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A pressure responsive electrical switch uses precalibrated snap acting monometallic or bimetallic discs freely disposed in a disc seat formed on a base member. Over pressure protection in the form of a surface spaced just beyond the normal snapped position may be provided to avoid calibration changes. A flexible thin gasket is positioned over the disc and is sealed to the base by trapping between the base and a cap which is clamped to the base. Several seal variations are shown to provide varying degrees and types of seals. A rocker member having a specially curved surface rests on a movable contact arm and transfers motion from the disc to the movable arm. A support for the movable arm has a portion which is formed with a complementary curved portion which cooperates with the rocker member and a stationary contact to limit the amount of stress imparted to the movable contact arm. Several different embodiments of precalibrated disc switches are shown including a differential pressure switch and a switch in which the disc is part of the electrical circuit.
1. A condition responsive device comprising a base formed of electrically insulative material defining a switch chamber therein, a switch means disposed in the chamber including a movable contact arm and first and second terminal members, the movable contact arm cantilever mounted on a distal end of the first terminal member and having a length extending from the cantilever mount and terminating in a free end portion adapted to move into and out of electrical engagement with a distal end of the second terminal member, means defining an opening in the base communicating with the switch chamber, condition responsive means mounted at the opening in the base adapted to move from a first position to a second position and back upon being exposed to preselected conditions to respectively close and open an electrical circuit from the first terminal through the movable contact arm to the second terminal, and a motion transfer member slidably disposed intermediate the movable contact arm and the condition responsive means, the member having a curved bottom surface extending over a majority of the length of said arm extending from the cantilever mount, so that movement of the condition responsive means from the first position to the second position causes the motion transfer member to bend the movable contact arm to conform to the bottom surface configuration of the motion transfer member to thereby distribute impact forces from the condition responsive means along the length of the movable contact arm.
2. A condition sensitive device according to claim 1 in which a contact element is disposed at the free distal end of the movable contact arm, the contact having a rounded mating surface area, the distal end of the second terminal mounting thereon an electrical contact element having a flat mating surface area so that no torsional forces will be transferred to the movable contact arm upon engagement of the contacts.
3. A condition responsive device according to claim 1 in which the condition responsive means is a snap acting disc.
4. A condition responsive device according to claim 3 further including a cap received over the condition responsive means and the opening in the base, the cap formed with an orifice therethrough to permit connection to a pressure source.
5. A condition responsive device comprising a base formed of electrically insulative material defining a switch chamber therein, a switch means disposed in the chamber including a movable contact arm and first and second terminal members, the movable contact arm cantilever mounted on a distal end of the first terminal member and having a free end portion adapted to move into and out of electrical engagement with a distal end of the second terminal member, means defining an opening in the base communicating with the switch chamber, guideways comprising opposed vertically extending grooves formed in the base member, condition responsive means mounted at the opening in the base adapted to move from a first position to a second position and back upon being exposed to preselected conditions to respectively close and open an electrical circuit from the first terminal through the movable contact arm to the second terminal, and a motion transfer member slidably disposed intermediate the movable contact arm and the condition responsive means, the motion transfer member being provided with a pair of ears each of which fits into a respective groove to maintain the motion transfer member in alignment with the movable contact arm, the motion transfer member having a curved bottom surface extending over a major portion of the length of the movable contact arm so that movement of the condition responsive means from the first position to the second position causes the motion transfer member to bend the movable contact arm to conform to the bottom surface configuration of the motion transfer member to thereby distribute impact forces from the condition responsive means along the length of the movable contact arm.
6. A condition responsive device according to claim 5 in which the ears are formed with first and second opposed curved surface portions which loosely fit into the grooves so that the motion transfer member can readily pivot to evenly distribute forces transmitted therethrough.
7. A condition responsive device comprising a base formed of electrically insulative material defining a switch chamber therein, a switch means disposed in the chamber including a movable contact arm and first and second terminal members, the movable contact arm cantilever mounted on a distal end of the first terminal member and having a length extending from the cantilever mount and terminating in a free end portion adapted to move into and out of electrical engagement with a distal end of the second terminal member, means defining an opening in the base communicating with the switch chamber, condition responsive means mounted at the opening in the base adapted to move from a first position to a second position and back upon being exposed to preselected conditions to respectively close and open an electrical circuit from the first terminal through the movable contact arm to the second terminal, the distal end of the first terminal being located on a laterally extending portion which is formed with a surface portion which curves downwardly toward the second terminal and away from the condition responsive means, the curved surface portion being disposed beneath the movable contact arm, and a motion transfer member slidably disposed intermediate the movable contact arm and the condition responsive means, the member having a curved bottom surface extending over a portion of the length of the movable contact arm so that movement of the condition responsive means from the first position to the second position causes the motion transfer member to bend the movable contact arm to conform to the bottom surface configuration of the motion transfer member and the curved surface portion of the distal end of the first terminal to thereby distribute impact forces from the condition responsive means along the length of the movable contact arm.
8. A condition responsive device according to claim 7 in which the curved surfaces of the motion transfer member and the laterally extending portion of the first terminal both have the same radius.
9. A condition responsive device according to claim 7 in which the curved surface of the motion transfer member has a radius selected according to the formula
E equals the modulus of elasticity of the movable contact arm
b equals the thickness of the movable contact arm
S equals the maximum desired level of stress to which movable arm is to be subjected.
10. A condition sensitive device according to claim 7 in which the distal end of the second terminal extends downwardly away from the condition responsive means taken in a direction going from the second terminal toward the first terminal so that the movable contact arm forms a smooth curve when the condition responsive means is in the second position.
This is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 837,969, filed Sept. 29, 1977, now abandoned.
This invention relates generally to condition responsive devices, and to methods of making them, and more particularly to certain specific features of pressure responsive devices adapted to actuate electrical switches.
Pressure switches comprising a snap acting diaphragm disposed in a housing and adapted to move from a first convex configuration in which the central part of the diaphragm bulges toward a pressure source at pressure below a selected level to a second concave configuration in which the central part of the diaphragm bulges away from the pressure source at pressures above the selected level are well known in the art. Such switches are shown and described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,302,269 and 3,584,168, assigned to the assignee of the instant invention. In these prior art switches a motion transfer pin extends through a pin guide from the diaphragm, on the side thereof remote from the pressure source, to a movable contact arm of an electric switch so that when the diaphragm moves from one configuration to the other the electric switch is operated.
Although such switches are very effective and reliable and have been highly successful in the marketplace, there is a need for a pressure switch having certain specific characteristics not found in these switches. In certain automotive applications, such as in air conditioners in which the switches are subjected to a high pressure differential, an especially long life is required, upwards of half a million cycles. The switches set forth in the above patents, at high force and high differentials, have a more limited life, perhaps one or two hundred thousand cycles. In addition, there is a need to produce pressure switches which can be produced less expensively.
Among the several objects of the invention may be noted the provision of pressure responsive devices which have improved life expectancy, devices which are inexpensive to produce and are conductive to mass manufacturing techniques. Another object of the invention is the provision of a method of calibrating pressure responsive switches. Other objects will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter. The invention accordingly comprises the elements and combinations of elements, steps and sequence of steps, features and structures of manipulation, and arrangements of parts, all of which will be exemplified in the structures and methods hereinafter described, and the scope of the application of which will be indicated in the appended claims.
Briefly, pressure responsive switches are made in accordance with the invention by providing a base member having an open end and a snap acting disc seat formed in the open end thereof. A precalibrated disc is received at the seat and may be taped thereto with pressure sensitive adhesive tape to prevent accidental dislodgement therefrom. A thin flexible gasket membrane is disposed over the open end of the base and is sealingly clamped thereto by a cap. The base may be provided with surface areas disposed at a selected distance from the seat to obviate deleterious effects of the disc from over pressures. A stationary and a movable contact terminal extend through the bottom wall of the base into a switch cavity. The distal end portion of the movable contact terminal is formed into a laterally extending arm which mounts thereon a laterally extending movable contact arm. The movable contact arm has a contact, preferably having a rounded top surface, mounted on its free end. The distal end portion of the stationary contact terminal is provided with a laterally extending platform with a contact, preferably having a flat top surface mounted thereon. A rocker element is placed between the movable contact arm and the snap acting disc. The rocker element has ears projecting from two opposite sides which are loosely received in vertically extending grooves formed in the base member permitting vertical and rocking movement of the rocker elements. The bottom surface of the rocker element is formed with a smooth curved surface which cooperates with the laterally extending distal end portions of the terminals so that when the disc snaps to a concave configuration in which the bulge faces away from the pressure source the force applied to the movable arm is spread throughout the movable contact arms length. In one embodiment the rocker member is configured so that the actuation force is transferred directly to the movable contact as well as the movable contact arm.
In several embodiments the disc is used as a current carrying member rather than employing a separate movable contact arm.
In the accompanying drawings, in which several preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated:
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional front elevation of a device made in accordance with the invention with the electrical contacts in the disengaged position, the rocker member 52 shown with a portion removed for purposes of illustration:
FIG. 2 is a view identical to FIG. 1 but showing the electrical contacts in the engaged position;
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view similar to FIG. 1 but rotated 90� about a vertical axis;
FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the base member and contact assembly used in the FIG. 1-3 embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a modified rocker member compared to that shown in FIGS. 1-3;
FIG. 5a is a view of a portion of the FIG. 1-3 device as seen in FIG. 1 but with the FIG. 5 rocker member;
FIGS. 6 and 6a are enlarged cross sectional views of a portion of the gasket sealing mechanism and the disc seating arrangement used in the embodiment of the previous Figures;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing actuation and release pressure levels of bimetallic discs with different temperatures;
FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIGS. 1 and 2 of a second embodiment of the invention; and
FIGS. 9-12 are cross sectional front elevations of additional embodiments of the invention.
Dimensions of certain of the parts as shown in the drawings, and relative movement between parts by have been modified or exaggerated for purposes of clarity of illustration.
