text:
Coating materials for pharmaceutical dosage forms contain, besides the conventional liquid or solid additives for pharmaceutical coatings, a binder comprising a synthetic polymer, prepared by emulsion polymerization, having 5 to 100% by weight of units derived from monomers of the formula ##STR1## wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, R2 is an alkylene or aralkylene group having at least 3 carbon atoms in the chain between the amino nitrogen and the ester oxygen atom of which at least one is tertiary or quaternary, and R3 and R4 are lower alkyl radicals or together with the amino-nitrogen atom form a heteroaliphatic ring, and, optionally, additional comonomer units.
1. A pharmaceutical dosage form coated with a synthetic polymer, soluble or swellable in gastric juice, prepared by emulsion polymerization comprising
(1) 5-100% by weight of units derived from an aminoalkyl ester monomer of the formula ##STR3## wherein: R1 =hydrogen or a lower alkyl group,
R2 =2,2-dimethyl propyl or benzyl,
R3 and R4 =lower alkyl groups or together with the N atom form a penta or hexa atomic heterocyclic ring; and
(2) 0-80% by weight of a copolymerizable monomer selected from the group consisting of esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
2. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein R1 is a lower alkyl group.
3. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein said aminoalkyl ester is N,N-dimethylamino-2,2-dimethylpropyl methacrylate.
4. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein residues of said aminoalkyl ester constitute 10-90% by weight of said polymer.
5. A synthetic dosage form with a coating comprising
(a) 25-100% by weight of the polymer of any one of claims 1,2 or 3 and
(b) 0-25% by weight of a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic coating additive selected from the group consisting of pigments, fillers, dyes, plasticizers, gloss improvers, smoothing agents, flavors, photostabilizers, anti-foaming agents, and flow improving materials.
6. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein said dosage form is a dosage form suitable for oral administration.
7. The dosage form of claim 1 wherein said dosage form is selected from the group consisting of crystals, granules, pills dragees, tablets, and capsules.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to coating materials for pharmaceutical dosage forms which are soluble or swellable in gastric juices, and more particulaly to such coating materials which contain as binders polymers of aminoalkyl esters of acrylate or methacrylate acids and optional additional co-monomers prepared by emulsion polymerization.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Binders of this general type are known from German Pat. No. 2,135,073. The aminoalkyl esters therein disclosed for preparing such polymers by emulsion polymerization uniformly contain 2 carbon atoms between the amino-nitrogen atom and the ester-oxygen atom. The only disclosed co-monomer departing from this structure is the 4-(dimethylamino)butyl ester. In the preparation of the polymers from these monomers by emulsion polymerization, difficulties can arise because these monomers are readily soluble in water, especially the most commonly used one, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. A portion of the monomers can homopolymerize in the aqueous phase to form water-soluble homopolymers, and if these become bound to the latex particles or enclosed in them in the course of polymerization, they can greatly effect the solubility of the pharmaceutical coatings prepared from the latex. Furthermore, these monomers having short or unbranched alkylene groups in the aminoalkyl radical have a tendency to hydrolyze, which can occur any time before the monomer is incorporated into the polymer. As a result of this hydrolysis, acrylic or methacrylic acid is formed which is also incorporated into the polymer and alters the solubility properties. Because of these drawbacks, polymers containing more than 55% by weight of aminoalkyl esters of this type could not be prepared by emulsion polymerization, and those which contain more than 30% by weight of aminoalkyl esters can be prepared only with difficulty.
Therefore, a need has continued to exist for polymers suitable for use as binders in pharmaceutical coating materials, which can be prepared by emulsion polymerization, and which are not subject to the drawbacks of the known emulsion polymers which are used for this purpose.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to prepare polymers suitable for use as binders in pharmaceutical coatings.
A further object is to provide polymers from alkylamino acrylates and methacrylates which are not subject to hydrolysis during emulsion polymerization.
A further object is to provide polymers from monomers which do not homopolymerize to form water soluble polymers during emulsion polymerization.
A further object is to provide polymers, suitable for use as binders in pharmaceutical dosage forms, which are soluble in gastric juice.
Further objects of this invention will be apparent from the description of the invention which follows.
It has now been found that the objects of this invention can be achieved by polymers containing amino esters of the following formula ##STR2## wherein R1 is a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, R2 is an alkylene or aralkylene group having at least three carbon atoms in a straight chain between the amino-nitrogen atom and the ester-oxygen atom, at least one of which carbon atoms is tertiary or quaternary, and R3 and R4 are lower alkyl groups or together with the amino-nitrogen atom form a heteroaliphatic ring. Lower alkyl, in the context of this application, means alkyl groups having 1-4 carbon atoms.
Amino esters of this formula are less soluble in water than the amino esters used to prepare the known polymers, they have less tendency to hydrolyze when in the monomeric form than the conventionally used amino esters, and they are therefore much more readily polymerized by emulsion polymerization. Polymers containing more than 55% by weight of residues of these esters can be prepared by emulsion polymerization, and, in fact, pure homopolymers can be prepared by this technique.
The tertiary or quaternary carbon atoms in the straight chain of at least three carbon atoms between the amino-nitrogen atom and the ester-oxygen atom are those carbon atoms which are bound to one or two additional carbon atoms, respectively. The radical R2 can be a branched aliphatic or an araliphatic radical wherein the aralkyl group is a side chain on an alkylene group or is itself a part of the carbon chain between the nitrogen and oxygen atom. Preferable monomers of this structure are 3-dialkylamino-2,2-dimethylpropyl acrylate and -methacrylate and 3-dimethylaminobenzyl methacrylate. The aminoalkyl esters constitute at least 5% by weight of the polymer. At that proportion, coating materials are obtained which are in general still not soluble in gastric juice but only swellable therein, provided that no significant quantities of hydrophilic comonomers are incorporated. The homopolymers of the amino alkyl esters are already partially soluble at a pH above the pH of gastric juice. The preferred proportions of the aminoalkyl ester in the formation of the emulsion polymer of this invention are between 10 and 90% by weight.
Suitable alkyl groups for R3 and R4 include lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, and butyl. R3 and R4 may also together form a heterocyclic aliphatic ring such as a pyrrolidine or a piperidine ring.
Monomers copolymerizable with the amino esters include water insoluble monomers, and among these, preferably esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids. The acrylic acid esters preferably contain ester alkyl groups having 1 to 8 C-atoms; the methacrylic acid esters can contain alkyl groups having 1 to 18 C-atoms. In addition to or in place of these preferred monomers other water-insoluble unsaturated copolymerizable monomers such as styrene or vinyl esters of organic carboxylic acids or maleic, fumaric or itaconic acid esters can be incorporated into the polymer. Water soluble co-monomers, such as vinylpyrrolidone, hydroxy esters of unsaturated polymerizable carboxylic acids, acrylamide or methacrylamide or their N-alkyl sustituted derivatives, insofar as they are incorporated into the polymer, are generally present in proportions less than 20% by weight. Unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic, methacrylic, maleic or itaconic acids or their water soluble salts are present in general in amounts of at most 3%. The type and proportions of the monomer components are fundamentally so chosen that the polymer is soluble or at least swellable in the pH range of gastric juice, i.e., between pH 2 and 4. In order to be suitable as a pharmaceutical coating, the swellability must be sufficient to make the coating at least sufficiently permeable that active ingredients can diffuse through it.
As is known, the hardness and the elasticity of films prepared from a polymer depend upon the composition of the polymer. These properties can be adjusted according to the technical requirements of the particular application, as is known to those skilled in the art, by suitable combinations of hard monomers such as methyl methacrylate and soft monomers among which are found, for example, butyl acrylate as well as several of the amino alkyl esters used in this invention.
The molecular weight of the polymer is generally over 10,000 and, in order that the polymer can be handled in powder form or as an organic solution should not be over 1,000,000. In the latex form the polymer exists in particles of the usual size in the range of from 0.03 to 3 micrometers and can form powder aggregates of significantly larger particle diameter. However it is advantageous if such aggregates are not glazed but comprise loose aggregates of fine particles which again break up into substantially finer particles when they are agitated in water or other fluid medium. Accordingly, the powder is rapidly soluble in organic solvents.
