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it is annoying for ppl to give low ratings without telling why, but the thing is, we have freaks in this world ppl not of the norms, so you really have a choice of trying to satisfy them the next time or simply ignore their asses
Sorry for straying from your topic/point, but again, sometimes it hurts more to fight or push against a wall...better to climb it. Just like the saying that goes something like, "Don't argue with idiots--they'll pull you down to their level and beat you with experience." In other words, if you feel you belong to a certain "level" and deserve a certain amount of respect, then be happy about it and don't mind the others. There will always be a number of people who will look upon you with a disrespect, no matter what you do (i.e. racism etc.), so it's almost a waste of time arguing about it. But on a lighter note, there will always be a number of people who will think you are ok.
"Reserve your right to think, for even to think wrongly is better than not to think at all."
- Hypatia of Alexandria
it is annoying for ppl to give low ratings without telling why, but the thing is, we have freaks in this world ppl not of the norms, so you really have a choice of trying to satisfy them the next time or simply ignore their asses
'Cause you give me something / That makes me scared, alright / This could be nothing / But I'm willing to give it a try / Please give me something
'Cause someday I might call you from my heart
So far I haven't considered any of the art in this gallery "crap" they all deserve my respect and admiration, what I was trying to point is that everyone has different points of view, and everyone has the right to express his opinion the way they want...Originally Posted by KorganoS
Actually there are some reasons as to why people dont tell.Originally Posted by pyoro-pyoro
1.People complain and bitch alot. Especially if you give them a bad rating. If you were to give a reason why for the bad score, they would complain even more and agitate you. I found this out before and therefore do not say why I rate certain things certain scores.
2. About this complaining-people think "7" is a low score. This is strange especially when under the rating system you see "bad" under 1-3 "okay" under 4-6 and "best" under 7-10. People don't understand that anything above a 4 is still a good score.
3. If you were to give a full explanation, you spend alot of time doing it and some people don't have that kind of time, so that's when the quick reply comes in handy.
This signature is within the limits upheld by the forum rules. Unless the rules change, do not remove.
actually I do agree with you false truth
but I should sum up my points
1. If you're someone who gives "what is considered bad rating" that shows us you have your own opinion in your mind of what is bad.
2. So, in that case you should be able to make walls that are "better" in his or her own opinion than the one he or she commented on
3. If you cant make wallpapers, but decided your time is too precious to at least "make constructive criticism" for the waller, then...
'Cause you give me something / That makes me scared, alright / This could be nothing / But I'm willing to give it a try / Please give me something
'Cause someday I might call you from my heart
1.n00b wallers would very likely to fit in your description... seasoned wallers would appreciate a comment much more than a rating which explains nothing.. as I already said.Originally Posted by False Truth
With a clear description of the rating, ppl are less likely to give ultra-low rating... they will be forced to examine all aspect of the wall/art subject more closely...
for example, one might give 2.00 as the rating and put a comment like 'I don't like the girl's pose'. So next time the artist should just ignore that person because he/she simply can't appreciate and art, he/she is just a picky blabber... there's still lot of thing can be taken into appreciating an artwork, such as colors, composition, and bg design... no improvement can be gained by taking that comment/rate into consideration in making the next work...
2.I wouldn't comment on that... because that's your view of the rating system...
3.then do it when you have the time... no need rushing things... because wallpapers and artworks aren't made in minutes... There is a certain effort involved and rushed ratings and comments aren't usefull at all for the artist.
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Well you got to think about it. atleast we aren't as strict as MT. I had one of my walls deleted the other day donno why just was deleted XD but Yeah I agree with the ratings
In the end this is the net, its to be expected, sorry to say but if you wanted happyland on gumdrop lane the nets definitely gonna let you down.
We can control it to a point but I can't force them to give people good ratings and comment. And the old gallery had the same problem, if nothing else maybe now its balancing out, cause that comment about the "old gallery being so great" is kidna a crock. I was so sick and tired of EVERY freakin wallpaper getting straight 5's when it was absolute junk. People would just give sympathy ratings and not just tell them how it really was and that was just sad and old. False Truth hit the nail on the head with his #2 point. Just because you dont get a 10 everytime doesn't mean your art isn't good.
Granted people dont need to just leave junk ratings to be a moron but at the same time I can't ban every person just because they sometimes give a low rating. Its their personal opinion and just because its one mans steak it can at the same time be another mans rotten beef. Opinions vary and the net is a bloated beast of opinions. Just shake it off and dont sweat it or take it personally. If you know its good thats all that matters dont depend so much on the opinions of others especially people you dont even know.
Clan orders: Wear the signature of defeat with pride.


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Test-Taking Tips
1. Be Prepared
No matter what other tips you may read and use, nothing can take the place of studying on a regular basis.
2. Do Your Homework
Homework and assignments are meant to give you the practice and knowledge you will need for an exam. Often, exam questions are based on what you have already read and completed.
3. Review Regularly
Avoid cramming by studying and reviewing each day. Review notes, homework and reading for a few moments every day. Quiz yourself and start the studying process early. Study key terms, definitions, examples, lists, diagrams, and charts. Pay particular attention to items your professor emphasizes in class.
4. Ask for Help
There are many resources available to help you succeed. Ask your instructor if you don't understand something. Form a study group. Check out the services available in the Advising Resource Center including study skills assistance, tutoring, and test taking strategies.
5. Understanding/Comprehension vs Memorization
Memorization techniques can be helpful if there are a lot of facts to remember. However, it is best to truly learn and understand the material.
6. Attend All of Your Classes
It is easy to get behind and miss vital information by skipping classes. Of you must miss a class, arrange to copy someone's notes or even tape the lecture (with instructor's permission.)
7. Control Anxiety During the Test
Arrive early. Get settled, relax, and give yourself time to organize your thoughts. Listen carefully to all instructions before beginning. Quickly review the test. Answer the easiest questions first. If you get stuck on a question, leave it and go back to it later. If you have no idea of an answer, remain calm, try to recall what you do know and use the other test questions to give you clues. If you do become anxious take a moment to relax. Close your eyes, take deep breaths, and concentrate on relaxing your body.
8. Get Plenty of Sleep and Eat Well Before a Test
Feeling rested and eating a balanced diet will go a long way in relieving stress symptoms.
Hints for Specific Types of Tests
Remember these are general tips that may be helpful. There is not a magic hint or formula that will help you with each and every test. Studying and preparing well are always your best bet.
Multiple Choice:
1. Try to answer the questions before looking at the answer.
2. Read through the entire test and answer those questions you know first.
3. Rephrase the question in your own words.
4. Eliminate the choices you know are incorrect and choose your answer from the remaining selection.
5. Sometimes the answer to one question is revealed in other test questions. Skip any questions you don't know and maybe the answer will become clear later.
True-False Questions:
1. Generally, there are more true than false statements.
2. If part of a statement is true and part of it is false, then the answer is false.
3. Statements with qualifiers (sometimes, seldom, rarely, most) tend to be true.
1. Because the lists don't always match evenly, review the entire section before beginning.
2. Start with the easiest matches first. Cross out matches as you use them to eliminate confusion.
Essay Test:
1. Read directions carefully. Notice whether you must answer all the questions and whether your test time is limited.
2. Read all questions before beginning. If you can select questions to answer, chose those for which you are best prepared.
3. Answer the easiest questions first. This will help you feel confident and reduce anxiety.
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SOCORRO, N.M. March 16, 2015 – Dr. Robert Cormack, professor of psychology, passed away Saturday, March 14, 2015, in Socorro. A service of remembrance will be held on campus later in the semester. ...


