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Ethical Principles as a Guide in Implementing Policies for the Management of Food Allergies in Schools This is a preprint of an article published in The Journal of School Nursing (2010) 26: 183-193 Originally published online 26 March 2010 DOI: 10.1177/1059840510364844 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jsn.sagepub.com/content/26/3/183 Jason Behrmann firstname.lastname@example.com Bioethics Programs, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Université de Montréal C.P. 6128, succursale centre-ville Pav. Margeurite d'Youville (7e étage) Montréal (Québec), Canada, H3C 3J7 Food allergy in children is a growing public health problem that carries a significant risk of anaphylaxis such that schools and child care facilities have enacted emergency preparedness policies for anaphylaxis and methods to prevent the inadvertent consumption of allergens. However, studies indicate that many facilities are poorly prepared to handle the advent of anaphylaxis and policies for the prevention of allergen exposure are missing essential components. Furthermore, certain policies are inappropriate because they are blatantly discriminatory. This article aims to provide further guidance for school health officials involved in creating food allergy policies. By structuring policies around ethical principles of confidentiality and anonymity, fairness, avoiding stigmatization, and empowerment, policy makers gain another method to support better policy making. The main ethical principles discussed are adapted from key values in the bioethics and public health ethics literatures and will be framed within the specific context of food allergy policies for schools. Keywords: food allergy; schools; children; policies; decision making; ethics Introduction The industrialized world is witnessing a growing incidence of allergy (Bousquet et al., 2004; Holgate, 1999; Isolauri, Huurre, Salminen, & Impivaara, 2004). Allergy is a chronic disease wherein the immune system becomes hyper-responsive (also described as hypersensitive) to common substances in the environment, such as allergenic components in pollen, dust, and animal dander. Typical allergic reactions produce watery eyes, nasal congestion and skin irritations such as hives. However, certain allergic individuals experience severe allergic reactions that carry a significant risk for mortality. Of particular concern are allergic responses that induce asthma or anaphylactic reactions. Anaphylaxis is a systemic allergic reaction resulting in extreme cardiac and respiratory impairment and is typically fatal if medical attention is not sought immediately. One major category of allergic disease is food allergy. Food allergies are prevalent in the industrialized world and it is estimated that eight percent of children under the age of three have a food allergy (Bock, 1987), with approximately 1.5 percent of the population being allergic to peanuts (Kagan et al., 2003). Studies also indicate that the incidence of food allergic disease is increasing dramatically (Mullins, 2007; Sicherer, Munoz-Furlong, & Sampson, 2003). The most common allergenic foods include peanuts, nuts, egg, milk, soy, and fish; yet hypersensitivities are also observed for a variety of other food products, including many fruits, vegetables, food colouring agents, and spices (Sicherer, 2002). Food allergies have certain particularities relative to other forms of allergic disease. Therapeutic interventions of pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy provide treatment for most forms of allergy. These therapeutic options are typically not applicable with food allergy, where the primary means to avoid a food reaction is to eliminate the allergenic substance from one's diet (Sicherer, 2001). Furthermore, the risk of experiencing a severe reaction or anaphylaxis is generally higher with allergic reactions to food (Alves & Sheikh, 2001). Another characteristic of food allergy is that it is particularly prevalent in children and adolescents (Sicherer, 2001). The widespread incidence of food allergy in children, and thus risk for anaphylaxis, poses a significant challenge to those individuals (i.e., parents, educational and health professionals) that oversee their wellbeing. A large amount of responsibility in the management of severe food allergic reactions has fallen on administrators and health professionals of childcare settings, such as schools and daycares, locations where reactions to food commonly occur. Eighty-four percent of food-allergic children will experience an allergic reaction while at school (Powers, Bergren, & Finnegan, 2007), and one quarter of initial allergic reactions to food arise in the school environment (Sicherer, Furlong, DeSimone, & Sampson, 2001). The presence of at least one food allergic student within a childcare setting or school appears to be nearly inevitable, with one American study finding that 55 percent of elementary schools surveyed reported having 10 or more affected students (Rhim & McMorris, 2001). The high number of food allergic students has resulted in numerous schools implementing policies that aim to prevent allergic reactions and reduce the risk of mortality should an anaphylactic reaction occur. To aid schools and childcare settings in developing appropriate policy responses, several allergy medical organizations and experts have published guidelines on preventative strategies for food allergen exposure and anaphylaxis ("American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on School Health: Guidelines for urgent care in school," 1990; Anaphylaxis in schools and other childcare settings. AAAAI Board of Directors.," 1998; Baumgart et al., 2004; Hay, Harper, & Moore, 2006; Sicherer, 2001; The treatment in school of children who have food allergies. Committee report from the Adverse Reactions to Food Committee of the AAAI," 1991; The use of epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis. AAAI Board of Directors," 1994)1—(hereon cited as simply, "Guidelines"). These guidelines typically describe factors such as emergency action plans for anaphylactic reactions, provide templates of medical information files for allergic students, and propose guidelines on how to minimize the risk of accidental ingestion of problematic foods. While such recommendations have been available for many years, studies demonstrate various (often limited) degrees of compliance, much heterogeneity in the application of policies, and a highly variable ability of many school officials to respond appropriately to severe food reactions (Powers, et al., 2007; Rankin & Sheikh, 2006; Rhim & McMorris, 2001). Furthermore, certain policies employed in schools are arguably unethical and place undue psychosocial stress on food allergic students. For example, some policies inadvertently cause food allergic students to be separated from "normal" students, thus encouraging stigmatization and even discrimination (Marklund, Wilde-Larsson, Ahlstedt, & Nordström, 2007). These are significant problems. If schools and childcare settings are to fully address the needs of food allergic students, they must employ a more thorough application of guidelines, have better emergency preparedness, and avoid stigmatizing policies. This article provides further guidance for school nurses to take a lead in the oversight and protection of food allergic children. Many school nurses likely face difficulties when determining which strategies will best address the needs of students. Indeed, depending on factors such as student population, age, variety of food allergy, and availability of food services, food allergy policies will have to be adapted to meet the specific contexts of educational facilities. How can this be done and how is one to determine if the resulting policies are most appropriate? Certain ethical principles can aid school nurses in this process. By basing policy decisions on sound 1 Several of these guidelines and mission statements date from the 1990's and represent foundational policy documents on food allergy in relation to childcare settings. Though they may appear dated, these documents remain relevant within current food allergy policy developments. ethics, school nurses and administrators gain a valuable tool that can help them in determining which policies are best for their institution. This article will present the ethical principles of confidentiality and anonymity, the fair distribution of benefits and burdens, and empowerment. Key principles in the public health ethics literature will also be presented. These principles are placed within context of common food allergy policies where through ethical reasoning, good policies can be made better and the appropriateness of policies can be identified relative to alternatives2. For example, paying attention to the principle of anonymity can help prevent the enactment of stigmatizing policies, while attention to the fair distribution of benefits can guide decision making in determining whether to ban certain food ingredients from a cafeteria menu. Before commencing the discussion of how to integrate ethical principles into food allergy policies, it will be helpful to have an overview of common recommendations and policies, and the key problems observed with the implementation of such policies. Common guidelines and policies for the management of food allergies in childcare settings Several guidelines and recommendations have been proposed by various experts and committees, including