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Thursday, September 5, 2013
Sachin Pandya and Peter Siegelman on Underclaiming and Overclaiming
Professors Sachin S. Pandya and Peter Siegelman (Connecticut) have posted to SSRN their article, Underclaiming and Overclaiming, Law & Soc. Inquiry (forthcoming). Here is the abstract:
Arguments that we have too much litigation (overclaiming) or too little (underclaiming) cannot be valid without estimating how many of the undecided claims that are brought (actual claims) or not brought (potential claims) have or lack legal merit. We identify the basic conceptual structure of such underclaiming and overclaiming arguments, which entails inferences about the distribution of actual or potential claims by their probability of success on the merits within a claims-processing institution. We then survey the available methods for estimating claim merit.
September 5, 2013 in Mass Tort Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Wall Street Journal Editorial on Innovator Liability in Alabama
The Wall Street Journal editorial, Innovator Liability, Take Two, discusses the Alabama Supreme Court's reconsideration this week of innovator liability.
September 5, 2013 in Pharmaceuticals - Misc., Preemption, Products Liability, Regulation | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, September 4, 2013
The Passing of Economist Ronald Coase
For those of us making brief reference to Ronald Coase in our Torts classes, here are a few links to helpful takes on Coase's scholarship and influence, in the wake of his recent passing: (1) Wall Street Journal editorial, The Wisdom of Ronald Coase; (2) Professor David Henderson (Naval Postgraduate School & Hoover Institution), The Man Who Resisted 'Blackboard Economics' (also in the WSJ); and (3) Cato Senior Fellow Walter Olson's post, Ronald Coase, 1910-2013.
September 4, 2013 in Mass Tort Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Food Industry Labeling Class Actions
Howard Mintz of the San Jose Mercury News reports in Food Fight: Bay Area courts center of legal battle against food industry. I'm quoted in the article.
September 4, 2013 in Class Actions, Food and Drink | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Alabama Supreme Court to Reconsider Innovator Liability
Legalnewsline reports in Ala. SC to hear oral arguments in case over 'innovator liability' next week, by Jessica Karmasek. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce's Institute for Legal Reform has more discussion of the issues.
September 4, 2013 in Pharmaceuticals - Misc., Products Liability | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, September 3, 2013
Jennifer Robbennolt on the Effects of Negotiated and Delegated Apologies in Settlement Negotiation
Professor Jennifer Robbennolt (Illinois) has posted to SSRN her article, The Effects of Negotiated and Delegated Apologies in Settlement Negotiation, 37 Law & Hum. Behav. 128 (2013). Here's the abstract:
Previous work has explored the influence that apologies have on the settlement of civil legal disputes. This study explored 2 aspects of apologies that commonly arise in the legal setting — the fact that many apologies may be negotiated with or requested from a wrongdoer in the context of settlement discussions and the possibility that an apology may be offered by a wrongdoer's attorney rather than personally by the offender. In general, apologies given following a negligent action were found to improve perceptions of the offender and the situation. Full apologies that were given in response to a request by the injured party or at the suggestion of a mediator were viewed in ways that were similar to the same apology given spontaneously. On the other hand, full apologies that were offered by an attorney on behalf of the wrongdoer, although improving perceptions somewhat, were less effective than apologies offered directly by the wrongdoer. The motives attributed to the apologizer and general attitudes toward the civil litigation system also influenced perceptions of apologies.
September 3, 2013 in Mass Tort Scholarship, Settlement | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Jill Wieber Lens on a Defendant's Accuracy-Based Right to Present Defenses
Professor Jill Wieber Lens (Baylor) has posted to SSRN her article, No Matter the Enormous Cost: A Defendant's Accuracy-Based Right to Present Defenses. Here's the abstract:
The Supreme Court has held that a plaintiff has a due process right to her day in court. The right is grounded in a process-based theory of procedural due process, which values litigant participation intrinsically. The defendants in Philip Morris USA v. Williams and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes claimed something similar — a right to present defenses. The Court recognized that right in both cases, stating that a defendant could not be punished for harming nonparties or be forced to pay damages to a class action plaintiff without being provided the opportunity to present defenses specific to the nonparties and absent plaintiffs.
The cases are significant not because the Court found the right, but how it did so — relying on an outcome-based theory of procedural due process, under which procedures are necessary to achieve accurate results. The pursuit of accuracy is alarmingly uncompromising. Only the accuracy resulting from individualized proceedings was acceptable. And the Court required individualized proceedings despite the costs — unpunished defendants, with little incentive to alter their behavior, and uncompensated, injured plaintiffs. But the Court did not weigh the costs and instead focused on increasing accuracy even though perfect accuracy can never be achieved. The cases pave the way for an absurdly broad, outcome-based right to day in court for defendants.
September 3, 2013 in Mass Tort Scholarship, Procedure | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Andrew Gold on Selling Civil Recourse
Professor Andrew S. Gold (DePaul) has posted to SSRN his article, On Selling Civil Recourse, DePaul L. Rev. (forthcoming). Here's the abstract:
This Essay is a contribution to the 19th Annual Clifford Symposium on Tort Law and Social Policy. The focus of the Essay is on the alienability of legal claims. Debates over alienability often emphasize questions of commodification or efficiency, yet there are also interesting remedial implications. Drawing on insights from civil recourse theory, I will argue that some remedies may cease to be apt once a claim has been transferred. For example, apologies may no longer make sense if their recipient is not the party who was wronged, or someone affiliated with that party. Apologies are admittedly not a core remedy in tort law. But similar concerns may arise with respect to punitive damages, particularly if those damages have an expressive component, or are taken to provide a type of private revenge. More broadly, if civil recourse theorists are correct that private rights of action provide a type of accountability, or a mode of "getting satisfaction", many tort law remedies may have a different meaning post-transfer. This Essay will explore these concerns and suggest several potential responses to them.
