text:
This essay has been written in the context of the European Microfinance Program – EMP, at Solvay Business School, (Brussels: http://www.solvay.edu/microfinance/index.htm) for Prof. Marc Labie giving the course "Microfinance: from conception to management" Its original title is « Microfinance and agriculture. Could an insurance scheme fill the gap between the need of access to credit for small farmers and a better security of being reimbursed for the MFI? - What products related to agriculture could be considered/rejected? - How to organize the insurance scheme? - Does it reduce the vulnerability of the farmers? » Xavier MOMMENS, email@example.com. May 2006 Introduction Agriculture in industrialized economies will not be debated in the paper but, as an introduction, it is worth mentioning events that have happened in the last few years such as the foot and mouth disease, mad cow disease or the more recent bird flu and compare their consequences with the ones in developing countries. Following those epidemic diseases, large scale measures imposed by western governments have affected the breeding industry but, so far, there has been no major bankruptcy in the sector nor has the consumers suffered extensively, and access to banking services to farmers hasn't disappeared. The consequences of a similar or even smaller event would and already has had dramatic consequences in the developing world. In case of a drought or a disease affecting either cattle or crops, many if not most farmers in the region won't repay their loans and will go bankrupt, consumers will be strongly affected and, unless external help is provided, small producers will no longer have access to credit. To understand why consequences are so different, one could consider differences in size and professionalism of both banking systems and farmers, large subsidies given to farmers in industrialized economies etc. But, apart from those differences, the lack of access to both financial services and insurance for small farmers in the transition economies has to be emphasized. Without playing on words, the relation between the lack of access to banking services and insurance is very strong and is actually like "an egg and chicken problem": bankers won't give access to credit to farmers if these can not provide good guarantee (insurance could be one) and insurance companies don't like giving insurance to those who can not demonstrate good financial records. Therefore, with the access to banking services being strongly reinforced by an insurance scheme, the first question should be rephrased as "Why do insurance companies or MFI give such a difficult access to insurance products in rural areas, and especially to small farmers?" In its first part, the paper will address the question giving the reasons found in the literature why insurance companies or MFI do not give easier access to insurance products to farmers. In its second part, a list of different ways on "how to deal with risks in rural areas" will be given, including new and promising insurance products, while the last section will be dedicated to exploring the future of rural miccroinsurance, whether it is the most appropriate solution and how to implement it. Table of contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... - 0 - Table of contents ................................................................................................................... - 1 - Section I: Giving insurance access to small farmers – Constraints & restrictions found in the literature and interpretations .................................................................................................. - 2 - a. Asymmetric information leading to higher moral hazard and adverse selection................... - 2 - b. Lack of collaterals - mortgage ........................................................................................ - 2 - c. Covariant risk ............................................................................................................... - 3 - d. Difficulties in understanding the reasons why the damage happened ................................ - 3 - e. High costs of administration........................................................................................... - 3 - f. Agriculture is riskier than other sector............................................................................. - 3 - g. The rule of "big numbers".............................................................................................. - 3 - Section II: Different ways the risk is dealt with in rural areas – formal and less formal arrangements.......................................................................................................................... - 4 - a. Informal insurance arrangements:.................................................................................. - 4 - b. More formal institution or titles for the lender but not formal insurances for the farmers ....... - 4 - i. Guarantee Fund ....................................................................................................... - 4 - ii. Mortgage ................................................................................................................. - 5 - iii. Warehouse .............................................................................................................. - 5 - iv. Risk central – credit bureau ....................................................................................... - 5 - v. Rural Management Board.......................................................................................... - 6 - c. Formal rural insurances................................................................................................. - 6 - i. Revenue or Price insurance - Crop Revenue Cover (CRC)........................................... - 6 - ii. Livestock insurance – mortality rate index insurance.................................................... - 7 - iii. Crop insurance – area yield index.............................................................................. - 7 - iv. Rainfall/temperature insurance – weather index .......................................................... - 8 - d. Access to global market for MFI or microinsurance companies......................................... - 8 - i. Reinsurance............................................................................................................. - 8 - ii. New market instruments for sharing catastrophic risk................................................... - 9 - Section III: The future of rural microinsurance in developing countries – adequacy of a rural insurance scheme – challenges .............................................................................................. - 9 - a. Is a microinsurance scheme for small farmers the most appropriate in trying to reduce their vulnerability?...................................................................................................................... - 10 - b. Challenges of implementing a index microinsurance scheme.......................................... - 10 - c. Conclusion................................................................................................................. - 12 - List of annexes..................................................................................................................... - 15 - Annex # I : Typologie des centrales de risques................................................................. - 15 - Annex # II : Crédit stockage : avantages/désavantages pour l'IMF et le producteur.............. - 15 - Annex # III : Exemple de recettes et dépenses annuelles et planning de gestion................... - 15 - Annex # IV : Comparison weather VS Crop insurance......................................................... - 15 - Annex # V : Prerequisites for credit linked index insurance project success.......................... - 15 - Annex # VI : Summary of relative advantages and disadvantages of Index Insurance............ - 15 - Annex # VII : Agricultural insurance Programs – Costs VS premiums.................................... - 15 - Annex # VIII : Draft contract – Mongolian Livestock Index Insurance...................................... - 15 - -1- Section I: Giving insurance access to small farmers – Constraints & restrictions found in the literature and interpretations Financial institutions, including insurance companies, have good track records of finding where the money is and making profit out of it. Small farmers in developing countries pay higher insurance premium or interest rate and yet, rural loans or insurance are rather scarce for them. Does it mean rural insurance/loans in developing countries are not profitable? Example s showing the opposite exist but the constraints and restrictions found and summarized from the literature give more weight in explaining why access to insurance is so difficult for small farmers in developing countries. a. Asymmetric information leading to higher moral hazard and adverse selection The term "moral hazard" "results from asymmetric information, and it describes the opportunistic behaviour of a borrower who exploits the lack of information by the lender" (Biblio # VIII – Hans P). When insured, an individual may take less preventive measure against the risk insured or even provoke the loss to happen, if he estimates the compensation given by the insurer as higher than what he could have had with his current activities. "Adverse selection in insurance markets refers to the situation where insurers find it impossible or very expensive to distinguish between high-risk and low-risk insurance applicants and thus prices insurances contracts at the average premium for all individuals, which is inappropriate and non- sustainable" (Biblio # XXII). The two phenomenons affect the insurance market negatively, with the consequences that insurance companies may not be willing to enter the market. In the case of agriculture with small farmers, insurance companies or MFI consider there is a higher risk of moral hazard and adverse selection for three reasons. First, since they are very small, it is more difficult and expensive both to obtain information and control whether the insured farmers adopt the appropriate behaviour (does he use enough, less or not enough pesticide or fertilizers?) to reduce the occurrence of the risk insured. Second, as with MFI dealing with many small credits, transaction costs are higher with small farmers because of the vast number of contracts with limited amount of money insured. In addition, with high geographic dispersion of clients in rural areas, the cost of differentiating between the legitimate and fraudulent loss is enormous. Combining those two constraints makes the final insurance costs more expensive for the farmer, in turn giving him a lower benefit. Considering this lower margin, there is a risk that "bad farmers" will be the first (if not the only ones) to take the insurance and/or that the good ones will either not take the insurance or take more risk in order to have a better profit. Third, dealing with microinsurance very often means working within a rather informal environment. As it is frequently the case with MFI, the market is not very much regulated1 and insurance/credit officers, if paid in relation to the number of contracts signed, could have a conflict of interest with the MFI or the insurance company: She/he will favour the quantity rather than the quality. With an appropriate insurance regulation, insurance officer must not be paid according to the number of contracts signed. b. Lack of collaterals - mortgage: Without entering into the details of different existing rural collaterals (Biblio # VII), very often small farmers simply can not offer guarantee. Even if they own a property, the insurance company or MFI could face legal frustration as property ownership is not clearly defined, and/or as there is strong opposition to the selling of the mortgaged land from the community, indirectly meaning there is no market for it. In some case, it will not only be impossible for the insurance company to foreclose on someone's land or agricultural property but financial institutions might even be subjected to political pressures to reschedule or forgive agricultural debts. 1 Specific regulation for microinsurance does not exist, and the existing general regulatory framework is not appropriate"according to the Microinsurance NewLetter of December 2004. ADA -2- c. Covariant risk : Dealing with small rural communities means that it is difficult to diversify your risk as small farmers are all living in the same and small region and producing similar things. Therefore, in case of a drought, storm, disease etc., the risk is high that they are all affected together at the same time. The same will happen if commodity prices decline or with a natural disaster. In addition, farmers sometimes may collude collectively and claim, as a group, to be more severely affected than it is the case in the reality. d. Difficulties in understanding the reasons why the damage happened: If crop production is much lower than expected or cattle die, there is not necessarily a single reason for the damage to have happened and, therefore it is difficult to estimate whether it happened because of a natural hazard or mismanagement from the farmer. This difficulty is higher with small producers, as the MFI or the insurance company will not have the time to make a close follow up for each of them. e. High costs of administration : Costs are not only higher because there are many contracts involving limited amount of money insured and the difficult assessment of why the damage happened but also because they have to manage a large quantity of small contracts: verify premium has been paid, send reminder if necessary, paying indemnities, answer questions etc. f. Agriculture is riskier than other sector According to (Biblio # XXII), "Portfolio of geographically dispersed crop insurance contracts can be as much as 20 times more risky than an equally valued portfolio of health and automobile insurance contracts" The above mentioned constraints are not specific to microinsurance but to microfinance products in general and in rural areas especially, given the small size of the clients living close to one another. The next restriction is specific to microinsurance in rural areas. g. The rule of "big numbers" While it is possible for a MFI to diversify its credit portfolio with a relatively small amount of loans (for instance 1000 loans in 10 activities that are not much correlated), the situation is quite different with microinsurance, especially if dealing with rural insurances and small farmers. Because of concentration risks that are highly correlated in small rural areas, the MFI giving insurance scheme will require a much higher capital adequacy. This higher capital is necessary in order for the financial institution to be able to reimburse small farmers in case the damage happens which, with high correlation risk, is likely to be very large. However, a higher capital also means a more expensive premium and, in a context of low profit sector (small farmers in developing countries), may simply be impossible to pay for the poor households. In theory, there are two ways of reducing those costs while ensuring a good level of diversification: - Start with very big numbers of clients in different regions or continents. In practice, this solution is difficult, not to say impossible for the microfinance industry which, by definition, is small. - A second approach is the reinsurance market. This solution is good but is still expensive because the reinsurer doesn't know how to evaluate the risk on the short term (does not know neither the market nor the sound practices of the primary insurer), and for a reinsurance company, a portfolio of microinsurance is very small compared to what they are used to deal with. For those two reasons, the cost of reinsurance will still be high. This approach will be developed in section II. -3- Section II: Different ways the risk is dealt with in rural areas – formal and less formal arrangements It is estimated that about 73% of the population of developing countries live in rural areas (Biblio XIII) compared to only 32% in developed countries. So far, MFI are reaching +/- 80 millions of clients out of an objective of 500 millions to one billion2, most of the clients reached by MFI live in urban areas and only few MFI provide insurance products in their portfolio. Therefore, the probability of having access to MFI products for small farmers is already low and even lower for access to microinsurance. Microinsurance could have good added value in rural areas but, with difficult access to it, farmers and, more generally people living in rural areas have found ways to cope with their specific needs. Methods may be old or recent, formal or informal, close to what we call insurance or not, invented by cooperatives or banks and may provide guarantee to the producer or the lender. Here is a summary of what was found in the literature: a. Informal insurance arrangements: A first informal insurance arrangement consists on household A to help household B with the opposite being expected later in case of necessity, reciprocal gift exchange or Roscas 3 are also a form of insurance, if we consider that the benefit expected can be received/given at the "appropriate" time. For people receiving their earnings once or twice a year, they can insure themselves either by buying physical assets they don't really need in order to be able to sell them in case of necessity or, in case it is available simply by putting part of their money on a savings account which they will use later when needed. When feasible, small farmers may simply diversify their crops and/or have non farming revenues. b. More formal institution or titles for the lender but not formal insurances for the farmers What follows are not direct guarantees to small farmers but measures or institutions helping them in securing their revenues, or having easier access to the services provided by financial institutions. i. Guarantee Fund: Three systems of guarantee fund will be presented briefly4: The first one consists on a direct guarantee covering the credit risk of the bank toward the borrower. According to IFAD (Biblio VI – H. Domme l), the expected advantages of such a guarantee system (substitution of collaterals, lack of client's information for the bank is compensated, new type of market for the bank and additionality) were not met. The second type is a guarantee of refinancing, covering the risk of bank refinancing a MFI. This sort of guarantee fund has proved to be efficient in helping MFI finance small farmers or even families dealing with agriculture. Whether the guarantee fund gives its guarantee to the lender against the default of the MFI or the final borrower, in most cases, the money of the guarantee fund comes from external sources. The third system, "the mutual guarantee fund", will give to the lender a "group guarantee" and differs from the two first ones in the sense that the local community is financially directly involved for the default payments. In case of default payment from one of the borrower, either the community will pay back or the whole community will have no longer access to credit. 2 According to CGAP, 3 billions seek access to basic financial services via Alternative Finance Institutions 3 Rotating savings and credit association 4 What is guaranteed here is that local bank receives its money back directly from the local borrower or the microfinance institution. Therefore, a Guarantee Fund dealing with the currency risk and often a "weaker" currency will not be considered. -4- ii. Mortgage: As already mentioned, mortgage exist and are being used by the lender as a good security. However, their effectiveness is reduced by two factors: the ownership is not always clearly defined, and/or as there might be strong opposition to the selling of the mortgaged land from the community. Therefore, unless some legal criteria are met, mortgage in the rural part of developing countries are relative. In addition, if the intention is to use MFI and the microinurance to help reaching the Millennium Development Goals, then the there is a high risk that small producers owning a few acres of land will loose their property, which will make them poorer than before for reasons that are independent of the work they provide: drought, disease, decrease of world price of commodities such as coffee, cacao etc. iii. Warehouse: A well developed system of licensed public warehouse and the use of warehouse receipts for storage provide different advantages in the interest of both the agriculture in general and the farmer in particular. Among the advantages of a warehouse5, we can mention that it "provides a uniformed and well regulated system for the storage of grain, it is a good protection for the grain depositors (insuring the quality and quantity of the deposited grain) and it introduces the use of warehouse receipts, which are official documents for ownership and can be used as collaterals for short-term loans"(Biblio – expert meeting), allowing the producer to sell his products at the most appropriate time. Successful examples of warehouse receipt system are numerous (Biblio – expert meeting ICICI in India or NRI Zambia) but it must be bared in mind that a warehouse receipt has to be based on appropriate regulation that will enable a regulatory agency to control the key component of the system6 and that there should be no conflict of interest between the manager of the warehouse and the producers (for example if the manager has a direct interest in buying the products he stores at a low price). This technique offers lots of advantages both for the financial intermediaries (good collateral, liquidity of the warehouse receipt etc.) and for the producer (better price stability, access to short term credit etc) (Biblio VI – Wampfer 2) but, apart from the regulatory aspect mentioned, the technique can not be used for products that can not be stored and would be less interesting if prices are stable. iv. Risk central – credit bureau Five different type of Risk Central exist with their respective advantages and disadvantages (Annex # I) but basically, they all provide information about potential borrowers that are not available on the market. This information can be negative (people who pay with delay or don't reimburse) or positive, providing the MFI with information such as other existing loans, collaterals, activities etc. In order to develop such a system, some preconditions must be fulfilled: the country must possess national identification numbers for all its citizens, the centrals should be in competition and operate legally, which means that a working judiciary system must be in place and an effective system of "private life protection" should be in place and defined in the constitution. Those three conditions are synonym of heavy constraints in many developing countries. 5 For a more complete list see annex # II "Crédit stockage: avantages/désavantages - IMF et producteur 6 Without going into details, producers has to treat its products in an appropriate way and the quality must be controlled before being stored, price cycles must be understood by the producers and the responsible of the warehouse, maintenance of the warehouse is crucial, security must be high -5- Good example of the way credits bureau have been managed can be found in bibliography XIX -2 & XVII for Mali and Niger. In the example of Mali, competition between MFI provoked default payments, which was the staring point for the creation of a risk central. v. Rural Management Board In rural areas, analysis of the various outcomes and incomes shows that cycles are essentially yearly cycles but the principal income and outcome periods do not coincide (Biblio # XV). Therefore, the producer has to anticipate its costs and revenues on a yearly basis (Annex # III). The "Rural Management Board" may help the producer in the global management of his farm and his cash flow in particular (Annex III). Indirectly, the "Rural Management Board" gives more security to credits given to farmers by preparing with them a yearly cash flow table showing when disbursements and revenues are likely to occur. On the other side, the "Rural Management Board" may also have some added value by giving to farmers some general technical tools or by finding with them potential new cycles with different periods of financial outcomes and incomes. c. Formal rural insurances In theory, among the different formal agricultural insurance scheme already existing, we should mention: price (revenue), livestock, crop - yield, rainfall or climate insurance. These types of insurances can be combined and used as collaterals by banks. In addition to those types of insurances, the reinsurance market can potentially be used by the MFI or insurance companies to diversify their risk. In practice, access to these insurances for small farmers will vary. Furthermore, without clear indication of what is insured and how it will be measured effectively and efficiently, these insurances can only play a limited role in reducing the agricultural risk for small farmers because they face the same problems that agriculture credit faces with microfinance institutions: asymmetry of information, covariant risk, moral hazard, adverse selection etc7. However, although limitations do exist, the situation is not as negative as it may appear at first glance. On the one hand, with price insurance, information will be transparent and the risk of moral hazard will be low8. On the other hand, with new insurance products and appropriate technology, strong complementarity between credit and insurance can be found. Defining index for the remaining crop, livestock and weather insurance, will reduce considerably moral hazard and adverse selection, covariant risk will be managed via the reinsurance market or new market instruments for sharing risk and, with new technologies such as satellite images, data will be measured more precisely at lower cost, reducing considerably the information asymmetry. Therefore, complementarity between insurance and credit scheme do exist and there is a potential for profitable insurances in rural areas. Whether these new insurance products can be used for microinsurance in rural areas will depend on the environment with preconditions conditions such as historical data and suitable technology available, appropriate institutional means to deliver such insurances, and a proper legal and regulatory for supervision of insurance companies. i. Revenue or Price insurance - Crop Revenue Cover (CRC) The concept of this insurance is easy: If price falls during the period insured, the producers receives a payout equal to the difference between the price the producer chose to insure with the price risk management contract and the international market price on the last date of the option coverage" (Biblio IV, page 5). 7 As for microcredit, the reasons for this come from the difficult and costly access to reliable information, small size of borrowers and the fact that, in the same region, risks related to agriculture are correlated. 