paediatricians specializing in food allergy as well as the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (as previously cited: Guidelines). Most guidelines provide information on two main issues for food allergic students. One topic pertains to emergency preparedness, which refers to how facilities ready themselves before a severe food 2 Within the United States, several national and regional laws and regulations mandate certain practice parameters and policies concerning food allergic children within the school environment (e.g., national regulations include statutes within section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, Americans with Disabilities Act [ADA], and the Family Educational Rights Privacy Act [FERPA]). This article will not focus discussion towards such legislation, which will likely be already familiar to school nurses and administrators. Rather, this discussion aims to advance knowledge on food allergy policy developments and thus focuses on ethical frameworks, exclusively—ethics being a subject that is currently absent within the academic literature concerning food allergy. reaction occurs in a child and what childcare administrators are to do immediately following the onset of an anaphylactic reaction (Emergency Action Plans for food allergy are available online; see Young et al. (2009) for a recent example). The other main issue is one of prevention, where strategies are provided on how childcare facilities can minimize the risk of accidental consumption and exposure to food allergens. The first step recommended for emergency preparedness is for facilities to maintain medical information files on allergic students that are readily accessible to school heath professionals. The American-based Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network provided a template medical file that is endorsed by several experts (Muñoz-Furlong, 2003; Powers, et al., 2007; Sicherer, 2001). The template —which is to be completed in conjunction with the child's primary care provider— contains sections that allow for listing of the child's allergic triggers and the medication to be administer depending on the degree of allergic reaction. Also present are emergency contacts for the child and diagrams on how to administer epinephrine (adrenaline) if an anaphylactic reaction should occur. To clarify, the administration of epinephrine is the first line of defence in countering anaphylaxis prior to seeking medical attention at a healthcare facility. The general function of health records is to give health professionals at educational facilities the opportunity to assess periodically the particular needs of food allergic students. These documents also provide a resource that school nurses and administrators can turn to in the advent of an allergic reaction. The availability of epinephrine in childcare facilities and educational settings is essential in strategies aimed at reducing the risk of fatalities from severe allergic reactions. Recommendations of multiple professional organizations (as previously cited: Guidelines) state that epinephrine should be easily accessible and stored in a known location. Staff members that commonly work with food allergic students should be trained in identifying an allergic reaction and know how to administer epinephrine when necessary. Therefore, emergency preparedness for severe food reactions can be viewed as a three component initiative: 1) accessible medical information files on allergic children, 2) availability of epinephrine in the advent of an anaphylactic reaction, and 3) training of staff in the appropriate administration of epinephrine. The underlying cause of severe food reactions is the inadvertent consumption by individuals of food not known to contain a problematic allergen. Policies that have as their goals the prevention of food allergy reactions focus on preventing children from consuming food that is unfamiliar to them. One common method is to enforce strict "no food sharing" policies that prohibit the sharing (or trading) among students of food, utensils, and food containers (Baumgart, et al., 2004; Hu, Kerridge, & Kemp, 2004). When food services, namely cafeterias, are available at a school, efforts are to be made to ensure the safety of the food provided and that allergen-free alternatives are available. To this end, it is recommended that food service staff be educated in methods to avoid the cross-contamination of prepared meals through the proper washing of surfaces and utensils (Baumgart, et al., 2004). Food service staff should also be educated in the reading of food labels in order to identify the presence of allergens (Rhim & McMorris, 2001). Other common strategies in preventing the inadvertent consumption of allergen-containing food are for facilities to restrict the consumption of certain foods to specific areas, or to ban the presence of some foods altogether. Such methods can include having a designated "allergen-free" table in the cafeteria where products that contain common allergens, like peanuts, are not to be consumed. It should be noted that "allergen-free" does not imply a dining area that is only of use for food allergic children. Rather, the area should be available to all children that choose not to consume common allergens within that space. Many experts note that administrators of schools and childcare facilities must be vigilant to ensure that the presence of a food allergy does not result in the segregation of the food allergic child from other children (as previously cited: Guidelines). While children with food allergy have a serious medical condition, their allergy should not result in their exclusion from events, such as field trips, or in their isolation during meal times. With regards to food bans, most experts do not endorse such policies (Baumgart, et al., 2004; Hu & Kemp, 2005). Many argue that broad food bans are largely ineffective, provide a false sense of security, and are burdensome on families that do not have food allergic children (Sicherer, 2001). Some studies have demonstrated that peanut bans in schools do decrease substantially the presence of peanuts in school lunches (Banerjee et al., 2007). The complete elimination of peanuts, however, appears to be next to impossible. Despite criticisms, policies for the banning of certain foods from schools are relatively widespread (Weiss, Muñoz-Furlong, Furlong, & Arbit, 2004). In settings with particularly young children that are incapable of objectively selecting the food they eat, such as preschools, food bans are recommended for major allergens (Baumgart, et al., 2004). The general principle in preventing severe food reactions is to prevent the inadvertent consumption of the allergen. It should also be noted that additional policies not related to eating habits have been developed to prevent severe food reactions. Anaphylactic reactions have been induced in children due to arts and crafts activities and science projects (Sicherer, et al., 2001). In these situations, allergenic components were part of the project (e.g., the use of peanut butter in the making of birdfeeders). It is recommended that schools and childcare facilities avoid the use of common allergenic compounds during such learning activities. A curious fact concerning food allergic children is that their medical condition can make them the target of bullying and harassment. There have been documented incidents of fellow students, perhaps not understanding the seriousness of food allergies, forcing allergic students to consume allergen containing food, with dire consequences (Muñoz-Furlong, 2003). Because of this threat, some experts recommend the promotion of anti-bullying policies as an essential component in the prevention of accidental allergen exposure (Baumgart, et al., 2004; Weiss, et al., 2004). Furthermore, most relevant guidelines strongly endorse the need for the education of staff and all students on the issue of food allergy (Baumgart, et al., 2004). Only once administrators, teachers and students fully understand the severity of food allergy, and the best methods for the prevention of severe reactions, can precautionary policies be enforced, appreciated and thus effective. To summarise, efforts to prevent severe food reactions must go beyond discussions about eating habits to also include broad education initiatives concerning food allergy, the promotion of respect for food allergic children (e.g., by preventing bullying and harassment), and the avoidance of allergenic compounds in school activities. Weaknesses observed in policies for the management of food allergies in childcare settings While the availability of guidelines for managing food allergy have provided valuable resources for administrators and school nurses, many challenges are observed when food allergy policies are executed in real-world settings. Studies conducted in the US have shown that many schools are inconsistent in their application of guidelines and that policies vary widely among facilities (Powers, et al., 2007; Rhim & McMorris, 2001; Weiss, et al., 2004). Heterogeneity in policy application is not problematic per se — depending on the specificity of a given educational facility (e.g., size, variety of food allergies, the availability of food services), some policies will not apply or will need to be adapted to fit the particular needs of a given facility. This heterogeneity becomes problematic, however, when the inconsistent application of guideline recommendations compromises an educational facility's ability to