September 3, 2013 in Mass Tort Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Friday, August 30, 2013
BP Looking to Exit Gulf Settlement
According to a news report, BP today asked the Fifth Circuit to reverse the district court's approval of the Gulf oil spill settlement. I have not seen the court filing, but according to this AP report as published by the NY Times, "BP is trying to persuade a federal appeals court that it should throw out a judge's approval of the company's multibillion-dollar settlement with Gulf Coast residents and businesses. Last year, BP PLC joined plaintiffs' attorneys in urging U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier to give the deal his final approval. On Friday, however, the company's lawyers argued in a court filing that Barbier's more recent interpretation of settlement terms have allowed businesses to receive hundreds of millions of dollars for inflated or fictitious claims." As told in the Houston Chronicle, BP would still support the settlement if the Fifth Circuit were to decide in BP's favor on its earlier appeal challenging Judge Barbier's rulings on the generosity of payouts.
BP's decision to ask for reversal of its settlement class action (a deal that BP had negotiated and agreed to, and for which BP had previously argued in favor of judicial approval), is a fascinating turn of events in light of the history of the Gulf Oil Spill litigation and settlement. Shortly after the Deepwater Horizon explosion, BP established a compensation fund to pay claims. Kenneth Feinberg was named administrator of the fund, which came to be knows as the Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF), and the GCCF proceeded to settle thousands of claims. But BP later joined with a group of plaintiffs' lawyers to negotiate a settlement class action that would replace the GCCF as settlement mechanism. For BP, a settlement class action offered a greater prospect of finality because it could bind all class members who fail to opt out, whereas the GCCF settlement program could bind only those claimants who chose to accept their compensation offers. In other words, even though the claims systems strongly resembled each other, a key difference is that a settlement class action uses the adjudicative power of the court to bind class members, in contrast to the claims facility, which depended upon the consent of individual claimants to settle their claims.
I've argued elsewhere that settlement class actions should be impermissible because they use the power of the courts to disadvantage claimants. But the BP news drives home the point that the opposite problem can occur -- a defendant may feel disadvantaged by a settlement class action because it deprives the defendant of control over the settlement process.
August 30, 2013 in Class Actions, Environmental Torts, Settlement | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Thursday, August 22, 2013
In Memorium: Ronald L. Mottley (1944-2013)
Famed mass tort plaintiffs' lawyer Ron Mottley has passed away, according to an announcement today on the Mottley Rice firm website by his partner Joe Rice. Mottley played a leading role in many of the biggest mass torts -- asbestos, tobacco, 9/11, Gulf oil spill, and lead paint, to name a few. I knew him only from accounts of his work and from reading about him in various books on the tobacco litigation and other mass tort wars. He was known not only for his legal skill and tenacity, but also for his outsized personality and lifestyle. Dionne Searcey at the WSJ law blog describes Mottley as "the gregarious, hard-charging and hard-living attorney who was known for his compassion for victims of corporate wrongdoing."
Update: here's a link to the New York Times article.
August 22, 2013 in 9/11, Asbestos, Avandia, Lawyers, Lead Paint, Tobacco | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, August 21, 2013
Kate Greenwood on Litigant Regulation of Physician Conflicts of Interest
Professor Kate Greenwood (Seton Hall) has posted to SSRN her article, 'Litigant Regulation' of Physician Conflicts of Interest, Ga. St. L. Rev. (forthcoming). Here's the abstract:
While physicians' financial relationships with pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers are increasingly of concern to legislators and regulators, plaintiffs have had only limited success pursuing private law remedies for the harms that result from conflicts of interest. Courts have long channeled individual patients' claims against their conflicted doctors into the medical malpractice cause of action, where patients have difficulty establishing that their physicians' conflicts caused them to suffer concrete and compensable injuries. With recent notable exceptions, courts have also blocked patients' claims against drug and device manufacturers. Courts apply the learned intermediary doctrine to dispose of failure-to-warn personal injury suits, without regard to whether the plaintiff's physician had a financial relationship with the defendant manufacturer. Third-party payers, such as employers, insurance companies, and union health and welfare funds, have similarly struggled to overcome a strong presumption of physician independence. Courts routinely find that a physician's prescribing decision breaks the chain of causation between a manufacturer's illegal promotional efforts and a payer's obligation to pay for a prescription, even when those promotional efforts include the payment of kickbacks.
Courts can and should move beyond the often counterfactual presumption of physician independence. In personal injury cases, this can be achieved through a nuanced analysis of alleged conflicts of interest that distinguishes between kickbacks, on the one hand, and legitimate financial relationships between manufacturers and physicians, on the other. Limited early discovery would allow plaintiffs to develop their claims about the influence of conflicts on their physicians' decision-making without putting an undue burden on defendants. In economic injury cases, courts can move beyond the presumption of physician independence by allowing plaintiffs to use standard statistical methods to demonstrate that physicians' prescribing decisions were not independent in the aggregate. If the doctrine were to evolve in these ways, it would amplify the role "litigant regulation" plays in the regulatory structure governing physician-industry relationships and bring closer the goal of ensuring that patients and payers are fairly compensated for the harms caused by conflicts of interest.
August 21, 2013 in Ethics, Mass Tort Scholarship, Pharmaceuticals - Misc., Regulation | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Adam Abelkop on Tort Law as Environmental Policy Instrument
Adam Abelkop (Graduate Student, Indiana U., Bloomington, School of Public & Environmental Affairs) has posted to SSRN his article, Tort Law as an Environmental Policy Instrument, 92 Or. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2013). Here's the abstract:
Policymakers aiming to tackle any environmental problem have a diverse tool chest of policy instruments at their disposal, including command and control regulations, taxes, marketable allowance, and liability entitlements. Scholars of public health and safety have been debating the effectiveness of tort law as a regulatory tool for decades. The legal literature on this topic, though, is muddled because the field has failed to adopt a set of criteria by which to compare tort law to public regulation. Heightened clarity on the usefulness of tort law as a complementary policy instrument to public regulations may have legal and policy implications. This article therefore adopts evaluation criteria from the policy analysis and public policy fields — equity, legitimacy, efficiency, organizational competence, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness — to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of tort law as an environmental policy instrument relative to public regulation.
August 21, 2013 in Environmental Torts, Mass Tort Scholarship, Regulation | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, August 19, 2013
Supreme Court Petition in Engle Progeny Case
Am Law Litigation Daily has an article on the tobacco companies' filing another certiorari petition in an Engle progeny case: Tobacco Companies Seek Supreme Court Cert in Engle Case, by Ross Todd. Here's their petition for a writ of certiorari. The appellate team includes Greg Katsas (Jones Day), Paul Clement (Bancroft), and Miguel Estrada (Gibson Dunn).
