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Monitor Color Settings
Monitor Color Settings | Overstock.com
Defy frizz in any weather with Bumble and bumble Defrizz that acts as a barrier to humidity and leaves hair soft, silky and flyaway-free. This daily formula is fantastic to use on curly to frizz-prone hair types to all hair types.
ITEM#: 15316099Defy frizz in any weather with Bumble and bumble Defrizz that acts as a barrier to humidity and leaves hair soft, silky and flyaway-free. This daily formula is fantastic to use on curly to frizz-prone hair types to all hair types.
|See description
|See description
|Model Number
|bumble and bumble defrizz 2oz
Monitor Color Settings | Overstock.com
Of the many different armoire styles, the 2-drawer armoire is one of the most popular. A 2-drawer armoire generally has, of course, two drawers at the bottom of the armoire as well as two swinging hinged doors that open to spacious closet space. With the hinges swinging back and forth, they are without a doubt the most worked part of a 2-drawer armoire. Hinges on wardrobe armoires are built to endure constant use, but you can extend their life through proper maintenance. Here are a few tips on making sure the hinges on your 2-drawer armoire last as long as possible.
Drinking glasses come in all shapes and sizes, from small tumblers designed to hold only a few ounces to large brandy snifters that hold 17.5 ounces. Each style of drinking glassware serves a specific purpose. Some are designed to direct the aroma of wine or brandy to the nose before drinking, while others are built for durability during high-spirited toasts. Drinking glasses are often classified by the presence or absence of a stem and the style of bowl. The shape of the glass, combined with the fluid capacity, enables each piece of glassware to fill a particular role when serving beverages.
The dimensions for most jewelry and watches are given in millimeters, but if you aren't familiar with the metric system, you may be unsure about the size of the piece. Fifty millimeters may sound like a lot, so it may surprise you when you see that it's only about 2 inches. If the metric system is a mystery to you, don't buy another pair of earrings or a new watch until you refer to our conversion chart, so you'll know exactly what you're going to get when you're online shopping. Many of our product images are also shown with a ruler, so you can get an even better idea of what s piece will look like when it arrives at your front door.
Whether your hairstyle loses volume throughout the day, or one piece just won't behave, you may need a hair pick-me-up. Luckily, with a few tricks up your sleeve and the right styling products, you can easily go from a hair nightmare to a "just walked out of the salon" look. These tips will help you tame your mane, no matter your style or type of hair.
KitchenAid leads the kitchen appliance industry year after year, so it's no surprise that anyone interested in the very best knows that it's a smart brand to rely on. KitchenAid products, from mixers to cutlery, have combined style and quality for generations. They've been around for nearly a century, so there's some interesting KitchenAid history to learn.
Bed linens are one of the most used items in the home, so it makes sense that you would want to pamper yourself and choose bedding that promotes comfort, style and a good night's sleep. When you are shopping for bedding, keep in mind that products vary widely in terms of quality and cost, but if you know what to look for, you can find an exceptional product for an excellent price. Look over this bed linen fact sheet to increase your chances of finding the perfect bedding.
If you have naturally curly hair, then you might consider it both a blessing and a curse. Well-styled curls are admired and envied, but naturally curly hair can be difficult to manage. A little hair care know-how can go a long way when it comes to encouraging natural curls to be their very best. By using a quality hair dryer and the right beauty products and hair care methods, your curly hair can look as though it has been professionally styled by reducing frizz and sculpting curls into perfect, symmetrical spirals or waves.
When you want a productive and organized workspace for your home office or business, select desk furniture that suits your style and budget. Desk furniture can serve both a functional and aesthetic purpose. There are many styles and designs of desks to choose from. Whether you're a student or an executive, take time to choose the right type of desk for your needs by looking at the desk furniture fact sheet below.
Elegance and style are almost too easy to come by if you find the right faucets and fixtures. A good way to really bring a room together is to start with the bath fixtures and build a theme from there. Danze home improvement products can give you plenty of inspiration for your next bath or kitchen remodel. Here are five inspired styles that Danze has created for kitchen and bathroom faucets, shower heads and bath hardware that will start your creative ideas flowing.
FAQs about Pre-Owned Rolex Watches | Overstock.comFAQs about Pre-Owned Rolex Watchesby Shawna Edwards I've never made a large purchase online. Why pick Overstock.com?Overstock.com is one of the largest retailers of high-end jewelry and watches. We have taken the time to create a Web environment that caters to our customers by allowing them to comfortably shop for wristwatches from the privacy of their homes. We offer our customers a wide variety of timepieces at the most competitive prices available. In addition to this, we want them to feel secure purchasing from us. Overstock.com is one of a handful of online high-end watch merchants that are capable of processing your credit card for your entire purchase. This allows "first-time buyers" to feel more secure in making a large purchase because they have an added layer of security via their credit card company. Do all your Rolex watches come with their serial numbers?Every Rolex watch sold by Overstock.com will have its unique Rolex serial and reference numbers in place and viewable by removing the watch band from the six o'clock and twelve o'clock ends. What is meant by "Perfect Like New Condition?""Perfect like new (day one) condition" watches are pre-owned Rolex timepieces that are purchased by Overstock.com in pristine, mint and immaculate condition. This obviously is the case cosmetically and mechanically. Every timepiece is thoroughly inspected to ensure that they are authentic and meet our quality standards. These luxury watches are so pristine that, in most cases, they are indistinguishable from new watches. Our men's watches and women's watches may have miniscule markings, and the watch bracelets will have miniscule amounts of stretch. Will my watch come with documentation?Every watch will come with detailed documentation stating a full watch description, serial number and model number. Being that the manufacturer's warranty has expired, you will receive a limited one-year warranty from our vendor. Will my watch be covered by a warranty, and what about post warranty service?Being that the manufacturer's warranties on these timepieces have expired, our vendor issues a one-year limited warranty on every watch. The warranty work is done by expert watchmakers who use only original manufacturers' parts and have decades of experience working with Rolex watches. After the one-year limited warranty has expired, you may continue to request service through our vendor who will service the watch when needed at industry cost prices. How can I be sure that the watch will fit my wrist?All our watches will fit up to a 6-and-a-half-inch wrist for a woman and for a man will fit up to a 7-and-a-half-inch wrist (extra links are available for additional charges). Rolex watches can be easily resized to fit any wrist by your local jeweler. How do I measure for my wrist size?You can get an approximate measurement of your wrist by using a soft measuring tape or measuring the inside of your best fitting watch. If you don't have a soft measuring tape, you can wrap a ribbon or a piece of string around your wrist at the wrist bone, mark the spot where it meets, and measure it against a ruler to determine your approximate wrist size. To get the best fit, measure fairly snug at the wrist bone. This is approximate sizing not a 100 percent guarantee of prefect sizing.If the watch is a gift and you do not know the recipient's wrist size, you can use the following as a guide (as with all products, the standard sizes depend on the manufacturer):Men's Standard Bracelet SizesInside, including watch face while bracelet is closedAdult Small5-1/2" to 6-1/2"Adult Average6-1/2" to 7-1/2"Adult Large7-1/2" to 8-1/2"Adult X-Large8-1/2" to 9-1/2" Women's Standard Bracelet SizesInside, including watch face while bracelet is closedAdult Small4-1/2" to 5-1/2"Adult Average5-1/2" to 6-1/2"Adult Large6-1/2" to 7-1/2"Adult X-Large7-1/2" to 8-1/2" Will the watch be fully water-resistant? And can I go swimming or shower with my watch?Every Rolex watch is fully tested for water resistance; the total depth rating is listed with every model. Drawing on years of experience, it is our recommendation that, though Rolex watches are water resistant, because of the fine nature of the timepiece, we discourage our customers from making a practice of taking them in the shower or pool. If for some reason the stem, which is the round mechanism found on the side of the case, which is unscrewed to set the time, is not completely screwed down, water could leak into the movement and damage the watch. (Please refer to your warranty card regarding water damage.) The chances are incredibly slim that this will happen, but nonetheless it is our recommendation that our customers refrain from taking their Rolex watches into the water to avoid any unnecessary problems. How does Overstock.com offer such great prices when my local jeweler has a similar piece for considerably more?Overstock.com has built the best connections in the business, affording us the ability to buy from dealers at the highest level of the industry. Through these connections we can buy in the largest quantities while getting the best pricing. Being that we are not an authorized dealer of Rolex or affiliated with Rolex, USA we are able to offer our customers rock bottom pricing without being subject to any manufacturer's price controls or policies. Do I need to be present to sign for the package?For your safety, you will need to sign for the package that contains your watch. If you are not present when it arrives, the package will not be left at your door. A door tag will be left to inform you when the courier will come to redeliver your package. Alternatively, you can call the courier to arrange a better delivery time or pick-up (with photo identification) at the local hub. What is the benefit of buying a pre-owned Rolex over a new one?Unlike new Rolex watches, pre-owned Rolex watches do not depreciate in value immediately after purchase. Therefore, buying a new Rolex watch is like buying a brand new car: The moment you drive it off the lot it has lost 20 to 30 percent of its value. With buying a pre-owned watch, you have effectively cut out any value depreciation and retail markup. Rolex watches hold their value over time; in most cases, a pre-owned Rolex can be resold at a price very close to your purchase price.Rolex designs don't change too often; therefore, owning a perfect condition pre-owned timepiece is as good as a new one, with no one knowing that the watch was purchased pre-owned. No one can spot a used Rolex on your wrist. With the proper care and maintenance, a Rolex lasts forever. How do I determine the age of my watch?You are guaranteed to receive a desirable modern watch with a fully automatic self-winding (or quartz movement depending on your purchase), with quickset date feature. Due to the fact that Rolex models are manufactured for a number of years, the year of your watch will be circa 1980s or 1990s. Every Rolex watch sold by Overstock.com will have its unique Rolex serial number, which determines the year of manufacture. Overstock.com and our Rolex Vendors are not affiliated with Rolex or Rolex, USA Inc., and are not an authorized Rolex dealer. Third party One-Year Warranty. Buy Pre-Owned Rolex Watches Back to Guides Directory Buy Pre-Owned Rolex Watches
