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Reinforced thermoplastic polymer composite sheets, formable into smooth, shaped objects in a stamping process. The characterizing constitutents of the composite sheet are: (1) a first layer of thermoplastic resin containing short glass fibers and a mineral filler such as kaolin, (2) a backing reinforcing layer comprising a long glass mat encased in a resin matrix and (3) optionally a third layer similar to said first layer.
1. A smooth surfaced thermoplastic composite laminated sheet being essentially free of surface waviness and long glass show-through, comprising, in terms of percent by weight of each layer:
(a) at least one layer comprising from about 40 to 70 percent of a synthetic thermoplastic polymer, a particulate filler present in an amount up to a maximum of about 50%, and 5 percent to 35 percent short glass fibers having a length ranging from 0.01 to 3/4 of an inch and arranged generally parallel to the plane of the sheet surface,
(b) a reinforcing layer adjoining said one layer comprising 60 to 95 percent of synthetic thermoplastic polymer, a long glass fiber mat comprised of fibers having a length of at least 1.5 inches and having a weight ranging from 5 percent to 40 percent, said mat being substantially encased in a matrix of the thermoplastic polymer, said reinforcing layer being essentially free of short glass fibers.
2. The sheet of claim 1 wherein said one layer comprises 45 to 65% of polymer, 10 to 30% of filler and 5 to 25% of short glass, said reinforcing layer comprises 60 to 85% of polymer and 15 to 45% of glass mat.
3. The sheet of claim 2 including a third layer having composition ranges of said one layer, said one layer and said third layer sandwiching said reinforcing layer between them.
4. A process for producing a composite laminated sheet comprising the steps of:
(a) blending and extruding a first sheet layer comprising from about 40 to 70 percent of thermoplastic polymer, a particulate filler present in an amount up to a maximum of about 50% and 5 to 35 percent short glass fibers having a length ranging from 0.01 to 3/4 of an inch and arranged in a plane generally parallel to the sheet surface,
(b) polishing same in a polished and gauged roll stack,
(c) blending and extruding a second sheet layer comprising from about 60 to 95 percent of synthetic thermoplastic polymer, but being essentially free of glass fibers,
(d) feeding said first sheet, said second sheet and a long fiber glass mat, the fibers of which have a length of at least 1.5 inches, into the nip of a set of laminating rolls while the resin of the second sheet is still in a molten condition, the clearance between the rolls being substantially less than the thickness of the sheets and glass mat being fed to the nip of said rolls, whereby the long glass mat is impregnated into said second sheet and said first and second sheets are laminated into a smooth multi-ply product.
5. The process of claim 4 wherein a third sheet having the composition ranges of said first sheet is fed into the laminating rolls to sandwich and laminate the second sheet between said first and third sheets.
6. The composite of claim 2 wherein said first layer is at least 30 mils thick and the thickness of the second sheet is at least 20 mils per ounce per square foot of glass fiber mat.
7. The process of claim 4 wherein the amount of short glass blended in step (a) is from 5 to 35 percent.
8. The process of claim 7 where the amount of filler blended in step (a) is from 10-30 percent.
9. The process of claim 7 wherein the temperature of the second sheet ranges from 10� to 70� C. above the melting point of the polymer at the point of introduction to the laminating rolls.
10. A process for producing a composite laminated sheet, comprising the steps of:
(a) Blending and extruding a first sheet layer comprising from about 40 to 70 percent by weight of a thermoplastic resin, about 5 to 35 percent by weight of short glass fiber having a length ranging from 0.01 to 3/4 of an inch and arranged in a plane generally parallel to the sheet surface, and 10 to 30 percent by weight of particulate filler;
(b) polishing same in a polished and gauged roll stack;
(c) blending and extruding a second thermoplastic polymer sheet from a point immediately adjacent to the nip of a set of laminating rolls;
(d) feeding said first sheet and said second sheet and a long fiber glass mat, the fibers of which have a length of at least 1.5 inches into the nip of said set of laminating rolls, said second sheet being at a temperature between 30 and 100� C. above the melting point of the polymer; the pressure applied by said laminating rolls ranging from 150 to 400 pounds per linear inch and the laminating rolls being maintained at a temperature between 10 to 70� C. below the melting point of the polymer, whereby the glass mat is impregnated into said second sheet and the second sheet is bonded to said first sheet; whereby a strong sheet having at least one substantially smooth surface is produced.
It is known that many thermoplastic polymers can be formed into shaped objects by various sheet metal forming techniques such as deep drawing, stretch forming, stamping, forging, cold extrusion, etc. These forming processes are economically very attractive because it is possible to achieve rapid production rates, e.g., rates that exceed one item a minute or even faster.
Unfortunately, reinforced thermoplastic parts prepared by these processes tend to exhibit poor surface characteristics such that they are unacceptable for large automotive exterior surfaces. In order to overcome these deficiencies, sheets and processes such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,684,645 and copending application Ser. No. 564,019, filed Apr. 1, 1975 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,044,188, entitled Stampable Thermoplastic Sheet Reinforced with Multilength Fiber, were developed.
Generally in this art, a thermoplastic sheet, reinforced with a glass mat type of reinforcement is preheated in an oven to above the softening point of the resin. The heated blank is transferred to the matched metal dies of a stamping press, and stamped in a modified mechanical or rapid-closing hydraulic press or the like. The formed part is then removed or ejected from the matched dies. The residence time in the mold is 20-80 seconds or less. The forming process can be separated into the following distinct stages.
1. Preheat of sheet or blank.
2. Transfer to the rapid-stamping press.
3. Stamping under pressure for a predetermined time.
4. Removal or ejection from the press.
In stage 1, the composite sheet or blank is heated in a radiant, dielectric, infrared, convection, or vacuum oven or combination of ovens or similar heating source to a temperature above the melting point but below the decomposition point of the thermoplastic resin component of the blank.
In stage 2, the hot blank is transferred to a mold placed in a stamping press, wherein the mold or set of dies can impart the desired configuration of the final product to the sheet or blank. The mold is maintained at a temperature between room temperature (23� C.) and approximately 160� C. or more, depending on the polymer constituent of the sheet and upon the desired stamping characteristics.
In stage 3, the press is rapidly closed for a period of time sufficient to cause the blank to conform to the exact shape of the mold and to cool and/or crystallize sufficiently to allow part removal without distortion.
In stage 4, the molded article is removed from the mold.
It will be recognized that stamping parameters such as pressure requirements, residence time in the mold, preheat temperature, mold temperature, etc., are dependent upon the sheet composition, thickness, part complexity, etc.
Glass mat reinforced sheets of this kind as provided heretofore also suffer from certain disadvantages. Specifically, the following deficiencies have been encountered in prior art compositions:
Surface Finish: Prior art compositions usually contain 30 to 50% by weight of glass mat. Such an amount is required in order to impart high mechanical strength properties, high modulus, and sheet integrity during the preheat and transfer stages of the rapid stamping cycle.
A substantial amount of glass mat is needed not only to yield good mechanical strength properties in the final stamped part, but also to retain sheet integrity during the preheat and transfer stages of the rapid stamping process. However, high concentration of glass mat of quantity needed to provide the necessary mechanical strength and to retain the integrity of the sheet when it is heated tends to produce a poor surface finish on the final stamped part. For application such as automotive exterior parts (fenders, hoods), appliance housings, furniture components, etc., a smooth, imperfection-free surface is mandatory.
Prior attempts to remedy this problem as set forth in above noted U.S. Pat. No. 3,684,645 and copending application Ser. No. 564,019, have led to sheet, which though apparently smooth, fails to pass the visual inspection tests to which finished painted parts are normally subjected in the automotive industry. One such test is to view the reflection of a fluorescent light in the painted part to determine if the surface is wavy, albeit smooth. If the surface is wavy, the part is rejected. Also, a poblem has been found with "show-through" of the long glass mat which is again a visual test applied to the painted part.
In accordance with the invention we have discovered certain novel sheet compositions and method of making such sheet compositions which are reinforced with glass fibers of at least two different forms. These sheets have the advantage of relative ease of fabrication, can be readily formed in a stamping process and yield products of superior surface quality and mechanical properties. In particular, the compositions of this invention yield products whose properties are uniform on a micro-scale because of improved dispersion of a major portion of the fibrous reinforcement phase. The compositions also possess more uniform properties in finished parts because of a decreased probability of glass fiber-resin separation or "bridging" across small holes, depressions, corners, radii, etc. The compositions herein described also possess a highly improved surface quality because of (a) the orientation of short fibers in the plane of the sheet, (b) the encasement of the glass mat in a thermoplastic resin matrix, and (c) the resultant reduced prominence of glass mat fiber strands at the surface of the sheet composition.