I've previously addressed issue preclusion, verdict variability, and problems with the Engle case in my article, Jackpot Justice: Verdict Variability and the Mass Tort Class Action, 80 Temp. L. Rev. 1013 (2007).
August 19, 2013 in Aggregate Litigation Procedures, Class Actions, Procedure, Products Liability, Tobacco | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Richard Zitrin on Regulating the Behavior of Lawyers in Mass Individual Representations
Professor Richard Zitrin (UC Hastings) has posted to SSRN his article, Regulating the Behavior of Lawyers in Mass Individual Representations: A Call for Reform, 3 St. Mary's J. on Legal Malpractice & Ethics 86 (2013). Here's the abstract:
Cases in which lawyers represent large numbers of individual plaintiffs are increasingly common. While these cases have some of the indicia of class actions, they are not class actions, usually because there are no common damages, but rather individual representations on a mass scale. Current ethics rules do not provide adequate guidance for even the most ethical lawyers. The absence of sufficiently flexible, practical ethical rules has become an open invitation for less-ethical attorneys to abuse, often severely, the mass-representation framework by abrogating individual clients' rights. These problems can be abated if the ethics rules offered better practical solutions to the mass-representation problem. It is necessary to reform the current rules, but only with a solution that is both practical and attainable, and with changes that maintain the core ethical and fiduciary duties owed by lawyers to their individual clients, including loyalty, candor, and independent professional advice.
August 19, 2013 in Aggregate Litigation Procedures, Ethics, Mass Tort Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
The Spread of Class Actions in Europe
The Wall Street Journal has an article on the spread of class actions and collective litigation in Europe: Europe Walks Fine Line in Pursuing Class Actions, by Naftali Bendavid.
August 19, 2013 in Class Actions, Foreign, Procedure | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, August 13, 2013
Cy Pres Settlements Upstream
Adap Liptak of the NYTimes has a piece When Lawyers Cut Their Clients Out of the Deal about a cy pres settlement with Facebook. In this settlement (approved by the 9th Circuit) the lawyers got $2.3 million and the clients got a cy pres contribution, apparently $6.5 million to a foundation over which Facebook has some control according to the article. The cy pres recipient is something called the Digital Trust Foundation. A quick google search came up with a bunch of references to the Facebook settlement but no website for this foundation.
The Ninth Circuit affirmed the settlement and denied rehearing en banc, with a dissent on rehearing en banc, making this a possible Supeme Court cert grant. (A cert petition was filed on June 26, 2013).
There is a lot of scholarship on the topic of how much lawyers should be paid relative to class members as well as articles critizing cy pres settlements. Some links to this work are below. The problem is this. We regulate entities like Facebook largely by litigation. In the absence of the class action, there would be little or no enforcement of the consumer protection laws. But the class action litigation needs to be funded, and it is funded out of lawyers percentage of the total fund, usually the total fund from a settlement because class actions are almost never litigated. Its very hard to certify a class action, so class actions are often certified for settlement only. The incentive of the lawyers, fearing no class certification or realistic possibility of actually litigating, is to settle. The incentives for defendants, wanting to get the litigation off their books, is to settle cheap. The answer to this problem in my view is to allow classes to be litigated, not to tighten the certification standards further.
If the settlement will deter future misconduct, even if the money doesn't go directly to the class members, there is still a lot of societal value there. But is $8.8 million enough to deter Facebook? Does it have any relationship to the potential value of this lawsuit? That is, what is the value of the claims multiplied by the probability of success?
In my own work, I've suggested that cy pres settlements are not necessarily bad, but that certainly doesn't mean they are always good. Class members should just be polled in determining where cy pres settlements should go. The argument that class members will not appreciate the putative $1 (I think I saw it was $1.12) they would get in a settlement like this one is reasonable. But that doesn't make a settlement like this one okay. Especially in a settlement involving facebook users, who presumably are all connected via facebook, there is no reason why absent class members cannot be polled. Do they "like" this foundation? what would they prefer? Might I suggest Public Citizen as a recipient?
This case might be a fine vehicle for the Supreme Court to consider cy pres settlements. Given how few cases the Court decides, how few class actions actually are filed and litigated (less than 1% of the federal docket) its not clear to me that this is the best use of its time. That said, if the Court does grant cert, it would be wise to consider both the overall benefits and costs of cy pres to consumers and society more generally, not merely the fact that the lawyers got a lot of money here. This is a story of more money than sense.
Some links:
Center for Class Action Fairness
Lahav, Two Views of the Class Action (advocating polling)
Gilles & Friedman, Exploding the Class Action Agency Costs Myth (SSRN)
Fitzpatrick, Do Class Action Lawyers Make Too Little? (SSRN)
Redish et. al., Cy Pres Relief and the Pathologies of the Modern Class Action (SSRN)
August 13, 2013 in Class Actions, Lawyers, Procedure, Settlement | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, July 22, 2013
IAPL Moscow Conference Papers
The presentatons from the 2012 Moscow meeting of the International Association of Procedural Law have been posted to SSRN as a combined UC Irvine Law research paper entitled, Civil Procedure in Cross-Cultural Dialogue: Eurasia Context. Among the many professors whose papers are gathered are Carrie Menkel-Meadow (UC Irvine), Richard Marcus (UC Hastings), Stefaan Voet (Univ. of Ghent), and Jasminka Kalajdzic (Univ. of WIndsor). Here's the abstract:
The Idea of the book is to discuss the evolution of civil procedure in different societies, not only in the well-known civil or common law systems, but also in different countries of Eurasia, Asia, etc. Civil procedure in Europe and North America is a subject of enormous scientific and practical importance. We know a lot about these systems. But we do not know enough about civil procedure in the rest of the world. How does it work and what are the main principles? Culture is one of the main factors that makes civil procedure of these countries different. Therefore it is necessary to discuss the main links between different systems of civil procedure. The discussion was held on the basis of National reports from 24 countries.