manage appropriately the risks of childhood food allergy. For example, Rhim and McMorris (2001) observed that some schools do not keep medical information files on food allergic students, thus compromising the ability of school health professionals to address the health and safety needs of these students. Furthermore, the authors noted that some schools did not keep emergency epinephrine (two percent of schools surveyed), while a significant proportion (10 percent of schools surveyed) did not have staff trained in the administration of this life saving drug. These observations demonstrate important gaps in emergency preparedness strategies within certain educational facilities. Similar observations have been made by Powers, Bergren, and Finnegan (2007), who found that numerous schools did not have written food allergy emergency plans, and many school personnel felt unsure with regard to how and when to administer epinephrine. The presence of gaps is also observed in policies aimed at preventing the inadvertent consumption of food allergens. Rhim and McMorris (2001) found that while many schools offered food substitution and meal replacements in cafeterias, most did not educate food service staff on the reading of food labels in order to identify the presence of hidden allergens. Another problem that has been voiced by children concerning policies for the management of food allergy is that certain measures are blatantly discriminatory. In some facilities, food allergic students are required to leave the general queue in order to collect their meal from another location, thus branding them as distinct and different from other students (Marklund, et al., 2007). Furthermore, students have complained about the poor quality of meal replacements and allergen-free alternatives provided in school (Marklund, et al., 2007). The poor quality of these meals was attributed to a lack of knowledge and interest on the part of cafeteria personnel in preparing tasty allergen-free meals. The above observations indicate that many educational facilities need to review the current strengths and weaknesses within their policies for the management of food allergy. Particular vigilance is needed to eliminate gaps in emergency preparedness and allergen avoidance policies. It also appears that a degree of poor judgement can be present during the formulation of certain policies, such as those that inadvertently promote discrimination. Ethical principles can be used to both help school nurses in their role to support administrators in decision making, and provide guidance on how to make acceptable policies better by having them meet minimum ethical standards. Ethical principles as a guide in developing food allergy policies Preventing severe food reactions in children is a matter of public health, and numerous resources are available that can aid officials in implementing effective public health initiatives. One resource is the 2002 publication of a code of ethics for public health (Thomas, Sage, Dillenberg, & Guillory, 2002). The first clause of this code of ethics is particularly pertinent to beginning an ethical dialogue on food allergy policies: "Public health should address principally the fundamental causes of disease and requirements for health, aiming to prevent adverse health outcomes" (p.1058). This clause is important, because in the context of schooling and childcare, it means that facilities cannot permit the partial enactment of guidelines or allow for gaps in efforts to prevent anaphylaxis. If school nurses are to prevent the adverse health outcomes of food-induced anaphylaxis, they must ensure the policies are sound, robust, and follow the standards set forth by experts, even if these recommendations are not enforced through legislation. For example, school nurses must ensure that their emergency preparedness plans are complete: having epinephrine available is not sufficient if staff are not trained on how this potentially life saving medication is to be administered; having medical information files readily available is not sufficient unless all students with food allergy are included in this registry. This first principle of public health ethics affirms that the goal of proper management of food allergy is the prevention of anaphylaxis, and thus, the complete enactment of emergency preparedness plans and avoidance policies is essential. Another general principle that can aid school nurses and administrators in policy decisions is to pay attention to their professional and fiduciary responsibilities, that is, the trust or care relationship they have with food allergic children requiring assistance. To expand, many feminist scholars argue that our relationships with others are not impartial since they are linked to responsibilities of care for others that play a role in our daily lives (Roberts & Reich, 2002). Decision makers in public health – including school health – should thus imagine themselves as "caring parents" for members of society under their responsibility, and they should ask themselves the following question: "what resources and level of protection would you expect if it were your food-allergic child?". The answer to this question can prove valuable in informing choices about which policies to enact within a given school or childcare facility. Confidentiality and anonymity Respect for confidentiality and protection of privacy are core ethical principles in health care, as well as prominent core values upheld in many social democratic societies, especially in North America and Europe. Individuals afflicted with a given ailment – something that may have a significant impact on their personal lives – have the right to keep this fact private if they so choose. The right for individuals to choose to keep their medical needs confidential stems from both a respect for their autonomy as individuals, and recognition of the very real risks that the inappropriate disclosure of health information may entail. These risks may include, among others, unjust discrimination in employment, the loss of health or life insurance coverage, and stigmatization on the basis of a particular medical condition (Deapen, 2006). Thus, it is important that sensitive health or medical information be dealt with carefully, treated as confidential, and be disclosed only to those professionals that need such personal information in order to protect the health of the individual. Any documentation, such as personal medical files, that are formulated during interactions with medical professionals should be secured to ensure these documents remain confidential. The principle of confidentiality is particularly relevant for food allergic children. Interviews with children with food allergies confirm that occasionally, their food allergy results in discrimination and stigmatization by other students, and this produces significant psychosocial stress (Marklund, et al., 2007). Furthermore, being labelled as "food allergic" carries an increased risk to a child's wellbeing since this can make them the target of bullying and harassment, and has already been mentioned, resulted in instances of children being force-fed food to which they were allergic (Muñoz-Furlong, 2003). Therefore, when school nurses and administrators are formulating policies for food allergy, they must be vigilant that policies do not cause food allergic children to become identified as different from other children. For example, having allergic children line up in a different line in order to collect their meal alternatives is unacceptable. Similarly, guidelines that recommend the provision of an "allergen-free" eating area, such as peanut and milk-free cafeteria table, can be problematic. This policy would only be appropriate if food allergic students do not exclusively occupy this table. To prevent exclusion and assure anonymity of the allergic condition, policies ought to include efforts that encourage friends of the allergic student to also bring in allergen-free lunches, thus allowing for inclusion of all students. Of course, it is recommended that use of allergen-free areas not be mandatory for food allergic children (Muñoz-Furlong, 2003). The principle of confidentiality is pertinent to food allergy policies in relation to emergency preparedness. An essential component of emergency preparedness is the ready availability of medical information files so that school health professionals have easily at hand the information necessary to help a child should they experience an allergic reaction. However, this policy ought to be employed alongside efforts that ensure these files remain confidential. Any additional staff members (e.g., secretarial or computer maintenance staff) that might view such files must also be informed that these files contain medical information and thus must be treated as confidential. After viewing a child's file, school health professionals must inform staff members that they are not to provide information found in that file to anyone else. At times, keeping an absolute stance on anonymity may prove impractical. For example, if school administrators choose to impose a food ban, they need to inform parents of the food to be banned and the reasons for the policy. A dilemma surfaces in determining how much specific information should be divulged when informing others (parents), while maintaining confidentiality and anonymity of the affected children. Thompson and colleagues address this issue with an ethical value concerning privacy: "Disclose only private information that