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A galaxy festooned with stellar nurseries
The galaxy NGC 4700 bears the signs of the vigorous birth of many new stars in this image captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.
The many bright, pinkish clouds in NGC 4700 are known as H II regions, where intense ultraviolet light from hot young stars is causing nearby hydrogen gas to glow. H II regions often come part-and-parcel with the vast molecular clouds that spawn fresh stars, thus giving rise to the locally ionised gas.
In 1610, French astronomer Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc peered through a telescope and found what turned out to be the first H II region on record: the Orion Nebula, located relatively close to our Solar System here in the Milky Way. Astronomers study these regions throughout the Milky Way and those easily seen in other galaxies to gauge the chemical makeup of cosmic environments and their influence on the formation of stars.
NGC 4700 was discovered back in March 1786 by the British astronomer William Herschel who noted it as a "very faint nebula". NGC 4700, along with many other relatively close galaxies, is found in the constellation of Virgo (The Virgin) and is classified as a barred spiral galaxy, similar in structure to the Milky Way. It lies about 50 million light-years from us and is moving away from us at about 1400 km/second due to the expansion of the Universe.
An audience of stellar flashbulbs
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured a crowd of stars that looks rather like a stadium darkened before a show, lit only by the flashbulbs of the audience's cameras. Yet the many stars of this object, known as Messier 107, are not a fleeting phenomenon, at least by human reckoning of time — these ancient stars have gleamed for many billions of years.
Messier 107 is one of more than 150 globular star clusters found around the disc of the Milky Way galaxy. These spherical collections each contain hundreds of thousands of extremely old stars and are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way. The origin of globular clusters and their impact on galactic evolution remains somewhat unclear, so astronomers continue to study them through pictures such as this one obtained by Hubble.
As globular clusters go, Messier 107 is not particularly dense. Visually comparing its appearance to other globular clusters, such as Messier 53 or Messier 54 reveals that the stars within Messier 107 are not packed as tightly, thereby making its members more distinct like individual fans in a stadium's stands.
Messier 107 can be found in the constellation of Ophiuchus (The Serpent Bearer) and is located about 20 000 light-years from the Solar System.
French astronomer Pierre Méchain first noted the object in 1782, and British astronomer William Herschel documented it independently a year later. A Canadian astronomer, Helen Sawyer Hogg, added Messier 107 to Charles Messier's famous astronomical catalogue in 1947.
This picture was obtained with the Wide Field Camera of Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys. The field of view is approximately 3.4 by 3.4 arcminutes.
A galactic disc, edge-on and up close
This image snapped by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope reveals an exquisitely detailed view of part of the disc of the spiral galaxy NGC 4565. This bright galaxy is one of the most famous examples of an edge-on spiral galaxy, oriented perpendicularly to our line of sight so that we see right into its luminous disc. NGC 4565 has been nicknamed the Needle Galaxy because, when seen in full, it appears as a very narrow streak of light on the sky.
The edgewise view into the Needle Galaxy shown here looks very similar to the view we have from our Solar System into the core of the Milky Way. In both cases ribbons of dust block some of the light coming from the galactic disc. To the lower right, the dust stands in even starker contrast against the copious yellow light from the star-filled central regions. NGC 4565's core is off camera to the lower right. For a full view of NGC 4565 for comparison's sake, see this wider field of view from ESO's Very Large Telescope.
Studying galaxies like NGC 4565 helps astronomers learn more about our home, the Milky Way. At a distance of only about 40 million light-years, NGC 4565 is relatively close by, and being seen edge-on makes it a particularly useful object for comparative study. As spiral galaxies go, NGC 4565 is a whopper — about a third as big again as the Milky Way.
The image was taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys and has a field of view of approximately 3.4 by 3.4 arcminutes.
A version of this image was entered into the Hubble's Hidden Treasures Image Processing Competition by contestant Josh Barrington. Hidden Treasures is an initiative to invite astronomy enthusiasts to search the Hubble archive for stunning images that have never been seen by the general public. The competition has now closed and the results will be published soon.
Red giant blows a bubble
A bright star is surrounded by a tenuous shell of gas in this unusual image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. U Camelopardalis, or U Cam for short, is a star nearing the end of its life. As it begins to run low on fuel, it is becoming unstable. Every few thousand years, it coughs out a nearly spherical shell of gas as a layer of helium around its core begins to fuse. The gas ejected in the star's latest eruption is clearly visible in this picture as a faint bubble of gas surrounding the star.
U Cam is an example of a carbon star. This is a rare type of star whose atmosphere contains more carbon than oxygen. Due to its low surface gravity, typically as much as half of the total mass of a carbon star may be lost by way of powerful stellar winds.
Located in the constellation of Camelopardalis (The Giraffe), near the North Celestial Pole, U Cam itself is actually much smaller than it appears in Hubble's picture. In fact, the star would easily fit within a single pixel at the centre of the image. Its brightness, however, is enough to overwhelm the capability of Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys making the star look much bigger than it really is.
The shell of gas, which is both much larger and much fainter than its parent star, is visible in intricate detail in Hubble's portrait. While phenomena that occur at the ends of stars' lives are often quite irregular and unstable (see for example Hubble's images of Eta Carinae, potw1208a), the shell of gas expelled from U Cam is almost perfectly spherical.
The image was produced with the High Resolution Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys.
A vapour of stars
Relatively few galaxies possess the sweeping, luminous spiral arms or brightly glowing centre of our home galaxy the Milky Way. In fact, most of the Universe's galaxies look like small, amorphous clouds of vapour. One of these galaxies is DDO 82, captured here in an image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Though tiny compared to the Milky Way, such dwarf galaxies still contain between a few million and a few billion stars.
DDO 82, also known by the designation UGC 5692, is not without a hint of structure, however. Astronomers classify it as an Sm galaxy, or Magellanic spiral galaxy, named after the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf galaxy that orbits the Milky Way. That galaxy, like DDO 82, is said to have one spiral arm.
In the case of DDO 82, gravitational interactions over its history seem to have discombobulated it so that this structure is not as evident as in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Accordingly, astronomers also refer to DDO 82 and others of a similar unshapely nature as dwarf irregular galaxies.
DDO 82 can be found in the constellation of Ursa Major (the Great Bear) approximately 13 million light-years away. The object is considered part of the M81 Group of around three dozen galaxies. DDO 82 gets its name from its entry number in the David Dunlap Observatory Catalogue. Canadian astronomer Sidney van den Bergh originally compiled this list of dwarf galaxies in 1959.
The image is made up of exposures taken in visible and infrared light by Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys. The field of view is approximately 3.3 by 3.3 arcminutes.
Globular Cluster M 10
Like many of the most famous objects in the sky, globular cluster Messier 10 was of little interest to its discoverer: Charles Messier, the 18th century French astronomer, catalogued over 100 galaxies and clusters, but was primarily interested in comets. Through the telescopes available at the time, comets, nebulae, globular clusters and galaxies appeared just as faint, diffuse blobs and could easily be confused for one another.
Only by carefully observing their motion — or lack of it — were astronomers able to distinguish them: comets move slowly relative to the stars in the background, while other more distant astronomical objects do not move at all.
Messier's decision to catalogue all the objects that he could find and that were not comets, was a pragmatic solution which would have a huge impact on astronomy. His catalogue of just over 100 objects includes many of the most famous objects in the night sky. Messier 10, seen here in an image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, is one of them. Messier described it in the very first edition of his catalogue, which was published in 1774 and included the first 45 objects he identified.
Messier 10 is a ball of stars that lies about 15 000 light-years from Earth, in the constellation of Ophiuchus (The Serpent Bearer). Approximately 80 light-years across, it should therefore appear about two thirds the size of the Moon in the night sky. However, its outer regions are extremely diffuse, and even the comparatively bright core is too dim to see with the naked eye.
Hubble, which has no problems seeing faint objects, has observed the brightest part of the centre of the cluster in this image, a region which is about 13 light-years across.
This image is made up of observations made in visible and infrared light using Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys. The observations were carried out as part of a major Hubble survey of globular clusters in the Milky Way.
A version of this image was entered into the Hubble's Hidden Treasures Image Processing Competition by contestant flashenthunder. Hidden Treasures is an initiative to invite astronomy enthusiasts to search the Hubble archive for stunning images that have never been seen by the general public. The competition has now closed and the results will be published soon.
Compact blue dwarf can't hide
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured this view of the dwarf galaxy UGC 5497, which looks a bit like salt dashed on black velvet in this image.
The object is a compact blue dwarf galaxy that is infused with newly formed clusters of stars. The bright, blue stars that arise in these clusters help to give the galaxy an overall bluish appearance that lasts for several million years until these fast-burning stars explode as supernovae.
UGC 5497 is considered part of the M 81 group of galaxies, which is located about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major (The Great Bear). UGC 5497 turned up in a ground-based telescope survey back in 2008 looking for new dwarf galaxy candidates associated with Messier 81.
According to the leading cosmological theory of galaxy formation, called Lambda Cold Dark Matter, there should be far more satellite dwarf galaxies associated with big galaxies like the Milky Way and Messier 81 than are currently known. Finding previously overlooked objects such as this one has helped cut into the expected tally — but only by a small amount.
Astrophysicists therefore remain puzzled over the so-called "missing satellite" problem.
The field of view in this image, which is a combination of visible and infrared exposures from Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys, is approximately 3.4 by 3.4 arcminutes.
A bright spark in a nearby spiral galaxy
This image, taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, shows a detailed view of the spiral arms on one side of the galaxy Messier 99. Messier 99 is a so-called grand design spiral, with long, large and clearly defined spiral arms — giving it a structure somewhat similar to the Milky Way.
Lying around 50 million light-years away, Messier 99 is one of over a thousand galaxies that make up the Virgo Cluster, the closest cluster of galaxies to us. Messier 99 itself is relatively bright and large, meaning it was one of the first galaxies to be discovered, way back in the 18th century. This earned it a place in Charles Messier's famous catalogue of astronomical objects.
In recent years, a number of unexplained phenomena in Messier 99 have been studied by astronomers. Among these is the nature of one of the brighter stars visible in this image. Catalogued as PTF 10fqs, and visible as a yellow-orange star in the top-left corner of this image, it was first spotted by the Palomar Transient Facility, which scans the skies for sudden changes in brightness (or transient phenomena, to use astronomers' jargon). These can be caused by different kinds of event, including variable stars and supernova explosions.
What is unusual about PTF 10fqs is that it has so far defied classification: it is brighter than a nova (a bright eruption on a star's surface), but fainter than a supernova (the explosion that marks the end of life for a large star). Scientists have offered a number of possible explanations, including the intriguing suggestion that it could have been caused by a giant planet plunging into its parent star.
This Hubble image was made in June 2010, during the period when the outburst was fading, so PTF 10fqs's location could be pinpointed with great precision. These measurements will allow other telescopes to home in on the star in future, even when the afterglow of the outburst has faded to nothing.
A version of this image of M 99 was entered into the Hubble's Hidden Treasures Competition by contestant Matej Novak. Hidden Treasures is an initiative to invite astronomy enthusiasts to search the Hubble archive for stunning images that have never been seen by the general public. The competition is now closed and the winners will be announced soon.
The swan and the butterfly
This image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope shows NGC 7026, a planetary nebula. Located just beyond the tip of the tail of the constellation of Cygnus (The Swan), this butterfly-shaped cloud of glowing gas and dust is the wreckage of a star similar to the Sun.
Planetary nebulae, despite their name, have nothing to do with planets. They are in fact a relatively short-lived phenomenon that occurs at the end of the life of mid-sized stars. As a star's source of nuclear fuel runs out, its outer layers are puffed out, leaving only the hot core of the star behind. As the gaseous envelope heats up, the atoms in it are excited, and it lights up like a fluorescent sign.
Fluorescent lights on Earth get their bright colours from the gases they are filled with. Neon signs, famously, produce a bright red colour, while ultraviolet lights (black lights) typically contain mercury. The same goes for nebulae: their vivid colours are produced by the mix of gases present in them.
This image of NGC 7026 shows starlight in green, light from glowing nitrogen gas in red, and light from oxygen in blue (in reality, this appears green, but the colour in this image has been shifted to increase the contrast).
As well as visible light, NGC 7026 emits X-ray radiation, and has been studied by ESA's XMM-Newton space telescope. X-rays are a result of the extremely high temperatures of the gas in NGC 7026.
This image was produced by the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. The image is 35 by 35 arcseconds.
A version of this image was entered into the Hubble's Hidden Treasures Competition by contestant Linda Morgan-O'Connor. Hidden Treasures is an initiative to invite astronomy enthusiasts to search the Hubble archive for stunning images that have never been seen by the general public.
A spiral within a spiral
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope captured this image of the spiral galaxy known as ESO 498-G5. One interesting feature of this galaxy is that its spiral arms wind all the way into the centre, so that ESO 498-G5's core looks like a bit like a miniature spiral galaxy. This sort of structure is in contrast to the elliptical star-filled centres (or bulges) of many other spiral galaxies, which instead appear as glowing masses, as in the case of NGC 6384.
Astronomers refer to the distinctive spiral-like bulge of galaxies such as ESO 498-G5 as disc-type bulges, or pseudobulges, while bright elliptical centres are called classical bulges. Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope, which does not have to contend with the distorting effects of Earth's atmosphere, have helped to reveal that these two different types of galactic centres exist. These observations have also shown that star formation is still going on in disc-type bulges and has ceased in classical bulges. This means that galaxies can be a bit like Russian matryoshka dolls: classical bulges look much like a miniature version of an elliptical galaxy, embedded in the centre of a spiral, while disc-type bulges look like a second, smaller spiral galaxy located at the heart of the first — a spiral within a spiral.
The similarities between types of galaxy bulge and types of galaxy go beyond their appearance. Just like giant elliptical galaxies, the classical bulges consist of great swarms of stars moving about in random orbits. Conversely, the structure and movement of stars within disc-type bulges mirror the spiral arms arrayed in a galaxy's disc. These differences suggest different origins for the two types of bulges: while classical bulges are thought to develop through major events, such as mergers with other galaxies, disc-type bulges evolve gradually, developing their spiral pattern as stars and gas migrate to the galaxy's centre.
ESO 498-G5 is located around 100 million light-years away in the constellation of Pyxis (The Compass). This image is made up of exposures in visible and infrared light taken by Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys. The field of view is approximately 3.3 by 1.6 arcminutes.
Edge-on beauty
Visible in the constellation of Andromeda, NGC 891 is located approximately 30 million light-years away from Earth. The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope turned its powerful wide field Advanced Camera for Surveys towards this spiral galaxy and took this close-up of its northern half. The galaxy's central bulge is just out of the image on the bottom left.
