text:
New to Typophile? Accounts are free, and easy to set up.
I'm setting up a personal blog of a friend, and helping her with the basic layout and design. Now I'm looking for a webfont – ideally available through one of the free webfont services until size dictates otherwise, the free versions Fonts.com, Typekit or Google Webfonts – that suits her style and personality.
She's queer, out, proud and quite apart from traditional notions of femininity, yet with a strong spiritual side (think fire-and-brimstone inspirational preacher, but not necessarily christian), which will be the focus of the blog. (A preliminary title includes the concept of lay preacher confession.) So what I've been trying to find is a good style that manages to be both forceful and passionately warm, something that's humanist to an extent but veers away from softness, tradition and scriptiness. We looked through some libraries and she sort of liked old-fashioned American headline gothics, but I think something a bit more understated and more contemporary might be better. An angular serif, Swift-style, perhaps? Or something bridging humanist type and forceful headline sanses?
Some of my previous recommendations of Ernestine have been borderline. This time however it seems to be a perfect fit.
Another good one here is Avance, which also has a hybrid personality suitable to this context.
But I don't know how good its screen rendering is.


text:
Cricket 5175 Tourmaline Ionic Hair Dryer
We know you want the goods as soon as possible, which is why orders received by 3pm ET leave our warehouse the very same day. We'll send you an email that day to confirm shipment and the email will include your tracking information.
Our warehouse is closed Saturday & Sunday, so orders received after 3pm ET on Fridays will not ship out until Monday.
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MichelleHair Difficult To StraightenI have been using the cricket hairdryer and my hair seems to frizz and kink. I used to be able to get perfectly straight hair using my old parlux hairdryer. Is there a special technique to use this hairdryer?
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
I'm currently working on a breakout style game, however i've only thus far hardcoded one level using the following method:
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 7; j++) {
int y_coordinate = (i * (blockHeight + spacing)) + topOffset;
int x_coordinate = j * (blockWidth + spacing);
so essentially its placing 7 blocks across the width of the screen and then 6 layers down, making a 'square of blocks' however this is far from interesting or engaging for the user, i'd like to be able to one. implement some sort of level progression, should this be done through external files? and how would i go about making sure the items are placed on screen in the right coordinates in relation to screen size/density, and secondly, my main question, how could i go about making certain shapes with the blocks, i.e. a face, without hard coding individual co-ords for every screen??
Sort of one question just two ways of saying it really, sorry if this is too vague?


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So I brewed up my first batch on Sunday evening using an electric stove, brewed Autumn Amber Ale kit from Midwest Supplies. Had no problem steeping my grains but then after 90 mins of unsuccessfully trying to get my 2+ gallons to a rolling boil I found an answer. I had to move my brew kettle over both the large(front) and small(rear) heating element along with putting the lid on to get a boil and maintain it. So here is my question after it taking close to 2 hours to get that boil going will my batch be comprised? Everything else seems to be fine, pitched my yeast and 11 hours after pitching the airlock was bubbling like crazy. Just curious if any thinks that long delay from steeping the grains to getting a boil will affect the final product? Thanks in advance!!!
It'll be fine.
Sounds like you need a propane burner though.
Let's see if I keep this updated!
On tap
Black Butte clone
In secondary
Pumpkin ale
In primary
Honey wit
Up next.. Firestone Union Jack clone
Rdwhahb :d
"Im an airlock sniffer...I sniff airlocks"Primary 1: EmptyPrimary 2 (LBK): EmptyOn Deck - IPA of some sortBottled - Irish Red AleWicked Gnome HomeBrewing
yeah i'm already planning ahead and thinking propane is the way to go for the next batch
uniondr, thanks. I checked out your link looks good but unfortunately my electric stove is the flat top ceramic kind. thanks though.
Propane will get you there in no time. Save gas even if you bring up your pot to your stove's max temp and then put the pot on propane. Works well if you are doing extracts. Steep grains, get to your temp, turn off heat, add lme or your dme, stir and move over for boil time.
I look for opportunities to cut costs wherever I can!
I was at an appliances repair place today.
The guy was talking about the things that go out on a stove and what usually causes it
He was talking about how the Mexicans have a much higher occurrence of one particular problem with their stoves.
There is a little black control unit of some sort that the burner plugs into, and it seems like it is subject to failure due to excess heat.
The heat load that they have is caused by the way they ( the Mexican population ) cook.
They have a large pot that completely covers the whole burner and they have it on high for fairly long times causing excess heat and burning out the unit.
Does this sound like the way we brew on a stove?
When he told me that, I told him about making beer on the stove.
He said that would certainly be able to do it. When I told him that it's for an hour long boil he said that is almost certainly why my burner isn't getting as hot as it use to.
I know that from now on even if I were to decide to do an extract brew, I will do it on the propane burner.


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No real benefit seen
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Cannot say the this product has done much for me. Maybe I did not give it enough time...
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Wow ! Never realized the parrots come in such a big variations. The colors, nature and overall looks are so different that you just like to see more of them. Jungle Island is actually great if you want to see birds of all kind! The shows were good except the wild encounter one - they just brought few baby cubs and milk them! But Dr Wasabi show was good - the animals they brought was not awesome but they presented it so well that you feel engaged. The bird show was amazing and the best among I have seen till date. Visited White Tiger, Liger, Lions etc and they are cool! The park is clean and well-maintained. Overall spent a good time!
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Here's a news flash. The B1G has the worst officiating in sports!
I did not make this headline up
Here's a news flash. The B1G has the worst officiating in sports!
Need Spike in the game.
He must not want to play him without GRIII, and Burke, Spike, Stauskas, THJ, Morgan/McG is pretty small... But I like the idea.
Espn with the jinx by showing his ft numbers
Refs decide to make this a close game
Longest game ever
A bit of freshmen playing like freshmen.
This is an intense watch...
This game has slowed to an almost unwatchable pace, this is getting a little ridiculous.
Oh Nik!
and play smarter, waste clock and take good shots and no stupid fouls
Time for Spike. A little more control, can spread the court and hit that 3 with Trey's dribble drive.
Loosing Caris' defense, but its a good trade right now.
Time to get back to basics and relax. Still have a good lead with under 4 minutes.
lets hit our FTs and limit the fouls boys.
I'm going
...Stauskas is very below-average on defense and you're winning by 9. You don't need his offense with Burke, THJ and Robinson on the floor.
You need a second ball handler in the game vs. the press.
The lineup to me seems OBVIOUS.
4 fouls. Probably comes back around the 3 minute mark.
I'll trust the dude with 650ish wins as a head coach on the lineup.
The refs are sure doing their best to keep the Gophers in this.
These officials are making this game unwatchable
We need to calm down and close this game out. Hit our free throws and get out of here with the win.
Illinois is really not that good.
Neither is Ohio. Both teams rely on one player too much.
I am thankful that this thread has more comments than the Teo open thread. MGoReasonable
At this rate, I'm gonna miss the start of Archer at 10
fucking refs are killing a great game
This is unbearable. We've advanced approximately 1 minute of gametime in 15 minutes.
ooooo. Miss 2 FT's and foul our rebound for 2 FT's? Bad series there.
Everybody's just taking shots from the same spot -- right in the middle of the free throw line.
Mbakwe looks like Krang from Ninja Turtles
From free throws to free throws! Woo. Excitement.
seriously...these foul calls, even when they are going for us, is getting rediculous
They don't call a tech!? WTF!!!