Specifically, the present invention contemplates a smooth surfaced thermoplastic composite laminated sheet being essentially free of surface waveyness and long glass show-through, comprising, in terms of percent by weight of each layer (a) at least one layer comprising from about 40 to 70%, preferably 45 to 65% of a synthetic thermoplastic polymer, about 0 to 50%, preferably 10 to 30% of a particulate filler, and 0 to 35%, preferably 5 to 25% short glass fibers arranged generally parallel to the plane of the sheet surface, (b) a reinforcing layer adjoining said one layer comprising 60 to 95%, preferably 60 to 85% of synthetic thermoplastic polymer, a long glass fiber mat having a weight ranging from 5 to 40%, preferably 15 to 40%, and particulate fillers ranging from 0 to 40%, said mat being substantially encased in a matrix of the thermoplastic polymer, said reinforcing layer being essentially free of short glass fibers.
Also, in accordance with this invention, a process is provided comprising the steps of (a) blending and extruding a first sheet layer comprising from about 40 to 70% of thermoplastic resin, about 0 to 50% of a particulate filler and 0 to 35% short glass fibers arranged in a plane generally parallel to the sheet surface, (b) polishing same in a polished and gauged roll stack, (c) blending and extruding a second sheet layer comprising from about 60 to 95% of synthetic thermoplastic resin and from 0 to 40% particulate filler, but being essentially free of glass fibers, (d) feeding said first sheet, said second sheet and a long fiber glass mat into the nip of a set of laminating rolls while the polymer of the second sheet is still in a molten condition, the clearance between the rolls being substantially less than the thickness of the sheets and glass mat being fed to the nip of said rolls, whereby the long glass mat is impregnated into said second sheet and said first and second sheets are laminated into a smooth multi-ply product.
FIG. 1 illustrates schematically a system for producing the composite sheets of this invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates a stamping press for sheets of this invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic cross section of a composite sheet of this invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates an alternate construction.
Referring to the drawings, a first extruder 11 receives a mixture of thermoplastic resin such as nylon, short glass and particulate filler and extrudes same through a die into a filled sheet 13 which is polished and gauged in a polishing stack 14. A similar thermoplastic sheet 15 is produced from extruder 16 through polishing stack 17. A third extruder 19 feeds a thermoplastic sheet 20 into laminating rolls 21 simultaneously with sheets 13 and 15, and long glass mat or mats 23 which are fed from roll or rolls 24. It is important that the sheet 20 be in a molten condition at the point where the sheets converge on the rolls 21 and that the sheets 13 and 15 be substantially below the melting point of the polymer so that the force of the rolls 21 forces the glass mat or mats 23 into the molten sheet 20 and not into sheets 13 or 15. In this manner, the long glass reinforcing mat becomes substantially encased in the sheet 20 and does not effect surface qualities of sheets 13 and 15 when they are laminated together. The sheet is subsequently cut with cutter mechanism 26 on conveyor 27 and fed to stacking table 28.
An important feature of this embodiment of the method is the processing conditions at the roll stack 21.
The clearance between rolls 21a and 21b is substantially less than the combined thickness of the four components 13, 15, 20 and 23. (Thickness of mat 23 is measured under little or no compression.) This is necessary to effect: an impregnation of mat 23 into sheet 20, and (b) lamination of the resulting product to sheets 13 and 15.
The temperature of the sheet 20 should be substantially above (at least 30� C. above) the thermoplastic melting point to provide adequate residual heat to allow for cooling of sheet 20 between the extruder die 30 and the roll stack 21 and allow the glass mat to be uniformly impregnated therein. Preferably, the sheet is 50� to 100� C. above the polymer melting point at the point of convergence between rolls 21(a) and 21(b). Heating the sheet to a higher temperature in the extruder may cause degradation of the polymer and results in excessive energy consumption. Lower temperatures result in inadequate impregnation of the mat 23 in sheet 20, including inadequate flow of the polymer into the interstices of the glass mat, inadequate bonding of sheets 13 and 15 to sheet 20, and inadequate binding of the fibers to the polymer resulting in poor physical properties in the final product.
For the same reasons, the pressure applied by rolls 21(a) and 21(b) should range from 150 to 400 pounds per linear inch to ensure adequate bonding of the layers and impregnation of the glass mat 23 into sheet 20. Higher pressures require much sturdier equipment. For example, rolls 21a and 21b would need larger diameter, heavier walls and bearings of greater load bearing capacity to prevent excessive deflection of rolls 21a and 21b. Excessive deflection of rolls 21a and 21b can result in non-uniform impregnation of glass mat 23 into sheet 20, non-uniform bonding of sheets 13 and 15 to sheet 20, non-uniform surface appearance, and non-uniform thickness of sheet 25.
Sheet 13 after leaving polishing stack 14 contacts roll 21d and then roll 21a. Sheet 15, after leaving polishing stack 17 contacts roll 21c and then roll 21b. Rolls 21c and 21d are maintained at a temperature close to but below the polymer melting point, preferably 5� to 40� C. below the polymer melting point. Rolls 21a and 21b are maintained at a temperature 10� to 70� C. below the polymer melting point. The temperatures of rolls 21a, 21b, 21c and 21d and infrared heaters 30a, 30b are adjusted so that the temperature of sheets 13 and 15 is high enough to achieve strong bonding of sheets 13 and 15 to sheet 20, but not so high as to result in sticking of sheet 13 to roll 21d or 21c or of sheet 15 to roll 21a or 21b or in degradation of the surface quality of sheet 25.
Cooling rolls, such as rolls 29a and 29b, can be used to quickly lower the temperature of laminate 25 sufficiently for easy cutting on cutter mechanism 26.
An alternate, less preferred embodiment, would have the glass mat 23 impregnated into sheet 20 in a separate operation with subsequent lamination to sheets 13 and 15 in a laminating process where the layers are bonded under heat and pressure or during the heating and stamping operation where different laminates could be assembled depending on the part to be produced. An example of the latter method is shown in FIG. 2. A sandwich built from layers 13, 15 and a sheet 20 impregnated with mat 23 is heated in oven 34. This heating step serves to condition the sheets for stamping in press 36 and also to effect a slight bond between the layer interfaces. The subsequent pressure in press 36 has the effect of simultaneously laminating the layers and forming the resulting composite into a part.
The composite sheet produced is illustrated in FIG. 3. It comprises: (a) one or more surface layers containing 45 to 65% polymer, 5 to 25% of well dispersed randomly oriented short glass fibers and 10 to 30% particulate filler, (b) a reinforcing layer consisting essentially of a 15 to 40% of long glass reinforcing mat encased in a thermoplastic polymer matrix such that there is essentially no migration of the long glass fibers to the surface layer 13 and no migration of the short glass fibers to the reinforcing layer 20.
The stampable composite sheet may have one or two defect-free surfaces as shown in the attached drawings. The short, well dispersed fibers 38 are randomly but predominantly two-dimensionally oriented in the plane of the sheets 10 and 12. That is, more than 50% of the fibers are aligned substantially parallel to the plane of the sheet. Such orientation of the short fibers is easily achieved in extrusion, rolling, drawing or similar orientation-inducing processes, and is preferably for purposes of this invention in achieving smooth surfaced sheets.
The thickness of the surface sheet blank should be at least 30 mils. A thinner surface sheet will permit the pattern of the reinforcing mat 23 of zone 2 to be visible on the surface of the composite sheet 25. The minimum thickness of sheet 20 is determined by the need to impregnate glass fiber mat 23 and is about 20 mils per ounce/square foot of glass fiber mat. If thickness of sheet 20 is less than about 20 mils for each ounce per square foot of glass fiber mat 23 then glass fiber mat 23 is likely to be non-uniformly impregnated into sheet 20 and composite sheet 25 is likely to have non-uniform properties.
The thermoplastic polymers which can be used in forming the sheet compositions which may be stamped into shaped objects in accordance with the methods of the present invention include the various thermoplastic materials normally used in injection molding, extrusion, vacuum forming, blow molding, fiber spinning, or similar thermoplastic processing techniques.
Suitable thermoplastic resinous materials which may be utilized in making the composite laminate of the invention include, for example, the alkenyl aromatic resins typified by polystyrene, styrene copolymers, blends and graft copolymers of styrene and rubber and the like. The invention may be practiced utilizing polyvinylchloride or vinylidene chloride copolymers (sarans).
Particularly desirable thermoplastics in such compositions are the polyamides, that is, polymers having regularly recurring amide groups as an integral part of the main chain. Polyamides such as nylon 6,6 (a condensation product of hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid) and nylon 6 (the polymerization product of e-aminocaproic acid or e-caprolactam) are examples of two polyamides or nylons.
Polyolefins may also be employed, including polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethylpentene and copolymers thereof.
Additional polymers which can be utilized include polyurethane resins, polysulfone resins, polycarbonate resins and linear polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate; cellulose ester resins such as cellulose acetate, and cellulose propionate; halogenated olefins and polyacetal resins.
Also included in the term "polymer" are blends or copolymers of two or more polymeric materials. Illustrative of such polymers are polyethylene/polypropylene, ethylene-acrylic acid-vinylacetate terpolymers and the like.
