Davidson, Emmanuel Davies, Ffion http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31869 2015-03-17T02:02:12Z 2015-03-16T10:32:33Z Title: Female perineal injuries in children and adolescents presenting to a Paediatric Emergency Department Authors: Roland, Damian; Lewis, Gareth; Rowlands, Rachel; Davidson, Emmanuel; Davies, Ffion Abstract: This retrospective case series determined documentation quality and likelihood of safeguarding issues in females aged 0-15 years with perineal and genital injuries presenting to a Paediatric Emergency Department (ED). Between 2002 and 2010 cases were identified and clinical information recorded. Cases were cross-referenced against the hospital's safeguarding unit's records up to 2011. 181 case notes were available for review with 76.2% of patients discharged home from the ED. Fewer than 50% of case notes contained clear anatomical description of the injuries. In 51 (28.2%) cases child safeguarding issues were considered, with specific referrals made to safeguarding services in 20 of these (11.0%). Only one case involved subsequent child safeguarding proceedings. Clear documentation of injury patterns by medical staff was poor but medical and nursing staff should not be anxious about dealing with this cohort of patients as they are no different from other accidental injuries needing diligent levels of child safeguarding awareness. 2015-03-16T10:32:33Z Organelles maintain spindle position in plant meiosis Brownfield, L. Yi, J. Jiang, H. Minina, E. A. Twell, David Kohler, C. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31868 2015-03-17T02:02:10Z 2015-03-16T10:12:11Z Title: Organelles maintain spindle position in plant meiosis Authors: Brownfield, L.; Yi, J.; Jiang, H.; Minina, E. A.; Twell, David; Kohler, C. Abstract: Accurate positioning of spindles is a critical aspect of cell division as it ensures that each daughter cell contains a single nucleus. In many flowering plants two meiotic chromosome separations occur without intervening cytokinesis, resulting in two spindles in one cell during the second division. Here we report a detailed examination of two mutants, jason (jas) and parallel spindle1 (ps1), in which disturbed spindle position during male meiosis II results in the incorporation of previously separated chromosome groups into a single cell. Our study reveals that an organelle band provides a physical barrier between the two spindles. The loss of a single protein, JAS, from this organelle band leads to its disruption and a random movement of the spindles. JAS is largely associated with vesicles in the organelle band, revealing a role for vesicles in plant meiosis and that cytoplasmic events maintain spindle position during chromosome division. Description: Supplementary information is available at: http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150311/ncomms7492/extref/ncomms7492-s1.pdf 2015-03-16T10:12:11Z Interpreting broad emission-line variations - I. Factors influencing the emission-line response Goad, Michael R. Korista, K. T. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31867 2015-03-14T02:02:46Z 2015-03-13T16:53:01Z Title: Interpreting broad emission-line variations - I. Factors influencing the emission-line response Authors: Goad, Michael R.; Korista, K. T. Abstract: We investigate the sensitivity of the measured broad emission-line responsivity dlog fline/dlog fcont to continuum variations in the context of straw-man broad emission-line region (BLR) geometries of varying size with fixed BLR boundaries, and for which the intrinsic emission-line responsivity is known a priori. We find for a generic emission line that the measured responsivity ηeff, delay and maximum of the cross-correlation function are correlated for characteristic continuum variability time-scales Tchar less than the maximum delay for that line τmax(line) for a particular choice of BLR geometry and observer orientation. The above correlations are manifestations of geometric dilution arising from reverberation effects within the spatially extended BLR. When present, geometric dilution reduces the measured responsivity, delay and maximum of the cross-correlation function. Conversely, geometric dilution is minimized if Tchar ≥ τmax(line). We also find that the measured responsivity and delay show a strong dependence on light-curve duration, with shorter campaigns resulting in smaller than expected values, and only a weak dependence on sampling rate (for irregularly sampled data). The observed strong negative correlation between continuum level and line responsivity found in previous studies cannot be explained by differences in the sampling pattern, light-curve duration or in terms of purely geometrical effects. To explain this and to satisfy the observed positive correlation between continuum luminosity and BLR size in an individual source, the responsivity-weighted radius must increase with increasing continuum luminosity. For a BLR with fixed inner and outer boundaries this requires radial surface emissivity distributions which deviate significantly from a simple power law, and in such a way that the intrinsic emission-line responsivity increases towards larger BLR radii, in line with photoionization calculations. Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ©: 2014, The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. 2015-03-13T16:53:01Z Developing a Relational View of the Organizing Role of Objects: A study of the innovation process in computer games Scarbrough, Harry Panourgias, Nikiforos S. Nandhakumar, Joe http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31866 2015-03-14T02:02:44Z 2015-03-13T15:44:50Z Title: Developing a Relational View of the Organizing Role of Objects: A study of the innovation process in computer games Authors: Scarbrough, Harry; Panourgias, Nikiforos S.; Nandhakumar, Joe Abstract: Innovation processes create distinctive challenges for coordination. Objects are seen as supporting coordination in such settings by enabling the emergent action needed to deal with a dynamic and uncertain process. Thus, previous work has highlighted the role of different types of objects in coordinating the collaborative tasks undertaken by expert groups, either by motivating the creation of new knowledge or through the translation of understanding. Through an empirical study of innovation processes in the computer games sector, our paper adds to this previous work by finding that the relations between objects, and not the objects alone, help to orchestrate multiple collaborative tasks towards a final outcome within temporal and resource constraints. The relational view which emerges from this study shows how such a 'system of objects' is able to stabilize coordination of the process while preserving the emergence and autonomy of games developer practices needed to achieve innovation. 2015-03-13T15:44:50Z Applying Standardised, Interoperable and Innovative Automated Solutions: Corporate Treasuries and the Development of Globally Connected Financial Services Buschman, Tom Panourgias, Nikiforos S. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31865 2015-03-14T02:02:43Z 2015-03-13T15:37:46Z Title: Applying Standardised, Interoperable and Innovative Automated Solutions: Corporate Treasuries and the Development of Globally Connected Financial Services Authors: Buschman, Tom; Panourgias, Nikiforos S. Abstract: Large multinational corporations operate in a wide variety of countries with a range of risks associated with their size, infrastructures and operational practices. Increasingly ubiquitous and powerful ICTs have enabled the centralisation of many support functions from local operations to the corporate headquarters. This, in turn, has led to a concentration of contracting for financial services with global and strong regional banks, primarily in Western countries by corporate treasuries. In this context, the development and adoption of standardisation in informational linkages can become a crucial component in remote and centralised decision-making by providing a mechanism for re-engaging financial service providers in emerging markets in the execution of financial services with limited intermediation from global or regional banks. Prime broker services, for example, combined with an efficient processing of transactions, can facilitate enhanced international market access for local financial institutions by providing the necessary credit intermediation between multinational corporations and local financial institutions. This paper seeks to show how the corporate treasury of a large multinational corporation, through the use of ICT-enabled transactional process innovations, is developing effective and efficient mechanisms for the management of the credit, concentration, and operational risks involved in contracting with local financial services firms. It also demonstrates how interoperability based on ICT standards is an essential component of such an arrangement if the risks of operating in a volatile and heterogeneous global financial environment are to be mitigated rather than just displaced or obscured. The paper also illustrates how over the past five years, significant progress has been made in constructing the infrastructures and establishing the services that will be needed to enable financial services institutions in emerging markets to benefit from enhanced access to global markets. It further shows how the pro-active engagement of these local financial services firms and their regulators with such arrangements is an indispensable part to any strategy to reversed, or at least mitigate, the current trend of financial services provisions migrating from local institutions to regional and global banks. Such a pro-active engagement should involve a focused seeking-out of new ways to deliver financing, liquidity management, FX and related services to international multinational firms. This, as will be show, entails a high degree of standardisation, automated supporting of transaction services, active contracting with prime broker services and engagement with regulators in order to ensure automation of reporting requirements and rapid authorisation processes for cross-border transactions. 