Referring now more particularly to the drawings, switch 10 comprises a cylindrical cup shaped base member 12 of conventional electrically insulative, molded plastic such as pehnolic material formed with a bottom wall 14 having at least two apertures 16 extending therethrough and an upwardly extending sidewall 18, the distal end portion of which defines an open end 20. A flange 22 is formed at the distal end portion of sidewall 18 and may be configured into a hexagonal shape to facilitate handling of the device. Also formed in the distal end portion of sidewall 18 is a disc seat 24 to be described in more detail below.
A terminal 26 extends through one aperture 16 in wall 14 into a switch cavity 28 formed in base 12. Terminal 26 is provided with a pair of tabs 30 which are bent out of the plane of terminal 26 and are disposed in a platform surface 32 to thereby accurately locate the terminal within cavity 28. A laterally extending arm 34 is formed on the distal end portion of terminal 26 and is configured so that it extends downwardly back toward the bottom. Preferably arm 34 is formed with a curved surface for a reason that will be explained below.
A second terminal 36 extends through another aperture 16 in wall 14 into switch cavity 28. Terminal 36 is provided with a pair of tabs 40, similar to tabs 30 of terminal 26, which are bent out of the plane of the main body portion of terminal 36 and are disposed on a platform surface 42 to thereby accurately locate terminal 36 within cavity 28. A laterally extending platform 44 is formed on the distal end portion of terminal 36 and preferably extends downwardly toward the bottom wall forming an acute angle with the main body portion of terminal 36 for a reason to be explained below.
A movable contact arm 46 is attached in a conventional manner, as by welding, to terminal 26 in the vicinity of laterally extending arm 34. Contact arm 46 extends in cantilever fashion toward terminal 36 and mounts at the free distal end thereof a movable contact 48. Movable contact 48 is adapted to move into engagement with a stationary contact 50 mounted on platform 44 when contact arm 46 is forced downwardly and out of engagement with contact 50 when the force is removed. Preferably the contacting surface of contact 48 is rounded while the contacting surface of contact 50 is flat so that upon engagement of contact 48 with contact 50 there is little or no twisting moment applied to contact arm 46. This is an important consideration when longevity of the contact arm is to be optimized.
A force transfer rocker member 52, is disposed on top of and contiguous to contact arm 46. While member 52 may be physically attached to arm 46 it is preferred that it merely rests thereon. Rocker member 52 is provided with ears 54,56 extending from opposite sides thereof which are adapted to slidingly fit into opposed grooves 58,60 formed in side wall 18 of base member 12 (see FIG. 3). The width of grooves 58,60 is somewhat larger than that of ears 54,56 so that a pivoting motion of rocker 52 within the grooves is permitted. In addition, opposed walls 62,64 of ear 54 and 66,68 of ear 56 are formed with outwardly curved surfaces to facilitate this pivoting motion. Rocker member 52 is also provided with a motion transfer projection 70 on the top thereof which contacts the bottom surface of a snap acting disc 72 disposed in disc seat 24 and a smooth curved surface 74 on the bottom thereof.
When disc 72 snaps from the convex configuration in which the central portion of the disc bulges toward a pressure source as shown in FIG. 1 to a concave configuration in which the central portion of the disc bulges away from the pressure source as shown in FIG. 2, rocker member 52 is forced downwardly concomittantly forcing contact arm 46 to bend downwardly. As contact arm 46 deflects an increasing portion of bottom surface 74 comes in contact with the arm 46 theregby distributing the force expended by disc 72 through the entire free length of the arm. Arm 34 of terminal 26 and platform 44 of terminal 36 are so disposed that when disc 72 is in its concave, FIG. 2 position, a smooth curve is formed from the cantilever mount to contacts 48,50. The pivoting feature of member 52 allows it to more evenly distribute the force throughout the length of contact arm 46. When contact arm 46 moves downwardly contact 48 strikes the uppermost surface of flat contact 50 and immediately starts to cant or pivot while sliding down the top surface of contact 50 until it assumes the position shown in FIG. 2.
An end of life failure mode of the switches set forth in the above noted U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,302,269 and 3,584,168 is breakage of the movable contact arm caused by repeated impact forces of the disc through the transfer pin. This situation is exacerbated when the switches are used having discs with a wide differential between actuation and release pressure levels. According to the present invention the provision of rocker member 52 in conjunction with laterally extending curved arm 34 and angularly disposed stationary contact 50 completely obviates this mode of failure. As best seen in FIG. 2, stress is distributed evenly throughout the length of arm 46. As rocker arm 52 is caused to move downwardly from the FIG. 1 position to the FIG. 2 position arm 46 follows the support surfaces that limit the stress on arm 46 by forming the curve of arm 34 and surface 74 of rocker member 52 with a radius no smaller than that determined by the following formula:
E=modulus of elasticity of contact arm 46
b=material thickness of contact arm 46
S=stress on contact arm 46
Overstress forces are transferred from arm 46 to the terminals which are made strong enough to be subjected to such forces without any deleterious effects.
FIG. 5 shows a modified rocker member 52' in which the body member is lengthened so that it extends over movable contact 48. Surface 74 is recessed at 75 to provide space for the back of contact 48 and is so located that it will strike the back of contact 48 upon snapping of disc 72 while almost allowing arm 46 to the bottom and thereby providing additional contact force and limiting contact bounce. Recesses 75 are provided at opposite ends of member 52' so that orientation of the member in the switch is not critical.
A protective support surface 76 formed from side wall 18 of base 12 is provided adjacent the open end thereof. Surface 76 is contoured such that motion of disc 72 will be limited upon over pressure conditions so that the calibration of the disc will not be deleteriously effected. As can best be seen in FIG. 6, surface 76 forms a slight angle with disc seat 24, which is an annular shaped area lying in a plane generally parallel to the bottom wall 14, to allow disc 72 to snap from the FIG. 1 configuration to the FIG. 2 configuration; however, surface 76 is sufficiently close to the disc when in the FIG. 2 configuration to prevent excessive bulging of the disc during overpressure.
As seen in FIG. 6 a shoulder 78 defines the outer perimeter of disc seat 24 and is formed slightly larger than the disc 72 so that the disc freely sits in seat 24. The inner diameter of seat 24 is chosen relative to shoulder 78 so that the outer perimeter of the disc cannot rest on surface 76. The juncture of surfaces 76 and 24 serves as the disc support when in the FIG. 2 configuration and the surface against which the disc reacts when it snaps back to the FIG. 1 configuration.
A membrane 80 of soft, flexible gasket material, such as neoprene rubber, is placed over the open end of base 12 and cap member 82 is clampingly received over flange 22 to seal switch cavity 28 from a pressure chamber 84 formed within cap 82. In order to ensure an effective seal, cap 82 is formed with an annular groove 86 in shoulder 88. Cap 82 is placed over the gasket 80 on the open end of base 12 and forced firmly against it. The lower portion 90 of cap 82 is then crimped to lock the cap to the base. The pressure of shoulder 88 against gasket 80 causes the gasket material to fill groove 86 thereby enhancing the seal. Further, it is preferred that shoulder 88 and surface 92 of base member 12 converge in the direction toward the outer periphery so that the outer extremities of gasket 80 are under greater sealing forces than the portions thereof adjacent groove 86.
Cap 82 may be connected to a source of pressure to be monitored through orifice 92. Thus at pressures below a selected level disc 72 is in the FIG. 1 configuration with the bulge of the disc facing the pressure source; however, upon an increase of pressure to the selected level the disc suddenly snaps through to the FIG. 2 configuration with the bulge of the disc facing away from the pressure source and causing contacts 48-50 to engage one another.
Devices made in accordance with the invention not only have enhanced life expectancy due to the rocker member and cooperating terminal configuration they offer another advantage compared to those set forth in the above referenced patents. In these patents various techniques had to be employed during assembly of the devices in order to calibrate them to the desired specifications. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,584,168, for instance, a calibration-stop member located adjacent the snap acting disc 76 is deformed a desired amount to effect calibration. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,302,269 a diaphragm is placed intermediate two casing members whereby the diaphragm separate each of the compartments from each other after which fluid pressure is applied in one of the cavities against the diaphragm to stress and deform the diaphragm into a snap acting configuration. In accordance with the present invention snap acting disc 72 is precalibrated for both actuation and release pressures so that no further calibration of the device is required. It has been found that actuation and release pressures can be controlled very closely, within plus or minus two pounds per square inch up to as high as seventy pounds per square inch actuation pressure. The particular structure which makes this possible includes the disc seated in the shallow recess of seat 24 and trapped therein by gasket 80 in such a way that the sealing of the gasket through the clamping action of shoulder 88 of cap 82 does not have any significant effect on the disc operation. The center portion of the disc recess, surface 76 is configured so that its supports the disc only during over pressures while still permitting the disc to creep off surface 76 as the over pressure decreases prior to disc 72 snapping gack to its FIG. 1 configuration. During assembly the disc is preferably maintained in its seat by placing a strip of pressure sensitive tape over the disc and onto top surface 92 of base member 12. This tape has no significant effect on the operation of the disc and has the advantage of ensuring that the disc does not become dislodged during manufacture, during handling or while in use. Alternatively a layer of pressure adhesive material could be applied directly to the under surface of gasket member 80.
Disc 72 is blanked preferably in circular shape from either monometallic material such as stainless steel or bimetal if a temperature bias is desired. The blank is formed into a snap-acting disc by means known in the art; basically, it involves forming a non-developable surface by permanently deforming the disc. The edges of the discs are rounded off, as by tumbling, to avoid cutting into gasket 80. The diameter of the disc compared to the diameter of shoulder 78 of the disc seat recess is selected so that the disc fits freely therein but not so loosely that gasket 80 is extruded into the space between the disc and shoulder 78 to avoid having the gasket abraded or cut by disc movement.
During operation of the device when a monometallic disc 72 is employed, it snaps from the FIG. 1 configuration of the FIG. 2 configuration when a selected level of pressure is introduced into chamber 84 through orifice 92 and snaps back when the pressure decreases to a second selected level of pressure.
In certain instances it may be desirable to change the selected levels of actuation and release based on changes in temperature as suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 3,584,168. In that patent a snap acting diaphragm can be composed of bimetal so that the switch will respond to temperature as well as pressure however it is difficult to calibrate the switch to obtain the desired temperature-pressure relationship. That is, although the diaphragm may be formed into a snap acting device according to conventional techniques so that it will snap and reset at selected temperature levels this is changed when the calibration stop member is bent to obtain the desired pressure calibration of the diaphragm. In the present invention, however, temperature bias can be obtained for a disc which is precalibrated for desired pressure actuation and release levels by choosing various particular bimetal material combinations and thicknesses. As seen in FIG. 7, pressure switches having discs composed of identical material combinations and thicknesses show an approximate linear rate of decrease of actuation and release levels with increasing temperature of 13 psig per 100� F. Similar plots can be developed for other material combinations and thicknesses so that virtually any temperature bias can be selected merely by choosing a precalibrated pressure disc of the appropriate material combination and thickness and employing it in the switch since the switch need not be further calibrated.
A typical switch made in accordance with the invention employs a disc having a diameter of 0.750 inch. The ledge or seat area 24 has a width between 0.020 and 0.025 inch. Approximately 0.005 inch between the disc and shoulder 78 is allowed to permit the disc to fit freely in its seat while preventing extrusion of gasket 80 therebetween. The maximum depth of the recess seat 24 relative to surface 92 is approximately twice the thickness of disc 72 so that two discs can be employed for particularly high pressure actuation levels. It will be understood that the depth can be chosen so that more than ten discs can be used if so desired.