8 In addition, price insurance is easy and cheap to implement because establishing a price at the beginning of the contract and compare it with the price market when the contract ends is simple. -6- This insurance can be combined with rainfall and/or crop insurances and can be used as collateral for banks. However, in reality, small farmers often do not have access to such revenue insurance: the minimum size contract traded exceeds the annual production of individual small farmers; lack of knowledge from the farmer that this type of insurance actually exists and finally, the seller is often unwilling to start a business relation with small size producers characterized by high transaction costs. ii. Livestock insurance – mortality rate index insurance Not many examples of livestock insurance in developing countries were found in the literature, probably because opportunity for fraud and abuse are very high. However, the example found was in Mongolia, country that suffered tremendous losses in recent winter disasters, with mortality rate of over 50%. The concept is based on an index insurance that would pay all herders in the same region the same indemnity payment, should the regional mortality rate be worse than expected. Therefore, the incentive for herders to work hard on saving his animals during severe weather is maintained but, at the same time, it is reinforced by the fact that herders will compete to have lower than average mortality rates. The fundamental reason why livestock insurance has been chosen instead of individual insurance comes precisely from the mentioned incentive to manage livestock losses carefully: In case the regional mortality rate is higher than the index, all herders, including those who have fewer losses than the average will receive indemnities (Annex # VIII) It is important to say that preconditions to such an index do exist in Mongolia, and consist on weather mortality correlation and reliable historical data. iii. Crop insurance – area yield index Crop insurance is not an easy issue because there are different factors that will influence the final production. In addition, crop risks are correlated and risks of moral hazard already high in agriculture are even higher with small farmers. In order to reduce moral hazard in developed countries, between 30 to 70% of the crop insurance premium is subsidized. But, on the one hand, developing countries can't afford such subsidy and, on the other, risk that small producers don't work enough if they consider to be well insured is high because, given dispersion of farmers in rural area, the capacity of control from the insurance is difficult, not to say inexistent. Area yield index is a good alternative to secure the farmers' revenue while avoiding the above mentioned difficulties. It consists on paying indemnity when the average area yield falls below a predetermined threshold. The area should be large enough to avoid collusion and is generally the size of a county. Area yield index does not only avoid moral hazard, adverse selection and high administrative costs but it encourages individual farmers to have a higher production than the area yield average. In case the area index falls below the established threshold, the given farmer will not only benefit from the indemnity but also from the high price of his products9. However, before starting such an insurance scheme, two conditions must be fulfilled. First, there must be some historic yield data available and second, the area yield index has to be measured by an independent individual. In some case, one or both conditions might be difficult to implement and to overcome such problems, weather index, which offers at the same time data that are easy to verify and historical data easy to find, could be considered as a solution. 9 It is assumed that price will be higher because of lower area yield -7- iv. Rainfall/temperature insurance – weather index The key issue with weather index insurance is to have a strong correlation between the index (the rainfall) and the output expected (the harvest). Assuming that the rainfall is below an established threshold and that the above mentioned correlation is high, the compensation will be calculated accordingly. Weather insurance have at least three advantages on crop insurance (Annex IV & VI): first, the market is not only open to farmers but to a larger population for whom weather has an impact on their activity 10; second if there is a slight deviation from the agreed index, then the risk of moral hazard is strongly reduced (rainfall does not depend on the client) and third, the administrative costs will also be lower. However, weather index insurances have their limitation: First, as microclimate exist, some farmers insured with a rainfall index may loose due to a drought at a micro-location, but not receive indemnity if the measured rainfall at the regional weather stations remains above the threshold. The opposite situation could also happen: farmer is paid, due to the measures at the weather stations, although he hasn't suffered any losses. Second, similar situation could occur if the correlation between the index and the outcome is not elevated and/or not well estimated. Third, weather index insurance can not avoid completely fraud with, for instance, people trying to modify data measured with ground instruments. Fourth, the intention of such insurance is to give more stable purchasing power to farmers. But if they are not all covered11, in case of drought, the ones insured will have a purchasing power allowing them to pay the normal price for the basic products (in short supply) while the ones not insured will simply not be capable of buying the basic products they need. Therefore, should the rainfall insurance not have been accessible to any farmer, the short supply of basic products would have been more equally distributed. In conclusion, it seems that the general advantages of index based insurance products outweigh by far these "residual risks" (Annex VI). What is certain is that weather index insurance will work very well in case of massive droughts or floods, when moral hazard problems are insignificant and fraud irrelevant. In addition, there is a promising role for technology in providing the needed information at low cost with methods such as: satellite images; weather data from traditional ground instruments; weather data from new system; sampling from grasslands to determine nutrient content12etc. A good example of the way weather index insurance worked successfully in Malawi can be found in bibliography # XXI (Prerequisites for project success in Malawi available in annex # V) d. Access to global market for MFI or microinsurance companies i. Reinsurance. The principle of reinsurance is that correlated risks at local level become independent at a global level. Therefore, the reinsurance market could be appropriate for rural insurance that can not start very small and slowly scale -up village by village. However, reinsurance has also some limitations. The first one is that there is no price transparency because it is typically a market where there are few buyers and sellers. Second, the asymmetry of information between the buyer (knows much more) and the seller is high. Therefore, to balance and monitor the info given by local insurer, the reinsurer will ask a high reinsurance premium which leads us to 10 including clients who have a negative correlation between their activities: shoe producers needs rain while the tomato producers needs sun (provided he has a good drainage system) 11 or some don't have access to the insurance while other do 12 These technologies can also be used for crop insurance and, to a certain extend to livestock insurance. -8- another limitation: The price to pay for reinsurance may simply be too high, compared to what clients are able and/or willing to pay. Third, "while Basel Convention provides guidelines for worldwide banking services, no such international coordination exists for the insurance industry" (Biblio # XX pg 4). Therefore, it will be more difficult for the reinsurance company to understand how his potential client works and assess whether he has the required sound management. ii. New market instruments for sharing catastrophic risk. Basically, two additional classes of equity instruments to securitize insurance risk have been found in the literature dealing with rural insurances, but will not be analysed in details: - The Exchange or "Traded Indexes": The conditions are that Indexes must be standardized, verifiable and well understood (correlation between production and the index). They will be largely free of moral hazard since the person using the index should not be able to influence the outcome that determines payments from the contract. It can be an interesting opportunity for foreign investors from industrialized countries who want to diversify his risk and, for the insured company in a developing country, which may consider that, in case of damage, the chances of being paid are higher with a foreign company than a local one. - Risk – linked securities: "CAT bonds, just like corporate bonds, are debt instruments providing capital contingent upon the occurrence of a specific event. Those seeking catastrophic coverage pay a premium based on the risk. The premiums generate the interest payments for the bond investors. In exchange for assuming the risk, those purchasing CAT bonds receive a relatively high rate of return if there are no catastrophes." Fund managers may use CAT bonds to diversify their portfolios with an equity instrument that has zero correlation to traditional equity market. "An advantage CAT bonds offers over reinsurance is that CAT bonds eliminate the default risk by holding capital in escrow throughout the term of the bond". (Biblio # XVI – risk management, pg 11) Section III: The future of rural microinsurance in developing countries – adequacy of a rural insurance scheme – challenges In the 1980's UNCTAD considered "agricultural insurance as one of the prio rity needs facing developing countries" (Biblio XVIII). In its study, UNCTAD mentioned different conditions favourable to a successful crop insurance programme. These conditions were basic farmers' understanding; access to a large volume of comparable statistical data regarding crop losses experienced in the past; the farms should not be too small nor dispersed; since insurance is a very technical field, the availability of trained personal was crucial and there should be complementary agricultural programmes such as basic knowledge of farming techniques, healthy market etc. As we look at these conditions 25 years later, we know that many of the agriculture insurance have failed and the microinsurance market is still far away from those requirements. Having said this, time and technology have also changed and, on the one side things that were not available to big farmer 25 years ago are potentially available today for small farmers while on the other, microfinance institutions have improved considerably their knowledge and outreach in rural areas. In this last section, the future of microinsurance covering the activity of small farmers will be analysed from a double approach: is it the most appropriate tool for the client and, if the answer is yes, what methodology should be used to develop it. -9- a. Is a microinsurance scheme for small farmers the most appropriate in trying to reduce their vulnerability? Is microinsurance in rural areas really what poor households need and are they willing and capable to pay the price for it? In addressing such an issue, the first point to analyze is whether farmers show interest in reducing their vulnerability against a determined risk. The second point consists on assessing whether the cause of vulnerability is insurable. Assuming those two aspects are positive, then comes the price issue. The premium to be paid will definitely be one of the most important issue in understanding whether rural households will consider rural insurance as the most appropriate. The premium (P) can be extracted from the following formula13: ( A + I ) / P < 1 <=> P > ( A + I ) where A = average administrative costs I = average indemnities paid P = average premium paid Without going into details, looking back to section I and according to the literature, we have good reasons to believe the price to pay is likely to be very expensive and this for 3 reasons: - Agriculture is much riskier than other sector, increasing I (Biblio XXII) - Providing microinsurance has similar constraints that MFI have to face while giving credit: high administrative costs due to small amount insured in each contract (higher A); high risk of adverse selection (increasing P) and moral hazard (increasing I); concentration/covariant risk, increasing the adequacy capital required and therefore the premium P - Industrialized countries are subsidizing insurance premium14, which makes the premium P comparatively more expensive for small farmers in developing countries, not receiving any subsidy. Studies show (Biblio II, pg 5) that poor household living in rural areas will require life and/or health insurance before any form of other insurance, including cattle or crop insurance. In addition, if access to savings is available, many will favour savings to insurances because " Savings are more effective than insurance in reducing vulnerability to the most economic stresses, whereas insurance provides more appropriate protection for larger losses that occur less frequently" (Biblio III - part II). Furthermore, in industrialized countries, "most people use insurance as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, savings and credit in protecting themselves against risk. Why should poor households behave differently?".(Biblio II, pg 8). Therefore, when considering rural microinsurance, the price issue and the adequacy of rural insurance versus its comparative advantages to other solutions should be studied together as a first step before any further investigation. Results will certainly vary from one region to another but, with the above mentioned price arguments and studies, there are good reasons to believe that other tools aiming at reducing farmers' vulnerability will be preferred in some cases. b. Challenges of implementing a index microinsurance scheme In this paragraph, it is assumed that the premium P, in a given region, is accepted by the client and as it is the result of equation P > ( A + I ); the premium P must also be viable for the MFI. As we saw in section I, there are many constraints restraining insurance companies to invest in the rural sector while, at the same time, section II showed that index insurances are promising in reducing some of the market' s constraints such as lowering administrative and management costs, reducing 13 Biblio XVI – EPTD Discussion paper 14 In 2003, 4 billions US$, which is 56 % of the worldwide agriculture premium were subsidized (Biblio X) - 10 - moral hazard etc. It is therefore index insurances that will be discussed further. But, before starting to implement a rural insurance scheme covering the risk related to the activity of small farmers, it must be verified that the following additional preconditions are fulfilled: - Proper legal and regulatory system for supervision of insurance companies. As the banking regulation is not appropriated for all the MFI activities, regulatory standards for large insurance companies are not necessarily applicable to the micoinsurance industry, especially when dealing with rural microfinance for small farmers. "New policies and regulatory frameworks are needed to reduce constraints on providing insurance in small amount to low income households without loosing the institutional and client protection inherent in existing regulation" (Biblio # III – part II, exec. summary). For example, issues such as the capital requirement, policy details, agent regulation or the adequacy of regulatory authorities and the cost of the regulatory system must be analysed carefully before launching a microinsurance programme. - Historical data are fundamental to model the risk and begin pricing insurance contract that match the risk profile. In some regions, many of the early warning systems have now been in place for as long as 20 years. If it is not the case, historical data from similar environment should be tested and, if considered as statistically valid, they may be used for pricing new insurance contracts. - A high degree of Correlation between a transparent index (e.g. weather index) and the expected output (crop yield or cattle mortality) must be established. In order to establish such correlation, reliable long term data from an independent organization must be available. For example, based on historical statistics we could establish that with continued temperature below 20°C for more than three weeks, average mortality rate of cattle will increase by 15% and the indemnity will be paid accordingly. However, if there is no correlation between, for instance the rainfall and the mortality rate of cattle, this sort of uncorrelated index will be totally useless. - Suitable technology available. Although a rainfall index might be appropriated to insure harvest of a given crop in a given region, if there is no independent mean to measure the rainfall (satellite measure are not available or too costly and local ground measure are not reliable), then insurance scheme will not be used. Should some of the above mentioned preconditions not be met, the insurance scheme will not be implemented. Provided these additional conditions are fulfilled, the following issues should be analysed cautiously and decisions be made: - Partnership: Because of their proximity to clients and the knowledge they have of rural environment, MFI might be considered as the appropriate partner for an insurance company15. Advantages are for insurance company who has access to new clients, the client who has products at lower cost and the MFI which must provide limited capital investment, rapid product launch and scale up etc. However, the challenge for the MFI will be to choose the appropriate partner, especially considering that potential partners are scarce and to have the appropriate level of training for staff. - Perils to be covered: clear strategy must be established as to what perils will be covered, the crops to be covered (criteria related to what farmers are sensitive to, poverty related?), the geographical area to consider (exclude the dangerous ones where frequent flood are observed, the productivity is variable etc.), the amount of indemnification (never 100% but at what level should the franchise be?) etc. - Insurance selective for a few or compulsory for all: J. Morduch (Biblio XI – Rainfall insurance) gives an example of rainfall insurance by which the situation for those who do not have access to it could be made much worse than if the insurance was not available at all. This goes completely against poverty reduction objectives. Therefore, should this insurance be made compulsory for all and, if yes, should we use subsidies? 15 Successful partnerships with licensed insurers include FINCA (Uganda) and King Finance (South Africa) - 11 - - Subsidies: They are many reasons why subsidized insurance premium have failed in the past. Among them, reasons for failure were the result of trying to provide insurance in uninsurable conditions with covariant losses, moral hazard, unspecific coverage, public insurances are not politically neutral etc. However, 4 points must be clarified. First, by knowing the mistakes of the past, we should be able not to repeat them. Second, with index insurance reinsured on the reinsurance market, one of the main causes for failure will be eliminated. Third, with the example of J. Morduch, it appears that under certain circumstances, unless all farmers in a given region are insured with "rainfall insurance", the results were potentially worse for the uninsured than without the insurance. Therefore, the subsidy issue should be raised and if the decision is made to give premium subsidy, then other decisions such as for how long, what percentage of the premium, what region should be subsidized, how to avoid unfair competition with regions not benefiting from subsidies etc. Fourth, a new sort of subsidy might consist on giving free access to satellite information, reducing asymmetry of information which is a good incentive for private insurance companies to give small farmers easier access to their products. - Complementary programs: Most of the paper has so far been focused on giving more security to the financial institution about being financially sustainable16. In turn, financial sustainability gives easier access to insurance products. However, another way of giving security to financial institutions, and independently from any insurance scheme, consists on helping small farmers in reducing their risk and indirectly having more stable and secured revenues. While addressing the issue of easier access to insurance scheme for small farmers, the existence of complementary programs should also be analysed carefully and could, for instance include a better understanding of the cycles, empowering the Rural Management Board, strengthen the professionalism of warehouse, helping farmers diversifying their risk and have non agricultural revenues etc. - Access to the reinsurance market. As already mentioned reinsurance market is largely unavailable for micro-insurers, which restricts the growth of existing micro-insurers and hampers the development of new ones. The main reason for this is that basic information related to the market or the management of MFI are very often not available, which restrains reinsurance companies to invest in a market for which they can't estimate the risk. Therefore, while setting up a microinsurance development program, special attention should be paid to making available transparent information on MFI management and reliable data on the risk insured. c. Conclusion Better access for small farmers to microinsurance products could to a certain degree fill the gap between their need of access to credit and a better security of being reimbursed for the MFI. Nevertheless, the type of products preferred will be life and/or health insurance before agricultural insurance that would secure harvest. In addition, for many farmers, access to savings will be considered as more appropriate than insurance. For different reasons the price premium for agriculture insurance is likely to be very elevated and, in many cases simply higher than what small rural farmer can afford. Therefore, if the intention is to reduce their vulnerability, the cost of opportunity of rural insurance must be analysed carefully with special attention to other urgent needs of small farmers. If, for a given region, the conclusion is that insurance is the best solution to reduce vulnerability, then new index insurance products should be favoured because of lower administration cost and reduced risk of moral hazard. Covariant risk must be addressed, and if available, it should be dealt with instrument such as reinsurance market. However, as a final point, preconditions to the implementation of agriculture microinsurance scheme are difficult to fulfil. If it appears these conditions can not be met, then the program should not start. 16 Premium received P superior to administrative costs A and indemnities I paid : P>(A+I) - 12 - Bibliography I. ADA Microinsurance News Letter 1. # 4: The risk of crop insurance September 2004 2. # 5: Regulation and supervision in Microinsurance, December 2004 3. # 7: Reinsurance & Microfinance, June 2005 II. Brown Warren « A cautionary note for microfinance institutions and donors considering developing microinsurance products » . December 2000, Microfinance Best Practices III. Brown Warren & Churchill Craig "Providing Insurance to low inc ome households:" - Part I: Primer on Insurance principles & products, Calmeadow November 1999 - Part II: Initial lessons from microinsurance experiments for the poor. May 2000. IV. Bryla E. "The Use of Price and Weather Risk Management Instruments". Paving the way forward for rural finance – an international conference on best practices. Case Study V. CGAP: - "Preliminary donor guidelines for supporting microinsurance" 8 October, 2003 - "Lesson learnt the hard way". CGAP Working Group on Microinsurance. Good & bad practices. Case Study N° 6 VI. Dakar : Séminaire du 21-24 janvier 2002 - Dommel Henri/IFAD. "Quelle contribution de la microfinance au financement de l'agriculture familiale? » - Lapenu Cécile « Potentialité et limites de la caution solidaire » - fiche # 8 - Lesaffre Dominique « Microfinance et sécurisation du crédit aux exploitations familiales ». - Wampfler Betty 1. « Sécuriser le crédit à l'agriculture par des structures de cautionnement mutuel » - fiche # 9 2. « Sécuriser le crédit à l'agriculture par le « crédit stockage » ou warrant agricoleBulletin d'information post séminaire / fiche # 10. VII. FAO "Collaterals in rural areas", Rome 1996 VIII. Giordano dell amore foundation "Savings and Development" Quarterly Review N°3 – 2005, XXIX, ISSN 0393 – 4551 - Hans P. Binswanger & Rogier van den Brink: "Credit for small farmers in Africa revisited: Pathologies & remedies" - S.O. Olubiyo & G.P. Hill: "An assessment of the operation of agricultural insurance scheme in Nigeria" IX. IFAD « Rural Finance : from unsustainable projects to sustainable institutions for the poor ». X. Kasten Erich "Eyes in the sky aid crop insurers". ICMIF. - 13 - XI. Morduch J 1. "Between the state and the market: can informal insurance patch the safety net?" The World Bank Research Observer, vol. 14 (august 99), page 187-207 2. "Microinsurance: the next revolution?" New York, 2004 3. "Rainfall insurance and vulnerability: Economic principles and cautionary notes". New York University. March 7, 2001 XII. Neveu André. « 100 ans de gestion des risques d'impayés au crédit agricole français ». Inter réseau, 12/09/02. XIII. Onumah Gideon E. "Improving access to rural finance through regulated warehouse receipt systems in Africa". NRI case study. XIV. Raza Hasan Shehla "Bad Weather friends at the World Bank". September 12, 2003. Asia Time OnLine XV. Roesch Marc – CIRAD « Recettes, dépenses et crédits, comment accorder les rythmes ? » XVI. Skees J: - "Examining the feasibility of ivestock Insurance in Mongolia". WB Policy research paper 2886, September 2002 - "Risk Management Challenges in Rural Financial Markets: Ble nding Risk Management Innovation with Rural Finance". Paving the way forward for rural finance – an international conference on best practices. Lead Theme Paper - "New approaches to crop yield insurance in developing countries". EPTD Discussion paper N° 55. November 1999. - "Developing Rainfall-based Index Insurance in Morocco". Policy Research Working Paper 2577 XVII. Traoré Mahamadou S. « Microfinance et sécurisation du crédit à l'agriculture. L'expérience de la centrale de risques dans le zone d'intervention de l'office du Niger ». Janvier 2002. XVIII. UNCTAD - "Crop insurance for developing countries – Study by the UNCTAD secretariat". Geneva, 29/09/1980 - "Expert meeting paper on Financing Commodity based trade and development". 10/11/04 XIX. Wampfler Betty : 1. « Sécuriser le crédit aux organisations paysannes par le warrantage ». 23/12/03 2. « Sécuriser le crédit agricole par la centrale de risque ». BIM – 16 novembre 2004. XX. Warner Koko "Financial services and community level climate change adaptation", June 2005 XXI. "Weather index insurance, Malawi". November 2005. Opportunity International – Planning & Operations Support. XXII. Wenner Mark "Agricultural Insurance in Latin America: Where are we?" Paving the way forward for rural finance – an international conference on best practices. Case study - 14 - List of annexes Annex # I : Typologie des centrales de risques Annex # II : Crédit stockage : avantages/désavantages pour l'IMF et le producteur Annex # III : Exemple de recettes et dépenses annuelles et planning de gestion Annex # IV : Comparison weather VS Crop insurance Annex # V : Prerequisites for credit linked index insurance project success Annex # VI : Summary of relative advantages and disadvantages of Index Insurance Annex # VII : Agricultural insurance Programs – Costs VS premiums Annex # VIII : Draft contract – Mongolian Livestock Index Insurance - 15 - Annex # I: Typologie des centrales de risques Source: Wampfler Betty : « Sécuriser le crédit agricole par la centrale de risque ». BIM – 16 novembre 2004, page 3. - 16 - Annex # II: Crédit stockage : avantages/désavantages pour l'IMF et le producteur Source: Wampfler Betty « Sécuriser le crédit à l'agriculture par le « crédit stockage » ou warrant agricole Bulletin d'information post séminaire / fiche # 10 - 17 - Annex # III: Exemple de recettes et dépenses annuelles et planning de gestion Source: Roesch Marc – CIRAD « Recettes, dépenses et crédits, comment accorder les rythmes ? » A. Recettes dépenses B. Planning de gestion - 18 - Annex # IV: Comparison weather VS Crop insurance Source: Raza Hasan Shehla "Bad Weather friends at the World Bank". September 12, 2003. Asia Time OnLine Weather insurance Crop insurance Coverage for deviation in rainfall index. Coverage for droughts and floods - Compensation for economic losses due to less or extreme situations, coverage for pest more than normal rainfall. attacks. Low administration costs. High administration costs, high loss ratios. Calculation of rainfall index is fully objective and Claim settlement basis is non- transparent. transparent. Immediate claim settlements. Lengthy claim settlement process. Reinsurance available. Reinsurance is limited. Annex # V: Prerequisites for credit linked index insurance project success Source: "Weather index ins urance, Malawi". November 2005. Opportunity International – Planning & Operations Support. - 19 - Annex # VI: Summary of relative advantages and disadvantages of Index Insurance Source: Skees J: Innovation with Rural Finance". Paving the way forward for rural finance – an international conference on best practices. Lead Theme Paper - 20 - Annex # VII: Agricultural insurance Programs – Costs VS premiums Source: Wenner Mark "Agricultural Insurance in Latin America: Where are we?" Paving the way forward for rural finance – an international conference on best practices. Case study - 21 - Annex # VIII: Draft contract – Mongolian Livestock Index Insurance Source: Skees J: Innovation with Rural Finance". Paving the way forward for rural finance – an international conference on best practices. Lead Theme Paper - 22 -
Pages to are hidden for
"Microfinance - Insurance scheme for small farmers"Please download to view full document