Although the simple act of popping a vitamin will not produce an immediate energy boost, some vitamins help the body more efficiently process food, which can create more energy. The B vitamins are known as energy vitamins. If you consume the right amount of B vitamins, you can experience a boost in your energy levels and improve your overall health. You can get your B vitamins by consuming more meat, beans and potatoes. You can also find B vitamin supplements or choose a multivitamin with a comprehensive variety of B vitamins. Health drinks and energy beverages are also likely to include B vitamins. Production of energy. To understand how B vitamins help the body more efficiently produce energy, take a look at how energy is created. The food you eat is broken down into usable components. Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars, and this is where the body gets most of its energy. The carbohydrates are either used right away or stored in the form of glycogen in the liver or muscles. When the body needs energy, glycogen is released and converted into energy. Vitamin B1. Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is essential to the break-down of carbohydrates, alcohols and fat. Cells in the body need thiamine to help store the energy from carbohydrates for later use. In addition, thiamine produces an enzyme that processes carbohydrates. The recommended dosage of vitamin B1 for an adult is between 0.8 milligram and 1.1 milligrams per day. Vitamin B2. Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is part of the electron transport chain that converts the carbohydrates into energy. The recommended dosage for an adult is between 1.3 milligrams and 1.7 milligrams per day. Vitamin B3. Vitamin B3, or niacin, helps the body with several functions, including digestion and toxin removal. Niacin also helps convert carbohydrates into energy. In addition, niacin creates starch that can be stored for energy later. The recommended dosage for an adult is between 13 milligrams and 19 milligrams per day. Vitamin B6. Vitamin B6, or pyroxidine, is known as the heart-protecting vitamin, and it also boosts energy. Pyroxidine plays a major role in the breakdown of proteins that get turned into energy. Vitamin B6 also helps regulate mood and behavior, which can help you feel more energetic. The recommended dosage for an adult is between 1.6 milligrams and 2 milligrams per day. Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12, also known as cobolamin, is a famous energy vitamin. B12 is required for the production of red blood cells, and it is also necessary for normal cell metabolism. The recommended dosage for adults is 2 micrograms per day. Pregnant women, however, should get 3 micrograms of vitamin B12 per day. The content on this site is not intended to substitute for the advice of a qualified physician, pharmacist or other licensed health-care professional. The products may have additional information and instructions on or inside the packaging that you should carefully read and follow. Contact your healthcare provider immediately if you suspect that you have a medical problem. The use of dietary supplements may not have been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease or health condition. View All Vitamins Back to Guides Directory View All Vitamins
Industrial metals have arrived on the jewelry scene; tungsten jewelry gives both men and women a variety of stylish options. Tungsten is used in military equipment production, aerospace applications and many other industries. Tungsten combines power with good looks to give you choices in men's and women's jewelry. Versatile tungsten jewelry gives you sleek and minimalistic style in a rugged and durable package. Use these tips to choose the tungsten jewelry that will be right for your lifestyle.
Patio furniture clearance sales typically occur at the end of the season. Patio furniture clearance sales are also common when outdoor furniture manufacturers create new products and styles. All varieties of patio furniture are often offered at clearance sales. Patio furniture clearance sales are the perfect time to purchase entire sets of patio furniture for the price of a few chairs or a single table.
Hermes is one of the world's most renowned luxury brands. They produce coveted handbags, incredible fashion accessories and gorgeous jewelry and watches. Authentic Hermes watches are amazing luxury timepieces constructed with quality craftsmanship. When you are shopping for Hermes watches, you may be interested to learn more about the brand and its history. You might also want to know the best way to choose a genuine Hermes watch. A few basic facts about authentic Hermes products can also help you select a genuine Hermes watch and wear them in style.
When you want sleek hair, using a CHI flat iron is the best thing you can do. Known for their superior straightening powers and ability to leave hair looking healthy, CHI hair care products can give you the look you've always wanted. Designed to work on all types of hair styles and textures, CHI flat irons come in a variety of different models. Here's what you need to know about choosing the best CHI for your hair type.
Ironing seams and hems before sewing is an essential step in achieving a polished final product. It is also recommended that you iron fabric before cutting, and it always helps to iron squares before assembling a quilt. A professional steam iron makes all ironing projects easier and can give you fabulous results on sewing projects. Here is a list of features and styles to look for when shopping for pressing irons to be used specifically on sewing projects.
Curling irons are perfect for creating a natural-looking curl, adding volume and shaping bangs. Curling irons come in many different varieties and sizes. The barrel size of the curling iron determines what type of curl you can create, and extra features will allow you to shape and style your hair, giving it gorgeous volume and flirty waves. Hair products such as curl irons and wave irons let you choose hairstyles based on your mood and outfit. Whether you want to create tight ringlets or loose waves, look for the features in hair curling irons that will give you the curls you desire.
Getting healthy hair doesn't depend entirely on genes, hair products and styling routines. You can improve the quality of your hair by taking vitamins. With the right hair vitamin routine that includes supplements that are essential to hair nutrition, you can enhance hair growth. You may also experience an improvement in the look and texture of your hair. Thick, shiny locks can be easily within your reach with the perfect hair vitamins for healthy tresses. B vitamins. Most B vitamins are important for hair growth, including B3, B5, B6 and B12. Niacin, also known as B3, is essential for a healthy scalp with good circulation. Some foods rich in vitamin B3 include fish, chicken and turkey. B5, also known as pantothenic acid, may prevent grey hair and is found in egg yolks and whole grains. B6 and B12 are also found in grains and eggs and can prevent hair loss. B-complex vitamins can give you a quick dose of these hair-healthy vitamins, and vitamin-rich sport beverages are also commonly filled with B vitamins. Vitamin A. Vitamin A is an antioxidant that is widely known to improve hair texture and sheen. Vitamin A assists in producing sebum in the scalp, which leads to healthy oils throughout the hair. A vitamins are available in supplement form, and many foods are also rich in A vitamins, including spinach, broccoli, cheese, cabbage, peaches and apricots. Vitamin A also helps improve skin quality and texture, so use vitamin A as an all-over beauty regimen. Vitamin E. Vitamin E is essential to the overall appearance of hair. Vitamin E works wonders for the scalp, leading to more hair growth and oil production, which helps hair appear silky and soft. Vitamin E supplements are widely available, and many foods are also rich in vitamin E, such as soybeans, nuts, beans and dark-green leafy vegetables like spinach, kale and collard greens. The content on this site is not intended to substitute for the advice of a qualified physician, pharmacist or other licensed health-care professional. The products may have additional information and instructions on or inside the packaging that you should carefully read and follow. Contact your health-care provider immediately if you suspect that you have a medical problem. The use of dietary supplements may not have been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease or health condition. View All Vitamins Back to Guides Directory View All Vitamins
When you want to use a laptop computer in your home or office, you can prop it up on a specially designed computer workstations. Computer tables for laptops range in style from ergonomic designs to mobile carts to save on space. They help support a healthy posture and increase productivity. Whether you're a student or businessperson, there are several different styles of computer tables for laptops to consider for your workspace. Below, you'll learn about the best computer tables for laptops. Split-top laptop computer caddy: Split-top laptop computer caddies are designed to hold laptop computers at a certain angle while accommodating beverages, pads of paper or other small computer accessories. These caddies are set on wheels and feature adjustable heights. These caddies are suitable for office spaces or homes with limited space. Their ergonomic design makes them simple to use with a laptop while sitting on a couch, working from a bed or sitting in a regular office chair. Adjustable laptop desk: If you want to use a laptop while sitting in an armchair or when working from your bed, consider investing in an adjustable laptop desk. These computer tables are designed to hold and raise laptops over surfaces such as beds or armchair rests for easy access. These desks can be adjusted to different heights to suit your comfort level and may be equipped with cup holders or smaller side tables to hold small pads of paper, mice and other computer accessories. Utility cart with laptop shelf: Adjustable-height utility carts designed with laptop shelves offer the added benefit of storage space for printers, computer paper, computer accessories, books and other office supplies. These carts are set on wheels for easy mobility around the workspace, and their laptop shelves can be pushed in when not in use. This type of computer table can be a practical option for a work area with limited space. Ergonomic adjustable computer cart: Ergonomic adjustable computer carts are designed to hold laptops and computer accessories. The height of these computer tables can be adjusted for optimal comfort. These computer carts are set on wheels and may be available in several colors to match workspace styles. Ergonomic computer tables are designed to hold laptop computers at a certain angle so that users exhibit good posture while typing. The design of these tables may also reduce stress in the back, shoulders and arms. Mobile laptop stand: Mobile laptop stands are lightweight computer tables set on wheels. They may be designed to hold small printers, paper and other computer accessories and supplies. These laptop stands can be positioned at any height or angle and tucked into a corner of a room or a storage area when not in use. Mobile laptop stands are very simple in design and structure, and are typically made of steel or metal.Mobile laptop stand: Mobile laptop stands are lightweight computer tables set on wheels. They may be designed to hold small printers, paper and other computer accessories and supplies. These laptop stands can be positioned at any height or angle and tucked into a corner of a room or a storage area when not in use. Mobile laptop stands are very simple in design and structure, and are typically made of steel or metal. View All Computer Workstations Back to Guides Directory View All Computer Workstations
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Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush is widely recognized as the regional leader in comprehensive orthopaedic services.
Hospital-employed Position North of Oklahoma City; Medical Directorship Included
Hospital-employed Position in a Charming Community North of Oklahoma City
Hospital-employed Position North of Oklahoma City
Join an Established Orthopedic Group in a Great Community North of Oklahoma City
Join a Well-Established Group in a Vibrant Community Close to Atlanta and the Carolina Coast
Employment or Private Practice in a Vibrant Southern Community Close to Atlanta and the Carolina Coast
Hospital-employed position in the Reno Area
Hospital-employed Position in the Reno Area
Hospital-employed Position in Attractive Northwest Texas Location
Hospital-employed Position Located in an Attractive Northwest Texas Community
Hospital-employed Position Located in an Attractive Northwest Texas Location
The Stanford Cancer Center is expanding its facilities to partner with the community and to support the growing need for specialized outpatient cancer care in the South Bay.
The Physical Therapist will work with the Occupational Health Services clinical team to treat injured employees with the goal to promote early recovery, self-care, and preventive maintenance education.
This is an exciting time to practice with HealthPartners Medical Group - and you should be part of our growth!
For over 30 years, Vein Clinics of America (VCA) has been dedicated to the treatment of all aspects of vein disease.
Multiple openings - Block Schedule - Extra Time Off - Cap Exempt
Indian Health Service provides a comprehensive health service delivery system for American Indians & Alaska Natives. Join us in our Mission to raise the physical, mental, social & spiritual health of American Indians & Alaska Natives to the highest level.
Exceptional Traditional Private Practice in a Beautiful Gulf Coast Location

