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Blind modulation detection in a receiver of a wireless communication device calculates error energies for PSK and GMSK based on differences between a received training sequence signal and synthesized training signals generated from PSK and GMSK channel estimations and a known training sequence phase rotated by 3π/8 and π/2 per symbol, respectively. A highly reliable modulation detection in a Single Antenna Interference Cancellation (SAIC) operational environment is achieved by a dual comparison of a total energy value of the received signal and the two error energies. PSK is determined if the PSK error energy value is found to be lower than both the GMSK error energy value and the total energy value by predetermined thresholds; otherwise the modulation type is determined to be GMSK.
1. In a digital telecommunication system, a method for identifying signaling information transmitted from a transmitter to a receiver, said method comprising the steps of:
calculating a first error energy value for a first modulation type based on a difference between a received signal and a first synthesized training signal;
calculating a second error energy value for a second modulation type based on a difference between a received signal and a second synthesized training signal;
calculating a total energy value for the received signal based on the received signal; and
comparing the first error energy value with the second error energy value and the total energy value to determine the modulation type of the received signal.
2. The method according to
3. The method according to
4. The method according to
rotating a known training sequence through a first phase rotation factor to generate a first rotated training sequence and through a second phase rotation factor to generate a second rotated training sequence;
forming a first channel estimation based on the first rotated training sequence and the received signal; and
forming a second channel estimation based on the second rotated training sequence and the received signal.
5. The method according to
forming the first synthesized training signal based on the first estimated channel and the first rotated training sequence;
forming the second synthesized training signal based on the second estimated channel and the second rotated training sequence;
comparing the first synthesized training signal to the received signal to produce the first error energy value;
comparing the second synthesized training signal to the received signal to produce the second error energy value; and
forming the total energy value based on the received signal.
6. The method according to
7. The method according to
forming a first temporal position function identifying the beginning of the sequence of data symbols based on the first estimated channel; and
forming a second temporal position function identifying the beginning of the sequence of data symbols based on the second estimated channel.
8. The method according to
9. The method according to
10. The method according to
11. The method according to
12. The method according to
13. The method according to
14. The method according to
15. The method according to
16. The method according to
17. The method according to
18. An article of manufacture comprising a machine-readable medium including program logic embedded therein for causing circuitry to perform the steps of
19. In a digital telecommunication system, a method for identifying signaling information transmitted from a transmitter to a receiver, said method comprising the steps of:
receiving a signal containing a sequence of data symbols transmitted from the transmitter, wherein the data symbols include training symbols corresponding to a known training sequence, and wherein each data symbol has been rotated through a phase rotation factor;
rotating the known training sequence through a first phase rotation factor to generate a first rotated training sequence and through a second phase rotation factor to generate a second rotated training sequence;
forming a first estimated channel based on the first rotated training sequence and the received signal;
forming a second estimated channel based on the second rotated training sequence and the received signal;
forming a first synthesized training signal based on the first estimated channel and the first rotated training sequence;
forming a second synthesized training signal based on the second estimated channel and the second rotated training sequence;
comparing the first synthesized training signal to the received signal to produce a first error energy value;
comparing the second synthesized training signal to the received signal to produce a second error energy value;
forming a total energy value based on the received signal; and comparing the first error energy value to the second error energy value, and
comparing the second error energy value with the total energy value, and determining therefrom a modulation type used by the transmitter to generate the received signal.
20. A receiver in a digital telecommunication system, comprising: a modulation detection module for receiving a signal containing a sequence of symbols transmitted from a transmitter and determining a modulation type of the signal; a plurality of message recovery modules coupled to the modulation detection module, each receiving data symbols encoded using a different modulation type; a channel decoding module coupled to the plurality of message recovery modules for receiving recovered messages and decoding the symbols therein based on the determined modulation type; and wherein the modulation detection module is configured to perform a method according to
21. The receiver according to
22. The receiver according to
23. The receiver according to
24. The receiver according to
25. The receiver according to
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to digital communication systems and in particular to mobile radio systems. Still more particularly, the invention relates to a method of reception and a receiver in a digital telecommunications system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Digital telecommunication systems typically employ one or more modulation schemes to communicate information such as voice, data, and/or control information. These modulation schemes may include GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying), M-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) or M-ary PSK (Phase Shift Keying), where M=2n, with n being the number of bits encoded within a symbol period for a specified modulation scheme.
The EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) and the associated packet service EGPRS (Enhanced General Packet Radio Service) have been defined as a transitional standard between the GSM/GPRS (Global System for Mobile Communications/General Packet Radio Service) and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) mobile radio standards. Both GMSK modulation and 8-PSK modulation are used in the EDGE standard, and the modulation type can be changed from burst to burst. GMSK is a non-linear, Gaussian-pulse-shaped frequency modulation, and 8-PSK is a linear, 8-level phase modulation. However, the specific GMSK modulation used in GSM can be approximated with a linear modulation (i.e., 2-level phase modulation with a π/2 rotation). Similarly, the 8-PSK modulation in EDGE is an 8-level phase modulation with 3π/8 rotation. The symbol pulse of the approximated GSMK and the symbol pulse of the 8PSK are identical.
In digital telecommunication systems employing multiple modulation schemes, if the modulation types to be used for information transmission between a transmitter and a receiver is not in a predetermined manner, the receiver must be either informed of the modulation type in advance via some measure or the receiver should be equipped with a capability to detect the modulation type from the received burst signal.
If the communication system is designed to inform the receiver of the modulation type used to send information for each and every burst before the transmission, the communication system will require extra bandwidth to convey the modulation type information to the receiver. In addition, this also introduces system latency, which is not permissible for real-time applications, such as in voice communication. Thus, a system for informing the receiver of the modulation type prior to message transmission is highly undesirable in practical applications.
Another technique is for the receiver to detect the modulation type of a particular burst of information in a digital communication system. Because the receiver relies on the transmission itself to detect the modulation type, this procedure is sometimes referred to as blind modulation detection. One blind modulation detection technique makes use of the training sequence included in every data burst. Common transmission standards define data bursts to include a fixed predetermined training sequence comprising a sequence of symbols, which are known to the receiver. The training sequence is intended to be used by the receiver to estimate the arrival time of the burst and the distortion and noise characteristics of the transmission channel. For example, upon receiving a training sequence, the receiver correlates the received training sequence signal to the known signal of the same training sequence. The receiver then utilizes this correlation to characterize the arrival time and channel (i.e., estimate the channel effects). In GSM wireless communication systems, for example, information is transmitted in transmission bursts, wherein each transmission burst may consist of two sections of data bits with a 26-bit midamble (training sequence) located in between. According to the GSM technical standards, one of eight possible training sequence codes can be used as the midamble.
The blind modulation detection technique using training sequence in a digital communication system derives a metric from the received training sequence signals for each possible modulation type. Each metric represents a likelihood that the corresponding modulation type is used by the transmitter to create the received signal. The metrics are analyzed based on certain decision logic to determine the modulation type of the received burst signal. As is known, GMSK and 8-PSK modulation in EDGE are distinguished by using different symbol rotations. All GMSK modulation rotates each transmission symbol by π/2 relative to its prior symbol in addition to the information phase, while the 8-PSK modulation rotates each transmission symbol in additional to the information phase by 3π/8 relative to its prior symbol.
One method of deriving a metric passes the received signal into data path that rotates the signal back through a corresponding phase rotation for each symbol, called de-rotation. For example, in EDGE communication system where there are two possible modulation types, GMSK and 8-PSK modulation, the received training sequence is rotated in a first data path by −nπ/2, where n is the symbol index in the sequence, and in the second data path by −n3π/8, respectively. After this, the de-rotated received training sequence is compared with a known training sequence stored in the receiver to generated two metrics, each with a different phase rotation assumption. The metric can be calculated by magnitude squared correlation of the de-rotated received training sequences with the known training sequence. Then the transmission modulation type is determined by the maximum of the two metrics.
