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Main Office 800 5th Street Sioux City, IA 51101 Phone: (712) 234-2300 Fax: (712) 234-2399
All of our employees strive to make Jackson a great place to work, learn, grow, and recover. We are always looking for dedicated professionals to help us in our life-saving work.
Jackson Recovery Centers is just a few weeks away from opening its doors to a new Child and Adolescent Recovery Hospital. We are in search of highly-skilled professionals to staff the new hospital and provide life-saving work. We also have opportunities in our Adult Outpatient, Women and Children Center, Administration, Harlan and Denison offices.
Jackson offers a variety of benefits to its employees and prides itself on its state-of-the-art programs.
Apply For Position
OR submit your resume in doc format to firstname.lastname@example.com
Submit resume in rtf or doc format to email@example.com.
Reports to: Program Manager
Location: Community Health
Therapist or Social Worker with behavioral health experience, screening individuals in a community health setting for depression and alcoholism. Conduct assessments, treatment planning and discharge. Will work alongside physicians and may provide additional therapeutic services in the community health setting. This is a multi-year, renewable, grant funded position.
Job Specifics:
Reports to: Nursing Supervisor
Establish working relationships with patients and families, Complete admissions to program per program guidelines, monitor and direct patient milieu as part of the program clinical team. Participate in patient staffing/treatment planning. Ensure that patients medical needs are met, communicate with physician and implement orders, interpret diagnostic procedures and lab values. Monitor and document patient compliance with medications and Doctors orders. Oversee administration of patient medication. Monitor and report infection control issues regularly.
Reports to: Manager of Fiscal Services
Responsible for various reimbursement functions, including but not limited to accurate and timely claim submission, claim status, collection, activity, appeals, payment posting and/or refunds, until accounts receivable issues are properly resolved. Collects and reviews all patient insurance information needed to complete the billing, collections, appeal and/or cash processes. Completes and submits all necessary insurance forms and electronic claims to process the claims in a timely manner as required by all third party payors. Researches and resolves any electronic claim denials.
Job Specifics
Daycare WorkerReports to: Daycare Supervisor
Provides various experiences and activities for children in a childcare setting. Ensure children are supervised at all times, provide a safe environment for children to feel comfortable. Be familiar with emergency procedures and follow them as necessary.
Establish working relationships with patients and families, facilitate recovery groups as assigned, monitor and direct patient milieu at all times, monitor and direct activities in Learning Lab. Document patients participation in treatment activities, monitor and document appropriate passing of medications. Report out of the ordinary situations to the supervisor or on-call manager, transport patients as needed in company vehicles.
Therapist I-IV - Reports to: Clinical Supervisor
Locations: River Hills, Denison/Harlan, Adult Outpatient
Establish therapeutic relationships with patients and families, facilitate individual, group and family therapy as assigned. Conduct ongoing assessment, treatment planning and discharge of patients. Coordinate services with referral sources and other community resources. Develop and maintain the confidential patient record, advocate for patients and families.
Reports to: Admissions Coordinator
Conduct clinical interviews with prospective patients and gather clinical information from family, referents, and/or historical record. Formulate diagnostic impression and make recommendations regarding appropriate level of care. Coordinate services with referral sources and other community resources to ensure timeliness of treatment services. Initiate the confidential patient record, initiate managed care regime and clearly communicate follow up to receiving program staff. Serve as Crisis Intervention Specialist.
Reports to: Principal
Serve as the confidential secretary for the school Principal. Prepare internal and external correspondence, weekly bulletins, and bulletins to parents. Maintains school records of all students (permanent records, report cards, etc); Assists with the registration of new students. Responds to written and oral requests for information in a timely manner; maintain positive relations with administrators, staff, parents and community groups.
Reports to: Principal
Develop and maintain daily instructional plans. Maintain student records of attendance, evaluation, report cards, discipline records and documents required by Iowa Department of Education. Develop effective communication with students "home school" establish plans to meet students academic needs. Provide positive learning environment, maintaining standards of student behavior. Maintain updated inventory of texts, materials, supplies and equipment.
Reports to: Clinical Supervisor
Location - AC Hospital (2)
Establish therapeutic relationships with patients and families. Facilitate individual, group and family therapy as assigned; supervise and direct patient milieu, conduct ongoing assessments, treatment planning and discharge of patients. Coordinate services with referral sources and other community resources. Develop and maintain confidential patient record. Assist in program development and implementation. advocate for patients and families, promote desitgmatization of the disease of addiction.
Reports to: Admissions Coordinator
Greet patients, family member and visitors, provide information by phone or in person. Provides front desk coverage from 5pm-8pm weekdays.
Recovery CounselorReports to: Milieu CoordinatorLocations - AC Hospital
(800) 472-9018 firstname.lastname@example.com
Many of our patients can't afford care. Donate to give them the help they need.
Receive updates on Jackson's programs, drug trends, and keeping kids drug-free.
Main Office 800 5th Street Sioux City, IA 51101 Phone: (712) 234-2300 Fax: (712) 234-2399
Copyright 2014 Jackson Recovery Centers


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The BMA opens its renovated Contemporary Wing
For nearly two years, the Baltimore Museum of Art has been refurbishing (or perhaps the term should be re-imagining?) its Contemporary Wing. The public gets to see the results on Nov. 18, when 16 galleries filled with works by Andy Warhol, Robert Rauschenberg and other artists have their grand... Handout photo, Courtesy Baltimore Museum of Art

subset: commoncrawl


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Connect with us:
The links of this curb chain are interlinked so that the chain links spiral around. Each link measures 1.5mm.
Lead and nickel free.
Base metal chain sold by the foot.
We do our best to ensure all lengths of chain are one continuous piece whenever possible.
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OP Junior Member
Thanks Meter: 3
8 posts
Join Date:Joined: Aug 2008
I am looking for custom rom for Vizio vp700 .
If any one can help me to make this i can pay for that also . I have 100 pcs of phone . Its Mtk 6277 based phone
Further more details contact me


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Chat with ESPN.com golf editor Jason Sobel
What do you think of some of the stars, like Tiger Woods, skipping the tournament? Who does that leave as the favorite?
Jason will be here at 11 a.m. ET to answer those questions and more, so be sure to join us in The Show and get your golf fix!
Check out ESPN.com's Tour Championship coverage,
This chat is exclusive to ESPN Insiders
SportsNation on Facebook
Monday, March 23 Tuesday, March 24Wednesday, March 25Thursday, March 26Friday, March 27


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Top 5 Microsoft Hyper-V Network Virtualization Q&A
The top 5 Hyper-V questions with answers provided by Nirmal Sharma, a MCSEx3, MCITP and Microsoft MVP in Directory Services.
Microsoft Hyper-V Network Virtualization (HNV) enables hosting providers to host customer virtual machines (VMs) without requiring any changes to the physical network topology. Customers can bring their own IP address and network topologies and easily move enterprise services to a shared IaaS cloud.
HNV Questions and Answers
Courtesy of ServerWatch, here are the top 5 Hyper-V questions with answers provided by Nirmal Sharma, a MCSEx3, MCITP and Microsoft MVP in Directory Services.
Q. What are all the configuration approaches available with Hyper-V Network Virtualization?
A. Two: NVGRE and IP Rewrite.
Q. What is the mechanism used by NVGRE?
A. NVGRE uses the GRE mechanism to encapsulate and de-capsulate methods. You can take a closer look at the NVGRE protocol draft here: http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-sridharan-virtualization-nvgre-00
Q. Can virtual machines talk to outside networks?
A. No, this is what HNV is lacking at the moment. Virtual Machines participating in Hyper-V Network Virtualization cannot access the Internet or an outside network unless you implement a forwarding agent. Forwarding agents such as CISCO Nexus 1000v or an NVGRE gateway must be implemented in order to allow virtual machines to access the Internet or enterprise premises networks.
Q. Does HNV virtualize Host IP also?
A. No, HNV only virtualizes CA IP Addresses.
Q. Does PA Address need to be routable across the datacenter network?
A. Yes, PA Address must be routable and unique across the datacenter network. In other words, PAs communicate with each other, so they must be unique on the physical network.
Read all 18 Hyper-V Network Virtualization Q&A on ServerWatch.
A network is a group of two or more computer systems or devices, linked together to share resources, exchange files and electronic communications.... Read More »Computer Architecture Study Guide
This Webopedia study guide describes the different parts of a computer system and their relations. Read More »Webopedia Polls
The trend for the past two years has been for shoppers to spend more online during the holiday season. How do you typically shop for holiday... Read More »
We Recommend
Datamation Hangouts with Tech ExpertsWatch Datamation's editor James Maguire moderate roundtable discussions with tech experts from companies such as Accenture, Dell, Blue Jeans Network, Microsoft and more »
Perceptual computing is the ability for a computer to recognize what is going on around it. More specifically, the computer can perceive the... Read More »Apple Pay Promises to Strengthen Payment Security
Experts believe that Apple Pay and other competitive payment systems will be far more secure than cards, even cards equipped with EMV chips. Read More »The Great Data Storage Debate: Is Tape Dead?
Tape clearly is on the decline. But remember, legacy systems can hang for a shockingly long time. Read More »


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ATV enthusiasts love to get out and ride when the weather warms up, but overheating your machine will end your fun in a hurry. A good coolant is a necessary component when riding in warmer weather as your engine will be running hotter, and boiling over can cause serious damage to your engine. At Rocky Mountain ATV/MC, we carry top products like Cycle Logic Engine Ice and Maxima Coolanol, among others, that come premixed and ready to use so that you will never miss a day of riding out in the sun.
Not only are coolants designed to keep your machine from boiling over, but many are also formulated with anti-freezing agents in the mixture to keep your coolant from freezing up when the weather turns cold. We carry a wide variety of ATV engine coolant products to keep your machine running at the right temperature all year long. Check out our selection from brands like Bel-Ray, Cycle Logic, Liquid Performance, Red Line, Yamalube and more!
Dale in WA
Always a good choice and average price.Read All Reviews
Seth in IN
Good price, good coolant. Will be buying again next time.Read All Reviews
Tanner in KY
Used this in conjuction with a new CV4 2.2 rad cap on my 2014 KTM 450 and eliminated the spewing problem that comes standard with most KTM'sRead All Reviews
SCOTT in KY
Since switching to this the bike does seem to run coolerRead All Reviews
Robert in PA
Have never had a bad experience with a Bel-Ray product. It works just fine and most stores/shops carry it -- which is convenient. Good stuff.Read All Reviews
Rand in WY
Bought this to carry on the quad in case we need it. Good quality bottle that wont leak. Same thing the dealer sells but far cheaper!Read All Reviews