subset: commoncrawl


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NField Gear
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Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes Answers for Nintendo WiiHome / Nintendo Wii /
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes question for Nintendo Wii and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
- Developer: TT Games
- Publisher: Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
- Genre: Action Adventure
- Release Date: Jun 19, 2012
- ESRB: Everyone 10+
- Other Platforms
Question & Answers
How to get to level 4
We've completed level 3 but can't seem to find how to get to level 4. We've been told to look for "ghost" studs to show us the way but can't find them. We've been back to the bat cave and got a vehicle but this just takes us to Gotham City.
Answer from: Kool kid
You turn your compass until it faces the bat simbol then go in that direction until you reach the level
Answer from: HelpBMan2isNuty
I followed the above got in the planetarium/atrium/wtf ever it is... building through glitch by getting close to the door with the colored splooge marks and switching characters and bam your in...can do anything but destroy plants.
Unanswered Questions
From: Curler
Posted on: 03-28-2015
From: Obijohnkenobi
Posted on: 01-02-2015
From: Guest
Posted on: 12-16-2014
Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes - Minifigures Trailer
- Aug 21, 2014, Views: 479
Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes - Trailer
- Aug 21, 2014, Views: 226
- Dragon Quest 10: Mezameshi Itsutsu No Shuzoku Online, (Wii)
- Drop Zone: Under Fire, (Wii)
- Meine Ersten Mitsing-Lieder, (Wii)
- Let's Sing 2015, (Wii)
- PSA World Tour Squash, (Wii)
- Cartoon Network: Backlot Party, (Wii)
- The Penguins Of Madagascar, (Wii)
- The Voice: I Want You, (Wii)
- The Misshitsukara No Dasshutsu, (Wii)
- Germany's Next Topmodel 2011, (Wii)
- Animal Crossing: Let's Go To The City, (Wii)
- Go Vacation, (Wii)
- The Sims 3, (Wii)
- Monster High 13 Wishes: The Official Game, (Wii)
- I Spy: Spooky Mansion, (Wii)
- WWE '13, (Wii)
- Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, (Wii)
- Captain America: Super Soldier, (Wii)
- Skylanders Trap Team, (Wii)
- WWE '12, (Wii)
- The Voice: I Want You - Gameplay Review Trailer, (Wii)
- Just Dance 2015 - Jessie J Gameplay, (Wii)
- FIFA 15 - Tutorial Celebrations Trailer, (Wii)
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- I Spy: Spooky Mansion - Entering The House - Start Of Game, (Wii)
- The Sims 3 - Trailer, (Wii)
- Go Vacation - Official Trailer, (Wii)


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Kildare - Distillery/Brewerys
Found 1 matches, showing 1 - 1 below.
Apps and Books
Georgina Campbell's Ireland for Gourmet GolfersIreland Golf Guide - Discover Ireland's finest golf courses and the very best places to eat and ...more...
Georgina Campbell Recipe Christmas Cards PackIntroducing our new capsule collection of retro Recipe Christmas Cards…! A celebration o ...more...
Georgina Campbell's Ireland for Romantic Weddings & HoneymoonsIreland Wedding & Honeymoon Guide - This is a highly selective guidebook to the very best o ...more...


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Old Masters
July 3, 2012
Invitation to Consign: Old Master & 19th Century Drawings

The Old Master & 19th Century Drawings department will be holding a special Works on Paper sale on Wednesday 10 April 2013 during the Salon du Dessin in Paris.

International collectors are always eager to find rare pieces such as this barge by Claude Gellée which was sold close to three times its high estimate on March 29th 2012, a world record for a drawing by this artist.