In GSM communication systems, one way to increase system capacity is to increase the frequency reuse factor, whereby the communications system allocates the same frequency to multiple sites in closer proximity. However, when proximate cell sites transmit within the same frequency band, co-channel interference can occur, and when devices transmit in adjacent bands, adjacent-channel interference can occur if sufficient inter-band spacing is not provided. As a result, increased frequency reuse increases the co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference. Therefore, receivers operating in such an environment are required to have a better interference rejection performance.
Single Antenna Interference Cancellation (SAIC) is a general term used for advanced communications systems and receiver algorithms designed for the purpose of improving system capacity through increasing frequency reuse by enhancing single-antenna receiver performance in the presence of co-channel interference. SAIC is a promising technology currently being standardized in the industry that appears to be an attractive solution to the problems of frequency reuse, even though SAIC increases the complexity of the receiver. In the most advantageous interference conditions, SAIC can improve the signal-to-noise ratio over 10 dB. Current SAIC receiver algorithms are generally optimized for GMSK modulated signals, since gains of SAIC tend to be smaller for 8-PSK modulated signals. In an SAIC operational environment, GMSK traffic on neighboring cells can reuse common frequencies, thereby significantly increasing network bandwidth, while still tolerating the significantly higher co-channel and multi-channel interference than has been previously seen in conventional GMSK/EDGE environments.
While use of SAIC in wireless telecommunication systems overcomes the receiver performance issues introduced by frequency reuse, the high interference in a SAIC environment significantly impacts the reliability of traditional modulation detection techniques such as the prior art systems described above. Ideally, the receiver should be able to determine the modulation scheme associated with a particular burst of information regardless of the operating environment. However, the increased co-channel and adjacent channel interference created by SAIC operating environments does not permit conventional modulation detection techniques to reliably detect the modulation type of a transmission burst, thereby degrading radio telephone performance and quality. Further compounding the problem is the fact that front-end modulation detection must be capable of attaining the same or greater signal gain as attained by the SAIC receiver in order to fully achieve the large gain advantages from SAIC receiver. Unfortunately, prior art modulation detection methodologies fail to achieve the necessary gain because of the higher co-channel interference in SAIC environments. Therefore, what is needed is a new modulation detection technique that reliably performs and achieves high gain in the SAIC operational environment to achieve full performance of the receiver implementing SAIC.
This invention is described in a preferred embodiment in the following description with reference to the drawings, in which like numbers represent the same or similar elements, as follows:
In the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention, specific exemplary embodiments in which the invention may be practiced are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that logical, architectural, programmatic, mechanical, electrical and other changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims. In particular, although the preferred embodiment is described below with respect to a wireless mobile communication device, it will be appreciated that the present invention is not so limited and that it has application to other embodiments of electronic devices such as portable digital assistants, digital cameras, portable storage devices, audio players and portable gaming devices, for example.
With reference now to the Figures, and in particular in reference to
Wireless mobile communication device 10 generally comprises antenna 18 coupled to a filter 30, a power amplifier (PA) 54, and a radio frequency (RF) detector 34. Filter 30 is coupled to receiver (Rx) front-end block 36, which contains standard receiver components such as gain stages, mixers, oscillators, etc., as generally depicted, and mixes the received RF transmission down to base band. Rx front-end block 36 has an output coupled to a synthesizer and transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) back-end block 38, which in turn is coupled to a digital signal processor/central processing unit (DSP/CPU) 40 over transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) connections, or alternatively a communications bus (not shown). The synthesizer and Tx/Rx block 38 is also coupled through loop filter 51 to a phase lock loop (PLL) 52 that generates RF transmission signals for amplification by power amplifier (PA) module 54 and transmission over antenna 18. The receiver front-end block 36 and synthesizer and transmitter/receiver back-end block 38 are preferably integrated circuits (ICs), although other embodiments may be implemented.
DSP/CPU 40 has memories 48 associated therewith, for example read-only memory (ROM) and read/write random access memory (RAM). Various input and output devices are coupled to the CPU, including a display and keypad referenced with a common identifier 42, a microphone 44 and speaker 46. The exemplary embodiment also includes a power management module 50.
Tx/Rx back-end block 38 is shown containing the block components of a message recovery path coupling Rx front-end block 36 to a receive (Rx) input of DSP/CPU 40. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, Tx/Rx back-end block 38 is comprised of additional components that are not shown in
In a preferred embodiment, wireless communication device 10 is configured for EDGE operation in either a GMSK or 8-PSK modulation mode. If modulation detector 58 detects GMSK modulation in the received signal, the EDGE burst is output on connection 60 to be received by a SAIC-GMSK message recovery block 62, where SAIC algorithms perform message recovery of the GMSK modulated signals in a manner known in the art. Similarly, if 8-PSK modulation is detected by modulation detector 58, the EDGE burst is output on connection 64 to be received by 8-PSK message recovery block 66, where message recovery is performed on the 8-PSK modulated signals in a manner known in the art. Each of the message recovery blocks 62, 66 rotates the received packet by the phase rotation factor for the particular modulation being detected in the data path, in this case, each of the two modulation types, GMSK and PSK. In the embodiment shown in
Channel decoder 68 is coupled to SAIC-GMSK and 8-PSK message recovery blocks 62, 66 to receive recovered message packets and perform channel decoding thereon. Channel decoder 68 is coupled to receive data interface 70, which buffers and transfers decoded packets to DSP-CPU 40 for application processing. As will be appreciated, the functions performed by blocks 56, 58, 62, 66, 68 and 70 may be implemented in either hardware or software, or a combination thereof.
With reference now to
The training sequence 114 is an original training sequence held in the receiver and known to be the training sequence used by the transmitter for a given transmission. Training sequence 114 is denoted by (sn) (n=1, 2 . . . N, where N denotes the length of the training sequence). For example, N=26 in a standard EDGE embodiment.
The GMSK rotated training sequence is generated by rotation module 120 through a rotation of π/2 to each symbol of training sequence 114 as follows:
Similarly, the PSK rotated training signal is generated by rotation module 122 through a rotation of 3π/8 per symbol on the training sequence 114 as follows:
Accordingly, each rotation module 120, 122 generates a set of rotated training samples for the associated modulation type at its output 121, 123, respectively.
A correlation between the received training signals 104, 106 and the rotated training samples 121, 123 is then performed by channel estimation modules 110, 112, respectively.
The received GMSK training signals (xn gmsk), having N symbol periods, where N is 5 in a preferred embodiment, can be represented as:
Where hk is the composite channel impulse response, and k=0, 1 . . . 4. This composite response includes the transmitter filter, over-the-air channel effects, receiver filter, Analog/Digital conversion, etc. Similarly, the received PSK training signals (xn psk) can be represented as:
Therefore, a channel estimation for each of PSK and GMSK training sequences may then be estimated by:
Where {circle around (x)} represents a convolution operation and * represents a complex conjugate operation.
Accordingly, GMSK channel estimation module 110 produces a correlation vector, R (output as signal 113), of 13 symbol periods. R is a correlation between the received training sample signals (xn) on data path 104 and the complex conjugate of the GMSK rotated training samples (sn gmsk*) as follows:
Similarly, a correlation between the received training samples (xn) on data path 106 and the PSK rotated training samples (sn psk) by the PSK channel estimation module 112 produces a correlation vector, R (output as signal 115) of 13 symbol periods, as follows:
Each channel estimation module 110, 112 then calculates a five-point moving average of the magnitude squared of the correlation vector for GMSK and PSK, respectively, as follows:
These moving averages of the correlations allows the detection of the arrival time of the training sequence in the received burst. Channel estimation module 110 selects the index of the maximum of the 5-point moving average for the GMSK modulation to be output as signal 111, as follows:
Signal 111 represents a timing of the training sequence in the received signal, which can be used to derive the starting point of the training sequence in the received signal.
Channel estimation module 112 selects the index of the maximum of the 5-point moving average for the PSK modulation to be output as signal 117, as follows:
Then, module 119 identifies the 5 points of the correlation 113 corresponding to the maximum index, based on timing signal 111, as the estimated channel 116 (hk gmsk). Similarly, module 136 identifies the 21 points of the training sequence of the received EDGE signal 102 under the assumed GMSK modulation with the correct timing based on timing signal 111. This results in the correctly timed GMSK received training sequence on output 140.