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Smaller cable companies are in a tight corner
Oct 1, 2014
Faced with price hikes for content, some small cable companies are cutting ties to big providers like Viacom.
Who are the small cable providers that are getting out of TV?
Oct 1, 2014
Higher fees and lower interest are pushing these small companies away from TV.
'Breaking Bad' and Albuquerque: One year later
Interview by
Sep 29, 2014
Heisenberg may be off the air, but he's still part of Albuquerque's economic plan.
Rotten Tomatoes turns its Tomatometer to television
Interview by
Sep 26, 2014
The film review website Rotten Tomatoes makes a big push for television reviews.
What will TV be like in 25 years?
Sep 26, 2014
We asked some television experts to make a prediction. Here's what they said.
Amazon Studios head on taking charge in a new TV age
Interview by
Sep 24, 2014
Their new series, "Transparent," debuts all at once on Friday.
#Scandal heads to #Twitter
Sep 24, 2014
The popular television show has a huge audience...on twitter.
'Black-ish' is a sitcom unafraid of big questions
Interview by
Sep 23, 2014
We talk with Larry Wilmore and Kenya Barris, who based the new show on his life.
Things have changed since Leonard Maltin started reviewing
Interview by
Sep 17, 2014
He has been in TV and movie reviewing business since the 1960s.
Showtime's recipe to win the screen wars
Interview by
Sep 16, 2014
When your subscribers pay every month, you need a slate of addictive shows.


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I'm trying to get the Boost library working in my C++ projects in Eclipse. I can successfully build when using header-only libraries in Boost such as the example simple program in the "Getting Started" guide using the lambda header.
I cannot get my project to successfully link to the regex Boost library as shown later in the guide. Under my project properties -> c/c++ build -> settings -> tool settings tab -> libraries, I have added "libboost_regex" to the Libraries box, and "C:\Program Files\boost\boost_1_42_0\bin.v2\libs" to the Library search path box since this is where all the .lib files are. I've even tried adding "libboost_regex-mgw34-mt-d-1_42.lib" to the libraries box instead of "libboost_regex" since that is the exact file name, but this did not work either.
I keep getting an error that says "cannot find -llibboost_regex" when I try to build my project. Any ideas as to how I can fix this?
Edit: on Windows XP, using mingw, and I have tried "boost_regex" as well..


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Product Marketing
Closed - This job posting has been filled.
Job Description
Job Description:
Develop product positioning and messaging that differentiates your products in the market
Sales enablement – communicate the value proposition of the products to the sales team and develop the sales tools that support the selling process of your products
Product launch – assist in planning the launch of new products and releases and help in managing the cross-functional implementation of the plan
Demand generation – develop the strategy and manage the marketing programs that drive demand for your products
5+ years of product marketing experience
Bachelor's in business or marketing
Very strong written communication skills
Excellent people skills to interact with staff, colleagues and cross-functional teams, and third parties.
Skills: marketing


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Latest: BMG LABTECH Presents its Revolutionary Microplate Reader Technology in Switzerland
Latest: Advanced Pre-Pregnancy Genetic Screen Now Available in the UK
Latest: Hear What Scientists Say About the New SelectScience
Latest: New EU 15+1 PAH Standard Offers High Stability and Dilution Flexibility
Latest: GO GREEN: Reduce Solvent Consumption and Increase Productivity
Latest: ZEISS Announces Partnership with ECR Engines
Latest: UV-Transparent, Disposable Cuvettes Replace Quartz Cuvettes
Sean Mojabi Puts the New SelectScience Website to the Test
The Science Behind the Identification of King Richard III
BMG LABTECH Presents its Revolutionary Microplate Reader Technology in Switzerland
Roche Launches Next-Generation Duplex Test for Parvovirus B19 and Hepatitis A
10 Ways to Improve Your Lab's Water Quality
New Drugs of Abuse Applications
Analytical Techniques with a Place in the Oral Solid Dosage Formulation Toolkit
Anhydrosugars, Sugar Alcohols and Sugars Collected on Air Filters
Xpose Reader App: Quantification of Purified PCR Samples with Spectral Content Profiling
Extractables do not Affect Downstream Vitamin D Analysis by LC-MS/MS when Using the Tecan...
An Efficient HPLC Method for Quantitation of Vitamin C in Human Plasma Using Impact™ Prot...
Improved Resolution for Paraquat and Diquat: Drinking Water Analysis Using the CORTECS UP...
Hematology Analyzers
Microplate Readers
Water Purification
PCR Technology
Blood Bank Analyzers
Liquid Chromatography
Headache-Free Pharma QC
01 Apr 2015-02 Apr 2015
Molecular Diagnostics Europe
13 Apr 2015-16 Apr 2015
AACR (American Association fo...
18 Apr 2015-22 Apr 2015
Drug Discovery Chemistry
21 Apr 2015-23 Apr 2015
ESCMID European Society of Cl...
25 Apr 2015-28 Apr 2015
The determination of aflatoxins in food at the femtogram level by triple quadrupole LC/MS is demonstrated in this note from Agilent Technologies. The G6460A Triple Quadrupole LC/MS/MS System is shown to provide fast analysis time (<6 min) with good chromatographic resolution and separation for all four aflatoxins. Recoveries using the dispersive solid phase adsorption approach were between 85–110% for each aflatoxin.
Download this Article
Agilent 6460 Triple Quad LC/MS


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ABC - Page 2
ABC Fall 2014 Schedule: 'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' Moves Timeslot, 'Agent Carter' Set for Midseason
ABC has become the next in line to divulge their fall 2014 schedules in advance of the Upfront presentation this week, and while the list leaves off any major surprises, Marvel fans would do well to learn that new series 'Agent Carter' will indeed serve as a smaller series bridge between the first and second half of 'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' season 2.
The 'LOST' Reunion: See the Cast After All These Years From PaleyFest 2014
It's been almost 10 full years since the opening of ABC's 'LOST' saw the survivors of Oceanic Flight 815 marooned upon the shores of a mysterious island, whose various challenges forced them into a mantra of "live together, die alone." While six seasons and an epic finale may not have answered every question raised by inquisitive fans, the majority of the cast all gathered at Sunday's PaleyFest reunion panel to celebrate the magic (and insanity) that was 'LOST.'
Ellen's Oscar Selfie Was Part of a $20 Million Samsung Ad Buy With ABC
Did you think that bit at the Oscars where host Ellen DeGeneres wandered into the audience to tweet a selfie with A-listers like Brad Pitt, Julia Roberts, Meryl Streep, Jennifer Lawrence and Bradley Cooper was a refreshing moment of spontaneity in an otherwise scripted affair? Wrong. The viral photo was actually part of a $20 million Samsung advertising campaign designed to promote the Galaxy Note 3, the phone that took the picture.
National Lampoon's 'Vacation' TV Series? Chevy Chase and Beverly D'Angelo On Board for New ABC Comedy
Just when you thought 'Community' ensured Chevy Chase would be out of our hair for a while and the Ed Helms continuation of National Lampoon's 'Vacation' franchise had collapsed, in comes ABC with a TV reunion of the famous road trip family's parents, Chevy Chase and Beverly D'Angelo!
Marvel's 'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.': Has A Big Resurrection Been Revealed?
While Marvel's 'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' fans continually await an explanation for Agent Coulson's dramatic return, it seems recent episode "FZZT" left a few fans in the dark about another character who may, or may not have experienced a similar far-death experience. Is Melinda May a Life Model Decoy too? Find out what the producers have to say!
Fall TV 2013: ABC's 'Lucky 7′ Canceled First, FOX's 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' Up For Renewal?
Fall TV 2013 has largely gotten into full swing on the broadcast end, and where FOX's 'Sleepy Hollow' became the first out of the gate to earn a surprise renewal, it seems ABC's 'Lucky 7' has the distinct honor of becoming fall 2013's first network cancellation. Meanwhile, FOX's Andy Samberg-centered 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine' may end up the second series up for renewal, so how's the race going?
'Modern Family' Spinoff in the Works with Rob Riggle to Lead
Seeing as we've undoubtedly entered some sort of spinoff apocalypse within the last few months, ABC's most-acclaimed Emmy-gobbler 'Modern Family' may be next in line to give birth. Sources report that occasional guest star (and recent 'Dumb and Dumber 2' addition) Rob Riggle has been eyed for a 'Modern Family' spinoff based on his fast-talking real estate character Gil Thorpe. Should it happen, who from cast and creative would join?
Marvel's 'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.': Bullets Fly in First Photos of Episode 2, "0-8-4″
'Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.''s place in our future is all but assured with the monster ratings debut of this past week's pilot (which you can re-watch here), but that future has become crystal clear with the first new photos of subsequent episode "0-8-4"! The team travels to Peru in search of a mysterious, unidentifiable artifact, but who's already in danger as the team is forced to defend their hi-tech plane from attack?
Dancing With the Stars' Season 17 Announces Cast
The folks behind 'Dancing With the Stars' announced its cast for the upcoming season 17 Wednesday morning on 'Good Morning America,' and there were some surprise names on the list, including Bill Nye the Science Guy and Snooki herself.