If you are interested in consigning to our April sale, and would like to arrange an appointment with a specialist, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Consignment Deadline: 15 February 2013

Contacts:
Ketty Gottardo
firstname.lastname@example.com
Tel : +33 (0) 1 40 76 83 59

Hélène Rihal
firstname.lastname@example.com
Tel : +33 (0) 1 40 76 86 13


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Loving Hands Preschool
WE ARE NOW A STEP UP TO QUALITY FOUR STAR RATED PROGRAM! Click here for more information.
We are a Christian preschool program serving children ages 3-5 years old. The curriculum includes a basic introduction to Christian values, as well as opportunities to explore language and spatial concepts to develop rhythm and movement skills, to begin math and reading readiness and socialization for learning to plan and work in group situations.
CURRENTLY ENROLLED STUDENTS - JANUARY 5, 2015 8:00 a.m.
OPEN ENROLLMENT BEGINS JANUARY 12, 2015 8:00 a.m.
- We are affiliated with and located at Greensburg United Methodist Church in Green, Ohio.
- Loving Hands serves children who are toilet trained and are between the ages of 3-5 years old.
- Our school and staff are fully licensed, and meet or exceed all state requirements.
- Beginning with the 2010-2011 school year, we are a nut-sensitive facility. We have children with severe nut allergies, and we ask that all children bring in snacks or lunches that do not contain peanut butter, or nuts of any kind. If you have questions regarding this new policy, please speak to your child's teacher.
- For information on our program or to schedule a tour, please call us at 330-896-1936.
Please check our registration page for 2015-2016 classroom availability
March 10 - Registration Open House 6:00 p.m. to 7:30 p.m.
March 11 & 12 - Spring Picture Day
March 25 & 26 - Easter Egg Hunt
March 30 - April 6 - Spring Break - No School


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Ubuntu's master plan is to make open source operating systems consumer friendly. Today it's a work in progress.
Featured Stories
Articles about Ubuntu
Canonical: Apple bought up three years of our sapphire screen and proved us right
Canonical's sapphire dreams for Ubuntu Edge are over for now, but they live on in Apple's and Samsung's product roadmaps.
Canonical announces first Ubuntu smartphone manufacturers
The first native Ubuntu smartphones are expected to be in customers' hands in 2014.
China switches on to Ubuntu in hunt for Windows XP successor
The Chinese-language Ubuntu Kylin OS has been downloaded more than one million times since its launch last year as the country looks to replace the soon to be unsupported Windows XP.
Debian init decision further isolates Ubuntu
Going forward, systemd will be Debian's default init system for Linux distributions, an init system soon to be used by every other major Linux distribution other than Ubuntu.
UK's security branch says Ubuntu most secure end-user OS
CESG, the UK government's arm that assesses operating systems and software security, has published its findings for 'End User Device' operating systems. The most secure of the lot? Ubuntu 12.04.
Ubuntu Touch smartphones not expected to get a major release until 2015
No major carriers are expected to ship a smartphone running the Ubuntu Touch OS until 2015, according to Ubuntu's community manager.
What to expect from Ubuntu in 2014
Ubuntu 2014: One Linux codebase to rule them all: smartphone, tablet, and desktop.
Shuttleworth sorry for Canonical trademark notice and open source tea party remarks
Canonical founder says that the new guy in legal sent out the wrong correspondence template.
Ubuntu launches OpenStack Interoperability Lab
Canonical and its partners will certify Ubuntu OpenStack cloud compliant hardware and software.
Ubuntu Touch: The smartphone Ubuntu Linux arrives
Ubuntu Touch isn't ready for every user yet. But power smartphone users, Ubuntu Linux fans, and developers will want to give this new contender in the mobile device operating wars a close look. It has great potential.
What's coming in Ubuntu 14.04: Trusty Tahr
Ubuntu 13.10 has just arrived, but Ubuntu Linux founder Mark Shuttleworth is already looking forward to the next version: Ubuntu 14.04: Trusty Tahr.
Ubuntu syncs up with OpenStack
The next version of Ubuntu, Saucy Salamander, is more than just a great Linux desktop, it will also put Ubuntu into lockstep with the latest OpenStack cloud, Havana.
Ubuntu 13.10 Review: A great Linux desktop gets better
Ubuntu 13.10 may not be the most exciting desktop Linux, but it is very solid and contains many useful new features.
French police move from Windows to Ubuntu Linux
The big reason the French Gendarmerie made the Linux move? It saved them 40 percent in total cost of ownership over Windows.
Ubuntu holds back on defaulting Mir due to quality issues
Mir and XMir will not be enabled by default in the upcoming Ubuntu 13.10 release due to problems with XMir's multi-monitor support.


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Double Exposure: Canon vs. Nikon – Geek Video
December 13, 2011
If you're any type of camera geek, you could appreciate all the work these guys put into thier Double Exposure project. Obviously an Action filled flick, but i'm sure camera enthusiasts will find much humor throughout. I won't say anymore so that I don't spoil the entire concept. [Thanks Koen]
Popular Gear / Equipment Deals / Industry News
11 Comments
HDSLR Gear
December 13th, 2011 at 9:35 am
Great video. Loved the Flash grenade.
December 13th, 2011 at 10:38 am
I have had a similar idea and was scared at first that someone beat me to it. THey kinda did but oh well still going to go make my once I find a good location XD Just wont seem as original. Still think a camera flash should = flash grenade XD oh well.
December 13th, 2011 at 11:06 am
Pretty similar to the Canon Freeze Tag advert seen here: http://vimeo.com/7567271
December 13th, 2011 at 1:07 pm
Hahah this is so creative, funny and well done!
When I photograph with my 7D I have the same idea of firing an chaingun..
And hey.. in this movie the Canon camera's beats the badass Nikon hehe.
December 13th, 2011 at 3:55 pm
It's a very well made video, but the idea, including the flash grenage concept, was done in The Battle at F-Stop Ridge first.
December 13th, 2011 at 5:24 pm
most. expensive. short. ever.
December 14th, 2011 at 6:42 am
simply awesome!
December 14th, 2011 at 4:38 pm
This classic "high contrast, blue blacks and yellow whites" grading is REALLY getting boring. I understand it is easy and works instantly but it doesn't show any creativity or mastery of the color grading process. I admit it is well made technically.
December 16th, 2011 at 9:38 am
Aah…here comes the stereotypes… *sigh*
December 17th, 2011 at 11:07 am
2:54 – Canon viewfinder interface on the hotshoe mounted GoPro?
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Speed Freak Killers
|Loren Herzog
|[1]December 8, 1965
|January 16, 2012[2]
(aged 46)
Susanville, California
Cause of death
|Other names
|The Speed Freak Killer
Criminal penalty
|78 years, reduced to 14 years, served 11 years
Span of killings
|United States
Date apprehended
|March 17, 1999
|Wesley Shermantine
2007 San Quentin State Prison mugshot
|[4]February 24, 1966
|Other names
|The Speed Freak Killer
Criminal penalty
|Death penalty
Span of killings
|United States
Date apprehended
|March 17, 1999
The Speed Freak Killers is the name given to serial killer duo Loren Herzog and Wesley Shermantine, together initially convicted of four murders — three jointly — and suspected in the deaths of as many as 72 people in and around San Joaquin County, California. They received the "speed freak" moniker due to their methamphetamine abuse. As of 2013[update] Shermantine is on death row. Herzog committed suicide in 2012; his conviction was overturned in 2004 and he was paroled in 2010. Bones recovered in 2012 from an abandoned well were positively linked to the killings.[6][7]
Herzog and Shermantine were arrested by the San Joaquin County Sheriff's Department and charged with a series of murders in March 1999. Shermantine, suspected in the case for several months, was implicated by Herzog, his longtime friend, during questioning by sheriff's deputies. The blood of 25-year-old Cyndi Vanderheiden of Clements was found in his car; she went missing after leaving with Herzog and Shermantine one night in 1998. The duo grew up as childhood friends in the town and were regulars at Cyndi's father's bar in Linden.
Herzog described when Shermantine shot a hunter they ran into while they were on vacation in Utah in 1994. Utah police confirmed that a hunter was shot to death, but his murder was still classified as unsolved. Herzog also said Shermantine was responsible for killing Henry Howell, who was found parked off the road with his teeth and head bashed in; Herzog said he and Shermantine passed Howell parked on the highway and Shermantine stopped, grabbed his[who?] shotgun, killed Howell and stole what little money Howell had. Additionally, Herzog gave specific details about how Shermantine killed Robin Armtrout.
In 2001, a jury found Shermantine guilty of four murders: those of Vanderheiden, Howard King and Paul Cavanaugh – each shot dead in his car in 1984, and 16-year-old Chevelle "Chevy" Wheeler, who disappeared in 1985 from Franklin High School in Stockton after telling friends she was leaving school to go with Shermantine to his family's cabin in San Andreas.[8] Shermantine was sentenced to death and is on death row at San Quentin State Prison.
Herzog was charged with murdering Cyndi Vanderheiden, Howard King, Paul Cavanaugh and Robin Armtrout and to being an accessory to Henry Howell's murder. He was found not guilty of being an accessory to Howell's murder and was acquitted of Armtrout's murder, but was found guilty of the first-degree murder of Cyndi Vanderheiden, Howard King and Paul Cavanaugh and given a 78-year sentence. The sentence was later reduced to 14 years. An appeals court overturned the first-degree murder convictions after ruling that Herzog's confession was coerced. Herzog was paroled in 2010 to a trailer adjacent to the High Desert State Prison in Susanville. He committed suicide, hanging himself outside the trailer in January 2012 after bounty hunter Leonard Padilla informed Herzog that Shermantine was planning to disclose the location of a well and two other locations where the duo buried their victims. Previously, none of their victims' bodies were found. Both men maintained that the other did the killing in all cases.[9] The citizens of Linden, a small town with fewer than 2,000 people, 95 miles east of San Francisco, were long aware of the duo's reputation as methamphetamine users.
Recent evidence[edit]
Letters Shermantine wrote to journalist Scott Smith of the Stockton Record led authorities in February 2012 to a well on an abandoned farm outside of Linden, California where more than 1,000 human bone fragments were recovered. The bones were to be tested by the California Department of Justice for DNA profiling.[10] Shermantine stated that he believed Herzog was responsible for the kidnapping of Michaela Garecht.[11] Shermantine gave investigators maps to the well and other possible burial sites after bounty hunter Padilla promised to pay him $33,000 for the information. Bodies from two sites were identified as those of Chevelle "Chevy" Wheeler and Cyndi Vanderheiden. In February 2012, authorities and Padilla searched for bodies on property owned by Shermantine's parents. The search was spurred by a letter Shermantine wrote to Padilla that detailed possible locations of victims.[12] In March 2012, the FBI's Evidence Recovery Team was asked to assist with the investigation.[13] In early January 2013 the FBI began excavation of an abandoned well, which they hoped would yield more victims' remains.[14]
Other remains[edit]
Shermantine has stated he knows the locations in the Cow Mountain Recreation Area of bodies of victims killed by other death row inmates. Lake County sheriffs were skeptical that any bodies could be successfully recovered in the large park.[15] In August 2012, California Assemblywoman Cathleen Galgiani wrote to prison department Secretary Matt Cate asking him to briefly release Shermantine from prison to assist in the discovery of any remains about which he might have knowledge, under an emergency statute she had written.
Kimberly Ann Billy and Joann Hobson[edit]
In February 2012, acting on Shermantine's directions, authorities found more than 300 human bones and some personal items in an abandoned well in Linden, California. In late March 2012, the remains of two Stockton, California teens missing since the mid-1980s were identified as Kimberly Ann Billy, 19, who disappeared December 11, 1984 and Joann Hobson, 16, who disappeared August 29, 1985. The remains of an additional victim as well as an unidentified fetus were found at the well.
- ^ California Births, 1905 - 1995, Loren J. Herzog
- ^ "Loren Herzog leaves note in trailer before his death". Lassen County Times. January 18, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
- ^ "FBI digging up Calif. well looking for more "Speed Freak Killers" victims". CBS News.
- ^ California Births, 1905 - 1995, http://www.familytreelegends.com/records/39461?c=search&first=Wesley&last=Shermantine Wesley H. Shermantine
- ^ "FBI digging up Calif. well looking for more "Speed Freak Killers" victims". CBS News.
- ^ "More than 300 human bones found at abandoned Calif ranch with convicted killers' map".[dead link]
- ^ Marcum, Diana (February 13, 2012). "'Speed Freak' killer's disclosures bring both peace and turmoil". Los Angeles Times.[dead link]
- ^ "'Speed Freak Killers' Update: Search for victims' remains reaches bottom of Calif. well". CBS News.
- ^ Wollan, Malia (February 18, 2012). "Serial Killers' Graveyard Opens California Town's Wounds". The New York Times.
- ^ "'Speed Freak Killer' Speaks Out In Letter, Search Enters 2nd Week". cbslocal.com. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
- ^ "Bodies of murder victims found after 'Speed Freak Killer' draws maps for bounty hunter from his death row cell". Daily Mail (London). February 11, 2012.
- ^ "Coverage Of Shermantine Property Search". KCRA 3. KCRA-TV. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ^ "FBI Asked To Assist In Search For Victims Of 'Speed Freak Killers' « CBS Sacramento". cbslocal.com. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
- ^ "FBI digging up Calif. well looking for more "Speed Freak Killers" victims". CBS News.
- ^ "'Speed freak killer' hints at 14 bodies near Clear Lake". mercurynews.com. Retrieved 12 December 2014.