The galaxy, spanning some 100 000 light-years, is seen exactly edge-on, and reveals its thick plane of dust and interstellar gas. While initially thought to look like our own Milky Way if seen from the side, more detailed surveys revealed the existence of filaments of dust and gas escaping the plane of the galaxy into the halo over hundreds of light-years. They can be clearly seen here against the bright background of the galaxy halo, expanding into space from the disc of the galaxy.
Astronomers believe these filaments to be the result of the ejection of material due to supernovae or intense stellar formation activity. By lighting up when they are born, or exploding when they die, stars cause powerful winds that can blow dust and gas over hundreds of light-years in space.
A few foreground stars from the Milky Way shine brightly in the image, while distant elliptical galaxies can be seen in the lower right of the image.
NGC 891 is part of a small group of galaxies bound together by gravity.
A version of this image was entered into the Hubble's Hidden Treasures Image Processing Competition by contestant Nick Rose. Hidden Treasures is an initiative to invite astronomy enthusiasts to search the Hubble archive for stunning images that have never been seen by the general public.
Using the Moon as a mirror — Hubble to watch transit of Venus in reflected light
This mottled landscape showing the impact crater Tycho is among the most violent-looking places on our Moon. But astronomers didn't aim the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope in this direction to study Tycho itself. The image was taken in preparation for the transit of Venus across the Sun's face on on 5-6 June 2012.
Hubble cannot look at the Sun directly, so astronomers are planning to point the telescope at Earth's Moon and use it as a mirror to capture reflected sunlight. During the transit a small fraction of that light will have passed through Venus's atmosphere and imprinted on that light astronomers expect to find the fingerprints of the planet's atmospheric makeup.
These observations will mimic a technique that is already being used to sample the atmospheres of giant planets outside our Solar System passing in front of their stars. In the case of the Venus transit observations, astronomers already know the chemical makeup of Venus's atmosphere, and that it shows no signs of life. But they can use the event to test whether their technique has a chance of detecting the very faint fingerprints of the atmosphere of an Earth-like planet around another star.
This image shows an area approximately 700 kilometres across, and reveals lunar features as small as roughly 170 metres across. The large bullseye near the top of the picture is the impact crater itself, caused by an asteroid strike about 100 million years ago. The bright trail radiating from the crater were formed by material ejected from the impact area during the asteroid collision. Tycho is about 80 kilometers wide and is circled by a rim of material rising almost 5 kilometers above the crater floor.
Because the astronomers only have one shot at observing the transit, they had to carefully plan how the study would be carried out. Part of their planning included these test observations of the Moon made on 11 January 2012.
This is the last time this century sky watchers can view Venus passing in front of the Sun, as the next transit will not happen until 2117.
The image was produced by Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys. A narrow strip along the centre, and small parts of the upper left part of the image were not imaged by Hubble during its observations, and show data from lower-resolution observations made by a ground-based telescope.
The eye of the storm
This image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope could seem like a quiet patch of sky at first glance. But zooming into the central part of a galaxy cluster — one of the largest structures of the Universe — is rather like looking at the eye of the storm.
Clusters of galaxies are large groups consisting of dozens to hundreds of galaxies, which are bound together by gravity. The galaxies sometimes stray too close to one another and the huge gravitational forces at play can distort them or even rip matter off when they collide with one another.
This particular cluster, called Abell 1185, is a chaotic one. Galaxies of various shapes and sizes are drifting dangerously close to one another. Some have already been ripped apart in this cosmic maelstrom, shedding trails of matter into the void following their close encounter. They have formed a familiar shape called The Guitar, located just outside the frame of this image.
Abell 1185 is located approximately 400 million light-years away from Earth and spans one million light-years across. A few of the elliptical galaxies that form the cluster are visible in the corners of this image, but mostly, the small elliptical shapes seen are faraway galaxies in the background, located much further away, in a quieter area of the Universe.
Hubble images searchlight beams from a preplanetary nebula
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has been at the cutting edge of research into what happens to stars like our Sun at the ends of their lives (see for example Hubblecast 51). One stage that stars pass through as they run out of nuclear fuel is the preplanetary, or protoplanetary nebula. This Hubble image of the Egg Nebula shows one of the best views to date of this brief but dramatic phase in a star's life.
The preplanetary nebula phase is a short period in the cycle of stellar evolution — over a few thousand years, the hot remains of the star in the centre of the nebula heat it up, excite the gas, and make it glow as a planetary nebula. The short lifespan of preplanetary nebulae means there are relatively few of them in existence at any one time. Moreover, they are very dim, requiring powerful telescopes to be seen. This combination of rarity and faintness means they were only discovered comparatively recently. The Egg Nebula, the first to be discovered, was first spotted less than 40 years ago, and many aspects of this class of object remain shrouded in mystery.
At the centre of this image, and hidden in a thick cloud of dust, is the nebula's central star. While we can't see the star directly, four searchlight beams of light coming from it shine out through the nebula. It is thought that ring-shaped holes in the thick cocoon of dust, carved by jets coming from the star, let the beams of light emerge through the otherwise opaque cloud. The precise mechanism by which stellar jets produce these holes is not known for certain, but one possible explanation is that a binary star system, rather than a single star, exists at the centre of the nebula.
The onion-like layered structure of the more diffuse cloud surrounding the central cocoon is caused by periodic bursts of material being ejected from the dying star. The bursts typically occur every few hundred years.
The distance to the Egg Nebula is only known very approximately, the best guess placing it at around 3000 light-years from Earth. This in turn means that astronomers do not have any accurate figures for the size of the nebula (it may be larger and further away, or smaller but nearer).
This image is produced from exposures in visible and infrared light from Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3.
Hubble peeks inside a stellar cloud
These bright stars shining through what looks like a haze in the night sky are part of a young stellar grouping in one of the largest known star formation regions of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a dwarf satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. The image was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2.
The stellar grouping is known to stargazers as NGC 2040 or LH 88. It is essentially a very loose star cluster whose stars have a common origin and are drifting together through space. There are three different types of stellar associations defined by their stellar properties. NGC 2040 is an OB association, a grouping that usually contains 10–100 stars of type O and B — these are high-mass stars that have short but brilliant lives. It is thought that most of the stars in the Milky Way were born in OB associations.
There are several such groupings of stars in the LMC, including one previously featured as a Hubble Picture of the Week. Just like the others, LH 88 consists of several high-mass young stars in a large nebula of partially ionised hydrogen gas, and lies in what is known to be a supergiant shell of gas called LMC 4.
Over a period of several million years, thousands of stars may form in these supergiant shells, which are the largest interstellar structures in galaxies. The shells themselves are believed to have been created by strong stellar winds and clustered supernova explosions of massive stars that blow away surrounding dust and gas, and in turn trigger further episodes of star formation.
The LMC is the third closest galaxy to our Milky Way. It is located some 160 000 light-years away, and is about 100 times smaller than our own.
This image, which shows ultraviolet, visible and infrared light, covers a field of view of approximately 1.8 by 1.8 arcminutes.
A version of this image was entered into the Hubble's Hidden Treasures Image Processing Competition by contestant Eedresha Sturdivant. Hidden Treasures is an initiative to invite astronomy enthusiasts to search the Hubble archive for stunning images that have never been seen by the general public.
Tight and bright
In this image, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured the brilliance of the compact centre of Messier 70, a globular cluster. Quarters are always tight in globular clusters, where the mutual hold of gravity binds together hundreds of thousands of stars in a small region of space. Having this many shining stars piled on top of one another from our perspective makes globular clusters a popular target for amateur skywatchers and scientists alike. Messier 70 offers a special case because it has undergone what is known as a core collapse. In these clusters, even more stars squeeze into the object's core than on average, such that the brightness of the cluster increases steadily towards its centre.
The legions of stars in a globular cluster orbit about a shared centre of gravity. Some stars maintain relatively circular orbits, while others loop out into the cluster's fringes. As the stars interact with each other over time, lighter stars tend to pick up speed and migrate out toward the cluster's edges, while the heavier stars slow and congregate in orbits toward the centre. This huddling effect produces the denser, brighter centres characteristic of core-collapsed clusters. About a fifth of the more than 150 globular clusters in the Milky Way have undergone a core collapse.
Although many globular clusters call the galaxy's edges home, Messier 70 orbits close to the Milky Way's centre, around 30 000 light-years away from the Solar System. It is remarkable that Messier 70 has held together so well, given the strong gravitational pull of the Milky Way's hub.
Messier 70 is only about 68 light-years in diameter and can be seen, albeit very faintly, with binoculars in dark skies in the constellation of Sagittarius (The Archer). French astronomer Charles Messier documented the object in 1780 as the seventieth entry in his famous astronomical catalogue.
This picture was obtained with the Wide Field Camera of Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys. The field of view is around 3.3 by 3.3 arcminutes.
A spiral galaxy in Hydra
This image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope shows NGC 4980, a spiral galaxy in the southern constellation of Hydra. The shape of NGC 4980 appears slightly deformed, something which is often a sign of recent tidal interactions with another galaxy. In this galaxy's case, however, this appears not to be the case as there are no other galaxies in its immediate vicinity.
The image was produced as part of a research program into the nature of galactic bulges, the bright, dense, elliptical centres of galaxies. Classical bulges are relatively disordered, with stars orbiting the galactic centre in all directions. In contrast, in galaxies with so-called pseudobulges, or disc-type bulges, the movement of the spiral arms is preserved right to the centre of the galaxy.
Although the spiral structure is relatively subtle in this image, scientists have shown that NGC 4980 has a disc-type bulge, and its rotating spiral structure extends to the very centre of the galaxy.
Galaxies' bright arms are the location of new star formation in spiral galaxies, and NGC 4980 is no exception. The galaxy's arms are traced out by blue pockets of extremely hot newborn stars are visible across much of its disc. This sets it apart from the reddish galaxies visible in the background, which are distant elliptical galaxies made up of much older, and hence redder, stars.
This image is composed of exposures taken in visible and infrared light by Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys. The image is approximately 3.3 by 1.5 arcminutes in size.
Hubble Spies a UFO
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has spotted a UFO — well, the UFO Galaxy, to be precise. NGC 2683 is a spiral galaxy seen almost edge-on, giving it the shape of a classic science fiction spaceship. This is why the astronomers at the Astronaut Memorial Planetarium and Observatory gave it this attention-grabbing nickname.
While a bird's eye view lets us see the detailed structure of a galaxy (such as this Hubble image of a barred spiral), a side-on view has its own perks. In particular, it gives astronomers a great opportunity to see the delicate dusty lanes of the spiral arms silhouetted against the golden haze of the galaxy's core. In addition, brilliant clusters of young blue stars shine scattered throughout the disc, mapping the galaxy's star-forming regions.
Perhaps surprisingly, side-on views of galaxies like this one do not prevent astronomers from deducing their structures. Studies of the properties of the light coming from NGC 2683 suggest that this is a barred spiral galaxy, even though the angle we see it at does not let us see this directly.
NGC 2683, discovered on 5 February 1788 by the famous astronomer William Herschel, lies in the Northern constellation of Lynx. A constellation named not because of its resemblance to the feline animal, but because it is fairly faint, requiring the "sensitive eyes of a cat" to discern it. And when you manage to get a look at it, you'll find treasures like this, making it well worth the effort.
This image is produced from two adjacent fields observed in visible and infrared light by Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys. A narrow strip which appears slightly blurred and crosses most the image horizontally is a result of a gap between Hubble's detectors. This strip has been patched using images from observations of the galaxy made by ground-based telescopes, which show significantly less detail.
The field of view is approximately 6.5 by 3.3 arcminutes.
Quasars Acting as Gravitational Lenses
Astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have made images of several galaxies containing quasars, which act as gravitational lenses to amplify and distort images of the galaxies aligned behind them.
Quasars are among the brightest objects in the Universe, far outshining the total output of their host galaxies. They are powered by supermassive black holes, which pull in surrounding material that then heats up as it falls towards the black hole. The path that the light from even more distant galaxies takes on its journey towards us is bent by the enormous masses at the centre of these galaxies. Gravitational lensing is a subtle effect which requires extremely high resolution observations, something for which Hubble is extremely well suited.
To find these rare cases of galaxy–quasar combinations acting as lenses, a team of astronomers led by Frederic Courbin at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL, Switzerland) selected 23 000 quasar spectra in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). They looked for the spectral imprint of galaxies at much greater distances that happened to align with foreground galaxies. Once candidates were identified, Hubble's sharp vision was used to look for the characteristic gravitational arcs and rings that would be produced by gravitational lensing.
In Hubble's images, the quasars are the bright spots visible at the centre of the galaxies, while the lensed images of distant galaxies are visible as fainter arc-shaped forms that surround them. From left to right, the galaxies are: SDSS J0919+2720, with two bluish lensed images clearly visible above and below the galaxy's centre; SDSS J1005+4016, with one yellowish arc visible to the right of the galaxy's centre; and SDSS J0827+5224, with two lensed images very faintly visible, one above and to the right, and one below and to the left of the galaxy's centre.
Quasar host galaxies are hard or sometimes even impossible to see because the central quasar far outshines the galaxy. Therefore, it is difficult to estimate the mass of a host galaxy based on the collective brightness of its stars. However, gravitational lensing candidates are invaluable for estimating the mass of a quasar's host galaxy because the amount of distortion in the lens can be used to estimate a galaxy's mass.
Stellar voyage of a butterfly-like planetary nebula
The breathtaking butterfly-like planetary nebula NGC 6881 is visible here in an image taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Located in the constellation of Cygnus, it is formed of an inner nebula, estimated to be about one fifth of a light-year across, and symmetrical "wings" that spread out about one light-year from one tip to the other. The symmetry could be due to a binary star at the nebula's centre.
NGC 6881 has a dying star at its core which is about 60% of the mass of the Sun. It is an example of a quadrupolar planetary nebula, made from two pairs of bipolar lobes pointing in different directions, and consisting of four pairs of flat rings. There are also three rings in the centre.
A planetary nebula is a cloud of ionised gas, emitting light of various colours. It typically forms when a dying star — a red giant — throws off its outer layers, because of pulsations and strong stellar winds.
The star's exposed hot, luminous core starts emitting ultraviolet radiation, exciting the outer layers of the star, which then become a newly born planetary nebula. At some point, the nebula is bound to dissolve in space, leaving the central star as a white dwarf — the final evolutionary state of stars.
The name "planetary" dates back to the 18th century, when such nebulae were first discovered — and when viewed through small optical telescopes, they looked a lot like giant planets.
Planetary nebulae usually live for a few tens of thousands of years, a short phase in the lifetime of a star.
The image was taken through three filters which isolate the specific wavelength of light emitted by nitrogen (shown in red), hydrogen (shown in green) and oxygen (shown in blue).