2015-03-13T15:37:46Z Entanglements of creative agency and digital technology: A sociomaterial study of computer game development Panourgias, Nikiforos S. Nandhakumar, Joe Scarbrough, Harry http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31864 2015-03-14T02:02:34Z 2015-03-13T15:16:46Z Title: Entanglements of creative agency and digital technology: A sociomaterial study of computer game development Authors: Panourgias, Nikiforos S.; Nandhakumar, Joe; Scarbrough, Harry Abstract: Digital technology, with its distinctive characteristics that result from the fundamental process of digitalization that underpins it, is seen as fundamentally altering processes of creativity. However, we currently have limited understanding of creativity in relation to the development of digital technology. Computer game development, with its combination of esthetic, affective and cultural use features and highly sophisticated digital technologies, is a valuable setting for investigating these issues. In this paper, we explore how computer games are shaped through the interplay between the creative intentions of developers and the digital technologies involved in their production and playing. Drawing on in-depth studies conducted at three leading computer game development studios and a leading producer of the software system used in game development, this paper shows how the game developers' creative ideas for imagined novel game-playing experiences relate to a) the development of relevant digital technologies, and b) the emergence of new game development practices. The article goes on to propose a view of creativity as an on-going flow that, following an initial 'creative impulse', ripples through the sociomaterial entanglements of a particular setting, reconfiguring them in the process and spreading out in time and space in often unexpected ways. 2015-03-13T15:16:46Z Working towards a New Sustainable Rechargeable Battery; Zinc, Conducting Polymer and Deep Eutectic Solvent System Fullarton, Claire http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31863 2015-03-13T02:02:09Z 2015-03-12T16:06:46Z Title: Working towards a New Sustainable Rechargeable Battery; Zinc, Conducting Polymer and Deep Eutectic Solvent System Authors: Fullarton, Claire Abstract: Electronically conducting polymers based on functionalised thiophenes and pyrroles have continued to stimulate academic interest as well as starting to be employed in practical applications and uses. This thesis describes studies of the electronic properties of mixed thiophene-pyrrole polymers (based on custom synthesised mixed monomer precursors) and polymers electrodeposited from commercially available monomers, pyrrole and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, in respect to energy storage applications including batteries and ion selective membranes. In such applications the movement of ion and solvent through the polymer film during oxidation and reduction cycles is critical to application and function, e.g. charging rate, metal ion permeability or adhesion stability. Recently the unexpected behaviour of polypyrrole in choline chloride based ionic liquids has been described. These liquids are especially attractive because of their unique solubility profiles, high stability, low volatility and low toxicity. This thesis describes the electrochemical characterisation, DC capacitance behaviour and ion / solvent transport properties of conducting polymers using a range of electrochemical methodologies in combination with acoustic impedance electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance techniques (EQCM) and X-Ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy (XPS). The behaviour of several mixed thiophene-pyrrole films, polypyrrole and poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene in different electrolyte media; deep eutectic solvents (DESs), conventional organic solvents and aqueous media are contrasted in this thesis. PEDOT and one of the mixed thiophene-pyrrole polymers (poly 2-(thiophene-2-yl)-1H pyrrole) gave the highest DC capacitances of the polymers investigated, with high values observed in both choline chloride based (Type III) and zinc based (Type IV) DESs. The ion dynamics of the polymers p-doping in the DESs, observed to fit gravimetric data recorded, was able to show a marked difference in the ion transfers between DES types and a conventional organic solvent, acetonitrile. Both polymers in acetonitrile and the zinc based DES (ZnCl2 / EG) satisfied the electro-neutrality condition through dominance of anion transfers. Whereas, polymers in the choline chloride based DES (Ethaline) satisfied the electro-neutrality condition through dominance of choline cation transfers (in the opposite direction to anion transfers). This research involved work towards the development of a new class of rechargeable batteries based on a Zinc-Polymer system incorporating a novel, inexpensive, environmentally sustainable solvent. This work is necessitated by the problems associated with petrol and diesel powered vehicles and the limitations of batteries available for electric vehicles. 2015-03-12T16:06:46Z Tragic Hope – Sentiment and Critique in the Art of J. M. W. Turner Martin, Marion http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31862 2015-03-13T02:02:04Z 2015-03-12T15:55:43Z Title: Tragic Hope – Sentiment and Critique in the Art of J. M. W. Turner Authors: Martin, Marion Abstract: This is a study of historical meanings in J.M.W. Turner's art. As a starting point, it examines the cultural backdrop and mission of theorists of the Royal Academy, specifically Joshua Reynolds, to improve society. This mission, I argue, owes much to a strand of thinking particularly current at the time, aligned with the recently formed utopian concept of the bourgeois public: sentimentalism. Turner's art, this thesis proposes, pursued this utopian ideal throughout. While landscape art around 1800 tended to be interpreted in contexts which abstracted art from societal significance, Turner's earliest composite works already guided their audiences' understanding towards the moral effects of tragedy through their paratexts. Apart from these works, exhibited in 1798 and 1799, whose paratexts have been studied in the past mostly for their enhancement of aesthetic effects, this thesis studies three more groups of Turner's works: a second body are composite works from around 1800, some with appended texts supposedly written by the artist himself, which bear references to an artist-persona and artistic mission and therefore help single out Turner's artistic mission. Another body of works are selected from the period when Turner's Fallacies of Hope were in use. They particularly promote a pacifistic, anti-heroic ideal. The fourth group is defined by its subject matter, Venice. This thesis proposes that all of the groups, but particularly the last two, use paratexts as means to mingle an educational mission with sharp criticisms of reigning aesthetic and ethical approaches Description: The file associated with this record is unavailable while an embargo request is considered. 2015-03-12T15:55:43Z From Knowing It to "Getting It": Envisioning Practices in Computer Games Development Nandhakumar, Joe Panourgias, Nikiforos S. Scarbrough, Harry http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31861 2015-03-13T02:02:06Z 2015-03-12T15:10:13Z Title: From Knowing It to "Getting It": Envisioning Practices in Computer Games Development Authors: Nandhakumar, Joe; Panourgias, Nikiforos S.; Scarbrough, Harry Abstract: The development of information systems and software applications increasingly needs to deliver culturally rich and affective experiences for user groups. In this paper, we explore how the collaborative practices across different expert groups can enable this experiential dimension of use to be integrated into the development of a software product. In an empirical study of computer games development—an arena in which the novelty and richness of the user experience is central to competitive success—we identify the challenges of conceptualizing and realizing a desired user experience when it cannot be readily specified in an initial design template, nor represented within the expertise of existing groups. Our study develops a theoretical framework to address these challenges. Through this framework, we are able to show how achieving a desired user experience requires developer groups to not only work across the boundaries that arise from specialized expertise, but also across wider fields centred on cultural production and software development, respectively. We find that their ability to do this is supported by distinctive "envisioning practices" that sustain an emerging shared "vision" for each game. The key research contributions that we then make are (a) grounding envisioning practices as a means of theorizing the collaborative practices centred on conceptualizing the user experience; (b) identifying how these practices are interwoven with the "producing practices" of software development, thus enabling collaboration to span expert groups and disparate fields; and (c) theorizing the role of vision as an emerging conceptual boundary object in these practices. 2015-03-12T15:10:13Z Hyperphosphatemia, Phosphoprotein Phosphatases, and Microparticle Release in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Abbasian, Nima Burton, James O. Herbert, Karl E. Tregunna, Barbara-Emily Brown, Jeremy R. Ghaderi-Najafabadi, Maryam Brunskill, Nigel J. Goodall, Alison H. Bevington, Alan http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31860 2015-03-13T10:26:57Z 2015-03-11T17:03:29Z Title: Hyperphosphatemia, Phosphoprotein Phosphatases, and Microparticle Release in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Authors: Abbasian, Nima; Burton, James O.; Herbert, Karl E.; Tregunna, Barbara-Emily; Brown, Jeremy R.; Ghaderi-Najafabadi, Maryam; Brunskill, Nigel J.; Goodall, Alison H.; Bevington, Alan Abstract: Hyperphosphatemia in patients with advanced CKD is thought to be an important contributor to cardiovascular risk, in part because of endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction induced by inorganic phosphate (Pi). Such patients also have an elevated circulating concentration of procoagulant endothelial microparticles (MPs), leading to a prothrombotic state, which may contribute to acute occlusive events. We hypothesized that hyperphosphatemia leads to MP formation from ECs through an elevation of intracellular Pi concentration, which directly inhibits phosphoprotein phosphatases, triggering a global increase in phosphorylation and cytoskeletal changes. In cultured human ECs (EAhy926), incubation with elevated extracellular Pi (2.5 mM) led to a rise in intracellular Pi concentration within 90 minutes. This was mediated by PiT1/slc20a1 Pi transporters and led to global accumulation of tyrosine- and serine/threonine-phosphorylated proteins, a marked increase in cellular Tropomyosin-3, plasma membrane blebbing, and release of 0.1- to 1-μm-diameter MPs. The effect of Pi was independent of oxidative stress or apoptosis. Similarly, global inhibition of phosphoprotein phosphatases with orthovanadate or fluoride yielded a global protein phosphorylation response and rapid release of MPs. The Pi-induced MPs expressed VE-cadherin and superficial phosphatidylserine, and in a thrombin generation assay, they displayed significantly more procoagulant activity than particles derived from cells incubated in medium with