is relevant to achieve legitimate and necessary public health goals" (Thompson, Faith, Gibson, & Upshur, 2006, p. 6). By applying this principle, school nurses can help administrators inform others of food allergy and their efforts in preventing anaphylaxis without violating the privacy of food allergic children. For example, it is appropriate to inform others that an educational facility has several students with severe food allergies that carry a significant risk for anaphylaxis. Additional information, like identifying characteristics and the medical requirements of food allergic students are irrelevant and ought not to be divulged. Additional challenges may arise when communicating the health needs of allergic students to other children. Imagine the situation where a child unknowingly sits at an "allergen-free" table with a meal that may possibly contain allergens. Rather than inform the child that that they are not permitted at the table because of the needs of a specific, identified student, the school nurse should inform school officials to explain that the student's nutritious meal might be harmful to other students and staff (emphasis added) at that given table. School health professionals should then communicate to the parents or guardian of that child to consider preparing allergen-free meals as a means to ensure their child's safe inclusion at any table within the school setting. Fair distribution of benefits and burdens Another core ethical principle is justice or fairness; that is, that all individuals have equal access to resources that ensure their happiness and wellbeing. From a public health perspective, this implies that policy initiatives will be of broad health benefit to all applicable members of society. Fairness also implies that if policies require a certain degree of restrictions on behaviour or liberties, these burdens ought not to be discriminatory and ought to be applied evenly throughout society. The value of fairness is applicable to food allergy policies on several levels. For one, when formulating policies, administrators ought to ensure that policies will be of benefit to all, and not for only certain food allergic students. For example, administrators should ensure that policies do not focus on a given allergen, to the exclusion of others. Peanuts are commonly scrutinized during discussions on food allergy as peanut allergy is notoriously associated with anaphylaxis (Sicherer, et al., 2001). Therefore, it is common for policies to focus on peanuts, and implement peanut food bans or peanut free classrooms. However, other allergens, like milk, are also common inducers of anaphylaxis (Macdougall, Cant, & Clover, 2002). Therefore, for policies to be of equal benefit for all food allergic students, policies such as "no food sharing" ought to be favoured over specific bans of one particular allergen. Furthermore, it is generally agreed that food allergy policies should be age appropriate, so that as children mature, they can and should acquire a greater responsibility in managing their allergy (Baumgart, et al., 2004). However, this does not imply that food allergy policies should focus exclusively on the needs of young children while leaving those of adolescents unaddressed. Indeed, it is known that the majority of severe food reactions occur in children over the age of 5 and are especially prevalent in food allergic adolescents (Marklund, et al., 2007; Muñoz-Furlong, 2003). So in applying the principle of fairness, policies ought not to benefit only young children or assume that the needs of more mature students can be met by their own efforts. For example, school health officials should not assume that more mature, adolescent students would consistently carry emergency epinephrine and thus only provide emergency epinephrine in settings for the care of young children that are understandably less capable of upholding such a responsibility. Additionally, when formulating food allergy policies, school nurses ought to ensure that food allergic students have access to the same opportunities and resources as other students. For example, it is recommended that common allergens not be included in science or art projects, therefore permitting the participation of all students. However, this policy ought to be extended so that food products are not used as rewards for academic performance or during classroom celebrations (Muñoz-Furlong, 2003). Rather, to allow all students to participate, these items ought to be replaced with non-edible items like sports cards or colourful school materials (pens, pencils) (Muñoz-Furlong, 2003). Another example pertains to allergen-elimination meals provided at school cafeterias. Food allergic students note that these meals can be of lower quality and less palatable than regular meals. Food preparation staff should be supported to ensure they are knowledgeable in preparing allergen elimination-diet meals that are of the same quality as regular meals served at the educational facility. Additionally, the meals ought not to be provided at extra costs to the allergic child (Hay, et al., 2006). To avoid possibilities for stigmatization, the meals could be demarcated subtly with a small sticker or pen mark placed on the cellophane wrapping or at the edge of a serving plate. Another issue of fairness pertains to the fair distribution of burdens that may arise from certain food allergy policies. In general, school nurses and administrators must ensure that policies do not unduly burden the eating habits of certain children. For example, food bans ought to be avoided for they can significantly compromise the daily eating habits of many children not affected by food allergy. Take the example of a broad food ban on soy, a common allergen. Such a ban will unduly burden the eating habits of children that are vegetarian or members of certain ethnic communities, where soy is a common protein replacement or staple food. However, under certain circumstances, policies may be justified in restricting the eating habits of certain children. For example, specific food bans can be deemed appropriate in facilities with very young children that are incapable of objectively deciding which food they can consume (Baumgart, et al., 2004). Determining whether restricting specific eating habits is appropriate can be resolved by applying Thompson and colleague's ethical values on restricting liberties. They state that restricting liberties is appropriate if "the restriction is proportional to the risk of public harm and is necessary and relevant to protecting the public good" (Thompson, et al., 2006, p. 6). Thus, by applying this principle, it would be appropriate that school nurses inform administrators to apply food bans in the preschool setting where the risk for the accidental consumption of allergens is high. However, such bans might not be appropriate in a cafeteria where policies such as allergen- free dining tables and the provision of allergen-free meal alternatives are appropriate measures that do not involve restricting a child's liberties. Empowerment There are two ways to orient initiatives for securing the health and wellbeing of a community. One method, which may be overly or unreasonably paternalistic, involves the imposition of policies and regulatory efforts on others without providing alternatives or explanations as to why such rules are important. The other, arguably more ethical approach (i.e., less coercive), involves empowering people in the control of their health and wellbeing. Examples of empowerment include educating the public on sound health choices and the provision of resources so that people are more able to protect their wellbeing. The notion of empowerment is integral to the code of ethics for public health proposed by Thomas and colleagues; the fourth clause states that: "Public health should advocate for, or work for the empowerment of, disenfranchised community members, ensuring that the basic resources and conditions necessary for health are accessible to all people in the community" (Thomas, et al., 2002, p. 1058). But how do notions of empowerment apply to food allergy? Munoz-Furlong states that empowerment of food allergic children is essential since "[e]mpowering a child to participate in food allergy management strategies will yield a confident child who is less likely to make mistakes or take unnecessary risks and who can rebound after an allergic reaction" (Muñoz-Furlong, 2003 p. 1654). Thus, when school health professionals are formulating policies for food allergy, an essential component should be the empowerment of all students and staff. Primary methods to achieve empowerment include the broad education of all students and faculty on food allergy, anaphylaxis, and methods to avoid food reactions (Banerjee, et al., 2007; Baumgart, et al., 2004; Hay, et al., 2006). Other means to empower food allergic children include encouraging them to carry, and be knowledgeable in the administration of, emergency epinephrine. Of course, this will only be appropriate with older children and it does not absolve educational facilities of the responsibility for keeping their own supplies of epinephrine available. Additionally, administrators should take threats to the safety and wellbeing of food allergic children seriously, as would be the case with bullying and harassment. Overall, school nurses and administrators should strive to ensure that their efforts in the management of food allergy include elements of empowerment by providing children and staff with resources