July 22, 2013 in Aggregate Litigation Procedures, Class Actions, Foreign, Mass Tort Scholarship, Procedure | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Sunday, July 21, 2013
Khoury, Menard & Redko on the Role of Canadian Private Law in the Control of Risks Associated with Tobacco Smoking
Professors Lara Khoury and Marie-Eve Couture-Ménard (McGill), and Olga Redko (LL.B./B.C.L. Candidate, McGill) have posted to SSRN their article, The Role of Private Law in the Control of Risks Associated with Tobacco Smoking: The Canadian Experience, 39 Am. J. L., Med. & Ethics 442 (2013). Here's the abstract:
Can private law litigation serve as a tool for advancing public health objectives? With this contentious and oft-asked question in mind, this text tackles Canada's recent tobacco litigation. This Article first presents critical commentary regarding various lawsuits waged against Canadian cigarette manufacturers by citizens acting as individuals or as parties to class action lawsuits. We then turn to analyze how Canada's provincial governments rely on targeted legislation to facilitate private law recourses for recouping the healthcare costs of treating tobacco-related diseases. The authors address challenges to the constitutionality of this type of legislation, as well as attempts by manufacturers to transfer responsibility to the federal government.
July 21, 2013 in Aggregate Litigation Procedures, Class Actions, Mass Tort Scholarship, Procedure, Products Liability, Tobacco | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Sunday, July 14, 2013
Paul McMahon on Proceduralism, Civil Justice, and American Legal Thought
Professor Paul McMahon (Harvard) has posted to SSRN his article, Proceduralism, Civil Justice, and American Legal Thought, 34 U. Pa. J. Int'l L. (forthcoming). Here's the abstract:
American legal scholars spend a large proportion of their time debating and theorizing procedure. This Article focuses on American proceduralism in the particular field of civil justice and undertakes a detailed comparison with England, where procedural questions receive little academic attention. It finds that procedure is more prominent in America partly because Americans have been more willing than others to use private litigation as a tool for regulation. More significantly, procedural questions necessarily occupy more space in American debates because authority over civil justice is unusually dispersed among different actors; procedural rules allocate power among these actors. But American proceduralism runs deeper than these surface explanations allow, and a full account requires an examination of the history of American legal thought. I trace contemporary American proceduralism to a counter-intuitive source: the emergence of Legal Realism in the 1920s and 1930s.
July 14, 2013 in Mass Tort Scholarship, Procedure | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, July 3, 2013
Justice Kagan Interview
You can find an interview with Justice Kagan here.
At around 20:52 you can see her speaking about Italian Colors and then whether this is a pro-business Supreme Court.
Note the caveat then the description and what looks like a "yes". She says:
"None of us decide cases based on who the parties are. Its not like the Chamber of Commerce appears in court and you say I like the Chamber of Commerce...or a consumer appears in court and you say I like consumers or they need more protection or they don't. I mean, I think people look at the individual cases before them. But I do think in a number of cases with respect to a number of areas of law there is a majority of the court that has a set of legal views that, you know, provide some significant relief from both federal and state regulation to businesses. So if you look at just even the last couple of weeks of the term there were a couple of cases in which the Court very restrictively read anti-discrimination laws, made it harder to bring anti-discrimination suits. There was another case where the Court made it harder for local governments to put conditions on development permits or to do environmental mitigation of some kinds. There was another case where people made it -- where the Court made it -- much harder for injured plaintiffs who have had terrible reactions to various kinds of pharmaceutical drugs to sue for injury. So I think there were a number of cases where the Court made it more difficult for injured persons to come to court and to use federal and state law to hold business to account for injuries that they've done."
At 31.09 Toobin asks her about public opinion's effect on the Court - do they read polls? Her answer, not really any more enlightening than you'd think it would be:
"I don't think we read polls like that and I don't think polls influence what we do, but you know, on the other hand, we live in a world and I think...all of us are products of that world and understand things that are going on with it. And I think it would just not be right to say that the trends in what people think and societal attitudes don't affect what the Court does."
July 3, 2013 in Current Affairs, Preemption | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)


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* CareerResurrection: In addition to bringing Andy Griffith back into the spotlight, the show also restored executive producer Fred Silverman's professional reputation following a disastrous 3 year spell as president and CEO of NBC, which saw him green light one too many programming failures on NBC's prime time lineup as well as almost bankrupt the network after spending a ton of money to produce a whopping 150 hours of coverage for the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympics, only to end up cancelling said programming after UsefulNotes/JimmyCarter pulled the U.S. team out of the event in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
* ChannelHop: The show ran on NBC from 1986 until 1992. It then moved to ABC where it ran from 1992 until 1995.
* HeyItsThatGuy:
** Nana Visitor who played Kira Nerys on ''Series/StarTrekDeepSpaceNine'' [[YouLookFamiliar appeared twice]]. Once as a witness [[spoiler: with a SplitPersonality]] and once as a client. [[spoiler: Both, or, rather, all three times, her character was the murderer. Fans of MirrorUniverse Kira will recognize how well Visitor plays EvilIsSexy]].
** Nana Visitor wasn't the only Trek veteran to appear on Matlock. A couple of episodes had Jonathan Frakes of ''[[Series/StarTrekTheNextGeneration The Next Generation]]'' playing the prosecuting attorney.
** ''QuantumLeap'''s Scott Bakula made an appearance in "The Power Brokers" episode.
* NamesTheSame: The episode "The Abduction" gives us two mobsters with famous names. One named Robert Drake (who is also the real name of Iceman, one of the founding members of the superhero team, the ''Franchise/{{X-Men}}'') and one name Jay Cutler ([[UsefulNotes/NationalFootballLeague the current Quarterback of the Chicago Bears]]).

subset: commoncrawl


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Flowering Medierranean Fan and Productive Seed.
Just outside and noticed that a large clumping Chamaerops humilis is covered in flower buds (on at least two of the larger trunks). This is at least the second year in a row that it has done this. My question is can the plant be propagated from these seeds eventually. How do I know when the seed is ripe once flowers open. Last year when my P. roebellin bloomed, the question didn't occur to me because date palms are either male or female and I only had the male flowering at the time. Thanks in advance.
Thank you Mike. I knew about date palms but didn't realize Meds are are normally either male or female. I say normally because I did a little research and apparently there are occasional exceptions for Meds (a few apparently have both gendered flowers on the same plant). I haven't mastered the art of making divisions from their pups--too prickly to even want to try that.