a physiologic level of Pi (1 mM). These data show a mechanism of Pi-induced cellular stress and signaling, which may be widely applicable in mammalian cells, and in ECs, it provides a novel pathologic link between hyperphosphatemia, generation of MPs, and thrombotic risk. 2015-03-11T17:03:29Z New public management in Cyprus: introduction, adoption and implementation of NPM, the relationship between the public and private sector Constantinou-Miltiadou, Maria http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31859 2015-03-12T02:02:19Z 2015-03-11T15:38:16Z Title: New public management in Cyprus: introduction, adoption and implementation of NPM, the relationship between the public and private sector Authors: Constantinou-Miltiadou, Maria Abstract: This thesis is a study of public sector reform in the context of economic crisis. The thesis examines the introduction of new management practices to the Cyprus civil service, with the aim of understanding the role of various actors, internal and external to Cyprus, in influencing the policy agenda. Based on semi-structured interviews with key players, the research captures a civil service at the point of transition. The government of Cyprus has been under pressure to introduce reforms since joining the European Union in 2004. Nevertheless, political and social factors have made previous attempts to reduce civil service staffing and introduce practices influenced by 'New Public Management' (NPM) have been unsuccessful. The current programme of reforms, by contrast, have resulted from coercive influence of the 'Troika' following the economic crisis, which has added weight to an existing tendency towards normative isomorphism. The research finds a recognition of the desirability of 'modernisation' amongst policy-makers, civil service managers and trade unionists alike. This finding, which might be surprising in other national contexts, may be explained by the island's historical legacy of political patronage and clientelism. NPM initiatives are regarded as being beneficial, overall. This, in turn, suggests a reappraisal of the nature of bureaucracy in Cyprus, which would indicate that it has not lived up to its reputation for being meritocratic and impartial, and is regarded by the actors as a barrier to progress. 2015-03-11T15:38:16Z DNA gyrase can cleave short DNA fragments in the presence of quinolone drugs Cove, Matthew E. Tingey, Andrew P. Maxwell, Anthony http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31858 2015-03-12T02:02:11Z 2015-03-11T15:14:16Z Title: DNA gyrase can cleave short DNA fragments in the presence of quinolone drugs Authors: Cove, Matthew E.; Tingey, Andrew P.; Maxwell, Anthony Abstract: We have analysed the DNA cleavage reaction of DNA gyrase using oligonucleotides annealed to a singlestranded M13 derivative containing a preferred gyrase cleavage site. We find that gyrase can cleave duplexes down to ∼20 bp in size in the presence of the quinolone drugs ciprofloxacin and oxolinic acid. Ciprofloxacin shows a variation in its site specificity with an apparent preference for G bases adjacent to the cleavage sites, whereas oxolinic acid stimulates cleavage predominantly at the previously determined site. With either drug, cleavage will not occur within 6 bases from the end of a DNA duplex or a nick. We suggest that cleavage site specificity with short DNA duplexes is determined by drug-DNA interactions whereas with longer fragments the positioning effect of the DNA wrap around gyrase prescribes the site of cleavage. 2015-03-11T15:14:16Z Probing the role of the ATP-operated clamp in the strand-passage reaction of DNA gyrase Tingey, Andrew P. Maxwell, Anthony http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31857 2015-03-12T02:02:17Z 2015-03-11T14:44:24Z Title: Probing the role of the ATP-operated clamp in the strand-passage reaction of DNA gyrase Authors: Tingey, Andrew P.; Maxwell, Anthony Abstract: The high-resolution structure of the 43 kDa N-terminal fragment of the DNA gyrase B protein shows a large cavity within the protein dimer. The approximate size of this cavity is 20 Å , suggesting it could accommodate a DNA helix. Computer-modelling studies of this cavity suggest that it contains a constriction, reducing the width to ∼13 Å, principally caused by the side chain of Arg286. We have used site-directed mutagenesis to alter this residue to Gln. Gyrase bearing this mutation shows virtually no supercoiling activity and near normal relaxation and DNA cleavage activities. The mutated protein has ATPase activity which cannot be stimulated by DNA. These data support the proposed role of the 43 kDa domain as an ATP-operated clamp which binds DNA during the supercoiling cycle. The lack of DNA-dependent ATPase of the mutant may indicate that binding of DNA within the clamp is a prerequisite for stimulation of the ATPase activity 2015-03-11T14:44:24Z Monitoring human exposure to 2-hydroxyethylating carcinogens Farmer, Peter B. Cordero, Rosa Autrup, H. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31856 2015-03-12T02:02:15Z 2015-03-11T12:35:15Z Title: Monitoring human exposure to 2-hydroxyethylating carcinogens Authors: Farmer, Peter B.; Cordero, Rosa; Autrup, H. Abstract: It is known that human hemoglobin contains low levels of N-terminal N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine. Possible sources of this modified amino acid are exposure to ethylene oxide or other 2-hydroxyethylating agents. Although such processes are likely to occur endogenously, the exogenous contribution to the adduct formation is unclear. In order to explore the latter, we have analyzed N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine in the globin of 49 pregnant women and evaluated the effect of smoking status, area of residence, and glutathione S-transferase M1 genotype on adduct levels. Transplacental transfer of hydroxyethylating agents was also studied by the analysis of umbilical cord hemoglobin. The adduct levels in smokers were significantly higher than those in nonsmokers. The adduct levels in umbilical cord blood globin were quantitatively related to those in maternal blood (maternal:fetal ratio 2.7 in smokers and 2.8 in nonsmokers). In the nonsmokers, there was no statistically significant difference in the adduct level between the urban and rural areas, but the level in suburbia tended to be lower than that in the rural area. In the combined smoker and nonsmoker groups, there was no effect of the glutathione S-transferase M1 genotype on levels of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine. Description: PMCID: PMC1469654 2015-03-11T12:35:15Z Microtubule association of EML proteins and the EML4-ALK variant 3 oncoprotein require an N-terminal trimerization domain. Richards, Mark W. O'Regan, Laura Roth, D. Montgomery, Jessica M. Straube, A. Fry, Andrew M. Bayliss, R. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31855 2015-03-12T02:02:11Z 2015-03-11T12:18:43Z Title: Microtubule association of EML proteins and the EML4-ALK variant 3 oncoprotein require an N-terminal trimerization domain. Authors: Richards, Mark W.; O'Regan, Laura; Roth, D.; Montgomery, Jessica M.; Straube, A.; Fry, Andrew M.; Bayliss, R. Abstract: Proteins of the echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like (EML) family contribute to formation of the mitotic spindle and interphase microtubule (MT) network. EML1-4 consist of WD40 repeats and an N-terminal region containing a putative coiled-coil. Recurrent gene rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) fuse EML4 to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) causing expression of several oncogenic fusion variants. The fusions have constitutive ALK activity due to self-association through the EML4 coiled-coil. We have determined crystal structures of the coiled-coils from EML2 and EML4, which describe the structural basis of both EML self-association and oncogenic EML4-ALK activation. The structures reveal a trimeric oligomerization state directed by a conserved pattern of hydrophobic residues and salt bridges. We show that the trimerization domain (TD) of EML1 is necessary and sufficient for self-association. The TD is also essential for MT binding, however this property requires an adjacent basic region. These observations prompted us to investigate MT association of EML4-ALK and EML1-ABL1 fusions in which variable portions of the EML component are present. Uniquely, EML4-ALK variant 3, which includes the TD and basic region of EML4 but none of the WD40 repeats, was localized to MTs, both when expressed recombinantly and in a patient-derived NSCLC cell line (H2228). This raises the question of whether the mislocalization of ALK activity to MTs might influence downstream signalling and malignant properties of cells. Furthermore, the structure of EML4 TD may enable the development of protein-protein interaction inhibitors targeting the trimerization interface, providing a possible avenue towards therapeutic intervention in EML4-ALK NSCLC. Description: We thank the beamline support staff at DLS I02 and I04 for assistance with data collection and the Centre for Core Biotechnology Services (University of Leicester) for imaging support. 2015-03-11T12:18:43Z Use of a Multistrain Assay Could Improve the NTP Carcinogenesis Bioassay Festing, Michael F. W. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31854 2015-03-12T02:02:17Z 2015-03-11T12:09:11Z Title: Use of a Multistrain Assay Could Improve the NTP Carcinogenesis Bioassay Authors: Festing, Michael F. W. Abstract: There are often large strain differences in the response of laboratory animals to toxic chemicals and carcinogens, with some strains being totally resistant to dose levels that cause acute toxicity and/or cancer in other strains. The current National Toxicology Program carcinogenesis bioassay (NTP-CB) uses only a single isogenic strain of mice and rats and may therefore miss some carcinogens. New short-term tests to predict mutagenesis and possible carcinogenesis are validated using data from the NTP-CB. If the animal data are inaccurate, it may hinder this validation. The accuracy of the NTP-CB could be improved by using two or more strains of each species without increasing the total number of animals. It would be possible to continue to use sample sizes of 48-50 animals, but subdivide these into groups of 12 animals of 4 different strains (48 animals total) per dose/sex group, for example, instead of 48 identical animals. This would quadruple the number of genotypes without any substantial increase in cost. Such a multistrain "factorial" design would, on average, be statistically more powerful then the present design and should increase the chance of detecting carcinogens that currently may give equivocal results or go undetected because the test animal strains happen to be specifically resistant. When strains differ in response, studies of differences in metabolism, pharmacokinetics, DNA damage/repair, cellular responses, and in some cases identification of genetic loci governing sensitivity may provide biological information on toxic mechanisms that would help in assessing human risk and setting permissible exposure limits. The NTP may have made the world a safer place for F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. The challenge now is to show that the results can be generalized to other genotypes and that the database can be used to validate short-term tests. A first step could be to explore the importance of strain differences in the carcinogenesis bioassay. Description: PMCID: PMC1519052 2015-03-11T12:09:11Z Comparative placental morphology and function Beck, Felix http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31853 2015-03-12T02:02:12Z 2015-03-11T11:41:55Z Title: Comparative placental morphology and function Authors: Beck, Felix Abstract: The distinction between histiotrophic nutrition (in which local macromolecules are chiefly responsible for the maintenance of the embryo) and hemotrophic nutrition (which results from a transfer of material between the maternal and fetal circulations) is made. Placentation in a number of commonly used laboratory animals and in man is described, and it is shown that dependence upon histiotroph and hemotroph varies greatly, not only between species but also at different stages of gestation in a single species. These facts are likely to be reflected in considerably differences in response to certain teratogens; they must be carefully considered when experimental results are extrapolated between species. The significance to man of an agent which has been shown to be teratogenic in a single species of experimental animals should be evaluated in terms of possible differences in placental function between man and that species. This is particularly so if there is a suspicion that the potential teratogen may affect the fetal membranes. Description: PMCID: PMC1475303 2015-03-11T11:41:55Z The synthesis of travelling ionospheric disturbance (TID) signatures in HF radar observations using ray tracing Stocker, A. J. Arnold, N. F. Jones, T. B. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31852 2015-03-12T02:02:19Z 2015-03-11T11:23:57Z Title: The synthesis of travelling ionospheric disturbance (TID) signatures in HF radar observations using ray tracing Authors: Stocker, A. J.; Arnold, N. F.; Jones, T. B. Abstract: Characteristic signatures are often observed in HF radar range-time-intensity plots when travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are present. These signatures, in particular the variation of the F-region skip distance, have been synthesised using a ray tracing model. The magnitude of the skip variation is found to be a function of the peak electron density perturbation associated with the TID and radar frequency. Examination of experimental observations leads to an estimate of the peak electron density perturbation amplitude of around 25% for those TIDs observed by the CUTLASS radar system. The advantage of using the skip variation over the radar return amplitude as an indicator of density perturbation is also discussed. An example of a dual radar frequency experiment has been given. The investigation of the effect of radar frequency on the observations will aid the optimisation of future experiments. 2015-03-11T11:23:57Z In vitro bacteriologic study and empiric antibiotic regimens for diabetic foot ulcers Bano, I. Chaudhary, Waqas Ashraf Hameed, A. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31851 2015-03-12T02:02:16Z 2015-03-11T10:32:58Z Title: In vitro bacteriologic study and empiric antibiotic regimens for diabetic foot ulcers Authors: Bano, I.; Chaudhary, Waqas Ashraf; Hameed, A. Abstract: Hundred diabetic patients were admitted with clinically infected foot ulcers and were studied during the period of 1st January 2010 to 30th June 2011. Pus samples of bacterial culture were collected from 30 patients admitted with diabetic foot infection. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of aerobic isolates was performed by the standard disc diffusion method as recommended by National Committee for the Clinical Laboratory Standards. Micro broth dilution test was arranged for susceptibility of anaerobic organisms to metronidazole and amoxicillin/clavulanate. A vencomycine screen agar (6 µg/ ml) was used to detect vencomycine intermediate isolates of Staphylococci. Clinical grading and bacteriological study of 100 patients revealed, 69 (69.0%) patients had Gram-negative organisms and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common, while 21 (21.0%) patients had Gram-positive organisms and Staphylococci was the most common. Infection with anaerobic was found in one patient (1.0%). Both Gram-positive and –negative organisms were seen in 9 patients (9.0%). P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus exhibited a high frequency of resistance to the antibiotics tested. All the isolates were uniformly susceptible to fosfomycine, levofloxacin, amikacin and vencomycine. In this study P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Escherichia coli, S. epidermidis and Proteus were the most common causes of diabetic foot infections. The rate of antibiotic resistance was 61.86% among the isolates. All the isolates were uniformly susceptible to fosfomycine, levofloxacine, amikacin and vencomycine. 2015-03-11T10:32:58Z Electrocatalytic recovery of elements from complex mixtures using deep eutectic solvents Abbott, Andrew P. Harris, Robert C. Holyoak, Fay Frisch, G. Hartley, J. Jenkin, Gawen R. T. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31850 2015-03-12T02:02:16Z 2015-03-11T10:02:18Z Title: Electrocatalytic recovery of elements from complex mixtures using deep eutectic solvents Authors: Abbott, Andrew P.; Harris, Robert C.; Holyoak, Fay; Frisch, G.; Hartley, J.; Jenkin, Gawen R. T. Abstract: The dissolution and subsequent selective recovery of elements from complex mixtures naturally necessitates redox chemistry. The majority of processes involve hydrometallurgical dissolution followed by selective chemical precipitation or electrochemical winning. The atom and energy efficiencies of these processes are poor, leading to a large volume of aqueous waste which needs to be treated before disposal. In this study it is demonstrated that electrocatalysis is an atom effective method of carrying out digestion and subsequently recovering elements from solution. Here deep eutectic solvents are used to simplify the speciation of solutes and to allow redox potentials to be modified compared to standard aqueous values. The redox catalyst used is iodine, as it demonstrates high solubility, fast electron transfer and the ability to oxidise most elements, including precious metals such as gold. The efficacy of this electrocatalyic method is demonstrated using three samples; Cu/Zn, Ga/As and Au/Ag/sulfidic ore. Description: Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/ c4gc02246g 2015-03-11T10:02:18Z Combined Experimental and Computational Investigations of Rhodium Catalysed C—H Functionalisation of Pyrazoles with Alkenes Davies, David L. Algarra, Andres G. Khamker, Qudsia Macgregor, Stuart A. McMullin, Claire L Villa-Marcos, Barbara Singh, Kuldip http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31849 2015-03-12T02:02:03Z 2015-03-11T09:58:58Z Title: Combined Experimental and Computational Investigations of Rhodium Catalysed C—H Functionalisation of Pyrazoles with Alkenes Authors: Davies, David L.; Algarra, Andres G.; Khamker, Qudsia; Macgregor, Stuart A.; McMullin, Claire L; Villa-Marcos, Barbara; Singh, Kuldip Abstract: Detailed experimental and computational studies have been carried out on the oxidative coupling of the alkenes C2H3Y (Y=CO2Me (a), Ph (b), C(O)Me (c)) with 3-aryl-5-R-pyrazoles (R=Me (1 a), Ph (1 b), CF3 (1 c)) using a [Rh(MeCN)3Cp*][PF6]2/Cu(OAc)2⋅H2O catalyst system. In the reaction of methyl acrylate with 1 a, up to five products (2 aa–6 aa) were formed, including the trans monovinyl product, either complexed within a novel CuI dimer (2 aa) or as the free species (3 aa), and a divinyl species (6 aa); both 3 aa and 6 aa underwent cyclisation by an aza-Michael reaction to give fused heterocycles 4 aa and 5 aa, respectively. With styrene, only trans mono- and divinylation products were observed, whereas with methyl vinyl ketone, a stronger Michael acceptor, only cyclised oxidative coupling products were formed. Density functional theory calculations were performed to characterise the different migratory insertion and β-H transfer steps implicated in the reactions of 1 a with methyl acrylate and styrene. The calculations showed a clear kinetic preference for 2,1-insertion and the formation of trans vinyl products, consistent with the experimental results. 2015-03-11T09:58:58Z Stepwise visualization of membrane pore formation by suilysin, a bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysin Leung, C. Dudkina, N. V. Lukoyanova, N. Hodel, A. W. Farabella, I. Pandurangan, A. P. Jahan, Nasrin Damaso, Mafalda Pires Osmanovic, D. Reboul, C. F. Dunstone, M. A. Andrew, Peter W. Lonnen, Rana Topf, M. Saibil, H. R. Hoogenboom, B. W. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31848 2015-03-12T02:02:12Z 2015-03-11T09:52:03Z Title: Stepwise visualization of membrane pore formation by suilysin, a bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysin Authors: Leung, C.; Dudkina, N. V.; Lukoyanova, N.; Hodel, A. W.; Farabella, I.; Pandurangan, A. P.; Jahan, Nasrin; Damaso, Mafalda Pires; Osmanovic, D.; Reboul, C. F.; Dunstone, M. A.; Andrew, Peter W.; Lonnen, Rana; Topf, M.; Saibil, H. R.; Hoogenboom, B. W. Abstract: Membrane attack complex/perforin/cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (MACPF/CDC) proteins constitute a major superfamily of pore-forming proteins that act as bacterial virulence factors and effectors in immune defence. Upon binding to the membrane, they convert from the soluble monomeric form to oligomeric, membrane-inserted pores. Using real-time atomic force microscopy (AFM), electron microscopy (EM), and atomic structure fitting, we have mapped the structure and assembly pathways of a bacterial CDC in unprecedented detail and accuracy, focussing on suilysin from Streptococcus suis. We show that suilysin assembly is a noncooperative process that is terminated before the protein inserts into the membrane. The resulting ring-shaped pores and kinetically trapped arc-shaped assemblies are all seen to perforate the membrane, as also visible by the ejection of its lipids. Membrane insertion requires a concerted conformational change of the monomeric subunits, with a marked expansion in pore diameter due to large changes in subunit structure and packing. Description: Figure supplement 1. Symmetry of suilysin prepores and pores, determined by negative-stain EM. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.04247.004 Figure supplement 2. Resolution curves for EM maps. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.04247.005 Figure supplement 3. Electrostatic potential maps and interacting residues. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.04247.006 Figure supplement 4. Comparison between prepore and crystal structure conformations. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.04247.007 Accession codes for EM maps: prepore EMD-12698, pore EMD-12711. 2015-03-11T09:52:03Z Local government, local legislation: municipal initiative in parliament from 1858 to 1872 Morris, Roger John Bowring http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31847 2015-03-11T02:02:27Z 2015-03-10T16:38:31Z Title: Local government, local legislation: municipal initiative in parliament from 1858 to 1872 Authors: Morris, Roger John Bowring Abstract: The years between the first Local Government Act 1858 and the establishment of the Local Government Board in 1872 saw great changes in England and Wales: growing populations brought growing problems in crowded living conditions, but there were also increasing wealth, manufacturing and intellectual resources in a context of major international influence and self-confidence, and rapidly expanding countrywide infrastructure. Against this backdrop, the municipal authorities of this period had few general law powers to regulate local conditions, or to provide services. While Parliament was still – at least at the outset – broadly antagonistic to centralisation and the enactment of common standards, it was willing to grant private Acts – special local Act powers – to those places that sought, and could justify and pay for, the means to improve and invest in their localities. This thesis identifies and analyses for the first time the 335 local Parliamentary Bills, and from them the 278 resulting Acts, that municipalities promoted in the years 1858 to 1872 inclusive. Three things stand out from the huge mass of local statute-book material which these 278 Acts comprise – themselves only a small fraction of the total of private Acts passed in the era of railway mania, and of much else besides. The first is that, far from being an unco-ordinated mass of inconsistent, quixotic provisions as private Acts are sometimes thought or assumed to be, these Acts have a substantial degree of cohesion as a body of material. Secondly, the towns and cities of northern England secured more than half of them. Thirdly, the costs of promotions (and the vested interests involved in them) represented a huge and often wasteful outlay that a more pragmatic and forwardlooking Parliamentary attitude could have greatly reduced. These and other matters are examined in detail across the whole spectrum of local legislation for the first time. There are no acknowledgements requiring to be listed. 2015-03-10T16:38:31Z The Unnoticed Perspective – Poems about Life with Asperger Syndrome Malkin, Julia Sandra Ailsa http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31846 2015-03-11T02:02:14Z 2015-03-10T16:31:52Z Title: The Unnoticed Perspective – Poems about Life with Asperger Syndrome Authors: Malkin, Julia Sandra Ailsa Abstract: Asperger syndrome (AS) is a form of autism, a condition which affects communication, imagination and social interaction abilities. As a person with AS, my perspectives on life and its meaning, relationships and the social world are different from those of other people. This project is designed to be twofold – firstly to provide insights into life with AS in a form of literature which people can relate to; and secondly to allow the AS person to be able to see their own condition reflected in an accessible form. This document is intended to be used by those with Asperger syndrome, their parents and families, and professionals who work with them. It reflects on autism in general, the triad of impairments from an Asperger perspective and complications resulting from this condition. It is also an exploration of the world of poetry, the use of form, a variety of metres which were popular at different times, and involving poetic challenges of expressing emotion and feeling. This work goes into themes such as relationships and friendships, sense of time and space, sensory difficulties, growing up as an AS person, obsessional behaviour patterns, communication problems and other AS issues. It is designed to raise awareness of the AS condition and provide support to those who have it, while at the same time being entertaining and accessible to the general population. 2015-03-10T16:31:52Z 'Acts of Extravagance and Folly': the conception and control of transgressive masculinity in a Victorian cause célèbre Connor, Mark http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31845 2015-03-11T02:02:10Z 2015-03-10T16:26:27Z Title: 'Acts of Extravagance and Folly': the conception and control of transgressive masculinity in a Victorian cause célèbre Authors: Connor, Mark Abstract: Based on the prosecution of Ernest Boulton and William Park in 1870, the cross-dressing cause célèbre of the Victorian period, this Thesis explores the complex interplay of gendered nineteenth century narratives that emerged in both public and institutional discourse as a result of the arrest and prosecution for conspiracy to commit sodomy of the male cross-dressers and their acquaintances. Within the current historiography of the nineteenth century the regulation of male cross-dressers has been associated with the reflexive homophobia that has come to dominate modern interpretations of Victorian conceptions of male gender deviance. Whilst accepting that the case of Boulton and Park has rightly found its place within the established narrative histories of male sexuality this Thesis argues that the case, and indeed the image of the male cross-dresser in general, illuminates much more than nascent Victorian conceptions of homosexuality. The effeminacy of the cross-dresser, although universally stigmatised, is shown to represent a multitude of social ills ranging from economic indolence to moral degeneracy, placing the cross-dresser at the nexus of bourgeoisie social anxiety. Through the detailed analysis of legal transcripts and press reports this Thesis demonstrates the significance of the analysis of the male cross-dresser beyond the narrow confines of the history of sexuality. The prosecution of Boulton and Park attests to more than the increasingly reactionary policing of bourgeois conceptions of masculinity during the mid to late nineteenth century. The unprecedented publicity that accompanied the case combined with the cross-dresser's ability to unite previously disparate strands of deviant discourses, like those of the female prostitute and male sodomite, will be shown to represent a rare moment in which the totality of bourgeois anxiety was manifest, a moment in which the cross-dresser became the gendered folk devil for an age of ideological temperance. 2015-03-10T16:26:27Z Nano-scratch hardness and the Lateral Size Effect (LSE) Kareer, Anna http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31844 2015-03-11T02:02:05Z 2015-03-10T16:20:57Z Title: Nano-scratch hardness and the Lateral Size Effect (LSE) Authors: Kareer, Anna Abstract: Nano-scratch testing has been used throughout this thesis in order to deepen the understanding of the processes occurring during the nano-scratch test, and to develop a method for calculating the nano-scratch hardness, from the quantifiable variables that are obtainable from the technique. Scratch testing on the macro scale is a well-established technique, however when reducing the scale of a mechanical test, whilst interest is focussed on the yield strength or hardness of the material, plasticity size effects must be explored. A literature survey concludes that size effects in nano-scratch testing have not been investigated in the past, thus this is the main subject of this thesis. In order to carry out this investigation a number of methods were trialled to calculate the nano-scratch hardness of pure, polycrystalline, oxygen free copper using both the edge forward and the face forward tip orientations of a diamond Berkovich indenter. The results obtained were compared to the indentation hardness and the most theoretically suitable method was adopted for later experiments carried out in this work; the technique for obtaining measurements was optimised, such that a genuine lateral size effect (LSE), whereby the nano-scratch hardness increases with decreasing scratch size, was observed. To further investigate the lateral size effect, nano-scratches were performed on a sample of single crystal copper in different work hardened states. It was observed that the nano-scratch hardness not only increases with decreasing scratch size, but also increases when the spacing between the dislocations in the material is reduced; when the level of work hardening in the sample increases, the density of dislocations increases, thus the spacing between these obstacles is reduced. In addition to this, the anisotropy of the nano-scratch hardness was investigated by altering the scratch direction in the (100) plane of the single crystal copper. It was found that the nano-scratch hardness is anisotropic and that the scratch hardness is largest when the scratch direction is parallel to the slip plane. It is known that the yield strength of a material increases with decreasing average grain size and therefore the effect of grain size on the nano-scratch hardness was considered. By reducing the grain size of pure, annealed, oxygen free copper, the nano-scratch hardness was observed to increase. In all experiments, the nano-scratch hardness values of scratches performed in the face forward tip orientation were larger than that of scratches performed in the edge forward tip orientation, when scratching the same sample condition. This suggests that scratch hardness is tip geometry dependent and in order to develop a method of calculating a tip orientation-independent scratch hardness, the shape of the indenter and the plastic flow of material around the indenter in that orientation, must be known and incorporated into the calculation, possibly as a drag coefficient. In addition to the geometry of the plastic flow, and therefore the plastic zone size, it was found that the nano-scratch hardness is also governed by the interaction between the geometry of the indenter and the grain boundaries in the material. Finally a number of experimental issues from the nano-scratch test are highlighted and researchers are encouraged to consider these precautions when using the nano-scratch test. 2015-03-10T16:20:57Z X-chromosomal markers and the histories of European populations Maisano