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Comfort Inn Times Square West
343 W. 44th Street
New York, NY 10036
Phone: (212) 767-0223
Fax: (212) 767-0224
Pier 83
West 42nd Street
New York, NY 10036
+1 212 484 1200
Mo to Su from 12:00 AM to 12:00 AMWalk down west 42nd Street and you can find yourself at Pier 83. And if you do, then do stick around and explore the place. There are many things to do in this area, right from simple walks to dining at restaurants. If you feel like doing something adventurous, you can go for a cruise in one of the cruise services available nearby. A definite sightseeing spot, it is also in close proximity to the coolest shopping spots in the city.
Earn valuable points toward free nights.


text:
Conyers Jobs
Looking for jobs in Conyers? Snagajob has great opportunities with the area's leading companies. And applying for Conyers jobs has never been easier. Look at the job listings below, click on a job title that interests you and hit the "apply now" button. Part-time jobs, teen jobs, student jobs and summer jobs are now just a click away. Start your job search now.
Conyers, GA Job Openings
Red Lobster1560 Dogwood Drive
Conyers, GA
Dunkin' Donuts - Franchisee of Dunkin Donuts1890 Hwy 20
Conyers, GA
Michaels Arts & Crafts1578 Dogwood Dr SE
Conyers, GA
Red Lobster1560 Dogwood Drive
Conyers, GA
Firehouse Subs1565 Hwy 138 SE
Conyers, GA
The Wendy's Company2340 SALEM ROAD
Cities within 20 miles of Conyers, GA
- Snellville, GA (157 jobs)
- Decatur, GA (154 jobs)
- Mcdonough, GA (149 jobs)
- Lithonia, GA (114 jobs)
- Lilburn, GA (83 jobs)
- Stone Mountain, GA (83 jobs)
- Lawrenceville, GA (82 jobs)
- Covington, GA (72 jobs)
- Stockbridge, GA (69 jobs)
- Morrow, GA (59 jobs)