Yeah I dont think I would want to separate a med. fan palms pups either! It looks better with them all on and more importantly, its just sharp. I planted mine medd. fan palm yesterday in the ground. They are very nice palms. I like the leaf habit and form.
Enjoy the flowers!
Ill I have a mediterranean palm and I cut and trim it has almost 2 ft straight trunk. Looks like a trachy almost. Theres a pup coming up now if you want when I let it get bigger and send it to you.
Mike, that is extremely generous of you but I will pass on that.--Thank you though. So, you are able to separate their pups, tell us how to do it! Mine is covered with pups. In fact, a few of the pups are flowering I notice! I believe Meds and Trachys are related botanically (Meds are the European relatives of the Asiatic Trachys). Difference is that Trachys are much more moisture tolerant and Meds more arid-loving. Eventually, I am going to be tempted to plant this thing in the ground. I did plant a much smaller "Vulcan" in the front of the house. "Vulcan" has leaves that are less finely divided (kind of remind me of Chinese fans).


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Eric Betts, Deseret News
SALT LAKE CITY — Communicating with teenagers can be a challenge for anyone. It can be especially difficult if the teenager is at a doctor's office and doesn't want to talk.
A new program at the University of Utah is teaching medical residents in pediatrics how to be better doctors by improving their interviewing skills with the help of teenage actors.
Dr. Joni Hemond, co-director of adolescent medicine rotation for residents at Primary Children's Medical Center, brought the idea to Utah after experiencing it firsthand at a conference in Boston.
"As a practicing physician for so many years, you do certain things that you don't realize that you're doing or ask questions in a certain way that maybe some teenagers are uncomfortable with," Hemond said. "I thought, 'If I can get this great feedback, wouldn't it be wonderful for the residents to go through the same thing?' "
In January, Hemond met with high school students from the Salt Lake School for the Performing Arts. She gave the actors backgrounds for patients to portray when interviewed by pediatricians. Some played teenagers with drug abuse issues, others were suicidal or depressed, and some were pregnant or had body issues.
Chamberlain Schultz, a junior at the school, played Amber Valentine, a student suffering from depression who is suicidal.
"(I put up) many, many walls because I was very despondent," Schultz said. "I hardly ever looked up, but I think that is to be expected."
She said she played the character as truthfully as possible so doctors can be better prepared to help individuals in those situations.
Gabriel Lisonbee, a junior at the charter school, portrayed a teen named Jonathan Hillberg who had a drug problem. In his scenario, he is trying to stop doing drugs and is having withdrawal symptoms. He is getting very sick with flu-like symptoms that won't go away, and his parents are concerned.
The teens have met with the doctors twice a month since late February.
"I had some excellent actors who gave me a hard time and didn't give me a lot of information," Dr. Nora Switchenko said with a laugh, "but it was a great experience to think about how I would act in that situation as a true pediatrician."
While making sure the students give a good performance to help the pediatricians, it was also important that they gave good feedback.
"That can be hard to do," Hemond said. "These are high school students, and they are giving feedback to physicians, and so the tendency is you don't want to be too harsh. You want to be nice, and that's true, but you also have to give enough constructive feedback so that they can take that information and use it in the future."
After the interviews, the teens didn't hold back on their critiques.
"I feel like you kind of made that (confidentiality agreement) a bigger deal than it should have been, and especially with a patient that's closed off in general, you might want to … downplay it," Schultz told the doctor who interviewed her.
"They get to practice the skills that they would use with a normal teenager before they actually go in with a teenager, and we get to say, 'This is what actually made me uncomfortable, and if you did that with me in an actual appointment, I might not respond so well,' " said sophomore Anna Bodily, who portrayed a pregnant teenager who didn't stop talking about everything in her life, making it difficult for the doctor to get a word in edgewise to diagnose the problem.
Switchenko said she learned a lot from the teen actors by getting "objective feedback on how it felt from their perspective as true adolescents."
Jim Gottlieb, a third-year pediatric resident at the University of Utah, said the experience was beneficial.
"A lot of (the feedback) was trying to help us word our questions better, or relate to the patients better, and they were very honest," he said.
Gottlieb said the best advice he received was to be clear about what confidentiality meant in regard to a teen's care. He also learned to use a lot of open-ended questions to encourage the teen to speak.
The benefits are two-fold: Doctors understand how to be more sensitive to teenage patients, and the teens are conquering new acting challenges.
"I learned a lot about the medical world," said Chloe Betts, a ninth-grader who portrayed a girl who was pregnant, promiscuous and didn't like society. "I also learned a lot about serious improv, because I usually do comedic improv and that's fun, but this is more a serious thing."
Several of the young actors have volunteered to help the doctors with the training after the school year ends. Hemond said she hopes to continue the program year-round.
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Hi AirBnBers,
I'm a 31 year old West Australian currently back living in my hometown of Perth, Australia, after many years abroad in France, Canada, USA and NZ. I'm a Social Worker who specializes in children's mental health, but more recently I became a snowboarding instructor!
I've travelled a lot over the years and discovered AirBnB towards the end of my recent adventures! I've used it in America and Canada so far... And I hope to host one day too as I love meeting people and traveling! I've backpacked Europe and the UK, as well as America and Canada when I was younger, I've done working holidays in New Zealand (2 years), Canada (15 months) and France (6 months). I love learning about different cultures and new languages and I am keen to see more of the world.
Look forward to talking more,


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The Best Order of Operations for Color Grading and Why it Makes All the Difference
Noam Kroll explains the order of which you should approach color correcting and why it matters. With color grading software like DaVinci Resolve and Adobe Speedgrade being readily available to just about anyone with access to the internet, it's no surprise that more and more filmmakers are attempting to color their own footage. In many Read MoreRead More


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Sleep Inn Brentwood - Nashville - Cool Springs
1611 Galleria Blvd.
Brentwood, TN 37027-2926
Phone: (615) 376-2122
Fax: (615) 309-8157
Arts & Museums
Arts Company
215 5th Avenue North
Nashville, TN 37219
+1 615 254 2040
Tu to Sa from 10:00 AM to 05:00 PMWhile many galleries in the Nashville area provide a venue for local artisans, this is the only space where you will find the works of Norris Hall. Well recognized throughout middle Tennessee and the southeastern United States, Hall has been commissioned by many state organizations to design logos, caricatures and oil renditions of historic places. Other items of note are the sculptures and folk art. Many local artisans schedule showings and lectures in this small gallery.