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University of Redlands > News >
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Relay for Life 2014
Bulldogs came together to fight cancer during the Relay for Life on March 30 at Ted Runner Stadium. Photos by Carlos Puma.
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I'm going to plant some rhubarb this year - first time (although I started some in my old garden and then moved so I have no idea how it has turned out!). Anyway, just wondering if you all have recommendations learned from your own rhubarb patches?
Favorite varieties? After a bit of research I'm thinking Valentine (OTooles had it last weekend). But I'm open to other suggestions if you've had great success with something else on the front range.
Also, the plant markers at OTooles said sun or part shade - I have a sunny spot picked out in my raised veggie bed, although I am a little loath to give up so much prime space to it. But has anyone had luck with it in part shade? (4-6 hours). Or, third option, would it do better or worse in a sunny summer bed that stayed shaded and frozen in the winter? (Part of my veggie bed gets decent sun during the summer but due to the angle of the sun gets shaded and stays frozen most of the winter).
Any advice would be appreciated!
Michelle, I don't live in Colorado.
My 5 rhubarb plants grow well and productively each year. So did the mother plant that lived in what was then, my parents' backyard.
All of these plants are on the east side of a building and in afternoon shade.
Hi Chellersm,
Mine is planted on the south side of a small shed, and just northeast of my two-story house. It's the sunniest spot I have (on my small lot), so it's also where the tomatoes and eggplant are. I just went looking for pics and discovered I've never taken a pic of the rhubarb, specifically to have a rhubarb pic! But I did find two pics with it in them! The first one shows how it's just east of a 6' fence, and I'm standing a couple feet away from the eat end of the house, so you can see there's not much space from the house to the plant. It gets morning sun as soon as the sun's high enough to get over the fence and then it gets sun till it moves behind the house (the sun, not the rhubarb!), and then it gets sun again late in the day when the sun gets past the west end of the house. In mid summer when the sun is really high it gets sun most of the day.
The second pic is just a closer up of the plant itself--which I took 'cause I was taking a pic of the species tulips I had planted around it! (Which never came up again the next year!)
I haven't figured out--yet--if I'm doing something wrong or what, but when it gets hot in summer I always have a problem with it wilting, BADLY, in the afternoon, no matter how wet I keep it. First I thought it was because it was planted in REALLY bad clay--it was one of the first things I put in, when I was trying to get all sorts of stuff done and wasn't taking time to do much to/for the soil, so a couple years ago I didn't dig up the actual plant, but I dug all the way up to the roots and virtually replaced the soil with mostly finished (homemade) compost. Really thought that would help with the soil's improved ability to hold moisture--but it still wilts, and I mean wilts so badly that the leaves start to get crispy! Last year I added a 3-4" layer of additional wood mulch--and it still wilted! I don't know what else to try, but I'm not giving up!
You can also see in the second pic that's it's already starting to go to seed--as soon as it's starting to grow! That happens every year too, and if anybody has any suggestions about how to stop that, I'd love to hear them! I just cut or twist the buds out, repeatedly, every year, but I'm sure I'd get more useable rhubarb if I could keep it from bolting! I tried feeding it heavily one year but it didn't help, but that was before I improved the soil, so I might try that again this year.
Mine is several plants together, a combination of whatever I had or could get! I know there's a couple 'Valentine' in there, but there's also some other variety(s) that are completely green! When I make some I add a little red food coloring--'cause rhubarb should be red--IMO! I'd get whatever the reddest variety you can find is! (It used to be 'Valentine'. Don't know if there's a better one now!)
Light-wise, my friend in Longmont has hers on the east side of her house and it's doing beautifully! I don't know if hers wilts or not, need to try to remember to ask her. She did say hers bolts too, and she does the same thing I do about that!
At this altitude I recommend partial shade, based on my experience! A cabin I stayed at in southwestern Wisconsin last year had a couple HUGE clumps of it, growing out in FULL sun all day, and they were doing wonderfully! But that was "Midwest sun!" She let me pull some to make some rhubarb sauce, and even let me use some of her sugar! My family in northern Illinois also grow theirs in FULL sun! More "Midwest sun!" When I was a kid I don't ever remember seeing our rhubarb wilting--which is why I keep thinking I must be doing something wrong, but more and more I'm beginning to think it's just a combination of our HOT sun and the "soil!" But at home in Illinois it seems to me that rhubarb was something we only harvested in spring, and then let it go to seed the rest of the summer! Does anybody else have any comments/ideas/suggestions about this wilting/bolting situation?!?
In my experience, what happens to it over winter doesn't make any difference at all! Frozen, melted--uh, I mean, thawed, or repeated freezing and thawing, rhubarb is TOUGH stuff and once you get it going it's gonna keep going, and going, and going........ Even with all my BAD clay and the wilting, I've never seen any indication that it suffered, longterm!
One more pic! Last year when we got that REALLY bad freeze in April, my rhubarb froze! Rhubarb doesn't freeze! (You can see it was already starting to bolt!) No real problem! It just took a while for it to recover--and start to bolt again--and start to wilt again! (I also had tulips, hyacinths, crocus, and other things freeze--that DON'T freeze!)
You're right that rhubarb will take up a LOT of space, especially after a few years! Because of my limited space I just keep outside leaves pulled off when they "get in the way." If you have anywhere where you can plant it out by itself and just let it do it's own thing, I highly recommend that!
Even with the problems I've had with mine, I wouldn't want to be without it!
Weather can affect it bolting. As soon as you see seed stalks pull them off or cut them off. Most people do not harvest after June and let the plant go. Stalks should be pulled not cut. Pulling the biggest and lowest and not more than 1/3 at a time. The more compost added the better. Planting them next to the compost heap is ideal. To freeze wash stalks and cut into slices and put in zip lock and freeze until ready to make pie, cobbler, cake sauce or desserts. They were called pie plant by the settlers as some years when most everything froze they still had rhubarb to make pies with.
The seriousness you are taking with this rhubarb plant tells me that you will find just the right place for it and the rhubarb will do exceeding well for you, Michelle.
With that in mind: would you like the recipe for rhubarb barbeque sauce that I experimented with this winter? It will only use up a little of your rhubarb at a time but the sauce was a hit with my family and won out over one with more traditional ingredients that I expected would be best. And . . . that one wasn't bad, either!
I'd be interested in your rhubarb barbecue sauce recipe(s), Digit! I can't decide if it sounds good or not, but it sure does sound interesting! I love experimenting with different and sometimes strange things for barbecue sauce, so I'm intrigued! (I have a Mennonite barbecue sauce recipe that doesn't have any tomato products at all in it!)
What do you use it on? Depending on what else is in it, it sounds like it could be great on chicken--which I eat a lot of! And I like rhubarb sauce with chicken better than cranberry sauce!
Thank you very much, your advice is much appreciated!
Skybird, those are great pics (I do love those tulips, so sad they didn't come back!)
I'm going to get the Valentine and plant it in two places - the part sun bed and the "cooler" veggie bed - we'll see how that goes. I'm optimistic!
Steve, I'd be very interested in the rhubarb barbecue sauce!
Rhubarb should do fine with 6 hours of sun a day. Mine is on the north side of the house, so it gets morning sun, then the house next door shades it in the late afternoon. I have two plants, and they do get huge. I have a red one, not sure of the variety, that I got at an RMG plant swap, and a mostly green one, that I started from seed called 'Victoria'. The green one actually has a better flavor to me, but like Skybird, I feel like rhubarb should be red ...
Chellersm, I have one of those Garden Miracles going on this year! Those species tulips (Tulipa tarda - planted in '12) (which I planted around the rhubarb because I had found that they could be invasive so I didn't want to put them in a "regular" perennial bed) didn't come up AT ALL last year, so I assumed they were dead! This year, a little over a week ago, I found 4 or 5 of them coming up on the right side of the rhubarb! I don't know if more of them will come up around the plant or not, but I am glad to see at least a few of them this year! Now the mystery of where they were LAST YEAR! Garden Miracles are fun!!!
My rhubarb is just starting to poke its head up above the extra-thick layer of mulch I put around it last year too!
I don't know what the variety is that is in my yard... pre-planted when moving in. :^) There are 2 plants whose red stalks easily reached 3ft and are located on the west side of the house. I'll be monitoring them this year to how fast they go to seed etc... but they did make it through the crazy weather last year with stalks still up in summer.
I'll be happy to send some when they come up.