The polymers can be prepared by the known methods of aqueous emulsion polymerization, and they contain the typical adjuvants used in these processes in the conventional amounts. They preferably contain anionic or non-ionic emulsifiers or mixtures of these types of emulsifiers; however, polymers can also be used which have been prepared by known emulsifier-free processes. The proportion of emulsifiers, calculated on the amount of aqueous phase, lies in the range from 0.1 to 10% by weight. The proportion of anionic emuosifier preferably lies between 0.01 and 2% by weight and the proportion of non-ionic emulsifiers between 0.1 and 5% by weight; the latter can also be added after the preparation of the emulsion polymer. The solids content of the dispersion is preferably in the range from 20 to 50% by weight. Especially preferred are emulsion polymers which are prepared by the monomer feed or the emulsion feed process. The pH of the aqueous polymer dispersion is in general between 7 and 12 and preferably between 8 and 10.
The aqueous dispersion of the emulsion polymer can be incorporated as such into an aqueous coating material as such as a binder. However, it is also possible to recover the emulsion polymer in powder form by known methods, for example, by precipitation, spray drying or freeze drying, and to use it as a binder for coating materials by itself or in the form of an organic solution.
Although there are cases in which the aqueous polymer dispersion is used as such for preparation of a pharmaceutical coating material, most of the coating materials used in practice for pharmaceutical dosage forms contain a rather large number of liquid or solid additives which also may be used in the compositions of this invention. Among such additives are in particular, pigments, fillers, soluble dyes, plasticizers for the binder, gloss and smoothing agents, flavorings, photostabilizers, anti-foaming agents and flow promoting materials. These additives can be incorporated into the aqueous dispersion, into the polymer in powder form, or into a solution of the polymer in an organic solvent.
The amount of the polymer of this invention contained in the coating for the drug dosage form may range from the minimum amount needed to be an effective binder for the other ingredients of the pharmaceutical coating up to 100%. The coatings for drug dosage forms typically contain from about 25% by weight up to 100%.
A number of processes can be used according to the invention to coat pharmaceutical dosage forms with the polymers of this invention or coating materials prepared from them. Thus, an aqueous dispersion of the polymer or an aqueous coating material, which has been prepared from a dispersion by incorporation of suitable additives, can be applied to the dosage forms by means of a dragee coating process or a fluidized bed coater by known procedures. Suitable procedures are described in German Pat. No. 2,135,073 or British Pat. No. 1,393,374. Small quantities of volatile organic liquids, e.g. lower aliphatic alcohols, ketones, and esters, can be combined with the above mentioned materials as plasticizers and thereby facilitate the formation of a film coating.
Other coating processes start with the polymer isolated from the aqueous phase. It can be used either by itself, in finely divided powder form, or after admixture with conventional solid additives, to coat pharmaceutical dosage forms. Among the coatable dosage forms may also be included, e.g. crystals of the active ingredient which can be compressed together with the polymer in powder form or with a powder coating composition prepared by admixture with solid additives, into shaped tablets. Granulating procedures can also be carried out with powder mixtures containing active ingredients. On the other hand, the pulverulent coating materials can be contacted with the dosage forms in a fluidized bed coater at elevated temperature, whereby the particles are sintered or melted together to form a continuous layer.
A particularly advantageous coating process is thermogelation, disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 328,486. In the thermogelation process the powder coating material is suspended in an aqueous solution of a plasticizer, wherein the plasticizer is chosen so that the emulsion polymer does not dissolve therein at room temperature, but upon heating after the evaporation of the water forms a solid gel mass. The suspension can be contacted with the dosage form in a dragee pan or in the fluidized bed coating apparatus and then it is converted to a solid gelled coating layer on its exterior surface by heating. In another embodiment of this process, the dosage forms are moistened with an aqueous solution of the plasticizer and the coating material is sprinkled on in powder form. In this case as well thermogelation occurs on the surface to form a continuous layer. Suitable plasticizers are, for example, slightly volatile polyhydroxy compounds such as polyethylene glycols, sugar alcohols, or esters of citric acid. The amounts of plasticizer are so chosen that they are sufficient for dissolving and gelling the emulsion polymer and that after cooling the coating layer is hard and not tacky.
A further preferred method for applying of the coating materials of the invention comprises preparing an organic solution from the finely divided polymer, which can be provided with additional conventional additives by known procedures. In order to obtain a good solubility of the emulsion polymer in organic solvents, it is preferable, as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,112,215, to use the coating material in powder form prepared by spray drying from an aqueous dispersion of the polymer such as that obtained from the emulsion polymerization. In order to prepare the solution, the conventional organic solvents used for this purpose, such as lower alcohols and ketones or their mixtures can be employed. The coating material dissolved in organic solvent can be used in all conventional processes for coating of dosage forms, as is known to those skilled in the art. The dragee pan process and the fluidized bed coating process are the most common of the processes which have been used.
Just as it is possible or feasible in known coating processes to apply the coating gradually or in several layers, this also can be done with the coating materials of this invention. In this case, the coating materials of the invention can form the entire coating or optionally a base layer, intermediate layer or outer layer, wherein additional layers having other solubility properties can be used. Individual layers of this kind in multiple-layer coatings can be formed from the pure polymer without further additives. It is not necessary to provide further discussion here regarding the very many methods of obtaining a predetermined solubility and controlled release characteristic in the gastrointestinal tract using a selected sequence of layers having different solubility properties. The diverse layers can also be applied by diverse processes. Thus, for example, a matrix tablet, whose core is composed of individual particles coated by the process of the invention can be coated with an exterior coating of another type of material, e.g. a sugar dragee material, or vice versa.
The multitude of possible application processes corresponds to the multitude of kinds of dosage forms to be coated. Crystals of active ingredient or granulates thereof, pills, dragee nuclei and tablet nuclei or filled pharmaceutical capsules can be coated by the coating material of the invention. As a single coating or as the layer soluble in gastric juice of a multiple layer coating, the layers applied according to the invention can have a thickness between 5 and 20 micrometers. The coating materials according to the invention can also be employed as binders for granulation and agglomerlation of pharmaceuticals.
Having generally described the invention, a more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples, which are provided herein for purposed of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.
In a polymerization reactor provided with a stirrer and a heating/cooling jacket, 0.4 g of sodium lauryl sulfate was dissolved in 580 g of water and the mixture was heated to 80� C. To this was added a solution of 0.7 g of the sodium salt of 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) in 25 g of water.
To this solution an emulsion of the following composition was added dropwise over a period of four hours:
180 g N,N-dimethylamino-2,2-dimethylpropyl methacrylate
210 g methyl methacrylate
210 g ethylacrylate
3 g sodium lauryl sulfate
2 g sodium salt of 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid)
800 g water
The temperature of the reaction vessel was maintained at 80� C. After completion of the addition, the temperature was kept at 80� C. for two more hours. After cooling to room temperature a low-viscosity dispersion free of coagulation was obtained.
solids content: 30% by weight
pH: 9.0
minimum film-forming temperature: 24� C.
white point temperature: 18� C.
The procedure of Example 1 was followed except that after the conclusion of polymerization and cooling to 30� C. the dispersion was compounded by adding dropwise a soluton of 14 g of an addition product of isononylphenol and 100 moles of ethylene oxide in 33 g of water.
A low-viscosity dispersion was obtained: solids content: 30% by weight; pH: 8.9; minimum film-forming temperature: 24� C.; white point temperature 18� C.
The procedure of Example 2 was followed except that the dispersion was compounded by adding a solution of 21 g of the same additive in 50 g of water.
A low-viscosity dispersion was obtained; solids content: 30% by weight; pH: 8.8; minimum film-forming temperature: 24� C.; white point temperature 18� C.
In a polymerization reactor equipped with a stirrer and a heating/cooling jacket 0.4 g of sodium lauryl sulfate was dissolved in 580 g of water and heated to 80� C. Thereupon a solution of 0.7 g of the sodium salt of 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) in 25 g of water was added.
To this solution was added dropwise over a period of four hours an emulsion comprising:
120 g 3-dimethylaminobenzyl methacrylate
270 g ethylacrylate
210 g methylmethacrylate
3 g sodium lauryl sulfate
2 g sodium salt of 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid)
800 g deionized water
The temperature in the reaction vessel was maintained at 80� C. After the completion of the addition the temperature was maintained for two additional hours at 80� C. After cooling to room temperature a low-viscosity dispersion free of coagulation was obtained.