The base is produced from a mold so that the disc seat surface and terminal mounting surfaces are determined from a reference plane on the same side of the mold which permits extremely accurate location of the several parts of the switch once assembled. That is, the top surface of platforms 32 and 42 are referenced from surface 24 so that very precise relationship of contacts 48-50 relative to disc 72 is realized. This precise dimensional relationship enables the employment of precalibrated discs without the requirement of further calibrating means. Of course additional adjustment could be provided if one desired to produce a switch which could be adjustably calibrated by means of conventional springs or stops located on either side of the discs.
Another advantage the present invention offers is that the switch can be tested for actuation and release pressure levels as well as over pressure with the electrical contact assembly installed whereas in typically prior art switches, as set forth for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 3,584,168, the switches would have to be tested without their contact assemblies so that information obtained would inherently be less reliable than in switches of the present invention.
FIGS. 8-12 show several other embodiments in which a precalibrated free disc is used in a pressure switch. With particular reference to FIG. 8 a switch 110 comprises base member 112 including an eyelet portion 114 and a bottom wall 116. A preferably circular recessed seat portion 118 is defined in wall 116 by an outer peripheral shoulder 120. The height of shoulder 120 is preferably chosen to accomodate several discs 122 although only one disc is shown in the drawing. Gasket 124 of a flexible material such as rubber is disposed on top of disc 122 and extends onto the outer flange portion 126 of base 112. Cap 128 is received over gasket 124 with annular flange portion 130 clampingly engaged with the outer peripheral margin of gasket 124 by turning the free distal end of wall 132 of cap 128 over base 112. A terminal pin 134 is mounted in eyelet 114 and electrically isolated therefrom by electrically insulating material 136 of glass, epoxy or other suitable material. Pin 134 extends into a chamber 138 formed beneath disc 122 and has a terminus portion 140 which serves as an electrical contact. Base member 112 is formed of electrically conductive material such as brass that disc 122 serves to close and open an electrical circuit between pin 134 and base 112 by conducting current therebetween when sufficient pressure is introduced through aperture 142 in cap 128 to cause disc 122 to bow with snap action toward and into contact with pin 134 and out of contact with pin 134 when the pressure level received through aperture 142 is less than a selected level so that the disc snaps back away from the pin as shown in FIG. 8. A small aperture 144 is provided in bottom wall 116 to vent chamber 138. As in the FIGS. 1-7 embodiment, recess 118 is sloped slightly to permit disc 122 to snap to the contacts closed configuration.
Gasket 124 is employed to seal the switching assembly from the pressure source and is therefore tightly secured all about its periphery between flange 130 and the bent over portion 132 of cup 128, however in order to avoid affecting the calibration of disc 122, the actuation and release pressure levels, cap 128 is flared away from the disc at 146 so that the only restraint on the disc itself is the contiguous flexible gasket which effect has been found to be negligible. As in the previous embodiment flanges 126 and 130 may tend to converge as the outer peripheral edges are approached in order to optimize the sealing effect. Additionally, although not shown, a groove may be formed in one of the flanges, if desired, to further enhance the seal.
The above switch could, for instance, be advantageously used as a low tire pressure switch mounted by means of a conventional grommet into the tire wheel from the inside out with cap 128 facing inwardly. The base 112 and pin 134 could be included through conventional connections in an electrical circuit having a warning light or other signal means so that when the tire is pressurized above a preselected level the disc is forced into the closed contacts position.
In FIG. 9 a hermetic seal is obtained in switch 200 by employing a thin metallic membrane 202 which is welded to cap 204 along the outer periphery thereof as shown at 205. Membrane 202 may be formed of 0.001 to 0.002 inch stainless steel as a suitable example. Switch 200 also includes a disc support member 206 which is formed with a seat portion 208 configured to accept the number of free discs 209 required to obtain the desired actuation pressure. Cap 204, disc support 206 and case member 210 are made of any suitable material which can be readily stamped and welded, such as cold roll steel. As in the previous embodiments, cap 204, as well as support 206 are formed so that they exert no additional forces on disc 209 to thereby affect the disc calibration. The switching mechanism 200 can be used with any standard electrical switch as indicated by motion transfer element 212 shown in phantom in addition to that shown in the previous embodiments. It will be noted that since disc 209 is spaced from weld 205 the calibration of the disc 208 is not affected.
FIG. 10 depicts a switch 300 which is particularly useful in systems in which the pressure source comprises a substance which is not compatible with the rubber type gasket used in the non-hermetic seals in the previous embodiments. An example of such a substance commonly used, e.g., in air conditioning systems, is freon. As seen in FIG. 10, a thin metallic diaphragm 301 of stainless steel or the like, similar to that shown in FIG. 9, or plastic film such as Kapton, separates the switch chamber 302 from the pressure chamber 304. An annular channel 306 is formed in cap 308 and receives therein a flexible "O" ring 307 composed of rubber or similar material. Since the rubber is completely enclosed by the cap and membrane the seal will be effective since the swelling of the rubber under the action of freon will be limited to the cross sectional area of the channel.
Disc 310 is received beneath disphragm 301 in a recessed portion 312 of disc support 314. The recessed portion 312 is configured in the same manner as are the corresponding disc support members in the previous embodiments. Further, the inside wall 316 is located so that it places no force on disc 210. Cap 308 is formed with a downwardly extending wall 316 which is clamped onto flange 318 formed on the open end of a cup shaped base member 320. A shoulder 322 is located on the inside of the base member 320 and receives thereon disc support 314. Also disposed in base member 320 is a conventional switch mechanism comprising a movable contact arm 324 attached to a terminal member 326. A stationary contact 328 is disposed on a second terminal member 330. Motion transfer pin 332 is disposed between disc 310 and movable contact arm 324 and is slidably inserted in a bore 334 formed in disc support 314 so that motion of disc 310 is transferred to movable arm 324 to cause closure when the disc snaps to the configuration opposite to that shown in the Figure. A conventional switch mechanism such as that just described is suitable when the actuation pressure is relatively low or when it is not needed to subject the switch to a great number of cycles in contradistinction to the FIGS. 1-7 embodiment.
In FIG. 11 differential pressure switch 400 useful in oil and fuel filter systems for example, is shown comprising a generally cup shaped base 402 of any suitable electrically insulative material having a bottom wall 404 and a sidewall 406 attached thereto. A flange 408 is formed in the free distal end portion of wall 406 to facilitate attachment of cap 410 to base 402 by turning the bottom portion 412 over flange 408. A recessed annular disc seat 413 is formed in wall end portion 406 and receives therein a precalibrated, free disc 414 formed of stainless steel or other suitable electrically conductive material. An electrically conductive bracket 416 extends from disc seat 414 supporting and electrically connecting a capillary tube 418 formed of suitable electrically conductive material. Tube 418 extends through an aperture 420 formed in bottom wall 404. A terminal 422 extends through a second aperture 424 in bottom wall 404 into a switch chamber 426 and mounts at its free end a stationary contact 428 disposed generally at the center of disc 414. Disc 414 is adapted to move with snap action from the outwardly bowed, convex configuration shown in FIG. 11 in which contact 428 is spaced from disc 414 to an inwardly bowed, concave configuration in which contact 428 is in engagement with disc 414 to complete an electrical circuit from tube 418 to bracket 416, disc 414, contact 428 and terminal 422. Tube 418 and terminal 422 are sealed in their respective apertures by means of electrically insulative potting material 430.
Gasket 432 of flexible rubber or rubber like material is disposed on top of base member 402 over disc 414 and is sealingly clamped thereto by cap 410. The seal is preferably enhanced in the same manner as in previous embodiments by employing converging surfaces of the outer end of wall 406 and cap portion 434 aligned therewith as well as groove 436 formed in cap portion 434. Again care is taken to ensure that cap 410 does not exert any force on disc 414 but only on gasket 432 by flaring the cap wall away from the disc as it approaches the outer perimeter of the disc. Cap 410 is sealingly attached to a threaded nipple 437 as by welding thereto although it will be appreciated that cap 410 and nipple 437 could be formed out of a single member if so desired.
Nipple 437 is connectable to a first pressure P1 while capillary tube 418 is connectable to a second pressure P2. Thus the configuration of disc 414 will be determined by the pressure differential between P1 and P2. When P1 is sufficiently greater than P2 disc 414 will snap from the convex configuration shown to an opposite concave configuration and will snap back again when the difference between the pressures decreases to a selected level.
FIG. 12 shows yet another embodiment employing a precalibrated free disc in which the electrical switching circuit is completed from the base side of the switch to the cap through the disc element. Switch 500 comprises a generally cup shaped base 502 having a bottom wall 504 and an upstanding side wall 506 attached thereto. A flange 508 is formed on the distal free end of wall 504 to facilitate attachment of cap 510 by turning over end portion 512. A recessed disc seat 514 is formed in distal end portion of wall 506 to accommodate a selected number of discs 513 which fit therein in the same manner as in the previously described embodiments. Over pressure protection for disc 513 is provided by surface 516. Gasket 518 is placed over the open end of base 502 and is sealingly clamped thereto by flange portion 520 of cap 510 in the same manner as in the above described embodiments. A threaded electrically conductive nipple 522 is attached to cap 510 in any suitable manner as by welding to form an effective seal therebetween and is connectable to a pressure source. Terminal 524 extends through aperture 526 formed in bottom wall 504 and terminates in a groove 528 formed in wall 506 contiguous with disc sent 514 so that disc 513 and terminal 524 are in electrical connection. A rivet like electrically conductive connector 530 extends through a centrally located aperture in gasket 518 and disc 513 and is turned over at its opposite ends to form opposied collars 532,534 which grasp the gasket and disc. A seal is formed between collar 534 and disc 513 as by welding.
Thus an electrical circuit extends from terminal 524 through disc 513 connector 530 to nipple 522 when the disc is in its upwardly bowed, convex configuration shown in FIG. 12. When a selected level of pressure is introduced to the switch through nipple 522 disc 513 will snap to its opposite inwardly bowed, concave configuration and cause connector 530 to separate from nipple 522 thereby breaking the circuit. Even though rivet 530 is connected to disc 513 it does not materially change the precalibrated actuation and release pressure levels of the disc since in all other respects it rests freely in its seat.
Thus it will be seen, according to the present invention, a precalibrated disc is employed in such a manner that additional calibration of the switch is not required making assembly of the switch much less costly and more convenient. Several sealing means are shown to meet varying needs. An improved motion transfer mechanism is disclosed which results in significantly improved useful life of the switch. Although only single pole, single throw switches are described it will be appreciated that double pole or double throw switches can be provided just as readily by adding appropriate terminal members.
In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.
As many changes could be made in the above constructions without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings, shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense, and it is also intended that the appended claims shall cover all such equivalent variations as come within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Women's Ministry
The Women's' Ministry of Shadowbrook wants to equip and provide opportunities for women of all ages and marital status to grow in their knowledge and relationship with Jesus Christ and to discover their purpose and potential in Him through Bible study, prayer and fellowship. As women mature in Christ and in relationship to one another, we hope to encourage their vision for service within our church, community and world.
Please check the weekly schedule for Bible study and service opportunities for women.
Current Ladies Bible Study:
The Inheritance with Beth Moore
Sunday evenings through March 8 at 6:00 – 7:30 pm. Class meets in A203/204. Led by Linda DeMaris and Gail Mundy.
Tuesday mornings through March 17 at 10:00 am – 12:00 pm. Class meets in A125. Led by Becky Bowie.
Wednesday evenings through March 18 at 6:30 – 7:30 pm. Class meets in A203/204. Led by Dayna Courson.
Upcoming Ladies Bible Study:
The Family of Jesus by Karen Kingsbury
Begins Sunday, March 15 at 6:00 pm, Tuesday, March 24 at 10:00 am, and Wednesday, March 25 at 6:30 pm.