Delser, Pierpaolo http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31843 2015-03-11T02:02:33Z 2015-03-10T16:12:26Z Title: X-chromosomal markers and the histories of European populations Authors: Maisano Delser, Pierpaolo Abstract: Human population history has been described by analysing different genetic markers. Much attention has focused on haploid markers (such as mtDNA and Y chromosome), but this study addresses the X chromosome (haploid in males, and with a female bias in its history) in order to describe genetic diversity and to infer human population history in Western Europe. HapMap Phase I/II data reveal haplotype blocks on the X chromosome, called PHAXs (Phylogeographically informative Haplotypes on Autosomes and X chromosome), in which recombination is historically absent and mutations are likely to be the only source of genetic variation. Three such regions were chosen to meet several criteria such that mutations in these loci are putatively neutral. These loci have been deep sequenced in 240 samples from Europe, the Middle East and Africa using the Ion Torrent PGM next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. Short-tandem repeats (STRs) were also typed in order to provide: i) greater discrimination, and ii) a test of different software tools able to call STRs from NGS data. This dataset was validated against a standard STR typing procedure using capillary electrophoresis. PHAXs were confirmed to be largely non-recombining across European samples. All three loci show a remarkably homogeneous pattern across Europe and high Fst values with the African sample. Overall, 30% of singleton variants are European-specific, and this excess of rare alleles is consistent with signals of expansion in Europe, with the Middle East and Africa showing a weaker pattern. Additional samples from the Complete Genomics dataset confirmed these patterns showing European- and Middle Eastern-specific haplotypes. Bayesian skyline plots suggest a European-specific expansion around 20 KYA with a more recent peak around 10 KYA. This study demonstrates the value of the use of haplotype blocks, and the accurate ascertainment of rare variants to infer human demographic history. 2015-03-10T16:12:26Z Unsymmetrical, Monoanionic Pincer Ligands for Titanium and Palladium Wright, Luka http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31842 2015-03-11T02:02:31Z 2015-03-10T15:43:00Z Title: Unsymmetrical, Monoanionic Pincer Ligands for Titanium and Palladium Authors: Wright, Luka Abstract: In this thesis, the synthesis, characterisation and coordination chemistry of a series of related [N,NPyN] and [N,NPy O] monoanionic pincer ligands, together with some reaction chemistry of the metal complexes is described. In Chapters 2 and 3, the synthesis and characterisation of novel [N,NPyO] and [N,NPyN] pro-ligands and reaction chemistry with palladium(II) starting materials to form square planar complexes of the type [(N,NPyX)PdL] (X = O, NH, L = OAc, Cl, I, MeCN, Py, Ph) is described. The pro-ligands and the metal complexes have been characterised by a combination of multinuclear NMR spectroscopic techniques, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and, for selected examples, by single crystal X-ray crystallography; salient spectroscopic and structural data are discussed. The stoichiometric reactivity of the [(N,NPyO)PdCl] and [(N,NPyN)PdPh] species towards [p -Tol2I][OTf] and the electrophilic fluorinating agents Selectfluor and XeF2 are disclosed. Thereby, an assessment of the ability of these pincer ligands to support transient high-valent palladium(III) and palladium(IV) complexes has been made. It is established that the N-(4-i-PrC6H4) substituted [(N,NPyO)PdCl] complexes are able to facilitate C-Cl bond forming reactions with greater conversions than their N-(2,6-i-PrC6H3) substituted analogues, and that the reaction of [(N,NPyN)PdPh] [Ar = (4-i-PrC6H4)] with Selectfluor and XeF2 yields biphenyl via complex reaction pathways. In Chapter 4, the use of the same pro-ligands in the synthesis of relatively rare examples of titanium(IV) complexes containing tridentate ligands, [(N,NPyO)TiX3] (X = F, Cl), is described. These complexes have been characterised by multinuclear NMR techniques, mass spectrometry and, for selected examples, by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Investigations reveal that both classes of titanium(IV) complexes are suitable for use as ethylene polymerisation pre-catalysts in the presence of the co-catalyst, MAO. The activity of chloride-containing catalysts is higher than their fluoride-containing analogues. However, the catalysts are highly ligand-dependent; an activity of 340 g(PE) mmol-1 h-1 bar-1 is obtained for an [(N,NPyO)TiF3] complex supported by a sterically bulky tridentate ligand system and these systems are the most active ethylene polymerisation catalysts known which comprise a Ti-F bond. 2015-03-10T15:43:00Z The chief learning officer: pursuing a grounded theory of executive leadership at the top of the human resource development field Douglas, Richard C. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31841 2015-03-11T10:47:33Z 2015-03-10T15:17:07Z Title: The chief learning officer: pursuing a grounded theory of executive leadership at the top of the human resource development field Authors: Douglas, Richard C. Abstract: The Chief Learning Officer (CLO) of an organization is the executive responsible for learning and workplace performance, and is often a member of its top management team. Practicing human resource development (HRD) strategically, the CLO creates and conducts learning and development activities designed to increase workers' capabilities and outcomes. This thesis establishes a theoretical description of the path HRD practitioners take to become CLOs, examines how they perform strategic HRD and where they go when finished in that role, and delineates the structure-agency dynamics they function within. Additionally, the thesis explores and explains the CLO phenomenon through the use of sociological theories of structure and agency. Particularly, it applies strong structuration theory to the CLO. Combining these theories provides a thorough theoretical explanation of the basic social process of the CLO phenomenon, grounded in the data. Using grounded theory as its qualitative research method, it gathers and analyzes the lived experiences of CLOs. The results from 20 semi-structured interviews with current and former CLOs are presented and analyzed to explore how HRD practitioners become CLOs, how CLOs practice strategic HRD, and where CLOs go in their careers. A foundational theoretical model for the CLO is offered, which includes several contributing theories. It is demonstrated that CLOs are constructing their roles and the social structures while simultaneously performing in them. Also, CLOs are shown to come from a variety of vocational backgrounds with varying degrees of experience in HR. They practice strategically whether or not they are members of their organizations' top management teams. When they leave the CLO role, they also tend to move away from organizationally defined careers and towards self-defined ways of practice. Also offered are recommendations for further research and implications for HRD scholarship and practice. 2015-03-10T15:17:07Z Development of a Fabry-Perot Etalon spectrometer for high-resolution aerosol observations in the oxygen A-band Geddes, Alexander Gordon http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31840 2015-03-11T02:02:12Z 2015-03-10T15:09:44Z Title: Development of a Fabry-Perot Etalon spectrometer for high-resolution aerosol observations in the oxygen A-band Authors: Geddes, Alexander Gordon Abstract: Aerosols are an important factor of the Earth climatic system and they play a key role for air quality and public health. Observations of the Oxygen A-Band at 760 nm can provide information on the vertical distribution of aerosols from passive sensors, that can be of great interest for operational monitoring applications with high spatial coverage if the aerosol information is obtained with sufficient precision, accuracy and vertical resolution. To address this issue, retrieval simulations of the aerosol vertical profile retrieval from Oxygen A-Band observations by GOSAT, the upcoming OCO-2 and Sentinel 5-P mission and the proposed CarbonSat mission have been carried out. These simulations suggest that such observations will be useful in the measurement of uplifted aerosols such as volcanic plumes and forest fires. Retrievals from GOSAT were also undertaken that showed promising results in challenging conditions, warranting further study. The Fabry-Perot Etalon spectrometer provides a compact, robust and affordable alternative to grating or Fourier transform spectrometers. Such an instrument was designed and optimised for the measurement of aerosol in the Oxygen A-Band and its performance simulated in comparison to GOSAT, where it competed well despite its low cost. Initial calibrations of the instrument were undertaken and showed promising results in the instrument operation concept. Following on from this simulations were used to study the performance of groundbased observations showing that using and combining a range of viewing angles would contribute significantly to the vertical information content whereas polarisation proved not to be useful except possibly in extreme circumstances. 2015-03-10T15:09:44Z Planned and happenstance transitions of students from education to work in England and Romania Plugor, Reka http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31839 2015-03-11T02:02:08Z 2015-03-10T14:50:15Z Title: Planned and happenstance transitions of students from education to work in England and Romania Authors: Plugor, Reka Abstract: The fact that students engage in more than just their studies while at university has been acknowledged in previous education research, but it has not been included in the theoretical debates on education-to-work-transitions. In this thesis I argue that the lack of debates between educational researchers and youth transitions researchers and the narrow focus of existing studies on certain educational aspects cannot do justice to the complex experiences and perceptions of young people today, who, I believe, experience multiple status positions while at university. In this thesis I try to address this gap by focusing on the process of student transitions from education to work from a comparative and biographical perspective. I conducted 42 topical life history interviews with final year students in England and Romania about their reasons for opting to study at university, the processes of deciding what and where to study, the impressions and attitudes towards their studies, the activities they were engaged in, and their future (career) plans just before graduation. I conducted this exercise with an explicit aim to answer my main research question: What are the characteristics of student pathways through HE? To answer this question I relied on the main concepts from youth transitions and education-to-work transitions research – structure and agency – but I included in the analysis considerations about significant others and happenstance events, as well as perspectives about time and space. Overall, from a theoretical perspective, my research responded to calls for more holistic perspectives on youth and education-to-work transitions, while from a methodological perspective, I offered a thick description of narrative research conducted from multi-lingual and multi-ethnic perspectives on the lived experiences of students in two country and institutional contexts. 