text:
Advanced Search
Brian Schmidt, awarded the 2011 Physics Nobel Prize, dicusses the role of e-science in astronomy and talks about his new project SkyMapper, which grew from the ashes of the Australian Mt. Stromlo telescope, used by Schmidt to discover that the Universe was accelerating.
Scientists automate the search for hurricanes and other storms in massive datasets.
Researchers use computing to study a molecule with implications for medical science and nanotechnology.
During a Science Hack Day, designers, developers, scientists and other geeks spend an intense 48-hour period together to see what they can make using science. This year, some hacked smartphones so they'd operate as an earthquake warning system, while others simulated synaestheia using a vibrating mask. And research associate Matt Belis, from Northern Illinois University, took along some data from the CMS detector at CERN to see what they could produce.
Last month, iSGTW attended the EUDAT Third Conference in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. EUDAT is facilitating efficient research by contributing towards a collaborative data infrastructure in Europe. This will enable researchers to share data...
With the aid of supercomputers and biotelemetry, researchers are creating detailed 3D models of land use and movement by endangered wildlife.
Read about the California condor, giant panda, and dugong, and how big data and computational...
Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia are all associated with malfunctions of a key brain cell receptor — NMDA. Read about a new, critically dependent linker region associated with NMDA and its potential to...
With one patient-record provider dominating 80% of the US market, a single dental school had slim hopes of finding a solution to meet their needs … until now. A collaboration of academic research centers, government agencies, and industry is...
post announcement
RT @DigitalAgendaEU: "EU Code Week - more than just #coding, more than just a week" @NeelieKROESeu sums up @CodeWeekEU 2014. #CodeEU http:/…
2 hours 15 min agovia Twitter
RT @EUBrazilCC: What we need now: A single market for cloud computing between Europe and Brazil #h2020 #cloudscapebrazil @EUBrazilCC
2 hours 24 min agovia Twitter
.@STEMTrek: The Entrepreneurial Journey http://t.co/VIWh7VTwxK
2 hours 32 min agovia Twitter