The glass fiber used in making the fiber mat is preferably used in the form of glass fibers or strands or bundles which are at least about 11/2 inch to continuous in length. The glass may be used in the form of filament, strand, thread, yarn, roving, non-woven, scrim, and the like. The strands or fiber comprising the reinforcing mat are held together either by resinous adhesive binders (thermosetting or thermoplastic resins) or by "needling" or by the mechanical interaction of the randomly patterned web-like structure.
The individual glass strands in the mat are comprised of about 2 to 400, preferably 5 to 120, filaments per strand. Each filament is about 0.00030 to about 0.001 inch, preferably 0.00035 to 0.00085 inch in diameter. The glass mat comprising the reinforcing phase may have a weight of from 0.3 to 10 ounces per square foot.
Glass mat is readily distinguishable from other forms of fibrous reinforcement because of the random, web-like, or swirl arrangement of the fibers. Glass mat is also readily distinguishable from the short chopped fiber reinforcement which comprises a third discrete and critical aspect of the composite sheet.
The short glass fiber reinforcement of the third phase is at least about 0.01 inch in length in the final product. These short lengths of fibrous reinforcement are obtained because of the characteristics of the processing apparatus used to compound or blend this reinforcement with the thermoplastic resin. For example, if fibers 1/8 inch or longer are placed in the feed hopper of a single screw extruder along with the resin, the fibers will ordinarily be broken down into lengths shorter than the original 1/8 inch starting length because of abrasion, shear, turbulence, and mechanical work performed upon the fibers. Longer lengths (e.g., means lengths longer than 0.010 inch in a major portion of the short fiber reinforcement) may be retained by minimizing the amount of shear or mechanical breakdown of fiber length, with some sacrifice in homogeneity or prolonged processing times although lengths greater than 3/4 inch are not desirable for the object of this invention since they must flow into ribs, etc. Another processing machine which may be used to blend and/or manufacture the short fiber filled resinous sheet is a twin screw extruder. In this case, the filamentary reinforcing material may be added to the nip of agitating heat plastified polymer between the screws through a feed port such as a volatile (vent) port. In the latter case, the filamentary reinforcing material may be fed to the twin screw extruder in the form of yarn or roving, and the short fiber lengths would be obtained by the mechanical breakup performed by the mixing action of the screws.
Glass fibers as normally used for reinforcement of thermoplastics may be treated or coated with a sizing composition. Standard sizing agents usually consist of several components, each of which possesses a distinct function. For example, a binder or film former gives the glass fiber strand integrity for workability and prevents fuzzing and aids in distribution of the sizing agent; a lubricant prevents destruction of the strand by abrasion of the individual filaments against each other and against fiber handling equipment; a coupling agent assists in obtaining greater abrasion between the glass fibers and the polymeric resin yielding improved strength characteristics; an emulsifying or dispersing agent allows sufficient dissolution of the various ingredients in the required carrying agent (frequently water) and improves compatibility between the various ingredients. In addition, pH adjusters, antistatic agents, wetting agents and surfactants are also often added to sizing formulations. Ordinarily, organosilicon compounds may suitably be employed as coupling agents. For example, halogenated or non-halogenated vinyl and alkyl containing, alkylalkoxy, alkenyl, aminoalkyl, aminoalkoxy, acyloxy, alkenyl acyloxy and similar silanes, their hydrolysis products and polymers of the hydrolysis products are suitable for such use. Formulations of this kind and methods of use are known to those skilled in the art.
The fourth constituent of the improved thermoplastic sheet material herein described in particulate filler. Such fillers may be selected from a wide variety of minerals, metals, metal oxides, siliceous materials, metal salts, and mixtures thereof. These fillers may optionally be treated with various coupling agents or adhesion promoters, as is known to those skilled in the art. Advantageous physical propeties are achieved if the filler material has a Young's modulus of 107 psi or greater and at least a Young's modulus twice as great as that of the polyamide. Examples of fillers included in these categories are alumina, aluminum hydrates, feldspar, asbestos, talc, calcium carbonates, clay, carbon black, quatz, novaculite and other forms of silica, kaolinite, bentonite, garnet, mica, saponite, beidellite, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, etc. The foregoing recited fillers are illustrative only and are not meant to limit the scope of fillers that can be utilized in this invention. Adhesion promoting agents or coupling agents may, of course, also be utilized on the particulate filler phase.
The particulate filler may be added to the molten thermoplastic resin before, during, or after the addition of the short glass fibers to the resin. Thus, for example, filler and resin pellets may be fed to the feed hopper of a single screw extruder; the mixture is blended and conveyed towards the die. Short glass fibers can be added to the molten mixture at a vent hole or other such opening downstream of the feed hopper, and the mixture then extruded into pellets, or preferably, directly into sheet of the appropriate thickness for lamination with the glass mat reinforcement. In the extrusion process, the short fibers will emerge oriented randomly in the plane of the extruded sheet.
Other minor additives which may be of value in sheet formulations include antistatic agents, plasticizers, lubricants, heat and light stabilizers, or other similar processing aids and adjuvants.
Each of these four primary constituents performs a specific functin within the composite material. The thermoplastic resin is, of course, the matrix which binds the other constituents together. As the matrix, the resin influences the mechanical and physical properties of the composite sheet. If a stamped product having an extremely high thermal resistance is required, for example, a nylon or linear polyester would be utilized as the matrix rather than polyethylene or polypropylene. If an extremely high impact resistance was required, for example, an impact resistant styrene copolymer or polycarbonate may be used rather than polystyrene or a more brittle linear polyester.
While composites without filler may be formed, the most desirable sheets include filler.
The functions of the particulate filler are: (1) to increase the modulus and stiffness of the composite sheet and (2) to provide a more economical composition.
The functions of the short fiber reinforcement are: (1) to increase the sheet stiffness and mechanical strength (2) to increase the resin-phase melt viscosity and (3) to compensate for the low content of the relatively long glass mat reinforcement (4) to allow flow of a reinforced plastic mixture into small holes, bosses, ribs, apertures, etc., during stamping and (5) to yield an improved surface in which most short dispersed fibers are oriented and lie in the plane of the sheet. The enhanced flow into small openings, bosses, ribs, etc., avoids fiber-resin separation, property non-uniformity due to bridging, and improved formability of complex stamped parts. In addition to the ability to form relatively narrow reinforced ribs, bosses, or similar sections, because of flow or short fibers into such sections, the high melt viscosity of the resin-filler-short fiber mixture aids in promoting uniformity of properties. Furthermore, because of the generally enhanced moldability of the present compositions, longer, thinner and more complex configurations or parts can be molded than heretofore known.
The short fibers oriented parallel to the plane of the sheet (in distinction to perpendicular to the plane of the sheet) result in a smooth surface free of glass mat and projecting fiber ends.
The present invention is more particularly described in the following examples which are intended as illustrative only since numerous modifications and variations therein will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Shaping of the sheet was accomplished in a deep drawing press which has a polished steel die-set to produce 5-inch diameter cylindrical cups. The temperature of the polished steel die set was adjusted by means of electric heaters, and was maintained at approximately 140� C. The steel molds used were highly polished and chrome-plated (mirror finished).
The preheated sheet was transferred to the stamping press, and stamped at a pressure of 800 psi maintained for 10 seconds. The stamped part was cooled to room temperature, maintained at room temperature for 24 hours, and the flat bottom of the cup was then cut out for surface roughness testing.
Nylon 6 resin is blended with 25% short glass fibers and 15% kaolin in extruder 11 and extruded into sheet 13. A sheet 15 of similar composition is extruded by extruder 16. Both are brought together with glass mat 23 and molten sheet 20 at the nip of laminating rolls 21a, 21b. The mat 23 is impregnated into sheet 20 to form a middle reinforcing sheet comprising 75% nylon and 25% glass mat. The resulting sandwich is laminated and finished in the nip of rolls 21a, 21b and on rolls 29a, 29b. The resulting sheet is cut into discrete blanks and stored.
Patent Citations
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Giant Amazon fish becoming extinct in many fishing communities, saved in others
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- Easter Brunch Round Up [Food & Dining]
- Start Planning for Thunder Over Louisville 2015


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Crewe will be responsible for technology development and new product development, and will manage the engineering research and development teams globally.
Novelis today announced a number of management appointments designed to strengthen its customer focus on the beverage can and specialty products end markets.
Daenzer will lead the entire steel division of Greer Industries, including sales, marketing, operations, information technology and manufacturing.
"Women in Titanium", a new committee administered by the International Titanium Association (ITA), held its first meeting on Feb. 27, and officially approved the group's charter and laid out an initial slate of near-term goals.
The Supply & Demand Chain Executive Pros to Know recognizes an elite group of professionals who exemplify the talent, knowledge, skills and efforts necessary for supply chain excellence.
Mr. Drummond will lead Alcoa's Latin America region, supporting the Company's transformation strategy through which Alcoa is growing its value-add businesses and creating a globally competitive commodity business.