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Elaine Baxter
Elaine Bland Baxter (born January 16, 1933 Chicago, Illinois) is a politician and school teacher from Iowa. She currently resides in Burlington, Iowa.
She is the daughter of Clarence Arthur Bland and Margaret Clark Bland.[1] She married Harry Youngs Baxter, in 1954; they have three children, Katherine, Harry and John.[2]
She received her B.A. in International Affairs from the University of Illinois in 1954, a teaching certificate in secondary level Social Studies from Iowa Wesleyan College in 1970 and an M.S. in Urban and Regional Planning from the University of Iowa in 1978. She also received graduate training at the Harvard University Kennedy School of Government.
Political career[edit]
Baxter was a member of the Iowa state house of representatives 60th District from 1983 to 1986,[3] and she served two terms as Iowa Secretary of State from 1986 to 1994.
She was also a delegate to Democratic National Convention from Iowa in 1988 and 1992; was a member of the Democratic National Committee from Iowa in 1988; was a candidate for U.S. Representative from Iowa's 3rd congressional district in 1992 and 1994.
Iowa Governor Thomas Vilsack appointed her to the Humanities Iowa board of directors. She joined the Iowa Lottery Board in 2002.
Baxter endorsed Hillary Rodham Clinton in the 2008 US Presidential election
Community involvement[edit]
Baxter has been active in civic organizations, including the Burlington planning commission, the Burlington City Council and the Victorian Society of Iowa. She has served on various boards, including the Preservation Action, Washington, D.C. (1980–1984), the Iowa Alliance for Historic Preservation, the Heritage Trust for Preservation of Historic Burlington and the Terrace Hill Society.
External links[edit]
- Baxter at The Political Graveyard
- Elaine Baxter at Our Campaigns
- Elaine Baxter at the University of Iowa
- Elain Baxter's boardmember listing at the Iowa Lottery board
- Clinton Campaign: Former Lieutenant Governor Jo Ann Zimmerman joins Iowa women elected officials in endorsing Hillary Clinton, IowaPolitics.com
- "Women Not Winning In Iowa: Part 1", John Deeth blog, March 22, 2005
|This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2010)


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One of the first interviews I did today was with up-and-comer Robbie Amell, who plays 'Fred' in Warner Premiere's upcoming third live-action "Scooby Doo" film, ''Scooby Doo ! The Mystery Begins".
A direct-to-video release that serves as a prequel to the Freddie Prinze Jr- Sarah Michelle Gellar starring "Scooby†films, the pic fixes on how the Mystery Inc. gang – Fred, Velma, Daphne, Shaggy, and of course, Scooby – came to be a unit.
According to Amell, it likely won't be the first and last time you see him playing detective Fred.
"There's a second scriptâ€, that would serve as a sequel, says Amell. "In the first film, we save our first mystery – but by the end of the mystery we've destroyed a lot of stuff. The next one would be set at a Lake Resort – a Summer Camp kind-of setting – where we're forced to work to pay off the damage we made in the first film.
"Kind of a classic Scooby Doo [villain] is 'The Lake Monster', so I don't know, maybe we'll be seeing him in the next one?â€, wonders the actor. "I don't know, but that's just my guessâ€.
"But yes, there's definitely talk of a sequelâ€.
In ''Scooby-Doo! The Mystery Begins'', Coolsville High is plagued by a suspicious haunting, and everyone is accusing Fred, Velma, Daphne and Shaggy of playing a spooky prank. Suddenly, the school athlete, the science fair-winning brainiac, the drama beauty and the school misfit must band together to clear their names. With Shaggy's newly adopted dog Scooby-Doo tagging along, the mismatched quartet soon discovers they have more in common than they originally thought.
The live-action cast features Amell (''Life With Derek'', ''True Jackson'') as Fred, along with Kate Melton as Daphne, Hayley Kiyoko as Velma and Nick Palatas as Shaggy. Frank Welker, a member of the original ''Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!'' voice-cast, provides the voice of Scooby-Doo.
- Trailer : Masterminds - March 31, 2015
- When will we see the next Star Wars trailer!? - March 31, 2015
- Shrek to appear in new Puss in Boots sequel? - March 31, 2015
- Disney developing live-action Mulan - March 31, 2015
- Tron 3 ascends into title territory - March 31, 2015
- Superhero Movie Updates : X-Men, Suicide Squad, Deadpool, The Flash, TMNT - March 31, 2015
- NBC bringing The Wiz to Television! - March 31, 2015
- Basu boards Metal Gear Solid - March 31, 2015
- Blunt joins Krasinski in Animal Crackers - March 31, 2015
- Aussie film These Final Hours adapted for Television - March 31, 2015
Against the Current - the band, not adventures in dangerous swimming 101
Zedd - If our love is tragedy, why are you my remedy? (Well, answer my question!)
Arrow (Okay, Felicity from Arrow!)
Chrissy Costanza (cat eyes and buttery lyrics!)
Girls (TV) (Okay, Allison Williams!)
Movies - especially when they play in the dark.
Twin Peaks (TV)
Friends (TV) (It had me at "No way are you cool enough to pull Clint"; damn straight, Chandler!)
Traveling - preferably where water is, so I can splash someone!
Star Wars trilogy - no, the other one, fella!
Alex G - far more talented than her younger brother Alex H
Cameron Crowe movies - Say Anything..., Jerry Maguire, Almost Famous
The sign 'Free Wi-Fi'.
Reenacting dance/song scenes from "Grease" with my little girl (hey! Wait till you see my 'Summer Lovin'! - don't judge)
Die Hard - 40 stories of Sheer Adventure!
Alex Goot & Friends (his enemies aren't half as talented!)
Cooking up a nice dish and sitting in the entertainment area, on a cool night, basking in it's greatness.
Inflatable kids pools full of Vodka Lime Crush.
Acidic Email from angry, over passionate teenagers after I trash something "Twilight"-related on the site. Sparkle elsewhere.
My baby girl's big, caring heart.


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Sysadmin Stories Three case studies in the life of an adminJul 11, 2008
A day on Charly's network might bring out problems with Ethernet bonding, VLANs and switches, and rogue DHCP servers.more »
Charly's Column The sys admin's daily grind: P3ScanJul 02, 2008
Checking email for viruses is typically the domain of the SMTP gateway or a server directly downstream of it. In this month's column, Charly decides to move this protection to the other side – that is, to the client connections
with their SMTP and POP servers.
Samba 3.2 With IPv6, Clustering and GPLv3Jul 02, 2008
The free Samba project has just released version 3.2 of the file and printer server for Microsoft Windows clients. The team will be moving to the GPL v3 license as of this version.more »
Light Web Server Alternatives The Cherokee and Lighttpd alternative web serversJul 01, 2008
Apache has ruled the web since the mid-90s, but not all users are happy with it. Recent competitors Cherokee and Lighttpd offer an uncomplicated alternative for users who are looking for something light.more »
Askerisk Calling on the Network with AsteriskJul 01, 2008
If you want advanced features without the expense, try a VoIP phone system. We'll show you how to configure your own Asterisk telephone exchange server.more »
Rdesktop Windows terminal services in Linux with RdesktopJun 20, 2008
Windows terminal services in Linux with Rdesktopmore »
LTSP Getting started with the Linux Terminal Server ProjectJun 19, 2008
The Linux Terminal Server Project offers a comprehensive approach to terminal services in Linux, including easy access to local sound cards, printers, and USB sticks.more »
AuFS Configuring the AuFS filesystem for terminal clientsJun 19, 2008
AuFS offers a painless filesystem for a thin client, and FS-Cache provides a persistent cache.more »
Issue 174/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
Microsoft Frees Code for .NET Build Engine
MSBuild is now just another GitHub project as Redmond continues its path to the light.
Researchers Demonstrate Hack by Heat
Malware could pass data and commands between disconnected computers without leaving a trace on the network.
Kernel Developers Adopt Code of Conflict
New rules emphasize collegiality in coding.
Ubuntu Switches to systemd
Upstart lands in the dust bin as a new era begins for Linux.
Old Vulnerabilities Are Kept Alive Through Bad Configuration
HP's annual Cyber Risk report offers a bleak look at the state of IT.
Linus Torvalds Announces Linux 4.0
But what do the big numbers really mean?
Microsoft Frees CoreCLR
.NET Core execution engine is the basis for cross-platform .NET implementations.
New Trojan Attacks Linux Servers
The Xnote trojan hides itself on the target system and will launch a variety of attacks on command.
Cisco Releases Annual Security Report
Spammers go low-volume, and 90% of IE browsers are unpatched.
Zero Day Exploits Target Flash
Adobe scrambles to release patches for vulnerable Flash Player.


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Filipino, African American…
Hi! My name is Sassha. I was born and raised in the Philippines and moved to the states when I Continue reading
Hi! My name is Sassha. I was born and raised in the Philippines and moved to the states when I Continue reading
Hi, my name's Elena and I am of Filipino and Italian-Sicilian ancestry. I had identity issues growing up because of Continue reading
Hi. My name is Genevieve, and I am part Filipino, Chinese, Spanish, and Italian. I hadn't really heard of the Continue reading
Hi, my name's Olivia. I'm 17 and I'm half Filipino and half African-American. I was raised by my mom who Continue reading
Hello all. My name is Chester and I was born in Mississippi to a Black American father and an Okinawan-Filipino Continue reading
Hey, my name is Noah. As of now, I'm 14 and I live in the Bay Area. My dad is Chinese, Continue reading
Aloha! My name is Bernadette Cagampang and I'm currently 15. I was born and raised and currently live on the Continue reading
Hi there! My name is Sarah. I'm a 22-year-old, born-and-raised Chicagoan. I am Italian, Polish, Filipino, and Japanese (a quarter of Continue reading