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TESSCO ReviewsTESSCO 42
"Good experience "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at TESSCOPros
Great industry, good co-workers, good experience!Cons
Dress code is more formal, I don't mind that thoughRecommendsPositive OutlookApproves of CEO
TESSCO Interviews
Interview Experience
Interview Experience
Getting an Interview
Getting an Interview
Interview Difficulty
- Application Details
I applied through a recruiter. The process took 2+ weeks – interviewed at TESSCO in November 2014.Interview Details
First interview with VP of sales. Straightforward questions about background etc. second interview was with a current sales manager. dialog driven discussion. at this point i was interested in working for this person. third phone interview was with an older gentleman - conducted the interview on a speaker phone and was either doing something else while speaking to me, or had other people in the room during the conversation. I left this conversation with a bad taste in my mouth for the company. heard shortly thereafter that they were going in another direction. I was not interested in the position after the unprofessional third interview.Interview Questions
No OfferPositive ExperienceAverage Interview
- What reasons would there be why you wouldn't want to work here. Answer Question
TESSCO Awards & Accolades
Additional InfoUnlock Profile
TESSCO Technologies doesn't supply distributor caps, but it does wear one. The company distributes communications products from about 380 manufacturers. TESSCO sells network systems products (broadband radios, bi-directional amplifiers); base station infrastructure equipment (towers and site hardware, antennas); installation test and maintenance equipment (tools, device repair parts); and mobile devices and accessories. The company also offers training services. TESSCO sells to wireless carriers, as well as wireless product resellers and installers, manufacturers... More