Traffichini is responsible for developing new business opportunities throughout North America, and for helping established customers maintain their gauges in top working condition.
United States Steel Corp. Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer David Burritt today announced the promotion of Colleen M. Darragh to the position of vice president and controller, effective immediately.
Main Tape is pleased to announce that Sharon Hart has joined the company as an Inside Sales Specialist with the goal of helping Main Tape achieve its mantra of "Confidence on Contact".
After 37 years at Motion Industries, Chairman Bill Stevens announced his plans to retire effective March 1, 2015.
Specialty Pipe & Tube Inc. today announced the hiring of Ron Lenhart as director of business development.
The Board of Directors for Jorgenson Industrial Companies announced today that Jared Peterson has been appointed President of their JMT USA division following Kyle Jorgenson's resignation two weeks ago.
O'Neal Industries has hired Kevin Ray as director of information technology.
The board of directors of TimkenSteel elected two new independent directors: Randall Edwards, president and chief operating officer of Premier Pipe LLC, and Ronald Rice, president and chief operating officer of RPM International Inc.
Alcoa today announced that its Board of Directors has elected L. Rafael Reif a director of the Company effective March 2, 2015.
O'Neal Industries has appointed Norm Browning as Vice President of Business Development and Tate Forrester as Director of Corporate Development.
Everett Industries, Inc. announces Trex Lusk as a new sales representative in their Southern Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri and Nebraska sales territories.
Noe, who will be relocating to the Jacksonville, Florida, plant from Caldwell headquarters in Rockford, Illinois, will be responsible for overseeing North American sales of the Renfroe brand.
Gerdau is pleased to welcome John Coll as the new vice president of sales and marketing for Gerdau's North American long steel business division.
Direct Metals, an international steel service center, announces the hiring of inside sales rep Ryan Garner.
Venus Wires Industries, a manufacturer of stainless steel products for markets worldwide, has named Keith Shedd as Vice President of Sales and Marketing, Venus Stainless North America.
Bill Barker concluded 27 years in the metal market working for Petersen Aluminum Corp.
The Jor-Mac Company is pleased to announce the appointment of Jon Hintz, as Director of Business Development.
Prior to accepting a position at MultiCam, David Scheffrahn was the National Account Sales Manager for Rethink Robotics, Inc.
Alloy Bar Products
Laser Technology
Sawing Technology
|Sierra Alloys
|Amada America, Inc.
|Parker Steel Co.
Capabilities Guide
Machining Centers
Service Centers
|Specialty Steel Company
|Copper and Brass Servicenter Association
|Handtmann CNC
|Reliance Steel & Aluminum Company
|Summit Steel Corporation
Coil Processing
Material Handling
|United Performance Metals
|Braner USA
|The Caldwell Group, Inc.
|TSI Titanium
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|Combilift USA
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Tube & Pipe
|Red Bud Industries
Perforated & Expanded Metal
SStainless, nickel, aluminum, pipe, tube & bar
|Independence Tube Corp.
Large Diameter Heavy Wall Steel Pipe & Tube
|McNichols Co.
|Prudential Stainless & Alloys, L.P.
|Specialty Pipe & Tube
|Flow International
|Churchill Steel Plate Ltd
|Koike Aronson, Inc.
|Mitsubishi Laser-MC Machinery Systems, Inc.


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Grey's Anatomy Season 9 Episode 14, "The Face of Change," places former friends-with-benefits couple Jackson Avery and April Kepner in a competition to be the face of Seattle Grace Mercy West.
Avery and Kepner are now moving on, but could this rivalry bring them closer again? Meanwhile, series creator Shonda Rhimes has spoken about the finale episode, saying it will not necessarily be about a catastrophe.
RELATED | Grey's Anatomy Season 9 Episode 13, 'Bad Blood' in Mer's Pregnancy? Couples' New Chapters [PHOTOS]
The Grey's episode this week has the following synopsis from TV.com:
"Competition heats up as several of the doctors fight to become the new face of Seattle Grace; April brings in an emergency case, and Jackson and Alex work with a transgender teen couple. Meanwhile, the hospital implements new policies which test the patience of the staff."
Shonda Rhimes: 'I would not consider it to be a catastrophe'
Grey's Season 9 finale is still a good three months away, but Shonda Rhimes does not shy away from talking about it this early.
"I have a general idea of what the finale is going to be, but it's been evolving as the season progresses," Rhimes told TVLine's Michael Ausiello. "At this moment in time, I would not consider it to be a catastrophe."
Rhimes' statement comes as both intriguing and alarming. It hints something seemingly bad is about to happen, but it will be dialed down by some silver lining. Last season's finale was a clear-cut catastrophe. It brought the end of Lexis Grey's life on the series. What has been "evolving" since Season 9 premiered?
Seattle Grace Mercy West, For Sale?
In last week's episode, it was established that Dr. Cahill has been "staging" the hospital, "like a house," as Derek said. Apparently, Derek's budget management strategy will not be enough to keep the hospital from shutting down. And Dr Cahill has a buyer. Does this plane crash aftermath play out up to the finale?
'Fifty Shades' Movie: Chace Crawford as Christian Grey? [PHOTOS]
American Idol 2013 Hollywood Top 40 Leaked (SPOILERS): Did your early favorites make it?


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Celebrity Central / Top 25 Celebs
Denzel Washington
Published: Wednesday November 12, 2014 06:00 AM EST
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Is there an easy way to determine to which RAC node of an Oracle 11g R2 system I am connected? I am trying to perform some failover tests and I want to make sure my application is correctly connected to one note and upon the server shutdown of that node makes the transition smoothly to another node without any noticable delay on the frontend. May it is worth mentioning that we make use of TAF.
I considered using Enterprise Manager for this, but I guess that when I am connected to one node running em and this node goes down I will not really have a chance to monitor the nodes connectivity status.


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Miami Heat NBA Hardwood Classics Flyera 9FIFTY Strapback Cap
Made of 70% Cotton, Woven, 30% Polyester, Woven
This 9FIFTY® Strapback cap features an embroidered Miami Heat logo at front, a stitched New Era® flag at wearer's left side, and a strapback closure for an adjustable fit. Matching graphics on strap and top of visor. Interior includes branded taping and a moisture absorbing sweatband.
- 20514126
- Color:
- Black/Assorted
- Availability:
- In Stock - Ships 1 business day
International shipping available to Canada - info


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Hettingers say vows in June ceremony
Kari Michel and Jared Hettinger were married on Friday, June 15, 2012, at St. Mary Catholic Church, Dell Rapids, with the Rev. Gregory Tschakert officiating.
Parents of the couple are Robert and Tammy Michel, Dell Rapids; and Clyde and Cheryl Dethlefsen, Stickney, and the late Phil Hettinger.
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I'm not saying Mack isn't a prospect; I am saying that this statement means almost nothing, unless you tell me you seen extensive tape of him besides last weekend's game (and one or two others).
I don't have a problem with the small school LBers. see London Fletcher for one. Maybe he'll be a target in rounds two - three (compensatory). I just don't see the Steelers risking a first on a small school guy. You know how tomlin likes his "level of competition" criteria for a draft pick.
Seem to recall the Steelers drafting one of the greatest LBs to ever play the game from a small school way back when in the 2nd round. The professionals had this to say about him: "too small to be a pro football linebacker". The guy went on to 9 straight Pro Bowls and the Hall of Fame.
1.22) Vic Beasley, OLB, Clemson
2.56) PJ Williams, CB, FSU
3.87) Ben Koyack, TE, ND
4.120) Kurtis Drummond, FS, MSU
5.152) David Johnson, RB, North Iowa
6.183) Sean Mannion, QB, Oregon St.
7.214) Lynden Trail, OLB, Norfolk St.
"Before you can win a game, you have to not lose it." -- Chuck Noll
Mack would not grade out higher than JJ
2015 Draft Trade 1/22 & 4/118 to Titans for 2/33 & 3/66
2/33)-Eli Harold-OLB-Virginia
2/56) Alex Carter-CB-Stanford
3/66) T.J. Yeldon-RB-Alabama
3/87) Josh Shaw-DB-USC
5/152) Geneo Grissom-OLB-Oklahoma
6/183) Titus Davis-WR-Central Mich
6c) Wes Saxton-TE-South Alabama
7/214) Julian Wilson-DB-Oklahoma


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Legends Whistler, Whistler
Legends Whistler is a ski-in/ski-out condo in Whistler offering easy access to Creekside Gondola, Alpha Lake Park, and Nita Lake. Also nearby are Whistler Blackcomb Ski Resort and Whistler Golf Club.
Property Features.
During the winter, enjoy onsite recreation like downhill skiing and snowboarding. After a day on the slopes, soothe your muscles in one of the 2 spa tubs or enjoy the use of a fitness center. Conveniences like ski storage and ski passes allow you to spend less time with logistics…more time on the slopes.