text:
We're excited for you to get to know Rachael a little better! Rachael began working as a law clerk at Silldorf & Levine while attending the California Western School of Law, and now holds the title of the firm's newest attorney. One of the aspects of community association law that appealed to Rachael is that since HOAs can face so many problems, no day of work is ever the same!
"I knew [while in law school] that I liked general counsel and transactional work and focused most of my education in related areas. HOA law provides me with a wonderful opportunity to do both! I get to help associations resolve disputes and answer legal questions. I get to review contracts and CC&Rs, something I am particularly interested in. I also love that no day is the same. HOAs face all sorts of problems. There is more to HOA law than CC&Rs and the Davis-Stirling Act. HOAs face matters including, just to name a few: issues pertaining to landlord tenant relations, real property, safety and liability, employment, construction, and liens other than assessment liens. It is a wonderful area of law to practice."
Rachael grew up sailing, learning the day she could hold a tiller. Sailing classes started at the age of seven and by eight years old, she was racing sailboats out of Southwestern Yacht Club. Racing quickly became a passion, providing Rachael with the opportunity to travel the country; she also lived on a sailboat for five years to learn more about the community and boating lifestyle. Although she is no longer racing, Rachael remains an active member of the Southwestern Yacht Club. Serendipitously, sailing class at the Yacht Club was also where she met her husband Ross.
You'll be seeing more and more of Rachael as she continues to attend events on behalf of Silldorf & Levine for the Community Associations Institute, California Association of Community Managers, and other industry organizations.


text:
More chemicals thought to be causing Bee die offs
Pesticides have been all the talk in regard to CCD. Now they have possibly linked fungacides as well:
Well without chemicals bee keepers would not be able to raise bees, so I guess we should stop raising them.
The problem appears to be organic in nature, which is so ironic. Sure fungicides make it worse, and maybe pesticides altogether, but the problem is a parasite! Ha!!
Organic or inorganic they are all chemicals. Something that so many refuse to see. I don't see a difference at all. Most deadly toxins are organic, come from spiders, snakes and plants. So using the philosophy of so many here, we should stop using organics.
Why people fail to see that if organic or inorganic throwing the baby out with the bath water is not a good idea!
Let's find out exactly what the problem is and correct it. That is exactly what the researchers say we should do, and they are correct. Let's not condemn everything chemical, that makes no sense at all. .
This post was edited by Drew51 on Fri, Jul 26, 13 at 10:37
"ORGANIC" , "NATURAL" "CHEMICAL FREE" (don't know what that means)....
These MEGA labels mean _nothing_.
Cobra venom is organic & natural as are poison mushrooms and.....
So is compost, and milk and honey and penicillin and apple pie.....
All of our activities entail a trade off. The trick is to try and balance the benefits and the costs of the trade-offs.
Most often one side of the trade-off or the other will be unhappy. Unfortunately most of the positions taken by those on either side are ruled more by emotions than by reasoning.
Emotion driven positions are absolutist, rigid and by their nature can't help but be inward looking and fossilizing.
Oooops !!!! Could I have gotten too emotional about this ???
Bamboorabbit - a few years ago id agree, but the evidence is piling up now with proper studies like this one. Its ignorant to believe everything you read, sure, but its just as ignorant to ignore blatant evidence, and better more coheisive studies like we are getting now.