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The outside of the building is impressive but if you get a chance to visit the inside it is recommended. Quite a building!
This was fascinating & we would loved to have done a tour around the Palace itself. In the event the exhibition was still very interesting & I learnt a lot about the Palace. Would go again for the tour.
Take a lovely walk from the city centre out to the Peace Palace for a great experience. Make sure you look at the opening hours if you wish to go inside although still a marvelous view and photo opportunity from the outside. Many great displays inside the display area which give a great overview of history from the 1890s, in...
A most interesting place and Well worth visiting - read up about it first then take a tour to make the experience worth while.
This is a remarkable building. Some 15 min walk from the very center. Went there twice, once during day time, once during the night when it looks so mystical.
Unfortunately you cannot enter it on a daily basis. There are guided organized tours which occur mainly on weekends, so look ahead for it.
In front of the entrance to the...
The display area with headsets in various languages is free and done very well. Takes about 30 min.
Gives the complete history from 1890 to present. The actual palace does not have tours however.
the architecture is stunning, a very special place to tour. The main courtroom is very impressive. We traveled from the USA just to see this place. it was worth it.
We just happened to get off the train just outside of the gates of the Peace Palace! We wanted to see if we could take a tour. Unfortunately there weren't tours the day we were there, but they did offer a free self guided tour with a headset. We took that and learned a great deal about this historic place....
is it a castle? .... no. It's a palace of peace. The whole world is come here for one of another dispute. The "fight"it our here
Make sure you book (on line or in advance somehow) as this is a very unique place in the world. The architecture is gorgeous as are the stunning pieces donate as gifts by many member countries. The Japanese silk tapestries are world the trip alone. I loved the main court room and it's lovely stained glass windows. I just wish...
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lovelydark... Photographer
Cori CarlsonModel Female Seattle, Washington, US
My Website: FacebookMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/CocoCadellero
Mayhem # 3035868
About MeI am Cori Carlson, a Seattle based Fashion Designer, Creative Connoisseur and Freelance Model.
Modeling is fun and I love using it as a tool to meet other creatives as well just getting 'out there' and working on collaborative art projects. I have a versatile look, no diva complex and quality experience. My personality is naturally super expressive and I laugh a lot. I have worked on shoots as a model, stylist, fashion designer, assistant to photography and beyond over the last decade. All these things combined make me easy and fun to work with.
I would love to collaborate on shoot concepts or if you already have a great concept/idea and you would like me to fill a role, message me with the details.
MM Goals:
-Take some killer photo's
-Have some fun
-Get creative
-Start something beautiful
-Create photo's that evoke response
-No boring expressions unless boring is the goal
-To be Published in magazines, books, etc.
-Be involved in Creative projects, music videos, Art Exibits etc
-Promotional modeling (No Liquor)
-I am very comfortable with my self and my body
-I have a short torso and longer legs so I can pull off a variety of looks and styles
-My overall face shape and layout allows me to pull off a vast array of looks
-Very good at applying make-up on self and others
-Fashion Designer with lots of wardrobe, what I don't have, I can find
-Can show up ready to shoot with hair and makeup done if needed
-I have been modeling, on and off for many years
-Do not assume I wont want to work with you if you shoot a different style then what I have shown here. My images posted are mostly digital with that digital vivid color. That does not mean I have no interest in traditional film or Polaroid or other artistic styles! I am a fashion designer and have a big community in that genre so I end up getting a lot of work in that field.
lovelydark... Photographer
Ray Ray Photography Photographer
Dark Room Photographer
Desert Trash Photographer
ADKC Photography Photographer
D A N I E L Photographer
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It's alive!
On topic:
This member has provided no bio about themself...
It's alive!
On topic:
Darn it! Now i cant sleep at night D:
Shouldent she have that blanket thingy around her face? I just dont think she looks scary....
Ofcourse it dident work -_- If gives the this ******* gay error "get_object failed for texture: warhorse_new"
WOOOOOH! Denmark is in! Time to own the other factions >:)
My friend cant connect D: But im not using a router!
Ok im hosting a server connect to this ip using console: 192.168.1.10.
Okay i got past that but when i type in the hldsupdatetool -command update -game "orangebox" It just stop and says win32 error 3 "The path could not be found" Setting up dedicated servers with the horrible srcds has already given me multiple problems!
This tut dosent work! When ever i enter cd server (My folder is called server) It just says "The path could not be found" GAAAAAAAAAAAAAY!
Gonna set up a server and play with some friends :D Youre welcome to join in.
Dident they have some blanket thingy around their face? Well anyways it looks nice.
It IS already dude! Darkrp is horseshit!
I cant make this with 7.5! The interface is too different!
Style 2
Im learning to model and animate right now :)
What? Why would i do that -_-?
I found a bug :( When i play there is NO items no weapons, ammo or keys! Please help me.
Even for a early stage this looks ******* amazing!
needs some work :D But so far it looks good
Maybe i can help with the danish :D
good so far
Stop ditching the map ffs! work in progress guys!
cant wait nice moedel btw :D
In future updates please make a crosshair for the ones shooting in vehicles. Especially for the chopper
Just comepleted it! It was so awesome. I loved the scene were the jerkface kept saying **** you and **** you and **** you twice anderson! Youre all just a parade of *****!
Keep it up guys! :D
These are quite nice! I really like the pistol and flashlight one.
Can't wait to see it textured!
A little plain, but it's still looks very nice! And it's good to finally see some updates.
Very eerie and atmospheric, Good job!
Nicely done. Great to see progress
Gory. I like it!
Great work guys! Looking forward to this.
This looks amazing
Dark and creepy... Good work people! It's nice to see updates coming :)
Really nice there :D Got the Silent Hill feel.
Though i can't help but think that some parts just didn't sound right.
Looks cool ;)
Though the back part does look a little dull. But that's nitpicking.
It's upside down time :D!
Release it NAOW NAOW NAOW!
You forgot Sjælland :( The island were Copenhagen is.
Ahhh.... The beuty off this AWESOMe country. DANISH POWER!
Sounds great ;)
That grip thingy could use some work.
Good :D
Dont worry, they are just jelaous (May be spelled wrong) that they dont have the balls to post a mod themself.
Here is what i have to say to them: Gtfo out you damn troll!!
Oh man.... I really gotta pick up the pace on the modeling!
Okay first of all: Fear is not going on in a haunted house/hospital Second Who says they got the idea of a ghost girl from fear? and third Fear dont got a epic boss battle.
Darn it! I only have 2,5 GB RAM
P.S This computer is 4 years old.
You're not cool..... I dont belive your comment.
comeon moddelers! dont let this die