that will enable them to gain better control of the children's health and wellbeing. Conclusion The industrialized world is witnessing a growing incidence of allergic disease and food allergy in children and this poses a significant challenge to public health. The main concern with food allergy is the possibility for the inducement of life-threatening anaphylactic reactions due to the inadvertent consumption of a food allergen. To address this concern, most schools have enacted policies to prepare for the sudden onset of anaphylaxis in food allergic children. Such efforts include the provision of emergency epinephrine and the training of staff in its administration. Additionally, schools and childcare facilities commonly employ policies that aim to prevent food allergic children from mistakenly consuming allergen containing foods. Such efforts include employing "no food sharing" policies or the provision of "allergen-free" tables in dining areas. Despite these efforts, numerous studies have demonstrated that many schools are ill prepared to effectively prevent severe food-induced allergic reactions. This is due to incomplete emergency preparedness plans and gaps in methods for the avoidance of food allergens. Furthermore, some policies require reform because they allow (or even encourage) the discrimination and stigmatization of food allergic children. Thus, many educational facilities need to review and reformulate their policies concerning food allergy. When doing so, school health officials and administrators should follow some basic ethical principles to guide decision making and policy development. The ethical principles of confidentiality and anonymity, the fair distribution of benefits and burdens, and empowerment can guide policy decisions for food allergy (summarized in Table 1). By employing these principles, school nurses can aid administrators in policy making and gain another means to ensure that food safety policies are complete and ethical, while avoiding problems seen with discriminatory polices that place undue psychosocial stress on food allergic children. With a greater concerted effort and the endorsement of effective and ethical policies, the threat of fatalities from severe food reactions in childcare settings can be made virtually non-existent. Table 1: Key ethical principles to aid in implementing policies for food allergic children Ethical Policy response or areas of particular vigilance Examples principles Policies should address the fundamental causes of disease and Enact appropriate, and complete, requirements for health, aiming to prevent adverse health emergency preparedness and allergen Underlying outcomes. avoidance policies. principles Imagine if the food allergic child was your own. What level of protection would you expect for your child? Do policies cause a food allergic child to become distinct from Do not make allergic children form a others? separate queue when collecting their Confidentiality Are medical files confidential and do staff respect meals. and Anonymity confidentiality? Do not disclose identifying Only disclose private information that is necessary for characteristics of allergic children or protecting health. their specific medical needs. Avoid unduly burdening the eating habits of certain children. Provide allergen-free meals that are of Enact policies that will be of benefit to all food allergic the same quality as regular meals. Equal benefits students. Focus policies on all allergens (no and burdens Ensure food allergic students have access to the same food sharing), not one allergen (e.g., opportunities and resources as others. peanuts). Ensure the education of staff and students on allergic reactions Take threats of bullying seriously. to food. Encourage allergic children to carry Empowerment Provide resources so that food allergic children can gain further epinephrine. control over their health Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Bryn Williams-Jones of Université de Montréal for his many helpful comments and discussions concerning preliminary versions of this article. The following research was supported by fellowships and scholarships from Université de Montréal; Les Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec (FRSQ); and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). Conflicts of Interest The author declares no relevant conflicts of interest. References Alves, B., & Sheikh, A. (2001). Age specific aetiology of anaphylaxis. Arch Dis Child, 85(4), 348. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on School Health: Guidelines for urgent care in school. (1990). Pediatrics, 86(6), 999-1000. Anaphylaxis in schools and other childcare settings. AAAAI Board of Directors. (1998). J Allergy Clin Immunol, 102(2), 173-176. Banerjee, D. K., Kagan, R. S., Turnbull, E., Joseph, L., St. Pierre, Y., Dufresne, C., et al. (2007). Peanut-free guidelines reduce school lunch peanut contents. Arch. Dis. Child., 92, 980- 982. Baumgart, K., Brown, S., Gold, M., Kemp, A., Loblay, R., Loh, R., et al. (2004). ASCIA guidelines for prevention of food anaphylactic reactions in schools, preschools and child- care centres. J. Paediatr. Child Health, 40, 669-671. Bock, S. A. (1987). Prospective appraisal of complaints of adverse reactions to foods in children during the first 3 years of life. Pediatrics, 79(5), 683-688. Bousquet, J., Ansotegui, I. J., van Ree, R., Burney, P. G., Zuberbier, T., & van Cauwenberge, P. (2004). European Union meets the challenge of the growing importance of allergy and asthma in Europe. Allergy, 59(1), 1-4. Deapen, D. (2006). Cancer surveillance and information: balancing public health with privacy and confidentiality concerns (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 17(5), 633-637. Hay, G. H., Harper, T. B., & Moore, T. G. (2006). Assuring the Safety of Severely Food Allergic Children in School. J. School Health, 76, 479-481. Holgate, S. T. (1999). The epidemic of allergy and asthma. Nature, 402 (6760 Suppl), B2-B4. Hu, W., & Kemp, A. (2005). Managing childhood food allergies and anaphylaxis. Australian Family Physician, 34, 35-39. Hu, W., Kerridge, I., & Kemp, A. (2004). Reducing the risks for food allergic children in schools and preschools. J. Paediatr. Child Health, 40, 672-673. Isolauri, E., Huurre, A., Salminen, S., & Impivaara. (2004). The allergy epidemic extends beyond the past few decades. Clin Exp Allergy, 34, 1007-1010. Kagan, R. S., Joseph, L., Dufresne, C., Gray-Donald, K., Turnbull, E., St. Pierre, Y., et al. (2003). Prevalence of peanut allergy in primaryschool children in Montreal, Canada. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 112, 1223-1228. Macdougall, C. F., Cant, A. J., & Clover, A. F. (2002). How dangerous is food allergy in childhood? The incidence of severe and fatal allergic reactions across the UK and Ireland. Arch. Dis. Child., 86, 236-239. Marklund, B., Wilde-Larsson, B., Ahlstedt, S., & Nordström, G. (2007). Adolescents' experiences of being food-hypersensitive: a qualitative study. BMC Nursing, 6, 8. Mullins, R. J. (2007). Paediatric food allergy trends in a community-based specialist allergy practice, 1995–2006. MJA, 186, 618-621. Muñoz-Furlong, A. (2003). Daily Coping Strategies for Patients and Their Families. Pediatrics, 111, 1654-1661. Powers, J., Bergren, M. D., & Finnegan, L. (2007). Comparison of School Food Allergy Emergency Plans to the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network's Standard Plan. J. School Nursing, 23, 252-258. Rankin, K. E., & Sheikh, A. (2006). Serious Shortcomings in the Management of Children with Anaphylaxis in Scottish Schools. PloS Med, 3(8), e326. Rhim, G. S., & McMorris, M. S. (2001). School readiness for children with food allergies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 86, 172-176. Roberts, M. J., & Reich, M. R. (2002). Ethical analysis in public health. Lancet, 359(9311), 1055-1059. Sicherer, S. H. (2001). Diagnosis and Management of Childhood Food Allergy. Curr Probl Pediatr, 31, 39-57. Sicherer, S. H. (2002). Food allergy. Lancet, 360(9334), 701-710. Sicherer, S. H., Furlong, T. J., DeSimone, J., & Sampson, H. A. (2001). The US Peanut and Tree Nut Allergy Registry: characteristics of reactions in schools and day care. J Pediatr, 138(4), 560-565. Sicherer, S. H., Munoz-Furlong, A., & Sampson, H. A. (2003). Prevalence of peanut and tree nut allergy in the United States determined by means of a random digit dial telephone survey: a 5-year follow-up study. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 112(6), 1203-1207. Thomas, J. C., Sage, M., Dillenberg, J., & Guillory, V. J. (2002). A code of ethics for public health. Am J Public Health, 92(7), 1057-1059. Thompson, A. K., Faith, K., Gibson, J. L., & Upshur, R. E. (2006). Pandemic influenza preparedness: an ethical framework to guide decision-making. BMC Med Ethics, 7, E12. The treatment in school of children who have food allergies. Committee report from the Adverse Reactions to Food Committee of the AAAI. (1991). J Allergy Clin Immunol, 87(3), 749- 751. The use of epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis. AAAI Board of Directors. (1994). J Allergy Clin Immunol, 94(4), 666-668. Weiss, C., Muñoz-Furlong, A., Furlong, T. J., & Arbit, J. (2004). Impact of Food Allergies on School Nursing Practice. J. School Nursing, 20, 21-31. Young, M. C., Muñoz-Furlong, A., & Sicherer, S. H. (2009). Management of food allergies in schools: A perspective for allergists. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 124(2), 175-182.e174.