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Code Switch
10:41 am
Sat June 1, 2013
Haters Gonna Hate, As Shown On A Map
Originally published on Sat June 1, 2013 2:36 pm
Note: This post contains strong language, including racial and ethnic slurs.
Geography professor Monica Stephens has spent a lot of time putting haters on the map. Over at Humboldt State University in California where she is a professor, Stephens and a team of undergraduate students spent a year sorting through racial slurs on Twitter by location. And then she mapped them.
That meant searching for words like "nigger" and "fag" and "honkey." Stephens had a team of undergraduate students who sifted through 150,000 negative tweets.
Then Stephens' students went through about 90,000 tweets that used the N word to determine if they were actually negative, she told Tell Me More host Michel Martin. And it turns out, people who tweeted the N word were concentrated in certain areas.
"It tends to be in smaller towns, particularly in the Midwest, the Rust Belt area, more so than the South. But it was also quite present in Georgia and Alabama as well," Stephens said.
Another interesting finding came from Texas. Stephens writes:
"Perhaps the most interesting concentration comes for references to 'wetback,' a slur meant to degrade Latino immigrants to the U.S. by tying them to 'illegal' immigration. Ultimately, this term is used most in different areas of Texas, showing the state's centrality to debates about immigration in the U.S. But the areas with significant concentrations aren't necessarily that close to the border, and neither do other border states who feature prominently in debates about immigration contain significant concentrations."
Stephens said that she and her researchers are still examining conclusions from their findings, but are interested in looking at tweets from small towns.
"Perhaps these are places that have experienced large amounts of job loss over recent years," Stephens told Martin.
But the map wasn't without criticism. In an FAQ aimed at negative feedback her research received, Stephens argues, among other things, that the spatial distributions on the map don't just reflect population density.
Take California, for instance. "The fact that there is so little activity on the map in California — home to an eighth of the entire U.S. population ... — should be a clue that something else besides population is at work in explaining these distributions," she wrote.
And Stephens said she also received criticism from white men who felt they were being discriminated against by not being included in the map. But Stephens did try to include white men.
"We also looked at words like honky, cracker and gringo. But actually those weren't necessarily used in a negative way very often," Stephens said on Tell Me More. "Particularly the word 'honky,' which often is referring to honky-tonk music and honky-tonk bars and people were using it in a very, very positive context."
The term "redneck," seemed like it could be another potential offender.
"A lot of [references] weren't really negative toward rednecks," Stephens said. "And they were also generally leveraged by people of the same group."
And it turns out, many of the slurs were used by members of the group in question.


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Reserve Forces:
Army National Guard and Army Reserve Readiness for 21st Century Challenges
GAO-06-1109T: Published: Sep 21, 2006. Publicly Released: Sep 21, 2006.
Additional Materials:
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Ongoing operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have required the deployment of large numbers of Army National Guard and Army Reserve personnel. The Department of Defense (DOD) faces the unprecedented challenge of sustaining large-scale, long-duration operations with an all-volunteer military force. In addition, DOD's homeland defense missions have taken on higher priority, and National Guard forces have state responsibilities for homeland security activities as well as their traditional roles in responding to natural disasters. Over the past few years, GAO has examined the effects of ongoing military operations and domestic missions on the Army National Guard and Army Reserve. This statement, which draws on prior GAO work, focuses on (1) challenges in sustaining Army reserve component equipment and personnel readiness while supporting ongoing operations and (2) the extent to which the Army's planned transformation initiatives will alleviate equipment and personnel shortages and enhance readiness.
The Army National Guard and Army Reserve have made significant contributions to ongoing military operations, but equipment shortages and personnel challenges have increased and, if left unattended, may hamper the reserves' preparedness for future overseas and domestic missions. To provide deployable units, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve have transferred large quantities of personnel and equipment to deploying units, an approach that has resulted in growing shortages in nondeployed units. Also, reserve units have left significant quantities of equipment overseas and DOD has not yet developed plans to replace it. The Army National Guard reports that its units have less than one-third of their required equipment, and the Army Reserve reports that its units have about half of the modern equipment they need to deploy. These shortages could also adversely affect reserve units' ability to perform homeland defense missions and provide support to civil authorities in the event of natural disasters or terrorist attacks. The Army also faces shortages of personnel trained in some high-demand skills. These readiness challenges have occurred because the Army reserve components' role has shifted from a strategic reserve force to an operational force that is being used on an ongoing basis. However, DOD has not fully reassessed its equipment, personnel, and training needs and developed a new model for the reserves appropriate to the new strategic environment. GAO has made recommendations that DOD conduct a comprehensive reassessment of equipment, personnel, training, and funding requirements given the reserve components' shift to an operational role, but DOD's progress to date in addressing them has been limited. Without a comprehensive reassessment of equipment and personnel policies, the Army's reserve components may not be well prepared to deal with future events at home or abroad. The Army has begun two transformational initiatives intended to enhance reserve units' ability to conduct 21st century operations and plans to spend over $24 billion for equipment over the next 5 years. These initiatives are significant, but the extent to which they will alleviate equipment and personnel challenges is unclear. The Army faces challenges in managing both initiatives' costs and achieving intended capabilities. First, although the Army is making progress in transforming its forces to more flexible modular units, it has not provided detailed information on the capabilities, costs, and risks of its plans, and reserve units are likely to lack some key equipment items well into the future. Second, the Army is implementing a force generation model through which reserve units' readiness will be increased as units move closer to eligibility for deployment. However, the Army has not fully determined the equipment, personnel, and training that units will require at each stage of the cycle or fully identified the resources to implement its plans. Without detailed implementation plans, decision makers will not have sufficient information with which to assess both DOD's progress and performance in transforming the Army reserve components and whether investment decisions are being targeted to the highest priority areas.
Mar 19, 2015
Military Personnel:Actions Needed to Address Sexual Assaults of Male ServicemembersGAO-15-284: Published: Mar 19, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 19, 2015.
Mar 16, 2015
Operational Contract Support:Actions Needed to Enhance the Collection, Integration, and Sharing of Lessons LearnedGAO-15-243: Published: Mar 16, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 16, 2015.
Mar 12, 2015
Defense Acquisitions:Assessments of Selected Weapon ProgramsGAO-15-342SP: Published: Mar 12, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 12, 2015.
Mar 2, 2015
Defense Acquisitions:Better Approach Needed to Account for Number, Cost, and Performance of Non-Major ProgramsGAO-15-188: Published: Mar 2, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 2, 2015.
Feb 26, 2015
Defense Logistics:Improvements Needed to Accurately Assess the Performance of DOD's Materiel Distribution PipelineGAO-15-226: Published: Feb 26, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 26, 2015.
Feb 24, 2015
Acquisition Reform:DOD Should Streamline Its Decision-Making Process for Weapon Systems to Reduce InefficienciesGAO-15-192: Published: Feb 24, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 24, 2015.
Feb 18, 2015
Contingency Contracting:Contractor Personnel Tracking System Needs Better Plans and GuidanceGAO-15-250: Published: Feb 18, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 18, 2015.
Feb 11, 2015
Building Partner Capacity:DOD Should Improve Its Reporting to Congress on Challenges to Expanding Ministry of Defense Advisors ProgramGAO-15-279: Published: Feb 11, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 11, 2015.
Defense Business Transformation:DOD Has Taken Some Steps to Address Weaknesses, but Additional Actions Are NeededGAO-15-213: Published: Feb 11, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 11, 2015.
Jan 29, 2015
DOD Acquisitions:Opportunities May Exist to Increase Utility of Nondevelopmental Items Pilot ProgramGAO-15-285: Published: Jan 29, 2015. Publicly Released: Jan 29, 2015.
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March 26, 2015
Understanding the submerged arc welding process, and the overall equipment needs, and selecting the proper wire and flux combination for the application can help an operation realize its full potential.
March 26, 2015
What does it take to make it in this ultracompetitive world where your work is heavily scrutinized, your time is not your own, and all the while you have a driver's life in your hands? It requires incredible skill, yes, but there are other qualities you must possess and things you must accomplish. To be successful at one of racing's top teams requires more than just welding ability. It requires an unparalleled dedication to the sport and to your craft. With that dedication, however, sometimes comes sacrifice.
March 25, 2015
Advanced high-strength steels are made differently in the steel mill, and they need to be processed differently in part manufacturing. WorldAutoSteel released forming and welding guidelines intended to help the users of these products work through the differences.
March 25, 2015
In recent years Ashcroft's Connecticut plant has changed significantly. It's an operation transitioning from batch-style production to lean part flow, and a new, flexible welding cell has helped the manufacturer prepare for future improvements.
March 24, 2015
Metalworking facilities have to meet basic federal requirements for indoor air quality, but some companies may choose to go beyond that to create a work environment that encourages employee engagement and higher productivity.
March 23, 2015
Q: What filler wires are best-suited for welding ferritic stainless steel? A: Automotive exhaust systemand component manufacturers such as ArvinMeritor, Benteler, Faurecia, and Delphi have welded ferritic stainless steel for years. Their choice of filler metal, either a 409 or a 439, provided a...
March 23, 2015
There continues to be confusion in the marketplace about the conformance standard fr the various classifications of stainless steel products. The American Welding Society establishes guidelines to which manufacturers must conform depending on the specification. However, within the specification,...
March 20, 2015
Q: What are the advantages of ferritic stainless steels? A: When a fabrication requires corrosion resistance and high performance, your foremost concern is its affordability. One metal that can meet this demand is ferritic stainless steel. Grades include AISI type 409, 11CfCb, 430, 436, 439, and...
March 20, 2015
Q: How do I control corrosion in stainless steel? A: Corrosion in stainless steel is one of the most troublesome technical concerns for fabricators. Whether localized or widespread, corrosion takes many forms, depending on the particular service environment. Some common types are general...
March 19, 2015
Today's sheet metal formers must continually learn new skills to keep up with new materials, product specifications, and forming technologies. How do you attract and train a workforce that is sustainable in these ever-changing times?
March 19, 2015
In terms of temperatures, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) has it all—from near liquidus to near ambient and everything in between—a fact that makes the HAZ a tricky piece of real estate to understand the predict. Why? Remember, a number of metallurgical changes can take place in hot metal, and...
March 17, 2015
Gas-metal reactions take place every time you weld. They happen quickly, especially at temperatures above 3,000 degrees F, and can cause serious problems. Of course, not all gas-metal reactions are bad; some are designed in, while others simply take place with no ill effects. But some prove quite...
March 16, 2015
Q: I need to do a lot of welding on A356 aluminum castings. Can you tell me which filler alloy I should use? A: Alloy 356 and its variants (A356, B356, C356) is an aluminum-silicon-magnesium (AISiMg) alloy containing about 7 percent silicon and 0.35 percent magnesium. It is heat-treatable in the...
March 16, 2015
Q: We manufacture stainless steel tanks used in various industries and we aren't always informed of service conditions and chemical exposures. We would like to reduce or minimize the number of filler metals we use to cut down on costs and prevent accidental use of the wrong filler metal. The...
March 16, 2015
Q: How can I inspect/verify welds on painted product without being destructive? Eric D. A: Coatings come in many varieties on fabricated products. Galvanizing, painting, and even oxidizing a weathering steel will have a negative impact on the weld inspection process. For visual inspection, which...