Complimentary wireless Internet access is available in public areas. Guest parking is available for a surcharge.
Rooms open to balconies. The 121 guestrooms at Legends Whistler include fireplaces and washers/dryers. Complimentary wireless high-speed Internet access is provided. Rooms are equipped with flat-screen TVs with cable channels and DVD players. Bathrooms offer shower/tub combinations, hair dryers, and complimentary toiletries. All units at this 3-star condo have kitchens with stovetops, microwaves, refrigerators, and dishwashers. Additional amenities include complimentary newspapers and coffee/tea makers. Housekeeping is offered daily.
Stayed one night - really liked it. Room was very spacious, well equipped and had…
For a three star hotel it was excellent, the staff could not be more helpful. When asked…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 020 3027 9803from £116
- Suite, 2 Bedrooms
- Suite, 3 Bedrooms
- Suite, 1 Bedroom
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 121 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 6 floors
- Check-in time starts at 4 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 25
Travelling with others
- Children (18 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets not allowed (service dogs only)
Extra people
- Rollaway beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Self parking *
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Three Star Whistler hotels
In the hotel
- Barbeque grills
- Outdoor pool
- Ski-in/ski-out access
- Ski storage
- Fitness facilities
- Number of spa tubs - 2
- Ski passes available
- Arcade/game room
- Billiards or pool table
- Conference space size (feet) - 23681
- Conference space size (meters) - 2200
- One meeting room
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Rooftop terrace
- Picnic area
- Fireplace in lobby
In the room
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Washer/dryer
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Sofa bed
- Sofa bed size queen
- Fireplace
- Balcony
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Flat-screen TV
- Cable TV channels
- DVD player
- Free newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Kitchen
- Stovetop
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Dishwasher
- Daily housekeeping
Top Whistler hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Whistler
- The Coast Blackcomb Suites at WhistlerFrom
- The Fairmont Chateau WhistlerFrom
"Excellent hotel good spa and pools easy to walk into town ten minutes"Sep 28, 2014
- Adara HotelFrom
"This hotel was the high light of our holiday. The room was outstanding and for the price paid exceptional. Can't recommend it enough"Aug 9, 2014
- Pemberton Valley LodgeFrom
"A very comfortable overnight stay for our family. Friendly staff. Essential provisions available to buy at reception."Aug 4, 2014
Nearby hotels
Special features
- Ski-in/ski-out access
- Ski passes available
- Ski storage
- Downhill skiing on site
- Snowboarding on site
- Snowmobiling nearby
On Site
- Fitness facilities
- Downhill skiing on site
- Snowboarding on site
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Mountain biking nearby
- Ski lessons available nearby
- Ski equipment rental shops nearby
- Cross-country skiing nearby
- Snowmobiling nearby
Legends Whistler, Whistler's small print
The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
Mandatory fees
Deposit: CAD 500 per stay
Optional extras
Self parking costs CAD 17 per night
Rollaway beds are available for CAD 10 per night
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Wednesday, 15 Feb 2012
Sony - Picture Quality & Price Matter Most to Consumers
Sony makes it known to UK's gadget news and reviews site, Pocket-Lint, that picture quality, price, and design, are amongst consumers' foremost concerns when it comes to snagging a modern HDTV.
New Lensbaby Lens Lets You Do Tilt-Shift Photography
Tilt-shift photography seems pretty interesting but many have not given it a go due to the rather high prices of the tilt-shift lenses, but now the concept of tilt-shift photography is within reach with Lensbaby's new Edge 80 Optic.
Iran Shutters the Internet, Tor Brings it Back
According to Google its search engine, YouTube and other services have been shutdown in Iran since the 10th of February 2012. A number of other sites have also been affected. But Tor is stepping in to help out Iranian nationals by granting access to basic internet functionality.
Image of Motorola's First Intel-Powered ICS Phone Leaked
Motorola is expected to unveil its first Intel-powered Android 4.0 handset at Mobile World Congress 2012. Besides running on Intel's Medfield processor, the biggest selling feature of the unnamed device is its camera, which is said to boast instant-on and 15-frame-per-second burst mode.
HP Introduces World's First 27-inch All-In-One Workstation
HP today unveiled the world's first all-in-one workstation with best-in-class graphics and processor. What's more, it's designed to allow users to easily upgrade its highly modular components without the need for any complex tools or procedure.
Tuesday, 14 Feb 2012
Google's Valentine's Day Gift
For all the romantics out there, Google remembers what 14th of February is all about and comes up with a timely reminder that it's not the presents, but the company that matters on Valentine's Day.
LG Optimus 3D 2 Leaked Before MWC Debut
Images and specs for the upcoming LG Optimus 3D 2 have been published online before its debut at MWC, BGR reports.
Google-Motorola Deal Gets Go Ahead From U.S. and EU
U.S. and Europeans regulators have finally approved Google Inc's massive US$12.5 billion buyout of Motorola Mobility Holdings Inc, Reuters reports.
HP's Latest Thin Clients to be Powered by AMD and VIA
HP just announced three of their latest thin clients that promises to deliver better computing and graphics performance. Two will be based on AMD's Fusion processor and another based on VIA's Eden dual-core CPU.
Firefox for Windows 8 Goes Metro
Seeing that Microsoft will be introducing their new interface for Windows 8, Mozilla has come out to state they will be building a completely different version of Firefox to suit Metro.


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Purported Vallejo kidnappers demand apology from police
Apartment hunters: MLB pitcher, girlfriend told their dog...
Missing Cal soccer player struck, killed on L.A. freeway
Paralysis cluster cases linked to polio-like virus
The last Chevys in San Francisco has shuttered
Posts filtered on Category
The Day After: What's helpful after the storm
The day after Emmeline was born, my mother-in-law came over and spent the entire day in our kitchen, making a lasagna, a bowl of chili, three kinds of ready-to-heat pastas and then she cleaned up the …
Dueling with doulas: the good, the bad and the ohm
Every once in a while someone will ask me, "Should I have a doula for my birth?" Now, I'm very attached to my story of my ohming doula and the threatening gestures I made in her general direction, so …
Weird pregnancy dreams
If I had to make one complaint about my wife — a very questionable move right now considering she's nearing the end of the third trimester — I'd have to say it's the sleepwalking thing. …
The other sex talk: explaining birth to kids
This really ought to be Peter's post, since he's expecting and all, but I've been thinking about the ways we explain the birth process to kids. I'm not pregnant (hooray!) and god and IUD willing, have …
Introducing the baby to the cat
So now that we are expecting a new addition to the family, we are not sure how he is going to handle it. Ours is a feisty, spoiled and attention-loving cat. He likes it quiet — when guests come over, …
The joy of pregnancy sex
It came to my attention that there was a real desire to see posts on pregnancy sex, and I'm more than happy to put out. Now, if there's one thing I know about pregnancy, it's that it varies for …
Giving birth on leap day
I wrote a leap day column in the Chronicle, interviewing a few pregnant women who were hoping to give birth today. I haven't heard back from any of them yet, but requested that they send updates in …
Orgasmic childbirth (yes, you read that right)
Even as someone who had a less-than-pleasant birth experience I totally enjoyed the recent post on nice birth experiences, because we hear so much about the agony part. (Me? Twelve hours of back labor …
Leap year babies
I've always found leap year fascinating. Every couple of years I'll run into someone who was born on leap year (the next one is this Friday) and subject them to 30 or 40 questions. Mostly, I think it …
Tales of not-so-horrible labor
Based on some of the comments lately, it seems as if half of The Poop readership is either pregnant, or thinking about having children. Since we're still on a Sunshine and Rainbows high, I thought we …


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Linux Desktop Email Key to Success 478
from the now-wait-a-minute dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
What the hell do any of those things have to do with email?!
The fact that the ZDNet guys are to journalism what China is to freedom, and couldn't understand the difference between an Email client (Thunderbird, Mutt, Pine, Outlook Express) and a Groupware application/client (Outlook) to save their lives.
That's a grand idea. wait, lets make it even better! I'll write down what times I'm available, put it in a small paper sleeve, write your name on it and wait for someone to come pick it up from me, and bring it to you! You can check off what times you have available, slip it in another sleeve, write my name on it, and send it back! Cool, huh?
Getting users laid [jwz.org]
The use of money is all the advantage there is to having money. -- B. Franklin


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Shop for the New York Mets 109 Sleep Soft Socks from Lids.com and support the New York Mets & MLB in style withLids.com Novelties! Keep your feet warm with the For Bare Feet Sleep Soft Socks. These fuzzy socks are perfect for bed time and feature a team color design and a team logo to show off your spirit at all times. Fits women's shoe size 6-11.
- Style: 20313754
- Color: White/Blue
- Made of 100% Cotton, Knit
- Apparel & Accessories
Reviewed by 2 customers
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Comments about Duke Blue Devils 109 Sleep Soft Socks:
My wife love them.