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River Ridge is a populated place located in Clark County at latitude 38.379 and longitude -85.646.
The elevation is 604 feet. River Ridge appears on the Charlestown U.S. Geological Survey Map. Clark County is in the Eastern Time Zone (UTC -5 hours).
Clark County: Cities & Towns | ZIP Codes | Schools | Features (airports, churches, hospitals, etc.)
BIG Map |
Driving Directions |
Data Source - USGS GNIS FID: 442074
BOUNDARY MAPS: Township of Utica | Clark County
River Ridge, IN
(< 0.1 mile)
Longview Beach, IN (< 0.1 mile)
Belknap Beach, KY (1.4 miles ENE)
Oldham Acres, KY (1.9 miles NE)
Beechland Beach, KY (1.9 miles SSE)
Harmony Village, KY
(2.4 miles NE)
Prather, IN (2.7 miles W)
Transylvania Beach, KY (2.7 miles S)
River Bluff, KY (2.7 miles ESE)
Utica, IN (3.1 miles S)
Harmony Landing, KY
(2.7 miles NE)
Hillcrest, KY (2.7 miles ESE)
Springville, IN (3.6 miles NW)
Clark Siding, IN (6.6 miles N)
Sylvan Grove, IN (7.9 miles NW)
Germany, IN
(8 miles NE)
Halls Landing, KY (8 miles NE)
Slatecut, IN (8.1 miles NW)
Warwick Villa, KY (8.3 miles S)
Graysville, IN (9.3 miles WSW)