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Music: Michael W. Smith
Song: Carol Ann
Lenses used: kit lens and 50mm 1.8
I was finally able to get out and film some of the spring atmosphere with my new Canon T2i. The last shot's my favorite!
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Set in beautiful rural Dorset in the heart of Hardy country, Dorset Country Holidays offers a respite from the rat race with glamping accommodation set around the common.
Guests can choose whether they wish to come glamping in a yurt, bell tent, vintage caravan, tipi, shepherd's hut or the UK's first Stargazer wooden Unidome.
Most glamping accommodation includes an electric light, cooler/fridge, double bed, electric sockets, carpet/rugs, cutlery and crockery, gas stove, chimenea, barbecue and picnic bench.
Located on a three-star AA park, guests have full access to amenities such as showers and toilets.
We welcome couples, families, same sex groups and dogs. We can even help plan that special celebration, stag or hen break offering a wide range of activities and catering.
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If you are not satisfied with the results generated, try breaking your booking down for more options. For example, if you're a group of 10, enter five people for your initial search and book two pitches. Use the 'Special requests' box on the booking page to ask to be sited together when booking multiple pitches or accommodation units: the campsite or park will try to grant your request.
Before booking, please check the listing page for any group restrictions. These normally appear in a section titled 'Please note'. Please also check the restrictions on unit dimensions to ensure your unit - especially for a large party - is suitable for the space you will be provided with.


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This video is part of a series on adding fractions using a clock. Part 2 outlines how to add simple fractions with unlike denominators.
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French, Malian forces retake town seized by Islamists
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French and Malian soldiers wrested control of the central town of Diabaly from Islamist rebels on Friday, its mayor said, and West African reinforcements arrived in Bamako to take on the insurgents dominating the north of Mali.
France, warning that Islamist control over Mali's vast desert north threatens the security of Africa and the West, had targeted Diabaly in an eighth day of air strikes aimed at dislodging hardened al Qaeda-linked fighters there.
"Soldiers are in the town carrying out mopping up operations," Diabaly Mayor Oumar Diakite told Reuters by telephone. "There are lots of burned-out vehicles that the Islamists tried to hide in the orchards."
A commander in the Malian army in nearby Markala said ground forces were operating in Diabaly, which lies about 360 km northeast of Bamako, but could not confirm that the town, seized by Islamists on Monday, had been recaptured.
If officially confirmed, it would be a second military success for the French-led military alliance after Islamists Thursday night abandoned Konna, to the north of the central garrison Sevare. Armed with weapons seized from Libya after the 2011 fall of Muammar Gaddafi, the Islamist alliance of al-Qaeda's North African wing AQIM and home-grown Malian groups Ansar Dine and MUJWA has put up staunch resistance.