text:
- Description
- Fitment
- Specs
- Reviews
World's Largest Aftermarket Motorcycle Parts and Accessories Superstore!
Input the part number and quantity to add a part directly to your cart.
Select your motorcycle to guarantee fitment! Select A Motorcycle
Closeout Price: $29.99 Regular Price: $79.99
J&P Part: 990-310
Select your motorcycle to guarantee fitment! Select A Motorcycle
|Chief : 2002–2003
dwccdc Posted:
Excellent price! Fast Shipping. Perfect packaging. Item as described. Couldn't be happier with JP's service.
westcitydj Posted:
very good presentation,good Qualaty
Indiangil Posted:
Great price on an OEM lowering shock. Worked better than anticipated!
Call Us 24/7 1-800-318-4823


text:
Welcome to the Lea & Sandeman online wine shop
Twenty-six years on and still totally independent wine merchants, our highly acclaimed list reflects our relentless globetrotting in search of wines that offer interest and quality at prices to please.
Visit our London shops in Chelsea, Kensington, Barnes & Chiswick, or simply buy great wines on-line today.
Sales: Call us on 020 7244 0522 or email us.
Popular searches
Latest from the blog
Tio Pepe Fino 'En Rama' 2015 Limited Releaseby David Porter
Tio Pepe En Rama is very limited, it's a pure, 'un-mucked about with' sherry that is best drunk at its freshest, perfect summer quaffing.. Continue reading
La Grande Toscana: New releases from Castello del Terriccioby Ed H-B
"Another fabulous set of wines from Castello del Terriccio" says Antonio Galloni, and he is dead right. At our tasting at the property last year with a four year vertical of both Tassinaia and Lupicaia, the 2009s stood out for weighty seamless supple silk textures filled with the finest of tannins and the juiciest character... Continue reading
The NSPCC City Fine Wine Challenge 2015by Andrew Hooper
Thursday 26th February 2015, and the great and the good of the City gathered at RIBA in Portland Place for the 19th NSPCC City Fine Wine Challenge. Proceedings were kicked off by CFWC Chairman Andy Briggs, who loudly professed his credentials … Continue reading
- "the best wine merchants in the capital" Steven Spurrier Decanter
- "probably the best wine shop in the country" Oz Clarke Sunday Telegraph
- "one of the best places in the country to buy great wine" Joanna Simon
- "a better wine shop than you will find anywhere else in Europe" Jancis Robinson
- more reviews...


text:
no fruit- great leaves, growing well
Fig tree is third year in ground. Last year had great crop, rippened well. This year has only 1 fig on. Plant is growing well after my usual winterizing progrom. After some thought and reading, I think possibilities are
1-very wet spring (too much water)
2- i use leaves to help winterize and i leave the bottom layer of leaves as 'mulch/grown cover'- is this adding too much of a specific nutrient, ie do i need to add something else-?phosphourus.
3- significant pruning- though i don't think i was overzelous...
any ideas why no fruit even though tree is doing very well?
would taking straight shovel and 'cutting' circle around tree to do some "in ground root pruning" help- when would be best time to do this?
I'm going argue against diagnosis #1(too much water) based on my experience this year. I'm also in zone 6 and have a three-year-old in-ground fig. I have lots of good leaf growth and lots of fruit. I had about six breba figs, but these are pretty wimpy and do not look like they will turn into much of anything. But I also have a fair number of main crop fruit that are just starting to show themselves.
Could the tree's microclimate be a factor (i.e., limited sun, north facing wall, wind exposure)...maybe fruit are just late in coming given the lengthy winter/spring?
There have been discussions about the benefits of limiting branch growth after about five or so leaves (or something like that) in order to stimulate fruit production. I would look this up on this list. You'll probably find this discussion over the past two or three weeks.
Good luck...Geoff RI
thank you for the prompt reply-
i did not fertilize this year- may have done last year
if it is too much nitrogen- how do i prevent that next year- can i add something like phosphorus?
as far as microclimate- where it is, worked (fruit) last year well and the tree is growing well so i don't think that's it. I have no breba- and only one real fruit. I guess i can be more patient- but i remember fruit coming in earlier last year
would stressing the root system be of any benefit for next years crop- with shovel technique as i specified?
Do not cut roots with shovel,that is not a good way to make a tree strong in Zone 6.
Give it limestone powder at around the tree,and pinch after sixth leaf.
Every year is different,and my plants are forming fruits now ,so you are not behind if you already have a main fruit embryos.


text:
Log in using your Facebook, Windows Live, Google or Yahoo! account
Or log in with your UEFA.com account
E-MailThere seems to be a problem with the email you have entered. Please check your address is valid and re-enter.
PasswordPlease choose a password
Keep me signed in
LoginForgot your password?
One of the star performers at the 2013 UEFA Women's Under-17 European Championship, Ewa Pajor tells UEFA.com about the inspirations that have helped her to develop on the pitch.


text:
Nintendo announced a new Nintendo Direct Presentation set for tomorrow, January 14. The stream will cover spring 2015 Wii U and Nintendo 3DS titles, and it kicks off at 6:00am Pacific / 9:00am Eastern. Hit the jump for more.
It's time for some more news directly from Nintendo. A Nintendo Direct presentation is set for Wednesday, November 5, promising updates on upcoming Wii U and Nintendo 3DS games.
Earlier today Nintendo announced plans for a new Nintendo Direct presentation set for tomorrow, December 18. This time around the video will focus on Wii U and Nintendo 3DS software that's set to launch through spring 2014. More after the jump.
Nintendo announced plans to air a new Nintendo Direct presentation tomorrow morning. This one will focus on new details and info surrounding previously announced Nintendo 3DS games set to launch in 2014. More after the jump.
Nintendo is gearing up for another Nintendo Direct presentation this week, this time focusing on Wii U and Nintendo 3DS games that are launching later this year. More after the jump.
The latest Nintendo Direct revealed a slew of titles and release dates, and two-thirds of a three-title Nintendo-exclusive run of Sonic the Hedgehog titles! Hit the jump for more details on the upcoming Sonic: Lost World, as well as release dates for upcoming 3DS and Wii U titles!


text:
Bill Mayers
Study Abroad Advisor
Middlebury Schools Abroad: India, Middle East (Egypt, Jordan & Israel), and Latin America (Chile)
Bill earned a BA in Comparative Religion from Connecticut College after spending a year studying Arabic and Islam at the American University in Cairo. Several years later he set off again on an overland globe trek, but ultimately landed where he began, in Vermont. Bill earned an MA in Teaching History from the University of Wisconsin at Eau Claire, and served as the Coordinator of Middlebury's Arabic School from 2004-2007. Bill now works with the C.V. Starr-Middlebury Schools Abroad in the Middle East (Egypt, Jordan, Israel), Latin America (Chile), and India.


text:
- Your file is being downloaded. It will remain available for download from the "My Files" section of your member area for 72 hours.
Math symbols, seamless pattern for your design© Kudryashka - See portfolio
|Size (?)
|Pixel / Inches
|Add to cart
|Direct Download
|Standard XS
|346 x 346 (0.1 MP)4.8 '' x 4.8 '' (72 dpi)
|1 credit
|Standard S
|693 x 693 (0.5 MP)9.6 '' x 9.6 '' (72 dpi)
|3 credits
|Standard M
|1378 x 1378 (1.9 MP)4.6 '' x 4.6 '' (300 dpi)
|6 credits
|Standard L
|1924 x 1924 (3.7 MP)6.4 '' x 6.4 '' (300 dpi)
|8 credits
|Standard XL
|2793 x 2793 (7.8 MP)9.3 '' x 9.3 '' (300 dpi)
|10 credits
|Standard XXL
|3873 x 3873 (15.0 MP)12.9 '' x 12.9 '' (300 dpi)
|12 credits
|Vector V
|Fits any dimensionFits any dimension
|6 credits
|Extended XV
|Fits any dimensionFits any dimension
|100 credits
|KudryashkaSee portfolio
|Image reference
|Russian Federation
|Descriptive Category
|Abstract Sign/Symbol
|Business Finance/Money Currencies
["background","black","business","character","computer","concentration","counting","design","digit","digital","dollar","education","euro","finances","financial","five","four","fun","graphic","illustration","learning","math","mathematical","mathematics","money","number","numeral","numeric","objects","one","painting","pattern","percent","school","seamless","sign","sketch","studying","symbol","teaching","texture","thinking","three","tile","tiled","two","vector","wallpaper","writing","zero"]background black business character computer concentration counting design digit digital dollar education euro finances financial five four fun graphic illustration learning math mathematical mathematics money number numeral numeric objects one painting pattern percent school seamless sign sketch studying symbol teaching texture thinking three tile tiled two vector wallpaper writing zero See all keywords
The vector illustration "Math symbols, seamless pattern for your design" from Kudryashka is available on Fotolia under a Royalty Free license from 1 credit (Credit from $0.74).
Available in AI/EPS and JPEG formats, this vector file may be downloaded for all kinds of professional uses. The V and XV files are delivered in AI/EPS. To modify this file, vector editing software such as Adobe Illustrator, Freehand, or CorelDRAW is required. JPEG files are available in different resolutions (up to 3,873 x 3,873 pixels in 300 DPI).
The author of this picture, Kudryashka also has 9 images in the same series.
To download this vector file, you can buy Fotolia credits or purchase a subscription plan and benefit from the amazing price of $0.19 per image.
The V and XV licenses are vector files (AI, EPS).
To modify this file, vector editing software such as Adobe Illustrator, Freehand, or CorelDRAW is required. All other licenses are JPEG files.


text:
Hochhalter to celebrate birthday
Ardis Hochhalter, Medina, N.D., will be honored on her 75th birthday with an open house from 2 to 4 p.m. April 27, at Medina English Lutheran Church, Medina.
No gifts requested.
Get the full story
Subscribe or Log In
Are you a newspaper subscriber but you don't have a Digital Access account yet? Activate your account.
You will need your subscription account number and phone number. Not sure if you have an account? Call 701-252-3120 and we can help you.