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"You cannot afford to hire an attorney at $200 to $300 an hour to fight over your $12,000 car and have to pay those bills. People need to become aware that they have some rights, even when going up against these giant companies that try to intimidate."
Related quotes
"We have not hired and not consulted [bankruptcy attorneys], and you can understand why that's not needed, with over $7 billion in cash and debt repayment cycles we can handle."
"Wait one year before you do anything, and hire an objective advisor and an attorney. And unplug your phone."
"We are grateful to the U.S. attorney, his staff and the FBI and IRS agents who spent countless hours making sure that every aspect of this matter was thoroughly investigated and that the responsible people were held accountable for their actions."
"It dawned on no one ... that Mr. Miller was an investigator hired by an attorney, namely Mr. Geragos?"
"He's made it clear that he doesn't consider sexual orientation. We just want to hire the best and brightest attorneys."


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{2} Cambo House, Fife
Taking a walk through the flower-carpeted woodlands is just one of the many things you can do to appreciate the snowdrops around Cambo House. Make sure you check out the national collection of snowdrops, which boasts more than 350 varieties.
2 Feb-17 March, 10am-5pm, adults £5, children free, camboestate.com/snowdrops/
© independent.co.uk


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Ten days after Sandy made landfall, the car insurance claims have begun to slow down. The current number of cars damaged by Sandy is only a quarter of modest estimates at 31,000 cars. That number reflects all the cars claimed regardless of the actual severity. Some are totaled and some will be repaired and returned to their owners. Another 14,000 new cars sitting on docks waiting for a sales lot were damaged as well.
Granted, the clean-up from Sandy is still in early stages. As more car owners dig out from under tree branches and sand, there will be more insurance claims filed for flood damaged cars. It is still unlikely for the flooded cars to cause a problem in the used car market for a variety of reasons.
For example, the new cars sitting in New York's harbors will most likely never be brought into the marketplace. Car manufacturers don't want to tarnish their brand's reputation by allowing sub-standard cars to be sold. Most of the flooded cars that are resold after repairs will be re-titled as a "flood damaged vehicle" so the consumer is well aware of the chance of the car having problems.
There are many problems that could arise after a car is flooded. The waters aren't clean tap water, but a mix of raw sewage, gutter water and silt. Even if a car looks dried out after a flood, there could be bacteria and mold developing somewhere in the interior. The wiring and transmission may never run the same after bits of dirt and sand work into the tiny crevices of the mechanics.
It is still possible that some of the flooded cars will slip through the cracks of regulation from insurance companies. When buying a used car, take a few simple steps to make sure you aren't getting damaged goods. Start by running the vehicle identification number through a vehicle history service to see if there are any records of accidents or damage. Then take it to a mechanic who can identify the signs of flooding or other problems. You can check yourself for signs of flooding by giving the interior and trunk a sniff test. A musty, moldy smell is a red flag.


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Cam'Ron Kicks A Guy In The Nuts !
by Kyle Santillian
posted Feb 20 2014 8:22AM
This has to be the dumbest thing done in the history of human race! So check this out, some random guy in the streets that we can count off as being homeless or too drunk to know what he's doing, holds up a sign that says "Kick me in the nuts $20" and guess who happens to see this sign rapper Cam'ron from Dipset! Cam'ron takes this mans offer and I'm trying to tell yall the way he kicks this man is just making my manhood hurt at the thought of it ! Check it out !
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MUCH Contest: Win Tickets to See Lieutenant The Latest From Foo Fighters' Nate Mendel
Enter now!
OMG Rihanna Just Dropped Her New Single: Hear It Now!
Our new fave song
Ed Sheeran Surprises A Couple At Their Wedding And Remains Coolest
Prepare to cry
Zayn Malik Has Officially Left One Direction
April 27th, 2012
New.Music.Live. wants to give you a new look! Are you getting ready for a big change in your life? Do you want a more professional look for your first internship? Do you want to connect with your sibling by revamping your looks? Or maybe you are tired of being known just by your wild, outlandish style and you want something new? If you are between the ages of 14-24 and live in or around the Greater Toronto Area, we can't wait to hear YOUR story!
The first step is to let us know why you are the most deserving of a makeover. Send us a short video (two minutes) with a tour of your wardrobe and plead your case to convince us that you are the candidate we must makeover. So fire up those cameras and crack open those closets. Our team of professionals is ready to get started and we want to hear YOUR story!
Email email@example.com for your chance to get a make over from New.Music.Live.!
Tags: New.Music.Live.
Posted on Friday, April 27th, 2012 at 11:39 am by Allison and is filed under Blog.Tweet