solids content: 30% by weight
pH: 7.5
minimum film-forming temperature: 22� C.
white point temperature: 17� C.
The procedure of Example 1 was followed using the following ingredients:
Initial solution:
4 g polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate
0.7 g sodium salt of 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid)
600 g completely deionized water
300 g N,N-dimethylamino-2,2-dimethylpropyl methacrylate
180 g ethyl acrylate
120 g methyl methacrylate
12 g polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate
2 g sodium salt of 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid)
800 g deionized water
A low-viscosity dispersion, free of coagulation was obtained; solids content: 29% by weight; minimum filmforming temperature: 15� C.; white point temperature: 5� C.
The procedure of Example 1 was followed using the apparatus described therein. The emulsion comprised:
180 g N,N-dimethylamino-2,2-dimethylpropyl methacrylate
6 g methacrylic acid (weight calculated as the acid, added in the form of the sodium salt)
210 g ethyl acrylate
204 g methyl methacrylate
3 g sodium lauryl sulfate
2 g sodium salt of 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid)
A low-viscosity dispersion, free of coagulation was obtained: solids content: 30% by weight; pH: 9.1; minimum film-forming temperature: 25� C.; white point temperature: 18� C.
The procedure of Example 6 was followed and the dispersion was compounded after the conclusion of the polymerization by dropwise addition, at 30� C., of 30 g of an adduct of isononylphenol with 100 moles of ethylene oxide dissolved in 70 g of water.
Properties of the dispersion:
solids content: 30% by weight
pH: 8.7
viscosity: 8 mPa.sec
One hundred parts by weight of the dispersion of Example 3 and 100 parts by weight of a 30% aqueous dispersion of a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate were mixed to form a stable mixed dispersion: pH: 8.5; minimum film-forming temperature: 12� C.; white point temperature: 0� C.
A dispersion mixture was prepared from 100 parts by weight of the dispersion of Example 3 and 200 parts by weight of a 30% aqueous dispersion of a copolymer of alkyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. A stable 30% mixed dispersion was obtained; pH: 8.3; minimum filmforming temperature: 9� C.; white point temperature: 0� C.
In a polymerization reactor (as in Example 1) the following initial solution was prepared:
1.8 g sodium lauryl sulfate
1.8 g sodium salt of 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid)
1500 g water
Over a period of 4 hours at 80� C. an emulsion was added comprising:
1600 g N,N-dimethylamino-2,2-dimethylpropyl methacrylate
720 g methyl methacrylate
24 g 2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate
16 g sodium lauryl sulfate
5 g sodium salt of 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid)
2350 g of water
After subsequent heating for two hours at 80� C. the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. An easily filterable dispersion of about 40% solids content with low viscosity was obtained. After removal of small amounts of a coagulum (about 10 g) by filtration, the dispersion was spray-dried. A powder comprised of white, unglazed granules having a diameter of about 30 micrometers was obtained. Apparent density: 410 g/l; residual mositure: 0.1%.
Additional dispersions were prepared by the procedures of Examples 1 and 5 having varied compositions of the monomer mixtures. The proportions of monomers and the properties of the dispersions are given in Table 1. The dispersions of Examples 1 and 5 are included in the table for comparison.
TABLE 1______________________________________ MonomerExample Preparation composition (wt. %) MFTNo. Procedure M EA MMA (�C.) CP (�C.)______________________________________11 Example 1 30 45 25 9 2 1 -- 30 35 35 24 1812 Example 1 30 25 45 43 3513 Example 5 50 40 10 0 0 5 -- 50 30 20 15 514 Example 5 50 25 25 26 1915 Example 5 50 20 30 35 2516 Example 1 90 10 -- 25 1617 Example 1 100 -- -- 49 37______________________________________ M = N,N--Dimethylamino2,2-dimethylpropyl methacrylate EA = Ethyl acrylate MMA = Methyl methacrylate MFT = Minimum filmforming temperature CP = White point temperature
75 grams of the aqueous dispersion of Example 4, containing 22.5 grams of dry resinous material, were mixed with a colored pigment, talc, a white pigment and PEG 6000 to form a 20.6% suspension and sprayed onto 3 kg of tablets in a dragee pan having a diameter of 35 centimeters. An air pressure spray gun having a nozzle diameter of 1.0 mm was used as a spray apparatus. The spray suspension was supplied to the spray gun by a tube pump (tube diameter: 3 mm) and sprayed with a spray pressure of 0.5 bar. The spray rate during the continuous spraying process was 2.1 grams of sprayed suspension per minute per kg of tablets. During the spray coating, warm air at 70� C. (about 2 m3 /min) was blown onto the rotating tablets, whereby the tablet temperature was about 35� C.
Film coated tablets were obtained having a uniform smooth and glossy overcoating, which disintegrated and dissolved in water and artificial gastric juice BP in at most 5 minutes. The breaking strength was increased from 8 kp to 10 kp. The amount of dry resinous material sprayed onto the tablets amounted to 0.7 mg per cm2 of tablet surface, or 0.75%, calculated on the amount of tablets. The total dry material amounted to 2.75% of the tablet amount. This corresponded to a total film thickness of about 20 micrometers.
The dispersions of Examples 1 to 3 were used in the same way and gave equivalent coatings.
75 grams of the dispersion of Example 6, containing 22.5 grams of dry resinous material, where compounded with colored pigments, talc, white pigment and PEG 6000 to form a dragee suspension and sprayed onto 3 kg of tablets under the same conditions as in Example 18. The spray rate was 2.3 grams of sprayed suspension per minute per kg of tablets.
A smooth, uniform and glossy film coating was obtained which disintegrated and dissolved in water and artifical gastric juice within 3 minutes. The breaking strength of the tablets increased from 8 kp to 9 kp.
The dry resinous material and the total dry material were used in the same quantities as in Example 18.
The dispersions of Example 7-9 were used in the same manner and yielded equivalent coatings.
In a solvent mixture of 522 g of isopropenol and 348 g of acetone, 130 g of the spray dried emulsion polymer of Example 10 were dissolved at room temperature in 25 minutes to form a clear, colorless solution. 265 g of this solution containing 33 g of dry resinous material were continuously sprayed, together with talc, magnesium stearate, white pigment, colored pigment and PEG 6000, onto 3 kg of tablets in a dragee pan having a diameter of 35 centimeters. The sprayed suspension contained 9.85% solids. An air pressure spray gun having a nozzle diameter of 1.0 mm was used as the spraying apparatus. The sprayed suspension was supplied to the spray gun by means of a tube pump (tube inner diameter: 3 mm) and subsequently sprayed onto the tablets in the rotating dragee pan using an air pressure of 0.5 bar. During the spraying process warm air at about 45� C. (2 m3 /min) was blown onto the tablet bed, so that the temperature of the tablets was about 33� C. The spray rate was 7 g of suspension per minute per kg of tablets.
Smooth, uniform and glossy film coatings were obtained which disintegrated in water in at most 5 minutes and dissolved in artifical gastric juice BP within 3 minutes. The breaking strength of the tablets remained the same.
An amount of 1 mg of dry resinous material per cm2 of tablet surface, or 1.1% calculated on the amount of tablets, was sprayed on. The total dry material amounted to 4.4% calculated on the amount of tablets. This corresponds to an overall coating thickness of about 30 micrometers.
Having now fully described the invention, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth herein.
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From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]:
Vat \Vat\, verb (used with an object) [imp. & p. p. {Vatted}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Vatting}.] To put or transfer into a vat.
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]:
Vat \Vat\ (v[a^]t), noun [A dialectic form for fat, OE. fat, AS. f[ae]t; akin to D. vat, OS. fat, G. fass, OHG. faz, Icel. & Sw. fat, Dan. fad, Lith. p[*u]das a pot, and probably to G. fassen to seize, to contain, OHG. fazz[=o]n, D. vatten. Cf. {Fat} a vat.]
1. A large vessel, cistern, or tub, especially one used for holding liquors in an immature state, chemical preparations for dyeing, or for tanning, or for tanning leather, or the like.
Let him produce his vats and tubs, in opposition to heaps of arms and standards. --Addison.
2. A measure for liquids, and also a dry measure; especially, a liquid measure in Belgium and Holland, corresponding to the hectoliter of the metric system, which contains 22.01 imperial gallons, or 26.4 standard gallons in the United States.
Note: The old Dutch grain vat averaged 0.762 Winchester bushel. The old London coal vat contained 9 bushels. The solid-measurement vat of Amsterdam contains 40 cubic feet; the wine vat, 241.57 imperial gallons, and the vat for olive oil, 225.45 imperial gallons.
3. (Metal.) (a) A wooden tub for washing ores and mineral substances in. (b) A square, hollow place on the back of a calcining furnace, where tin ore is laid to dry.
4. (R. C. Ch.) A vessel for holding holy water.
From WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006) [wn]:
1: a tax levied on the difference between a commodity's price before taxes and its cost of production [syn: {VAT}, {value-added tax}, {ad valorem tax}]
2: a large open vessel for holding or storing liquids [syn: {tub}, {vat}]
The dictionary definitions are retrieved from a local copy of two of the open source DICT dictionaries. Click here for the database copyright information. DEFINE.COM is registered as an educational NONPROFIT corporation. We aim to please around here. We believe in using positive reinforcement to get things done. We make suggestions that are intended to make life more enjoyable. We think about efficiency, automation, security, PRIVACY, social and ecological responsibility and positive HUMANITARIAN ethics and VALUES. We are benevolent. DO NO HARM is our motto.