Correspondingly, module 120 identifies the 5 points of the correlation 115 corresponding to the maximum index, based on timing signal 117, as the estimated channel 118 (hk psk). Module 138 identifies the 21 points of the training sequence of the received EDGE signal 108 under the assumed PSK modulation with the correct timing based on timing signal 117. This results in the correctly timed PSK received training sequence on output 142.
As seen in
As previously explained, where (hn) is the composite channel, the estimated GMSK training signals ({circumflex over (x)}n gmsk) on output 128 can be represented as:
Similarly, the estimated PSK training signals ({circumflex over (x)}n psk) on output 130 can be represented as:
The timed GMSK and PSK training sequence signals 140, 142 from modules 136, 138, respectively, are subtracted from the synthesized signals 128, 130 by combiners 132, 134, respectively, to generate error signals 144, 146, respectively. Each error signal 144, 146 indicates the difference between the received training sequence and the estimated training sequence for each type of modulation.
A sum-squared calculation is applied to the GMSK error signal 144 by module 148 to calculate a total energy of the error signal as follows:
This generates an error energy (ENI gmsk) with the assumption of GMSK modulation. The error energy calculated will be a function of the total noise plus co-channel interference detected in the GMSK channel. As will be appreciated, this error energy will be lower for cases where GMSK signal is transmitted, thereby suggesting the received modulation type is GMSK. If the transmitted signal is PSK, the GMSK error energy will be higher.
In a similar manner, module 150 generates the error energy with the assumption of PSK modulation. The calculated error energy (ENI psk) will be a function of the total noise plus co-channel interference detected in the PSK channel. This calculation of PSK error energy, across 21 symbol periods and timed to the PSK timing signal 117, is defined as:
As will be appreciated, this PSK error energy will be lower for cases where PSK signal is transmitted, thereby suggesting the received modulation type is PSK. If the transmitted signal is GMSK, the PSK error energy will be higher.
In accordance with the preferred embodiment, module 152 calculates the total energy (ET psk) generated by the PSK time-corrected training sequence signal. The received training sequence signal on data path 108 has its total energy calculated by a sum-squared calculation, across 21 symbol periods, and in one embodiment timed to the PSK timing signal 117, as:
In an alternative embodiment, the total energy is calculated by a sum-squared calculation, across 21 symbol periods, using the nominal timing directly from data path 108.
The resulting calculated energy values, ENI gmsk, ENI psk and ET psk are generated from modules 148, 150,152 and then compared at module 154 to detect the modulation type of the received transmission burst in accordance with the invention. Module 154 performs two comparisons to detect the transmission modulation type, in one embodiment, although more comparisons can be made to increase the reliability of the detection methodology in other embodiments. The first comparison is between the GMSK error energy (ENI gmsk) and the PSK error energy (ENI psk) multiplied by a constant (Δ1). The constant Δ1 is included in the comparison to compensate for the inherently lower interference noise in PSK operation environment. The second comparison at module 154 is between the PSK total energy (ET psk) and the PSK error energy (ENI psk) multiplied by a constant (Δ2). The second comparison reflects the fact that PSK modulation has a higher data rate and does not work in SAIC environment according to the current specification. Thus, PSK modulation operates in an environment with higher C/I (the ratio of desired signal to noise plus interference) than GMSK modulation. The second comparison in the detection logic 154 is included to significantly improve the reliability of the modulation detection process beyond that which would be achieved using a single comparison.
Therefore, in accordance with the preferred embodiment, a decision as to the modulation type using the blind modulation detection of a preferred embodiment first identifies if the GMSK noise-interference energy (ENI gmsk) is greater than a PSK noise-interference energy multiplied by a threshold (Δ1ENI psk). Second, it is determined if the total energy of the received PSK training sequence is greater than the PSK noise-interference energy multiplied by a threshold (Δ2ENI psk). Only if both conditions are satisfied is it determined that the received packet is of a PSK modulation type. If either condition is not met, it is determined that the received packet is of a GMSK modulation type. By using the dual comparison and determination at module 154, a much more reliable blind modulation detection methodology can be achieved. Analysis has shown an optimized modulation detection under conditions where module 154 uses Δ1=1.625 and Δ2=2.625.
As will be appreciated, an alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention would first identify if the GMSK noise-interference energy (L.sub.NI.sup.gmsk) is less than a PSK noise-interference energy multiplied by a threshold (.DLLTA.sub.1L.sub.NI.sup.psk). Second, it would be determined if the total energy of the received PSK training sequence signal is less than the PSK noise-interference energy multiplied by a threshold (.DELTA..sub.2L.sub.NI.sup.psk). If either condition is satisfied, it is determined that the received packet is of a GMSK modulation type. If neither of the conditions is met, it is determined that the received packet is of a PSK modulation type. In still another preferred embodiment, the total energy of the received signal 140 assuming GMSK modulation is calculated (in place of module 152) and used in the detection logic of module 154 in the place of L.sub.T.sup.psk. Moreover, the present invention is not restricted to using the training sequence, which is normally included in a data burst, in the described manner. In principle, it is also possible to use any other sequence of information data that is transmitted during the communication process to detect the burst modulation type, in accordance with the invention.
The superior performance achieved by the preferred embodiments results from the recognition that in a SAIC operational environment for GMSK, which increases frequency reuse, the noise-interference energy level will be higher for GMSK than PSK. Therefore, a single comparison of the error energies between the modulation types such as that seen in the prior art may not be sufficient for accurately and reliably making a modulation detection as a result of the added noise-interference in the GMSK channel. Adding an additional comparison of the PSK error energy level to the total energy level of the received signal increases the probability that a PSK transmission can be more accurately detected.
As will be appreciated, the processes in preferred embodiments of the present invention may be implemented using any combination of computer programming software, firmware or hardware. As a preparatory step to practicing the invention in software, the computer programming code (whether software or firmware) according to a preferred embodiment will typically be stored in one or more machine readable storage mediums such as fixed (hard) drives, diskettes, optical disks, magnetic tape, semiconductor memories such as ROMs, PROMs, etc., thereby making an article of manufacture in accordance with the invention. The article of manufacture containing the computer programming code is used by either executing the code directly from the storage device, by copying the code from the storage device into another storage device such as a hard disk, RAM, etc., or by transmitting the code for remote execution. The method form of the invention may be practiced by combining one or more machine-readable storage devices containing the code according to the present invention with appropriate standard computer hardware to execute the code contained therein. An apparatus for practicing the invention could be one or more computers and storage systems containing or having network access to computer program(s) coded in accordance with the invention.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Any variations, modifications, additions, and improvements to the embodiments described are possible and may fall within the scope of the invention as detailed within the following claims.
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Masterclass: The Fellowship of the Strings
Saturday, September 1, 2012 4:00 PM - 6:00PM
Aiming to recreate the sound of these classic European klezmer ensembles, the Festival Strings Masterclass is a unique group of professional and amateur musicians assembled for the 2012 Ashkenaz Festival. Participants will learn the function of melodies and their accompaniments, ornamentation and variation, culminating in a multi-level suite.
September 1-3,2012
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Saturday, September 1, 2012 6:00 PM - 7:00PM
Leading Yiddish dance at events internationally, Avia instills workshops with a sense of tradition while exploring contemporary approaches to the style.
September 1-3,2012
For details inquire at the Info Desk or call 416-973-4000.
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Offense ignites Panthers
The Park Rapids fastpitch softball team got offensive during a three-game winning streak last week.
In a Mid-State Conference doubleheader last Tuesday, the Panthers combined 20 hits with 26 walks to score 22 runs in sweeping Staples-Motley by scores of 11-10 and 11-6.
The Panthers followed with a season-high 18 hits in an 18-8 victory over Pelican Rapids Thursday.
Lake of the Woods shut down the Panthers' offense on Friday in a 10-2 victory.
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Article Last Updated: Friday, December 14, 2012 5:36pm
Courtesy Photo
The Cortez Church of the Nazarene welcomes their new pastor, Chris Ludington, his wife, Miranda and their two daughters, Allyssa and Maddalyn. Having received his master's degree in Theology and Ministry at the Southern Nazarene University in Bethany, Okla., Pastor Ludington has previously served as a youth pastor and a student ministries director. His interests are cultivating relationships, mountain biking, swimming, reading, creative woodworking and being outdoors. Church members look forward to the new beginning represented by Pastor Ludington.