text:
Out of stock
Replica circa 1950 Flush Ceiling Light
Item No.60007_24180354
This stunning Replica Circa 1950 flush light from Litecraft is a design classic. Featuring a timeless design this luxurious flush ceiling light represents designer lighting at a fraction of the cost. The Replica Circa 1950 features stunning transparent spheres and opaque glass diffuser that reflect the light when lit, the magnificent light fitting would make a striking focal point for any room.
This item is available for
UK Home Delivery Free (UK orders over £30) or £3.99
Delivered within 4 working days
Next or Named Day Delivery
7 days a week between 8am - 6pm
Monday to Friday - order by 7pm - £4.99
Saturday & Sunday - order by 6pm - £4.99
Next or Named Evening Delivery
7 days a week between 6pm - 10pm
Monday to Sunday - order by 10pm - £6.99
Collect from store the next day - FREE
Order before 7pm for next day collection after 12pm midday
Show participating stores
Full Delivery details
- Diameter: 58cm
- Light bulb: 1 x 100w Linear Halogen
- This product is not available for BFPO deliveries


text:
I had no idea that full extract cannabis oil would be a part of my easy-to-make repertoire, but here it is! I got the recipe from a member of the Cannabis Oil Success Stories Facebook group. There are plenty of ways to do this. Here's a video that shows another relatively simple way to make oil…still not as easy and harmless as this.
Here's What You Need:
- Enough cannabis to loosely pack a quart jar – You can use leaf, trim, shake, sugar leaves or bud. For those of us who can legally grow, this can be a great way to use up the stuff you might normally throw away.
- A fifth of Everclear or grain alcohol – This is consumable alcohol NOT isopropyl or anything from a drug store. In Oregon, we buy it at the liquor store. A fifth is about twenty bucks.
- A quart jar with a lid
- Cheesecloth
- Large Pyrex dish
How to Make Full Extract Cannabis Oil:
Pack the jar loosely with weed. It needs to have room enough for the alcohol to swirl around a bit, but it needs to have a decent amount of cannabis, too.
Pour the fifth of Everclear over the cannabis and into the jar.
You can stir it with a spoon if you like or seal the jar tightly with the lid and shake it. It is important not to go crazy with the stirring and shaking because you don't want a bunch of leaf matter in your oil.
Next, let it sit for a few minutes – like five.
Use the cheesecloth to cover the jar opening, and pour the contents into the Pyrex dish. It will be a clear liquid in a color range from gold to bright green, depending on the weed used.
Set the dish somewhere out-of-the-way where nothing will fall in it, and let the alcohol evaporate a minimum of twenty-four hours.
Voila! It's just that simple.
The hardest part is scraping the goo off of the Pyrex dish to eat it. I trashed my favorite paring knife scraping it, so I would suggest investing in a box cutter or single edge razor blade to get it off the plate.
The results were so surprising that I had to get some volunteer testers to confirm that it was as good as I thought it was! We found very small doses to be quite effective, even though I used leaf that I am pretty sure was headed to somebody's trash pile.
I still need to figure out how to get it from the dish to some kind of storage. But, for now, I just scrape the plate and put about a rice grain-sized bit on a cracker or whatever, and eat it. Leaving it sitting out seems to have no effect on the potency or the nasty taste … nasty in the most wonderful way!
My apologies for failing to mention the decarboxilyzation step in this - and every cooking process and recipe I have written for Weedist. I do this in big batches right when I get a batch of trim. So, I forget about it when I cook.
It is important to do this with any cannabis you aren't smoking or vaping, and it's easy.
Set oven at 225 degrees
Put cannabis into a 13 x 9 inch baking pan; I prefer glass. I fill it pretty full, but not overflowing, and not packed too tight.
Bake for twenty minutes. Store in glass jars and use as needed.
Please list the decarb steps, that is the important part.
Invest in silicone bakeware. You won't mess up your knives or need sharp objects to remove. Benefit, the wax comes right out!
This method provides no way of decarboxylating the cannabis. Therefore it contains no THC, only THCA. For curing cancer it is believed you need THC, so this oil is not for those trying to cure their cancers.
I believe low or no THC oil has it's uses (epilepsy for example) but I believe it will have very little in the way of psychoactive properties and will be useless in curing many conditions.
@AmandaEnriquez Thanks for the tip! I'l sure do it!


text:
In This Section
Journal Forum
Reflecting on Reflections - June 2014
4 comments
Audibility of a CD-Standard A/DA/A Loop Inserted into High-Resolution Audio Playback - September 2007
10 comments
Quiet Thoughts on a Deafening Problem - May 2014
1 comment
AES Convention Papers Forum
Modeling Sound Localization of Amplitude-Panned Phantom Sources in Sagittal Planes
Localization of sound sources in sagittal planes (front/back and top/down) relies on listener-specific monaural spectral cues. A functional model approximating human processing of spectro-spatial information is applied to assess localization of phantom sources created by amplitude panning of coherent loudspeaker signals. Based on model predictions we investigated the localization of phantom sources created by loudspeakers positioned in the front and in the back, the effect of loudspeaker span and panning ratio on localization performance in the median plane, and the amount of spatial coverage provided by common surround sound systems. Our findings are discussed in the light of previous results from psychoacoustic experiments.
Click to purchase paper or you can login as an AES member to see more options.
No AES members have commented on this paper yet.
Subscribe to this discussion
To be notified of new comments on this paper you can subscribe to this RSS feed. Forum users should login to see additional options.
Start a discussion!
If you are not yet an AES member and have something important to say about this paper then we urge you to join the AES today and make your voice heard. You can join online today by clicking here.


text:
17 Killed, 46 Wounded in Kabul Attacks
Posted: 02/11/2009 - A spokesman for the Defense Ministry says 17 people were killed and 46 wounded in multiple attacks on government building attacks in Kabul.
Posted: 02/11/2009 - A spokesman for the Defense Ministry says 17 people were killed and 46 wounded in multiple attacks on government building attacks in Kabul.
Posted: 02/11/2009 - The head of a small, family-owned peanut company at the heart of a salmonella investigation has been summoned to Congress by lawmakers seeking answers.
Updated: 04/08/2009 - State emergency management officials are warning Kentuckians to be prepared for severe weather Wednesday.
Posted: 02/11/2009 - Negotiators on Capitol Hill are hoping today's the day for a final compromise on the economic stimulus package. They hope to seal agreement after making good progress in the first rounds of closed-door talks.
Updated: 02/11/2009 - A Lebanon city police officer is found slain in his home in central Kentucky.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - A United Airlines regional jet on its way to St. Louis landed in Louisville after the crew reported smoke in the cockpit.
Updated: 02/11/2009 - Jodie Meeks scored 23 points, including a fade-away 3-pointer with under 5 seconds left, as Kentucky snapped a three-game losing streak with a critical 68-65 victory over Florida on Tuesday night. (Stats Included)
Updated: 02/11/2009 - A Kentucky Lawmaker wants to make parent teacher meeting mandatory, and those who don't attend could face a fine.
Updated: 02/10/2009 - Police say the mother of a boy who had to be rescued from the lake at Jacobson Park Monday will not be charged.
Updated: 02/10/2009 - Tuesday the U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano was in Kentucky to tour storm damage with Governor Steve Beshear.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - Nearly 150 years after the Civil War's end, the South still is no Land of Lincoln.
Updated: 02/11/2009 - Country music singer Toby Keith offered a fan more than hit performances at a recent eastern Kentucky concert.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - KFC President Roger Eaton is expressing relief, now that Col. Sanders' handwritten fried chicken recipe has been secured in a new electronic safe at the company's Kentucky headquarters.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - Wal-Mart Stores Inc. says it is cutting 700 to 800 jobs at its northwestern Arkansas headquarters.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - The post office will be getting an extra 2-cents worth when you mail a letter starting in May.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - Interior Secretary Ken Salazar has rejected a Bush administration plan to open vast waters off the Pacific and Atlantic coasts to oil and gas drilling.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - Defense Secretary Robert Gates says he expects the Obama administration will make a decision in the next few days on how many additional troops to send to Afghanistan.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - President Barack Obama's economic recovery plan has passed the Senate and is on its way to difficult House-Senate negotiations.
Updated: 02/10/2009 - The number of traffic deaths in the state is down.
Updated: 02/10/2009 - A proposed increase to the state's alcohol tax has cleared it first hurdle.
Updated: 02/10/2009 - Schools were on lock-down Tuesday afternoon in Nicholas County after an attempted bank robbery.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - Kentucky officials say the number of deaths from a massive ice storm that struck the state last month has risen by 3 to 33.
Updated: 02/10/2009 - The Federal Communications Commission helped clarify Thursday how it will handle requests from broadcasters to turn off their analog TV signals before the new June 12 deadline.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - Her publicist says the mother of octuplets doesn't feel food stamps and disability payments she gets for three of her other six kids add up to welfare.
Posted: 02/10/2009 - An American military lawyer is pressing the British government to step up negotiations for the release of a Guantanamo detainee.