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The median home value in Skillman, NJ is $660,000.
This is
higher than
the county median home value of $569,000.
The national median home value is $170,100.
The average price of homes sold in Skillman, NJ is $660,000.
Approximately 82.65% of Skillman homes are owned,
compared to 8.4% rented, while
8.95% are vacant.
Skillman real estate listings include condos, townhomes, and single family homes for sale.
Commercial properties are also available.
If you see a property you're interested in, contact a Skillman real estate agent to arrange a tour today!
Learn more about Skillman Real Estate.
Expanded Churchill model in Cherry Valley with 3 Car Garage & Whole House Generator! Renovated Kitchen & Master Bath, Finished Basement with Full Bath, Newer Heating & Cooling, Extensive Landscaping!
A home beyond conventional design ~ illuminated with natural light & architectural details. Offering 4/5 bedrooms, 3.5 baths, Renovated Kitchen with Subzero, Dacor, Bosch, Spa-Like Master Bath & More!
Built in the 1940's and one of the first homes to be constructed in the Cherry Valley neighborhood, this light-filled house bursts with character and personality.
Located less than a mile from Princeton township and just a short walk to Cherry Valley Country Club, this spectacular Bentley Model is now available. Totally update and upgraded
MUST SEE!!! Renovated contemporary ranch on a 3 acre wooded property. Open layout. New kitchen cabinets with granite counters. New stainless steel appliances. New laminate floors. Vaulted ceilings.
You will fall in love with this gorgeous, meticulously maintained, ready-to-move-in home, with a cul-de-sac location, conveniently close to Montgomery?s award-winning schools and downtown Princeton!
This Montgomery Sourland Mountains home sits on a ridge overlooking Rock Brook, with breathtaking results. From inside the home, wide windows overlook the property's spectacular 4+ acres.
Location, Location, Featured is a Raised Ranch w/3bdrms;2full baths; Formal DR w/French Doors to an enclosed Patio;FR & LR have hw/ flrs under neutral carpeting and each share a
Make way for fresh summer breezes in this wonderfully relaxing home in one of Skillman's finest neighborhoods!
Real Living Preferred Real Estate
953 Route 202
Branchburg, NJ 08876
Email Us | Visit our Real Estate Website


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<< Back - 2003 > Jeep > Grand Cherokee > Body Mechanical & Trim > Mirror
2003 Jeep Grand Cherokee Mirror
I ordered a whole mirror for my 2003 Jeep. It Looks great. Was easy to replace on our own. You can't even tell it is a replacement mirror. It was a great price and it was shipped very quickly. We will order from Parts Geek again.
Right part on time , I have made several hassle free timly purchases and so far not been disappointed
Great product! Great service! Part arrived quickly and was exactly as needed. Will use them again.
The fit and finish of this product was perfect. The electrical connection was correct. The price was right. First order from PartsGeek, won't be the last.
mirror was an exact replacement. fit was perfect. price was more than fair. will definitely use site again.
I received exactly what I ordered...and very satisfied with the delivery, price, and quality of the product...Thanks Partsgeek!!!


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Burger King Reveals its Newest Meal
Chicken between 2 waffles ... why not?
Taco Bell Joins the Fast Food Breakfast Battle
The new breakfast menu challenges the iconic Egg McMuffin with the Waffle Taco.
Feed Frenzy: Breakfast of Champions
After two years of testing, Taco Bell debuts its Waffle Taco in store locations nationwide.
Bubba Watson visits Waffle House
Waffle House Chairman Accused of Requiring Sex Acts
The woman alleges her job depended on performing sex acts on Joseph Rogers Jr.
Now Playing: Burger King Reveals its Newest Meal
Now Playing: Taco Bell Joins the Fast Food Breakfast Battle
Now Playing: Feed Frenzy: Breakfast of Champions
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Now Playing: #1 Basketball Fan
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Now Playing: Kim K's Blonde Moment
Now Playing: Meals On Wheels


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Latest News
Jan 08, 15DMC Lamborghini Aventador photographed with a giant teddy bear on the roof in China
A Lamborghini Aventador tuned by DMC has been recently spotted in the city of Dalian, China, wearing a giant teddy bear on its roof
Dec 19, 14Indian Fiat owner has been driving his car backwards since 2003 [video]
A funny new video shows us a man in India that has been driving his old Fiat backwards since 2003
Dec 16, 14Tractor Girl finishes 2500 km ice-journey at the South Pole [videos]
Manon Osservoort or Tractor Girl has reached the South Pole after a 2,500 km (1,550 miles) ice-journey with the Antarctica2 expedition
Nov 15, 14Crazy truck driver makes U-turn on busy UK highway [video]
A truck driver in the United Kingdom has been filmed while making an illegal U-turn on the M6 Toll
Nov 10, 14Angry Italian destroys his own Fiat 500 after it failed to start
It was only last week when Consumer Reports named the Fiat 500 L the least reliable car on sale today and now we have the living proof for that
Oct 28, 14UK's 'nightmare' car has the engine of BMW M5 and the suspension of Audi RS6
UK-based company Warranty Direct has revealed which is the UK' "nightmare" car
Oct 24, 14First Koenigsegg One:1 registered in Germany causes a computer glitch
The first production Koenigsegg One:1 has arrived in Germany and has caused a computer glitch in the country's car registration system
Oct 13, 14Volvo Amazon owner claims he has the fastest car in Britain
TV host and racing driver Guy Martin has claimed his 1967 Volvo is the fastest car in the UK
Oct 09, 14Neiman Marcus is offering a $300,000 slot car track [video]
If the Neiman Marcus Maserati Ghibli S Q4 didn't quite tickle your automotive fancy, perhaps this $300,000 (€236,565) slot car track will do the trick.
Oct 07, 14Ferrari F430 Spider used as delivery vehicle in Melbourne
A red Ferrari F430 Spider delivery car has been spotted on the streets of Melbourne, Australia
Oct 04, 14The average Bugatti owner has 84 cars, 3 jets and one yacht
Wolfgang Durheimer, Bugatti and Bentley CEO and president, has recently commented that the average Bugatti owner has a quite expensive car collection
Aug 27, 14'Drive-in Brothel' hailed a success in Switzerland
Switzerland is known for their banks and chocolate but their new 'sex drive thru' is being hailed as a success following a yearlong experiment.
Aug 21, 14Audi welcomes Tesla in Hamburg through a billboard
Audi has surprisingly welcomed Tesla in the city of Hamburg, Germany
Aug 20, 14Man drives his car into pool as flip flops get tangled [video]
A man from Los Angeles, believed to be in his 80s, has accidentally driven his car into a swimming pool after getting his sandals tangled up in the pedals
Aug 20, 1415-year-old boy gets brand new Pagani Huayra as a birthday gift
A stunning brand new yellow Pagani Huayra has been delivered to what is believed to be the youngest Pagani owner in the world
Aug 19, 14Moneyless student lives in old Ford Focus for a year
A penniless student from Texas, the USA, was forced to sleep in his old Ford Focus sedan from first generation for a whole year
Aug 14, 14Lincoln tries to hide the old people smell with new dealership perfume
Lincoln has announced some of their dealerships will feature an original scent called the "Essence of Lincoln."
Aug 05, 14Driverless Infiniti Q50 hits 100 km/h on the highway [video]
In a new YouTube video, the driver of a new Infiniti Q50S Hybrid lets his car drive itself on a highway in Austria at a constant speed of 100 km/h (62 mph)
Jul 11, 14TomTom names most traffic-jammed cities in the world
Amsterdam-based traffic and navigation services company TomTom has announced results from its annual global traffic survey
May 30, 14Nervous man throws a rock at black Lamborghini Aventador [video]
We have no idea what caused the man from the video above to do it, but he threw a rock on a moving Lamborghini Aventador
May 18, 14Former F1 star drives A1 GP race car on public roads [video]
Jos Verstappen, a former Formula 1 driver for Minardi, Ford and etc., drove an FA1 racecar (former A1 GP) through the traffic in the city of Lelystad, the Netherlands
May 18, 14Pink lady-friendly parking spots in Seoul
The Metropolitan Government of Seoul, South Korea, started an ambitious project to turn the capital into a more female-friendly place
May 16, 14Little kid takes Ferrari 458 Italia for a ride in Libya [video]
The Fast and Furious YouTube channel has uploaded a rather controversial video, in which a young boy takes a red Ferrari 458 Italia for a spin in a dirt filled empty lot somewhere in Libya
May 14, 14Cartoon review: What it's like to own a Tesla Model S?
If you ask any competent auto site, blog, newspaper or magazine what the Tesla Model S is, you will probably be told this is an all-electric high-performance luxury sedan from the USA
May 10, 14Enter the amazing world of RC cranes and trucks [video]
This crazy video by YouTuber Tom Bikonkav takes us into the world of mini RC cranes, trucks and other specialized machines
Apr 24, 14Ferrari FF spotted carrying lumber in Virginia
The Ferrari FF is best known for its impressive driving experience, offering a potent 6.3-liter V12 engine and 0-100 km/h (0-60 mph) acceleration in 3.7 seconds
Apr 18, 14Six-year-old boy rides dad's Harley in the desert [video]
Video shot somewhere in the desert shows a 6-year-old boy riding the Harley Davidson of his dad
Apr 09, 14Gold Porsche 911 cardboard edition revisited - hits 10mph
Johannes Langeder, 48, has found a quite interesting way to own a brand new Porsche.
Mar 19, 14Goodyear launches new blimp, will fly from summer of 2014
Less than a month ago Goodyear said "goodbye" to its "Spirit of Goodyear" blimp
Mar 14, 14Old lady uses Nissan GT-R to do her everyday shopping
What would you put in a Nissan GT-R commercial?