By By Gladys Hart
Wednesday, April 1Laity service, First Assembly of God Church, 120 S. Linden St.Thursday, April 2Maundy Thursday Holy Communion with Foot Washing, 6:30 at St. Barnabas Church on the corner of North and Elm. Info: 565-7865.Laity Service, First Baptist Church, 100 N. Market St.Friday, April 3Good Friday worship with Holy Communion, Barnabas Church on the corner of North and Elm.


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Meggan Mallone needs to get across town during rush hour to join her boyfriend for a party. Every form of transportation she tries seems to run into some sort of problem brought on by the uncontrollable fuck fever that comes over the drivers in her presence. The taxi crashes, the...More
Sunrise (Monique Alexander) and her friend Sadie have moved to LA to become stars, but they're far from star material. One night while enjoying the club scene Sunrise meets Din (Nick Manning), a major record producer. Din represents Paulina, the hottest star in the pop music scen...More


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Good Grips Corkscrew
Item No.3310169487
An essential utensil for any dinner party; this handy corkscrew comes from the Good Grips range by OXO. In stylish black and silver, this corkscrew comes with a universal, sturdy design that will make quick work of any cork.
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This corkscrew comes from OXO's Good Grip range comes in black and silver with sturdy worm screw, comfortable handle and self pulling function.
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Asko W6222 control board schematic please?
electro_paOctober 23, 2012
I have Asko W6222 washer (purchased in Australia) sold here as cold water supply only.
I wish to fit a hot-water valve and control circuit to it.
In principal, quite easy for me as I am very experienced electronics technician, with the necessary skills.
I do 'component-level' electronics work.
However it is easier, if I have the electronics PCB schematic. Could do without it but that is a drudge!
Asko parts manual only shows PCB, as a bare block with wires attached!
Does anyone here know where that schematic drawing is available?
Thanks for any clues or hints.
Regards all,
Clive Judd.


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6130 E Auto Park Dr
Mesa, AZ 85206
Category: Auto Repair|Car Dealers|Auto Parts
Veronica was trhe dealer rep that Idealt with.
by Harold Jones , 08/23/2013
She was most professional in every way and I could not ask for a better person to have dealt with, I enjoyed my dealings and am very happy with the results. Thank you very much Veronica. Harold Jones
Horrible service
by Tim b , 04/02/2011
No star would be better, horrible customer service in the "SERVICE" department, and walk-ins not accepted. Stopped there several times staff not helpful, in fact they seemed annoyed by my questions. Was prepared to wait for an oil change (realizing that it was a Saturday and the snowbirds are still here) but was told that was not an option. No wonder Chrysler in financial hurt, next time I buy American I'm buying a Chevy or Ford!


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Ferriss Trophy ceremony moves to DSU
The Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame and Cellular South, Inc., announced on Monday, May 10 that the 7th annual Cellular South Ferriss Trophy presentation ceremony will be held on the campus of Delta State University on Monday, May 24 at the Bologna Performing Arts Center.
A reception will begin at 5:30 p.m. with the award's ceremony scheduled for 6:30 p.m.
"Coach Ferriss is a Mississippi treasure and our presence in his hometown is a show of respect for him," Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame executive director Michael Rubenstein stated.
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102,627pages on
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Loyal, hahah! I should watch more pages like this, truly =)--K ) (talk) 11:15, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
Who even says that?Edit
Where do people get "Outlands" from? I myself have never heard anyone say that. Mr.X8 Talk Contribs 23:58, 6 January 2008 (UTC)


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From the upcoming album from Cam and Vado called Gunz n Butta. Credit to MissInfo. I'm definitely not mad that Cam will be dishing out two songs a week until the album drops in February. Killa.
Cam'rom and Vado – And You Don't Stop | Mediafire
Tags: cam'ron, vado
Video: Dipset – "Have My Money"
Dipset – "Do Something"
Dipset Reunites on "Have My Money"
Cam'ron Rapping Over Boards of Canada Will Melt Your Mind
Cam'ron's Emojis Are Out And Ready To Be Used In All Of Your Conversations


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Ram Dealers Phoenix, AZ
Showing Ram dealers within 25 miles of Phoenix, AZ Edit search
Authorized Ram Dealers
1. Chapman Scottsdale Autoplex 7.9 miles
6601 E Mc Dowell Rd
Scottsdale, AZ 85257
"This company has great communication"
2. Airpark Dodge Chrysler Jeep 15.6 miles
7801 E. Frank Lloyd Wright Blvd.
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
"Lacking integrity."
3. Larry H Miller Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram Surprise 22.7 miles
13165 N Autoshow Ave
Surprise, AZ 85388
"If you don't actually want to know the price of a car and are just looking to hear them tell you how great they are give them a try."
4. Earnhardt Chrysler Jeep Dodge RAM 21.3 miles
1521 E Drivers Way
Gilbert, AZ 85297
"Drove 2 hours to see a car the had sold the day before. "
5. Tempe Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram 9.3 miles
7975 S Autoplex Loop
Tempe, AZ 85284
"These people are not to be trusted!!! Had a deal, ready to pick up the jeep, than no deal!!! They backed out!!! Never shop there!!!"
6. AutoNation Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram North Phoenix 13.2 miles
16406 N 26th Ave
Phoenix, AZ 85023
"Terrible. Sold the car on us we were working on! "
7. Superstition Springs Chrysler Jeep 22 miles
6130 E Auto Park Drive
Mesa, AZ 85206
"They did steps way ahead of the credit check made a lot of screw ups, the drive wasn't worth it"
Dealers With Used Ram Inventory
1. Goldies Motors 4.3 miles
2950 E Broadway Rd
Phoenix, AZ 85040
"Micah was very helpful and responded quickly."
2. LeSueur Car Company 8.8 miles
1109 E. Curry Rd.
Tempe, AZ 85281
"JT and the rest of the LeSueur family were very helpful, knowledgable and honest. Would recommend to anyone in search of a new car."
3. AutoWits 8.7 miles
7224 East McDowell Road
Scottsdale, AZ 85257
"Great friendly service. Unlike you get at the big dealerships. Will use them again for all my car needs."
4. Mercedes-Benz of Scottsdale 9.4 miles
4725 N Scottsdale Rd
Scottsdale, AZ 85251
"Mercedes Benz of Scottsdale gave me the best deal and treated me the best too! So glad I checked in."
5. Day & Night Auto Group 6.4 miles
2121 S. Priest Dr.
Tempe, AZ 85282
"We were treated respectfully the moment we arrived. Very low to non-existent sales pressure put us at ease immediately. Personable staff that were more concerned with our needs than theirs. Highly recommended."
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On May 12, 2010, Drew Garrett received his very first Emmy Nomination for his role on General Hospital as Michael Corinthos The Third.
Garrett enjoys surfing, skateboarding and comedy improv.
Garrett was born and grew up in Jupiter, Flordia.
Garrett recently graduated from The L.A. County High School for the Arts, Dreyfoos School for the Performing Arts and Bak School of the Arts.
Garrett has been acting since he was a child.
User Score: 10
User Score: 6
User Score: 4


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Pebbletec or Quartzscapes
I am at the point to have my pool plastered in two weeks. Should I spend the extra for Pebbletech or go with Quartzscape? I do not want a dark color....we have some shade. Please help!!!
If it is in your budget, go with Pebbletech - it is a proven and great product - more importantly, you are going to get a Pebbletech-certified installation. If it is not in your budget, go with quartz - it is not a bad choice... it is also a great product that holds up very well. Our pool has a quartz finish and it looks and feels outstanding.
Pebbletec is a far superior product. Quartzscapes will attract takers because of the price, but beware that Quartzscapes does not come pre-mixed. It is mixed onsite and can result in some unevenness or mottling. There are more choices than just those 2
I love my Pebble Sheen by PebbleTec. I am so glad I spent the extra money. It is so worth it. I have aqua blue and it is not dark at all. To see pics check out the thread My MD Pool Build on page 1 or 2.