Earn valuable points toward free nights.


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Hotel Xuroy Alcaufar
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Day 39
... everyone jumped from the water. The canoes arrived and everyone jumped in and paddled around the island. First stop was at a cliff with tee jumps. After a few people jumped, Chloe and Lauren also thought it would be a good idea. Upon getting to the top, it looked ALOT higher then in the water. Chloe made Lauren jump first who awkwardly turned in the air and landed on her bum....yes she ...
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... room we freshened up and went to am organised dinner....3 courses of amazing food but **** wine. We then all boarded a bus for an hour bus ride to Cova D'en Xoroi, a nightclub in a cave on the side of a cliff....view was amazing. Majority of people had had huge days and weren't really into it, but we did our best and got the bus home at ...
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... huge cave of cathedral like proportions, there are birds and probably bats in the evening but for us it's a cool break before we walk onto Es Migjorn Gran, a sleepy town for lunch. We choose a bar with a few weird locals in, I choose a hamburger which turns out to be huge but tasty with salad. On the return walk we investigate the ancient talayot and follow the stone road which is unexpectedly diverted so we have to track back down into the gorge ...


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A new report by Shoppers Drug Mart and Great-West Life demonstrates the importance of pharmacist interventions in diabetes management.
Diplomat Pharmacy commences follow-on public offering of 7.4 million shares of its common stock.
The Federal Aviation Administration on Thursday issued an experimental airworthiness certificate that allows Amazon.com to test its Prime Air service under certain conditions.
Diplomat Pharmacy to offer PARI's cystic fibrosis treatment Kitabis Pak together with a PARI LC Plus nebulizer handset.
Par Pharmaceutical Holdings last week announced that it filed a statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for a proposed initial public offering of its common stock.
Diplomat Pharmacy is looking to raise $200 million with a proposed follow-on public offering of its common stock.
Intradermal quadrivalent flu vaccine found to be more productive than trivalent vaccine, according to Saint Louis University research.
Healthiest You on Monday launched a healthcare price comparison app that helps ascertain the cost of procedures and pharmaceuticals.
Community pharmacy leaders routinely host pharmacy tours in their stores throughout the year to help demonstrate firsthand to members of Congress and policy-makers the important interaction pharmacists provide patients every day, and the importance of supporting measures that help promote pharmacy to help expand patient access, improve health outcomes and lower healthcare costs.
With health reform and the shift to accountable, evidence-based medicine slowly but surely transforming the nation's massive but troubled healthcare system, new moves are afoot in both the legislative and executive branches of government that will further elevate the role played by the nation's 300,000 pharmacists.


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What Houzzers are commenting on:
Seagrass 2 x 2 Square Mosaic Tile Tumbled - Limestone from Turkey
Premium Grade Turkish Limestone Seagrass Tumbled 2x2" Mosaic Wall & Floor Tiles are perfect for any interior/exterior projects such as kitchen backsplash, bathroom flooring, shower surround, countertop, dining room, entryway, corridor, balcony, spa, pool, fountain, etc. Our large selection of coordinating products is available and includes hexagon, herringbone, basketweave mosaics, field, subway tiles, moldings, borders, and more.
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Using the smoker -- too cold?
I've had a hankering for pulled pork sandwiches and would love to pull out my smoker. My question is -- the temperature is going to be lucky to get up to 30 degrees during the day and I wonder if it will be too cold? This is a charcoal smoker. I have no problems keeping an eagle eye on the fire -- but, will it be too cold, do you think?
Oooooh...opinions are what I'm a-looking for, my friend! LOL
It's a Brinkmann -- green-egg style! LOL It has your basic temp gauge that reads -- warm, ideal, hot. I've been thinking of drilling a hole to be able to insert a regular thermometer, but haven't gotten around to it yet. I have holes drilled in the bottom of the pan to allow ash to fall through so as not to smother the hot coals.
I have the same smoker, rlcollins. I often smoke stuff in the winter. My only suggestion, and something I do in the summer as well, is to find a bit of 8" dia heavy wire mesh, and bend it up so that it creates a bit of flat space around the hole in the bottom of the charcoal pan, which increases air circulation to more charcoal, which heats things up just a bit more.
I have a couple of salmon I'm going to do when it stops snowing. Rather do that outside than have the whole house smell like cooked fish for a week.
The Brinkman is a very popular smoker. Never owned one myself. For sure drill a hole for a thermometer. WallyWorld carries a couple kinds that will work. And I use a Pyrex brand meat probe so know just when to remove meat from smoker. Has a 3'+ heat resistant cable between probe and device. Will sound an alarm when proper internal temp is reached. Also at WallyWorld.
You didn't ask, but my advice is to get rid of the petro briquettes and buy lump charcoal. Burns a lot cleaner. I use mostly pecan wood for the smoke. Beer in the water pan works quite well. I try to get a little in me while smoking too.
Ohmigod, I can't imagine it getting too cold for a smoker to operate. You've got a fire in it, after all.
I've never used a water smoker, so have no feel for them. When I lived in northern Illionois I used home-made smokers. Now I use an off-set firebox type.
I second John's advice: Get both types of thermometer and use them. They make a world of difference in the finished product.
Charcoal fired smokers give somewhat unpredictable results I've found. It's not easy to control the temperature because of all the variables involved.
Earl, at the tomato forum, has a great solution for that. Just smoke as usual for 5 hours or so, maintaining correct temperature as best you can. Then wrap the roast in aluminum foil and put it in a 250 degree oven until the meat reaches 205 degrees. This may take 4 hours. Perfect results every time.
Somewhat similar to the advice that Jim gives...
I very often smoke the meat for a couple hours and then finish up in a pressure cooker. Perfect 'pulled' meat every time. Swanson low fat chicken broth for the liquid in the cooker plus onions, garlic and spices of choice. You just can't go wrong.