subset: commoncrawl


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The beds were comfortable and the hotel was clean.
It was a little too spendy.
The Starfish Grill, we ordered the special for breakfast. 2 waffles, 2 pieces of bacon. It came out, and it looked like 2 small freezer waffles. Very disappointed. I thought they would at leastsketch fresh breakfast, especially since we were paying for this. No free breakfast as BW has been advertising.
So much nicer than I expected!! Upon arrival immediately noticed blanket, topped with dog dish, topped with waste bags which was very welcoming. Dog loved sleeping in front of the fire. Kitchen very well appointed, lacking for nothing we needed.
Sofa bed was not comfy. A simple foam topper would fix it right up.
Everyone there was so helpful and you can authorize them to have things in the room before arrival.
Short walk to beach access. Staff were friendly.
I said I wanted a quiet room, they think the highway side is quieter but in no way is that remotely true.
There was sticky brown substance on the microwave buttons, there was sticky clear substance on bathroom floor. There was an overpowering floral/fruit scent permeating the room which never subsided even with door and window wide open.
Oceanfront room with gas fireplace on a chilly day. Very clean and comfortable. Very nice restaurant for dinner and breakfast.
The view was amazing!!!!!!!!!!! A dream come true and something to knock off my bucket list!
The windows didn't open enough to enjoy the sound of the ocean.
So close to the beach! Every room has a view of the ocean
Bathroom had several long hairs that could easily been seen. Wish it was a little cleaner but overall a good stay.
My husband and i really liked that the facility had a hot tub and offered guests free continental breakfast each day. The room was very neat and clean, and our bed had lots of comfy pillows!
The building needed obvious updates. The "spa" was a hot tub that was not very hot and had no dial to turn up the temperature. Our continental breakfast was free fruit and a bowl of cereal. Not much continental about that!
This hotel was super nice for what we paid for it!
Doesn't have AC but it was not to warm when we stayed! We were able to open a window!
Loved the location.
Breakfast was minimal. Rooms are dated. Do NOT get a first floor or PARTIAL VIEW. You'll see the street only.
I really enjoyed the sauna and hot tub area
I really did not like people knocking on my door when the 'do not disturb' sign was up
It was cheap, the staff was nice, and as helpful as they could be. The bed was clean so were the towels.
Its a dumb, but it is a one star motel, so what should you expect. Think old and the funky aroma one gets on the beach in an old poorly maintain place
The price was unbeatable.
The mattress was dirty, and the towels were poor quality.
Bright lights on parking lot, HD programming
Soulless, boxy, long hallways
I wouldn't book this hotel for your anniversary. But we took our family to the aquarium and it was perfect!!!
A great value
Pool, fitness center
Great kind staff
Continental breakfast
Clean and updated for the coast
It's hard to walk to the bay front with kids because you need to cross the bridge
i did not really save any money with priceline.
The view was fantastic. And the bed soft and comfy.
The building is rather worn and the room had an undercurrent of a fishy smell.
Easy to find and good location on main highway through town. Room was clean and comfortable.
Wish breakfast had diabetic options.
Beds were worn out and uncomfortable.The toilet leaked every time you flushed.Shower was broken.
The room was fine, standard fare, clean enough etc. . . .
WI-FI didn't work and I was traveling for business and couldn't complete my presentation for the next day b/c the wi-fi didn't work. I called the front desk and they said the would check and claimed it was working fine. INFURIATING
Here's why:
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Property to rent near Diamond Avenue, Plymouth PL4
£1,250 pcm (£288 pw)
5 bed property to rentDiamond Avenue, Plymouth PL4
**suitable for sharers or A family**! An immaculately presented and very spacious 4/5 bedroom mid-terrace house situated very centrally within walking distance of the city centre! The accommodation briefly comprises on the ground floor: Entrance ... More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Plymouth (0.7 miles)
- Devonport (Devon) (1.9 miles)
Marketed by Your Move, PL4. Call 01752 948063£1,842 pcm (£425 pw)
5 bed town house to rentDiamond Avenue, St Judes, Plymouth PL4
This is a Student House. All bills included (Electric, Gas, Water, Internet). We are pleased to offer this fantastic five bedroom house. This has a huge, beautiful kitchen, a spacious lounge, two bathrooms and an enclosed rear garden. There is one ... More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Plymouth (0.7 miles)
- Devonport (Devon) (1.9 miles)
Marketed by A Home after Home Sales and Lettings, PL4. Call 01752 948029
Latest Diamond Avenue, Plymouth PL4 property to rent
Zoopla is one of the UK's leading property portals, helping you to find property for sale and to rent and make smarter decisions when buying and renting homes in the UK. Discover information on homes in Diamond Avenue, Plymouth PL4 by researching Diamond Avenue, Plymouth PL4 property values, Diamond Avenue, Plymouth PL4 house prices paid, our Diamond Avenue, Plymouth PL4 property market overview and find Diamond Avenue, Plymouth PL4 agents.


text:
Give a missed call on Toll Free
to download IndiaMART FREE Mobile App
Download IndiaMART App
Anubhav Power & Controls, GurgaonGurgaon, Haryana(Verified Supplier)
Products & Services
Company Profile
We are one of the leading manufacturers and suppliers of Industrial Panels, Test Benches and Control Wirings. Our products are used in numerous industrial and commercial applications.
Fact Sheet
|Year of Establishment
|Legal Status of Firm
Sole Proprietorship (Individual)
|Nature of Business
|Number of Employees
26 to 50 People
Contact UsAnubhav Power & Controls, Gurgaon Rajesh Kr. GaubaCall Us:
Plot No. 138, Sector 6, IMT, Manesar
Gurgaon - 122 001
Haryana, India
Gurgaon - 122 001
Haryana, India
Send your enquiry to this supplier