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A low-mass low-inductance short-stroke voice-coil actuator used with a positionable transducer and magnetic disk to provide fast memory access in a low cost-per-bit disk file memory system. Enclosed in a sealed disk module, the actuator and transducing system provide access to any disk information track within one disk revolution or less. Integral with said actuator is a total moving mass of less than 50 grams. A short voice-coil, of one inch or less, is always contained within the magnetic flux of the air gap; and the voice-coil, when energized, can provide a full stroke access (across said magnetic disk) within 16 milliseconds. A pair of spider flexures support (for longitudinal movement) a central rod, which is part of a differential velocity transducer and which is integral with the voice-coil. The central rod is also capable of being rotated by a solenoid to turn a cam which will "unload" or remove the transducing heads away from the disk surfaces.
1. A voice-coil actuator system comprising:
a. a main magnetic circuit having a pole shoe and a magnet forming an air gap;
b. a voice-coil residing and moving totally within said air gap;
c. means for supporting said voice-coil;
d. means for developing a signal for sensing motion of, direction of, and velocity of, said voice-coil including:
d-1. means for obviating the effect of changing magnetic fields due to voice-coil motion in said air gap of said main magnetic circuit.
2. The actuator system of claim 1 wherein said main magnetic circuit includes:
e. an annular ring magnet having first and second polar faces;
f. a cylindrical pole of magnetic material placed axially within said central opening of said annular ring magnet, said cylindrical pole having extending flanges at one end to form a base plate which abuts against the periphery of said first polar face of said annular ring magnet;
g. an annular pole piece of laminated magnetic material which is placed to abut the second polar face of said annular ring magnet and forming an annular air-gap between itself and one end of said cylindrical pole;
h. and wherein said cylindrical pole has an axial bore-opening therethrough.
3. The voice-coil actuator system of claim 2, wherein said means for developing a signal includes:
d-2. a differential velocity transducer mounted concentrically in and around said axial bore-opening of said cylindrical pole material, said differential velocity transducer including:
d-2a. a central support rod passing through said axial bore-opening of said cylindrical pole material, said central support rod carrying a pole magnet having its poles oriented in the axial direction;
d-2b. a first and second coil of stationary windings encompassing the axial bore-opening of said cylindrical pole material;
d-2c. said central rod carrying a bobbin which supports said voice coil within the air gap between said annular pole piece and said one end of said cylindrical pole material.
4. The voice-coil actuator system of claim 3 wherein said
first and second coil windings are wound differentially and encompassed by a magnetic shield to prevent any magnetic interference from any fields other than that of the said axially-oriented pole magnet in said axial boreopening, and
said means for supporting said voice-coil comprises an axially movable integrated unit including:
said central support rod,
said axially located pole magnet,
said bobbin for mounting said voice-coil,
a pair of spring flexures holding said central support rod, wherein
the periphery of said flexures are anchored, an extension-arm for holding a plurality of transducing heads.
5. A voice-coil actuator and positioner unit comprising:
a. a main magnetic circuit means made of a magnet and magnetic material in a cylindrical configuration and having pole faces and producing a magnetic field across an annular air gap;
b. a central bore-opening residing centrally and axially within said magnetic circuit means;
c. a voice-coil residing and moving totally within said annular air gap;
d. a bobbin, on which is mounted said voice-coil;
e. a differential velocity transducer mounted around and within said central bore-opening and including:
e-1. a central support rod capable of longitudinal and rotary motion, said support rod holding said voice-coil bobbin;
e-2. a first and second coil winding encircling the periphery of said central bore-opening;
e-3. a pole magnet held by said support rod and residing within said bore-opening with the first and second poles of said pole magnet being locationally oriented within the central area of the axis of the respective first and second coil windings;
e-4. said first and second coil windings being connected differentially so as to provide an electrical signal representative of the velocity, acceleration and direction of said pole magnet, which pole magnet moves in coordination with movement of said voice-coil;
f. first and second spring flexures holding said center support rod;
g. an extension arm supported by said central support rod.
6. The actuator and positioner unit of claim 5 wherein said differential velocity transducer includes a magnetic shield around the periphery of said first and second coil winding.
7. The actuator of claim 5 including:
a. a plurality of transducing head units residing on said extension arm wherein said extension arm includes a pivot around which one edge of said extension arm may be elevated or depressed;
b. a solenoid for imparting rotary motion to said central rod;
c. a cam connected to said central rod;
d. said cam being placed in proximity to one end of said extension arm and capable of causing a pivoting action to said extension arm.
8. The actuator of claim 5 wherein said air gap separating the pole faces has a length greater than the axial length of said voice-coil; and
wherein no portion of said voice-coil moves beyond the said annular air gap.
9. An electromagnetic actuator and transducer positioner comprising:
a. means for supplying a magnetic field;
b. an air gap having magnetic flux provided by said means for supplying said magnetic field;
b1. a voice-coil residing and moving within said air gap;
c. an axial bore within said means for supplying a magnetic field;
d. a differential velocity transducer located around the periphery of said axial bore and within including:
d-1. first and second coil windings around the periphery of said axial bore;
d-2. a magnetic encompassing the periphery of said first and second coil windings;
d-3. a central rod, movable within said axial bore, said rod carrying:
d-3a. pole magnet whose north and south poles reside and move within the interior of said respective first and second coil windings;
e. said central rod also carrying:
e-1. a bobbin which supports said voice-coil winding within said air gap;
e-2. an extension arm for holding a plurality of transducing heads;
e-3. a plurality of transducing heads;
f. a first and second spring flexure for supporting the extremities of said central rod and permitting axial motion of said rod;
g. means for providing electrical signals to said voice-coil for repositioning the position of said transducer heads.
10. The actuator of claim 9 wherein:
h. said bobbin includes a pivot for permitting rotation of said extension arm.
11. The actuator of claim 10 including:
i. means for rotating said central rod;
j. means for elevating and/or depressing said extension arm.
12. The actuator of claim 11 wherein said means for rotating said central rod inclues a solenoid; and
said means for elevating/depressing said extension arm includes a cam connected to and responsive to rotation of said central rod.
13. An electromagnetic actuator comprising:
a. means for developing a magnetic field across an air gap;
b. an axial bore within said means for developing said magnetic field;
c. a bobbin, movable within said air gap;
d. a coil wound around said bobbin;
e. a differential velocity transducer, encompassing said axial bore, for developing a signal representative of the motion of said coil and bobbin, said transducer including:
e-1. a magnetic shield which encompasses said transducer;
e-2. a central rod, movable longitudinally, which supports said bobbin and voice coil;
e-3. a first and second winding, wound differentially, and encompassing said axial bore, for sensing motion of a pole magnet within said axial bore;
e-4. a pole magnet within said central movable rod;
f. a plurality of flexures for holding said movable rod in a longitudinal position yet permitting a limited amount of forward and reverse motion;
g. wherein no portion of said coil ever moves beyond the space of said air gap; and
h. wherein said central rod is rotatable in said axial bore;
i. means to rotate said central rod.
14. In a voice-coil positioner for transducing heads in a magnetic disk system, the combination comprising:
a. a cylindrical form of magnetic material forming a magnetic circuit and including:
a-1. a magnet,
a-2. a main air gap,
a-3. a central and axial bore-opening,
b. a voice-coil winding residing and moving only within said main air gap;
c. a movable bobbin for supporting said voice-coil winding, said bobbin carrying:
c-1. an extension arm,
c-2. a plurality of transducer heads on said extension arm,
d. first and second spring flexures having centers mounted in alignment with the axis of said central bore-opening;
e. a movable central rod residing within said central bore opening and supported at its extremities by said first and second spring flexures;
f. a differential velocity transducer which includes:
f-1. first and second coil windings connected differentially and placed annularly around said central bore opening,
f-2. a bar-magnet mounted on said central movable rod and having a north pole and a south pole, said bar-magnet being so normally oriented such that one pole of said magnet resides and moves within the interior of one of said differential coil windings and the other pole of said bar-magnet resides and moves within the interior of said second of said differential coil windings,
f-3. said movable central rod within said central bore being integrally connected with and supporting said bobbin,
f-4. wherein said first and said second differential coil windings develop a signal sensitive to the motion of said voice-coil but which cancel out any extraneous fields due to motion of said voice-coil within the main air gap and magnetic field of said voice-coil magnetic circuit.
The voice-coil actuator of the present invention pertains to the field of random-access disk drives permitting very low cost-per-bit storage and access, wherein the voice-coil actuator has a short stroke motion and provides fast access due to the small mass moved. The actuator has particular use in combination with a sealed Disk File Module and memory system also described herein.
The desirability of disk file units which can readily be removed and replaced or interchanged with other units has long been recognized.
However, some liabilities have occurred in the prior art in attempting to achieve this goal in that expensive and unwieldy "base units" were often required which would mechanically interconnect to the disk module in order to provide a driving force (for the disk pack and head carriage) through a shaft or a belt, at the same time attempting to seal off any contamination from the outside air or environment. This was typically the case in the "Winchester" disk unit as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,843,967. These type of disk units, further, were not readily adaptable for use with the power frequencies of foreign countries (such as 50 Hz.) nor aircraft power at 400 Hz.
Other prior art attempts have been made in this area by providing sealed enclosures with transducers having head-per-track configurations. These usually proved to be extensively expensive and uneconomical.
The use of high-capacity random-access disk drives which permit operator interchangeable disk packs has usually been burdened with excessive costs. The interchangeability costs include additional control electronics and hardware for disk pack loading-and-unloading, for stringent contamination protection, for actuator carriage retraction, for head unloading, and adding mechanical couplings for spindle and head carriage driving. In order to offset these high costs, prior art disk drives are designed for very high capacity using many stacked disks and required relatively large drive motors having high power consumption; thus they were not really economically usable by a medium-to-small scale storage system.
One of the major costs of designing-in disk pack interchangeability (while keeping medium to low capacity storage) lies primarily in the alignment of the disk unit's transducing Read/Write heads, which must fly precisely relative to the disk surface. The head-to-disk track alignment must be sufficiently accomplished so that a disk unit, once written, may be removed and subsequently read on any of the other disk drive units. Thus, radial alignment of the transducing head with respect to the record track on the disk must be within 20% of the track width. The radial alignment tolerances must include static tolerances associated with head alignment differences between different drives, as well as dynamic tolerances involved, such as spindle-bearing runout, disk axial runout, actuator carriage bearing runout, thermal drift, vibration, and position accuracy of the access servo system.
Contamination during a disk pack exchange can have a serious effect on the reliability of a disk drive. When the disk pack module is removed from its "base drive," then the disk chamber, the disk pack mounting cone, and the transducing Read/Write heads (which are the most sensitive parts of the drive) are completely exposed to the environment.