Home cooking for sure.
Free throw shooting in practice stat
I think the reason players are getting so frustrated is becuase the Refs did not call "tackles" most of the game. Then in the last 10 minutes or so they started calling them. Refs need to be consistent.
If bouncing the ball is a T, jumping in front of the ref is a T.
We average around 65% FT shooting a lot. Terrible.
Imagine if basketball had a free throw contest after overtime like how hockey has shootouts. That is what this feels like but way less exciting.
Watching missed free throws is infuriating. They're called free for a reason.
Got away with the hook. Williams that is.
Not sure about that 3... again. Seems to me we'd want to run some time off.
Don't like that shot Trey...use the clock.
And morgan to man up!
Milk the clock.
take time off the clock! Poor shot from Burke.
love me some Burke
Bad choice to jack up a 3 there by Burke.....use the clock!


text:
Latest Spider-Man Stories
SANTA MONICA, Calif., June 28, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- LIONSGATE® (NYSE: LGF), a leading global entertainment company, today announced an unprecedented film music collaboration between Academy Award® winner and two time nominee T Bone Burnett (CRAZY HEART, COLD MOUNTAIN) and four time Academy Award® nominated composer Danny Elfman (ALICE IN WONDERLAND, SPIDER-MAN) on the music for the highly anticipated film adaptation of THE HUNGER GAMES, based on the first in Suzanne Collins's runaway...
NEW YORK, June 17, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Critics have weighed in on the most anticipated Broadway event of all time, SPIDER-MAN Turn Off The Dark, and positive reviews are pouring in across a broad spectrum of media platforms.
NEW YORK, June 15, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Broadway history was made Tuesday evening, June 14th as SPIDER-MAN Turn Off The Dark officially opened at the Foxwoods Theatre (213 West 42nd Street).
LOS ANGELES, June 13, 2011, /PRNewswire/ -- Acclaimed film producer and cancer activist Laura Ziskin died Sunday evening at her home in Santa Monica at the age of 61.
CULVER CITY, Calif., June 2, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- In anticipation of the July 3, 2012 worldwide release of The Amazing Spider-Man(TM) in 3D, the cast and filmmakers will discuss the movie for the first time as they address the fans at Comic-Con® San Diego.
SANTA MONICA, Calif., May 25, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Music From SPIDER-MAN Turn Off The Dark will be released on June 14th by Interscope Records. With 14 new songs co-written by Bono and The Edge for the Broadway production, SPIDER-MAN Turn Off The Dark, the album is produced by Steve Lillywhite.
ORLANDO, Fla., May 19, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Universal Orlando Resort today announced that its newest attraction will be based on Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment's blockbuster 3-D-CGI feature "Despicable Me," bringing minions, mayhem and a whole new level of 3-D family fun to its guests.
BURBANK, Calif., May 2, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Starz, LLC, President and CEO, Chris Albrecht has promoted Film Roman's Dana Booton to the newly created position of General Manager, Head of Production for Film Roman.
SANTA MONICA, Calif., March 31, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Activision Publishing, Inc. (Nasdaq: ATVI) and Marvel Entertainment, LLC today announced Spider-Man(TM): Edge of Time, where Spider-Man faces one of his greatest challenges ever - saving Spider-Man.
MELROSE PARK, Ill., March 29, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Stern Pinball, Inc., the world's only maker of real pinball games, announced today that software engineer Lyman Sheats will be joining the Stern Pinball team.
- To play, gamble.
- To impose upon; delude; trick; humbug; also, to joke; chaff.
- A deceitful game or trick; trickery; humbug; nonsense.


text:
Dr. Kamel S. Abraham, MD
- 210 N Main St
London, OH 43140
- 2 Locations
- (740) 845-7700
Dr. Kamel S. Abraham graduated from the Univ of Cairo, Fac of Med, Cairo, Egypt (330 02 Prior 1/71) in 1975. He works in London, OH and 1 other location and specializes in Anesthesiology. Dr. Abraham is affiliated with Madison Health. He speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Medical School: Univ of Cairo, Fac of Med, Cairo, Egypt (330 02 Prior 1/71); Graduated 1975
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


text:
- Filed Under
I'm sending this postcard on the way to the rink for the Canada-Russia game. I just finished watching the U.S. beat the Swiss. It was an excellent win for the U.S.
I thought the Americans were easily the better team. But the Swiss goaltender was incredible and kept them in the game. Into the third period, it was anybody's game, but the USA stuck to its game. Now the Americans have gotten themselves into the semis and obviously have a chance to play for a medal on the weekend.
Once you ...


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We read the e-mails, tweets, and YouTube comments from you that have helped us create the best tech videos on Earth.
The company unveils TouchSense Engage, which uses touch feedback technology to simulate the roar of a crowd or the boom of an explosion.
Immersion's TouchSense "haptic" technology allows users to experience a sense of touch when playing games or typing on a flat touchscreen.
McLaren follows up its previous powerful sports cars with the 570S Coupe, a new model meant for the daily commute as much as for the track.
Another beautiful HD upgrade of a Super Mario 64 level you can play directly in your browser (goodbye, productivity). It's only a single level, though, so we'll have to keep begging Nintendo to remaster more of its classic titles.
With so many options out there, it can be intimidating when shopping for a new fitness tracker. That's why we've rounded up our favorite ones for you to consider.
Square thinks receipts can be a powerful tool for communication between buyers and sellers, and its new feature enables direct communications. The feature is available to merchants for $10 a month.
Soundbrenner Pulse is a wearable, watch-like device that uses haptic feedback to keep a pulsing beat on your skin.
It takes a mighty wind to keep stars from forming. Researchers have found one in a galaxy far, far away -- and NASA made a short movie about it.
Responding to pressure from programmers, Google has warmed up to a Microsoft technology that lets mice and touchscreens get along on the Web -- a technology Apple rejected.


text:
Usain Bolt not leaving Scotland alive, confirm officials
GLASGOW'S Commonwealth Games officials have confirmed that Usain Bolt is a dead man walking.
Rugby league players consider dodging tackles
PIONEERING rugby league players may break with 119 years of tradition to avoid tackles instead of running straight into them.
Southampton to play homeopathic football
SOUTHAMPTON are to bid for the Premier League using the concept of homeopathy.
Drogba returns to Chelsea to die
STRIKER Didier Drogba is dragging himself back to Stamford Bridge to end his days, the club has confirmed.
New Spurs kit just a shirt and socks
TOTTENHAM Hotspur players will line up in 2014/15 wearing a long shirt that barely covers their groins, it has been revealed.
Van Gaal demands players adopt his hairstyle
LOUIS Van Gaal has ordered Manchester United's players to have their hair cut exactly like his.
Gerrard retirement speech 'accidentally' ruined by Lampard
AN emotional speech confirming Steven Gerrard's retirement from England duty has been marred by loud praise from Frank Lampard.
McIlroy's dad puts £100,000 on him burning out by 30
GERRY McIlroy has bet the money he won on his son's Open victory on him never winning a major ever again.


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text:
Media Loves Apple and Its Army of Fans 356
from the we-loves-us-an-ipod dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
This is my new internet filter. Load news / aggregation site , press "Ctrl+F" in chrome, type "apple" and count. If count > 10 on a single page, I never go there again.