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I have two words for this peek: two months! That's how long Caitlin Van Horn of Roost has lived in this Birmingham, Alabama, home. After living in Seattle for three years, Caitlin and her husband moved back down to her southern hometown to be closer to family and friends. The house was built in 1940 but has been newly renovated. In decorating the home, Caitlin worked to marry a rustic, antique style with a primitive farmhouse feel. She's drawn to used pieces of furniture that tell a story and loves how each piece makes the room feel lived in and comfortable. Thanks, Caitlin! — Amy A.
Image above: My mother painted the picture above the mantel. I have a fervent admiration for the English countryside, and I feel she captured it in such a lovely way.
Image above: Although I love all things vintage, it was important to incorporate some newer, more modern pieces. The sofa is new from a great store in Birmingham called At Home. And I found the "You Are My Sunshine" pillows from an antique store here in Birmingham, as well. I am also in love with silhouettes; they remind me of a Jane Austen novel. The ribbon-embroidered lampshade and stand are both from Anthropologie.
Caitlin's Birmingham home tour continues after the jump . . .
Image above: I found this primitive ironing board at an antique store, and it was in perfect condition! I had trouble figuring out what type of piece to put on this wall because the walk space was narrow. This ironing board fit perfectly, and it makes a great shelf for books, picture frames and my vintage Brownie camera. The wire shelf above is from Anthropologie.
Image above: This is the coziest room of all! These bookshelves are built in and have a lot of storage for all of my old books and nicknacks. I also love the exposed wood beams on the ceiling; they really warm up the room. Paint color (walls): Extra White by Sherman Williams. Built-in shelves are Iceberg by Sherman Williams.
Image above: The kitchen is where I spend most of my time. I love the openness. It is so great to entertain friends and family and have them spill from the kitchen into the family den. All of the countertops are white marble, which really brightens up the room. The counter stools are from Anthropologie.
Image above: Who doesn't love a farmhouse sink? I love how it adds a vintage feel amongst all of the stainless steel appliances. Cafe curtain from Pottery Barn.
Image above: This freestanding tub is my new best friend. Perfect for a long soak with a glass of bubbly and a book.
Image above: I love having a his-and-her bathroom. We have lots of space for our myriad of products, and I enjoy having a place that is well lit with natural light. Countertops are white marble.
Image above: I have always wanted all-white bedding; it gives the room an airy feel, which I love. Originally, there were some not-so-cute sconces on the wall, but we found these simple sconces (that are actually for bathrooms) from Restoration Hardware. White bedding is from Donna Karen. Pillows from a store in Birmingham called Three Sheets. Bed is the Colette King Bed from Crate and Barrel. Paint color: Extra White by Sherman Williams.
Image above: This old, vintage window cost me $20 and was a perfect fit above the bed. The handmade paper butterflies are from the Etsy store Hip & Clavicle. Paint color: Extra White by Sherman Williams.
Image above: Birdcage is by Ballard Designs, but they no longer sell it. The Swedish Post mailbox is from Mailbox.net.
Gorgeous use of whites, I love the juxtaposition of the clean and crisp whites against the rustic woods and antiqued details. So beautiful! Thanks for sharing…
Once again, I'm drooling over my keyboard! Love the ironing board table, and the "speak to me" pillows!
I, too, could have a house like this in two months if I shopped at all those big name stores… While I think this home is nicely decorated, I am not impressed when I see designer names dropped like a D list celebrity at a cocktail party… I can't be the only reader that could never afford this home, can I??
BEAUTIFUL!!! I love the crisp white walls/finishes paired with the rustic woods. Definitely a look I'd love to re-create in my own home!
I think I found my dream home. Do you think she's looking for a roommate?
LOVE LOVE LOVE!!! so inspirational!!
Totally agree with Caitlin. Loving the crisp whites paired with the woods. Really wanting to redecorate my own walls. LOVE this post.
Wow, I really enjoyed this! Beautiful!
everything is totally gorgeous!
Gorgeous, and I have found a new blog…love it!
What an incredibly peaceful space. I love all of the vintage and vintage-inspired pieces, especially the ironing board.
This is a truly gorgeous home! I love all the use of white and natural light.
Love every detail! I usually have trouble finding rooms all in white cosy, but not in this case. And I would definitely buy the written pillows as well if I came across them!
What a terrific use for an old ironing board! I see those all the time at antique malls, but never thought to use one as a console table. -Love it!
Be still, my heart. This sneak peek takes my breath away!
Beautiful home !!! … I loved all the details.
pretty but a little too "sterile" white for me, could definitely use some punches of color with all the great vintage stuff.
I really like the Anthropologie bar stools.
Now that's my kind of ironing board! One that can only be used for storing beautiful things! :) Thanks for sharing this beautiful home.
this home is stunning. that ironing board shelf is beyond brilliant and the whiteness of the walls/decor/furniture is so refreshing….love this home!
love it, so airy and bright and pleasant. I especially love her mother's painting, and her kitchen, and the bathroom, and…, ok, it's all great!
I love this room, every detail is perfect. The selection of vintagey frames and quirky accessories against the crisp white background is stunning – I'd love to create this in my home!
Why hello there, dream kitchen…
Crazy! My mother gave me those exact measuring spoons. They were hers and I learned to cook with them. Total nostalgia moment.
I agree with A Frugal Shopper – and with Em. Pretty, but too white and sterile for my taste.
I wanted to address a few of your points quickly:
-I understand not wanting to hear super high end designer names used excessively, but to me Pottery Barn and Crate and Barrel aren't the types of shops I would consider "I could never afford" resources. Both offer mass market goods at lower prices than specialty designers and they often have big sales a few times a year. So I'm not sure why those sources read as too expensive to you.
-In terms of "name dropping", we request that home owners source as much as possible because readers request that. This isn't a case of a homeowner trying to show off by listing names, but rather responding to our direct request for information.
oooh…I just bought white paint for my bedroom today. Chantilly Lace by Benjamin Moore. I hope I can make it look half as nice as these rooms.
Oh gosh, I love the "You Are My Sunshine" pillow! My mum used to sing that to me when I was little :). Some really lovely ideas here.
Nothing makes me happier than a homeowner sharing their sources so I can copy…I mean appreciate! I do shop in name brand stores but always wait for the bargain! TJ Maxx and Homegoods make me happy, too! I know of some beautiful pillows at http://www.petit-coterie.com/catalog.htm. Please go see her work! I have enjoyed oggling this beautiful home!!
What a lovely LOVELY home….i love most the antique window. I hope you don't mind i've pinned a LOT of these photos on my pinterest.
i love all these photos…. i especially love the 'you are my sunshine' pillow
This is one of my favorite sneak peeks ever! You did such a beautiful job decorating your home! In two months, WOW! I admire how it is so beautifully collected!
Oh that bathtub! I want to go to there! It is very light and bright. Loverley!
Love this! Can I ask about the comfort level of those (anthro) stools? I've been coveting them myself, but wonder if they are as functional as they are attractive! (?)
Great project and beautiful home. Well sourced. Think a good collaboration and I wish her the best in Alabama. Thanks for sharing
beautiful home :) So white and so lovely
Could we get the source for the bench at the foot of the bed? Thanks!
Love the mix of polished and roughed-up finishes. Such casual glam!
I just love the you are my sunshine pillows – where can I get some from?!
Sara- The Anthro counter stools are wood so the seat is firm but definitely not uncomfortable. I wouldn't necessarily chose to sit on them if I were going to read a book but they are great for eating breakfast while checking email plus I enjoy when friends and family sit there while I cook :)
Cathy D- The teak bench was purchased 3 years ago from Crate and Barrel.
Sam- The "You Are My Sunshine" Pillows unfortunately are one of a kind, I found them at a thrift/antique store. But Im sure they can be easily copied with a stencil of sorts.
This is what I dream my home will look like one day. Sigh . . .
CORRECTION! I just found out where they "You are My Sunshine" pillows are from….
You have created such a beautiful home full of light, Coco. As I'm still working on decorating and furnishing my new aparment this is truly inspiring.
its so calm and peaceful home
I love the clean design and use of white. Similar period design as our home. Thanks for the inspiration!
I wish my parents hadn't thrown out their old wooden ironing board! come to think of it, there may be one hiding at my Grandad's house, I'll be hunting it out.Lovely touches in an airy & calm home.
Lovely… clean and light and I'm thinking I'm going to buy some white paint on the weekend!
I love that handwritten note: "What I love most about my home…is the light!" So true…and hard to believe they've only been there two months. It's like they've been there almost a lifetime. Amazing. And that ironing board is such a great find. I love how it's been re-used.
gorgeous, and I don't agree with those readers who dislike a' high-end' sneak peak. I feel the opposite- seeing a beautiful home and becoming inspired to source similar items in your price range, what ever it may be, is part of the fun! I love a design challenge! This home inspires me!
My friend actually renovated this house completely and obviously Caitlin was the lucky buyer! Even with most of the same wall colors its amazing what different furniture and style does to the same house!
Oh my, that's gorgeous! And only *two* months?!! Yeesh – I'm embarrassed to think how long it's taken us to get our place habitable.
And KelliJ, we used BM Chantilly Lace in our bedrooms and we absolutely love it – to me it feels like a cool but happy white. :) I bet it'll be beautiful!
A perfect example of how simplistic elements can come together for a delightful space.
Caitlin, I LOVE those You Are My Sunshine pillows! I know they are one of a kind but I would love to know what store in Birmingham they came from (I also live in B'ham…). Do you mind sharing? If not, I totally understand the need to keep the good thrift/antique shops to myself! ;) I have a few I keep to myself too!
Hi Mary! I got the pillows at Homewood Antiques but have just recently found out where they were made :)
I absolutely love what Caitlin has done to their new roost! I've actually had the privilege to work with her, and in seeing her space it makes all the more sense why I was immediately drawn to her sense of style and aesthetic. The simplicity, the beauty and the light…love it all. Beautiful images, Coco! xoxo.
Caitlin, I can't believe how quickly you pulled this phenomenally gorgeous home together! You must have been one BUSY gal! I could move right in as I LOVE lots of light too!
Wow!! Absolutely gorgeous!! How I wish my home looked like this!! Love the pictures on the mantle, out of curiosity, does anyone know Caitlins height?
It's a gorgeous home, and I'm so thrilled to see a house featured from my home state of Alabama! I love that she sourced everything, including paint colors. One thing (and I'm sorry if somebody already mentioned this) but the paint is probably by Sherwin Williams…unless there is a paint company named Sherman Williams I'm not aware of? Anyway, I don't mean to be a troll…this house is divine and I loved the post!
Anna Claire! YIKES, yes I meant Sherwin Williams. Thank you for pointing that out!
This is a beautiful home and Caitlin's style and voice clearly shows through. Regardless of how much or little resources you have, and where you shop, creating a space that is unique like this is difficult…so kudos to Caitlin :)
I do feel the need to say that, regardless of yearly sales, places like Pottery Barn and Anthro are still so out of reach for many of us who try hard to find good deals on craigslist while making our homes feel lovely.
I hate to come so late to the party, but found this kitchen on Pinterest. I am in love with the faucet in the kitchen and would like to know the brand/source. I am trying to decide between many and none of them are half as gorgeous as this one in the kitchen. Perhaps its really all the marble that is surrounding it, but still….
Clean white and lots of windows, my two favorite things! Caitlyn has a natural gift when it comes to decorating and style. I loved everything. Wish I had just a bit of her talent.
As a designer in Birmingham, I'm in love with this house! Well done Caitlyn! At Home and Three Sheets are two of my fav locally owned stores in Bham, so I was glad to see them mentioned. Your home is fantastic and inspirational!
Simple and peacefull.