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Page 1
Effect of food preservatives on in situ biofilm formation
Nicole Birgit Arweiler & Ronaldo Lenz & Anton Sculean &
Ali Al-Ahmad & Elmar Hellwig &
Thorsten Mathias Auschill
Received: 8 October 2007 /Accepted: 21 January 2008 /Published online: 21 March 2008
# Springer-Verlag 2008
Abstract The aim of this double-blind, controlled crossover
study was to evaluate the influence of food preservatives on
in situ dental biofilm growth. Twenty-four volunteers wore
appliances with six specimens each of bovine enamel to
build up intra-oral biofilms. During three test cycles, the
subjects had to put one half of the appliance twice a day in
one of the assigned active solutions (0.1% benzoate, BA;
0.1% sorbate, SA or 0.2% chlorhexidine, CHX) and the
other into NaCl. After 5 days, the developed biofilms were
stained with two fluorescent dyes to visualise vital (green)
and dead bacteria (red). Biofilms were scanned by confocal
laser scanning microscopy and biofilm thickness (BT) and
bacterial vitality (BV%) were calculated. After a washout
period of 7 days, a new test cycle was started. The use of
SA, BA and CHX resulted in a significantly reduced BT and
BV compared to NaCl (p<0.001). Differences between SA
and BA were not significant (p>0.05) for both parameters,
while CHX showed significantly lower values. Both preser-
vatives showed antibacterial and plaque-inhibiting properties,
but not to the extent of CHX. The biofilm model enabled the
examination of undisturbed oral biofilm formation influ-
enced by antibacterial components under clinical conditions.
Keywords Biofilm.Plaque vitality.
Foods are mostly complex mixtures of macro- and micro-
components. As these have prolonged contact with the oral
cavity, diet can influence the oral microflora and can, for
instance, constitute a caries risk even if adequate oral
hygiene and the daily presence of fluorides have a greater
effect [8].
The recent decline in the prevalence of caries has been
primarily attributed to extensive exposure to fluoride.
However, some authors indicate that during this same
period, the consumption of food preservatives such as
benzoates and sorbates has also increased substantially and
could theoretically also have led to a decline in caries [9].
Food preservatives such as sodium benzoates, sodium
nitrite and sorbic acid are used to kill microorganisms or at
least to control bacterial growth [10, 22]. They are added to
many food products and carbonated beverages (soft drinks)
to prolong their use when opened and not to harm general
health. However, these substances could also have an effect
on oral bacteria, particularly with regard to their widespread
use and the increase in consumption of these foods.
There is some data in the literature which suggests that
these preservatives have an effect on cytoplasmic acidifi-
cation which is not unique to fluoride [25] but common for
a number of small weak acids. This leads to inhibition of
enolase and other enzymes in the glycolytic pathway of
carbohydrate metabolism [6].
An effect of food preservatives on the growth and
metabolism of plaque bacteria has been shown to occur
both in vitro and in vivo [14, 17]. However, neither of these
studies took into account the presence of single bacteria or
Clin Oral Invest (2008) 12:203–208
DOI 10.1007/s00784-008-0188-6
DO00188; No of Pages
N. B. Arweiler:R. Lenz:A. Al-Ahmad:E. Hellwig:
T. M. Auschill
Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology,
Dental School and Hospital, University Medical Center,
Freiburg, Germany
A. Sculean
Department of Periodontology, Radboud University Medical Center,
Nijmegen, The Netherlands
N. B. Arweiler (*)
Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology,
Dental School and Hospital, Albert-Ludwigs-University,
Hugstetter Straße 55,
79106 Freiburg, Germany
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Page 2
the dental plaque flora as a biofilm. It has been shown that
an established intra-oral splint design resulted in stand-
ardised in situ biofilm formation (mimicking supragingival
plaque formation) irrespective of the position of the
different specimens [1, 2, 4].
Therefore, it was the aim of this study to assess the
effects of two food preservatives on in situ dental biofilm
growth compared to chlorhexidine, the most efficient agent
against dental plaque, and saline as a negative control.
Materials and methods
Study population
Twenty-four healthy volunteers (12 male, 12 female, aged
from 23 to 36 years; mean age 26.4) were selected for this
study. The caries risk of the subjects was classified
according to decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT),
salivary flow rate and lactic acid formation rate (ClinproTM
Cario L-Pop, 3M Espe AG, Seefeld, Germany; see also
Table 3).
Exclusion criteria were participation in other studies
30 days before study start, the use of antibacterial mouth-
rinses or antibiotics during the last 6 months, as well as
signs of destructive periodontitis or inflammatory symp-
toms. All volunteers were given written information about
the study design and signed a consent form before their
inclusion in the study.
The design of the study was in accordance with the ICH
note for guidance on Good Clinical Practice and the
Declaration of Helsinki (1964). The study was not
commenced until the approval of the ethics committee of
Freiburg University had been obtained (#106/03).
Biofilm growth
All volunteers received an individual acrylic appliance for
their upper jaw in which six sterilised bovine enamel discs
(3.4 mm in diameter, 2 mm in height and negatively tested
on bovine spongiform encephalopathy by a veterinarian)
were inserted towards the interdental area between two
adjacent teeth in such a way that biofilm growth was not
disturbed by the tongue or the cheek. The positions of the
enamel discs were chosen to mimic interproximal plaque
(for details see Fig. 1).
The bovine enamel samples were sterilised by ultra-
sonication for 2 min in 2% sodium hypochlorite followed
by ultrasonication in 70% ethanol for another 2 min. After
that, the samples were washed twice in sterile distilled
water (see also [1]).
Before inserting the intraoral appliance, all subjects
received a professional tooth cleaning, a standard toothpaste
(Odol med3 Milchzahn, 500 ppm fluoride, GSK, Bühl,
Germany) and a toothbrush (elmex® interX, GABA, Lörrach,
Germany) to standardise the conditions. During the three test
cycles, the subjects maintained their normal diet.
Appliances had to be worn for 5 days continuously
except during eating, oral hygiene measures (twice daily for
2 min each using only the allocated toothpaste and
toothbrush) and twice daily treatment of the specimens.
Test products and treatment
Solutions of benzoic acid (0.1%; BA) and sorbic acid
(0.1%; SA) were used as test solutions, while chlorhexidine
(0.2%, Chlorhexamed® forte, CHX; GlaxoSmithKline
GmbH, Bühl, Germany) and saline (0.9%, NaCl; B. Braun
Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) served as positive
and negative controls. BA, SA and CHX were tested over a
course of three cycles, while NaCl always served as a
control for biofilm growth.
During the 5 days of wearing, subjects had to dip twice
daily for 1 min one arm of the splint into either a test (BA,
SA) or CHX solution and the other arm into NaCl. To avoid
confusion about which arm was to be put in which solution,
the splint material of one arm was pink, while the other one
was fabricated from clear acrylic. Concurrently, the bottles
of the active solutions had a pink labelling, but were
otherwise identical (labelled only with a code number). The
coded bottles (BA, SA, CHX) together with the control
(NaCl) were randomly distributed to the subjects in the
individual test weeks following a Latin-square crossover
design by a laboratory technician not otherwise involved in
the study so that neither investigator nor test subject could
identify the corresponding product. The code was kept in a
sealed envelope and was disclosed when all examinations
were finished.
Fig. 1 Locations of the specimens (fixed with sticky wax) in the
intra-oral splint (left side highlighted with white circles)
204 Clin Oral Invest (2008) 12:203–208
Page 3
After a washout period of 7 days, a new test cycle was
Bacterial staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy
After 5 days of biofilm growth (120 h), the plaque-covered
enamel specimens were carefully removed from the splints,
gently washed in saline (room temperature) and then
processed without delay for the vital fluorescence staining
as described by [9] and the evaluation by confocal laser
scanning microscopy (CLSM). In brief, the adhering
biofilm was stained with two fluorescent dyes, fluorescein
diacetate and ethidium bromide to visualise the percentage
of living (green) and dead (red) bacteria. Immediately after
the staining procedure (3 min), a drop of saline buffer was
placed onto a chambered coverslip (Lab-Tek II, Nalge Nunc
International, USA). The specimens were then inverted
onto the saline buffer drops to prevent disturbance and
desiccation of the spatial structure of the biofilm and to
allow imaging from below. Confocal images were obtained
with the CLSM microscope (Leica TCS SP2 AOBS, Leica
Microsystems, Heidelberg, Germany) using a 63× water
immersion objective. The highest point of the biofilm
surface was searched for by focusing on the substratum and
moving until the outermost biofilm cells were in focus.
Then, optical sections of approximately 1 μm were made at
every second micrometer (to avoid overlaps) throughout the
biofilm. The area of each section was transformed into a
digital image containing 512×512 pixels. The size of each
pixel represented 0.625×0.625 μm in the specimen. This
procedure was repeated twice on each biofilm resulting in
three series of sections throughout the biofilm. Thus,
biofilm thickness (BT) of each test product arose from
three measuring points and three specimens.
Assessing biofilm vitality and the vitality of each biofilm
To assess mean biofilm vitality as well as biofilm vitality
per layer from the digitised data, an automatic image
analysis program (KS 300 3.0, Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH,
Hallbergmoos, Germany) was used. This program calculat-
ed the percentage of vital (green-stained) bacteria as
compared to vital and dead (red-stained) bacteria in each
section as well as the vitality values of the entire biofilm
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 11.0. The
data of BT and mean BV were averaged across the three
series within each subject and then averaged across all
subjects for each test cycle. Then, the parameter BTand BV
were analysed using single factor analysis of variance
(ANOVA). The significance of any differences was deter-
mined using the paired t test. The data series of BV in the
different sections were subdivided into three equally thick
layers, layer 1: bottom layer, layer 2: middle layer, layer 3:
top layer (Fig. 2), so that the effect of the different solutions
could be compared by layer. Differences between the three
layers were tested by ANOVA.
All 24 volunteers finished the study and all specimens
could be analysed. Both food preservatives were able to
significantly reduce biofilm thickness and vitality compared
to the NaCl solution. As previously shown [1, 2, 4], the
statistical analysis detected again no differences between
the three specimens of one appliance (with the same
treatment) in any parameter, which speaks for the quality
rating and reproducibility of the biofilm model used in the
Mean values as well as standard deviations for BT and
mean BV are presented in Table 1.
The use of SA, BA and CHX resulted in BT of 19.8,
21.9 and 10.8 μm, respectively, which corresponds to a
reduction of 17% (p=0.032), 21% (p>0.001) and 57% (p>
0.001) in comparison with the negative control.
The mean vitality (in %) under the influence of SA, BA
and CHX was 42.9%, 44.5% and 21.7% and reduced by
26%. 29% and 62% (all p>0.001) when compared to the
negative control.
As the control data (BT and BV) of the three test cycles
did not differ significantly, the three active solutions were
compared directly. Differences between SA and BAwere not
significant (p>0.05), while both preservatives were signifi-
cantly different from CHX (p<0.001).
The distribution of biofilm vitality of all subjects divided
into three layers is presented in Table 2. Besides CHX, both
test products as well as the negative control showed a very
similar vitality pattern with lower values in the bottom and
top layer
middle layer
bottom layer
Fig. 2 Definition of the different biofilm layers
Clin Oral Invest (2008) 12:203–208205
Page 4
higher values in the top layers. No statistically significant
differences between the different layers (top, middle and
bottom) of the dental plaque biofilms analysed in this study
were found.
Additionally, the BT of the subjects (during the SA
control cycle, in ascending order) was set in relation to the
assessed caries risk parameter (Table 3). Neither DMFT,
nor salivary flow rate, nor lactic acid formation rate showed
any correlation with the BT of the negative control.
Many in vitro and some in vivo models of obtaining biofilms
have been described [1, 2, 4, 20, 24, 26, 28, 29]. While in
vitro models (also known as laboratory models) with single
species or multispecies biofilms only capture a small part of
the oral flora, in vivo or in situ models reflect the natural
intra-oral situation. In situ models with removable splints
offer the opportunity to insert mounting specimens of any
material and to obtain several (six to eight) biofilm samples
in one jaw. In contrast, specimens fixed directly at the tooth
[20] are often difficult to remove without disturbing the
adhering biofilm. Moreover, the acceptance of our splint
model by the subjects is very good, as oral hygiene
measurements are possible without disturbing biofilm for-
mation. While the present model tries to imitate interprox-
imal plaque, the aim of another in vivo splint model was to
imitate fissure plaque [28, 29].
Finally, differing treatments for each arm of the splint are
possible as performed in the present investigation.
Growing biofilms were dipped into the solutions instead
of rinsed with them for the following reasons:
1. Although the concentration of the preservatives SA and
BA lie within the maximum allowance for products,
rinsing with the solutions was avoided due to ethical
reasons (direct contact with the mucosa, possibility of
allergic reactions), as only the effect on biofilm
formation was of interest.
2. To prove or control the reproducibility of the biofilm
formation during the three test cycles, it was necessary
and important to always run a control, as maintaining
standardised conditions (diet, oral hygiene measures)
for the subjects is often difficult to fulfil. Therefore,
rinsing the whole mouth was excluded.
In addition, rinsing with or dipping into the solutions did
not seem to differ greatly from one another, as control data
of CHX and NaCl and reductions of CHX compared to
NaCl were very similar to those obtained in a rinsing study
(same CHX product and water as negative control) using
the same splint design [5].
Rinsing would have both positive and negative influen-
ces on the efficacy of the substances. In the real situation, it
must be assumed that the products are diluted by saliva or
greatly increase transient flow rate, thus, reducing the
exposure period to preservatives. Conversely, adhesive
foods may extend the persistence of such material in the
mouth, and contact more than twice a day due to increased
consumption must also be assumed. Data from the USA
show that individuals are consuming as much as 662 mg
sodium benzoate from two cans of a carbonated beverage
daily (660 ml) [21]. This corresponds exactly to the
concentration of benzoate used in the present study
(1,000 mg in 1 l), presuming a volume of 330 ml per can.
Table 2 Biofilm vitality (BV in %) and standard deviation (±SD) of
all subjects (n=24) in the different layers
Test cycleBV (%)
bottom layer
middle layer
top layer
SA control49.32
BA control
CHX control
Table 1 Biofilm thickness (BT, in μm) and mean proportion of vital bacteria (BV; vitality values in %) during the different test cycles
SA cycleBA cycle CHX cycle
SASA control (saline) BA BA control (saline)CHX CHX control (saline)
BT (in μm) 19.76b
BV (in %)
Different letters (a–f) indicate statistical significance (p<0.05).
206Clin Oral Invest (2008) 12:203–208
Page 5
When considering the importance of plaque thickness in
metabolic processes involved in dental diseases, it has to be
pointed out that there are only a very limited number of
investigations which have evaluated intra-oral plaque
thickness. Many in vitro biofilm models (constant depth
film fermentor) or in situ models with dentinal grooves only
assess biofilms of a defined thickness. These models are
ideally suited to building up (established) biofilms and then
studying diffusion phenomena, but assessing the influence
of antibacterial substances on biofilm development and
thickness is not possible with such models.
Intra-oral plaque indices give only a rough impression of
the amount of plaque. There are methods to measure plaque
thickness by electronic probes [15] or by a laser scanning
probe [27]. The examination of plaque thickness micro-
scopically by means of CLSM is one alternative and has
been used in many investigations [3–5, 16]. In this instance,
biofilm thickness is defined to be the distance between the
substratum and the peaks of the highest cell clusters [19].
The caries risk did not seem to have any influence on the
data. These findings were also confirmed by two recent
studies in which no differences in undisturbed 48-h biofilm
between heavy and light plaque formers were observed
[2, 29].
In contrast to a general expectation when looking at
approximal plaque accumulation after 5 days, all thicknesses
seem to be very small, but—irrespective of the explanation
by the present individual study population—it should be
mentioned that (1) the study model only tried to mimic
approximal plaque and that (2) there are no in vivo data of
approximal plaque thickness after 5 days to compare with.
Interestingly, Thurnheer et al. [24] found similar thicknesses
(30 μm after 64.5 h) in an in vitro biofilm model.
Additionally, as seen in this study, retarded diffusion
phenomena are also possible in thin biofilms. However, it
shouldnotbeforgottenthat thetest agentswerecontinuously
applied on the developing biofilms (nine times over a course
of 5 days) and not on established ones where penetration
plays a more important role. Moreover, SA and BA, with
their very low molecular weights, should penetrate biofilm
better than the substances examined in [24]. CLSM pictures
recomposed of the scans showed frond-like structures and
similar vitality patterns in all layers of the biofilms, which
could be an indication for continuous and equal penetration.
Substances like sorbic acids and benzoates are not only
used in foods and carbonated beverages. Benzoate for
example occurs naturally in cranberries, prunes, cinnamon
and ripe olives [7]. Recently, it was shown that cranberry
juice presents multiple inhibitory activities, e.g. inhibition
of the development of Streptococcus mutans biofilm in
vitro, especially the glucan-mediated processes [13], which
could be caused in part by the benzoic acid content.
Benzoic and sorbic acids have demonstrated a reduction
of intracellular pH and inhibition of growth of Escherichia
coli [22]. Benzoate has already been shown to affect oral
microorganisms in a similar way to that of fluoride by
reducing the acid tolerance of the oral flora causing cell
death [11, 14, 17]. Especially when combined with fluoride,
benzoate can inhibit growth in vitro and cause acid killing
of bacteria such as S. mutans [6] as well as S. sobrinus in
rodents and rats [9].
The effect of benzoate and sorbate on in situ oral biofilm
was not as pronounced as the effect of the positive control
CHX, the gold standard treatment against dental plaque and
gingivitis [12], which, in addition to a lower antibacterial
effect, could also be due to differences in biomass
penetration [24]. While CHX is known to have surfactant
properties, SA and BA were diluted in water. However,
both preservatives showed significant reductions between
17% and 21% in BT and between 26% and 29% in BV
compared to the negative control. It is known that external
stress such as absence of nutrients or exposure to toxic
substance can better be compensated when organisms are
embedded in a biofilm in comparison with free-floating
(planktonic) bacteria [18, 23].
Regarding the different layers of the biofilms, SA, BA
and NaCl showed an identical vitality distribution with the
Table 3 Caries risk data (DMFT, salivary flow rate, lactate rate) in
relation to biofilm thickness (in ascending order of BT in the control
cycle of SA)
BT (μm; of
SA control)
DMFTSalivary flow
rate (ml/min)
lactic acid
formation rate
Clin Oral Invest (2008) 12:203–208 207
Page 6
highest values at the top of the biofilm, which is in line with
the knowledge that bacteria in deeper biofilm layers are
rather metabolically inactive (dormant zones) [16, 23]. A
constant reduction in all layers compared to NaCl points to a
uniform effect of the regularly applied preservatives during
biofilm growth. It is also an indication that the effect of any
substance will be best when applied on thin developing
biofilms and when no penetration through thick, established
ones is necessary, which is still a considerable problem.
The splint design used in the study together with CLSM
represents an excellent tool to study dental biofilm growth,
which could—for the first time—prove an antibacterial
effect of preservatives on in situ biofilm formation.
Based on our results, benzoic and sorbic acid signifi-
cantly inhibited biofilm thickness and vitality, but were not
as effective as chlorhexidine. Irregardless of the effects of
CHX, the increased usage of preservatives and their
availability in foods could be contributing to the decline
in prevalence of dental caries.
a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; Ar 341/3-1).
The authors thank Marie Follo, Ph.D., Department of Hematology and
Oncology, Core facility, University of Freiburg for her help in the image
analysis and preparing the manuscript.
This investigation was financially supported by
Declaration of Interests
There are no conflicts of interest for any
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208Clin Oral Invest (2008) 12:203–208