Not the greatest fan of orchards or cider, I gather.
So right now Microsoft is getting decked out in cool clothes from its fairy godmother, and about to make a stunning entrance that turns everybody's head?
... Inside a carriage made of a fruit with attached mice?
It's a PROPHECY!
The Windows powered IDesktop is coming!
"Experience" == being the current fashion, making products with a brand that makes you feel better about yourself. If you can't describe what distinguishes it, the distinction just isn't there. You're like a Pepsi loyalist who can't pick it out from the other brand in a blind test.
Many people actually like the walled garden.
That still doesn't make AOL a good product.
Microsoft, meanwhile, is languishing in the shadows like Cinderella on the night of the ball.
Are you kidding me? Microsoft is like a wicked stepsister!
Administration: An ingenious abstraction in politics, designed to receive the kicks and cuffs due to the premier or president. -- Ambrose Bierce


text:
All Star Baseball
Kyle Omtvedt (left) and Lucas Kempffer pose after playing for the North Squad in the Northeastern Minnesota American Legion All-Star Baseball Game in Hibbing recently. The North won the game 6-0. Photo by Douglas Omtvedt.
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North Adams, MA - REACH for Community Health will sponsor a free wellness screening for community residents on Thursday, November 12, from 9-12 pm at Stop and Shop supermarket, 876 State Road. To pre-register, call 413.664.5326.
« Tricks of the Trade is back! | Main | Medeski, Martin & Wood Play MASS MoCA November 12 »
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Mail: Clarity on the post office debacle
Davis at the Legislature: Rain, brand fees, state aid to schools
More opinion
Registration open for UNL ranch practicum
Governor appoints new District 4 representative to Nebraska Wheat Board
More Ag News
Click Here for theHOTTEST SHEETS!
Brady poured 21 points in the bucket Friday in the first quarter and rambled past Hayes Center, 59-34.
Brady led 37-18 at halftime.
"Brady is a great shooting team and it was too big of a deficit to overcome," Hayes Center coach Matt Cox said.
Brady pushed its record to 11-1. The Eagles have not lost since Dec. 17 at Southern Valley.
Josie Palmer scored 18 for Brady and Tara Callahan chipped in 11 points.
Andrea Wach led Hayes Center scorers with 9 points. Hayes Center is 4-8 on the season.
"I saw a lot of improvement in a lot of areas, and that's what we are after right now," Cox said.
Score by quarters
Brady: 21-16-11-11 - 59
Hayes Center: 9-9-12-4 - 34
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Called your toll-free number. Ashton answered. Not only did he find me a flight, but one that was $100 cheaper, with a better schedule for my elderly husband, with only 1-connection! ...Read More
- Fiona and Walter
India with the diversity of its cultural richness, colors, spirituality and festivities undoubtedly remains a popular destination visited by scores of tourists from around the world. To experience its varied cultures, people and its rich history, a visit to India and its many lively, dynamic cities is a must.
Best Places to Visit
India's dramatic landscapes and ancient cultures provide a visual treat to the visitors. Take the assistance of our Indian Travel Guide to explore the Indian cities of Delhi, Agra, Jaipur, Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Pune and others. Important attractions worth visiting in India include the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Hawa Mahal, Ajanta and Ellora caves, Qutub Minar and many others.
Best Time to Visit
Plan to visit India between late October and mid-March. This is the end of the monsoon season and offers convenience to the visitors for sightseeing opportunities.
Best Dining Places
Travel across India and you will find the restaurants serving a variety of regional cuisines. If you are in North India, you will relish the Tandoori chicken and other Mughlai cuisines. While visiting South India, you will be treated to typical South Indian dishes like Idli, Dosa, Sambhar, Rasam and more that will keep you asking for more and more.
Best Airlines to Reach
Major Indian cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad are well connected with different parts of the world. Important airlines serving here include Air India, Jet Airways, United Airlines, Virgin Atlantic Airways, Emirates Airline, Etihad Airways, American Airlines, British Airways, Air France, KLM and others.
Best Places to Stay
In India, you will find many types of hotels like heritage properties, glitzy modern 5-star hotels, boutique guesthouses, and Bed and Breakfast lodgings. You can find cheap hotels in India in most cities of the country.
Why Is India A Great Wellness Destination? Dec 26, 2014Vacationing for wellness is not at all a new concept; this has been taking place since ancient times when people visited countries like Greece and Egypt for their hot springs, bath...Read More
Seven Indian Sites Where History Comes Alive Dec 16, 2014A lot is said about Indian history; the past of the country is in fact, one of the most compelling factors that pull visitors in, along with its rich heritage and well-preserved cu...Read More
Kumbh Mela: The Journey Towards Eternity Dec 15, 2014What does the world's largest human congregation look like? Congested? Yes. Boisterous? Yes. Unruly? No! Yes, it will be intensely crowded, unimaginably noisy and worryingly ...Read More
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Winston July 2, 2013 • Documentation / Announcements
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Deviant Art
Family ( Hijack, Modern AU )" I'm nervous."More Like This
" Don't be!" Jack laughed, hugging Hiccup gently.
" What if they don't like me?"
" They'll love you! I know i do~"
" Jaaaack!" Hiccup whined, pouting.
" No pouts!" Jack giggled, grabbing Hiccup's wrist and pulling him up the steps and to the front porch of Grandpa North's house.
" Bad leg!! Bad leg!!"
" Jack! How have you been?"
" Good!" The teen beamed.
Hiccup squeaked, terrified, hiding from the towering older man behind Jack.
He was revealed when he got so terrified that he squeezed Jack's hand too hard.
" OH! Who's this?"
I'm a tiny 14yrld and you're far too big! Hiccup whimpered, clutching Jack's hoodie with two tight fists.
Without warning, Jack shoved Hiccup forward, who shrunk down and began trembling intensely.
" I-i-i-i-i-'m-m-m-m H-h-h-i-c-cc-cup..."
He stumbled back against Jack, begging to go back to hiding.
Grandpa North got a mischievous sparkle in his eyes, and he reached out, gently shaking Hiccup's hand.
He leaned close, and Hiccup noticed hi
Looking for a Hiccup... The brunette spun another can around as an annoyed sigh escaped his throat. "Seriously? Who's even naming these kids?"More Like This
Astrid rolled her eyes at her best friend. "Hiccup, stop looking, and just pick one already!" She gripped. "You've been spinning cans for fifteen minutes!"
The young man stood to check the top shelf of the display. Hiccup Horrendous Haddock the Third was his name, given to him after some distant relative of his. He was sixteen, a bit lanky (but finally gaining a little muscle from working at his mom's animal sanctuary), with auburn locks and piercing green eyes that somehow worked with the freckles that covered his face. He was wearing a black t-shirt with a red dragon on it along with some brown cargo shorts and black-and-red trainers.