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W.H. gets breathing room on detainees
Ruling permitting inmates' legal challenges on hold.
Full transcript: Dick Cheney's speech
Former Vice President Dick Cheney delivers remarks at the American Enterprise Institute.
Full transcript: Barack Obama's speech
President Obama addresses the crowd at the National Archives on national security.
Obama and Cheney battle it out
In an extraordinary crosstown debate, they battled over the Bush administration's war on terror.
Pelosi bewildered, but unbothered
Simon says the real question is what Pelosi thought "enhanced interrogation techniques" meant.
Officials clash on Gitmo detainees
Top White House officials have sharply different views.
Reid: We don't want terrorists
Harry Reid is taking both sides of the debate on Guantanamo.
Democrats fold on closing Gitmo
Senate Dems will strip out $80M in new funding.
Post-9/11 discrimination suit blocked
Justice Kennedy says the crackdown ordered after Sept. 11, 2001, appeared to be legitimate.
Arena: How should detainees be handled?
POLITICO's Arena contributors discuss Guantanamo Bay and what to do with detainees from the facility.
Obama revives 'terror courts'
Trials would be by military commissions — but under different rules than those instituted under Bush.
GOP's torture strategy: Pelosi
Republicans say revelations about a CIA briefing Pelosi received in 2002 help Bush's case.


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Canstar Community News - ONLINE EDITION
Let the music ring out this summer
Summer is finally here, and the outdoor concerts and festivals have begun.
Even our weather can't dampen the spirits of the dedicated fan and the Dauphin Countryfest is proof. It takes a resolute music lover to enjoy the show while their belongings blow away and their tent is under water.
If you're in the mood for live music, there are many venues and styles to choose from in the summer months: Birds Hill Park just played playing host to the 41st Winnipeg Folk Festival; you can enjoy jazz in the Leo Mol Sculpture Garden in Assiniboine Park and on the roof of the Winnipeg Art Gallery; music, ballet and movies are on tap at the Assiniboine Park's Lyric Theatre; and there's no shortage of live outdoor music downtown.
I experienced a flashback to the '70s and '80s a few weekends back when my daughter and I attended the Queen/Adam Lambert and Heart concerts. We enjoyed a marvelous tribute to Freddie Mercury, and Adam Lambert was as brilliant as I had anticipated. The icing on the cake came when we were offered an upgrade from our nosebleed Groupon seats, just in time to sing
We Are the Champions with thousands of fans. Then we saw the Wilson sisters of Heart fame. After I finished singing along with the oldies, my daughter realized she recognized their more recent hits. Music can really bond the generations. Whatever your taste, I hope you find some tunes to rock your soul this summer.
☐ ☐ ☐
Anyone who regularly follows my adventures may recall my trip to Hecla Resort last year. That two-day visit was enough to whet my appetite but left me wanting. I vowed to return, and this time the whole family came along —from Jamaica, British Columbia and Winnipeg. The town of Hecla, the marina at Gull Harbour, the resort's mineral pools and spa, the gorgeous golf course — all are simply wonderful and we even got a quick lesson in fish filleting.
I think we did it all! And, yes, I did celebrate with a giant margarita, as I promised myself almost a year ago.
☐ ☐ ☐
I want to send a big bouquet to the staff at the HSC and Grace hospitals. Everyone, from the volunteers to the docs made my father's spinal surgery and recovery a positive experience.
They answered our many, many questions, and treated dad and the family with respect.
Bless you and thank you all.
Wanda Prychitko is a community correspondent for St. James-Assiniboia. Contact email@example.com
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The courageous women of Esther House03/17/2015 10:29 AM 0
This Just In
@TimesWPG: The Garden City Aces struck gold twice on Sunday. winnipegfreepress.com/our-communitie… #cbn 3:28 pm on Mar 27
@TimesWPG: Four northwest Winnipeggers up for @YWinnipeg Women of Distinction Awards winnipegfreepress.com/our-communitie… #cbn 3:27 pm on Mar 27
@TimesWPG: Meadows West School students held a Be the Change conference last week featuring local activists winnipegfreepress.com/our-communitie… #cbn 3:25 pm on Mar 27
@TimesWPG: Giles twins led Sisler to a provincial basketball crown earlier this week. winnipegfreepress.com/our-communitie… #cbn 3:23 pm on Mar 27
@canstareditor: RT @CanstarHeadline: New homes to be built next to Blumberg Sports Complex in RM of Headingley. winnipegfreepress.com/our-communitie… #cbn 2:09 pm on Mar 26
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Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Get the Facts
HIV Transmission...person, or from using a toothbrush immediately after the toothbrush was used by someone who was HIV positive, or in other unexpected ways. To be safe, always avoid direct contact with blood and sexual fluids in any context. Don't worry too much about rare cases. For instance, there is one documented case of transmission from deep or "French" kissing -- in two people who had terrible dental problems. However, the odds of getting HIV from...
Ask the Experts
Blood in my semen during ejaculationDear Dr. Dezube: Recently I have noticed blood in semen when I masturbate I am very concerned and would like to know how worried I should be ? During December I jumped of a high platform on a boat into the ocean and did impact my testicle, could...
Response from Bruce Dezube, M.D.
Harvard Medical SchoolBlood in the semen can be very upsetting. Most often it's nothing more than a tiny blood vessel that burst during your ejaculation/masturbation. Occasionally, however, it could be the sign of an infection or a problem with your prostate. Hopefully,... Read more »
Dr. Bob, very worried. Saliva came in touch with open wound,Dr. Bob, An escort was licking my face, later i realised that i had a cut on my face. She could be HIV positive, if she is HIV positive and since her saliva comes into contact with my blood, am i at risk of getting HIV?Let me know. Thanks. I...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...with her. meaning i used to share and consume her saliva. I did that lot of times, may be ten times until now. Do i need to worry about getting HIV from this incident? Please answer. I am very very fond of your great work. I will definitely... Read more »
worried sick ... losing my mindI have been reading the Forum and it has been a great help but I think i still need to hear word from an expert as to what is actually going on in my head, if i am manifesting these symptoms or if they really do exist. Please hear me out. Over 3...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...do not sound like thrush, by the way.Yes, 99+ percent seroconvert by 3 months. Yes, anxiety can cause all sorts of symptoms. Worried-wells, please refer your questions to the HIV Prevention/Safer Sex Forum. Stay well.Dr. Bob Read more »
Three questions: Use of Condom after 'fingering'Worried about prostitutesOral Sex & Menstrual Blood?Question 1:I recently had a single vaginal sex encounter with a U.S. female (4 weeks ago). I used a condom but prior to application I had 'fingered' the lady in question. I am pretty sure that my hands were 'dry' when I applied the condom and no...
Response from Rick Sowadsky, M.P.H.
Nevada State Health Division AIDS ProgramHi. Thank you for your questions.The answers to these 3 questions is essentially the same.Fingering is a low risk activity for HIV. This issue has been addressed in greater detail in several previous questions, listed in the Sexual Transmission... Read more »
HIV Said to Differ in Blood, SemenHIV in seminal plasma differs from HIV in blood plasma, according to a study led by researchers with the University of North Carolina (UNC)-Chapel Hill. The study examined in detail the genetic population of HIV, specifically the env gene for HIV's... Read more »
High Anxiety: AIDS Anxiety in the Worried-Wells and Worried-Sicks, Part Two...predisposed to anxiety, individuals facing physical challenges, such as chronic illness like HIV/AIDS or cancer, experience excessive worry and fear at a higher rate than the general population. The challenges associated with a virus that wants... Read more »
High Anxiety: AIDS Anxiety in the Worried-Wells and Worried-Sicks, Part One...Mar 22, 2006 or on license plates ... hiv 2 research Jun 13, 2006 There are many terms for this type of irrational worrying -- AIDS phobia, AIDS panic, AIDS hysteria, AIDS anxiety, etc. The condition is comprised of three major... Read more »
Talking With Your Children About HIV: HIV Awareness for Children...questions about death may come up. Explain death in simple terms. Never explain death in terms of sleep. It may make your children worry that if they fall asleep, they'll never wake up. Offer reassurance. Stress that while HIV is serious, it is... Read more »
Connect With Others
low risk contact but fever and rash??
Posted by bob111, 2 Replies...feels a little hot and i never checked to see if the rash existed when my fever was high since i just noticed today! im so worried right now because all i've heard is that rash and fever occur concurrently only when HIV is present... this is... Read more »
Worried beyond worry
Posted by Anonymous, 3 Replies...had mutual oral, him on me for a minute or two and me on him for a minute or two and the we had mutual JO together. Now I am worried to the point of panic that I have put myself, and my girlfriend at risk of hiv and other STDs. I read from... Read more »
Blood in semen?
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply...is blood in semen a symptom of HIV? Had a small amount appear in my semen this morning. Read more »
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply...hair salons worried me.After a barber cut me I ended up going for another test.Its been over 7yrs now that I have wasted on worrying.I was 20 back then,now at 27 I havnt got anywhere in life,failing all my grades which has unabled me to get my... Read more »
Resource Centers
Guides for People With HIV