2015-03-10T14:50:15Z Multiple global radiations in tadpole shrimps challenge the concept of 'living fossils'. Mathers, T. C. Hammond, Robert L. Jenner, R. A. Hänfling, B. Gómez, A. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31838 2015-03-11T02:02:08Z 2015-03-10T14:50:12Z Title: Multiple global radiations in tadpole shrimps challenge the concept of 'living fossils'. Authors: Mathers, T. C.; Hammond, Robert L.; Jenner, R. A.; Hänfling, B.; Gómez, A. Abstract: 'Living fossils', a phrase first coined by Darwin, are defined as species with limited recent diversification and high morphological stasis over long periods of evolutionary time. Morphological stasis, however, can potentially lead to diversification rates being underestimated. Notostraca, or tadpole shrimps, is an ancient, globally distributed order of branchiopod crustaceans regarded as 'living fossils' because their rich fossil record dates back to the early Devonian and their morphology is highly conserved. Recent phylogenetic reconstructions have shown a strong biogeographic signal, suggesting diversification due to continental breakup, and widespread cryptic speciation. However, morphological conservatism makes it difficult to place fossil taxa in a phylogenetic context. Here we reveal for the first time the timing and tempo of tadpole shrimp diversification by inferring a robust multilocus phylogeny of Branchiopoda and applying Bayesian divergence dating techniques using reliable fossil calibrations external to Notostraca. Our results suggest at least two bouts of global radiation in Notostraca, one of them recent, so questioning the validity of the 'living fossils' concept in groups where cryptic speciation is widespread. Description: PMCID: PMC3628881 The following information was supplied regarding the deposition of related data: Dryad: DOI 10.5061/dryad.77bt2 2015-03-10T14:50:12Z "Abandon fat all ye who enter here!": (Dis)ordering the Male Body, c.1800-1910 Coar, Lisa http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31837 2015-03-11T02:02:30Z 2015-03-10T14:43:18Z Title: "Abandon fat all ye who enter here!": (Dis)ordering the Male Body, c.1800-1910 Authors: Coar, Lisa Abstract: 'For the convenience of the public', declared the author of an 1889 article printed in Punch, 'I would really suggest that the motto for ordinary busses should be, "Abandon fat, all ye who enter here!"' Such pressing 'abandonments', as facetious as they might seem, were, in fact, patently central in shaping (meta)physical ideals, throughout much of the long nineteenth century. The ideological structures underpinning numerous cultural strands – from the social and sporting, to the scientific and sartorial – espoused a fierce anorexic logic. They placed more emphasis on (in)corporeal discipline, compulsive (non)consumption, and (dis)embodied panopticism than ever before. Through adhering to its own idyllic prescriptions, nineteenth-century culture implemented varying strains of the bodily disorder it sought to expel. The cultural and corporeal orderliness it pursued became itself disorderly. Of course, there already exists a substantial amount of research focused on (dis)ordering the too fat or too thin bodies of the nineteenth-century female. With fleshly embodiment and dis-embodiment being stereotypical female concerns, we often forget to ask about the fat-phobic dis-corporation of men. Surveying a variety of textual material, printed roughly between the years 1800 and 1910, this thesis intends to reconfigure man's peripheral status in modern histories of diet, disorderly eating and fat shame. Dismissing the timeworn myth that fat is, and always has been, 'a feminist issue', it will explore how fat, body-image, and an intense desire to be slender became increasingly central to ideal constructions of the nineteenth-century male. 2015-03-10T14:43:18Z Assessment and Mechanism of the Refractory Period in Asthma Ruddick, Andrew http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31836 2015-03-11T10:50:57Z 2015-03-10T14:35:27Z Title: Assessment and Mechanism of the Refractory Period in Asthma Authors: Ruddick, Andrew Abstract: Hypothesis: The primary hypothesis of this thesis is that the refractory period in asthma is due to release of bronchoprotective mediator(s) within the airway and that these may be one or more of the pro-resolving lipid mediators such as lipoxins or resolvins. Methods: 1. Development of a LC-MS assay for the detection of pro-resolving mediators in sputum. 2. Development of an in vitro airway model using porcine and human bronchial rings. 3. A clinical study of mannitol-induced refractoriness with collection of urine and sputum to assess changes in prostaglandin and pro-resolving mediator levels. Key Results: 1. Approximate LC-MS limits of detection were 0.002, 0.01 and 0.04 pg/μl for PGE2, LXA4 and RvD1 respectively. These LOD compare favourably with ELISA. 2. Serial LC-MS analysis of spiked sputum samples showed that LXA4 appeared stable, while PGE2 and RvD1 showed some degradation over 5 months. 3. LXA4, RvD1 and MaR1 had no significant effect on the histamine response of porcine bronchial rings. 4. Bronchoconstriction with high concentration mannitol rendered an airway refractory to further contraction with direct ASM agonists via an unknown mechanism. 5. In human bronchial rings, neither 10 nM LXA4 nor 10 nM MaR1 had any effect on bronchoconstriction induced by mast cell FcμR1 activation. 6. In the clinical study, with bolus dosing the mean refractory index for mannitol was 24%. The degree of refractoriness to mannitol did not correlate with markers of disease severity. 7. Urinary PGD2 and PGE2 metabolite levels measured by ELISA showed no significant change in response to mannitol challenge. Sputum LXA4 and RvD1 levels measured by ELISA showed no consistent change in response to mannitol challenge. Conclusions: This study has found no evidence of a role for pro-resolving mediators in the mechanism of refractoriness. 2015-03-10T14:35:27Z Dayside reconnection under IMF By dominated conditions: the formation and movement of bending arcs Carter, J. A. Milan, S. E. Fear, R. C. Kullen, A. Hairston, M. R. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31835 2015-03-11T02:02:03Z 2015-03-10T14:21:28Z Title: Dayside reconnection under IMF By dominated conditions: the formation and movement of bending arcs Authors: Carter, J. A.; Milan, S. E.; Fear, R. C.; Kullen, A.; Hairston, M. R. Editors: Kepko, L. Abstract: Based upon a survey of global auroral images collected by the Polar UVI instrument, Kullen et al. [2002] subdivided polar cap auroral arcs into a number of categories, including that of 'bending' arcs. We are concerned with those bending arcs that appear as a bifurcation of the dayside auroral oval, and which subsequently form a spur intruding into the polar cap. Once formed the spur moves polewards and antisunwards over the lifetime of the arc. We propose that dayside bending arcs are ionospheric signatures of pulses of dayside reconnection, and are therefore part of a group of transient phenomena associated with flux transfer events. We observe the formation and subsequent motion of a bending arc across the polar cap during a 30 minute interval on 8 January 1999, and we show that this example is consistent with the proposed model. We quantify the motion of the arc, and find it to be commensurate with the convection flows observed by both ground-based radar observations and space-based particle flow measurements. In addition, precipitating particles coincident with the arc appear to occur along open field lines, lending further support to the model. Description: AGU allows authors to deposit their journal articles if the version is the final published citable version of record, the AGU copyright statement is clearly visible on the posting, and the posting is made 6 months after official publication by the AGU. http://publications.agu.org/author-resource-center/usage-permissions/#repository American Geophysical Union 2015-03-10T14:21:28Z Metal Cluster Production by Condensation of Metal Vapour in Supersonic Expansions and by Aggregation in Droplets Akraiam, Atea I. Bubaker http://hdl.handle.net/2381/31834 2015-03-11T02:02:18Z 2015-03-10T14:18:48Z Title: Metal Cluster Production by Condensation of Metal Vapour in Supersonic Expansions and by Aggregation in Droplets Authors: Akraiam, Atea I. Bubaker Abstract: Metal clusters have been produced by condensation of metal atoms on or inside small argon clusters and by collision of supersonic atomic argon beams with atomic metal vapours. A key parameter in both processes is the metal atom particle density. For iron, metal particle densities above a thermal open crucible-type evaporator were determined using quartz-micro-balance mass flux measurements, revealing a point-source-like dependence on the distance from the crucible. For silver atoms the particle densities were also determined using scattering from small argon clusters. Formation and soft-deposition of iron nanoparticles was first attempted using a supersonic beam of argon atoms that was blown into a vapour of iron atoms. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of iron nanoparticles whose size depended on the deposition time, showing that aggregation takes place after deposition. The deposition rates were of the order of 0.01 nm/s. In the second part of the study argon clusters containing on average 21 atoms were directed through vapours of xenon or silver atoms. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry showed the presence of xenon and silver clusters when the xenon or silver particle densities were increased. The xenon clusters contained up to four atoms whereas silver would only formdimers. The mass spectra also showed argon atoms attached to the xenon clusters, but not to the silver dimers, which was attributed to the high temperature of the silver dimers. 2015-03-10T14:18:48Z


text:
- Your file is being downloaded. It will remain available for download from the "My Files" section of your member area for 72 hours.