Since the transducing heads often fly as close as 25 microinches to the disk surface, particles not visible to the naked eye, can cause disastrous failures.
In order to overcome some of the above problems and limitations, certain manufacturers built the "Winchester" disk cartridge, where disk cartridges were made to contain certain critical components (spindle, disk, read/write transducing heads, and an "actuator carriage") in an enclosed package.
This type of packaging somewhat reduced the costly positioning requirements for radial alignment and also facilitated greater track and bit density then was previously possible. Also at the same time, the reliability was greatly enhanced. However, since the "Winchester" disk cartridges did not contain the actuator voice-coil motor nor the spindle-motor, it was necessary that additional complex hardware be added to each disk cartridge, and each cartridge had to be supplied with a "base drive" in order to automatically couple the cartridges' "actuator carriage" to the voice-coil motor and also to couple the internal spindle to an external motor.
Besides being costly, these external-internal couplings introduced adverse reliability factors due to tolerance requirements, to possible mechanical failure; they also prevented complete sealing of the disk cartridge itself.
Further the "base drive" units (which were required for each disk module) had a cost factor of generally six times the cost of the disk module. Thus, if the disk module cost $1500.00, the base drive would generally cost at least $9000.00.
A low-mass, fast-access actuator unit is provided for use with a compact, slim-lined, self-contained Disk File Module, which module is completely sealed, requires no external mechanical couplings, and which facilitates interchangeability since the only coupling required is an electrical connector. The Disk File Module contains a motorspindle unit which has the rotor of the drive motor integrated as one unit with the magnetic disk having a single high-density ferrite film on each surface.
With the sealed enclosure of this preferred embodiment is a short-storke (+ or - 1/4 inch) low power voice-coil motor or "actuator" which supports and positions a series of Read/Write transducing heads over the top surface and bottom surface of the magnetic disk. A head support arm, which holds and positions the transducing heads, is directly connected to the voice-coil, thereby eliminating the mechanical problems of the prior art which required internal "actuator carriages" which then were coupled to external actuator carriage drive-means outside of the sealed enclosure.
In the preferred embodiment, additional advantages are obtained by the use of low-mass transducing heads and the elimination of the massive carriage means formerly used, permits worst-case access times to occur in less than one rotation (16 milliseconds). Also the Disk File Module contains no components subject to friction and wear except for two bearings in the motor-spindle which provide a long, extended life cycle of at least seven years.
The cost-per-bit factor of this preferred embodiment of the Disk File Module is less expensive than the bit cost in multiple-disk large capacity systems, and less expensive than prior art small-capacity systems which required actuator carriages and extensive mechanical coupling hardware such as was required in the "Winchester" disk cartridge; at the same time, the expensive "base drive" unit has been eliminated in favor of an "Electronics Module" which provides control signals and a data-interface to the Disk File Module.
Further, this elimination of the entire base-drive mechanism, (such as the drive motor, drive pulley and exterior connecting mechanisms as exemplified by the Winchester system) thus reduces the overall amount of manufacturing usage and maintenance costs of the Disk File Module system while the reliability and the versatility of application is increased.
Since the motor drive unit is concentric with the center of the magnetic disk, and the rotor is integrated with the disk to form a substantially planar structure, the overall volume required is economically small and presents a slender thin-line package. Further, since the module only requires a low power motor unit (1/100 horsepower), it can be easily made independent of AC line power frequency variations. This is done by using a crystal-controlled internal frequency reference in the Electronics Module which powers the disk drive motor independent of AC line power frequency.
The voice-coil actuator in this preferred embodiment of a Disk File Module has approximately ten times less mass than prior art actuators and has a voice-coil one-fourth the axial length of prior art coils. The low mass and high conductivity permits small control currents to develop very fast access time in seeking the desired track on the disk.
One of the economies provided by the preferred embodiment of the Disk File Module described herein is the factor of interchangeability. The factor of interchangeability of a Disk File Module makes possible great economy of manufacture and usage, the convenience of easy maintenance by simply interchanging a module and the lower cost of maintenance time. Additionally the design of the hardware elements and the tolerances involved in the mechanical, electronic and magnetic implementation of the Disk File Module has been so arranged that the summation of all of the deviations from perfection does not exceed the total variance allowed for engineering tolerances.
Further, the sealed Disk File Module prevents any exposure or contamination of the internal atmosphere and the precisely defined positions and locations of the mechanical components in relationship to the disk.
Still further the preferred embodiment offers significant advantages over conventional type of disk file recording systems which are solely dedicated to "head-pertrack" transducing systems. These conventional systems involve many hundreds of transducers and complex matrix switching networks which are very costly, even though they permit the elimination of moveable transducing heads and actuators. However, in the presently described embodiment, the actuator's moveable arms and transducers, in conjunction with the reference position tracks of the magnetic disk, provide for an economical, yet at the same time precise, position seeking system which is sufficiently easy to duplicate and thus, to make interchangeable for each of a plurality of modules. And yet, in the instant system described herein, there is permitted the versatility of using both positionable and fixed head-per-track transducers singly or in combination.
FIG. 1 is a side cutaway view in elevation of the Disk File Module.
FIG. 2 is a top or plan view of the Disk File Module with the transparent cover through which can be seen the disk.
FIG. 3 is a cross section view in elevation of the motor-spindle assembly showing how the disk is integrated with the rotor.
FIG. 4A is a schematic cross section view of the voice-coil actuator assembly used to position the transducing heads.
FIG. 4B shows a top view of the spider flexure for the actuator.
FIG. 4C is a perspective sketch of the upper and lower transducing platform support arms in the loaded position (transducers on magnetic disk).
FIG. 4D shows the unloaded position of the platform support arms (transducers moved away from magnetic disk).
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the entire Disk File Module system and indicating the electrical interconnection between the Electronics Module and the two Disk File Modules it services.
Referring to FIGS. 1-3, there is seen one preferred embodiment of the integrated Disk File Module, wherein a sealed module 10 is formed of a base plate casting 10b (having a transparent top plate 10a) and a sheet metal enclosure 8. A motor-spindle unit 20 has holding plates 20p which hold and support a magnetic disk 11.
The casting 10b has flanges 7f1, 7f2, 7f3, 7f4, (FIGS. 1, 2) of which 7f3 supports an Actuator Unit 30 which is generally of the voice-coil actuator type. A group of transparent inspection plates 10p is built into the casting 10b for inspection purposes. The Actuator 30 (FIGS. 1, 4A) will be seen to have a rotary solenoid 43 while providing a head support arm 40 (having arms 40u and 40l in FIG. 1 and FIG. 4A) which hold a plurality of Read/Write transducing heads 41 in close proximity to the upper and lower surfaces of the disk 11. An electrical connector 50 (FIG. 1) which conveys electrical signals into and out of the sealed module is the only connection to the outside world of the Disk File Module. A more detailed description is provided in conjunction with the discussion of FIGS. 4A, B, C, and D.
The motor-spindle unit 20, with its support plates 20p for holding the disk 11 forms an integral rotating unit which also has a series of air circulating fins 26 and a cylindrical encoder 27 having indicia marks 27i, which move in proximity to a mark sensor 45. The rotor 21r (of FIG. 3) constitutes a cylindrical nickel-cobalt form which revolves about stator 22.
Referring to FIG. 2 which shows a top or plan view of the Disk File Module, the module 10 is seen to have a sheet metal enclosure 8, a base-plate casting 10 wherein three shock mounts 5a, 5b and 5c provide resilient support to the sealed module within the sheet metal covering 8.
The spindle unit 20, having fins 26 and a support plate 20p hold the circular disk 11 via screws 20w. A series of transducer heads 41 are supported by the head support arm 40 which is controlled by the Actuator 30 for the positioning of the heads radially along the disk 11.
Referring to FIG. 3, a central cross sectional view in elevation is shown of the motor-spindle assembly unit 20. A central shaft 21s is supported by a top bearing 23 and a bottom bearing 24 which bearings are held by the support frame 25.
The support frame 25 mounts the stator core and windings 22, around which may rotate the rotor unit 21 which is held by a rotor frame 21f. The rotor 21r, the rotor frame 21f and shaft 21s together comprise rotor and shaft unit 21, which is fastened to the disk 11 to form an "integrated" rotating unit.
A loading spring 28 preloads the top bearing 23 and bottom bearing 24.
Referring to FIG. 4A, there is seen a central cross section view, in elevation, of the voice-coil Actuator assembly 30. The Actuator assembly is seen to have a central pole 31 which has an axial bore 31b holding a differential velocity transducer 34. The velocity transducer has a central support rod 35 which holds a velocity transducer magnet 36. The support rod 35 is built with extremity extensions 35a, 35b held within front and rear spider flexures 38 and 39.
A voice-coil bobbin 37b holds a cylindrical voice-coil 37 which rides in the gap between the central pole 31 and the laminated pole pieces 33 of the ring magnet 32. The voice-coil 37 has high conductivity and its axial length is small compared to the air gap 33g between the pole pieces of elements 33 and 31. Thus during its 1/4 inch stroke, the voice-coil never comes near or passes beyond the fringes of the air gap.
By regulating the current through the voice-coil 37 the head support arm 40 will move to precisely regulated positions along the tracks of the magnetic disk 11. More details of the Actuator 30 will appear in the later detailed discussion of FIG. 4A.
A rotary solenoid 43, designated as the load/unload solenoid, is capable of rotating the central support rod 35 which connects to a cam 42 at the opposite end. The cam 42, when rotated, is capable of positioning the transducing heads 41 away from the surface of the magnetic disk 11. This load/unload cam 42 is arranged so as to control the upper transducing heads 41u as well as the lower transducing heads 411 (FIG. 1), as will be later described in detail.
FIG. 5, which will be described in detail hereinafter, shows the overall memory storage and access system by which one Electronics Module 50E provides control and service to two Disk File Modules 10 and 10'.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 which respectively show a simplified cross-sectional view and a simplified top view of the Disk File Module, it will be seen that a thin-walled ribbed die-cast aluminum base plate 10b may typically provide structural support as well as enclosure for the motor-spindle 20, disk 11, transducer heads 41 and head-positioning arm 40. Visual inspection is provided for by a transparent top cover 10a which is held by the sheet metal enclosure 8.
The mounting flanges 7fl, 7f2, 7f3, 7f4, on the side wall of the base plate 10b may support a single voice-coil Actuator 30, or may support a plurality of actuators, such as voice-coil Actuator 30. Further, the four flanges may be used for a combination of transducing systems involving both positionable type and head-per-track type of transducing systems without the exclusive requirement of a fully complete (and costly) head-per-track transducing system.
In a typically preferred embodiment the overall dimensions of the Disk File Module may be approximately 4 inches high by 15 inches wide by 18 inches deep and the total weight is less than 20 pounds. An electrical connector 50 is used to facilitate automatic electrical hook-up when the Disk File Module is plugged into its mounting rack in the Electronic Module 50E (FIG. 5).