subset: commoncrawl


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good brand of sofa bed?
we would like to put a sofa bed in our new family/guest room. Any suggestions for good sleeping, comfortable mattresses for elderly guests? or "bigger" guests?
I'm looking for a sofabed but want it to be comfortable and accesible too. if found the following website but haven't purchased the sofa.
it's very pricey so I'm still looking but it seems to have alot of good features. Hope this helps. ntcmj
I don't have anything wildly helpful to add, as I'm facing the same decision. My parents are leaving Massachusetts, where I live, to retire -- yes, that's right, retire -- to Ohio! (No slam against Ohio -- I grew up there & love it...but surely they must be among the only people to pick the snowbelt for retirement!) So...how to keep them coming back for nice long visits?!
We're torn between two options right now. One is an Overnight Sofa Company sleeper sofa we saw which has what they call a ComfortCloud (or something along those lines) mattress. It's a regular (thinish) sleeper mattress with an attached aero mattress on top. In theory, a great idea, since you can customize the firmness by blowing it up to your taste. But...it felt a little shakey to us. I don't know if anyone has any experience with this type of mattress -- but it was interesting. A queen, 79'W sofa, runs just shy of $1K. Incidentally, if size is not a concern (as it is for us) Rowe makes sleeper sofas with the same type of mattress.
The other choice is an AU Furniture sleeper. AU is an American Leather company, and like the ones ntcmj was looking at, they have a really cool design in which you get a really huge sturdy foam mattress on a sofa with a reasonable footprint. We tried out the mattress in the showroom and it seemed pretty nice -- firm but comfy. Didn't spend the night there, though...they get a little touchy about that...
The AU ones have nice clean lines, and come in this great microsuede with a hip array of colors. The guest room will be doubling as a playroom, so the microsuede & the funky colors are very appealing -- it's also a fairly small room, and AU has one style with a Queen mattress that's only 69' wide. The catch (and the reason I'm hesitating)? It's more like $2K.
So...a couple more options to throw into the pot!
Good luck.
Karen, who will also be experiencing sleeper sofas in Ohio soon ;)
Here is a link that might be useful: AU Furniture
I'm sorry, but i thought i posted a reply awhile back. anyway, I just want to thank everyone's tips & advice & tried & loved the AU line. It was very comfortable & easy to use. The blow-up ones seemed like more work than we wanted.
I hope to receive it in a few weeks & will report back to let you know. Thanks again.
I've got one of the sofabeds with an inflatable mattress and it's fabulous. It's one of the SlumberAIr mattresses from LazyBoy, and it inflates in less than 2 minutes with a plug-in pump. Both my 83 year old mother and some good friends with orthopedic issues were very comfortable in it. Unlike the previous poster, I have no complaints with our LazyBoy, and would do it again in a heartbeat (I was skeptical at first, as we had a Murphy bed with an orthopedic mattress in our last house, but this seems equally comfortable and much more functional when not in use (our guest room doubles as my daughter's playroom). I think Flexsteel makes a similar product.
Don't get Flexsteel. A lot of posters to this forum recommended them enthusiastically, as did Consumer Reports, but we've had a very bad experience. The mattress is uncomfortable, and the upholstery is already fraying after only 2 years of moderate use. Low-quality cushions which we are constantly fluffing and refilling. Either we got a lemon or Flexsteels stink!
I just went on the world tour of sleeper sofas. I love Mitchell Gold sofas and was set on getting one of theirs when I tracked down an AU dealer. He was a hard sell, but dude, that sofa kicks all the others' butts. With a down mattress top put on that thing, I'm afraid my Mom will stay too long :)
Seriously it is nice and I'm goiing to order one.
We have a La-Z-Boy sofa and are waiting for the queen size SlumberAir mattress to come in. We bought La-Z-Boy for our lake house because we wanted the quality and comfort for a reasonable price. This SlumberAir is great and will make for a very comfortable bed. Our daughter is married and they entertain friends on weekends there----always a full house. Soon grandchildren will come along and it will be great knowing they'll have a comfy mattress when there's a full house of kids OR if we sleep on it ourselves!
I have just ordered a Lee Super queen sofa bed and I can tell you .....IT IS COMFY!!! My neice ordered one and after having sat on hers, and not realizing it was a sofa bed...i was sold right there!! We opened the bed and it was as if I were sleeping on a regular bed!! Very impressive!
privatejoker... I am Canadian as well and you can purchase at Rousseau's Fine Furniture, in Whitby, Ontario. 30 miles east of Toronto...good luck!! Enjoy....this store is amazing...
I would have to say to anyone that Overnite sofa has been the best I have ever seen. I bought mine in Cape Girardeau, Mo. in 1991 and it finally gave out 2009. I love the material they use as it just doesn't wear out even with lots of use daily. The sleeper was used weekly also. Just check them out. It is a smaller company , but excellent.
Dollar for dollar Overnight Sofa proably has the best sleep sofa offerings in the industry. It's not a high end product and there isn't much in the way of fabric selection just a few choices with each style but if you want a nicely made product at a reasonable cost for lets say a guest room they are worth considering.
Another option to consider is the mattress. If you really want a comfortable mattress look for an "Air Dream" Mattress by Legget abd Platt. Its about a $250 to $300 option. This mattress an air mattress with a coil spring. In my opinion it is the nearest mattress to a regular mattress in comfort. Even if you buy a sleep sofa that doesn't have this you can order these online for about $275 and they will fit most mech's' (but check to make sure it will fit).
Here's a good low priced option. Take a look at the Endura Ease Air bed system. This is a very comfortable air bed that fits with the sofa you already own as long as it measures at least 60" between the arms.
My company sells about 50 each month and the customers love them. You can also buy them direct from the manufacturer online.
At this moment, I am sitting on the most uncomfortable sofa bed I have ever owned. My husband and I did sleep on the bed for 10 days and it was ok a bit too firm for my comfort and I thought a bit thin. The sofa is a micro-fiber not leather, the cushions will not stay in place on the back and the seat cushions slide out. This is an American Leather product. I will be putting this in a consignment shop as soon as I can and will purchase another brand. It must sit well as a sofa and this sofa sinks where one sits and always looks frumpy/messy. Have I mentioned I hate this very expensive sofa. Buyer beware!


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Which of us are job hunting?
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Join Date: Jun 2008
Posts: 10,229
Wednesday, April 13, 2011 at 10:58AM
Okay, applied to about 40 jobs. Done until Thursday.
Just thinking about applying to 40 jobs exhausts me. GL CIBC!
I am now registered with 4 agencies and have answered innumerable ads. Got 3 ad responses - interviewed - all scams of one sort or another. Leery of these online ads now.
Took 3 hours of tests at one agency. Enough already!
2/c and some 3A.
Protein sensitive but can use occasionally
Highly porous. Color over grey.
Best 1st day method: Super Soaker
Stylers: Mix Curls in a Bottle into everything for shine. Terrible pj
Sometimes try roller sets - classic glamor but I prefer my curls.
Every day is a gift


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Credits & Info
- Date
- 04/09/2008
- File Info
- Song
- 4 min 2 sec
- Score
- 3.98 / 5.00
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- You must give credit to the artist.
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- If you alter, transform, or build upon this image, you may distribute the resulting creation only under a license identical to this one.
- Score:
- Rated 3.98 / 5 stars
- Plays & Downloads:
- 26,924 Plays | 3,245 Downloads
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- Easy Listening - Classical
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Author Comments
Rated 5 / 5 stars
I can't even describe how beautiful this is. It sounds like it came straight out of a movie score. You have some serious talent, and I hope you continue to make music as wonderful as this.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Full of Power!
Simply amazing!! Your music is definitely worth listening to!! Good job my friend
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Simply Amazing
Listening to this piece freed me from all the troubles in life, it all fell away to your onslaught of creative genius, at least for awhile. More would be greatly appreciated.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Running around naked with your paintball gun to this song gives me another hint why your dog might not like this so much. I said this once in a reivew to someone and it was you know somethings good when you just have trouble explaining how badass it really is, or something like that. I love everything about this.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
In tha.....
I have no words here...for the exception that you are truly an artist not to mention an artist that has an inmense versatility, keep the good work and you will reach quite far, loved it and hope to hear this isn't your last epical peace loved it!!! really loved!! And yeah it did made me tremble, such is the meaning of the title!!!