QuartzScapes merges beauty and strength for a stunning pool finish. Natural quartz is one of the world's strongest minerals and National Pool Tile QuartzScapes interior pool finishes create reliable beauty. I love my QuartzScapes finish
Here is a link that might be useful: QuartzScapes


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Kristi Noem
|Kristi L. Noem
|U.S. House, South Dakota
|In office
|Term ends
|January 3, 2017
|Years in position
|Stephanie Herseth Sandlin (D)
|Base salary
|Elections and appointments
|Last election
|November 4, 2014
|Cost per vote
|$12.95 in 2012
|First elected
|November 6, 2012
|Next general
|November 8, 2016
|Campaign $
|Term limits
|Prior offices
|South Dakota House of Representatives
|High school
|Hamlin High School
|South Dakota State University, 2011
|Date of birth
|November 30, 1971
|Place of birth
|Watertown, South Dakota
|Rancher, Farmer
|Net worth
|Evangelical Christian
|Office website
|Campaign website
- 1 Biography
- 2 Career
- 3 Committee assignments
- 4 Key votes
- 4.1 113th Congress
- 4.1.1 National security
- 4.1.2 Economy
- 4.1.3 Immigration
- 4.1.4 Healthcare
- 4.1.5 Social issues
- 4.1.6 Government affairs
- 4.2 Previous congressional sessions
- 4.1 113th Congress
- 5 Issues
- 6 Elections
- 7 Campaign donors
- 8 Personal Gain Index
- 9 Analysis
- 10 Personal
- 11 Recent news
- 12 See also
- 13 External links
- 14 References
Based on analysis of multiple outside rankings, Noem is an average Republican member of Congress, meaning she will vote with the Republican Party on the majority of bills.
Noem attended Northern State University in Aberdeen, but she left school to run the family farm and ranch after her father died unexpectedly in a farming accident. While serving in Congress, she returned to school, enrolling in South Dakota State University, and earned a B.A. in political science in December 2011. [1] Prior to her election to the U.S. House, Noem was a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives.[2]
Below is an abbreviated outline of Noem's academic, professional and political career:[2]
- 2011-Present: U.S. Representative from South Dakota's At-Large Congressional District
- 2007-2010: South Dakota House of Representatives
Committee assignments
U.S. House
Noem serves on the following committees:[3]
Noem served on the following committees:[4]
- Committee on Agriculture
- Subcommittee on Conservation, Energy, and Forestry
- Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management
- Committee on Armed Services
- Subcommittee on Military Personnel
- Subcommittee on Readiness
- Subcommittee on Seapower & Projection Forces
Noem served on the following committees:[5]
- Agriculture Committee
- Subcommittee on Conservation, Energy, and Forestry
- Subcommittee on Department Operations, Oversight, and Credit
- Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry[6]
- Education and the Workforce Committee
- Subcommittee on Health, Employment, Labor, and Pensions
- Subcommittee on Workforce Protections
- Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary and Secondary Education[7]
- Natural Resources Committee
- Subcommittee on Indian and Alaska Native Affairs
- Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands
- Subcommittee on Water and Power[8]
South Dakota House
Noem served on the following committees:
Key votes
113th Congress
The second session of the 113th Congress enacted into law 114 out of the 3,036 introduced bills (3.8 percent). Comparatively, the 112th Congress had 4.2 percent of introduced bills enacted into law in the second session.[9] For more information pertaining to Noem's voting record in the 113th Congress, please see the below sections.[10]
National security
Noem voted in support of HR 1960 - the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014. The bill passed the House on June 14, 2013, with a vote of 315 - 108. Both parties were somewhat divided on the vote.[11]
DHS Appropriations
Noem voted in support of HR 2217 - the DHS Appropriations Act of 2014. The bill passed the House on June 6, 2013, with a vote of 245 - 182 and was largely along party lines.[11]
Keystone Pipeline Amendment
Noem opposed House Amendment 69, which would have amended HR 3 to "require that the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, conduct a study of the vulnerabilities of the Keystone XL pipeline to a terrorist attack and certify that necessary protections have been put in place." The amendment failed on May 22, 2013, with a vote of 176 - 239 and was largely along party lines.[11]
Noem voted in support of HR 624 - the CISPA (2013). The bill passed the House on April 18, 2013, with a vote of 288 - 127. The bill permitted federal intelligence agencies to share cybersecurity intelligence and information with private entities and utilities.[12] The bill was largely supported by Republicans, but divided the Democratic Party.[11]
2014 Farm bill
On January 29, 2014, the U.S. House approved the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013, H.R. 2642, also known as the Farm Bill.[13] The bill passed by a vote of 251-166. The nearly 1,000-page bill reformed and continued various programs of the Department of Agriculture through 2018. The $1 trillion bill expanded crop insurance for farmers by $7 billion over the next decade and created new subsidies for rice and peanut growers that would kick in when prices drop.[14][15] However, cuts to the food stamp program cut an average of $90 per month for 1.7 million people in 15 states.[15] Noem voted with 161 other Republican representatives in favor of the bill.
2014 Budget
On January 15, 2014, the Republican-run House approved H.R. 3547, a $1.1 trillion spending bill to fund the government through September 30, 2014.[16][17] The House voted 359-67 for the 1,582 page bill, with 64 Republicans and three Democrats voting against the bill.[17] The omnibus package included 12 annual spending bills to fund federal operations.[18] It increased the paychecks of federal workers and military personnel by 1 percent, increased Head Start funding for early childhood education by $1 billion, reduced funding to the Internal Revenue Service and the Environmental Protection Agency, and protected the Affordable Care Act from any drastic cuts. Noem voted with the majority of the Republican party in favor of the bill.[16]
2013 Farm bill
- See also: United States Farm Bill 2013
Noem supported the Farm Bill on July 11, 2013. The bill passed in a 216-208 vote.[19] The bill passed included farm policy, but did not include food stamps.[20]
Government shutdown
- See also: United States budget debate, 2013
On September 30, 2013, the House passed a final stopgap spending bill before the shutdown went into effect. The bill included a one-year delay of the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate and would have also stripped the bill of federal subsidies for congressional members and staff. It passed through the House with a vote of 228-201.[21] At 1 a.m. on October 1, 2013, one hour after the shutdown officially began, the House voted to move forward with going to a conference. In short order, Sen. Harry Reid rejected the call to conference.[22] Noem voted to approve the stopgap spending bill that would have delayed the individual mandate.[23]
The shutdown ended on October 16, 2013, when the House took a vote on HR 2775 after it was approved by the Senate. The bill to reopen the government lifted the $16.7 trillion debt limit and funded the government through January 15, 2014. Federal employees also received retroactive pay for the shutdown period. The only concession made by Senate Democrats was to require income verification for Obamacare subsidies.[24] The House passed the legislation shortly after the Senate, by a vote of 285-144, with all 144 votes against the legislation coming from Republican members. Noem voted against HR 2775.[25]
Source: This graphic was generated by Find The Best.