Astrid was his tough blonde friend that had stuck with him since they were little. Well, kinda. It had more started with Hiccup's liz
WWII AU!Hijack Drabble ~ VisitsAs I strolled calmly through the streets of St. Petersburg, watching the fresh European snow fall across the faces of the brightly colored buildings surrounding me, my mind drifted to Hiccup. The thought of him automatically making me smile, I turned at some street I can't read the name of and felt a little jolt of excitement as I saw the famous dark green palace. I knew he'd be there, and a small part of me hoped that he'd been missing me. After all, with what happened in London, I figured that at the most he'd gotten used to having me around.More Like This
I could never seem to memorize his smile; he'd only shown it to me a few times, each little flashes that seemed to warm the cold halo always surrounding him, like clouds moving away after a storm to let out the hidden rays of sunlight. But just as quick as one would blow out a candle, it always disappeared just as quickly as it came. He barely even allowed it to spread across his face and break past the borders between a smirk, a half-smile, a g
My little girlThe queen knew something was special about her baby from the moment she discovered she was carrying.More Like This
She could never explain the feeling that soon surrounded her after she'd been with the doctor to her husband or her maids. She simply felt it, and knew it had to deal with the child she was soon going to have.
The sense only grew as the months went by. Strange occurrences enveloped her pregnancy in such that morning sickness she'd been told about never came, fatigue was only minor relative to her daily activities, and strange cravings hardly swung her away from the diet the doctor had set. Where this worried those around her-fear that the child would be weak or sick when born-the queen carried on with only a feeling that everything was truly alright.
Her feeling appeared to be true on the surface; her bump grew month by month, her ankles swelled and her back ached, and slowly her maids convinced her to stay in the gates and in her quarters as her final term began to come to
Ghostly Game Some games are not meant to be played.More Like This
'It'll be fun they said, it's harmless they said…none of it will work they said…'
These were all thoughts running through Hiccup's mind as he stood frozen while his new companion wrapped himself around him. He resisted the urge to shiver at the boy's freezing touch, his skin so pale and hair white against his own. The book he'd been reading from only moments before was now on the ground, still open to the spell page he'd used at his friends' request. It was just supposed to be a dare, a harmless little game; read one spell in the woods and come back to tell them how nothing had worked, how the book Pitchiner had sold the twins was a hoax.
Well, that turned out just swell.
"So what's your name, cutie?" The spirit asked, his hoarse voice creating goose bumps along Hiccup's skin. He trailed a translucen
Green WatersHe wasn't quite sure how he had ended up in the water.More Like This
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BBC World News
BBC's Paul Wood honored with David Bloom Award for frontline reporting from Iraq
The BBC's World Affairs Correspondent Paul Wood has been given this year's David Bloom Award in recognition of his on the ground reporting from Iraq in 2014.
BBC Click challenged to film and edit entire show using only mobile and tablet technology
BBC Click will travel to the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona next week to create a special programme using only the latest mobile and tablet technology.
BBC World News reaches new distribution milestone
Global TV news network now available in more than 40 million U.S. homes
BBC.com users hit 100 million mark
New figures* show that BBC.com, the BBC's international website, has started 2015 on an all-time high. More than 101 million unique browsers used the website and news app globally during the month of January, generating a record 1.35 billion page views.
BBC World Debate Live From World Economic Forum, Davos, with Christine Lagarde & Mark Carney
London, January 19 2015. BBC World News's The World Debate is coming live from the World Economic Forum in Davos this week, as a high level panel including Christine Lagarde, Managing Director of the IMF and Mark Carney Governor of the Bank of England debate whether the global economic cake can continue to grow indefinitely.
BBC World News No.1 with Europe's opinion leaders
A new independent survey released by Ipsos* today sees BBC World News - the 24-hour international news channel - named as the top choice for European opinion leaders.
BBC World News commissions major new Cybercrime series
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International news at the heart of Pay TV
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BBC Pop Up - BBC launches first experimental mobile bureau in the US
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The BBC's international news offering has cemented its leadership position among Asia Pacific's high income earners.
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UTNT (UT New Theatre) presents Advance Man
|Event Title:
|UTNT (UT New Theatre) presents Advance Man (More Information)
|Event Description:
Written by Abe Koogler
Bear Creek is a small town. So when rumor spreads of an impending visit from the President himself, everyone gets very excited. There's just one problem – no one knows when he's coming, or why. And who's that mysterious man in a dark suit, asking all those questions? A dark comedy about the way we live now.
The preview production of Advance Man is presented by UTNT (UT New Theatre), an annual series of new plays by emerging playwrights from The University of Texas at Austin.
|Date and Time:
|Feb. 28 | 8:00 PM
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University Events Calendars
You Might Also Like:
- Enter A Woman, Pretty Enough
Apr. 2 | 7:30 PM
- Guest Artist Concert: American Harp Quartet
Apr. 2 | 7:30 - 9:30 PM


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Characterization of an optical system is quickly and easily obtained in a single acquisition step by obtaining image data within a volume of image space. A reticle and image plane are positioned obliquely with respect to each other such that a reticle having a plurality of feature sets thereon, including periodic patterns or gratings, is imaged in a volume of space, including the depth of focus. Metrology tools are used to analyze the detected or recorded image in the volume of space through the depth of focus in a single step or exposure to determine the imaging characteristics of an optical system. Focus, field curvature, astigmatism, spherical, coma, and/or focal plane deviations can be determined. The present invention is particularly applicable to semiconductor manufacturing and photolithographic techniques used therein, and is able to quickly characterize an optical system in a single exposure with dramatically increased data quality and continuous coverage of the full parameter space. In embodiments, the test reticle is holographically generated by interfering two or more beams of optical radiation. The resulting interference pattern is recorded on a reticle and used for testing the optical system. The geometry of the holographic interference pattern is tightly controlled by the properties of the interfering beams and is therefore more accurate than conventional reticle writing techniques.
1. A method for making a holographic reticle, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) receiving two beams of coherent optical radiation;
(2) interfering said two beams, resulting in an interference volume of optical radiation having an interference pattern; and
(3) recording said interference pattern in a recording medium.
2. The method of
(4) receiving a single beam of coherent optical radiation; and
(5) splitting said single beam into said two or more beams of optical radiation.
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
causing the grating to have linewidths and spacings that are based on properties of said interfering beams.
6. The method of
causing the grating to be a linear grating having a substantially constant pitch.
7. The method of
causing the linear grating to have a duty cycle that varies.
8. The method of
causing the grating to have a plurality of lines having multiple orientations.
9. The method of
causing the grating to be a chirped grating having a controlled pitch variation.
10. The method of
causing the grating to be a cross grating.
11. The method of
causing the grating to be a polygonal grating.
12. The method of
causing the grating to be a zone plate array.
13. The method of
causing the grating to be a multiplexed grating with multiple axes of symmetry of controlled pitch and pitch uniformity.
14. The method of
(4) manipulating a wavefront of one or more of said beams prior to step (2), in accordance with a desired interference pattern.
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
(a) manipulating a first beam to have a cylindrical wavefront; and
(b) manipulating a second beam to have a planewave wavefront.
18. The method of
19. The method of
(a) manipulating a first beam to have a spherical wavefront; and
(b) manipulating a second beam to have a planewave wavefront.
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
(a) exposing photo-resist that is deposited on a reticle with said interference pattern; and
(b) developing said photo-resist so that said reticle reflects said interference pattern.
23. The method of
(a) generating precision phase shifts between adjacent grating patches to monitor image shifting aberrations.
24. The method in
(I) phase shifting a holographic reference beam relative to an object beam.
25. The method of
26. The method of
27. The method of
28. The method of
29. The method of
30. The method of
31. The method of
32. A method for making a holographic reticle, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) receiving two beams of coherent optical radiation;
(2) manipulating a wavefront of one or more of said beams in accordance with a desired interference pattern;
(3) interfering said two beams, resulting in an interference volume of optical radiation having an interference pattern; and
(4) recording said interference pattern in a recording medium.