Referring to the motor-spindle assembly 20 which is shown in FIG. 3, this structure is made of a fixed stator portion 22 and a rotatable portion 21 which comprises rotor 21r and rotor frame 21f in addition to the rotor shaft 21s. The motor may typically be a one/one-hundredth horsepower, 12 volts AC synchronous hysteresis motor, which can operate in the range of 2400-3600 rpm.
The preload spring 28 exerts pressure on precision bearings 23 and 24 which may be of a type having a minimum continuous duty life of 7 years. Such bearings are basically the only components of the Disk File Module subject to friction and wear and thus are made of high quality precision components.
The motor speed is precisionally controlled by a motor spindle control 53 using a Crystal Reference Unit in the Electronic Module 50E (FIG. 5) which may typically be set to control the motor rotation at 3600 rpm. The speed may be simply changed to 2400 rpm by switching to a different reference frequency. This permits unusual versatility over the prior art systems where a speed change involved complex changes in gearing and belt drives. Thus, rapid data-transfer rates can be handled in this embodiment by the higher 3600 rpm speed while low speed data-transfer requirements are handled by the 2400 rpm rotational speed.
While prior systems customarily required 1/3 horsepower (or more) motors to drive a grouped stack of magnetic disks (in order to get large data capacity per unit so as to lower the cost-per-bit of handling disk data-storage) the present system permits a low power motor consuming, for example, 10 watts or less and occupying a relatively small volume. Typically a Disk File Module and system in accordance with the invention provides a low cost-per-bit function of approximately 0.5 millicent per bit which is at least two times cheaper in cost-per-bit functions than disk systems of the prior art. Further this low cost-per-bit capacity is contained in a spatial slim-line volume approximately one-half the size of prior Disk File Modules. Thus, there is provided not only an optimal cost-per-bit but also optimal size per overall bit capacity. Further optimization occurs in that one Electronic Module, as 50E (FIG. 5), services two or more Disk File Modules rather than an expensive "base unit" for each single disk module as required previously.
The synchronous motor used herein may typically operate at 12 volts RMS at a 120 cycle regulated frequency. It is independent of AC power line variations due to the internal frequency reference unit in the Electronic Module 50E. The rotor 21r is a cylindrical form of nickel-cobalt having a plate 20p which integrates the rotor with the disk 11 to constitute a unitary rotational unit.
In the cross sectional view of FIG. 4A there is seen the voice-coil Actuator assembly 30. The head mounting platform or head support arm 40 shown in FIG. 4A is actually made up of an upper arm 40u and a lower arm 40l (See FIGS. 1 and 4C) and these arms are directly connected to a short 2-inch diameter voice-coil bobbin 37b of FIG.4A.
A small low-inductance voice-coil 37 is wound on the voice-coil bobbin 37b. The voice-coil 37 always remains within the air gap 33g between the laminated pole piece 33 and the cylindrical center pole 31.
The actuator has one unitary moving structure composed of the central support rod 35, the voice-coil bobbin 37b, annular support ends 35a and 35b for the central support rod 35, voice-coil 37, and the head mounting platform arm 40 with its transducing heads 41.
The center pole structure 31 of magnetic material has an axial bore 31b in which resides a metallic magnetic-insulator shield 31s. Within the shield 31s there resides a stationary pair of windings 31w1 and 31w2.
Within the axial bore of these windings the central support rod 35 is capable of straight longitudinal movement via the restrictions of the flexures 38 and 39 (FIGS. 4A and 4B). Within the central support rod 35 resides a velocity transducer magnet 36 which together with the windings 31w1, 31w2 constitute a differential velocity transducer 34 for conveying signals relative to position and speed of displacement of the central support rod.
The lower end of the central support rod 35 is accessed by a rotary solenoid 43 through a splined shaft 43s. This enables the rotary solenoid to rotate the central support rod 35 on its axis within the shield 31s. Rotation of the central support rod 35 will cause the load/unload cam 42 to be rotated into a different position between the upper and lower head support arms 40u and 40l (FIG. 4C). It will also be noticed that (in FIG. 4A and 4C) a pivot 40p provides a rotational pivot for the upper support arm 40u while a pivot 40p ' provides the pivot for the lowest support arm 40l (FIG. 4D).
FIG. 4B shows a top view of the spider flexures 38 and 39. A circumferential band 38a supports a series of spiral projections 38s which hold a central bearing 38b having an axial bore 38n.
The diagrammatic sketch of FIG. 4C indicates how the voice-coil bobbin 37b supports the transducing head platform arms 40u and 40l. The cam 42 is disengaged from the arms 40u and 40l so that the transducing heads would be "loaded" i.e. in contact with the surface of the disk.
Referring to FIG. 4D, it will be seen that the cam 42 has been turned between the upper and lower head platform support arms to exert turning pressure on the upper and lower arms 40u and 40l. This action "unloads" the transducing heads, i.e. removes them away from the surface of the disk.
The coaxially-mounted differential velocity transducer 34 has a magnet 36 embedded in the suspension-support rod 35; and the entire moving mass (consisting of the transducing Read/Write heads 51, the track follower servo head 41s, (FIG. 4A), the upper and lower head mounting arms 40u and 40l, the voice-coil 37, bobbin 37b and the suspension rod 35) may typically be approximately 40 grams.
In the preferred embodiment being described in actuator assembly's center of mass is exactly in line with the center of force. The actuator's small mass (which may typically be 30 times less than that of a "carriage-type" actuator) is suspended by two spring flexures 38 and 39 which are similar to loudspeaker "spiders." This small mass, typically, has a total travel of not more than plus or minus one-quarter of an inch. This moving mass, (consisting of 9 Read/Write heads, the servo head, upper and lower arms, the voice-coil, the bobbin, and central rod) of typically approximately 40 grams provides a minimum mass factor which permits an access time of less than one disk rotation with a voice-coil motor actuator requiring one-tenth less force than conventional voice-coil actuators. In physical size the voice-coil motor or actuator assembly is approximately equal to that of a 20 watt loudspeaker driver.
One advantageous feature of the voice-coil actuator of FIG. 4A is the fact that the voice-coil is very short, that is 1 inch or less, and it always remains completely within the total field between the laminated pole piece 33 and the center pole 31 of the voice-coil actuator. This may be contrasted with prior art voice-coils which constituted lengths of 4 inches or more and in which only a part of the voice-coil remained within the full field of the pole piece 33 and center pole 31. Thus, much of the generated energy was dissipated in heat and further there was a massive amount of iron and magnetic hardware which was required for long strokes (which may be up to 31/2 to 4 inches where the transducing heads and head arms are completely retracted away from the disk and must be moved a relatively long distance in order to reach the disk and then to recover the radial distance across the disk).
Prior art actuators required that the massive arm and transducing heads be guided by a group of precision bearings and guide rods. These have been completely eliminated in the present embodiment and, since the stroke is typically only � 1/4 inch or less, the holding system for the moveable central rod 35 is merely a set of spider flexures, (front flexture 38 and rear spider flexure 39). This eliminates much mass from the system and eliminates the conditions whereby bearings (when used) could get contaminated, worn, or stuck due to foreign particles. A spring flexure such as used here has practically no maintenance problems over a period of time once the quality of the spring flexure is guaranteed.
The Read/Write transducing heads are conventional flying heads which are designed to contact the disk recording surface during starting and stopping, and then "fly" for transducing operations. Since the motor-spindle assembly 20 is not designed for fast acceleration, but instead is optimized for low weight and minimum power consumption at operating speeds, the head-to-disk contact time during starting and stopping may be too long for safe long-term operation. This is the reason why the previously disclosed head-loading mechanism is combined with the actuator to increase reliability. This head-loading mechanism consists of a rotary solenoid 43 at the end of the Actuator drive assembly 30 and a cam 42 at the opposite end of the assembly. The rotary solenoid 43 rotates the central support rod 35 through a normally noncontacting spline 43s. The support rod 35 connects to cam 42 at the other end of the assembly which causes the upper and lower head-mounting arms 40u and 401, to rotate slightly and lift the heads off of the recording surface (FIG. 4D). Each of the head-mounting arms 40u and 401, are rotatable around a pivot such as pivot 40p shown in FIG. 4D. The cam 42 is a detenting cam so that the rotary solenoid 43 only has to be operated during loading and unloading operations. As seen in FIG. 4C and 4D the transducers 41 reside on the head support arms 40u and 401 in a position farthest away from the side of the head support arm which is pivoted at 40p and 40p '.
Thus during the "unloaded" position, as seen in FIG. 4D, the transducing heads 41 are moved outward and away from the magnetic disk 11 which passes between the upper and lower head support arms. However, in the "loaded" or the closed position of FIG. 4C, the transducers 41 are now seen to reside in engagement to the magnetic disk 11 so as to magnetically contact the surface of the rotating disk.
The central support rod 35 is permitted to rotate in the two spider flexures 38 and 39, and a heavy spring preload at the pivot points prevents servo instability caused by play at the pivot points.
The most critical performance area involves the disk and the Read/Write transducing heads. In this regard this embodiment uses the field-proven "Winchester" technology whereby the Read/Write transducing head has a very light weight of approximately one-third of a gram and its air bearing requires a force of only 10 grams which facilitates starting and stopping of the head in contact with the disk. The flying height of the transducing heads is typically approximately 25 microinches and the head has a ten megahertz resolution. Further, the simplified construction of these type of transducing heads contributes to lower costs.
Disk 11, having information tracks 11t is a high density 14 inch dia. disk having ferrite film as the recording medium. As previously discussed, the disk is made as an integrated unit of the rotor portion of the motor-spindle assembly 20. This integrated unit comprises the disk 11, the holding plate 20p, the rotor frame 21f, the rotor 21r and the shaft 21s. The integrated rotor arrangement, placed concentrically about the stator 22 of the motor-spindle assembly unit 20, forms a very slim-lined configuration which saves spatial volume and presents a compactly balanced unit. The slim-line compactness permits a substantially planar configuration for the motor drive assembly and its disk portion.
In the overall system schematic of FIG. 5, the Disk File Module is connected by electrical connector 50 to an Electronic Module 50E.
The Electronic Module 50E is separate from the Disk File Module 10 and interconnects only by electrical cables through connector 50. The Electronic Module has a number of electronic control components, such as Motor Driver circuit 51 which may conventionally comprise two digital amplifiers which drive the two windings of the 12 volt AC hysteresis synchronous motor-spindle 20. Both windings conventionally have a series capacitor (not shown) to assure reasonant operation. A crystal oscillator and electronic frequency divider (not shown) in the Electronic Module 50E is typically employed in a conventional manner to generate the two phase-shifted digital motor signals. Since the relatively high current of the actuator voice-coil assembly 30 (which is typically four amperes peak) cannot be multiplexed easily for shared operation, a 20 watt hybrid power amplifier is used in the Electronic Module 50E.
Referring to FIG. 5, the Disk File Module 10 is plug compatible via connector 50 to the electronic Module 50E. The Disk File Module typically includes a Printed Circuit Board 10c which provided conventional circuitry such as Read Pre-Amp, a Head Switching Matrix and a Write Driver (not shown).
In a manner well known in the art one Electronic Module 50E may handle and service at least two Disk File Modules such as 10 and 10' having Printed Circuit Boards 10c and 10c '. Connectors 50 and 50' provide connection from the two Disk File Modules to the single Electronic Module. Thus, there has been eliminated the requirement for a costly separate "base drive" unit for each Disk File Module.