text:
with Tags: devops X
- Sort by:
- Date ▼
- Title
- Likes/Votes
- Comments
- Visits
A roll-up of DevOps Strategies blog posts from the Global Rational User Community
AcdntlPoet Tags: blogs rational-user-groups rational rational-client-support gruc devops 250 Visits
If you've not been to the Global Rational User Community (GRUC) recently, here's what you've been missing out on when it comes to DevOps conversations... below you will find a series of blog posts from the GRUC site that cover varying...
DevOps Fuels Growth & Innovation through Experimentation and Continuous Feedback
SPadani Tags: quickplanner rational devops experimentation design-thinking ibm bluemix rtc 2,543 Visits
I've been sharing the 5 best practices my teams have learned during our own DevOps Journey in my latest blog series .. If you're not caught up, here is a quick summary: 1. Expand agile practices beyond development and test to include client,...Modified by SPadani
DevOps is not COTS
bernie_michalik Tags: tools development software cots devops sdlc 312 Visits
There is alot of excitement about DevOps, and this is resulting in good conversations with clients about how to take advantage of DevOps in their shops. One perception that I have been running into is the belief that DevOps is something you purchase,...
Devops Services and Bluemix – Look-alikes and so much more
When you see the updated DevOps Services interface, you can't help but notice the similarity in look and feel to Bluemix. By default, the color schemes are now the same, though you can change the Editor style and theme. Though I...Modified by rewillen
IBM Rational Application Developer V9.5 Beta: The enterprise IDE for Java EE7, WebSphere, Bluemix, Cordova, DevOps & Code Quality Community Blog
alvkhtan Tags: cordova cloud ide eclipse quality bluemix mobile rad rational-application-deve... hybrid beta ee7 java liberty developer rational luna devops 2,838 Visits
Rational Application Developer V9.5 Beta is now 'live' ! As the IDE of choice for many enterprises today, and in keeping with its mantra as a comprehensive, highly integrated & collaborative Java...
from Blog: IBM Rational communityModified by alvkhtan
IBM DevOps: How to be a Lean Startup in the Enterprise
AcdntlPoet Tags: rational devops rational-client-support 594 Visits
IBM DevOps: How to be a Lean Startup in the Enterprise - Having a great idea that people support is only the first step in injecting innovation into an Enterprise. This video is a quick tour of a streamlined process and supporting technologies for implementing...
The new DevOps for Dummies book is out
bernie_michalik Tags: sdlc development software dummies ibm devops 1 Comment 416 Visits
And if you are at all interested in DevOps, I recommend you go here and download it: here DevOps for Dummies is a great introduction to the concepts of DevOps and covers alot of ground. I highly recommend it.
Updated Learning Circles: Free and public educational material
AcdntlPoet Tags: education rational-client-support rational-team-concert learning-circles devops rational 496 Visits
The content below was originally posted by Jean-Louis Marechaux in the DevOps Community here . We are re-running this post for better visibility to some amazing educational opportunities! "About two years ago, we started the ...
Changes at IBM DevOps Services
bernie_michalik Tags: paas bluemix cloud ibm devops sourcecontrol 424 Visits
If you like IBM Bluemix and you like IBM DevOps Services, then you'll be happy to see the chances that are being made. As the team at DevOps Services mention on their blog Welcome to the beginnings of the new IBM® Bluemix™ DevOps Services...
Be a Lean Startup in an Enterprise - IBM Helps! Community Blog
CindyVanEpps Tags: devops agile lean scaled-innovation hybrid-cloud innovation 1 Comment 1,739 Visits
Be a lean startup in an Enterprise. Sounds like an oxymoron, right? Yet Enterprises must innovate to stay alive in today's transparent, interconnected and fast-changing world. In The Lean Startup , Eric Ries defends the position that "...Modified by CindyVanEpps
DevOps Culture – a blog series on jazz.
AcdntlPoet Tags: devops blogs rational-client-support rational 613 Visits
In this 7 part blog series surrounding the DevOps culture, Adrian Cho (Program Director, Continuous Delivery Evangelist, and Author of The Jazz Process: Collaboration, Innovation, and Agility ) tackles some of the less tangible...
Network with peers and learn about resources you can use to build skills at dev@InterConnect Community Blog
Jean Barlage Tags: devops analytics mobile conference cloud 583 Visits
Three extraordinary IBM conferences— Pulse, Impact, and Innovate —are joining together to deliver the most comprehensive software event ever at IBM InterConnect 2015 . At dev@InterConnect , , the developer-focused, skills-based part of...
from Blog: Academic Initiative Knowledge ExchangeModified by Jean Barlage
Mobilizing your business with IBM Rational Application Developer, IBM DevOps Services & IBM Bluemix
AcdntlPoet Tags: videos rational bluemix rational-client-support youtube rational-application-deve... devops 1,070 Visits
Mobilizing your business with IBM Rational Application Developer, IBM DevOps Services & IBM Bluemix - Alvin Tan (Senior Development Manager, Rational Application Developer) leads a discussion with William Smith (Market and Product Line Manager, Rational...
A New Mainframe and its New DevOps capabilities
Mainframe and IBM have been synonymous since 1952. Over the years mainframes have seen a lot of transformation to stay in tune with the market requirements and industry changes. With the New Year, IBM brings forward another change with the new mainframes in a...Modified by ZachJory
Getting started with BlueMix
AcdntlPoet Tags: blogs rational-client-support bluemix rtc jazz getting-started rational devops rational-team-concert how-to 895 Visits
Ralph Schoon (Unleash The Labs, Leading Technical Sales Professional ) provides two great no-nonsense views into starting up with projects in IBM BlueMix on his external blog rsjazz.wordpress.com ! With a deep expertise in the RTC / Jazz products, Ralph brings...
Agile and Lean and DevOps, oh my! Community Blog
monica914 Tags: continuous-delivery ibmstory agile lean devops devops-culture 2 Comments 1,731 Visits
Themes are percolating in my brain spurred by everything from my Twitter feed , to LinkedIn to hallway conversations with colleagues. There's a lot of angst about responding to market changes and customer expectations. The techniques we all talk...
Top Urban Code technotes in 2014
AcdntlPoet Tags: rational-urbancode-deploy rational rational-urbancode-releas... top-content top-support-content rational-client-support devops 745 Visits
You may have thought we were done with the top recap posts, but we have one more we think you'll find useful! Here's the top Urban Code technotes from 2014. These technotes are the most often cited and shared in our Support Engineers'...
First Steps with the CICS TS plug-in for UrbanCode Deploy
The beta release of the CICS TS plug-in for UrbanCode Deploy is now out, allowing you to manage deployment of your CICS TS components along with other components across your enterprise. We've put together a little video to show you how to get started with...
from Blog: CICSdev CommunityModified by Phil_Wakelin
DevOps Services to Bluemix: A Tale of Two Deploys
rewillen Tags: deploy devops bluemix 3 Comments 4,731 Visits
There is an IBM Bluemix t-shirt with the slogan "Commit & Deploy & Scale & Repeat". Whenever I see this shirt, I think to myself "huh?". I really want to deploy my changes to see if they work before I...Modified by rewillen
New beta for CICS TS plug-in for UrbanCode Deploy available today
MarkCocker Tags: blog devops urbancode bundle 1,124 Visits
The CICS team are very proud to announce the beta release of the CICS TS plug-in to enable deployment of CICS applications using IBM UrbanCode Deploy . UrbanCode Deploy is a tool to orchestrate and automate the deployment of applications,...
from Blog: CICSdev CommunityModified by Phil_Wakelin
Updated Learning Circles: Free and public educational material Community Blog
jl.marechaux Tags: agile learning-cirle scrum devops clm safe rtc 864 Visits
About two years ago, we started the Learning Circles initiative to provide simple and structured educational material on some IBM Rational products. There are now 11 published Learning Circles that you can leverage for your own enablement, or for...Modified by jl.marechaux
Monitoring mobile and cloud apps to respond quickly to user feedback
ZachJory Tags: application development devops rational cloud-computing mobile-applications ima cloud mobile monitoring mqa mobile-app-development bluemix 6,386 Visits
Mobile app developers recognize the importance of responding quickly to problems that their users experience. But I frequently get asked for advice about how to most effectively stay in tune with what's going on with a mobile app, both the code running on...Modified by ZachJory
IBM DevOps Services: Easily create a Node.js application in Bluemix
AcdntlPoet Tags: youtube videos bluemix rational rational-client-support how-to devops 1,628 Visits
IBM DevOps Services: Easily create a Node.js application in Bluemix - In this demonstration IBM Certified solutions expert Jean-Louis Marechaux takes you through how to create a Node.js application in IBM More info: http://bluemix.net...
Trust in IBM Rational AVP brings big savings for Consulting Firm
AcdntlPoet Tags: agile na-iot success-story clm adoption-framework rational-client-success avp devops lifecycle-management rational rational-customer-result rational-client-support ww 964 Visits
WHAT COMPELS AN IBM PARTNER TO PUT SUCH A MAGNITUDE OF TRUST IN IBM RATIONAL AVP? IBM has very complex relationships with many of the world's largest companies. We're competitors, joint venture partners, OEM buddies...
Addressing 4 Challenges of Hybrid Cloud for DevOps Adoption
Hybrid Cloud has become an extremely common term in the Cloud space. It is used to describe multiple cloud adoption scenarios where either multiple cloud technologies co-exist, or cloud and physical infrastructure co-exist. Let's understand 'hybrid...Modified by ZachJory


text:
History of the Modern Taste in Gardening ; Journals of Visits to Country Seats
Garland, 1982 - Country homes - 174 pages
From inside the book
4 pages matching Ilchester in this book
Where's the rest of this book?
Results 1-3 of 4
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
Twelfthcentury Decoration
St Peter thirteenth century
St Paul thirteenth century
11 other sections not shown
Common terms and phrases
Admiral ancient Anne armour arms beautifull beauty bedchamber beleive Brown built bust Carlo Maratti carved Catherine chamber Chapel Charles 2d chimney Church cieling Claud Lorrain closet coloured copy Cornelius Jansen Countess Court curious Daughter designed died Digby door drawing room dress Duchess Duke Edward England engraved expence father figures France gallery George Gothic Greatworth ground half length hall handsome Hatchland Park head Henry 8th Holbein Horace Walpole Ilchester Inigo Jones James's Kent King landscape late Lely letter London Longleate Lord Burlington Lucas de Heere magnificent marble Mary Modern Gardening nature numbers ornaments painted glass painter park piece portraits present Earl pretty Prince Princess Queen Elizabeth reign Richmond Rubens scene Seat Sir John Stephen Switzer Stone Stourhead Strawberry Hill style tapestry taste Temple Thomas Titian tomb Uvedale Price Vandyck Walpole to Montagu Wentworth Castle whole length wife William wood xxxiii young


text:
Welcome back to Stockhouse Member Sign In
Sign in with one of the following accounts.
Send my password
« back
Become a member today, It's free!
We will not release or resell your information to third parties without your permission.
Use one of the following accounts.
did melkior miss the boat in fripp township? quartz lake property came open, much awaited but no one showed up to race for mkr according to stakers.Property reacquired by previous holders....... was the point of all that expenditure in staking fripp twp?
Go Back...