33. The method of
34. The method of
35. The method of
(a) manipulating a first beam to have a cylindrical wavefront; and
(b) manipulating a second beam to have a planewave wavefront.
36. The method of
37. The method of
(a) manipulating a first beam to have a spherical wavefront; and
(b) manipulating a second beam to have a planewave wavefront.
38. The method of
This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/907,902, filed Jul. 19, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/339,506, filed Jun. 24, 1999, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. This application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/219,187, filed Jul. 19, 2000, which is also incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to characterizing an optical system, and particularly to the rapid and precise characterization of an optical system including focus, field curvature, astigmatism, spherical, coma, and/or focal plane deviation using holographically produced reticles.
2. Background Art
Photolithography is often used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices and other electronic equipment. In photolithography, projection optics of high quality are often used to image features on a reticle onto a photosensitive substrate, such as a resist covered wafer. As the feature sizes desirable to be reproduced become ever smaller, the optical system or projection optics must be continually maintained and checked for image quality.
Often, the performance of an optical system or projection optics is difficult to obtain without time consuming techniques. Generally, multiple exposures are required of a photosensitive substrate at different locations in the image field and at different focus depths to characterize the optical system. The optical system is then characterized by compiling information obtained from examining the multiple processed images. Each of the many exposures and the corresponding processed images are acquired serially. Consequently, focus errors, scan errors and temporal variations to the optical system parameters during the measurement are compounded.
In the case of scan and focus errors, noise is introduced into the data. In the case of temporal variations, valid data are unrecoverable. Additionally, the data are discretely sampled rather than continuous across the parameter range. Consequently, quantization errors result from estimation of data values that lie between adjacent samples.
With demand for increasing production throughput and increasing performance requirements of the projection optics capable of imaging reduced feature size, there is a need for improving the apparatus and methods used to characterize an optical system. There is also a need to develop an apparatus and method that will quickly and easily provide high-precision data or information that can be used to characterize the performance of an optical system quickly and easily and with data obtained simultaneously and processed simultaneously without the need to perform multiple exposures and processing of multiple images.
The present invention comprises a method and apparatus for obtaining optical system characterization information simultaneously by utilizing a volume of space during a relatively short time or in a single exposure. A test reticle having a plurality of features with different orientations, sizes, and line types is imaged with the optical system being characterized. Either the object plane in which the reticle is positioned or the image plane in which the characterization data is obtained is tilted or angled within the corresponding three-dimensional volume of space. The reticle, having a plurality of features, is imaged with the optical system being characterized. In a volume of space, through a depth of focus, an envelope of feature quality through focus is thereby obtained. This envelope of feature quality is simultaneously obtained by acquiring image data of the reticle in a plane that is oblique to the reticle plane. The resulting image of the reticle and corresponding features are analyzed with metrology techniques, which can include an interferometric tool thereby obtaining optical system characteristics. The optical system characteristics that can be obtained include focus, field curvature, astigmatism, coma, distortion, telecentricity and/or focal plane deviation, as well as information on spherical aberrations and variation of coherence.
In embodiments, the test reticle described above is produced holographically. More specifically, a holographic reticle is generated by interfering two or more beams of optical radiation to generate an interference volume having periodic interference pattern(s). The interference patterns are recorded on a reticle blank using any of the various recording techniques, such as photographic films, photo-resist, etc. The geometry of the periodic interference patterns is tightly controlled by the properties of the interfering optical beams. More specifically, the geometry is controlled by the wavelength of light, the wavefront variation, and the geometry of the exposure configuration (i.e., the relative beam angle of the optical radiation before and after interference). All of these factors can be controlled much more precisely than serially written e-beam or laser writing tools. Additionally, much larger reticle areas can be written in a single pass using holographic patterning. As such, writing errors that result from stitching together e-beam sub-fields are avoided entirely.
Accordingly, it is an advantage of the present invention that an optical system is characterized quickly and in a single exposure or imaging operation.
It is an advantage of the present invention that it results in a rapid acquisition of data required for characterization of an optical system.
It is another advantage of the present invention that it results in rapid acquisition of data desensitized to the focus, scan, and temporal errors associated with prior techniques.
It is an advantage of the present invention that reticle writing errors are reduced or eliminated by holographically patterning the test reticle, as compared to e-beam or laser reticle writing tools.
It is an advantage of the present invention that holographically patterned reticles can print linewidths that are much smaller than current reticle writing tools.
It is an advantage of the present invention that pitch uniformity for periodic gratings can be tightly controlled by holographically patterning test reticles. For example, chirped or continuously variable pitch patterns can be produced with great accuracy. This affords the probing of optical system performance over a precisely-controlled continuum of linesizes, line orientations, and pattern pitches.
It is an advantage of the invention that phase shifts in periodic structures can be precisely controlled. Phase shift structures are valuable in the characterization of odd optical aberrations that produce feature shifts in the image plane.
It is a feature of the present invention that information or data is obtained throughout a volume of image space.
It is another feature of the present invention that the reticle is in a different plane than the plane from which data is acquired in image space.
It is yet another feature of the present invention that the perpendicular from the reticle and/or image plane interceptor be non-collinear with the axis of the optical system.
These and other objects, advantages, and features will be readily apparent in view of the following detailed description.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention.
FIGS. 16A-D graphically illustrate, in perspective, the different distortions or aberrations illustrated in
FIGS. 23B-D illustrate various chirped gratings produced by holographic patterning according to an embodiment of the present invention.
The preferred embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the figures where like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements.
1. Characterizing Optical Systems
Alternatively, a demodulating device can be used to produce an interference pattern.
Advantageously, the interference pattern can be visually observed to detect optical aberrations and to support adjustments to the photolithographic system 10 in real time.
The interference pattern could include a Moire fringe pattern. The Moire pattern could represent a global magnification change and local distortion changes from a nominal pattern.
The demodulating device 24 could be followed by a photosensitive substrate 22, a CCD array, a PSD, or an equivalent detector as described above. Alternatively, the detector array could be patterned lithographically or holographically to generate an integrated detector module. The multiplexing of parameter space, as described below, can be used to detect focus, astigmatism, coma distortion, magnification, etc., without the need for expensive and time-consuming photographic recording systems.
The line 631 can be created with a periodic pattern or grating reticle imaged on a tilted photosensitive substrate 622. A periodic pattern or grating strip or line 631 will be produced down the center of the field. The line 631 should be calculated to be narrow enough to define the central strip of the field, but wide enough to include several resolvable points in the direction of the x axis. This is a function of the pixel density of the detector array, charge coupled device, or position sensitive detector used to view the strip or line 631. A phase-shifting interferometer can be used. Data can be obtained by positioning the photosensitive substrate 622 at the Littrow angle with respect to the phase-shifting interferometer. The Littrow angle is the angle at which electromagnetic radiation from the interferometer retro-diffracts to return to the interferometer. The peaks of an intensity map acquired by the phase-shifting interferometer are the points of best focus of the optical system being characterized. These peaks comprise a ridge in the direction of the y axis. The meandering of this ridge in the direction of the x axis as the field is traversed in the direction of the y axis represents the field curvature. The robustness of this procedure relies on its ability simultaneously to acquire intensity data at points throughout the volume of space 620. Calibration, scaling, and extraction of data are straightforward. This method uses the intensity of the retro-diffraction. Field curvature can also be detected using the phase of the retro-reflection. In this method, the photosensitive substrate is positioned perpendicular to the phase-shifting interferometer axis. The acquired phase map consists of the feature resist height at each point on the photosensitive substrate. In the direction of the x axis, the quality of feature is a function of focus curve. In the direction of the y axis, the shift of best focus for any feature size and orientation is a function of field position. The field curvature and astigmatism can be extracted from the comparison of curve shift as a function of orthogonal feature orientation, as would be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art.