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First game we've been to at Qwest Field. I do like the Seahawks, but I can only stand one horrible losing team at a time and my favorite team is the Chiefs. It's because the 49ers traded Joe Montana to them FYI.
Waiting for the train to Seattle!
Also waiting for the train. She likes the Seahawks. This day means war!
Raising the 12th man flag at Qwest Field.
Cut me and I bleed Coke.
Yes, even rivals can hold hands.
At the end of the day, Chiefs 42 Seahawks 24, but we had a great time and I'd love to go back.


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The following individuals applied for membership to the American Academy of Ophthalmology for 2015. These applicants have not yet
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board for election to membership, please submit the reason(s) with
documentation (specific names, dates, location, etc.) in writing no later
than Sept 9.
Membership is a privilege and is conferred upon recommendation of
the board and election thereto by a three-fourths (3/4) affirmative
vote of the voting fellows and members present at the Annual
Business Meeting, which takes place on Oct. 19 in Chicago, Illinois.
Please send any documentation to:
American Academy of Ophthalmology
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Holistic Medicine For Hiv
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
Holistic MedicineI am up in the air about it, I was just recently diagnosed and I am afraid of the side effects that the meds might cause. I would like to go Holistic...is there any suggestions?
Response from Nelson Vergel, B.S.Ch.E., M.B.A.
Program for Wellness Restoration...There is no replacement for HIV medications. None at all.You can help your immune function by eating a balance diet, taking a multivitamin and exercising, managing Read more »
holistic medicineI am 41 years old, hiv positive and I also have schizoaffective disorder. Not on meds for hiv yet,... Read more »
Holistic herbal therapyHello, What do you think about holistic herbal treatment?They do promise 100% cure.What is this... Read more »
Native American/Alaska Native Traditional Healing...is "holistic." It does not focus on symptoms or diseases. Instead, it deals with the total individual. Different people with HIV disease may get different treatments. Healing focuses on the person and their environment, not only the illness.... Read more »
How to Spot HIV/AIDS Fraud... What Is HIV/AIDS Fraud? Warning Signs of an HIV Fraud Common Sense About Unproven Treatments Questions You Should Ask Take Your Time; Read more »
Women and HIV/AIDS...than womenstill have HIV in the US, women are catching up. In some countries, HIV+ womenoutnumber HIV+ men. The proportion of HIV/AIDS cases among women has more than tripled from 8percent in 1985 to an alarming 27 percent in 2008. That means... Read more »
Caring for Your Gut: Dealing With Diarrhea, Nausea and Other Stomach Problems if You Have HIV/AIDS... Table of Contents Gut Basics The Gut and HIV Diarrhea and HIV Coping With Diarrhea Nausea, Vomiting and Anorexia Gas, Bloating and Heartburn Taking Care of Read more »
Connect With Others
Is this it? Am I dying?
Posted by pr2005, 6 RepliesI was diagnosed three years ago shortly after infection (the reason I know this is because I contracted it from my partner and had tested negative six months previously). The doctors defined me as a rapid progressor as my CD4 was already at 250 on... Read more »
Free HIV medicine
Posted by new2this2010, 1 Reply...I have figured out a way to get my HIV medication for free. It does not cost me one penny at all, thank God! Im sure no one is interested so I wont bother posting the Read more »
Holistic Medicine: From Alternative to Mainstream?
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply...Holistic Medicine: From Alternative to Mainstream? www.holistichealthtopics.com/HMG...ream ... It is claimed that a paradigm shift is occurring Read more »
Holistic Health Maintenance For HIV+
Posted by PositiveImages...Holistic Health 4 HIV + People My name is David and I work for the Positive Images program here at the L.A. Gay & Lesbian Center and I just wanted Read more »
Resource Centers
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Nothing beats a great tote bag. Never leave home without one, that's my motto! Totes can be a busy woman's best friend - providing a roomy, hands free catch all for all that "stuff" you end up grabbing before you go. I've been using the gorgeous and versatile Travelon Anti-Theft React Tote for the past few weeks now, and would love to tell you a little about this great bag. First, a word about Travelon's fantastic line of anti-theft bags, since the React Tote falls under this family and as such offers some awesome features you won't get with your average tote bag. Travelon Anti-Theft Bags I've tested a Travelon anti-theft bag as a safe travel bag in the past, and am very impressed with the well thought out features they include. While each style varies slightly, these core anti-theft concepts are incorporated into most of their designs: slash-proof construction cut-proof straps (many can attach to the chair you're sitting in) locking compartments organizer … [Read more...]
Travelon Anti-Theft React Tote [Giveaway, Ended 9/3]
The Classic Kelty Women's Redwing 40
Now that my young son is hiking on his own two feet, it was time for me to scout out a new women's backpack. The Kelty Women's Redwing 40 is a much loved, classic pack - and with good reason. Kelty has made varying sizes of the basic Redwing for years now. There are Redwing styles for both men and women, with or without an internal frame, ranging in size from smaller day packs to full backpacking capacity. I've been trying the internal frame Kelty Women's Redwing 40 for a few weeks now, and love it both as a backpack and as an ideal and handy travel bag. Let me tell you a little about some of the great features I enjoy on this pack. Kelty Women's Redwing 40 Review The Kelty Women's Redwing 40 features shoulder straps and a hip belt contoured especially for women. It comes in both black and two other attractive color options (personally, I love the Indigo), and weighs in at 2 lbs 14 oz. This pack has a fabulous capacity, and even when full the excellent suspension … [Read more...]
Be Inspired (and Win!) With Aventura's #FeelGoodLookGreat Challenge [Giveaway]
As an Aventura Ambassador, I'd love to fill you in on the fun #FeelGoodLookGreat Challenge they are hosting throughout the month of July. Find yourself inspired by their creative ideas on enjoying the simple pleasures in life for each week, and even better - join in for a chance to win weekly prizes! My Aventura Clothing is as comfortable as it is cute, and I find myself wearing it for any range of occasions... from work, to playing with my kids on my day off. I love their casual yet attractive styles that are age appropriate for us foxy moms who still want to look good, but don't even want to try and dress like a teenager. For example, here's a picture of one of my favorite outfits from this season... with Aventura's trademark Arden Capris, the lightweight and pretty Kierra Cardigan, the soft and lovely Penelope Top, and red leather Aventura Belt with awesome metal flower buckle. And I have to tell you - I get complements every time I wear an Aventura scarf - they just can't … [Read more...]
Colorado Aromatics Natural Skin Care
Start with all natural, plant-based ingredients grown on a farm in Colorado. Add in well-studied, fact-based science and a desire to create skin care that is particularly formulated for the outdoor lifestyle and repairing damage caused by the environment. And you've got a wonderful natural skin care line of products from Colorado Aromatics. The "farm-to-skin" movement was new to me. I love Colorado Aromatics' idea of tapping into traditional herbal remedies, and combining them with cosmetic science to achieve healthy, vibrant skin. In part, Dr. Cindy Jones, CEO and Founder of Colorado Aromatics focused on inflammation and oxidation of the skin cells - two key processes that accelerate the aging process. To help combat these signs of aging and skin damage, especially for those who spend a lot of time outdoors, or live in high altitudes, Dr. Jones has designed a skin care line to utilize herbs which have multiple and complex antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties. To … [Read more...]
Ecōths Eco-friendly Mens Clothing [Giveaway, Ended 6/12]
"I've been hearing over the past 2-3 years people asking, 'Where's your mens version of Aventura?'", explains VP of Marketing and Sales Tom Williamson. Well, as an Ambassador for Aventura Clothing, I got an early peek at Tom's exciting response to this request. Welcome the newly launched, eco-friendly mens clothing brand: Ecōths! This eco-friendly apparel line features clothing that is 100% natural, with a style that features a rugged, outdoor influence and urban vibe. A true cause related brand, Ecōths also gives 3+ meals for each garment they sell. As of their launch in Spring '14, they have already donated many thousands of meals to food banks throughout the US in their sales reps territories. It's something they are truly dedicated to, wanting it to become part of Ecōths brand signature, with full plans to continue this program in the future. As is true of Aventura pieces, they have really paid attention to the details on the new Ecōths clothing. My husband has … [Read more...]
Plan Your Trip With The Unofficial Guide to Disney [Giveaway, Ended 6/5]
A trip to Disney is kind of a big deal. Planning it with the assistance of a great guide book, a smart idea. Disney vacations are investments. To maximize your fun and enjoyment, doing some research up front will more than pay off. Unofficial Guides to Disney can offer extremely valuable advice to help plan your trip. They feature topics such as: Selecting your trip dates Learning about Disney economics, and Disney trip packages Receiving guidance on where to stay Deciding on character or theme dining you'd like to experience (this is a big one at Disney World where you definitely need ADRs, "Advance Dining Reservations") Getting a feel for how best to spend your days, so you minimize time spent waiting in line Discovering which attractions appeal to you and your family most, and what you absolutely don't want to miss ... and much, much more. Plus, how about just plain building anticipation for that trip? :) The Unofficial Guide to Disney ~ … [Read more...]
Gear Review: Osprey Tempest Women's Backpack
Versatile, extremely lightweight, and the recent recipient of a Backpacker Magazine's award (actually bestowed upon the men's version, the Osprey Talon) - the Osprey Tempest Women's Backpack is one to love. Now that I'm no longer toting my son in a backpack child carrier on the trails, I decided it was time to try out a new backpack for myself. I'd seen many Osprey packs on the Colorado trails before. So after my husband showed me the Osprey featured in his magazine, I decided I'd love to try one out. Osprey Tempest Women's Backpack ~ Features This is a fantastic, extremely comfortable pack. It comes in various sizes, but this review is of the Osprey Tempest 20. It's described as a multi-use pack that can be used for either backpacking or hiking. I've found it to have the perfect capacity for my day hike needs, along with some awesome features. At a glance, here are a few of my favorite Osprey Women's Backpack features: Extremely lightweight and … [Read more...]
Royal Robbins Travel Clothing ~ Metro Stretch Jacket & Discovery Pencil Pant
If you look for light weight, quick drying multi purpose pieces for your travel adventures, you should look at Royal Robbins Travel Clothing. Royal Robbins creates apparel rooted in the outdoors, with many pieces that also work well for travel - featuring both style and performance. Their goal is to create products which celebrate your versatile lifestyle. Royal Robbins Travel Clothing ~ Metro Stretch Jacket Royal Robbin's Metro Stretch Jacket ($90) is a very light weight layer with a distinctive style. It has a zip-through funnel-neck collar and tie closure, which add uniqueness to this jacket's look. Details like reverse side panels, and a back pleat with a reflective strip add both interest and function. The fabric is a blend called "Metro Stretch Melange". It's a polyester and nylon combination, and is truly feather weight. This makes it a nice option to add to your travel wardrobe, which will take up almost no space whatsoever in your bag. It has a smooth, … [Read more...]
Best Laptop Travel Bag ~ STM Velo 2
When I found out I was headed for a week in LA on a work trip, I decided it was high time to up my laptop bag game. I searched for the best laptop travel bag, and I believe I found it: the STM Velo 2. It needed to be able to securely house my beefy 15" Dell work laptop. And it also needed to be a slick travel companion in the airport, efficiently toting all my needed carry on items as my primary travel bag. It did both, and it did it in style. Best Laptop Travel Bag ~ STM Velo 2 After it arrived, the STM Velo 2 instantly impressed me with it's quality construction. I'm fairly obsessed with bags, and own quite a few brands and styles. Quality-wise, this is one of the best I've seen. Sturdy, smooth release buckles Easy gliding zippers with handy pull tabs Nicely cushioned shoulder pad Generously padded and soft-lined compartments for both your laptop and tablet Durable material and overall solid construction. Impressive. This picture gives you a nice … [Read more...]
Outdoorsy Chic Style From Aventura Clothing [Coupon Code]
My favorite type of clothing is that which is comfortable, versatile, and practical, leaving me ready for any adventure or activity my day brings. I work in an office. I travel. I play outdoors with my kids. I love wearing Aventura Clothing because I can do all of these things... and showcase some exceptionally cute style at the same time! When I became an Aventura Ambassador earlier this year, I already had many of their pieces in my closet. These are the clothes I reach for time and again, and always feel confident in. Here's a little bit about why I love them, and a look at some of my favorite items from their Spring collection. Aventura Clothing for Spring & Summer My best overall description for the Aventura Clothing brand is "outdoorsy chic", and I appreciate the gap they fill in the fashion industry. I'm not ready to cash in my chips for the frumpy mom look just yet, but I also don't want to dress like I still think I'm a teenager. And I love that when … [Read more...]