text:
Evelyn Fowler Culbreth
Published: Monday, January 23, 2012 at 8:05 a.m.
Last Modified: Monday, January 23, 2012 at 8:05 a.m.
COWPENS, SC-- Evelyn Fowler Culbreth, 64, of Cowpens died Sunday, January 22, 2012 at Spartanburg Regional Hospice Home. Born July 6, 1947, in Spartanburg County, she was the daughter of the late Floyd "Shorty" and Ruby Thrift Fowler and wife of William Boyd Culbreth. Evelyn was a former employee at Pentex and a member of Orchard Street Baptist Church.
Survivors, in addition to her husband, are sisters, Rita Horne of Boiling Springs and Shirley Henderson of Chesnee; brother, Dewey "DC" Fowler of Boiling Springs; and numerous nieces and nephews.
Visitation will be 6:00-8:00 PM Monday, January 23, 2012 at Floyd's Greenlawn Chapel. Funeral services will be at 1:00 PM Tuesday, January 24, 2012 at Floyd's Greenlawn Chapel, conducted by the Rev. Ray Mullinax and the Rev. Ronnie Blackwell. Burial will be in Good Shepherd Memorial Park.
In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to Spartanburg Regional Hospice Home, 686 Jeff Davis Drive, Spartanburg, SC 29303.
The family is at the home, 1424 Denton Road, Spartanburg, SC 29307.
An online guest register is available at www.floydmortuary.com
Floyd's Greenlawn Chapel
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The company has introduced 75 new products between Q1 and Q3 2007 and now offers more than 550 standard products. Hittite's standard and custom IC, module and subsystem products address broadband, cellular, microwave and millimeter-wave, military and space market applications.
Get access to premium content and e-newsletters by registering on the web site. You can also subscribe to Microwave Journal magazine.