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Power Rankings: Fire short on offense
May, 20, 2013
By ESPN.com
Pressure is mounting again for the Fire after extending its losing streak to three against the Union. Much has been made of defender Arne Friedrich's absence, but after getting shut out for the sixth time in 10 games, offense has been a bigger problem.
Read ESPN's MLS Power Rankings: Week 12
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Our spacious one bedroom one bath apartment is sure to be a perfect fit for you! With a wide variety of amenities including two pools you will find that we provide for our residents.
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Tamarack Woods in Brea, CA
Tamarack Woods Apartment Homes offers spacious one and two bedroom apartments for rent in Brea, Ca. With amenities including two swimming pools, a laundry facility, and a patio / balcony you will find that we provide for our residents.
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- Pilgrimage to nowhere
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A diocese in Paraguay is to receive an apostolic visitation as part of an investigation into the activities of a priest accused of sex abuse. Fr Carlos Urrutigoity is accused of abusing boys when he worked as a priest in Scranton, Pennsylvania, over a decade ago. Fr Urrutigoity is Argentinian, and is now vicar-general at the Diocese of Ciudad del Este in Paraguay.
Earlier this year a statement from the Diocese of Scranton said that Bishop Rogelio Livieres Plano had been warned that the priest posed "a serious threat to young people" and cautioned him "to not allow Fr Urrutigoity to incardinate into his diocese".
A statement published this week by the Diocese of Ciudad del Este welcomed the news that Cardinal Santo Abril y Castelló and Bishop Milton Tróccoli would visit. "This fulfils the great desire of our bishop who has always sought such a visit so that our pastoral achievements can be witnessed," said the statement, which made no mention of the investigation into Fr Urrutigoity.