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I think the Browns punishment is reasonable.
I think Atlanta got off lightly, considering...
...and to be really honest, losing a fifth rounder--I thought it was a fifth, anyway, maybe it's a...Matt Kocsan 03-31-2015 07:47 PM
Packers re-sign Raji and Guion to 1-year deals. ($3.5m->$4m with incentives; $2.75->$3.25)Ragar 03-30-2015 06:00 PM
Welp, it looks like the Browns are dodging the "break a rule, lose a draft pick" bullet. Cleveland...Patrick Sullivan 03-30-2015 12:50 PM
To have "safe" stadiums, you have to have empty stadiums. You need broader evacuation routes, which...iwatt 03-30-2015 11:39 AM
I hope things are going well for you, too. Things are busy for me, taking my yearly break as this...Rich Gapinski 03-30-2015 10:46 AM
I dont know how I feel about the Mcdonald signing. On the one side the guy seems like a scumbag. On...iwatt 03-30-2015 06:04 AM
Hardy and McDonald.
the NFL and ex-NFL Players that were in...
Hey Rich, long time no talk. Hope you're doing well.
I know this post is almost a month old,...
More in Buffalo - Spencer Johnson will likely not be pursued. The UFA I expect they MIGHT go after is Chad Rhinehart.
Other UFAs:
Bryan Scott. Would love to see him back, but over 30. Not as exensive as Wilson, but still older.
Ruvell Martin. Please no.
Kyle Moore. Might return, given low price tag. Showed he could contribute to a lousy defense last year.
Corey McIntyre. I have never understood the love affair. Good not great on kicking teams, and a liability on offense.
Tyler Thigpen. I would be shocked to see him come back.
Tashard Choice. I would be happy to see him back. Among the best third RBs going.
Shawne Merriman. Very likely got his last chance last year. Occasionally showed old reaction time on the snap, but not a lot of overt production. Injury replacement next year for somebody, at best. Most likely going to be on cable talking about college football next year.
Tarvaris Jackson. No way in hell. Please. The guy is a proven commodity. Can only do well against Wannstedtian defenses.
David Nelson. They would be fools not to bring him back so long as his knee heals.
Colin Brown. Reserve C-G. He would likely have the same role wherever he played, and the problem for him is that a rookie will probably be cheaper.
Dorin Dickerson. See Ruvell Martin. Also Hands Of Crisco.
Mike Caussin. Last coaching staff liked him. This one? Who knows?


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Ashley Hart Messy Updo
Ashley Hart showed off her facial bone structure by tying her locks in a messy updo.
Ashley Hart Headband
Ashley Hart held her hair up using a peacock printed headband.
Browse:Ashley Hart|Messy Updo|Headband
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Messy Updo also worn by: more Messy Updo looks »


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OP Senior Member
Thanks Meter: 515
2,759 posts
Join Date:Joined: Apr 2005
1) Ability to view system folders (inbox/sent/drafts/deleted) as well as create your own for archiving messages
2) Save templates (i.e. save x-mas wishes, or birthday wishes) and retrieve easily to reuse without much fuss. It would be also very good if you could backup those so that you can restore when you hard-reset.
3) A very nice feature will be the ability to resolve a phone number within a message to the contacts name. For example, when you receive a notification from your carrier about a missed call, instead of calling that number in order to find out who it is, it would be nic to see the name directly.
4) Also, it would be nice if the sms app would wake up the display and if the led could flash forever until you confirm the notification.
If anyone found something that covers those requirements, I will owe a big "Thanks"


text: Wooden Painted Horse by DRIFT LIVING £9.95$20.29€14.27$16.02 In stock £18.50$37.72€26.54$29.79 delivery to United States - Receive this item 5-10 working days from dispatch International delivery available colourcolourRedWhitecolourRedWhitecolourRedWhitecolourRedWhite quantity by DRIFT LIVING Location: Berwick-upon-Tweed, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller Easter Bunny Candy Gift Bag £5.99$12.21€8.59$9.64 Little Wren Ornament £7.99$16.29€11.46$12.86 Bohemian Egg Cup £4.99$10.17€7.15$8.03 Large Grey Washed Willow Basket £39$79.53€55.95$62.80 Set Of Two Easter Decorations £3.50$7.13€5.02$5.63 Pack Of 20 Favour Boxes £11.25$22.94€16.14$18.11 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS DELIVERY RETURNS ask seller a question Stand Alone Swedish Dala Horse This attractive Dala style Horse is ready to be placed anywhere around the home and is made from solid wood. The outside has been painted in a traditional Swedish Design. The horse itself comes in a choice of two colours - red or white, but one of each gives a real Christmas display. made from: Wood dimensions: Height - 15cm Width - 13 cm product code: 276038 This product is dispatched to you by DRIFT LIVING. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item on or before price Standard Delivery Tuesday 7 April £2.75$5.60€3.94$4.42 Standard Courier Delivery Tuesday 7 April £3.95$8.05€5.66$6.36 NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.60€3.94$4.42 Northern Ireland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £2.75$5.60€3.94$4.42 Other UK Islands 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £4.95$10.09€7.10$7.97 INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Western Europe 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £11.50$23.45€16.50$18.51 Rest of Europe 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £11.50$23.45€16.50$18.51 USA & Canada 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £18.50$37.72€26.54$29.79 You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. DRIFT LIVING's return policy


text: Nice place to stay, a little hard getting there but none on base there are signs . 76.00 for one night, full kitchen, nice size room, clean place. Breakfast was 2 choices of cereal, boiled eggs, packaged bagel, orange juice, muffin and yogart. Free movies to check out. Would go back for sure.


text:
Comfort Suites East Broad at 270
70 Chris Perry Lane
Columbus, OH 43213
Phone: (614) 604-6400
Fax: (614) 604-6333
Zoombezi Bay Waterpark
Zoombezi Bay is home to some 15 water slides for the whole family to enjoy, sporting various heights, distances, and speeds. There are also several "rivers" and pools to choose from that cater to kids and grown kids of all ages. The activities here are suited to various types of activity, from climbing to sliding and guests can even rent private cabanas and purchase food, drink, swimwear, and anything else they may need for their day at the water park. Please note that Zoombezi Bay is open only during summer months. Check website for hours by season.
4850 West Powell Road
Powell, OH 43065
+1 800 666 5397
Earn valuable points toward free nights.