- Sizing:
- Feels true to size
- Was this a gift?:
- Yes
- Comfortable
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Best Uses
- Lounging Around
- Sleepwear
Comments about For Bare Feet Duke Blue Devils 109 Sleep Soft Socks:
These are awesome for wearing around the house.
- Sizing:
- Feels true to size
- Was this a gift?:
- Yes
New York Mets For Bare Feet "109 Sleep Soft Socks"
Made of 100% Cotton, Knit — White/Blue
$9.90 Club Members Save 10%
no sizes available


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Supporting sustainable food, power, and water for over 100 years
In 1908, a hydroelectric plant was built on the north end of Potter Valley, replacing a coal-fired plant to power the city of Ukiah. Today, roughly 3% of the Eel River watershed is diverted to the Russian River to run the turbines.
Potter Valley Irrigation District provides agricultural water for Potter Valley, in Mendocino County, California, using a portion of the water diverted through the power plant. Potter Valley's family farms produce wine grapes, pears, grass-fed cattle, sheep and other agricultural products valued at over $34 million.
Potter Valley Irrigation District
Dear Potter Valley,
Looks like we might actually have a winter this year! Potter Valley has received 20.28 inches of rain as of 12-18-14 and Lake Pillsbury is as full as it can be with the top gates open on Scott Dam. The top gates are historically closed on the first of April each year. These gates can be closed early in March if we don't receive sufficient snow pack on Hull Mountain. The State Bureau of Safety of Dams, along with projected long range weather forecasting from NOAA, will make that determination. It is this snow pack that helps to keep the lake levels higher going into the summer and insure extra water is available to increase flows to improve fisheries habitat in the Eel River. Let's hope winter puts down the snow we need to bring the PV Project flows for the East Branch Russian River back to normal in 2015.
The PG&E Potter Valley Project is currently shut down for a major valve replacement project between the large wooden pipeline and the two steel penstocks that deliver water to the generators. They are still bypassing the required minimums to the East Branch Russian River during this construction. The construction is scheduled to be complete prior to March 15, 2015. Unfortunately, this year, with Lake Pillsbury storage level being above the target storage curve due to the early rainfall, the PV Project could be diverting up to their maximum rate of 270 CFS for power generation. We must remember though, maintaining the infrastructure of the Potter Valley Project will help insure the continued flow of water for the many beneficial uses for over 500,000 people and the environment from Potter Valley to Marin County.
Potter Valley Irrigation District will move into the 2015 water season with a new water purchase contract with PG&E. This contract is designed to take us through and beyond the current FERC License date of 2022. PVID Board will be discussing the new customer water rate schedule in the near future.
This is all I have for now. Be safe, be kind, and listen to one another.
Steve Elliott
The Eel River Cleanup attracted 81 volunteers and removed trash and debris from 12 miles of river. Pictures and commentary here. (4 MB PDF)
The cleanup was sponsored by the Potter Valley Indian Tribe, Mendocino Solid Waste Management Authority, Solid Wastes of Willits, and Mendocino County 4-H.
Original flyer.
Check out our new interactive map of the Eel River watershed. It includes major and minor watershed boundaries, USGS stream gauges, popups with pictures and data at points of interest, and major peaks overlaid on a satellite image.The PVID Documents & Data page collects scientific papers, government reports, regulatory documents, and other relevant data and information for the Eel River and Russian River systems. In some cases, we have scanned or acquired papers that were not previously available in electronic format to make them available here, such as Kubicek, P.F. 1977., which is a key study of Eel River summer temperatures.
Potter Valley Project 2012 Block Water Releases & Guidelines (12 MB PDF) is from a July 30, 2012 presentation to the Eel-Russian River Commission Meeting by Dick Butler and Jeffery Jahn of NMFS. This is an excellent discussion of the use of Lake Pillsbury block water and considerations used to determine whether proposed water releases are appropriate and beneficial to fish.
Potter Valley Project Block Water Request 2014 - NMFS/CDFW press release discussing their 2014 block water request of 2,085 acre-feet for the purpose of lowering and monitoring the water temperature from Lake Pillsbury to Outlet Creek to protect juvenile steelhead from August 15 through October 11. The release will be closely monitored to determine its effectiveness and also to inform future models of the system.
C. Hypotheses and Effectiveness Monitoring
This blockwater release will test the following hypotheses:
- Increased releases from Lake Pillsbury through the Scott Dam needle valve will increase the extent of the optimal coldwater rearing zone (≤ 20°C) between Scott and Cape Horn dams.
- Increased releases from Lake Pillsbury through the Scott Dam needle valve will decrease water temperature and increase habitat availability (using flow as indicator) downstream of Cape Horn Dam to Tomki Creek.
- Sufficient reservoir storage will sustain a coldwater pool that effectively maintains favorable steelhead temperature-dependent interaction conditions between Scott and Cape Horn dams.
The following data will be gathered to test these hypotheses:
- Water temperature will continue to be monitored by PG&E at their Selected Temperature Monitoring Sites, as described in the Mainstem Water Temperature Monitoring Plan (2005).
- Water temperature will continue to be monitored by CDFW within the Cape Horn Dam fishway.
- NMFS and CDFW will provide a summary of the monitoring results in spring 2015.
The latest Russian River frost water regulation decision (2.7 MB PDF) was reached on 9/26/12. The State Water Resources Control Board's Section 862 frost water regulation on the Russian River was judged an improper exercise of the Board's authority. The Findings of Fact contains a substantial narrative discussing frost protection in the Russian River watershed and the use of water for this purpose. While these frost water regulations excluded Potter Valley, it is worth reading the narrative to get a better understanding of water issues on the Russian River system.
We've created a new interactive graph of Van Arsdale Fish Counts showing all historical data from VAFS starting in 1933. You can also download the raw data in CSV form, if you wish. The graph makes it easy to compare the counts of the different species and to see how counts have changed over the years.


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Mercedes-Benz Quality Since its inception, Mercedes-Benz had a reputation for quality and durability. Objective measures looking at passenger vehicles such as J.D. Power surveys demonstrated a downturn in reputation in this area in the late 1990s and early 2000s. By mid-2005, Mercedes temporarily returned to the industry average for initial quality, a measure of problems after the first 90 days of ownership, according to J.D. Power.[2] In J.D. Power's Initial Quality Study for the first quarter of 2007, Mercedes showed dramatic improvement by climbing from 25th to 5th place, surpassing quality leader Toyota and earning several awards for its models.[3] For 2008, Mercedes-Benz's initial quality rating improved by yet another mark, now in fourth place.[4] On top of this accolade, it also received the Platinum Plant Quality Award for its Mercedes' Sindelfingen, Germany assembly plant.[4] As of 2009, Consumer Reports of the United States has changed their reliability ratings for several Mercedes-Benz vehicles to "average," and recommending the E-Class and the S-Class.[5] Type Founded Founder(s) Headquarters Key people Industry Products Division of Daimler AG 1881 Gottlieb Daimler, Karl Benz Stuttgart, Germany Dieter Zetsche, CEO Automotive industry Automobiles Trucks Buses Engines Daimler AG Mercedes-Benz.com Parent Website Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks. It is currently a division of the parent company, Daimler AG (formerly DaimlerChrysler AG), after previously being owned by DaimlerBenz. Mercedes-Benz has its origins in Karl Benz's creation of the first automobile in January 1886,[1] and by Gottlieb Daimler and engineer Wilhelm Maybach's conversion of a carriage by the addition of a petrol engine the same year. The Mercedes automobile was first marketed in 1901 by Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft. The first Mercedes-Benz brand name vehicles were produced in 1926, following the merger of Karl Benz's and Gottlieb Daimler's companies into the Daimler-Benz company.