I have a home made one thats made from two very large terracota pots turned to face each other (from a 'Good Eats' show by Alton Brown). There is an electic burner set on the highest setting and gives me only about 95-110 degrees when the outside temps are down to the low 50's, and the cast iron pot with wood chips will just barely start to char, even after 6+ hours. If the smoker I have, had some insulation, it would probably work better in cold weather, but here, the temps are either too hot to too cold, and we just don't get many days when the temps are ideal at 70 degrees, so I only do my smoking in the summer time. Charcoal can work, provided you can control the air flow, and have done some temp tests with different amounts or coals. Usually I see some fairly cheap smoker kits which all seem to use electic hot plates. These usually have some decent insulation though.
Some great tips -- thanks, everyone!
I do use the lump charcoal instead of the briquettes -- I think they burn much cleaner as well. And, I actually have two of those cable probe devices. I could easily use one for the meat and one as a general temperature gauge. Which could be especially helpful since I don't think that I'll get my husband to drill a hole in the lid in time. ;)
I'm still concerned about how cold it's going to be -- we won't break out of the teens this weekend, so I may do this tomorrow during our heatwave of 30 degrees with a 50% chance of snow. I'll just have to really keep an eye on the fire and probably build it up more -- and if all else fails, I'll finish it in the pressure cooker. Good idea! I've thought about an electric smoker, but I really like smoking this way. Call me a purist or someone who just likes a challenge. LOL
Saw this on the Epicurious site and may use it:
For dry rub
3 tablespoons coarsely ground black pepper
3 tablespoons (packed) dark brown sugar
3 tablespoons paprika
2 tablespoons coarse salt
1 teaspoon cayenne pepper
2 untrimmed boneless pork shoulder halves (also known as Boston butt; about 6 pounds total)
For mop
1 cup apple cider vinegar
1/2 cup water
2 tablespoons Worcestershire sauce
1 tablespoon coarsely ground black pepper
1 tablespoon coarse salt
2 teaspoons vegetable oil
8 pounds (about) 100% natural lump charcoal or charcoal briquettes
6 cups (about) hickory wood smoke chips, soaked in cold water at least 30 minutes
Thanks again for all the help and tips! I"m so hungry now!
Little Chief
I highly recommend
sea salt and another use for the splatter screens
propane torch instead of the heating element
propane torch 2 trained on the cast iron pellet pot
gas grill
off set smoker
more bird
probe (you can just barely see)
torch for starting the lump charcoal
Truth is, I rather prefer not smoking pepper pods now. The smoked powders were good, but I now prefer working with the purest possible taste and color. To me it works better to use the pure powders in rubs etc when smoking meats.
Next week I might change my mind. LOL
A couple of years ago, I purchased 2 lbs of oak-smoked Spanish Paprika. I still have 1.88 lbs left. About the only thing that it doesn't overwhelm is a cheese dish or a dip, and even then, opinions vary.
So, I'm with you on sticking to the straight stuff; powdered pepper on the one hand, and then smoke on the other.
Oak to me was one of the worst ever. Try some mesquite for peppers. Quite good actually for it's distinctive flavor, but only takes a very few minutes exposure. It can quickly overpower. Pecan is my all time by far. The Aji Queen in Texas keeps me supplied with big bags of large chunks. When we meet again at our annual Chile-Head gathering in Indiana she will bring me a bag. In above pictures it showed a pellet pot on the gas grill cooking area. I've found it much better just to throw the BBQ Delight pellets right on the grill.
Pecan is in the genus Carya, as is hickory. Hickory, of course, is considered one of the best smoking woods. So, even though I have never used pecan, it doesn't surprise me that you find it good for smoking.
Hickory nuts have a delicious flavor similar to pecans too. They are very tedious to crack though, because of their small size and strong shell.
Oak is fine, as are exotics like apple wood, or cherry. I used to make some smoked stuff using Jack Daniels oak barrel wood. Very interesting flavors.. I can never forget the time I did smoke something on the grill. The wood was from an unknown bag of wood chunks, but wherever these came from it tasted like the food was done at a dump someplace, ugh! Totally spoiled the experience..


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RECIPE: Vegetarian Gravy??
jane__nyNovember 23, 2009
I know this sounds strange but I plan to make a small amount of stuffing for a vegetarian friend and wonder if there is a way to make a gravy/sauce without using any meat drippings. I have organic vegetable broth and was thinking of browning some vegetables, adding some broth. Has anyone tried something like this?
I haven't but this one got excellent reviews.
Here is a link that might be useful: Vegetarian gravy


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St. Mark Lutheran, 2101 Jackson, Great Bend and St. Paul Lutheran, Main Street, Galatia announce their summer service times.
Tom Reazin from Lyons will be the guest speaker at the next Great Bend Aglow meeting, Saturday, April 13, at Perkins Family Restaurant, 2920 10th St. Sign-in and social time begins at 9 a.m. and the meeting starts at 9:30 a.m. Everyone is welcome to attend.
Students from Holy Family School are shown with some of the prizes and raffle items to be given away at Fun Night. The school fundraiser runs from 5-9 Friday at the Prince of Peace Parish Center and Holy Family School commons area. There will be raffles, carnival games, silent auction and a meal.
HESSTON – The refined vocal excellence of Calmus, a German a cappella ensemble, will round out the 2012-13 Hesston-Bethel Performing Arts season with a concert entitled "Bright Side of Life" at 3 p.m., Sunday, April 14, at Hesston Mennonite Church on the Hesston College campus. Following the concert, HBPA will host a dessert reception in the Hesston Mennonite Church Community Center. Season ticket holders have free admission to the dessert reception and non-season ticket holders can purchase their admission for $4 at the door.
The annual Presbyterian Women's Rummage Sale is set for 8 a.m. until noon this Saturday, April 6, in the Fellowship Hall of the First Presbyterian Church at 24th and Washington.
Jesus (Shelby Waterhouse) meets his mother Mary (Traci Ross), in a scene from the fourth Station of the Cross. Holy Trinity Church's youth group in Timken reenacted the Living Stations of the Cross on Good Friday, March 29. Other cast members were Matthew Wagner, Raymond Bruton, Haley Vondracek, Cody Bruton, James Flax, Gabriel Oddo, Allie Seltman, Jared Vondracek, Laken Vondracek, Sabrina Pechanec and Preston Ross.