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Public key infrastructure with the Dogtag certificate system
If you are looking for more control of your public key infrastructure, try the powerful Dogtag certificate system.
Asymmetric cryptography provides a powerful and convenient means for encrypting Internet communications. In this scenario, each entity involved in the encryption system possesses a pair of keys: a public key and a private key. The public key is used to encrypt data or to validate signatures. Data encrypted with the public key is then decrypted with the matching private key.
If Alice wants to send an encrypted message to Bob, she needs to obtain Bob's public key for her key ring. Encryption software on Alice's computer then uses Bob's public key to encrypt the message, and Bob's computer uses Bob's private key to decrypt it.
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Microsoft Frees Code for .NET Build Engine
MSBuild is now just another GitHub project as Redmond continues its path to the light.
Researchers Demonstrate Hack by Heat
Malware could pass data and commands between disconnected computers without leaving a trace on the network.
Kernel Developers Adopt Code of Conflict
New rules emphasize collegiality in coding.
Ubuntu Switches to systemd
Upstart lands in the dust bin as a new era begins for Linux.
Old Vulnerabilities Are Kept Alive Through Bad Configuration
HP's annual Cyber Risk report offers a bleak look at the state of IT.
Linus Torvalds Announces Linux 4.0
But what do the big numbers really mean?
Microsoft Frees CoreCLR
.NET Core execution engine is the basis for cross-platform .NET implementations.
New Trojan Attacks Linux Servers
The Xnote trojan hides itself on the target system and will launch a variety of attacks on command.
Cisco Releases Annual Security Report
Spammers go low-volume, and 90% of IE browsers are unpatched.
Zero Day Exploits Target Flash
Adobe scrambles to release patches for vulnerable Flash Player.


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So two days ago I was working on my sisters doll that I was planning on giving her as a gift, holding a pin in my teeth I started to do my last stitches when whoops! I had stabbed myself causing me to gasp suddenly and pull the pin back into my mouth, panicking I tried not to swallow, but alas I did.
One hospital trip, x ray and doctor telling me to sift through poo because its going to pass later I go to sleep feeling alright.
The next morning I wake up and go about my day when I feel this sudden pain then ace.. I needed to go to the hospital, My step father took my kids (and puppy) and off I went!
After hours of waiting I finally got another xray. I go to sit down and someone comes up to me explaining hers a surgeon, and he asks what happened and my medical history. Another guy comes up and he explains the pin is stuck in my stomach and they need to scope it out. goodie... im alone and about to have my first surgery.. Matt was working and my mother was on her way. The doctor was scared I was freaking out and showed me a picture of a nail, he told he that it was inside a guy and not to worry! I got prepped for the scope and moved. I cried the whole time, I didn't want to be alone. My mum arrived with enough time to hug me and shoved out the door. I was drugged and woke up just as the operation was ending, the scope was still in when I came to, and I threw up! after ending the scope, I cried again wishing to go home to my children. I was told to wait 4-6 hours but still worried if I could nurse.. I can! I was given my pin back, had icewater, and sent home within the hour. Im very sore in my chest, back and throte but glad it came out!
it was funny though every time I told my story everyone said they either do a similar thing or have the same worry,
so for all you doll makin' watchers I have.. DO NOT HOLD THE PIN IN YOUR TEETH!