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text: PGA Tour Golf Top Story News Leaderboard Player Bios Schedule Statistics Field Results Tee Times Top-10 Finishes World Money Leaders World Rankings Preview Recap Odds Jack Nicklaus Birthdate: 1/21/1940Birthplace: Columbus, OH Height: 5-11Weight: 190 Turned Professional: 1990 Exempt Status: World Golf Hall of Fame, Lifetime member PGA Tour Playoff Record: 15-11PGA Wins: 73 European Wins: 0 PGA Victories: Champions Tour (10); 1990 The Tradition at Desert Mountain, Mazda Senior Tournament Players Championship. 1991 The Tradition at Desert Mountain, PGA Seniors` Championship, U.S. Senior Open. 1993 U.S. Senior Open. 1994 Mercedes Championships. 1995 The Tradition. 1996 GTE Suncoast Classic, The Tradition PGA Tour (73); 1962 U.S. Open Championship, Seattle World`s Fair Open Invitational, Portland Open Invitational. 1963 Palm Springs Golf Classic, Masters Tournament, Tournament of Champions, PGA Championship, Sahara Invitational. 1964 Phoenix Open Invitational, Tournament of Champions, Whitemarsh Open Invitational, Portland Open Invitational. 1965 Masters Tournament, Memphis Open Invitational, Thunderbird Classic, Philadelphia Golf Classic, Portland Open Invitational. 1966 Masters Tournament, British Open Championship, Sahara Invitational. 1967 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am, U.S. Open Championship, Western Open, Westchester Classic, Sahara Invitational. 1968 Western Open, American Golf Classic. 1969 Andy Williams-San Diego Open Invitational, Sahara Invitational, Kaiser International Open Invitational. 1970 Byron Nelson Golf Classic, British Open Championship, National Four-Ball Championship. 1971 PGA Championship, Tournament of Champions, Byron Nelson Golf Classic, National Team Championship, Walt Disney World Open Invitational. 1972 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am, Doral-Eastern Open, Masters Tournament, U.S. Open Championship, Westchester Classic, U.S. Professional Match Play Championship, Walt Disney World Open Invitational. 1973 Bing Crosby National Pro-Am, Greater New Orleans Open, Tournament of Champions, Atlanta Classic, PGA Championship, Ohio Kings Island Open, Walt Disney World Golf Classic. 1974 Hawaiian Open, Tournament Players Championship. 1975 Doral-Eastern Open, Sea Pines Heritage Classic, Masters Tournament, PGA Championship, World Open Golf Championship. 1976 Tournament Players Championship, World Series of Golf. 1977 Jackie Gleason-Inverrary Classic, MONY Tournament of Champions, Memorial Tournament. 1978 Jackie Gleason-Inverrary Classic, Tournament Players Championship, British Open Championship, IVB-Philadelphia Golf Classic. 1980 U.S. Open Championship, PGA Championship. 1982 Colonial National Invitation Tournament. 1984 Memorial Tournament. 1986 Masters Tournament. International Victories: (7); 1964 Australian Open, 1968 Australian Open. 1970 Piccadilly World Match Play Championship. 1971 Australian Open 1975 Australian Open. 1976 Australian Open. 1978 Australian Open Miscellaneous: U.S. Amateur Champion 1959, 1961. NCAA Champion 1961. Ryder Cup 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1983 (Captain), 1987 (Captain). Presidents Cup 1998 (Captain), 2003 (Captain), 2005 (Captain). WGC-World Cup 1967, 1971, 1973. PGA Player of the Year 1967, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976. World Golf Hall of Fame 1974 Results for :2004 2003 2005 Events :2004PosScores Earnings MasterCard Championship6686667 --201-15$ 71,000 ACE Group ClassicT15687471 --213-3$ 25,632 Toshiba Senior ClassicT36717069 --210-3$ 8,832 The MastersCUT7575 --150+6 BMW Charity Pro-Am at the CliffsCUT6971 --140-4 Senior PGA ChampionshipWD7570760 --221+8 The Memorial TournamentT6374737771 --295+7$ 11,130

subset: commoncrawl


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Stains on patio furniture vinyl straps
Does anyone know of a good product or method for cleaning the brown and yellow stains on vinyl straps that have been exposed to the sun and elements?
Yes I do.
I have 2 metal lawn chairs with vinyl white and green strapping. Part of a set I bought over 20 years ago. The chairs were fine but the plastic straps were disgusting. I debated on whether to throw them out but couldn't see throwing out 2 perfectly good chairs.
Last spring I bought a bottle Lestoil. It was something we used on our trailer to get rid of the grime. I used it right out of the bottle--just put some on a wet rag and attacked them. You wouldn't believe how clean they came. I rinsed them off with the hose and voila--2 extra lawn chairs that I wouldn't be ashamed to have anyone sit in.


text:
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Commento al Vangelo del 30 Settembre 2012 a cura di don Domenico Luciani
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Recap | Final Stats | Quotes | Photo Gallery | USATSI Photo Gallery
- With Mizzou's 38-18 victory over South Dakota State, the Tigers have won their season opener for the 13th consecutive season and for the 16th time in the last 17 years.
- Under head coach Gary Pinkel, Mizzou is 13-1 in season-opening games.
- Pinkel improves to 103-63 at Mizzou. He became the program's all-time winningest coach with last year's Cotton Bowl victory.
- Mizzou improves to a perfect 14-0 mark against FCS teams, including an 11-0 mark during Pinkel's tenure (average score 543 to 93).
- Mizzou has scored 27 or more points in nine of its last 10 season openers.
- Senior Mitch Morse, junior Evan Boehm and junior Connor McGovern have now combined for 68 starts to anchor the offensive line.
- Markus Golden, Shane Ray, Darius White, Mitch Hall, John Gibson, Michael Scherer, Donovan Newsom, Jimmie Hunt and Russell Hansbrough all earned the first starts of their respective careers.
- Senior defensive lineman Lucas Vincent played in his 40th game Saturday. He is the only current Mizzou four-year senior to play in every game of his career.
- Senior safety Braylon Webb made his 31st career start, which leads the team and the SEC among safeties.
- After Saturday's victory, Mizzou has 66 wins since 2007, which ties Oklahoma State as the seventh winningest "power 5" program in that time span.
- Duron Singleton's first quarter interception extended Mizzou's streak for consecutive games with a forced turnover to 45, which leads the nation.
- South Dakota State did open its first drive with a 75-yard TD run, but over its final 31 carries from scrimmage the Jackrabbits rushed 31 times for just 44 total yards.
Individual Offense
- Senior Marcus Murphy racked up 204 all-purpose yards Saturday.
- Senior Darius White recorded the third touchdown reception of his career on the Tigers' third play from scrimmage.
- White followed with a 39-yard touchdown grab to clinch the first multi-TD game of his career. He averaged 41.5 yards per catch on the two scoring grabs.
- White's 44-yard touchdown haul was the longest catch of his career. His 83 total receiving yards Saturday is the most for him in a single game. The senior has already eclipsed his personal best for receiving yards in a single season.
- Marcus Murphy matched his career-high for receptions in a game with three in the first half.
- Senior wideout Bud Sasser hauled in the third touchdown reception of his career with a 29-yard score early in the fourth quarter.
- Quarterback Maty Mauk tossed three touchdowns in his season debut, throwing all of them from 25 yards out or more. Mauk now has 14 total touchdown passes in his career.
- Hansbrough ran for 126 yards and one TD on 20 carries, clinching his third career 100-yard performance on the ground. The 126 yards were a career high for Hansbrough.
- Freshman Ish Witter and junior Tyler Hunt each got their first touches at tailback, combining for 15 yards on five carries.
Individual Defense
- Singleton tallied the first interception of his Mizzou career in the first quarter, setting up the Tiger offense in the red zone.
- Redshirt sophomore Michael Scherer posted a career-high nine tackles.
- Redshirt freshman Eric Beisel recorded the first tackle of his career in the opening quarter. He finished with three total tackles and contributed on a tackle for loss.
- Senior Markus Golden collected 10 total tackles to lead the squad and set a new career high for stops in a single game. His career high for tackles in a single game is eight.
- Golden also set career highs for sacks in a single game (1.5) and tackles for loss in a single game (3.0).