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Choose your Easter dinner main dish from hams, savory lamb, and over 150 more recipes.
Bunny cakes, lamb cakes, chocolate eggs, and carrot cakes to nibble on.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
Duck fat is the key to incredibly crisp baked steak fries.
See how to make home fries pan-fried in a bit of flavor-giving duck fat.
See how to make excellent oven-baked fries.


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What age to take SS benefits
bee0hioMay 1, 2010
Here is a really informative article that explains various strategies when deciding @ what age to begin SS benefits. My dh & I aren't quite to the decision point but this article has me reconsidering some options that I hadn't thought of. It's a bit complex but worth trudging thru.
Here is a link that might be useful: SS: When to Start Benefits from the Journal of Financial Planning


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CIT is the nation's leading provider of financing, factoring and credit protection services to the apparel industry. Our Los Angeles office works closely with action sports companies of all sizes, from privately held companies to global corporations. Protect your accounts receivable today. Call 800-248-3240.
Being an Executive Edition member allows me to not miss a beat when it comes to the Industry business news. Definitely keeps me in the loop plus goes great with my morning joe.- By Tony Perez, Surfer and Surfing magazines
"Shop-Eat-Surf" is now officially, the first stop in the morning for industry news. Accurate reporting, no sensationalism, and just the facts. Refreshing support to an incredible industry with a very bright future. Tiffany has cemented her role in the industry....the site is thought provoking, and inspirational. Learning the stories of others is incredibly useful. Great way to connect the retail community with the wholesale and financial, instantly and nationwide. ... And the Executive Edition rules.- By Bob Hurley, Chairman, Hurley International
MOSS ADAMS CAPITAL: Apparel and foowear market monitor highlights notable deals, stock prices and results.
Details on Industry Insight.
Press Relaese:
O'NEILL'S 4th ANNUAL "GENERATION NEXT" FASHION AND MUSIC EVENT, IN ASSOCIATION WITH TEEN VOGUE, RETURNS TO THE STAGE, OCTOBER 15th
Signature Design Program and Fashion Show Competition Highlights Local Students' Creativity Alongside O'Neill's Spring '12 Collection
Interactive Event at Avalon Hollywood to be Hosted by TV Presenter and Fashion Journalist, Louise Roe, Includes Live Musical Performance by EVEREST
Irvine, Calif. (October 6, 2011) - O'Neill Clothing, the original California surf, snow and youth lifestyle brand, today announced the complete details of its 4th annual "Generation Next" design competition and music event, in association with TEEN VOGUE, taking place on Saturday, October 15th at 6:00pm at Avalon Hollywood in Los Angeles, Calif.
The evening will be hosted by fashion industry insider and television presenter, Louise Roe, a cast member on MTV's hit show, "The City," and most recently serving as co-host for MTV International's red carpet coverage of the 2011 Movie Awards, VMA's and EMA's; and E!'s live coverage of the Royal Wedding.
Joining Roe as part of the evening's schedule will be rock band, Everest (Warner Bros. Records/Vapor Records). Tickets are on sale now at WantTickets.com for $10 in advance online or $15 at the door.
Marking the completion of a six-month program based at O'Neill's headquarters in Irvine, Calif., five students from local Southern California high schools will present their original dress and handbag designs on the runway, featuring an O'Neill Swim fashion show with international supermodel and O'Neill brand ambassador, Elyse Taylor.
Sponsored in part by Paul Mitchell, who also provides all the hair and makeup for the runway shows, and streaming live on O'Neill's Facebook fan page, www.facebook.com/oneillgirls,
this year's event promises to be the biggest and most exciting yet.
"O'Neill's Generation Next is a really unique opportunity for young girls with an interest in fashion design to learn what a career in this industry is all about," said Kari Johnson, vice president of design and marketing for O'Neill Girls.
"They go from creating a concept to bringing it to the runway in six months, so they truly get a comprehensive, hands-on learning experience that we hope benefits them as they look to their future."
"This program is such a great outlet for these talented finalists to get their first taste of the apparel and design worlds," added Toby Bost, CEO of O'Neill Clothing. "It's really fun to see their sketches, ideas and dedication turn into a final look on the runway. I know the audience will be blown away with what's in store."
Each 2011 Generation Next participant is competing for an expanded Grand Prize package, which includes:
-$5,000 education scholarship
-New O'Neill wardrobe
-Design internship at O'Neill
-Exposure in TEEN VOGUE
-Winning design to be incorporated into upcoming O'Neill collection
The Grand Prize winner will be determined by text message votes from the audience and webcast viewers on the evening of the event, and judges from O'Neill and TEEN VOGUE.
Generation Next 2011 launched in February, and initial submissions from TEEN VOGUE's "It Girls" were narrowed down to five finalists: Ashley Wong (Hacienda Heights); Grace An (Murrieta); Jody Lee (Agoura); Madeline Hartnett (Fullerton); and Nahal Yashar (Beverly Hills).
The Generation Next program provides young designers with the tools and expertise to bring their designs to life by teaching the fundamentals and execution of apparel and graphic design, merchandising, manufacturing and marketing. In addition to working with an O'Neill mentor on a runway look, each finalist is tasked with building a group of peers to assist with promotional activities, model casting, runway production and overall vibe for their part of the final event. To help generate support, O'Neill visits each finalist's high school in the weeks leading up to the show to help lead a pep rally, where each girl promotes her participation in the event.
In addition to her television work in the U.S. and U.K., the evening's host also writes a style column for MSN News, called 'Front Roe,' and has written for ELLE, Vogue.com, In Style, Glamour, Cosmopolitan, and was just announced as the new fashion columnist for one of the UK's most popular glossy magazines, Company. She has been a guest host or judge on Britain's Next Top Model, The Nate Berkus Show, GMTV, Project Catwalk, Style Network's How Do I Look, 10 Things I Hate About Me, and Make Me a Supermodel.
See page 2 for more on this year's event...