Trinity Lutheran Church, 2701 24th, announces its Holy Week schedule:
I have been watching the efforts the American Center For Law and Justice (ACLJ) to get Pastor Saeed Abedini released from prison in Iran. This process has been going on since Pastor Saeed's arrest for being a Christian. He is a naturalized American citizen, yet the State Department and the Administration has done nothing to secure his release.
Here is the schedule of services for Holy Week and Easter at Dominican Chapel of the Plains, 3600 Broadway Ave., Great Bend:
St. Joseph's Festival features meal, sale
The next Lenten Luncheon will be Wednesday, March 20, at the Prince of Peace Catholic Church Parish Center, 4100 Broadway Ave. Host pastor is Father Reggie Urban, and the guest speaker will be the Rev. Sandy Kennedy from Faith Community Church. The weekly luncheons begin serving at noon – not earlier – and end at 1 p.m. Freewill offerings will be taken to defray the expenses of the host congregation. The public is invited to attend all of the luncheons, which will continue through March 27.
Dominican Sisters of Peace will show the motion picture "Journey of the Universe" at 6:15 p.m. Friday, March 22, in the auditorium of the Motherhouse, 3600 Broadway Ave. A freewill donation is requested. Refreshments and discussion will follow the movie, which has a run time of 56 minutes.
PAWNEE ROCK - A sunrise pageant is planned for Easter morning at the Pawnee Rock State Historic Site. The pageant starts at 7 a.m. on Sunday, March 31, Elaine Mull reports.
A school in Haiti may be able to keep its doors open, thanks to a donation from the First Congregational United Church of Christ in Great Bend.
CLAY CENTER – "A historical fact which involves a resurrection from the dead is utterly inconceivable," wrote the late Dr. Rudolph Bultmann, an influential New Testament German Theologian. Presenting an opposing view is Dr. N.T. Wright. Presently, he is a world's leading Bible scholar having done extensive research on Jesus' resurrection. He says, "Because he is raised from the dead, he is Lord of the world, sovereign over the whole cosmos, the one before whom we bow the knee, believing that in the end every creature will come to do so as well."
The Heartland Center for Spirituality is taking reservations for its inaugural "Hero for Heartland," an afternoon tea with savory delights. The come-and-go experience will be from 2-4 p.m. Sunday, April 26, at 3600 Broadway Ave.
The 1997 motion picture, "Life is Beautiful," will be shown at 6:15 p.m. Friday, March 27, as part of the Heartland Center for Spirituality's latest series of "Movies with a Message." The movie begins at 6:15 p.m. in the Auditorium of the Motherhouse of the Dominican Sisters of Peace, 3600 Broadway Ave. A freewill offering will be accepted to offset the cost of refreshments.
HOISINGTON - Everyone is invited to an "All You Can Eat" fish fry from 5:30-7:30 p.m. tonight at the Hoisington Knights of Columbus Hall. Members will be serving Alaskan pollock, coleslaw, scalloped potatoes and drinks. The cost is $8 for adults, $4 for children ages 4-11 and children under 4 eat for free. All proceeds support area charities.
A new video about Jesus for the Easter season will be released Friday by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Elders from the Great Bend ward said the video is about 2-3 minutes long and can be found on the website www.HeLives.mormom.org.
HOISINGTON - The public is invited to a free puppet show, "Garbage In Garbage Out," at 2:30 p.m. Saturday, April 4 at Country Place Senior Living, 259 West Sixth St. in Hoisington. The program is sponsored by Country Place.
The final Lenten luncheon in the local series will be at noon on Wednesday, April 1 at Central Baptist Church, 3301 Lakin Ave. The host pastor is Dr. Joan Harrington, and the speaker will be Adam Wutka, pastor at St. Mark Lutheran Church. A meal is served at noon (not earlier) and the meeting ends at 1 p.m. A freewill offering is suggested to defray the expenses of the host congregation.
Catholic Social Service will sponsor its 14th annual charity wine tasting event on Friday, April 17 at the Club at Stone Ridge in Great Bend. Tickets are $50, or $350 for a table of eight.
First Presbyterian Church, 2400 Washington St., will host the March 25 Lenten Luncheon. The host pastor will be Dr. Scott Solether, with cohost pastors Josh and Amy Foster from First Church of the Nazarene. The speaker will be Josh Leu, pastor at First Christian Church.
The Heartland Center for Spirituality is taking reservations for "Hero for the Heartland," an afternoon tea with savory delights. The come-and-go experience will be from 2-4 p.m. Sunday, April 26, at 3600 Broadway Ave. For more information see the website: www.heartlandspirituality.org.
First United Methodist Church will only have one worship service this Sunday, March 22. For this week only, the service will be at 10:30 a.m. at the church, located at 2123 Forest Ave.
MILBERGER - United Emanuel Lutheran Church in Milberger will celebrate the Easter season with an afternoon worship service conducted in German at 3 p.m. on Sunday, April 12.
The Quran says about Jesus, "Christ Jesus the son of Mary was (no more than) a Messenger of Allah, and His Word" (The Quran 4:171). The Jehovah's Witness New World Translation says He was "a god" (John 1:1). Notice the small "g." Rabbi Shraga Simmons says that, according to Judaism, "Jews to not accept Jesus as the messiah."
Roy Titsworth will be the guest speaker at the next Great Bend Aglow Lighthouse, on Saturday, March 14, at Perkins restaurant, 2920 10th St. Coffee and social time begins at 9 a.m., with the meeting at 9:30. It is open to everyone.
ELLINWOOD - St. Joseph High School Parish School of Religion (PSR) students, Fr. John Forkuoh, PSR sponsors Raechel Manley and Sean O'Neill, and guests held a traditional Seder meal, otherwise know as a Passover meal, on March 1 at St. Joseph Rectory in Ellinwood.
Foundry Methodist Church, 5401 Broadway Ave., will be the host site for the next Lenten Luncheon, a noon Wednesday, March 18. A meal is served at noon (not earlier) and the meeting ends at 1 p.m. A freewill offering is suggested to defray the expenses of the host congregation. Host pastors at Foundry Methodist are Kevin and Jana Baxter. The speaker will be Sister Andre Kravec, O.P., a Dominican Sister ministering in the Catholic churches in Claflin and Odin.
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