text:
Circuits, methods, and apparatus for the fast parallel calculation of CRCs. One embodiment provides a feedforward path that combines common terms to simplify input logic. Common expressions that appear in multiple terms in the feedforward path are implemented using logic gates that are shared by the multiple terms, thereby reducing logic complexity, fan-out, and gate delay. Another embodiment provides a CRC logic architecture having a feedback path that is able to use more than one clock cycle in its computation.
1. A method of computing cyclical redundancy check bits for a message comprising:
receiving a first word of the message, the first word comprising N message bits;
computing a plurality of feedforward bits for the first word by:
logically combining message bits of K groups of the N message bits to form K logical expressions, wherein K and N are integers,
combining the K logical expressions into a plurality of terms, and
storing the plurality of terms as a plurality of feedforward bits;
providing the plurality of feedforward bits to a first logic circuit;
providing a plurality of cyclical redundancy check bits using the first logic circuit;
providing a plurality of feedback bits for the plurality of cyclical redundancy check bits using a feedback circuit; and
providing the plurality of feedback bits to the first logic circuit,
wherein the first logic circuit is a summing circuit, and wherein the feedback circuit is pipelined such that it receives an input and provides a corresponding output two clock cycles later.
2. The method of
3. A method of computing cyclical redundancy check bits for a message comprising:
receiving a first word of the message, the first word comprising a plurality of message bits;
computing a plurality of feedforward bits for the first word using a feedforward circuit, wherein the feedforward circuit receives the first word and provides the plurality of feedforward bits after N clock cycles;
providing the plurality of feedforward bits to a first logic circuit;
providing a plurality of cyclical redundancy check bits using the first logic circuit;
providing a plurality of feedback bits for the plurality of cyclical redundancy check bits using a feedback circuit, wherein the feedback circuit receives the plurality of cyclical redundancy check bits and provides the plurality of feedback bits after 2N clock cycles; and
providing the plurality of feedback bits to the first logic circuit.
4. The method of
5. An integrated circuit comprising:
a circuit to receive a message and provide a plurality of cyclical redundancy check bits comprising:
a feedforward circuit; and
a feedback circuit, where an output of the feedforward circuit and an output of the feedback circuit are coupled to a logic circuit, wherein an output of the logic circuit provides the cyclical redundancy check bits, and
wherein the feedforward circuit comprises a first plurality of logic gates coupled to receive the message and provide outputs to a second plurality of logic gates,
wherein at least one of the first plurality of logic gates couple couples to at least two of the second plurality of logic gates, the feedforward circuit receives message bits and provides an output to the logic circuit after N clock cycles, and the feedback circuit receives the cyclical redundancy check bits and provides an output to the logic circuit after 2N clock cycles.
6. The integrated circuit of
7. The integrated circuit of
8. The integrated circuit of
9. The integrated circuit of
10. The integrated circuit of
11. A receiver for use in data networks comprising an integrated circuit, the integrated circuit comprising:
a first circuit to receive words in a data message, wherein each word is a first number of bits in length;
a first summing node to receive an output from the first circuit;
a second circuit to receive an output from the first summing node and provide an output to the first summing node;
a third circuit coupled to receive an output from the first summing node; and
a second summing node to receive an output from the first summing node, an output from the third circuit, and provide a plurality of cyclical redundancy check bits.
12. The receiver of
13. The receiver of
14. The receiver of
15. The receiver of
16. The receiver of
17. The receiver of
18. The receiver of
The present invention is related to error detection in data transmission systems, and particularly to the fast parallel calculation of cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs).
The purpose of error detection systems is to detect whether data messages are corrupted during transmission. If the presence of one or more errors is detected in a received data message, the data message can either be ignored, for example in voice and video applications, a retransmission can be requested, for example in Ethernet, Sonet, Hyperlan, and other types of data communication systems, or the error can be corrected, as in forward error correction systems. Being able to detect errors, whether or not the errors are corrected, means that the introduction of errors does not have the same implication as if the errors go undetected, that is, it is not as important to avoid the occurrence of errors if they can be detected. This allows data network systems to be designed such that errors are allowed to occur, typically so long as they occur at or below a known manageable rate. The result is that data can be transmitted at a lower power level and at higher transmission rates. Because of this, data can be transmitted farther and channel capacity can be increased.
Modern data networks transmit data at ever higher data rates, thus received data needs to be processed quickly. Accordingly, the trend in cyclical redundancy checking is to process more bits of data simultaneously. This means that new data network protocols use longer polynomials in the processing of the CRCs, as described below.
But these longer polynomial expressions require increasingly complex circuitry to generate and verify these CRCs. Increasingly complex circuitry consumes more power and has longer delay paths and higher fan-outs that result in slower operation. For example, a 32 bit polynomial may require 32 circuits having on the order of 32 inputs each, for over 900 total logic gate inputs.
Thus what is needed are circuits, methods, and apparatus for rapidly handling these longer polynomials without greatly increasing the complexity of the circuitry required to process them.
Accordingly, embodiments of the present invention provide circuits, methods, and apparatus for the fast parallel calculation of CRCs. One embodiment provides a feedforward path that combines common terms to simplify input logic. Specifically, common expressions appear in multiple terms in the feedforward path are implemented using logic gates that are shared by the multiple terms, thereby reducing logic complexity, fan-out, and gate delay.
Another embodiment provides a CRC logic architecture having a feedback path that is able to use more than one clock cycle in its computation. By providing the feedback path more than one clock cycle, this architecture relieves a severe timing requirement.
A better understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention may be gained with reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
In act 105, an input message R(x) is received by a CRC circuit. This message may be received by a transmitter that is consistent with Ethernet, Hypertransport, Sonet, or other protocol. In act 110, a generator polynomial G(x) is received. This polynomial is typically preselected based on the communications protocol being used. These generator polynomials are designed specifically to increase the detection of various types of errors that may occur.
In act 120, the received message is multiplied by xg, where x is a zero word and g is equal to the order of the generator polynomial G(X). The result of this is that a �g� number of zeros is appended to the received message. In act 130, this product is divided by the generator polynomial, resulting in a quotient which may be ignored, and a remainder or syndrome. In act 140, this syndrome is added to the value determined in act 120 to generate a codeword. In short, the �g� number of zeros that had been appended to the message are replaced by the syndrome C(x). This sum is a codeword which may be transmitted. In various embodiments of the present invention, other acts, such as interleaving, may be done before the codeword is sent.
In act 150, the codeword is received. The codeword is typically received by a receiver that is separate from the transmitter used to transmit the codeword, and is designed to be compliant with the same protocol as the transmitter.
In act 160, the codeword is separated into message and remainder portions. In act 170, the message is divided by the same generator polynomial G(X) that the receiver used to generate the remainder. In act 180, it is determined whether the newly calculated remainder is equal to the remainder or syndrome that was transmitted as part of the codeword.
If the newly calculated remainder does not match the received syndrome, it is determined that the message has been corrupted in act 195. In this case, either the message can be ignored, for instance in voice and video transmissions, or a request that data be resent can be made, for instance in data communication systems.
If the newly calculated remainder and C(x) are equal, it is assumed the message was received correctly in act 190. While this is typically true, there is a possibility is that the message has been corrupted in such a way that the remainder calculated by a receiver is the same as the transmitted remainder. In other cases, both the message and the transmitted remainder may be corrupted such that the corrupted message divided by the generator yields the corrupted remainder. In these cases bad data is accepted by the receiver.
The likelihood of these occurrences may be reduced with the use of longer generator polynomials. But the use of longer polynomials increases circuit complexity in both the transmitter and receiver. Thus, these circuits benefit by incorporation of embodiments of the present invention that reduce complexity and ease timing requirements.
In act 230, the product xgR(X) is divided by the generator G(X), resulting in a quotient which may be ignored, and a remainder or syndrome C(X). In act 240, the syndrome is added to xgR(X), thus generating a codeword. In short, this means that the �g� zeros appended to xgR(X) are replaced with C(X). At this point, further processing such as interleaving may occur, and the codeword F(X) is transmitted.
In act 250, the codeword F(X) is received. In act 260, the codeword F(X) is divided by the generator polynomial G(X) resulting in a quotient, which again may be ignored, and a remainder. In act 270, it is determined whether the remainder is equal to 0. If it is, it may be assumed the message has been received correctly in act 280. If the remainder is nonzero, it is assumed the message is corrupted in act 285. Again, the corrupted message may be ignored or a retransmission may be requested.
Alternately, the syndrome C(X) may be inverted then added to xgR(X) to generate the codeword. After reception, when F(X) is divided by G(X), the remainder is all ones if there are no errors.
The forward circuit 310 receives data input bits dat[i] on line 305 and provides an output feedforward[i] to the summing node 320. Feedback circuit 330 receives the current CRC (oldcrc[i]) on line 325 and provides an output (feedback[i]) on line 335 to the summing node 320. In this way, the CRC output on line 325 may be calculated from the data input on line 305.
By way of example, a 16-bit CRC implementing the generator polynomial X16+X12+X5+1 may be implemented using the following feedforward and feedback equations:
where <= is a symbol meaning �takes on the value of,� which may be implemented by a D-type register, ^ is a symbol for an exclusive or operation, which is addition in Galois Field GF(2) space, dat[i] is a bit in the data input received on line 305, and oldcrc[i] is a bit of the CRC output word on line 325. The derivation of these equations can be found, for example in �Error Control Systems for Digital Communication and Storage� by Stephen B. Wicker, published by Prentice Hall, 1995.