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Originally written on It's Always Sunny in Detroit | Last updated 11/14/14
John T. Greilick / the Detroit News The Lions didn't waste much time getting free agent running back Reggie Bush to sign on the dotted line Wednesday morning. Bush was spotted leaving the Allen Park practice facility in a limo mid-morning to go get a physical and by 1:15 PM EDT, an announcement was made that Bush and the Lions had agreed to a four-year $16 million contract. Here are some quotes from Bush's press conference. He's ready to contribute. "It almost seemed too perfect." "I'm excited to be here. I'm excited to get this thing on the road and get to work because I think it's going to be a good thing, and I look forward to winning a lot of football games here." "I've done three to four carries a game, I've done 20, 25 carries a game. I'm comfortable when we win. That's what I'm most comfortable with and that's what I'm here for to help this team. Not so much worried about my personal stats. I think I'm at the point in my career now where winning is the most important thing to me, and I felt the same with the coaches and the players here, too." The Lions also inked cornerback Chris Houston (who has played with the Lions the last three seasons) and safety Glover Quin (former of the Houston Texans) to five-year $25 million contracts. They also added defensive end/tackle Jason Jones (Southfield, MI native and former Seattle Seahawk) to a three-year $9.5 million deal. Are you pumped, Lions fans?
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Quote on the day: Keep your jacket on, Ed
John Prescott on advising Ed Miliband:
"Ed came to me for advice… and I said put your jacket on, leaders shouldn't be seen without their jacket"
John Prescott on advising Ed Miliband:
"Ed came to me for advice… and I said put your jacket on, leaders shouldn't be seen without their jacket"
Tomorrow Ed Miliband will unveil a significantly stronger plan to crack down on zero hours contracts – introducing legislation early in the next Parliament to ban zero hours contracts for those who are really working regular hours. The policy Miliband will announce tomorrow gives employees the right to a regular contract after just twelve weeks. That's a big improvement on the party's previously announced policy of a regular contract after a year on a zero hours contract – and it'll be […]Read more →
Today's NSPCC ChildLine report has shown a hard truth – about how children and young people today are exposed to shocking levels of pornography. They are under pressure like never before to engage in sexual activities at a young age, and face harassment and bullying through digital and social media the likes of which we could never have imagined growing up. We are failing to support them as they face these challenges. We are letting down a whole generation. Last […]Read more →
A new poll by ComRes for ITV News shows Labour far closer to the SNP than recent Scotland-wide polls – with a gap of only six points between the two parties – SNP 43% to Labour's 37%. However, to put this into perspective, in 2010 Labour recorded 51% of the vote in these seats, compared to a vote of just 19% for the SNP. On a uniform swing – which we're unlikely to see – that would mean the SNP […]Read more →
Labour released their latest party political broadcast (PPB) yesterday, in which Martin Freeman (accompanied by the voice of David Tennant) lays out "the choice" for voters at this election. This got us thinking in the LabourList office about our favourite PPBs over the years. Here's our top 10 – though they aren't in any particular order: The Road Ahead (2010) Stay on the road to recovery is the message from this PPB, following the 2008 financial crash and prior to […]Read more →
Last year Rt Hon Grant Shapps MP, the Chairman of the Conservative Party, threatened to sue me, a constituent of his, for libelling him on Facebook about his alter-ego as an internet marketing millionaire called Michael Green. He initially demanded damages and, eventually, to post a retraction which read: "I recently made a post suggesting that Grant Shapps MP had lied over the use of a pen name. I now accept that such an assertion was entirely false and that Mr Shapps MP has […]Read more →


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Letter: The spirit all around us
Rev. Stephanie Munz Campbell, Naples Executive director, Grace Place for Children and Families
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Finished Walls; Thanks Brickeyee! Picture Saturated :)
Here are the finished and painted upper walls of my bathroom that Brickeyee helped me with. Others weighed in and I am grateful for all input.
I will post below, a link to the thread I had about skim coating.
I had another thread about the hole in the ceiling but wont link it here. I will show some process pics of the hole repair. Several helped me with this fix.
Here is the hole in the ceiling with my plastic lath to support the repair:
And finished; I couldn't be happier with the results:
The painted walls. This first picture shows a slight texture that is most likely from the roller. I used BM Bunny Gray, in the Aura Bath and Spa:
Thanks Brickeyee, I hope I made you proud!
Here is a link that might be useful: Help with skim coat options.
Flori, thanks for the complement. Get a plasterer if you want a beautifully done wall. I want to next time round:)
Thanks Brickeyee, I so appreciate all the help you give use folks. You encourage and explain. I watched some plasterers online and it is an art. It is physical and almost dance like. If I have to do a wall again I will seriously consider hiring a real plasterer. I love the stuff. Mine pales in comparison.
Now, IT WAS HARD! :) I couldn't get a very thick layer on at a time. Then I had to sand it down. Then I had to add more. And repeat and repeat....
I had a whole bag of easysand in my shopvac, I sanded so much.
This is what it looked like after a million coats of easysand. They are micro layers. So I wouldn't say it is a real serious skim coat job.
I think this is after a layer of oil based primer, but I'm not sure.
Thanks schoolhouse! I am very slow. I've never done this before. But I am somewhat artistic and can make things. When I am wielding the tools I imagine what an expert might feel and do. Sort of like sports psychology, watching and imagining your sport perfectly played;)
You did a REALLY great job! I might have to take some lessons-certainly look for your other threads on the step-by-step of this repair. Plaster everywhere here. Very wise to use an oil base primer on the BR walls given moisture. Acrylic paints will adhere SO much better.
I second the thanks to brickeyee and sombreuil_mongrel. Their insight and pragmatic (and specific) suggestions are VERY much appreciated.


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A Survey on Gossip-Based Energy Conservation for Wireless Ad Hoc Network Routing
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Executive Summary
This paper presents a survey of Gossip based Sleep Protocol (GSP) and extensions of GSP for energy conservation for wireless ad hoc networks and sensor networks. In GSP, each node randomly goes to sleep for some time with gossip sleep probability p. When the value of p is small enough, the network stays connected. GSP does not require a wireless node to maintain the states of other nodes. Three extensions of GSP that are A-GSP, T-GSP, and B-GSP described in this paper.
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27 December 2014
Welcome to Romance Writers of Atlantic Canada
a chapter of Romance Writers of America
Sunday, April 12, 2015
The Story Map - Crafting a Powerful Story
The Story Map - Crafting a Powerful Story
For more information and location check out our Meetings page
For information on Membership please see our Join Us page.
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)
Romance Writers of Atlantic Canada is a not-for-profit professional organization dedicated to enhancing the craft and art of writing, providing industry knowledge, and promoting both the romance genre and our published authors. RWAC offers a supportive environment and opportunity to learn about the romance publishing industry and the craft of writing.
Please note, you must be a member in good standing with Romance Writers of America, in order to qualify for a membership with RWAC.


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This article is part of the Seeking Alpha PRO subscriber-only research library, which covers more than 3,800 companies. Click here for more on subscribing to Seeking Alpha PRO.
Nexstar Broadcasting Group: In 2014, Its Star Will Continue To Shine
Mar. 14, 2014 5:00 AM ET | About: Nexstar Broadcasting Group, Inc. (NXST), Includes: GTN, LIN, SBGI This article is now exclusive for PRO subscribers.


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Austin, Texas (PRWEB) November 13, 2012
YouTube viewers spend almost 4 billion hours watching videos on the social giant each month. Over 72 hours of videos are uploaded every minutes. What can marketers do to make sure that their videos are standing out from the rest?
Black Box Social Media, an online marketing company out of Austin, Texas that utilizes the latest digital marketing strategies to help companies get found and generate leads online, has released a report designed to help marketers stand out from the crowd called "T he Power of YouTube for SEO'.
"When used correctly, Youtube videos can be a powerful asset to your online presence," says Black Box Social Media Co Founder Nick Bridges. "Not only do Youtube videos appear in the Google index almost instantly, but they show a strong correlation to top rankings. By using a few simple tricks on YouTube, you can drastically increase leads, conversions and traffic."
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Giants 2012 World Series commemorative pages
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Sunny morning, a few thunderstorms this afternoon
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