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You heard his name cursed by Seth Rogen and his bonehead buddies in Knocked Up and you've seen his yearly lists ranking the hottest celebrity reveals of the season, but have you actually stepped inside Mr. Skin's online wonderland to see what it's really like among all the highly-paid racks and absurdly-insured buttocks of Hollywood and beyond? With a current slate of TV offerings more liberal with the nude scenes than seasons past, and with more and more starlets stripping off in movie roles, Mr. Skin continues to ride the ever-increasing wave of celebrity obsession all the way to the bank. You… Well, you can follow him all the way to masturbatory utopia populated only by the most desired women on Earth.
When porn stars nobody but two attractive women in varying states of undress, we've come to expect they'll play nicely with each other. Here at Nude FIght Club, however, niceties are immediately cast aside in favor of all-out brawling. Rest assured, though, the affection comes back, albeit in hardcore form. Under the 21Sextury banner, Nude Fight Club presents the finest in naked, oiled, aggressive all-girl brawling with HD videos and high-res images capturing every juicy second.
Short of heading back to college, taking over a frat-house Old School-style, and finding yourself a gang of sexy young pledges to boss around, strip down, and toy with 'til you just can't toy no more, Haze Him is about as close as you're going to get to living out your dominant older frat-brother fantasies. With close to 100 scenes already online and serving up anywhere from three to three-dozen tight, toned young bodies and putting them through the ringer, Haze Him is the college fraternity of your wildest, raunchiest wet dreams.
Getting her start in adult cinema thanks to a small role in acclaimed French cinema auteur Eric Rohmer's 1972 masterpiece, Love in the Afternoon, Suze Randall eventually went on to become one of the most influential female pornographers of all time. Now, at her flagship website Suze dot net, Ms. Randall (now 66-years-old) is still pumping producing some of the most glamorous, sophisticated softcore and hardcore pornography on the planet. Best of all, now that HD videos and high-res photo are being added to the archive on a regular basis, Suze's content has never looked better!
We all love pornography; otherwise we wouldn't be here. Once in a while, though, you've gotta give the professionals a rest and let the up-and-cummers, the amateurs, the homemade supersluts have a chance to shine. At Homegrown Video, these eager amateurs are given every chance to step into the spotlight and wow a captive and devoted audience with their sexual adventures. Homegrown Video has been in operation since 1982 and online since 1997. In that time it has seen good years and not-so-good years, but lately things have been looking slightly more professional around here. Waitasecond... professional? This is an amateur site, what does professionalism have to do with anything? Egads, dear readers. Has the bastion of homemade smut finally sold out to The Man™ or is it still holding true to its original intentions, to provide producers and viewers of genuine, authentic homemade hardcore porn a place to share, discuss, and enjoy each others work? Homegrown Video, consider yourself under Pinkvestigation!
With twelve AVN Awards under her belt, Asa Akira is now a bona fide porno superstar and one with her very own website, to boot! Asa Akira (the site) tempts Asa's fans with promises of supremely hardcore sex. Boldly listing her favorite position as "double penetration" Asa is a ravenously horny and endlessly kinky woman and her site caters to her particular tastes by serving up anal, DP, DAP, and even anal fisting scenes. Asa's not just a rampant pole-riding cum-chugger, though, she also enjoys the odd sapphic romp with an equally sexy co-star. Although it certainly has a number of issues preventing it from reaching the pinnacles of success recently attained by its subject, Asa Akira dot com is nonetheless worthy of consideration and could be exactly the site to put your Asa addiction over the edge.
If you long to watch delightful, adorable young women pleasuring themselves without the aid of another man or woman, Cuties Galore will certainly be of interest to you, but be warned, this site isn't your usual tepid, delicate wandering through a woman's own panties. Cuties Galore is as hardcore as any site under the 21Sextury banner, just without the presence of other performers. The girls throw themselves wildly into each scene, employing finger, fist, foot, and toy in a never-ending quest for complete self-fulfillment.
At some point in the early days of adulthood, David Weisenbarger must've looked at his landscape photographs and thought "If only there was a beautiful naked woman cavorting around this picturesque panorama..." Running with that thought in a way most men rarely bother to, David launched David Nudes, a site devoted to erotic depictions of the female form set amidst some of the loveliest natural settings we've yet seen. Also moving into the studio for more control and greater creative freedom, David's work has long been some of the most impressive erotica on the 'net, and even with so many competitors racing to offer the highest resolutions, most dynamic HD videos, and prettiest, sexiest models, David Nudes is still delivering with style and sensuality.


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Janis Buntain, 57, Mt. Eden, died Tuesday, March 11, 2014 at her home.
Survivors included her husband, Larry Buntain; two sons, James Tyler and Christian Buntain; one stepson, Larry Buntain, Jr.; one stepdaughter, Juanita Buntain; and her mother, Frances Parsley of Indianapolis.
Funeral services were Friday at Pleasant Hill Christian Church in Mt. Eden. Burial was in Best Cemetery.
Arrangements were by Webb Funeral Home.
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Home » Tools for Writers » The Time Is Now » Best Books for Writers
From the newly published to the invaluable classic, our list of essential books for creative writers.
Published in 2013
by Knopf
By presenting the habits and routines of various artists—including writers such as Maya Angelou, W. H. Auden, Jane Austen, Ann Beattie, Simone de Beauvoir, Patricia Highsmith, Arthur Miller, Gertrude Stein, Philip Roth, and Voltaire—Mason Currey aims to show, as he writes in his introduction, "how grand creative visions translate to small daily increments; how one's working habits influence the work itself, and vice versa."
Published in 2001
by Graywolf Press
In this collection of twenty-eight essays, poets such as Frank Bidart, Marilyn Chin, Billy Collins, Louise Glück, Kimiko Hahn, Yusef Komunyakaa, and Sharon Olds explore the autobiographical impulse in poetry. As Library Journal writes: "Each weighs in on a different area of the discussion, but all are evocative and engaging. One quickly discovers that the confessional poem's legacy extends further than the expected Plath, Sexton, and Lowell. Sappho, Shakespeare's elusive figures, Milton's daughters, and Mary Wordsworth are as likely to be evoked by these writers, as they demonstrate how poetic voice spans an infinite variety of combinations."
Published in 2007
by Da Capo Press
In this guide writer and teacher Susan M. Tiberghien provides advice and writing exercises that help beginning writers develop their voice and enrich their craft.
Published in 2013
by Atria Books
Author of the classic Writing Down the Bones, Natalie Goldberg offers another writing guide based on her forty years of teaching small, intensive workshops at a remote center in the rural Southwest. In chapters with titles such as "Why Silence?," "Meditation (Sitting)," "Seven Attitudes of Mindfulness," and "Six-Word Memoir," Goldberg shares her insights about finding truth and clarity on the way to establishing a literary life.
Published in 2013
by Graywolf Press
Written by poet and critic James Logenbach, this collection of twelve essays explores various ways that poetry at its most successful delivers meaning. Longenbach uses as examples poems by Shakespeare, Donne, Blake, Keats, Dickinson, Yeats, Pound, Bishop, and Ashbery, among other greats.
Published in 2013
by McSweeney's Books
An anthology of essays by poets such as Kazim Ali, Elizabeth Bishop, Naomi Shihab Nye, Nick Flynn, Yusef Komunyakaa, Claudia Rankine, and Alissa Valles whose travels have informed their writing. The book also includes practical resources for finding work abroad, applying for fellowships and residencies, funding a trip, obtaining proper travel documents, and attending to other cultural considerations.
Published in 2013
by University of Iowa Press
In Vivid and Continuousseasoned fiction writer and teacher John McNally, who is also the author of The Creative Writer's Survival Guide, offers solutions to the problems beginning fiction writers face. Each of the fifteen chapters includes writing exercises meant to reinforce McNally's guidance.
Published in 2013
by Penguin
New York Times notable author David Corbett offers a unique and indispensable toolkit for creating characters that come vividly to life on the page and linger in memory. Corbett delves into the human heart of characterization, showing beginning and advanced writers how to plumb the rich source materials of their own lives and the world around them to fashion credible, compelling characters.
Published in 2006
by Grove Press
Based on a series of his lectures, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Robert Olen Butler provides in-depth guidance about how to fully develop one's fiction. Butler's advice stems from his belief that "art does not come from the mind. Art comes from the place where we dream."
Published in 2006
by HarperCollins
Writer, editor, and teacher William Zinsser offers straightforward advice to the beginning writer about the principles of what makes strong nonfiction. Topics include style, voice, audience, and structure, and Zinsser breaks down the art of the interview, the travel essay, and the memoir.


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Ragtimes for Two Violins
Ragtimes for Two Violins composed by Benedikt Brydern. For Violin. Saddle-stitched, Duets. Ragtime. Beginning-Intermediate. Book. 36 pages. Published by Mel Bay Publications, Inc (MB.20386).
ISBN 9780786668977. Ragtime. 8.5 x 11 inches.
This volume contains a delightful collection of 16 well-known Ragtimes by Scott Joplin (Country Club, Easy Winners, Elite Syncopations, Pineapple Rag), James Scott and original compositions by violinist/composer Benedikt Brydern; arranged for 2 violins (intermediate-level) in progressive order. It teaches syncopated rhythms, accompaniment and double-stops in an entertaining way. All arrangements are suitable for student recitals or could be used as effective encores.