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Our beds and prices are close to your wishes! There is something for everybody. Book a nice 2 person-minivan for a romantic night, or one of our 24 bedrooms for the groups.
The Famous Jorplace BBQ provides summer moods and is ideal for a fantastic evening for a group! Prices start at € 13,50 p.p. for one of our very nice BBQ-dishes.


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BGN 349.00 including tax
G-Star pioneered sculpted, 3D constructed denim with the G-Star Elwood in 1996. New variations are introduced every season.
In stretchy denim, woven from ring-spun yarn for an authentic surface finish. Like all Super Stretch denims, it snaps back consistently to its original shape.
Slim Tapered Fit: Regular fit at waist, with tight leg from thigh to hem. Regular rise at front and back.
Fabric: Blossom Super Stretch. 96% cotton, 4% elastane
Finish: Medium aged.
Art nr: 20.0.60681.5169.071
SizingModel is 1.79m and is wearing a size 27/32 (Chest 81cm, Waist 61cm, Hips 89cm).
Washing instructions
Shipping & returns
5-7 working days.
Shipping is free on orders above BGN 98,-, orders lower than BGN 98,- have shipping costs of BGN 9,70.
Unworn items can be returned within 14 days of receipt at no extra charge. Returned items must be in original packaging and still have all labels attached. Full details of the return policy are outlined on your invoice.
Refunds will be credited to your bank or credit card account 2-3 weeks after your order is delivered to the DHL service point.


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New WITI promos integrate anchors with community
Did you know WITI-TV (Channel 6) anchor Ted Perry likes to kayak?
That weather guy Vince Condella likes coffee? Anchor Brad Hicks does Yoga? Mary Stoker Smith jogs? And that, goldarnit, sports director Tom Pipines just loves kids? »Read Full Blog Post(5)
Five singers declared winners in local Met Opera auditions
Five singers were selected by judges to advance to the next round at Saturday's Wisconsin District Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions.
Countertenor Kangmin Justin Kim, mezzo-soprano Corrie Stallings, soprano Caitlin Ruby Miller, tenor Ian D. Koziar and tenor Joe Shadday will compete at the Upper Midwest Regional in St. Paul, Minn. The five vocalists also won $2,000 each. »Read Full Article
'Belle of Amherst' best when profiling Dickinson's poetry
Walt Whitman may have rightly claimed that his poetry contains multitudes, but Emily Dickinson can stake an equally valid claim to being America's greatest poet.
She is also the hardest one to know. Harold Bloom once wrote that no poet "seems so separate from us as Dickinson," adding that "we have no accurate approaches to her." »Read Full Article


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FLORHAM PARK, N.J. - Titans owner Bud Adams laid down the challenge to his entire organization after Tennessee's brutal loss to Chicago, creating the latest NFL hot seat for coaches and general managers.
High-scoring football is being played across the nation, and no teams are more prolific than those in the Big 12.
KANSAS CITY, Mo. - Chiefs coach Romeo Crennel relieved himself of duties as defensive coordinator on a day of massive changes that included the waiving of cornerback Stanford Routt and the signing of defensive tackle Shaun Smith.
LAWRENCE - Ben McLemore had 17 points and 10 rebounds, and No. 7 Kansas was tested by Division II power Washburn before easing to a 62-50 exhibition victory Monday night.
One down, one to go for Oregon.
EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. - Isaac Redman ran for 147 yards, and scored the winning touchdown from a yard out with 4:02 remaining Sunday as the Pittsburgh Steelers rallied past the New York Giants, 24-20.
NEW YORK (AP) - After being tested for the first time this season Alabama and Oregon have held their spots at the top of The Associated Press college football poll.
FORT WORTH, Texas - The Texas Rangers made a $13.3 million qualifying offer Friday to Josh Hamilton, ensuring them draft-pick compensation if the slugger signs with another team.
SOUTH BEND, Ind. - Everett Golson scored on a quarterback sneak in the third overtime and threw two touchdown passes during Notre Dame's 29-26 comeback victory.
EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. - The NFL game between the Super Bowl champion New York Giants and Pittsburgh Steelers today will be played despite transportation and power issues and growing concerns for weary and heartbroken residents displaced and devastated by Superstorm Sandy.
WACO, Texas - Nick Florence threw for 367 yards and three touchdowns, running back Lache Seastrunk had 194 total yards and Baylor won its first Big 12 game of the season, beating Kansas 41-14 Saturday.
BATON ROUGE, La. - With Alabama's hopes of a second straight national title hanging by a thread, A.J. McCarron shook off a dismal second half and guided the Crimson Tide right down the field.
MANHATTAN - Collin Klein piled up more than 300 yards of offense before leaving in the third quarter with an undisclosed injury, and No. 3 Kansas State remained unbeaten with a 44-30 victory over Oklahoma State on Saturday night.
LOS ANGELES (AP) - A gang member has been sentenced to death for the murder of a star Los Angeles High School athlete.
NEW YORK (AP) - Mayor Michael Bloomberg says New York City Marathon is canceled.
OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) - Reigning NBA MVP Kevin Durant likely won't return this season.
CHARLOTTE, N.C. (AP) - Duke started fast. Virginia finished strong.
SEATTLE (AP) - There was no caucus needed to decide this election. The two most impressive teams as the NCAA Tournament returned to Seattle for the first time in 11 years on Friday were from the state of Iowa.
LOUISVILLE, Ky. (AP) - Aaron Harrison scored 13 points, Trey Lyles added 11 with 11 rebounds and top-ranked Kentucky outworked eighth-seeded Cincinnati for a 64-51 victory Saturday to remain undefeated and reach the Sweet 16 for the second straight season.
OMAHA, Neb. (AP) - It took the NCAA Tournament to finally bring Kansas and Wichita State together.
OMAHA, Neb. (AP) - The last few weeks have been an exercise in patience for Kansas. Shots haven't been falling, the offense hasn't looked good. The game has been a struggle.
WICHITA (AP) - Wichita State University fans hoping to watch the Shockers' NCAA tournament game Sunday at a Wichita arena should make other plans.
OMAHA, Neb. (AP) - Rarely is Kansas an afterthought.
DeleteKANSAS CITY, Mo. (AP) - Wichita State coach Gregg Marshall may finally get his wish.
GLENDALE, Ariz. (AP) - Pete Rose has submitted a new request to be reinstated to baseball.
March Madness can feel a bit like sensory overload. Games are happening at sites all over the country, often several at a time, and keeping track of everything can be nearly impossible.
In what many considered a referendum on the status quo, NFL player representatives voted to retain DeMaurice Smith as executive director of the union.


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Sleep Inn University
953 Sunland Park Dr.
El Paso, TX 79922
Phone: (915) 585-7577
Fax: (915) 585-7579
Chamizal National Memorial
800 South San Marcial Street
El Paso, TX 79905
+1 915 532 7273
Tu to Sa from 10:00 AM to 05:00 PMThe Chamizal National Memorial, with its large park, museum, gallery and 500-seat amphitheater, is a vibrant multi-functional hot spot for culturally diverse events and activities. The museum educates visitors on the 1963 settling of the US-Mexico border dispute and the amphitheater hosts the annual Siglo de Oro Drama Festival. Visit the website to see complete event calendar.
Earn valuable points toward free nights.