Morton Memos Prohibition
Noem supported House Amendment 136 - Prohibits the Enforcement of the Immigration Executive Order. The amendment was adopted by the House on June 6, 2013, with a vote of 224 - 201. The purpose of the amendment as stated on the official text is to "prohibit the use of funds to finalize, implement, administer, or enforce the Morton Memos." These memos would have granted administrative amnesty to certain illegal aliens residing in the United States.[26] The vote largely followed party lines.[27]
Repealing Obamacare
Noem supported all attempts to repeal or delay the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[28]
Social issues
Noem supported HR 1797 - Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act. The resolution passed the House on June 18, 2013, with a vote of 228 - 196. The purpose of the bill was to ban abortions that would take place 20 or more weeks after fertilization.[29]
Government affairs
On July 30, 2014, the U.S. House approved a resolution 225 to 201 to sue President Barack Obama for exceeding his constitutional authority. Five Republicans—Thomas Massie of Kentucky, Paul Broun of Georgia, Scott Garrett of New Jersey, Walter Jones of North Carolina and Steve Stockman of Texas—voted with Democrats against the lawsuit.[30] Noem joined the other 224 Republicans in favor of the lawsuit. All Democrats voted against the resolution.[31][32]
Previous congressional sessions
Fiscal cliff
Noem voted for the fiscal cliff compromise bill, which made permanent most of the Bush tax cuts originally passed in 2001 and 2003, while also raising tax rates on the highest income levels. She was one of 85 Republicans that voted in favor of the bill. The bill was passed in the House by a 257 - 167 vote on January 1, 2013.[33]
On The Issues Vote Match
- See also: On The Issues Vote Match
On The Issues conducts a VoteMatch analysis of elected officials based on 20 issue areas. Rather than relying on incumbents to complete the quiz themselves, the VoteMatch analysis is conducted using voting records, statements to the media, debate transcripts or citations from books authored by or about the candidate. Based on the results of the quiz, Noem is a Libertarian-Leaning Conservative. Noem received a score of 37 percent on social issues and 79 percent on economic issues.[34]
The table below contains the results of analysis compiled by staff at On The Issues.
|On The Issues Vote Quiz[35]
|Economic Issues
|Social Issues
|Legally require hiring women & minorities
|Abortion is a woman's unrestricted right
|Strongly Opposes
|Expand ObamaCare
|Strongly Opposes
|Comfortable with same-sex marriage
|Strongly Opposes
|Vouchers for school choice
|Strongly Favors
|Keep God in the public sphere
|Absolute right to gun ownership
|Strongly Favors
|Human needs over animal rights
|Higher taxes on the wealthy
|Strongly Opposes
|Stricter punishment reduces crime
|Support & expand free trade
|Pathway to citizenship for illegal aliens
|Strongly Favors
|Stricter limits on political campaign funds
|Strongly Favors
|Maintain US sovereignty from UN
|Strongly Favors
|Prioritize green energy
|Expand the military
|Stimulus better than market-led recovery
|Stay out of Iran
|Privatize Social Security
|Strongly Opposes
|Never legalize marijuana
|Note: Information last updated: 2014.[34] If you notice the rating has changed, email us.
Campaign themes
Noem listed the following issues on her campaign website:[36]
- "America was built by people who longed for freedom, believed in individual responsibility and knew that government should serve the people - not the other way around. It is still true today, that the best government is the government that governs least."
- Taxes and Spending
- Excerpt: "The federal government has become large, intrusive and inefficient. This excessive growth is a direct threat to our liberty and to our values of individual responsibility and free enterprise. If elected to Congress, I will fight to protect our freedom and turn back the reach of government that is expanding deeper into our lives."
- Creating Jobs
- Excerpt: "Individual initiative and free enterprise will bring our economy back. Higher taxes and more regulations will slow down the recovery. The needless pork projects and the bailouts that the politicians tell us create jobs really just divert money from private sector job creators into government programs..."
- Healthcare
- Excerpt: "Putting the federal government between patients and their doctor is not the answer. If elected to Congress, I will support efforts to fully repeal the health care bill. If full repeal is not possible right away, then we must pursue other options to diminish its effect."
- Second Amendment
- Excerpt: "The Constitution guarantees the individual's right to keep and bear arms. I am strong supporter of the Second Amendment. "
- Protecting Life
- Excerpt: "I am, and always have been, pro life. From the miracle of conception to a dignified death, life is precious and should be protected. The federal government has no business forcing taxpayers to pay for abortions. If elected to Congress, I will maintain a 100% pro-life voting record."
- Retirement Security
- Excerpt: "South Dakota seniors have put in a lifetime of hard work. They have paid into the system and we have the responsibility to make sure their retirement safety net is there as promised. I will work to protect Social Security for those in retirement and nearing retirement. I oppose privatizing Social Security."
South Dakota House
Bills Sponsored
- HB 1168 - Require children to attend school until age sixteen rather than age eighteen.
- HB 1202 - Require the director of equalization to use certain factors and adjustments to assess agricultural land and to allow the Department of Revenue and Regulation to assess certain agricultural land.
- HB 1203 - Provide for the regulation of acupuncturists.
- HB 1263 - Revise certain provisions relating to the terms of wind easements and wind energy leases.
- HJR 1006 - Proposing a constitutional amendment to revise the legislative vote required to impose, increase, or authorize taxes.
- SB 89 - Exempt from federal regulation any firearm, firearm accessory, or ammunition manufactured and retained in South Dakota.
- SB 91 - Require legislative approval of certain gaming compacts with Indian tribes.
- SB 106 - Authorize the Board of Regents and the Building Authority to contract for construction of classroom facilities at the University Center in Sioux Falls to replace facilities leased from the Sioux Falls School District, and to make an appropriation therefore.
- SB 172 - Revise the definition for environmental upgrades used to provide a property tax exemption for coal-fired power plants.
- SJR 7 - Proposing and submitting to the electors at the next general election an amendment to Article VIII of the Constitution of the State of South Dakota relating to school districts expending public funds to support certain lawsuits against the State of South Dakota.
Bills Co-Sponsored
For a complete list of bills co-sponsored by Kristi Noem, click here.
Noem won re-election to the U.S. House to represent South Dakota's At-Large District on November 4, 2014. Noem ran unopposed in the Republican primary on June 3, 2014.
|U.S. House, South Dakota's At-Large District General Election, 2014
|Vote %
|Kristi Noem Incumbent
|Corinna Robinson
|Total Votes
|Source: South Dakota Secretary of State
|General Election
|Kristi Noem
|Corinna Robinson
|Sample Size
|Survey South Dakota
October 1-5, 2014
|Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to email@example.com
In 2012, Noem was re-elected to the U.S. Congress, representing South Dakota's At-Large Congressional District.[37]
|U.S. House, South Dakota At-Large District General Election, 2012
|Vote %
|Kristi Noem
|Matt Varilek Incumbent
|Total Votes
|Source: South Dakota Secretary of State, "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election"
Full history
To view the full congressional electoral history for Kristi Noem, click [show] to expand the section.
On November 4, 2008, Noem won re-election to the South Dakota House of Representatives in the Sixth District. She defeated Cynthia Johnson (D). Also elected to District 6 was Brock Greenfield (R).[39]
|South Dakota House of Representatives, District 6
|Kristi Noem (R)
|Brock Greenfield (R)
|Cynthia Johnson (D)
On November 4, 2006, Noem was elected to the South Dakota House of Representatives, District 6. She defeated Jason Soren (D). Also elected to District 6 was Paul Nelson (R).[40]
|South Dakota House of Representatives, District 6
|Kristi Noem (R)
|Paul Nelson (R)
|Jason Soren (D)
Campaign donors
Fundraising events
The below chart from Find The Best tracks the fundraising events Noem attends.
Source: This graphic was generated by Find The Best.
Candidates for Congress were required to file up to seven main reports with the Federal Election Commission during the 2014 elections season. Below are Noem's reports.[41]
|Kristi Noem (2014) Campaign Finance Reports
|Date Filed
|Beginning Balance
|Total Contributions
for Reporting Period
|Cash on Hand
|April Quarterly[42]
|April 12, 2013
|July Quarterly[43]
|July 15, 2013
|October Quarterly[44]
|October 15, 2013
|January 31, 2014
|April Quarterly[46]
|April 15, 2014
|July Quarterly[47]
|July 14, 2014
|October Quarterly[48]
|October 15, 2014
|Running totals
Comprehensive donor information for Noem is available dating back to 2010. Based on available campaign finance records, Noem raised a total of $2,811,273 during that time period. This information was last updated on March 28, 2013.[49]
|Kristi Noem's Campaign Contribution History
|US House (South Dakota, At-Large District)
|Grand Total Raised
Source: This graphic was generated by Find The Best.
To view the breakdown of campaign funding by type click [show] to expand the section.