Many different feature sets or periodic patterns or gratings can be utilized according to the present invention.
While the present invention has been illustrated and described with respect to different embodiments and different feature sets or line patterns, clearly other feature sets or line patterns can be utilized and arranged in different ways to characterize an optical system. However, all of the embodiments of the present invention simultaneously image a variety of different pattern portions in a volume of space at different depths of focus. The recorded images of the plurality of pattern portions at different depths can be interferometrically analyzed so as to characterize the optical systems. This interferometric analysis is preferably accomplished in a single step such that the data obtained from the interferometric analysis of the recorded image of the reticle provides nearly complete characterization of the optical system. The present invention therefore prevents the need to sequentially select and analyze different locations within the field of the optical system. As a result, the teachings of the present invention result in a very rapid and robust characterization of the optical systems.
Accordingly, it should be appreciated that the method and apparatus of the present invention makes possible the characterization of an optical system in a single exposure or imaging step or real time viewing to determine focus, field curvature, astigmatism, coma, and/or focal plane deviations of the optical system. The present invention is particularly applicable to the characterization of photolithographic lenses used in printing mask or reticle patterns onto a photosensitive substrate. The present invention determines the best focus by detecting the envelope of feature quality through focus, rather than through the evaluation of image quality or line quality in a three-dimensional array of individual sample points in x, y, and focus. The present invention yields a continuum of data through focus and reticle object position.
Therefore, the present invention has the advantage of being focus self-seeking; that is, it is highly insensitive to normal focal plane location errors in that it will always print the zone of best focus if the wafer or photosensitive substrate field being exposed intercepts the depth of focus. The present invention has the advantage of being highly sensitive and having low noise and a single exposure providing rapid acquisition of characterizing parameters. The present invention eliminates the need for focal plane slicing with its associated time consuming multiple exposures and focus slicing errors.
In testing, sensitivity and noise levels have been obtained routinely at less than the five nanometer level. These low levels cannot be obtained using prior techniques. Prior techniques generally degrade with decreasing linewidth. However, the present invention has the advantage that it becomes more robust as linewidth decreases. This occurs because the present invention relies on resolving the envelope of feature quality rather than linewidth image.
The present invention can also obtain full field data in seconds, a relatively short time. This is an important feature in lithographic tools using deep UV and beyond because of the small line sizes and thermally varying time constants. The ability of the present invention to utilize a full field exposure in a single shot eliminates alignment timing errors due to the scanning acquisition of data. The use of the plurality of different feature sets having multiplexed feature orientations, sizes, and line types allows for the determination of focus position, astigmatism, field curvature and depth of focus. Additionally, the present invention can yield information on coma, spherical, and variation of coherence.
The present invention, in consisting of multiplexed periodic features that are imaged by the imaging system to be tested and a lithographic recording process, including a metrology tool to analyze the printed images makes possible the rapid characterization of an optical system. The feature sets can be a group or isolated variant line types, shapes, sizes and orientations. The present invention images these feature sets through and beyond the depth of focus of the imaging system in a single exposure. The envelope or feature quality through focus is printed and analyzed. This analysis can consist of full depth of focus data evaluation, as in the case of auto-correlation and cross-correlation analysis. Alternatively, the analysis can identify envelope maxima or minima asymmetry or slope. This is contrary to the prior techniques that analyze individual features at pre-determined and consequently non-optimum discrete focal positions.
The quality of particular feature sets through focus can be used to determine flat focus, field curvature, astigmatism, spherical aberration, partial coherence, distortion and coma, depending upon the feature type orientation and/or size selected. In a case of astigmatism, different line orientations can be interlaced down the field and read by a dark field or interferometric microscope. Alternatively, different line orientations can be interlaced across the field and read by an interferometric microscope or atomic force microscope. In the case of distortion, the features can be read using a full field interferometer.
Accordingly, it should be appreciated that the present invention greatly advances the ability to characterize quickly and easily an optical system and in particular projection optics used in photolithography for the manufacture of semiconductor wafers. From a single exposure, data acquisition, or viewing step, valuable information can be obtained characterizing the optical system at a single point in time. This greatly increases throughput and yield in that imaging performance is maintained at a high level.
2. Holographic Test Reticles
As described herein, a test reticle with a plurality of periodic patterns and other structures is used to characterize an optical system (such as a lens) under test. For example, as shown in
Since the test reticle 16 is used to test the quality of the optical system 18, it is preferable that the patterns on test reticle 16 be as accurate as possible so that a true characterization can be made. More specifically, it is important that the lines and spaces of the gratings (e.g., see
Conventional means for making reticles, including test reticles, include e-beam writing tools and laser writing tools. These conventional techniques typically write sub-fields of a larger pattern that are subsequently stitched together to create the larger composite field pattern. When the sub-fields are stitched together, reticle writing errors can occur. At sub-100 nm linewidths in very high numerical aperture (VHNA) lithographic tools, these writing errors have become a limiting factor in the ability to test optical imaging systems.
Hence, the following discussion describes a method and system for fabricating holographic test reticles in accordance with the present invention. Holographic reticles are generated by interfering two or more beams of optical radiation to generate an interference volume having a periodic interference pattern, such as the gratings and other test structures described above. The interference patterns are then recorded on a reticle blank using various recording techniques such as photo-resist, etc. The geometry of the interference patterns is tightly controlled by the properties of the interfering optical beams. More specifically, the geometry is controlled by the wavelength of light, the wavefront variation, and the geometry of the exposure configuration (i.e., the relative beam angle of the optical radiation before and after interference). All of these factors can be controlled much more precisely than serially written e-beam or laser writing techniques. Additionally, much larger reticle areas can be written in a single pass using this holographic technique. As such, writing errors that result from stitching together e-beam sub-fields are avoided entirely.
In a step 2102, the laser 2002 generates coherent optical radiation 2004.
In a step 2104, the splitter 2006 splits the optical radiation 2004 into two or more beams 2008 a,b. Two beams 2008 a,b are shown for ease of illustration. However, multiple beams 2008 could be generated, where the number of beams is dependent on the type of interference pattern that is desired.
In a step 2106, the wavefront manipulation optics 2010 manipulate the wavefronts of one or more of the beams 2008, resulting in beams 2011 a,b. Exemplary optics 2010 include various optical components that are generally used to alter the wavefronts of laser beams, and include but are not limited to: lens, expanders, collimators, spatial filters, mirrors, etc. As a specific example, spatial filtering of spherical waves that are produced by beams converging through a pinhole will generate tightly controlled wavefronts that are dictated by the wavelength, wavefront divergence angles, propagation distances, and beam intersection angles. Additionally, the optics 2010 are aligned so that the resulting beams 2010 will subsequently interfere and produce an interference volume.