#50190715 -
Red, white and blue ice cream in cone© Blend Images - See portfolio
|Size (?)
|Pixel / Inches
|Add to cart
|Direct Download
|Standard XS
|283 x 424 (0.1 MP)3.9 '' x 5.9 '' (72 dpi)
|19 credits
|Standard S
|566 x 849 (0.5 MP)7.9 '' x 11.8 '' (72 dpi)
|49 credits
|Standard M
|1125 x 1688 (1.9 MP)3.8 '' x 5.6 '' (300 dpi)
|229 credits
|Standard L
|1571 x 2356 (3.7 MP)5.2 '' x 7.9 '' (300 dpi)
|339 credits
|Standard XL
|2554 x 3831 (9.8 MP)8.5 '' x 12.8 '' (300 dpi)
|399 credits
|Extended X
|2554 x 3831 (9.8 MP)8.5 '' x 12.8 '' (300 dpi)
|800 credits
|Blend ImagesSee portfolio
|Image reference
|United States of America
["4th","4th of july","allure","blue","celebration","color","color image","colour","copy space","cut out","cut-out","dairy","dessert","enticement","food","food and drink","fourth of july","getaway","holiday","ice cream","ice cream cone","independence day","indulgence","july 4th","midsummer","negative space","no people","nobody","photography","red","scoop","seduction","silhouette","stacked","still life","still-life","studio","studio shot","summer","summertime","sweet","sweet food","temptation","triple scoop","vacationing","vertical","white","white background","white space"]4th 4th of july allure blue celebration color color image colour copy space cut out cut-out dairy dessert enticement food food and drink fourth of july getaway holiday ice cream ice cream cone independence day indulgence july 4th midsummer negative space no people nobody photography red scoop seduction silhouette stacked still life still-life studio studio shot summer summertime sweet sweet food temptation triple scoop vacationing vertical white white background white space See all keywords
The photo "Red, white and blue ice cream in cone" from Blend Images is available on Fotolia under a Royalty Free license from 19 credits (Credit from $0.74).
Available in JPEG format, this photo may be downloaded for all kinds of professional uses and in different resolutions (up to 2,554 x 3,831 pixels in 300 DPI).
The author of this picture, Blend Images also has 66 images in the same series.
To download this photo, please buy Fotolia credits

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Get Instant Pricing with Edmunds Price Promise℠
1Look for "Special Offers" on a specific car
2Get your upfront, locked-in price from the dealer
3Go to the dealership to buy your car with no haggle
Total Reviews
Write a
All Models
2001 Dodge Viper Convertible RT/10 2dr Roadster (8.0L 10cyl 6M)
love this vehicle,so does the rest of
the world.? else compares?The most bang
for the buck re; pricier sports cars and
its American.I don't expect it to be a
Cadillac Fleetwood 4dr as far as comfort
goes.Anyone must realize that before
purchasing,I hope.one should not expect
it to be a Honda Accord when it comes to
service or reliability issues either.I
believe all citizens should be provided
one through a constitutional amendment.I
would never pay more for an import that
has less visual impact and weak
performance,just because it's made in
Germany or wherever.And I'm of Bavarian
descent.USA all the way baby!What a car
the RT/10 is.Impress yourself!!I want a
GTS/ACR too!!
Read the full review
It was great to drive
Read the full review
This is the estimated average annual insurance premium being charged in your state. The premium has been determined based on annual premium data for defined coverages (liability, comprehensive and collision) from a major insurer.
While this information is specific to vehicle make, model, model year and body type, your personal information is not taken into consideration and could greatly alter the actual premium quoted by an insurer. Factors that will affect your rate include your age, marital status, credit history, driving record, and the garaging address of your vehicle.
The Edmunds TCO®
data for
this vehicle coming soon...
For an accurate quote, contact our trusted partner on the right.
See which cars and trucks our editors recommend
Write a review and rate your own car.
Help |
About Us |
Contact Us |
Careers |
Affiliate Program |
Dealer Center |
Privacy Statement |
Visitor Agreement |
Membership Agreement
Your Ad Choices
| Site Map
| Glossary
| Mobile
| Developers
Follow Edmunds
© Edmunds.com, Inc.
† Edmunds.com received the highest numerical score in the proprietary J.D. Power 2014 Third-Party Automotive Website Evaluation Study℠. Results based on responses from 3,381 responses, measuring 14 companies and measures third-party automotive website usefulness among new and used vehicle shoppers. Proprietary study results are based on experiences and perceptions of owners surveyed from January 2014. Your experiences may vary. Visit jdpower.com.


text: My parents took us when we were kids. I'm an adult without kids now but DH and I still go to WDW at least once a year. As a matter of fact, before I was married, my sister and I bought into DVC because WE loved going to Disney as children AND as adults!


text:
Here at the House of Pho, we are watching tonights total lunar eclipse tonight. The next total eclipse will be in 2010.
What? You thought I was talking elections? Why would you think that?
The image comes from NASA's Lunar Eclipse page which has plenty of other science geek goodies.
Note to Pence: The economy trumps all
4 hours ago


text:
CATV47 Following
- Sort:
- Date
- Alphabetical
KAPUSTAS Marbella, Spain
Director, Cinematographer. Based in Marbella, Spain
Lance Rivas: Videographer/Editor PRO Oklahoma City
TULALIP TV Plus Tulalip, WA
TULALIP TV is a unique cable channel providing programming to Native households and subscribers to Tulalip Broadband. Programming includes News and Information directed to Tulalip Tribal Members and their families. In addition, there are other Programs of general interest to all Native Americans.…
the ride home Trail of the Cheyenne Exodus
The Ride Home is a documentary in progress, and web series following the journey of horseback riders following the commemorative route of the Cheyenne Exodus of 1878.
TheSailingChannel.TV Plus Annapolis, Maryland
TheSailingChannel, LLC produces original video content and acquires high quality sailing videos from other producers. Please visit http://vimeo.com/sailflix for our Vimeo On Demand rentals and downloads. Our target audience is the global sailing community. We are cruising sailors ourselves, as well…
eric becker Plus Seattle
"Rather, filmmaking is a chain of banalities-" - Werner Herzog Emmy Award winning Director, Seattle.
Amanda Rutland Okemah Oklahoma
I am a Native American from Oklahoma. I love to make films that share stories about people, Native and Non-Native alike, and about culture.
FNX First Nations Experience Plus San Bernardino, CA
FNX - "First Nations Experience" is the first 24/7 national television broadcast channel dedicated as an outlet for Native American and indigenous people to express and share their experience with authenticity and accuracy.
FCPeffects PRO FL
Plugins, effects, & templates for Final Cut Pro X.
DHP Multimedia Plus Santa Fe New Mexico
Currently shoot with: Sony PMW F5 - Blackmagic, NIkon D600 - Gopro
Browse FollowingFollowing
When you follow someone on Vimeo, you subscribe to their videos, receive updates about them in your feed, and have the ability to send them messages.
Choose what appears in your feed using the Feed Manager.