Noem won re-election to the U.S. House in 2012. During that re-election cycle, Noem's campaign committee raised a total of $2,811,274 and spent $2,688,180.[50]
Cost per vote
Noem spent $12.95 per vote received in 2012.
|U.S. House, South Dakota At-Large District, 2012 - Kristi Noem Campaign Contributions
|Total Raised
|Total Spent
|Total Raised by Election Runner-up
|Total Spent by Election Runner-up
|Top contributors to Kristi Noem's campaign committee
|Sanford Health
|Moyle Petroleum
|Poet LLC
|First Premier Bank
|Valley Queen Cheese
|Top 5 industries that contributed to campaign committee
|Crop Production & Basic Processing
|Health Professionals
|Oil & Gas
Noem won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 2010. During that re-election cycle, Noem's campaign committee raised a total of $2,295,249 and spent $2,284,548.[51]
Her top five contributors between 2009-2010 were:
|U.S. House, South Dakota At-Large District, 2010 - Kristi Noem Campaign Contributions
|Total Raised
|Total Spent
|Total Raised by General Election Opponent
|Total Spent by General Election Opponent
|Top contributors to Kristi Noem's campaign committee
|Sanford Health
|Wall Drug
|Peterson Management
|Republican Party of South Dakota
|Wilson Trailer Co
|Top 5 industries that contributed to campaign committee
|Health Professionals
|Leadership PACs
|Lawyers/Law Firms
|Securities & Investment
In her 2010 congressional campaign, Noem's campaign reported over 1.1 million in contributions.[52] The Federal Election Commission reported that Noem raised $577,131 for her 2010 election campaign. Of these funds, $525,165 came from individual contributions, $32,650 came from PACs or other non-party committees, and $6000 came from party committees. Noem contributed $13,262 to her campaign.[53]
- For detailed data on individual contributions to Kristi Noem, click here.
- For detailed data on committee and PAC contributions to Kristi Noem, click here.
In the 2008 election, Noem raised a total of $10,934.[54]
Noem's five largest contributors in 2008 were:
|South Dakota Corn Growers Association
|Virchow, Frank
|Northwestern Energy
|South Dakota Republican Party
|South Dakota Telecommunications Association
In the 2006 election, Noem raised a total of $22,904.[55]
Noem's five largest contributors in 2006 were:
|Noem, Kristi
|South Dakota Education Association
|Rapid City Action CMTE
|Oscar Anderson South Dakota Freedom Fund
|Bergan, Alf
Personal Gain Index
- See also: Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress)
- See also: Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress)
The Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress) is a two-part measurement that illustrates the extent to which members of the U.S. Congress have prospered during their tenure as public servants.
It consists of two different metrics:
PGI: Change in net worth
Based on congressional financial disclosure forms and calculations made available by OpenSecrets.org, Noem's net worth as of 2012 was estimated between $-478,991 to $640,999. That averages to $81,004, which is lower than the average net worth of Republican House members in 2012 of $7,614,097.96. Noem ranked as the 384th most wealthy representative in 2012.[56] Between 2009 and 2012, Noem's calculated net worth[57] increased by an average of 6 percent per year. Between 2004 and 2012, the average annual percentage increase for a member of Congress was 15.4 percent.[58]
|Kristi Noem Yearly Net Worth
|Average Net Worth
|Growth from 2009 to 2012:
|Average annual growth:
|Comparatively, the American citizen experienced a median yearly decline in net worth of -0.94%.[60]
PGI: Donation Concentration Metric
Filings required by the Federal Election Commission report on the industries that give to each candidate. Using campaign filings and information calculated by OpenSecrets.org, Ballotpedia calculated the percentage of donations by industry received by each incumbent over the course of his or her career (or 1989 and later, if elected prior to 1988). Noem received the most donations from individuals and PACs employed by the Retired industry. Comparatively, the top industry employer in South Dakota's At-Large Congressional District was Educational services, and health care and social assistance, according to a 2012 U.S. Census survey.[61]
From 2009-2014, 22.76 percent of Noem's career contributions came from the top five industries as listed below.[62]
|Kristi Noem Campaign Contributions
|Total Raised
|Total Spent
|Top industry in the district
|Educational services, and health care and social assistance
|Top five industries that contributed to campaign committee
|Health Professionals
|Crop Production & Basic Processing
|Leadership PACs
|Lawyers/Law Firms
|% total in top industry
|% total in top two industries
|% total in top five industries
Like-minded colleagues
The website OpenCongress tracks the voting records of each member to determine with whom he or she votes most and least often. The results include a member from each party.[63]
Noem most often votes with:
Noem least often votes with:
Source: This graphic was generated by Find The Best.
Ideology and leadership
Based on an analysis of bill sponsorship by GovTrack, Noem was a "rank-and-file Republican," as of August 2014.[64] This was the same rating Noem received in June 2013.[65]
Lifetime voting record
According to the website GovTrack, Noem missed 89 of 2,726 roll call votes from January 2011 to August 2014. This amounts to 3.3 percent, which is worse than the median of 2.5 percent among current congressional representatives as of August 2014.[66]
Congressional staff salaries
The website Legistorm compiles staff salary information for members of Congress. Noem paid her congressional staff a total of $772,075 in 2011. Overall, South Dakota ranked 48th in average salary for representative staff. The average U.S. House of Representatives congressional staff was paid $954,912.20 in fiscal year 2011.[67]
National Journal vote ratings
- See also: National Journal vote ratings
Each year National Journal publishes an analysis of how liberally or conservatively each member of Congress voted in the previous year. Click the link above for the full ratings of all members of Congress.
Noem was one of two members of the House who ranked 124th in the conservative rankings in 2013.[68]
Noem ranked 73rd in the conservative rankings in 2012.[69]
Noem was one of two members of Congress who ranked 129th in the conservative rankings in 2011.[70]
Voting with party
The website OpenCongress tracks how often members of Congress vote with the majority of the chamber caucus.
Noem voted with the Republican Party 93.5 percent of the time, which ranked 146th among the 233 House Republican members as of August 2014.[71]
Noem voted with the Republican Party 96.7 percent of the time, which ranked 90th among the 234 House Republican members as of June 2013.[72]
Noem and her husband, Bryon, have three children.
Traffic citations
In the past 21 years, Noem has received 27 traffic citations, 17 of which were for speeding. Noem's last ticket reported her traveling 94mph in 75mph zone. Arrest warrants were issued for Noem for failure to appear in court in connection with her traffic tickets; however, local officials cited changes in ticket procedure as a possible cause of misunderstanding. Noem apologized and settled her fines with the city.[73]
Recent news
This section displays the most recent stories in a Google news search for the term Kristi + Noem + South Dakota + House
- All stories may not be relevant to this page due to the nature of the search engine.