The resulting beams 2011 a,b have wavefronts that generate a desired interference pattern during subsequent beam interference. The specific type of wavefront for each beam 2011 depends on the specific interference pattern that is desired. Exemplary wavefronts include but are not limited to: cylindrical wavefronts, planer wavefronts, spherical wavefronts, etc. Specific wavefront combinations and associated interference pattens are discussed further herein.
In a step 2108, the beams 2011 a,b interfere to produce an interference volume 2012 having an associated interference pattern.
In a step 2110, photo-resist 2014 on the reticle 2016 records the interference pattern that is associated with the interference volume 2012. Other types of recording mediums could be used including but not limited to:
In a step 2112, the photo-resist 2014 is developed to generate a test reticle having the desired interference pattern.
In a step 2114, an optical system is tested using the holographic test reticle, such as the optical system 18 that was described in
There are many advantages to writing test reticles holographically, some of which are discussed as follows. First, holographic patterning is more accurate than e-beam techniques because the resulting interference pattern is determined by the wavelength of light, the wavefront variation of the interfering beams, and the geometry of the exposure configuration. All of these factors can be controlled more accurately than in conventional e-beam and laser writing techniques, and thereby reducing reticle writing errors that are associated with conventional techniques.
Due to the increased accuracy, the periodic structures (e.g., grating) that are common to optical performance testing are easily produced using holographic techniques. For example, in linear gratings, the linewidth pitch uniformity can be precisely controlled, and therefore distortion is minimized. Additionally, in chirped gratings, variable pitch patterns can be produced with great accuracy. Therefore, an optical system can be tested over a precisely-controlled continuum of linesizes, line orientations, and pattern pitches. Additionally, phase shifts in periodic structures can be precisely controlled. Phase shifted gratings are useful for the characterization of odd optical aberrations in optical systems, which produce feature shifts in the image plane.
Additionally, holographic patterning can print linewidths that are much smaller than the current reticle writing tools, including e-beam and laser writing tools. For example, e-beam techniques are currently limited to 100 nm and above, whereas holographic patterning can print linewidths that are sub-100 nm and as low as 50 nm.
2a. Specific Configurations and Interference Patterns
Specific embodiment for patterning holographic reticles and the resulting interference patterns are described as follows. These embodiments are meant for example purposes only and are not meant to be limiting. Other example embodiments will be understood by those skilled in the arts based on the discussion given herein. These other example embodiments are within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
FIGS. 23A-E illustrate holographic reticle patterning for generating an interference pattern having a chirped grating. As mentioned above, chirped gratings have a series of continuously variable lines and spaces, as further illustrated in FIGS. 23B-E. Chirped gratings are useful for determining image distortion of an optical systems over multiple linewidths and spacings, without requiring multiple exposures.
Referring to
FIGS. 23B-E illustrate exemplary chirped gratings. More specifically,
As mentioned above, the characteristics of holographically generated chirped gratings (such as pitch variation) are dictated by the geometry and wavelength of the interfering beams. As a result, the holographically generated chirped gratings are continuous and smoothly varying across their extent. In contrast, discrete patterning methods typically vary the linewidth and pitch of a grating as a function of scanned, rastered, or pixelated patterning. These discrete serial methods suffer from temporal variations in patterning beam location, stage location, and stitching accuracies.
In embodiments, the intersecting lines in the grating 2400 have a sinusoidal amplitude whose intensity varies according to the function: [ sin (x+y)*sin(x−y)*sin(x)*sin(y)]2. Other intensity distributions could be used, including binary on-off lines, as will be understood by those skilled in the arts. These other amplitude functions are within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
2b. Phase Shifting Interference Patterns
Alternatively, the duty cycle (or line-to-space ratio) of the grating can be varied continuously or in steps while maintaining the same grating pitch.
The optical detectors 3004 and 3006 are placed to measure light intensity at different points of a holographic interference pattern 3002, resulting in intensity signals 3005 and 3007. In embodiments of the invention, the detectors 3004 and 3006 are optical detector diodes or equivalent devices that generate an electrical signal that is proportional to the intensity of the detected light.
The difference module 3010 receives the intensity signals 3005 and 3007, and the control signal 3008. The difference module 3010 determines a difference signal 3011 by adding the control signal 3008 to the intensity signal 3005, and then subtracting the intensity signal 3007. During fringe locking, the control signal 3008 is substantially zero, and therefore the difference signal 3011 represents the difference between the light intensity that is measured by the detectors 3004 and 3006. If the difference signal 3011 is approximately zero, then the detectors 3004 and 3006 are receiving approximately the same light intensity, and therefore are monitoring the same corresponding location on each fringe. If the difference signal 3011 is not approximately zero, then the detectors 3004 and 3006 are not straddling an equivalent portion of a light fringe.
The difference signal 3011 is used to control a mirror, or a crystal, or another optic device (not shown) that phase shifts one of the interfering beams that was used to create the interference pattern 3002. If the difference signal 3011 is approximately zero, then no action is taken. If the difference signal 3011 is not zero, then an interfering beam is phase shifted in order to phase shift the interference (or fringe) pattern 3002. For fringe locking, the fringe pattern 3002 is phase shifted so that the detectors 3004 and 3006 will detect equivalent intensities of light, and therefore drive the difference signal 3011 to approximately zero. Fringe locking is useful for making small corrections due to vibrations, and other random disturbances, etc. In contrast to fringe locking, an intentional phase shift can be introduced in the fringe pattern 3002, even when signals 3005 and 3007 are equal, by introducing a non-zero control signal 3008, as discussed further below.
As illustrated in
Additionally, multiple phase shifted gratings (as shown in
Referring to
2c. Reticle Reading Analysis
As discussed, the test reticles that are described herein are preferably utilized to test optical systems. For example, as shown in
As illustrated in
Once characterized, the distortions and aberrations for an optical system can be plotted vs. optical linewidth. For example, graph 3400 (
Graph 3400 shows as an example of how image shifts can occur as a function of linewidth and aberration type. Graph 3400 and similar graphs prepared for other optical system characteristics are prepared from data obtained at the best focus position of the photolithographic system. However, the magnitude of the image offsets are greatly influenced by the partial coherence (PC) of the optical illumination used to image the lithographic features.
The measurement of the relative image shifts as a function of linewidth can be simplified by using a reticle with various linewidths such that each linewidth is an integral multiple of a fundamental linewidth size. Table 3600 (
Example embodiments of the methods and components of the present invention have been described herein. As noted elsewhere, these example embodiments have been described for illustrative purposes only, and are not limiting. Other embodiments are possible and are covered by the invention. Such other embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
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Consumer education
The Consumer Education Team provide information to the public on trading standards and environmental health issues. This includes:
- presentations and workshops to consumers of all ages.
- taking part in various national awareness campaigns throughout the year.
All the workshops and presentations listed below are available for primary schools, secondary schools, colleges and community groups and can be tailored to all ages. For general information on presentations or workshops available, contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
If you would like to book one of the workshops detailed below, please contact the facilitator on the number provided within the information sheet.
Citizens Advice Education Resource
The Citizens Advice service is the Government-funded provider of consumer education in Great Britain, bringing consumer advice, advocacy and education under one roof.
Visit Citizens Advice/education for further information. You have to register to access resources.
Age Related Sales Interactive workshop: suitable for all ages
A tailor made workshop on the law relating to age restricted products which can suit almost any age group from p5 up to adult. It can be made up from 7 different sections lasting from 10 minutes to around 2 hours in length.