The updated CRC can then be found by:
where the exclusive or operation is a GF(2) addition done by the summing node 320.
As can be seen from the above feedforward and feedback equations, the numbers of individual gates and their inputs needed to implement the required circuitry can become quite large as longer generator polynomials are used in an attempt to reduce the number of undetected errors. For example, in a specific 32 bit implementation, 32 gates having a total of over 900 inputs are required.
Accordingly, a specific embodiment of the present invention reduces the number of gates and associated gate delays in the feedforward path by examining the input terms used, determining common expressions in them, and using these common expressions as inputs to more than one term.
For example, if the equations:
are the first four feedforward input terms in a CRC circuit, the expressions:
are expressions, some of which repeat in more than one input term. The first four input terms above can then be simplified as:
In this way, two levels of logic may be used to implement the four input terms. The logic in this example is simplified in that no gate has more than 3 inputs, and most have only two inputs. The savings become more dramatic as the expressions s0-s5 are used in more input terms. This same approach can be used by various embodiments of the present invention in the feedback path also.
The terms of equation 520 can be deconstructed into a sum of equations 505, 510, and 515, where �Z� is an all zeros word having a length of �w.� If each of these included examples, words W1, W2, W3, and Z may be formed of symbols. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the symbols are a single bit.
Accordingly, if each of the words W1, W2, and W3 are divided by the generator polynomial G(X), the remainders may be referred to as S1, S2, and S3 as in equations 530, 540, and 550. From this, the remainders may be substituted for each of the words, as shown in equations 560 and 565. The same deconstruction can be used such that equation 590 is split into a sum of equations 570, 575, and 580.
From these last three equations, it can be seen that a method of division can be used in generating a CRC, where previously found remainders are combined with new remainders and divided by the generator poynomial to determine the CRC for a message.
In act 630, the first data word W1 is received. In act 635, xgR(X) is divided by G(X), where R(X) is simply W1. This remainder is the CRC if no additional data words are received. However, in act 640, a new data word W2 is received. Accordingly, in act 645, F1 is computed, where F1=xwR(X)modG, where R(X) is equal to S1, and where �w� is the length of the received words W1, W2, and W3. In act 650, S2 is computed, where S2=xgR(X)modG, and R(X)=W2. S2 and F1 are summed, resulting in a new CRC, in act 655. This is the CRC value if no further data words in this message are received by the CRC circuit 620. Again, however, in act 660, a new data word W3 is received. Accordingly, F2 is computed in act 665, where F2=xgR(X)modG, where R(X) is the sum of F1 and S2. In act 670, S3 is computed, where F2=xgR(X)modG, and R(X)=W3. S3 and F2 are summed, resulting in a new CRC value in act 675. Again, if no new data words are received, this is the CRC for the received message.
On each clock cycle, a data word is received by feedforward circuit 710. Feedforward circuit 710 multiplies the received data word by xg and divides by the generator polynomial G(X), and stores the remainder as S. These values of S are output on the CRC feedforward lines 715 to the summing node 730.
At the same time, the previous value of CRC is fed back to the feedback circuit 720. Feedback circuit 720 multiplies the previous CRC value by xw and divides by the generator polynomial G(X), and stores the remainder as F. Each clock cycle the new value of F is output by the feedback circuit on line 725, where it is summed with the CRC feedforward terms on line 715 by the summing node 730, and provided as the new CRC value on line 735.
The timing constraints for this circuit are fairly severe. The feedforward path may be arbitrarily pipelined, at least to the extent that CRC values are required by other transmitting or receiving circuitry. However, the feedback path must complete its operation in one clock cycle, such that a feedback term is available for the corresponding CRC feedforward terms on line 715. Accordingly, in order to ease and mitigate these timing constraints, embodiments of the present invention pipeline the feedback stage such that the feedback path has two or more clock cycles in which to complete its operation.
CRC circuits 815 and 820 receive alternating data words 805 and 810. The outputs of the CRC circuits are summed by summing node 830 which provides a CRC output on line 835.
In act 840, a first CRC circuit receives W1. In act 850, the remainder S1, which is the remainder of W1 times xg+w divided by the generator G(X), is stored. On the next clock cycle, word W2 is received by the second CRC circuit, and in act 855 the remainder S2, which is the remainder of W1 times xg divided by the generator G(X), is stored. In act 857, S1 and S2 are summed and provided as the CRC output. If no further data words are received by either CRC circuit, the sum S1 and S2 is the CRC for the received message.
However, in this specific example, in act 860, on the third clock cycle, word W3 is received by the first CRC circuit. Accordingly, F1, where F1=(S1 x 2w)mod G, is computed. At or about the same time, in act 880, S3, where S3=xgR(X)modG, and R(X)=W3 is computed. On the next clock cycle, W4 is received by the second CRC circuits, and F2 is computed in act 875, where F2=(S2 x 2w)mod G. At or about the same time, S4, where S4=xgR(X)modG, and R(X)=W4 is computed. During the following clock cycle, S3 and F1 are summed and S4 and F2 are summed, in acts 890 and 895. In act 897, these sums are added together to form an updated CRC value. This value is the CRC as determined by equation 800.
In this figure, each of the feedforward, feedback, and delay circuits have one clock cycle to process to data. Thus, in practical implementations, the feedback and delay circuits can be combined into one circuit having two clock cycles in which to complete its operation.
As can be seen, the included circuitry is highly redundant. Accordingly, other embodiments of the present invention apply properties of Galois Field mathematics in order to combine these first and second CRC circuits.
In act 1130, W1 is received by the CRC circuit 1120. Accordingly, in act 1135, S1 is computed where S1=xgR(x)modG, and R(x)=W1. If no further data words are received, S1 is CRC for the received message. In act 1140, W2 is received by the CRC circuit 1120. Accordingly, S2 is computed where S2=xgR(x)modG, and R(x)=W2. The feedback term is not required yet, thus the CRC circuit may take an additional clock cycle in which to compute it.
In act 1150, W3 is received by the CRC circuit 1120. At this time, the feedback term F1 is needed and its computation is completed in act 1155, where F1=(S1 x 2w)modG. S3 is computed in act 1160, where S3=XgR(x)modG, and R(x)=W3. In act 1165, F1 and S3 are summed resulting in S5. In act 1170, F2 is computed, where F2=(S1 x w)modG. In act 1175F1, F2, and S1 are summed, resulting in the CRC value identified by equation 1100.
Again, each of these circuits, such as feedforward circuit 1210, feedback circuit 1220, delay circuit 1230, and remainder generator circuit 1250, complete their operations in one clock cycle. The feedback path including delay circuit 1230 and feedback circuit 1220 has two clock cycles in which to complete its operation before a new CRC feedback value is required at the summing node 1240. In this way, the timing constraints of the feedback path are alleviated.
For each node, a list is provided showing the state of the node 1290 at each of one of five clock cycles 1280. A dash indicates that the state at that node is not important to the determination of the CRC for the received message W1W2W3. In particular, W1 is received at a first clock, W2 at a second, and W3 at a third. The final CRC for this received message is found at the fourth clock cycle at the output of the summing node
The gate level netlist 1400 is then fitted to an integrated circuit layout, for example, by using a place and route program. The physical locations of the gates, and other information such as routing distances are determined in act 1440. From this, parasitic extraction is performed, and a timing simulation using embodiments of the present invention is run.
The output of the timing simulation, or timing extraction, can be used to generate an annotated netlist 1450. This netlist is used to generate the final integrated circuit 1460. The integrated circuit 1460 may be a programmable logic device, a field programmable gate array, or other integrated circuit. The present invention may alternately be implemented in software, such as in a digital signal processor (DSP) formed in microcode, firmware, or implemented in some other manner.
PLD 1500 also includes a distributed memory structure including RAM blocks of varying sizes provided throughout the array. The RAM blocks include, for example, 512 bit blocks 1504, 4K blocks 1506 and a MegaBlock 1508 providing 512K bits of RAM. These memory blocks may also include shift registers and FIFO buffers. PLD 1500 further includes digital signal processing (DSP) blocks 1510 that can implement, for example, multipliers with add or subtract features. I/O elements (IOEs) 1512 located, in this example, around the periphery of the device support numerous single-ended and differential I/O standards. It is to be understood that PLD 1500 is described herein for illustrative purposes only and that the present invention can be implemented in many different types of PLDs, FPGAs, and the like. CRC circuits consistent with embodiments of the present invention can be formed from several LABs 1502. Alternately, these CRC circuits can be found in DSP blocks 1510, or other portion of PLD 1500. These circuits may be formed by being programmed, or they may be dedicated, hand-wound, circuit patterns on the integrated circuit.
While PLDs of the type shown in
System 1600 includes a processing unit 1602, a memory unit 1604 and an I/O unit 1606 interconnected together by one or more buses. According to this exemplary embodiment, a programmable logic device (PLD) 1608 is embedded in processing unit 1602. PLD 1608 may serve many different purposes within the system in
Processing unit 1602 may direct data to an appropriate system component for processing or storage, execute a program stored in memory 1604 or receive and transmit data via I/O unit 1606, or other similar function. Processing unit 1602 can be a central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor, floating point coprocessor, graphics coprocessor, hardware controller, microcontroller, programmable logic device programmed for use as a controller, network controller, and the like. Furthermore, in many embodiments, there is often no need for a CPU.
For example, instead of a CPU, one or more PLD 1608 can control the logical operations of the system. In an embodiment, PLD 1608 acts as a reconfigurable processor, which can be reprogrammed as needed to handle a particular computing task. Alternately, programmable logic device 1608 may itself include an embedded microprocessor. Memory unit 1604 may be a random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), fixed or flexible disk media, PC Card flash disk memory, tape, or any other storage means, or any combination of these storage means.
The above description of exemplary embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form described, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the teaching above. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
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... injection?
Sumatriptan - is there a 1-800 number I can call to ask about patient information for imitrex?
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