text:
An interconnect for an integrated circuit in a semiconductor substrate formed on an insulation layer on a surface of the substrate includes a first layer of a refractory metal nitride on said insulation layer, a layer of refractory metal on said first layer of refractory metal nitride, and a second layer of refractory metal nitride on said Layer of refractory metal, said first layer of refractory metal layer nitride, said layer of refractory metal, and said second layer of refractory metal nitride forming said interconnect structure. The interconnect structure makes contact with the integrated circuit through openings in the insulation layer. Boron ions are implanted into the substrate through the interconnect structure in the openings to facilitate ohmic contact between the substrate and the interconnect structure.
1. A method of fabricating an interconnect structure for a semiconductor integrated circuit comprising the steps of
providing a semiconductor substrate having an insulation layer on a surface,
selectively etching said insulation layer to form contact openings to said substrate,
depositing a first layer of a nitride of a refractory metal on said insulation layer and in said contact openings,
depositing a layer of said refractory metal on said first layer,
depositing a second layer of a nitride of said refractory metal on said layer of refractory metal, said first layer, said layer of refractory metal, and said second layer forming said interconnect structure; and
implanting boron ions in said substrate through said interconnect structure in said openings to facilitate ohmic contact between said interconnect structure and said substrate.
2. The method as defined by claim 1 and further including selectively etching said first layer, said layer of refractory metal, and said second layer to define an interconnect pattern.
3. The method as defined by claim 1 wherein said step of depositing a first layer of a nitride of a refractory metal includes bombarding a refractory metal target in a plasma gas including nitrogen, and said step of depositing a layer of said refractory metal includes bombarding said refractory metal in an inert plasma gas.
4. The method of as defined by claim 1 wherein said step of depositing a layer includes chemical vapor deposition.
5. The method as defined by claim 1 wherein said refractory metal is selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, tungsten, and tantalum.
This invention relates generally to semiconductor device and integrated circuit fabrication, and more particularly the invention relates to high temperature contacts and interconnect structures in such devices and methods of making the same.
It is well known that a multilayer integrated circuit interconnection structure is desirable to improve circuit performance as well as to increase circuit density. Prior art structures include etched contact holes formed in an oxide coated wafer surface, a layer of aluminum formed on the oxide surface and in the contact holes to form contact with selected regions of the wafer. The aluminum layer is patterned to interconnect specific portions of the integrated circuit. This contact and interconnection structure has not been especially satisfactory for many applications because the highly reactive aluminum pits the silicon oxide during high temperature processing reducing the structure's breakdown voltage. Subsequent processing steps such as passivation and multilayer interconnection increases the reaction between the aluminum and the silicon oxide. Elevated temperature required for some processing steps, on the order of 900� C., further promote aluminum and oxide reaction. The aluminum may recrystallize in formation which crack the insulating layer separating multiple metal layers. Thus, the use of aluminum contacts and interconnections severely restricts subsequent processing steps at elevated temperatures.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,935 issued to John H. Hall, applicant herein, for HIGH TEMPERATURE REFRACTORY METAL CONTACT ASSEMBLY AND MULTIPLE LAYER INTERCONNECT STRUCTURE discloses a much improved multilayer structure which withstands high temperature processing much better than aluminum. The structure includes a layer of refractory metal such as molybdenum between two layers of silicon. The bottom silicon layer provides an adherent interface with an underlying insulating layer such as silicon oxide, while the top silicon layer is provided so that ohmic contact can be easily made to the refractory metal. While the multilayer structure is relatively inert and withstands subsequent high temperature processing, the structure can develop a high contact resistance after being exposed to higher temperatures. This is due to the fact that silicon in the contact holes is extracted and purified at high temperatures by reaction with the molybdenum to raise its resistance. There is also a problem with residual silicon dioxide on the surface of the silicon substrate in the contacting areas which causes erratic contact resistance.
The present invention is directed to an improved high temperature contact and interconnect structure which overcomes problems associated with prior art structures.
In accordance with the invention, a multilayer refractory metal and refractory metal nitride interconnect structure is provided. The refractory metal nitride structure is chemically inert while being electrically conductive and has the same work function as the refractory metal thereby facilitating high temperature processing for MOS devices. Reaction of the refractory metal layer with silicon is minimized by the nitride layers. The resulting structure can withstand processing temperatures in excess of 1000� C., which will be encountered in next generation semiconductor device fabrication.
In accordance with a feature of the invention, the multilayer structure can be fabricated in a vacuum sputtering operation in which a plasma gas atmosphere including nitrogen is introduced to obtain the nitride of the refractory metal, and an inert argon gas is introduced to deposit a pure refractory metal.
The invention and objects and features thereof will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description and appended claims when taken with the drawing.
FIG. 1 is a section view of a contact and interconnect structure in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating steps in fabricating the structure of FIG. 1.
Referring now to the drawing, FIG. 1 is a section view of a contact and interconnect structure in accordance with the invention. The contact structure is provided over the surface of silicon substrate 10 in which an integrated circuit is fabricated. A surface of the substrate 10 is coated with an insulation layer 12 with contact openings 14 therethrough to expose N-doped and P-doped 11, 13 contact surfaces on the substrate 10.
The interconnect structure comprises a first layer 16 of a refractory metal nitride, tungsten nitride for example, a layer 18 of the tungsten refractory-metal overlying the first nitride layer 16, and a second layer 20 of the tungsten nitride overlying the surface of the refractory metal layer 18. It has been discovered that this multilayer contact structure can withstand fabrication temperatures beyond 1000� C., as will be encountered in the fabrication of future semiconductor products. The refractory metal nitride is very conductive and has the same work function as the refractory metal thereby facilitating high temperature metal oxide silicon (MOS) transistor processing.
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a process in fabricating the interconnect structure of FIG. 1 in accordance with one embodiment. Initially, the insulation layer 12 in formed on the surface of silicon substrate 10 by the thermal oxidation of the surface in a steam atmosphere at 1000� C. The silicon oxide insulation layer is then selectively masked and etched to form the contact openings 14 therethrough to the previously diffused regions 11, 13.
The structure is then placed in a vacuum sputtering apparatus along with a target of tungsten. The first layer 16 of tungsten nitride is formed by sputtering the refractory metal in a plasma atmosphere including nitrogen. Thereafter, the nitrogen gas is purged from the atmosphere, and the refractory metal is sputtered in an inert argon plasma to form the layer 18 of pure refractory metal. Thereafter, nitrogen is again introduced into the atmosphere and the second layer 20 of tungsten nitride is deposited on the surface of the refractory metal, thereby completing the formation of the multilayer structure. The structure can then be selectively etched to define a desired interconnect pattern.
The ability of the silicon substrate to react with the refractory metal is limited by the nitride layer by limiting the diffusion of silicon into the refractory metal and limiting the contact resistance by keeping the thickness of the layer to approximately 200 Å.
A problem in the contact structure can arise from residual silicon oxide on the surface of the silicon substrate prior to formation of the multilayer contact. In accordance with the invention in my co-pending application No. 082,629 filed Jun. 25, 1993, after formation of the multilayer contact an implant of boron or similar ion of approximately 1E15 at 100 kilovolts is made through the contact into the underlying substrate drives the refractory metal through any residual oxide thus allowing a consistent ohmic contact to be formed. Boron is selected for this implant since it enhances contact to P-type material and does not interfere with the contact to high concentration N-type material, which is usually found in source, drain, or emitter diffusions.
While the illustrative embodiments are described with tungsten refractory metal, other refractory metals such as molybdenum, and tantalum, can be employed in practicing the invention. Further, while the described process employs sputter deposition, chemical vapor deposition can be used, also. Thus, while the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, the description is illustrative of the invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention. Various modifications and applications may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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In Theaters This Weekend: Reviews of 'The Internship,' 'The Purge' and More
If you're interested in a new career, consider interning at Google.
At least that's what Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson attempt to do in their latest comedy, The Internship. The Wedding Crashers co-stars team up again in Shawn Levy's new flick as two old-fashioned salesmen who've lost their jobs selling watches in an era where smartphones have made timepieces somewhat obsolete. The pair try their luck with a new career and end up scoring internships at Google headquarters in Mountain View, CA. The movie also stars Rose Byrne, Jessica Szohr and John Goodman.
Read what The Hollywood Reporter's film critics have to say about all the films opening this weekend and find out how they are expected to perform at the box office.
PHOTOS: Shakespeare in the Hollywood Park: 'Much Ado About Nothing' Premiere
Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson reunite in this comedy about a couple of old-time salesmen trying to reinvent themselves at Google. Read Stephen Farber's review here.
Ethan Hawke and Lena Headey star in James DeMonaco's violently satirical chiller. Read Neil Young's review here.
Evocateur: The Morton Downey Jr. Movie
This entertaining documentary recounts the rise and fall of the legendarily pugnacious and controversial talk-show host. Read Frank Scheck's review here.
Joss Whedon's take on the Bard's comedy was shot in 12 days at the director's house but doesn't look like amateur hour. Read John DeFore's review here.
STORY: Shakespeare in the Hollywood Park: 'Much Ado About Nothing' Debuts at Oscars Outdoors
Michelle Danner's timely drama concerns a horrific school shooting. Read Frank Scheck's review here.
The first feature adaptation of a novel by renowned young-adult author Judy Blume is co-scripted and directed by her filmmaker son Lawrence. Read Justin Lowe's review here.
Joel Edgerton stars in Kieran Darcy-Smith's suspenseful first feature about the aftermath of a Southeast Asian vacation turned ugly. The movie kicks off the World Cinema Dramatic Competition at Sundance on a high note. Read David Rooney's review here.
Richard Rowley follows investigative journalist Jeremy Scahill in uncovering secrets behind the War on Terror under Obama. Read John DeFore's review here.
STORY: Ethan Hawke's 'The Purge' to Open Inaugural Stanley Film Festival
Violet & Daisy
Oscar-winning screenwriter Geoffrey Fletcher makes his directing debut with an unexpected story, starring Alexis Bledel and Saoirse Ronan as hit girls. Read Kirk Honeycutt's review here.
You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet
Alain Resnais' ode to theater follows a group of actors who reunite for a performance of the play Eurydice. Read Todd McCarthy's review here.
The Rambler
Dermot Mulroney and Lindsay Pulsipher co-star in Calvin Lee Reeder's sophomore feature. Read Justin Lowe's review here.
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text:
FC Nelson
|Full name
|FC Nelson
|FC Nelson Sprig & Fern
|Guppy Park, Nelson,
|Martin Byrne
|Rick Gower
|Steve Bignall
|Nelson Pine Division 1
FC Nelson is a New Zealand soccer club, based in the South Island city of Nelson, New Zealand. Their home ground is Guppy Park.
Formed in 2011, FC Nelson is the amalgamation of Nelson United, Metro, Nelson City and Tahuna Football clubs, making it the largest club in the Nelson/Marlborough region with over 900 members.
Coach Steve Bignall and Manager Rick Gower signed for the club in November 2011, having won the Nelson Pine 1st Division league back to back in 2010 and 2011 with Richmond Athletic.
Coach Steve Bignall and Manager Rick Gower celebrated their 3rd league title in as many seasons, winning the 2012 Nelson Pine 1st Division League for the club in its first season since the amalgamation.
1st team squad 2012[edit]
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Departed players during season[edit]
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Staff and board members[edit]
- President: Martin Byrne
- Vice President : Rebecca Douglas-Clifford
- Treasurer : James McPhie
- Club Secretary : Barry Rowe
- Senior Football : Thorkild Hansen
- Senior First Team Coach: Steve Bignall
- Senior First Team Manager: Rick Gower
- Senior First Team Physio : Lew Higgison
- Women's Football : Richard Scott
- Junior/Youth Technical Adviser : Henry Fa'arodo
- Junior/Youth Football : Neil Allen
- Junior/Youth Football : Martin Workman
- Junior/Youth Football : Nic Foster
- Junior/Youth Football : Matt Hamilton
- First Kicks Football : Geoff Lart
League history[edit]
- 2012: Nelson Pine Division 1 Champions
Football League Honours
- 2012: Nelson Pine Division 1 Champions
Player of the season[edit]
Players player of the season[edit]
Top Scorer[edit]
In one season (overall)[edit]
- Heyden Nunn x 8
- Henry Fa'arodo x 7
- Davi Goncalves Maciel x 6
- Neil Connell x 5
- Moffat Kilifa x 5
- Nathan Jeffree x 3
- Nigel Hale x 3
- Nathan Halford x 3
- Davor Tavich x 2
- Tim Skinner x 2
- Antonie Sonneman x 1
- Rick Manhart x 1
- Simone Buttaci x 1
External links[edit]
|This article about a New Zealand association football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Our collection of Savannah State Tigers Apparel is unparalleled at Fanatics! Our NCAA shop houses the best Tigers Gear and Merchandise for all of the diehard Tigers fans out there! Shop from a huge selection of Tigers Gear like T-Shirts, Sweatshirts, Hats, and Jerseys to make sure your Savannah State Tigers wardrobe is fresh and up-to-date. Whether the Savannah State Tigers are your alma mater team or you are just a mega fan of the Tigers, make sure to deck out your car, home, and office with the newest in Tigers Collectibles, Home Decor, Accessories, and other Savannah State Tigers Merchandise! Need new Savannah State Tigers Clothing or looking for the perfect Gift for a fellow fan? You'll find it all at our Tigers Store!
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text:
The Diversity of Wound Presentation Associated With Freon Contact Frostbite Injury.
Summary of "The Diversity of Wound Presentation Associated With Freon Contact Frostbite Injury."
The authors report two cases of patients presenting with chemical frostbite-like injuries to the hands and wrists after contact exposure to Freon liquid. Although the history and initial physical presentations were quite similar, the severity of these injuries varied widely from superficial bullae to deep tissue injuries, requiring skin grafting and amputation of several digits. Freon is a widely used coolant in refrigerators, air conditioners, freezers, and water coolers, with a boiling point of -41 degrees C. Although several cases of Freon-induced inhalational injury have been reported, few case reports of Freon-associated contact skin injury exist in the literature. The authors detail the broad diversity of injuries resulting from Freon contact as well as the first report of severe Freon injury necessitating skin grafting and amputation of multiple digits.
From the *Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and daggerDepartment of Surgery, The Ohio State University Center for Burn Care, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
Journal Details
This article was published in the following journal.
Name: Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association
- PubMed Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20661149
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181eed452
PubMed Articles
Bacterial Strain Diversity Within Wounds.
Significance: Rare bacterial taxa (taxa of low relative frequency) are numerous and ubiquitous in virtually any sample-including wound samples. In addition, even the high-frequency genera and species ...
Recent Developments in Topical Wound Therapy: Impact of Antimicrobiological Changes and Rebalancing the Wound Milieu.
Wound therapy improves every year by developing new wound treatment options or by advancing already existing wound materials, for example, adding self-releasing analgesic drugs or growth factors to wo...
Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome Secondary to Freon Inhalation.
Obstructive Airway Disease CasesSESSION TYPE: Affiliate Case Report SlidePRESENTED ON: Sunday, October 26, 2014 at 03:15 PM - 04:15 PMINTRODUCTION: Freon 12B2 is widely used as a refrigerant, solvent ...
Pathology and Clinical Presentation of Friction Injuries: Case Series and Literature Review.
Effective wound management is dependent, in part, on identification and correction of causative factors. Trunk wounds can be caused by pressure, shear, moisture, friction, or some combination of these...
Orofacial and digital frostbite caused by inhalant abuse.
Inhalation of volatile substances is a cheap and accessible way for individuals, most commonly teenagers, to ingest mind-altering substances. The adverse effects of using inhalants, including cardiac ...
Clinical Trials
MIST Therapy's End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Presenting Wounds
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of MIST Therapy in combination with standard of care (SOC) compared to SOC alone on reducing the bacteria in your wound and prepa...
Efficacy Study of Ultrasound-Assisted Debridement to Influence Wound Healing
The UltraHeal Study is a randomized controlled trial to compare healing response of low frequency contact ultrasonic-assisted debridement in addition to best practice wound care to best pr...
Sutureless Cryopreserved Amniotic Membrane Graft (ProKera) and Wound Healing After Photorefractive Keratectomy
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of ProKera on corneal wound healing after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in terms of re-epithelialization, pain, adverse effects, vis...
Use of INTEGRA™ Flowable Wound Matrix to Manage Diabetic Foot Ulcers
- After determining if subjects meet the criteria to be included in the study, the wound will be debrided (cleansed of any dead tissue or infection). - Subjects will then be rand...
HIV Diversity and Pathogenesis in Donor-Recipient Clusters
To assess, in donor-recipient clusters, current models of HIV-1 genetic evolution and pathogenesis, based on the sequence diversity displayed by this lentivirus.
Medical and Biotech [MESH] Definitions
Negative-pressure Wound Therapy
The application of a vacuum across the surface of a wound through a foam dressing cut to fit the wound. This removes wound exudates, reduces build-up of inflammatory mediators, and increases the flow of nutrients to the wound thus promoting healing.
Antibody Diversity
The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES. It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS.
Class I-restricted activation of CD8-POSITIVE LYMPHOCYTES resulting from ANTIGEN PRESENTATION of exogenous ANTIGENS (cross-presentation). This is in contrast to normal activation of these lymphocytes (direct-priming) which results from presentation of endogenous antigens.
Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.
Subgingival Curettage
Removal of degenerated and necrotic epithelium and underlying connective tissue of a periodontal pocket in an effort to convert a chronic ulcerated wound to an acute surgical wound, thereby insuring wound healing and attachment or epithelial adhesion, and shrinkage of the marginal gingiva. The term is sometimes used in connection with smoothing of a root surface or ROOT PLANING. (Jablonski; Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)