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ART REVIEW; A Tour Through Chelsea, The New Center of Gravity
Published: May 15, 1998
(Page 4 of 4)
Wall painting figures in a bright little show titled ''THE INNOCENT'' -- at Audiello Fine Art, by four artists in their 20's and fresh from graduate school. Anna Sew Hoy, born in New Zealand, addresses her Japanese heritage with a graceful figurative drawing that slips down the wall and across the floor. Christopher Schanck is represented by two snowy sculptures; Sandrine Guerin by a clutch of almost-not-there photographs and objects, and Andy Collins by abstract paintings derived from pornographic images on the Internet.
Mr. Collins also contributes to a group show, optimistically titled ''NEXT,'' -- for Master of Fine Arts candidates from several New York schools. It was organized by graduate students in gallery and retail art administration at the Fashion Institute of Technology under the guidance of the teacher and curator Kenny Schachter. The cavernous street-level warehouse space at 526 West 26th Street, where the show is installed, has had heavy use for endeavors of this kind of late. It's one of Chelsea's few answers (so far) to an alternative space, and it's good that it's there.
Meanwhile, a few doors away, Mr. Schachter himself, notable for his nomadic, freelance preferences when it comes to being a curator, has yet another movable feast on view. This one takes the form of a solo exhibition by the painter LISA RUYTER, -- whose carefully drawn Day-Glo paintings of fractured suburban houses and fissured cityscapes can also be seen at the Mitchell Algus Gallery in SoHo. Mr. Schachter has brought much energy to the art world over the last few years.
Tibet House
Even a cursory tour of Chelsea these days is exhausting. There's a lot of mileage to cover, a lot to look at, a lot to feel good and bad about (in the ''whither contemporary art'' vein). Given the stress level, it might be wise to end up in a place where quiet prevails and contemplation is invited, and the Tibet House Cultural Center comes as the answer to a prayer.
The space is open and airy. A richly appointed altar fragrant with flowers sits in an alcove facing the center's art gallery. A fifth-century red sandstone Indian Buddha, on long-term loan to Tibet House, stands across the room. On the walls, in a show titled ''TIBETAN ART OF HEALING,'' -- are nearly 80 paintings by the contemporary Nepalese artist Romio Shrestha, adapted from ancient medical manuals.
The center opened just last week (price tags, at last visit, were still on the carpets), but the place already feels settled and at home. Maybe the art neighborhood in Chelsea, still without a spiritual center, will feel the same some day. The stage is certainly set to entertain many possibilities.
Where the Works Are on Display
Here the names and addresses of the exhibitions mentioned in the art review about Chelsea galleries:
POLLY APFELBAUM, ''Ice,'' D'Amelio Terras Gallery, 525 West 22d Street, (212) 352-9460 (through June 6).
LIESBETH BIK AND JOS VAN DER POL, ''The Bookshop Piece,'' Greene-Naftali Gallery, 526 West 26th Street, eighth floor, (212) 463-7770 (through June 27)
BLADE ONE AND CASE 2, Martinez Gallery, 515 West 27th Street, (212) 563-1075 (opens tomorrow; through June 26).
''FACE TO FACE: ART AND THE PUBLIC,'' Marlborough Chelsea, 211 West 19th Street, (212) 463-8634 (through June 27).
''DISAPPEARING ACT,'' Bound and Unbound, 601 West 26th Street, 12th floor, (212) 463-7348 (through July 31).
''DISAPPEARING ACT,'' Leslie Tonkonow Artworks and Projects, 601 West 26th Street, 12th floor, (212) 255-8450 (through July 31).
JAMES DRAKE, ''Tongue-Cut Sparrows/A Thousand Tongues Burn and Sing,'' Pamela Auchincloss, 601 West 26th Street, 12th floor, (212) 727-2845 (through June 30).
''EXPLOITING THE ABSTRACT,'' Feigen Contemporary, 535 West 20th Street, (212) 929-0500 (through June 13).
''THE INNOCENT,'' Audiello Fine Art, 526 West 26th Street, Room 519, (212) 675-9082 (though May 30).
''INVENTORY,'' White Columns, 320 West 13th Street, (entrance on Horatio Street), (212) 924-4212 (through May 24).
ROBERT IRWIN, ''Prologue: Times 18,'' Dia Center for the Arts, 548 West 22d Street, (212) 989-5566 (through June 14).
ELLSWORTH KELLY, ''Sculpture for a Large Wall, 1957'' Matthew Marks Gallery, 522 West 22d Street, (212) 243-0200 (through June 20)
ELLSWORTH KELLY, ''New Paintings,'' Matthew Marks Gallery, 523 West 24th Street, (212) 243-0200 (through June 20).
UDOMSAK KRISANAMIS, Gavin Brown's Enterprise, 436 West 15th Street, (212) 627-5258 (through June 13).
REE MORTON, Alexander & Bonin, 132 10th Avenue, at 18th Street, (212) 367-7474 (through June 6).
''NEXT,'' 526 West 26th Street, ground floor, sponsored by the Fashion Institute of Technology, (212) 217-5714 (through June 7).
LISA RUYTER, Kenny Schachter/Rove, 508 West 26th Street, ground floor, (212) 807-6669 (though June 6). Also at Mitchell Algus Gallery, 25 Thompson Street, SoHo, (212) 966-1758 through June 6.
''THREE CATHOLICS: ANDY WARHOL, ED RUSCHA AND ROBERT MAPPLETHORPE,'' Cheim & Read, 521 West 23d Street, (212) 242-7727 (through June 27).
''TIBETAN ART OF HEALING,'' Tibet House Cultural Center, 22 West 15th Street, (212) 807-0563 (through Aug. 14). Hours: Mondays through Fridays, 9 A.M. to 5 P.M.
''TRAVEL AND LEISURE,'' Paula Cooper Gallery, 534 West 21st Street, (212) 255-1105 (through June 26).
GARY VAN WYK, ''African Painted Houses,'' Richard Anderson Fine Arts in association with Axis Gallery, 453 West 17th Street, fourth floor, (212) 463-0970 (through May 31).
Photos: A section of Ellsworth Kelly's ''Sculpture for a Large Wall'' (1957) at Matthew Marks, top, and a fifth-century Indian Buddha in a gallery at the Tibet House Cultural Center. (Sara Krulwich/The New York Times)(pg. E29); ''Tack Room'' by Patricia Cronin, in a show called ''Inventory.'' (Sara Krulwich/The New York Times); Robert Irwin's ''Prologue: Times 18,'' at the Dia Center, has 18 compartments with fabric walls that dissolve one's sense of direction and of solidity. (Sara Krulwich/The New York Times)(pg. E33) Map showing the location of the galleries on the west side of the Chelsea section of lower Manhattan. (pg. E33)


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Thursday, July 8, 2010 - 9:03am
San Benito police are investigating the death of 17 year-old Lexus Rosalas as a homicide after she was found unconscious at an apartment complex on Monday. Police know she was with some friends in an apartment when she passed out and became unresponsive. The friends then called 911 and paramedics rushed her to the hospital where she later died. An autopsy has been ordered to determine the exact cause.


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Members and guests of the American Association of University Women (AAUW) will learn about leadership skills from Nancy Stanford-Blair, a professor at Cardinal Stritch University. The program will be held in the Community Room of Sunset Theater, Elm Grove, at 7:30 p.m. Wednesday, November 14.
The women's organization will begin at 6:30 p.m. with its annual Chili Supper; local college students who are recipients of the AAUW's West Suburban-Milwaukee branch are invited. A brief business meeting will precede the program.
Prof. Stanford-Blair, a former K-12 administrator and teacher, holds her doctorate degree from Cardinal Stritch University. She specializes in leadership, organizational development and the creation of learning organizations. She has co-authored three books on the subject of leadership.
Her topic for Wednesday is titled "Your Life Is Your Message."
For information about AAUW or this program, please call Anne Kreul of the Program Committee: Anne Kreul, 414-840-4838.
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