- Sophomore Aarion Penton picked off a pass in the end zone for his second career interception in the third quarter. Penton added a career-high seven tackles.
- Junior safety Ian Simon stripped a Jackrabbit receiver and earned his first career forced fumble.
- Twenty-three different Tigers recorded a tackle.
- Marcus Murphy returned a kickoff 100 yards for touchdown in the third quarter. Murphy's scamper was the longest kick return by a Tiger since Joe Stewart ran one back for 100 yards against Oklahoma State in 1976.
- Murphy now has five return touchdowns in his career, including three punt return TDs and two kick return TDs.
- Following South Dakota State's 75-yard TD run on its first play from scrimmage, Mizzou held the Jackrabbits to just 29 yards on 14 plays in the first quarter.
- Mizzou amassed 217 total yards of offense in the first quarter to South Dakota St.'s 104.
- Place kicker Andrew Baggett has hit 93.7 percent of his PATs in his career (104 of 111) after making all five of his attempts against SDSU. He also made a 44-yard field goal to ice the game late in the fourth quarter.
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When looking for a beautiful new home with an exciting floor plan that will leave a lasting first impression, the Chandler is designed to wow!
Featuring a spacious 3,998 square feet of living space, this stunning floor plan includes four to five bedrooms with four-and-a-half bathrooms. When approaching the Chandler, home buyers are greeted by a welcoming front porch leading to a stunning two-story foyer and grand curved staircase. A cozy study and a formal dining room flank the foyer that flows to a spacious, fireside family room with built-ins, deep coffered ceiling and a bank of windows that bathe the area with natural light. At the heart of the home is a gourmet kitchen with granite countertops, large island, stainless steel appliances, large walk-in pantry and built-in desk. The main level also features a laundry room and a convenient mud room with friend's entry. Upstairs, a spacious owner's suite features a sitting room, expansive walk-in closet and elegant bath with his and her vanities, soaking tub and separate tiled shower. In addition to the master suite, three other bedrooms, each complete with its own bathroom and walk-in closet, provide plenty of upstairs living space for the whole family. Read More→
Traton Homes is known in the metro-Atlanta area for our luxurious new home offerings, and we're excited to announce that we will soon have two more opportunities to own a Traton home in one of metro-Atlanta's best locations. Sited in highly sought-after Sandy Springs, we will soon offer two stunning estate homes priced from the $900,000s at Amberglades.
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Homes Selling Fast at Maclean's Crossing in East CobbBy · Comments
You can live near prime shopping, dining and entertainment and enjoy a quaint community setting at Maclean's Crossing located in desirable Roswell. This intimate enclave of only 10 luxury homes is now selling, but buyers must act fast if they want to take advantage of the amazing lifestyle at Maclean's Crossing. Seven of the community's homes sold in one week and only three homes remain.
Located on Shallowford Road near Johnson Ferry Road, homes at Maclean's Crossing are priced from the mid $500,000s to the high $600,000s and feature architectural detail on three sides and side-entry garages. The homes' interiors are just as beautiful with many high-end features. Inside buyers will find gourmet kitchens with granite countertops, 42-inch maple cabinetry, tile backsplashes, built-in desks and stainless steel appliances including double ovens and gas ranges, making these homes perfect for entertaining family and friends.
After your guests leave, the luxurious owner's suites with large tiled showers, ceramic tile floors, maple cabinets, oil-rubbed bronze fixtures and granite vanity countertops provide a spa-like oasis for relaxation. Read More→
Realtors are invited to attend the Model Home Grand Opening event in our newest community in Smyrna, Hawthorne Gate. We will host three Open House Happy Hour events on March 17, 24 and 31 from 4 to 6 p.m. Carriage House Catering will provide wine, refreshments and delicious hors d'oeuvres to enjoy while realtors tour the new luxury model townhome.
The Hawthorne Gate model townhome features The Carrick floor plan, which offers open living and an array of luxurious interiors. This open-living floor plan makes it perfect for entertaining. A gourmet kitchen directly connected to a dining area and family room help create the wide-open feel. The family then opens to a spacious back deck great for enjoying the upcoming, warm spring weather. Interior highlights add a beautiful touch to the home, and they include granite countertops, built-in wine racks in the dining room, modern espresso kitchen cabinets and a floor-to-ceiling ledgerstone fireplace in the family room. Read More→
New Home Now Ready at Frederica on St. Simons IslandBy · Comments
Looking for the perfect summer home near the water with access to a state-of-the-art golf course and boating opportunities? Or, maybe you want to splash around in a refreshing pool perfect for cooling off on a hot day or take a romantic horseback ride along a picturesque beach at sunset? No, we're not talking about a luxury vacation resort. You can have all of this and more all year-round at the extraordinary coastal community on St. Simons Island, Frederica.
Phase one of Traton's homes at Frederica is already sold out, but that doesn't mean you missed your opportunity to purchase a Traton Homes new home at this fabulous community. Phase two is now selling, and we have one home ready for immediate move-in. Read More→
Realtors are invited to attend a St. Patrick's Day celebration at our Greenwich Park community in John's Creek. On Tuesday, March 17 from 11:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. we will host a luncheon with delicious food prepared by Three Sisters Catering, Irish ale and festive spirits. You'll want to make sure to wear some green to get in the spirit. But if you forget to don your festive attire, don't worry. We'll provide plenty of opportunities to leave with some green with chances to win awesome prizes.
Prizes include dinner for four at Fado's Irish Pub, a $200 shopping spree at Nordstrom or a $150 gift card to Pikes. Realtors will also enjoy an opportunity to tour several completed inventory homes after lunch and drinks! To RSVP for our St. Patrick's Day-inspired luncheon, email firstname.lastname@example.com or call Steve Lee at 678-858-1984. Read More→
This March, don't waste your time looking for a pot of gold at the end of a rainbow. We can put some green in your pocket and get you into the home of your dreams with our Lucky March Incentives on new homes at all Traton Homes communities.
If you're looking for a luxury home conveniently located near exceptional schools and popular shopping and dining options, you'll find it at Greenwich Park. Currently, we're offering buyers $7,500 in Free Design Options, plus a $10,000 Closing Cost Bonus at this gorgeous community. Read More→
Model Townhome Now Open at Hawthorne Gate in SmyrnaBy · Comments
We are excited to announce that our beautiful model townhome is now open at Hawthorne Gate in Smyrna! Featuring the same great floorplans as offered at our successful Village Walk community, Hawthorne Gate features low maintenance living in one of metro-Atlanta's most desirable locations.
Featuring The Carrick home design, the Hawthorne Gate model home showcases an open layout with gourmet kitchen that flows seamlessly to a dining area, family room and back deck, perfect for entertaining. Decorator highlights include granite countertops, brick pattern backsplash, modern espresso kitchen cabinets, built-in wine racks in the dining room, floor-to-ceiling ledgerstone fireplace in the family room and a powder room with unique glass tile accent wall. Upstairs features a large owner's suite that is perfect for unwinding after a long day and a large secondary bedroom with private bathroom and walk-in closet. Read More→
Traton Homes Featured Floor Plan of the Month: The LoganBy · Comments
With a wide-variety of home styles, we pride ourselves on offering a floorplan for everyone. Whether you are looking for a popular master-on-the-main design or a gourmet kitchen with keeping room, we have the layouts and finishes to create the home of your dreams. One of our most desirable floor plans, the Logan, has been recognized both locally and nationally for its beautifully-designed layout. Read More→
Coming soon, you will have even more opportunities to purchase your dream home in Cobb County with the grand opening of Vinings Parc East. Featuring luxurious townhomes priced from the mid-$400,000s, this extraordinary community is located in Vinings, a sought-after "inside the perimeter" area.