[1] Mercedes-Benz has introduced many technological and safety innovations that have become common in other vehicles several years later. Motorsport Main Article Mercedes-Benz in motorsport. A DMG Mercedes Simplex 1906 in the Deutsches Museum The two companies which were merged to form the Mercedes-Benz brand in 1926 had both already enjoyed success in the new 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mercedes-Benz racing, and the Mercedes-Benz CLK GTR, both of which took the company to new heights by dominating the FIA's GT1 class.Toyota was the most rugged car in history after BMW followed by VW(Volks Wagen, Mercedes Benz Mitsubishi, Ford, as at 2007. Mercedes-Benz is currently active in three forms of motorsport, Formula Three, DTM and Formula One. In Formula One, the company part owns Team McLaren and has supplied the team with engines engineered by Ilmor[6] since 1995. This partnership has brought success, including Drivers Championships for Mika Häkkinen in 1998 and 1999 and for Lewis Hamilton in 2008, as well as a Constructors Championship in 1998. The collaboration with McLaren has been extended into the production of roadgoing cars such as the Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren. 1957 Mercedes-Benz 300Sc Cabriolet Business alliances (Studebaker-Packard Corporation) 1959 Mercedes-Benz W120 Model 180 sport of motor racing throughout their separate histories- both had entries in the very first automobile race Paris to Rouen 1894. This has continued, and throughout its long history, the company has been involved in a range of motorsport activities, including sports car racing and rallying. On several occasions Mercedes-Benz has withdrawn completely from motorsport for a significant period, notably in the late 1930s and after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, where a Mercedes-Benz 300SLR collided with another car and killed more than eighty spectators. Although there was some activity in the intervening years, it was not until 1987 that Mercedes-Benz returned to front line competition, returning to Le Mans, DTM, and F-1 sports car racing with Sauber. The 1990s saw Mercedes-Benz purchase engine builder Ilmor (now Mercedes-Benz High Performance Engines), and campaign IndyCars under the USAC/CART rules, eventually winning the 1994 Indianapolis 500 and 1994 CART IndyCar World Series Championship with Al Unser, Jr. at the wheel. The 90s also saw the return of Mercedes-Benz to GT In 1958 Mercedes-Benz entered into a distribution agreement with the Studebaker-Packard Corporation of South Bend, Indiana (USA), makers of Studebaker and Packard brand automobiles. Under the deal, Studebaker would allow Mercedes-Benz access to their U.S. dealer network, handle shipments of vehicles to those dealers, and in return receive compensation for each car sold. Studebaker also was permitted to use the German automaker's name in its advertisements, which stressed Studebaker's quality over quantity. When Studebaker entered into informal discussions with Franco-American automaker Facel Vega about offering their Facel Vega Excellence model in the United States, Mercedes-Benz objected to the proposal. Studebaker, which needed Mercedes-Benz distribution payments to help stem heavy losses, dropped further action on the plan. Mercedes-Benz maintained an office within the Studebaker works in South Bend from 1958 to 1963 when Studebaker's U.S. operations ceased. Many U.S Studebaker dealers converted to Mercedes-Benz dealerships at that time. When Studebaker closed its Canadian operation and left the automobile business in 1966, remaining Studebaker dealers 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia had the option to convert their dealerships to Mercedes-Benz dealership agreements. Mercedes-Benz Production Besides its native Germany, Mercedes-Benz vehicles are also manufactured or assembled in: • Argentina[7] (buses, trucks and the Sprinter van. The first factory of Mercedes-Benz outside of Germany) • Austria (G-Class)[8] • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Brazil[9] (buses, trucks, C-class passenger cars (export only), established in 1956) • Canada • China • Egypt[10] • Ghana (buses, trucks, taxis) • Hungary (construction of a new plant in the country announced on June 18, 2008, for the next generation A- and BClass)[11][12] • India[13] • Indonesia[14] • Iran • Malaysia[15] • Mexico • Nigeria[16] (buses, trucks, utility motors and the van Sprinter) • South Africa[17] • South Korea (Mercedes-branded Musso and MB100 models manufactured by SsangYong Motor Company) • Thailand[18] • Turkey[19] • United Kingdom (The SLR sports car is built at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking). • USA Pope Benedict XVI in a Mercedes-Benz Popemobile in São Paulo, Brazil • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • A-Class Hatchback B-Class Sports Tourer/Hatchback C-Class Sedan, Sports Coupe & Wagon CL-Class Coupe CLK-Class Coupe & Cabriolet CLS-Class "4-door Coupe" CLC-Class luxury compact car E-Class Sedan & Wagon G-Class Cross-country vehicle GL-Class SUV GLK-Class SUV M-Class SUV R-Class Sports Tourer S-Class Sedan SL-Class Roadster SLK-Class Roadster SLR-McLaren High Performance Coupe & Roadster Significant car models produced • 1928: SSK legendary racing car • 1930: 770 "Grosser Mercedes" state and ceremonial car • 1934: 500 K • 1936: 260 D World's first diesel production car • 1936: 170 • 1938: W195 Speed Record-breaker • 1951: Mercedes-Benz 300, knownly as "Adenauer Mercedes" • 1953: "Ponton" Models • 1954: 300SL "Gullwing" • 1959: "Fintail" Models • 1960: 220SE Cabriolet • 1963: 600 "Grand Mercedes" • 1963: 230SL "Pagoda" • 1965: Mercedes-Benz S-Class • 1966: 300SEL 6.3 • 1968: W114 "New generation" compact cars Models Mercedes-Benz range today Mercedes-Benz has a full range of passenger, light commercial and heavy commercial equipment. Production is on a global basis. The Smart brand of city cars has also been part of the Mercedes-Benz Group since 1994. Passenger cars See also: List of Mercedes-Benz cars The following passenger vehicles were in production in 2009: 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • • • • • • • • • • • • 1969: C111 experimental vehicle 1972: Mercedes-Benz W107 350SL 1974: 450SEL 6.9 1974: 240D 1976: 300D 1979: 500SEL and G-Class 1983: 190E 2.3-16 1986: First 'E-Class' 1991: 600SEL 1993: First 'C-Class' 1995: First 'Joint Mercedes-Benz & AMG' (C43 AMG) 1995: Mercedes-Benz SL73 AMG, 7.3L V12 (biggest engine ever put in a Mercedes-Benz) 1996: Mercedes-Benz Renntech E7.4RS 1997: Mercedes-Benz M-Class 1998: Mercedes-Benz CLK 2004: Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren 2004: Mercedes-Benz CLS 2007: E320, GL320 Bluetec, ML320 Bluetec, R320 Bluetec Mercedes-Benz has decided to cease production of the SLR in 2009.[20] The most recent new joint-venture model, expected to reach production, is the mid-engine P8 sports car. Based around a unique carbon fiber monocoque, manufactured by McLaren, the P8 was originally predicted to receive the new naturally aspirated 6.2L V8 from Mercedes-AMG, but insiders now say that the engine will be modified for the car and will probably be twin- turbocharged to produce in excess of 600 bhp (450 kW). The car is still in development, but likely to reach production to go on sale in early 2008, and have a price tag less than that of the SLR. • • • • • • Car nomenclature In 1994 (starting with the 1994 models), the traditional nomenclature of Mercedes-Benz vehicles changed. Since the early days of the company the name would be in the form of 500E where the engine displacement made up the first three numbers and the last letter(s) represented the type of engine and/or chassis; for example: "E" for fuel injection ("Einspritzung" in German), "D" for Diesel, "L" for long wheelbase etc. In 1994, this was altered so that the prefix reflected the model ("class", German "Klasse", in Mercedes-Benz terminology) and a number the displacement. The suffix was retained in some cases, for example "L" for long wheelbase, and "CDI" for Diesel (CDI = Common-rail Direct Injection). Thus, the 500E in the example above became the E500 ("E-Klasse", 5 liters displacement). It should also be noted that while in the past the model number generally accurately reflected the actual engine displacement, this is currently not always the case—for example the E200 CDI and E220 CDI actually both have a 2.2 liter/litre displacement, and the C240 actually has a 2.6 liter/litre engine. McLaren cars A silver SLR McLaren on display at the 2006 European Motor Show in Brussels. Mercedes-Benz has also produced a sports car with McLaren Cars, an extension of the collaboration by which Mercedes engines are used by the Team McLaren-Mercedes Formula One racing team, which is part owned by Mercedes. The 2003 Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren has a carbon fiber body with a 5.4l V8 supercharged engine. This is the same block as featured in SL55 AMG and the CLS55 AMG, though modified to give 460 kW (630 PS; 620 hp) and 780 N·m (575 ft·lb) of torque. The SLR has a maximum speed of 337 kilometres per hour (209 mph) and costs approximately US$500,000. Due to European pedestrian-protection regulations, McLaren Electric vehicles At the 2007 Frankfurt motor show, Mercedes-Benz showed seven hybrid models, including the F700 concept car which combined hybrid drive with the innovative DiesOtto engine.[21][22] In 2009, the S400 hybrid sedan is scheduled to go on sale.[23] On the other hand, Mercedes-Benz says it will have a demonstration fleet of practical, if small, electric vehicles on the road in two to three years, from 2008. [24] 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mercedes-Benz S 400 BlueHYBRID[25] will be launched in calendar 2009 and will be the first production automotive hybrid in the world to use a lithium ion battery.[26][27] Mercedes-Benz BlueZERO cars were introduced in the 2009 North American International Auto Show.