text:
Nirbhay Kumar, professor and chair of tropical medicine at Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, has found a way to use E.coli bacteria to cheaply manufacture a once hard-to-produce protein critical to the development of a potential transmission-blocking malaria vaccine. Photo credit: Paula Burch-Celentano, Tulane University
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I Am A Cat
Written over the course of 1904-6, Soseki's comic masterpiece, I Am a Cat, satirizes the follies of upper-middle-class Japanese society during the Meiji era by following the whimsical adventures of a world-weary stray kitten.
Publisher: North Clarendon, Vt. : Tuttle Pub., c2002
Branch Call Number: FICTION NATSUME 2002
Characteristics: x, 470 p. ;,21 cm
Additional Contributors:
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text:
Many who studied Latin in the 1970s and 1980s would have studied the Cambridge Latin course.
I think the naming of the head of the house in tonight's Dr Who episode (THe Fires of Pompeii) Caecilius may not have been an accident. Maybe James Moran and/or Russell T. Davies also studied Latin - if so I would like to say - "Grumio est in Culina".
Great performance by Phil "shake me up Judy" Davis by the way.
Quiz Time:
Can anyone spot the filmic link to the eighth Doctor?
Saturday, 12 April 2008
Schoolboy Latin
Posted by Not a sheep at 18:32
Labels: Dr Who
3 comments:
- Mac the Knife said...
Was it the coin-in-the-ear schtick?
- 12 April 2008 at 19:58
- Ælfhere said...
Nope! Missed the Eighth Doctor bit!
Actually Caecilius was a real person who lived in Pompey and the remains of his house are in all the tourist brochures - hence his inclusion in the CLC.
- 7 October 2008 at 13:29
- Not a sheep said...
It's been so long that I have forgotten the filmic link!
- 7 October 2008 at 15:26
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Craftsman opener won't stop at open limit
corvetteApril 29, 2007
My opener is about 12 years old, it goes up but the limit doesn't stop it. I tried the adjustment but it didn't help. When I took off the chain it just keeps running forever. How do I check the limits?