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See also
- United States House of Representatives
- South Dakota's At-Large Congressional District elections, 2014
- South Dakota's At-Large Congressional District
External links
- Social media:
- Biographies:
- Political profiles:
- Financial (federal level):
- Financial (state level):
- Interest group ratings:
- Issue positions:
- Legislation:
- Public statements:
- Voting record:
- Media appearances:
- Media coverage:
- Picasa Web Album
- South Dakota House of Representatives - Rep. Kristi Noem
- Time Magazine "40 Under 40" profile
- Sioux Falls Argus Leader profile
- ↑ House.gov, "Noem Biography," accessed May 28, 2014
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Biographical Directory of the U.S. House, "Noem," accessed June 24, 2013
- ↑ U.S. House of Representatives, Office of the Clerk, "Committee Information," accessed February 20, 2015
- ↑ CQ.com, "House Committee Rosters for the 113th Congress," accessed March 3, 2013
- ↑ Kristi Noem, Representative from South Dakota, "Committees and Caucuses"
- ↑ Agriculture Committeehouse.gov/singlepages.aspx?NewsID=33&LSBID=44 House Committee on Agriculture, "Committees and Caucuses" (dead link)
- ↑ Education & The Workforce Committee, Congressman John Kline, Chairman, "Members, Subcommittees, & Jurisdictions"
- ↑ Natural Resources Committee, Chairman Doc Hastings, "Subcommittee on Water and Power"
- ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the 112th Congress," accessed September 5, 2013
- ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, Second Session of the 113th Congress," accessed March 4, 2014
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Project Vote Smart, "Representative Noem's Voting Records on National Security," accessed October 11, 2013
- ↑ The Library of Congress, "Bill Summary & Status - 113th Congress (2013 - 2014) - H.R.624," accessed August 27, 2013
- ↑ Clerk of U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote 31: H.R. 2642," accessed February 12, 2014
- ↑ Politico, "House clears farm bill," accessed February 12, 2014
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 New York Times, "Senate passes long-stalled farm bill, with clear winners and losers," accessed February 12, 2014
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 CNN.com, "House passes compromise $1.1 trillion budget for 2014," accessed January 20, 2014
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote 21," accessed January 20, 2014
- ↑ Roll Call, "House passes $1.1 trillion omnibus," accessed January 20, 2014
- ↑ Vote Smart, "Noem on agriculture," accessed October 11, 2013
- ↑ New York Times, "House Republicans Push Through Farm Bill, Without Food Stamps," accessed September 17, 2013
- ↑ Clerk of the U.S. House, "Final vote results for Roll Call 504," accessed October 31, 2013
- ↑ Buzzfeed, "Government Shutdown: How We Got Here," accessed October 1, 2013
- ↑ Clerk of the U.S. House, "Final vote results for Roll Call 504," accessed October 31, 2013
- ↑ The Washington Post, "Reid, McConnell propose bipartisan Senate bill to end shutdown, extend borrowing," accessed October 16, 2013
- ↑ U.S. House, "Final vote results for Roll Call 550," accessed October 31, 2013
- ↑ The Library of Congress, "H.AMDT.136," accessed August 28, 2013
- ↑ Project Vote Smart, "Representative Noem's Voting Records on Immigration," accessed October 11, 2013
- ↑ Project Vote Smart, "Representative Zoe Noem's Voting Records on Issue: Health and Healthcare," accessed October 11, 2013
- ↑ Project Vote Smart, "Noem on abortion," accessed October 11, 2013
- ↑ U.S. House, "House Resolution 676," accessed July 30, 2014
- ↑ Yahoo News, "Suing Obama: GOP-led House gives the go-ahead," accessed July 30, 2014
- ↑ Washington Post, "House clears way for lawsuit against Obama," accessed July 30, 2014
- ↑ U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote on the Fiscal Cliff," accessed January 4, 2013
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 On The Issues, "Noem Vote Match," accessed July 7, 2014
- ↑ The questions in the quiz are broken down into two sections -- social and economic. In social questions, liberals and libertarians agree in choosing the less-government answers, while conservatives and populists agree in choosing the more restrictive answers. For the economic questions, conservatives and libertarians agree in choosing the less-government answers, while liberals and populists agree in choosing the more restrictive answers.
- ↑ Campaign website, "Issues"
- ↑ South Dakota Secretary of State, "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election," November 8, 2012
- ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ South Dakota Secretary of State, "Election Results, 2008"
- ↑ South Dakota Secretary of State, "Election Results, 2006"
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "Noem 2014 Summary reports," accessed July 23, 2013
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "April Quarterly," accessed July 23, 2013
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "July Quarterly," accessed July 23, 2013
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "October Quarterly," accessed October 28, 2013
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "Noem Year-End," accessed February 5, 2014
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "April Quarterly," accessed April 21, 2014
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "July Quarterly," accessed October 22, 2014
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "October Quarterly," accessed October 22, 2014
- ↑ Open Secrets, "Career Fundraising for Kristi Noem," accessed March 28, 2013
- ↑ Open Secrets, "Noem Campaign Contributions," accessed February 28, 2013
- ↑ Open Secrets, "Kristi L. Noem 2010 Election Cycle," accessed November 16, 2011
- ↑ Sioux Falls Argus Leader, "Kristi Noem tops spending race," October 12, 2010
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2010 contributions to Kristi Noem"
- ↑ FollowtheMoney.org, "2008 Campaign contributions"
- ↑ FollowtheMoney.org, "2006 Campaign contributions"
- ↑ OpenSecrets, "Noem, 2012," accessed January 14, 2014
- ↑ This figure represents the total percentage growth from either 2004 (if the member entered office in 2004 or earlier) or their first year in office (as noted in the chart below).
- ↑ This number was found by dividing each member's total net worth growth percentage by the number of years included in the calculation.
- ↑ This figure represents the total percentage growth divided by the number of years for which there are net worth figures for each member.
- ↑ This figure was calculated using median asset data from the Census Bureau. Please see the Congressional Net Worth data for Ballotpedia spreadsheet for more information on this calculation.
- ↑ Census.gov, "My Congressional District," accessed September 24, 2014
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Rep. Kristi Noem," accessed September 25, 2014
- ↑ OpenCongress, "Kristi Noem," accessed September 2, 2014
- ↑ GovTrack, "Kristi Noem," accessed September 2, 2014
- ↑ GovTrack, "Kristi Noem," accessed June 24, 2013
- ↑ GovTrack, "Noem," accessed September 2, 2014
- ↑ LegiStorm, "Kristi Lynn Noem," accessed September 18, 2012
- ↑ National Journal, "2013 Congressional Vote Ratings," September 2, 2014
- ↑ National Journal, "2012 Congressional Vote Ratings," February 28, 2013
- ↑ National Journal, "Searchable Vote Ratings Tables: House," accessed February 23, 2012
- ↑ OpenCongress, "Voting With Party," accessed July 2014
- ↑ OpenCongress, "Voting With Party," accessed July 2014
- ↑ [http://www.rapidcityjournal.com/news/article_268757a4-b876-11df-a43e-001cc4c03286.html Rapid City Journal, "Noem apologizes for traffic citations," September 5, 2010.
|Political offices
|Preceded by
Stephanie Herseth Sandlin
|U.S. House of Representatives - South Dakota, At-large District
| Succeeded by
|Preceded by
|South Dakota House of Representatives - District 6
| Succeeded by
Brock Greenfield, Burt Tulson
- Current member, U.S. House
- U.S. House, South Dakota
- Republican Party
- 112th Congress
- 113th Congress
- 114th Congress
- South Dakota
- Former member, South Dakota House of Representatives
- 2012 Congress incumbent
- U.S. House candidate, 2012
- 2012 Congress primary (winner)
- 2012 Congress general election (winner)
- 2014 Congress incumbent
- U.S. House candidate, 2014
- 2014 Congress general election (winner)


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Published on 21-08-12
Since the crisis in Syria began, almost 40,000 Syrians have flooded across the border into neighbouring Jordan to seek refuge. Of these, thousands are children of school-going age who have seen their lives uprooted and their education interrupted. Apart from the implications for their learning, this absence from school can have a profound impact on their personal and social development as they struggle to cope with the distress of displacement. That's why the EU, UNICEF and the Ministry of Education in Jordan are working together to ensure that,even in the most challenging of situations, these children can claim their right to a quality education.
With the support of Save the Children International, the school in Ramtha is one of the many across the country providing remedial courses and recreational activities to children throughout the summer. The camps provide a mix of fun and education to ensure that children are ready to move to the next grade when the school year starts afresh in September.
Some 7,500 Syrian children, primarily concentrated in the cities of Ramtha, Mafraq, Irbid, Amman, Zarqa and Ma'an, are currently enrolled in public schools in Jordan. The EU has granted €5.4 million in emergency funds to UNICEF and the Jordanian Ministry of Education to cover, among other things, the cost of fees and textbooks and expenses related to the rehabilitation or the renting of schools for adolescents and children with disabilities.
During the visit to Ramtha, the EU and UNICEF underlined the vital importance of supporting the education of vulnerable Syrian and Jordanian children. EU Head of Delegation, Ambassador Joanna Wronecka, noted, "Children have the right to quality education regardless of where they are. Projects like this one are vital in ensuring that children are able to carry on learning despite the difficulties they face, helping them to better prepare for their future."
UNICEF Representative for Jordan, Ms Dominique Hyde, added, "School is not only important for educational purposes, but also for children to make friends and develop routines to help them cope with the distress they have been through."
This project complements the "EU support programme to the second phase of the education reform" in Jordan, as well as EU efforts to address the humanitarian crisis resulting from the ongoing unrest in Syria.
In the past months, the EU has approved €40 million in humanitarian funds, as well as €23 million for development, to assist the Syrian population and refugees in neighbouring countries in coping with the unrest and its consequences, and preparing for a political and economic transition.
Syrian refugees get back to school in Jordan [793 KB]
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