Barnaby Bear Eco teaching pack: suitable for primary pupils
An interactive teaching resource, aimed at younger children.
The Environment & Health - with DVD and presentation
A short film on environmental issues. This can be reinforced with a presentation on how our environment has a profound effect on our health and development.
Environmental Health and Work of Council Officers: suitable for p5-7 pupils
The main aims of this workshop are to raise awareness of how our environment has a profound effect on our health and development. What is Environmental Health and what Fife Council Officers do to protect us and investigate environmental issues.
Food & Carbon Foot Printing workshop: suitable for p5-7 pupils
The main aim of this workshop is to raise awareness of the food chains and how they are affected by pollution. What our carbon footprint is and how the foods we buy can have an affect on the environment.
Food Safety & Labelling workshop: suitable for p4-7 pupils
The main aim of this workshop is to raise awareness of what is done to ensure that food is safe to eat and labels are not misleading. How the law protects us and the role of a Fife Council Food Safety Officer.
Food Law presentation: suitable for secondary school pupils
This is targeted at pupils in Home Economics departments in secondary schools. What the UK food laws state and how they are enforced in Fife. We give an insight into the work of an Environmental Health Officer and a Food Safety Officer in relation to food safety. We also discuss food labelling and control of food poisoning and food borne diseases.
Food Law & HACCP workshop: suitable for secondary schools
The target groups are standard and higher grade exam candidates or where the study of HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) would be beneficial to a career. This workshop looks at how food laws, in relation to risk assessment, have changed the face of catering in the UK and Europe. How a HACCP system works and how it is applied to food safety within food premises and businesses.
Hand hygiene teaching pack: suitable for nursery - p7 pupils
- Glitterbug hand washing kit
- Scripts for peer-led workshops
- Workshop activities
- Dvds, worksheets and games
Noise & Health presentation and workshop: suitable for secondary schools
The main aim of this advanced presentation and workshop is to raise awareness on environmental noise. We discuss how noise can affect our mental, emotional, social and physical well being.
Information leaflets in PDF format are also available to download titled Noise Don't Suffer in Silence about noise nuisance and 120 Decibels in Your Pocket which relates to personal music players.
Reuse, Reduce, Recycle and Respect the 4 R's to save our planet. P4-7 pupils
The main aims of this Eco workshop are to raise awareness of how our environment has a profound effect on our health and development and by following the 4 x R's we can help save our planet by living a more eco friendly life here in Fife.
Salt Awareness teaching pack and interactive workshop: suitable for p7 pupils and parents
- Raising awareness of salt and its impact on health
- Food labelling, how marketing influences young people
For more information contactConsumer & Business Education Team (EP & Protective Services)
Tel: 01592 583141 Contact Consumer & Business Education Team (EP & Protective Services) online
By Post: Kingdom House Kingdom Avenue Glenrothes Fife KY7 5LY


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The Canadian Press - ONLINE EDITION
Russia's parliament gives initial OK to law banning Americans from adopting Russian children
MOSCOW - Russia's parliament on Wednesday gave overwhelming preliminary approval to a measure banning Americans from adopting Russian children, a harsh retaliatory move against U.S. human rights legislation.
But the proposal appears to be too extreme for some senior Russian officials. The foreign minister and the education minister spoke out flatly against an adoption ban, and the speaker of the upper house of parliament, a close ally of President Vladimir Putin, suggested the lower house members were letting emotions overtake rationality.
Putin himself, who has the authority to veto legislation, has made no public comment on the adoption provision. But his spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, indicated Wednesday the Russian leader regards it as excessive.
Peskov told the Interfax news agency that, although Putin understands the emotions that prompted the move, "the executive powers are taking a more restrained line."
Before becoming law, the measure has to pass a third reading in the State Duma, which is set for Friday, after which it would go to the upper house, the Federation Council, and then require Putin's signature.
The legislation further steps up animosity with Washington by calling for closure of political organizations in Russia that receive American funding.
Both strictures were included as amendments in the second reading in the State Duma of a bill prompted by last week's signing by President Barack Obama of a U.S. law that allows sanctions against Russians deemed to be human rights violators.
The U.S. law reopened a vein of deep resentment among many Russians over the United States' alleged meddling in Russian domestic affairs and Washington's perceived penchant for treating Moscow with condescension.
Putin has accused the U.S. of funding the wave of protests that rose against him over the past year and strongly criticized the new U.S. law.
Many Russians have long bristled at the adoption of Russian children by Americans, sensitive to the implication that Russians are hard-hearted or economically unable to take care of their own. The resentment is fanned by cases of abuse or deaths of Russian children adopted by Americans.
The anger hit the boiling point in 2010 when an American woman sent back a 7-year-old Russian boy she had adopted, saying he had behavioural problems and she didn't want him anymore.
In the wake of that scandal, and after long delay, Russia in July ratified an agreement with the U.S. on regulating adoptions. If the measure approved on Wednesday becomes law, Russia would abrogate that agreement.
Backers of the measure complain that the agreement is enforced poorly and that American courts are too lenient.
"Cases of the death of our children in the United States continue, and cases of not-guilty verdicts; we decided to take this tough decision to deprive Americans of the right to adopt Russian children," said Alexei Pushkov, chairman of the Duma's foreign relations committee.
Despite the cases of adopted-children abuse in the U.S., opponents of the Russian measure say blocking adoptions ultimately punishes innocent kids.
The lawmakers "with impotent spite want to take revenge, but can't take revenge on Americans so try to recoup with children," Lyudmila Alexeyeva, one of Russia's most prominent human-rights activists, was quoted as saying by Interfaxe. "Instead of going to a country where they will try to be treated or at least be with families, they will stay to suffer here, in children's homes."
There are about 740,000 children without parental custody in Russia, according to UNICEF. Russians historically have been less inclined to adopt children than in many other cultures.
"Our deputies in the State Duma act absolutely like terrorists," said Oleg Orlov, head of the rights group Memorial. "They are fighting their external enemy — U.S. congressmen and senators, but .... take peaceful people as hostages: ourselves, the citizens of their own country, members of the civic movement, and children."
U.S. State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland declined to speculate on what the final Russian legislation would look like, but stressed that the American government is committed to upholding its agreements with Russia on adoptions.
The U.S. "continues to work closely with Russian authorities on inter-country adoption issues," Nuland said.
Civic organizations are likely to suffer in the provision on blocking U.S.-funded political organizations. A law passed this summer already requires non-governmental organizations that both receive funding from abroad and engage in political activity to register as "foreign agents;" as with the proposed new measure, a vague definition of what constitutes "political activity" could be used to crack down broadly.
The entire Russian retaliatory measure is being called the Dima Yakovlev bill, honouring a Russian-born toddler who died in the U.S. after his adoptive father left him in an automobile in the broiling heat for several hours. The father later was found not guilty of involuntary manslaughter.
The U.S. law, called the Magnitsky Act, stems from the case of Sergei Magnitsky, a Russian lawyer who was arrested after accusing officials of a $230 million tax fraud. He was repeatedly denied medical treatment and died in jail in 2009. Russian rights groups claimed he was severely beaten and accused the Kremlin of failing to prosecute those responsible.
The amended bill passed by the Duma on Wednesday also says any country that passes legislation similar to the Magnitsky Act also will be subject to an adoption ban.
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