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Getting ready to adopt a pet? Hold on until the preparations are in order
Carrier: Carrying animals back in flimsy cardboard boxes, sacks, plastic covers or in your hands is life-threatening to the pet. Before visiting the shelter, take along an animal carrier (available at pet accessories stores or veterinary clinics) that has a firm latch and plenty of breathing space. The carrier will come in handy during future doctor visits if you have a cat.
Dedicated bowls: Pets like to have their own food and water bowls placed in the same spot for familiarity and comfort. Stainless steels with a special identifying sticker will serve the purpose.
Collar and leash with your contact info: If you are taking home a pup or dog, it is best to immediately collar him upon adoption. A steel name tag with your phone number will help a finder return your pet to you in the unfortunate event that he goes missing.
Emergency numbers: Keep the numbers of two trusted veterinarians handy for potential emergencies or clarifications, after getting the reference from another pet owner who has had good experiences with these doctors.Playthings and chew toys: These items should be purchased strictly after veterinary guidance depending on the age of the pet – they are especially helpful for puppies in the chew stage.
Lining for your car seat: Transporting pets by bike is a dangerous affair - autos or cars are preferable. If you're using a car, consider lining it with newspapers or old clothes to protect the car seat. Many animals are terrified during their first car rides and might get car sick.
Permission: Make sure no one in your family signed a no-pet clause while moving into your accommodation (if it's a rented place) and that every family member has given you the green signal for adoption.
(If you've ticked all the items on the list and are ready for the big step, get in touch with Animal Care Trust Mangalore at 0824 6511053 or 9243304577)


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Yoda OG Nugs - Indica
An indica-dominant hybrid. Looks like Yoda in marijuana Form. Like its OG brothers and sisters, this bud contains those beautiful orange strains spouting out of its light green core. It is completely covered in crystals with swollen trichome heads looking to burst.
XJ-13 Weed (Hybrid)
Whenever one of the Jack Herer strains (in this case, J1) are used to breed, the result is always superior. This is a classic hybrid, that is useful in helping a wide variety of symptoms and ailments. The buds are dense, almost neon-green in color and infested with tri-chromes. They give off a sour, danky, and earthy scent. When smoked, this medication hits instantly and powerfully, making it a favorite among cannabis patients in Northern California.
Chocolope - Hybrid
With Chocolope, DNA Genetics continues their project of creating tasty short-flowering sativas and reviving the classic features of old school Thai stick. The strain's father, Cannalope, is a sativa line backcrossed for fast finishing. DNA refined this feature still further, then crossed a Cannalope male with an Original Chocolate Thai female. Tasting is believing: the result retains the special flavors and effects of the OG Chocolate Thai, and lives up to the nickname Chocolope in flavor as well as genetics. It brings back a chocolate edge that was more common among good weed of the 1980s, mixed with the fruity sweetness of the Cannalope.
Jupiter OG (Indica)
Jupiter OG Kush is an indica strain that will make you feel it in your eyes. It features dark green buds and dark orange hairs, and provides a good body buzz. Great for pain relief.
Blue Dragon - Hybrid
Blue Dragon is a indica/sativa strain that is a crossbreed of Sour Diesel and Blueberry. The bud gives you a euphoric, even body head high. It has a sweet aroma with a berry taste. Blue Dragon is a very heavy hitting medical marijuana strain.
Strawberry Kush - Indica
Strawberry Kush (Strawberry Cough x OG Kush) is a California sensation and a growers dream as the OG Kush helps to hulk out the notoriously finicky and low yielding Strawberry Cough. The smell is very fruity (like Strawberries) with earthy and chemy overtones from the OG. The taste of more typical of Chemdawg, with a fruity aftertaste. The effect is a very uplifting sativa high.
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Aluminum Windows
Woodland offers a variety of durable and efficient replacement options for homeowners in the Chicago area. These replacements feature an aluminum frame instead of it being wood, vinyl, fiberglass, or some other type of material. We have been installing replacement windows for over 40 years now and our professional installers are looking forward to working with you. This is a popular option for area homeowners because they're very strong and versatile. They can easily be crafted into a variety of different styles and custom looks. They're resistant to moisture and they also provide superior noise-blocking characteristics. This means that noisy traffic and neighbors outside will becomes less of an annoyance for you!
This material can be used with the following styles:
To learn more, please feel free to call us or contact us online.


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The Little Alsace of Texas
Castroville was founded in 1844 by Henri Castro and families from the country of Alsace who raised the town on a land grant along the Medina River.
Castroville is a historic community and continues to preserve and showcase the unique Alsatian architecture of the many historic homes and sites throughout the city. Experience Castroville's rich cultural heritage by visiting our unique shops, sampling traditional Alsatian cuisine, and touring historic buildings and grounds.
Notice has been given for the drawing to determine the order in which candidates will be printed on the ballot for the election being held on May 9, 2015. The drawing will be held at 10AM on March 9, 2015 at City Hall in the Council Chambers.


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Three North Central College faculty members were chosen to judge the Naperville Public Library's fourth annual Teen Poetry Contest in celebration of National Poetry Month in April.
North Central College hosts a distinctive two-day symposium, titled "Religious Opposition to Suppression: German Traditions," on Monday and Tuesday, April 7-8, featuring a documentary screening, guest speaker, exhibition of historical posters and colloquium.
The talents of North Central College students again garnered national recognition with a first-place award for a new student-run website, ncclinked.com. The College Media Association held a convention and awards ceremony March 15 in New York City and North Central's Chronicle staff competed among schools of all sizes in the online award category. In its first time competing there, The Chronicle came away with a David L.
John Madormo, North Central College assistant professor of broadcast communication and general manager of WONC-FM 89.1, was recognized by the Illinois Reading Council at a Celebration of Literacy event March 12 at the Old State Capitol Historic Site in Springfield, Ill.
The Illinois Reading Council chose Madormo's first book, "The Homemade Stuffing Caper" in the "Charlie Collier: Snoop for Hire" series, to promote statewide in the third- to fifth-grade category for the 2014-2015 academic school year.
Emerging filmmakers and North Central alumni Scott Drucker '06 and R.J. McNichols '11 will visit campus March 5 to discuss the business and art of making of their first films.
Titled "Breaking Into the Film Biz," their presentation is free and will take place at 7 p.m. Wednesday, March 5, in the Harold and Eva White Activities Center. Their talk and Q&A are open to the campus community and will especially interest young filmmakers, students of interactive media, and fans and aficionados of contemporary documentary film with a community and social conscience.
The public is invited to hear two authors featured Feb. 25 at North Central College's Emerging Authors Reading Series.
The event will take place from 6:30 to 9 p.m. Tuesday, Feb. 25, in the College's Koten Chapel at Kiekhofer Hall, 329 E. School St., Naperville. Featured authors are Eric Elshtain, a Chicago-based poet, publisher and educator; and Sandy Marchetti, a Naperville writer and 2007 alumna of North Central College.
North Central College's student-run Circle K International service club has been awarded a grant by the global Circle K International organization to finance a community service project that will provide care packages to children with cancer.
North Central College's 14th annual Self Employment in the Arts (SEA) Conference Feb. 21-22 will help aspiring artists learn to become successful entrepreneurs.
The SEA Conference provides educational resources to help aspiring artists gain entrepreneurial knowledge and skills needed to establish and maintain careers as independent artists. The conference features performances, workshops, panel discussions and other activities tailored to actors, filmmakers, musicians, painters, sculptors, writers and other artists.
North Central College will send a record 44 students to the prestigious National Conference on Undergraduate Research (NCUR) April 3-5 at the University of Kentucky in Lexington. Forty proposals submitted by these students were accepted for presentation.
North Central College welcomes Grammy Award-winning artist, actor and author Common as Martin Luther King Jr. Week keynote speaker.
Called the king of conscious hip-hop, Common will speak on "Greatness!" at 7 p.m. Tuesday, Jan. 21, in Pfeiffer Hall. A Q&A will follow. Admission is free to North Central students, faculty and staff with a College ID. Tickets for the public are $10/person; call 630-637-7469 or visit northcentralcollege.edu/showtix.
North Central College prepares students to be informed,
involved, principled and productive citizens and leaders over their lifetime.