The Data Channel Control unit 52 may also be a conventional electronic unit which performs level conversion with receiver/drivers for data, clock, address and control signals. The Data Channel Control unit 52 provides Read/Write control circuits which are used, for example, in conjunction with the well-known double-density modified-frequency modulation system for the reading and recording of data on the disk file 11.
The Data Channel Control unit 52 typically includes a crystal oscillator and a phase-lock-loop detector (not shown). The crystal oscillator is used in a conventional manner to control, after proper frequency division, the speed of the synchronous motor and is also used to generate the write clock. Due to the crystal-controlled synchronous motor, the tracking range of the phase-lock-loop detector will be very narrow, thus facilitating short lock-in times and therefore reduced gap sizes.
The Motor-Spindle Control unit 53 may be used to control the operation of the motor-spindle assembly 20. The particular low power hysteresis synchronous motor-drive used herein is designed for most efficient operation at speeds of, for example, 2400-3600 rpm. The rotational speed of this motor is determined by the frequency division signals based from the write crystal oscillator. Thus, there is derived a highly accurate motor-spindle frequency which will permit maximum data rates and maximum bit densities. The motor signals, which are phase-shifted for proper operation of the motor-spindle, are supplied to the two digital motor drivers built into the Electronic Module 50E. The power for the motor drivers is supplied by a DC source, which could be a battery.
It is typically desired to bring the disk 11 up to its proper speed within, for example, 60 seconds, and to do so, twice the normal run torque is needed. Thus, the motor-spindle unit 20 is overdriven with a 50% greater voltage during acceleration and deceleration.
The Actuator Servo Control unit 54 which may also be of conventional form is used to regulate the voice-coil motor actuator assembly 30.
The Read/Write transducing heads 41 are positioned above and below the required tracks with a dual loop (velocity and position) track follower servo system known in the art. Velocity feedback is generated from the co-axial differential velocity transducer 34, and position feedback is derived from a band of, for example, 251 pre-recorded servo tracks located on one side of the disk in the middle of the data bands.
As previously mentioned the transducing system may use five upper transducing heads and five lower transducing heads, one of which is used as a "servo head." Each head will have a data band of 250 tracks. This makes a total of 2,250 information tracks plus 251 servo tracks on a given disk.
There are many conventional ways for "track seeking" and for servo positioning. One typical way which may be used may be described as follows. For initialization purposes after the disk file module has been assembled and sealed, the servo head 41s will be used to record 251 servo tracks on the underside of the magnetic disk and each of these tracks will have its own particular address. If, for example, the first track of a servo track group is contacted by the servo head 41s, the servo head will read out information from the first servo track, its level will be raised by an amplifier and then fed to a "level logic unit" which will maximize the output signal from the information on the servo track number 1. Then the "level logic output" from the level logic unit will be fed to an "enable decoder." Thus, the signals which were read out from the track will carry the information of an "address", which information is then fed from the "enable decoder" to a comparator.
The comparator will also have another input of the "desired" track address. Then, as a result of the comparison in the comparator between the desired address and the presently existing read-out address, several signals will be developed out of the comparator. One signal coming out of the comparator will be the "magnitude of error" between the two addresses which will be used to develop a signal called a "velocity input signal," which is fed to a "positioning logic unit" which is amplified by an amplifier and used to operate the voice-coil to make it move in the proper direction of the desired address track.
Another signal coming from the comparator may be called the "directional signal" and this signal determines the direction the voice-coil must move in order to seek and reach the desired track of the servo track group. Of course, when this direction signal is "zero" this means that the voice-coil has already positioned itself over the appropriate servo track. Usually there is also a signal line from the "level logic unit" over to the positioning logic unit so that the signal read out from the servo track can be maximized and can be fed into the position logic unit. Also there is a direct line from the amplifier of the servo head which goes directly to the "enable decoder."
Thus, this "positioning servo" system provides a comparator having two inputs, one input of which is the track address of the desired track and the other input of the address of the presently existing track. The comparator then provides an output signal to the positioning logic unit and its amplifier which provides the current necessary to move the voice-coil in the proper direction and at the appropriate speed in order to most rapidly access the desired track.
Typically each of the transducing heads 41 (and the servo head 41s) will have its individual pair of head driver amplifiers and playback amplifiers.
Each transducing head (and also the servo head 41s), through its magnetic pickup provides a signal. This signal is conveyed to a playback amplifier which may feed to a multiplexer integrated circuit. The multiplexer integrated circuit may have 9 input lines (for example, one from the playback amplifier of each individual transducing head). Further, there may, for example, be three address lines which feed into the multiplexor integrated circuit to provide a "head address." Thus, the multiplexor (depending on the head address) will connect a line at any given moment of time to the particularly selected transducer head.
Each of the transducer heads also will have another amplifier called the "head driver amplifier" which is used to increase the current to the transducing head for "writing" purposes; thus, no matter whether there is a "reading operation" or a "writing operation," there will be sufficient current developed so that the transducer head may adequately write on the magnetic disk or may provide an adequate signal when it is reading from the magnetic disk.
The differential velocity transducer 34 (FIG. 4A) provides two stationary windings 31w1 and 31w2 which, by magnetic induction, are sensitive to motion of the north and south poles of the bar or pole magnet 36 which moves in correspondence with voice coil 37. The windings of stationary windings 31w1 and 31w2 are differentially or "contrary" wound so that any motion of pole magnet 36 is enhanced because one coil winding picks up motion changes due to the north pole and the other coil winding picks up motion changes due to the south pole. Thus, signals are developed to provide a "velocity" signal to be used as one of the inputs of the servo-amplifier which drives the voice-coil.
Due to close proximity of the velocity-transducer and the main magnetic circuit for the voice-coil, changes in the voice-coil current and position could affect the velocity transducer were it not for the differentially wound coil windings 31w1 and 31w2 which cancel out and obviate such extraneous interference.
The "full stroke" access time of the actuator is typically 16 milliseconds with an "average" access time of 9 milliseconds while the track-to-track access time is 4 milliseconds.
Bit densities on the disk may typically range from 5950 bits-per-inch (BPI) to 8000 BPI. The transfer rates may typically range from 6.5 to 9.7 million bits per second.
There are five information bands on one side and four information bands plus one servo band on the other side of the disk. The total travel of the actuator is limited to 250 cylinders (nine information tracks per cylinder) or + or - 1/4 inch at 500 TPI (transitions-per inch).
This provides a short-travel, low-mass, closed, and centrally balanced mechanical arrangement which together with low coil induction make it possible to access any track within 16 milliseconds at one-tenth the force (7 pounds peak) needed for the conventional type of voice-coil actuators.
Since these actuator controls can be shared between two separate Disk File Modules, analog switching must be performed to multiplex the feedback and control signal. However, the peak voice-coil current of four amperes, cannot easily be multiplexed and consequently in the preferred embodiment considered, a 20 watt hybrid power amplifier is needed for electrical conveyance to each Disk File Module.
The Read/Write circuit 55 provides, in a conventional manner, control and power for Read/Write transducing operations.
The Maintenance Control unit 56 of conventional form, supplies a power on/off indicator switch, two sets of load/run indicator switches, a write protect indicator switch and a Disk File Module address switch (not shown).
The Fail-Safe Control unit 57 provides safety circuits which, in a conventional manner, monitor the module for unsafe conditions that might cause destruction of information in the event of a component failure or circuit malfunction. This detection of such a condition would result in an automatic disconnect and a power shutdown of the particular Disk File Module.
The power supply unit 58 is also of conventional form and provides power for the Disk File Module or power for a plurality of Disk File Modules. In order to render this system independent of the AC power distribution system, a DC converter is used to supply the various required voltages; thus, the converter can be supplied with a 12 volt DC input and would generate a plus or minus 24 volt output, a plus or minus 12 volt output and a plus or minus 5 volt output.
The entire preferred system can operate in an environment where temperatures are kept between 40� Fahrenheit and 100� Fahrenheit and the humidity is less than 90%.
In the past the mechanical complexity of disk pack drives and the exposure of their most critical components to environment had considerably limited the reliability of these drives. By enclosing the critical components in a sealed module, and by limiting the components subject to friction and wear to the two precision bearings in the motor-spindle, the reliability of the disk system is now increased by a large order of magnitude. Thus, now the mean time between failures may typically be better than 10,000 hours. Further, when a failure occurs, the mean time to repair the units with a replacement module by a semiskilled person can be less than one-half hour.
The failure of an internal component of a Disk File Module would require exchanging the module and sending it to a specially equipped service center. If necessary the information can be retrieved from the disk of the impaired Disk File Module provided that there was no catastrophic disk crash which occurred on all the bands of recorded information. This recovery can be accomplished by mounting the disk together with its rotor and rotor frame on a special drive which can position read heads over the information tracks with the help of a track-follower servo.
The mechanical arrangement of the Disk File Module lends itself to high system flexibility without major redesign. Up to three additional independent voice-coil actuators, which operate in a synchronous relationship, can be added to a single Disk File Module, so that there may be at least four actuators all synchronously operative for transducing operations with the magnetic disk. Also as discussed previously, there is the flexibility which provides for a "mix" of transducing systems wherein there can be a plurality of positionable transducing systems controlled by the above-described type actuator and this can be combined with one or more fixed-head-per-track systems which might be desired for the accessing of certain special information tracks.
The storage capacity dedicated per channel can typically vary from 80 million bits to 360 million bits for the actuator channels. All four actuator channels of the Disk File Module have independent Read/Write and access capabilities; thus, in the Electronic Module 50E there is a Data Channel Control for each actuator channel and an additional Actuator Servo Control for each voice-coil actuator assembly 30.
Another flexible aspect of the system is the possibility of introducing further cooling means into the system by placing, for example, a squirrel cage impeller on the shaft 21s. This can be combined with a positive filter pressurized air system which can be easily fitted onto the underside ribbing of the Disk File Module.
Under normal conditions the metallic base plate casting 10b and the metallic flanges 7f1, 7f2, 7f3, 7f4 provide means for conducting away the heat generated internally. However, a greater amount of internal cooling capacity can be accomplished by the above-referenced air circulation system without any substantial change in the design configuration of the Disk File Module. Another means for facilitating cooling within the scope of the present design is to make the top cover 10a of metallic material which will also help conduct heat away from the internal system.
Having thus described a low-mass, fast-access short stroke, voice-coil motor actuator which is used with a sealed unitized Disk File Module, the following claims are made:
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