In addition to the prime location, townhomes at Vinings at Parc East showcase stunning three- and four-story townhomes with upscale design options that include elevators (available on all plans), two-car garages, gourmet kitchens with granite countertops and stainless steel appliances, hardwood flooring throughout the main level and elegant tiled bathrooms. Read More→


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See who's on Silver Singles:
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Cookin with The Columns: Sweets for the sweet
Meg made some cookies for me for Christmas. They were so good--much better than the little wedding cookies you buy in a package at the store (although they are pretty good too!). The recipe came from Mary Alice Arnold in the Easy Livin' cookbook from Tunica Academy. They would be great for a party or a delicious alternative to chocolate for Valentine's Day.
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Ex-Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich Gets 14-Year Sentence
Former Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison for his conviction on 18 counts of corruption on Dec. 7. Blagojevich, whose charges include soliciting money in exchange for the U.S. Senate seat vacated by President Barack Obama, will have until Feb. 15 to surrender.
(Photo: AP Photo/Charles Rex Arbogast)
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General Electric Co., seeking France's approval for its $17 billion bid to buy Alstom SA's energy division, pledged to keep the power-equipment maker's nuclear operations in the country. more
By Andrew Roberts
Rhode Island and seven other states aiming to get more than three million zero-emission vehicles on the road in the next decade, unveiled steps to help achieve that goal including harmonizing consumer incentives and encouraging fleet purchases. more
By Alan Ohnsman
Emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants have declined 29 percent in participating Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative states since the program's launch five years ago, according to a report released Tuesday by the nonprofit climate-change advocacy group Environment Northeast. more
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The average price of gasoline rose a penny in Rhode Island and was unchanged in Massachusetts this week, reversing two weeks of price declines in both states, according to the weekly survey by AAA Southern New England. more
By PBN Staff
Gas prices dropped a penny in Rhode Island and Massachusetts this week, but Rhode Island's average remained greater than national gasoline prices, according to the weekly survey by AAA Southern New England. more
By PBN Staff
General Electric Co., seeking approval from France's government for its $17 billion Alstom SA energy bid, is in early-stage talks with nuclear-plant maker Areva SA and other French companies about asset sales or partnerships, people familiar with the matter said. more
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Gas prices fell in Rhode Island and Massachusetts this week, ending five consecutive weeks of climbing or unchanged gasoline prices in the two states, according to the weekly survey by AAA Southern New England. more
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Gas prices surged 3 cents in Rhode Island this week and 4 cents in Massachusetts as concerns about militant extremists causing unrest in Iraq affected oil and gasoline prices nationwide, AAA Southern New England reported. more
By PBN Staff
The R.I. Coastal Resources Management Council will meet on Tuesday, May 13, to vote on whether to grant final approval to Deepwater Wind LLC's proposed wind farm project. more
By PBN Staff
General Electric Co. is in talks to buy Alstom SA, the French builder of trains and power plants, people with knowledge of the matter said, in what would be GE's biggest acquisition ever. more
By Aaron Kirchfeld, Matthew Campbell and Jeffrey McCracken


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April 2, 2015
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At Miryam's House on Spokane's lower South Hill, women in transition from addiction, abuse and incarceration, gather each week night promptly at 6 to eat dinner together. The ritual allows them to share the highs and lows of their day. Here, several of the Miryam's women talk around the dinner table about what this nightly meal means to them.
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Prime Minister Narendra Modi commended a positive and modern Rail Budget, which was presented by Union Railway Minister Sadanand Gowda in the Parliament on Tuesday.
Congratulating the Railway Minister for presenting a futuristic and growth oriented budget, the PM said the budget is a forward-looking 'growth engine', and will promote transparency abd integrity. "The Railway Budget is futuristic, growth-oriented and for the common people. It keeps in mind the development of India as it integrates the best of technology to benefit the common man," Modi said.
Congratulations to the Railway Minister for presenting a futuristic & growth oriented budget. It is a budget for the common people.
— Narendra Modi (@narendramodi) July 8, 2014
"This Budget shows where we want to take the railways and at the same time where we want to take India through the railways," the official Twitter account of the Prime Minister tweeted.
This Budget strengthens institutional mechanism. It focuses on transparency and integrity: PM on the Rail Budget @RailMinIndia — PMO India (@PMOIndia) July 8, 2014
The Prime Minister also said that the Rail Budget aspired for better service, speed and safety.
Railway Budget keeps in mind the development of India. We can see the great use of technology also: PM on Rail Budget @RailMinIndia — PMO India (@PMOIndia) July 8, 2014
Presenting the Railway Budget, Gowda announced plans to introduce a bullet train in Mumbai-Ahmedabad sector and setting up of a Diamond Quadrilateral network of high speed rail connecting major metros and growth centres. Increasing the speed of trains to 160 to 200 kms per hour on nine select sectors was another highlight of the budget, which proposes to allow all experimental stoppages to lapse after September this year.
This Budget shows where we want to take the railways and at the same time where we want to take India through the railways:PM on Rail Budget — PMO India (@PMOIndia) July 8, 2014
Former Apple executive and Dwarka MLA Adarsh Shastri has also been included in the spokespersons' list.
11-time rise in ICU cases at Patel Chest Institute; pollution not only affects lung function, it hits blood pressure levels too.


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Star Track Express
- Street:
- 5 Ball Pl
- Postcode/City:
- 2650 Wagga Wagga
- State:
- New South Wales
- Telefon:
- 13 234513 2345
- Website:
- www.startrackexpress.com.au
Updated more than 6 months ago | Claim This Business| Report Incorrect Data
Friday, 5 December 2014
Contacted star track on 132345 to find out what time there depot in wagga is open till it took 10 minutes and could not get a answer from star track . The person told me she was going to google it to find out a opening and closing times for me still no luck. What joke first week of December and people are expecting gift and such from overseas and Australia . Please Mr StarTrack and you let your call centre staff know what time your depots operating times are for collection of items. Thanks Anthony Wagga..
Delivery of Urgent Parcel
Thursday, 1 May 2014
It has been more than 24 hrs to get a parcel from Wagga to The Rock. It took less than 24 to get it from Yennora to Wagga. I AM ONLY 25km further.
Tags: #Where is my urgent parcel?Write comment Report abuse
Fed Ex delivery
Monday, 21 October 2013
I paid to have a parcel delivered to my house. My son and I were home yesterday when the card was delivered to my mailbox. We did not hear anyone ring the door bell or knock on our door. We have a small yappy dog who barks any time someone comes to our door and she was silent. I have had to make 6 phone calls so far to arrange re-delivery. Yesterday afternoon, Star Track told me to ring Fed Ex. Fed Ex said they would arrange delivery TODAY before midday (because I have to leave for work). I rang Star Track AGAIN to confirm this and was told there was no record of it on their computer and that I would have to AGAIN ring Fed Ex. I did this and was assured that they had notified Star Track. I rang Star Track this morning and they had no record of a re-delivery request from Fed Ex. Star Track would not put me through to the local office. I then rang Fed Ex AGAIN!!! It has still not been resolved. I should not have to travel 11.3Km to collect my parcel, when I have paid to have it delivered to my home. This is not good enough. In this case, both Star Track and Fed Ex have provided inadequate customer service.
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