[28][29] Mercedes-Benz • Mercedes-Benz F 600 HYGENIUS compact fuel cell car, unveiled in 2005 Tokyo Motor Show • Mercedes-Benz Bionic - Car unveiled in 2005 DaimlerChrysler Innovation Symposium in Washington, modeled after boxfish • Mercedes-Benz Ocean Drive - a 4-door convertible based on the S600 • Mercedes-Benz F700 - Large luxury saloon featuring the small capacity / high output DiesOtto engine, unveiled at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show. • Mercedes-Benz ConceptFASCINATION Shooting-brake giving a preview of the W212, unveiled at 2008 Paris Motor Show • Mercedes-Benz S 400 BlueHYBRID • Mercedes-Benz F-Cell Roadster Concept models Buses Mercedes-Benz also produces buses, mainly for Europe and Asia. The first factory to be built outside Germany after WWII was in Argentina. It originally built trucks, many of which where modified independently to buses, popularly named Colectivo. Today it builds buses, trucks and the Sprinter Van. Interior of the Ocean Drive Concept. • Mercedes-Benz C111 - sports car and test vehicle for different high performance engines (wankelengine and later diesel engines) • Mercedes-Benz Auto 2000 - 4-door sedan • Mercedes-Benz NAFA - microcar • Mercedes-Benz C112 - sports car and mule • Mercedes-Benz F 100 - car introduced in 1991 • Mercedes-Benz F 200 Imagination - 2-door coupe introduced in 1996 Paris Motor Show • Mercedes-Benz F 300 Life Jet - 3-wheel car/motorcycle unveiled in 1997 Frankfurt Motor Show • Vario Research Car - one car, four vehicles • Mercedes-Benz Vision SLR - Prototype of Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren, unveiled in 1999 North American International Auto Show • Mercedes-Benz Vision SLA - convertible with details of the SLR, but based on the A-Class platform, unveiled in 2000 North American International Auto Show • Mercedes-Benz F 400 Carving - A 2-seat roadster unveiled in 2002 Tokyo Motor Show • Mercedes Benz F 500 Mind - 4-door fastback sedan unveiled in 2003 Tokyo Motor Show Vans Mercedes-Benz Vario Mercedes-Benz produces a range of vans. The current (January 2009) range consists of: • Mercedes-Benz Vito — Light Van based on the Viano MPV with a payload of approx 1 tonne • Mercedes-Benz Sprinter — Mid-sized van with payloads of 2 to 6 tonne (produced as a Dodge in USA and Canada with the 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia name Freightliner Sprinter. A joint venture.) • Sprinter 414 416CDI ambulance • Sprinter 316CDI light ambulance • Mercedes-Benz Vario — Heavy van with similar load to a light truck (7.5 tonne) Previous models include: • Mercedes-Benz TN or T1 - Mid Sized van predecessor to the sprinter • Mercedes-Benz T2 - Heavy Van • All other previous models on the German wikipedia Mercedes-Benz increase performance and/or luxury to a given model. In house AMG is Mercedes-Benz's in-house performance-tuning division, specializing in high-performance versions of most Mercedes-Benz cars. AMG engines are all hand-built [33] and each completed engine receives a tag with the signature of the engineer who built it. AMG has been wholly owned by Mercedes-Benz since 1999.[34] Trucks Mercedes-Benz is one of the world's largest manufacturer of trucks. The current (January 2009) range consists of: • Mercedes-Benz Atego — Light truck from 7 to 16t • Mercedes-Benz Axor — Mid-sized truck from 18 to 26t in rigid and articulated • Mercedes-Benz Actros — Heavy duty rigid and premium articulated — 18 to 250t • Mercedes-Benz Econic — Low floor version of the Axor for refuse and specialist applications • Mercedes-Benz Unimog — For special purpose applications and transport across extreme terrain • Mercedes-Benz Zetros — off-road truck for extreme operations • 1828L (F581) Mobile Casualty Treatment Centre • 1517L Mobile Casualty Treatment Centre Old Mercedes-Benz_L-series_truck Aftermarket tuners There are numerous independent tuners: • Brabus • Carlsson • Kicherer • Kleemann • Lorinser • Renntech • MKB Noted employees (selection) • Béla Barényi - Car safety pioneer and original designer of the Volkswagen Beetle concept • Nicholas Dreystadt - Cadillac manager • Juan Manuel Fangio - Considered by many[35] the best F1 driver in history. • Wilhelm Maybach - Automotive pioneer • Ferdinand Piëch - Volkswagen and Porsche manager • Ferdinand Porsche - Founder of Porsche • Rudolf Uhlenhaut - Designer of the Mercedes-Benz 300SL Bicycles Mercedes-Benz Accessories GmbH introduced 3 new bicycles in 2005, named Automatic Bike, Fitness Bike, Mountain Bike.[30] The bikes are sold in Australia,[31] Germany, and Russia.[32] List of bicycles: • Mercedes-Benz Automatic Bike • Mercedes-Benz Carbon Bike • Mercedes-Benz Fitness Bike • Mercedes-Benz Hybrid Bike • Mercedes-Benz Mountain Bike • Mercedes-Benz Street Bike Innovations Numerous technological innovations have been introduced on Mercedes-Benz automobiles throughout the many years of their production, including: • The first passenger road car to have brakes on all four wheels (1924) [36] • The "Safety cage" or "Safety cell" construction with front and rear crumple zones was first developed by MercedesBenz in 1951. This is considered by many as the most important innovation in automobile construction from a safety standpoint [37] Tuners Several companies have become car tuners (or modifiers) of Mercedes Benz, in order to 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • In 1959, Mercedes-Benz patented a device that prevents drive wheels from spinning by intervening at the engine, transmission, or brakes. In 1987, Mercedes-Benz applied its patent by introducing a Traction control system that worked under both braking and acceleration. • Anti-lock brakes (ABS), traction control and airbags in the European market, were Mercedes-Benz innovations. These technologies were introduced in 1978, 1986, and 1980 respectively. • Mercedes-Benz was the first to introduce pre-tensioners to seat belts on the 1981 SClass. In the event of a crash, a pretensioner will tighten the belt instantaneously, preventing the passenger from jerking forward in a crash. • In September 2003, Mercedes-Benz introduced the world's first 7-speed automatic transmission called '7G-Tronic'. • Stability control, brake assist,[38] and many other types of safety equipment were all developed, tested, and implemented into passenger cars—first—by Mercedes-Benz. MercedesBenz has not made a large fuss about its innovations and has even licensed them for use by competitors—in the name of improving automobile and passenger safety - In fact, crumple zones and antilock brakes are now used on all modern luxury vehicles. [37] Mercedes-Benz up to 525 bhp (391 kW), and although some models using this engine do have this output (such as the S63 and CL63 AMGs) specific output varies slightly across other models in the range.[39] The (W211) E320 CDI which has a (VTG) turbocharged, 3.0L V6 common rail diesel engine (producing 224-horsepower), set three world endurance records. It covered 100,000 miles (160,000 km) in a record time with an average speed of 224.823 km/h (140 mph). Three identical cars did the endurance run (one set above record) and the other two cars set world records for time taken to cover 100,000 km and 50,000 miles (80,000 km) respectively. After all three cars had completed the run their combined distance was 300,000 miles (480,000 km) (all records were FIA approved). [40] Mercedes-Benz pioneered a system called Pre-Safe to detect an imminent crash and prepares the car's safety systems to respond optimally. It also calculates the optimal braking force required to avoid an accident in emergency situations and makes it immediately available for when the driver depresses the brake pedal. Occupants are also prepared by tightening the seat belt, closing the sunroof and windows, and moving the seats into the optimal position. Mercedes Benz developed a fatiguedetection system, known as Attention Assist that warns the driver when they are displaying signs of micro-sleep (when the eyes stay closed for slightly longer than a natural blinking action). The system will use a variety of data including the individual driving style, the duration of the journey, the time of day and the current traffic situation. Fatigue mostly sets in gradually.[41] The fastest street-legal saloon car in the world is the Mercedes-Benz Brabus CLS Rocket (tuned) Mercedes-Benz CLS 'CLS V12' - based on the CLS-Class saloon. Mercedes Benz invented the adaptive highbeam assist system which automatically and continuously adapts the headlamp range to the distance of vehicles ahead or which are oncoming. The new system continually adjusts the beam so that the headlamp cone falls just in front of other vehicles, at the same time always ensuring maximum possible range without • • • • Mercedes M156 engine • The most powerful naturally-aspirated eight cylinder engine in the world is the Mercedes-AMG, 6208 cc M156 V8 engine. The V8 engine is badged '63 AMG' and replaced the '55 AMG' M113 engine in most models. The M156 engine produces • 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia dazzling other road users. The adaptive highbeam assist is introduced first in the new generation E-Class. Half a century of vehicle safety innovation helped win Mercedes- Benz the Safety Award at the 2007 What Car? Awards [36] Mercedes-Benz References Robot cars In the 1980s Mercedes built the world's first robot car, together with the team of Professor Ernst Dickmanns at Bundeswehr Universität München. Partially encouraged by Dickmanns' success, in 1987 the European Union's EUREKA programme initiated the Prometheus Project on autonomous vehicles, funded to the tune of nearly 800 million Euros. A culmination point was achieved in 1995, when Dickmanns´ re-engineered autonomous S-Class Mercedes took a long trip from Munich in Bavaria to Copenhagen in Denmark and back. On highways the robot achieved speeds exceeding 175 kilometres per hour (roughly 110 miles per hour; permissible in some areas of the German Autobahn). The car's abilities has heavily influenced robot car research and funding decisions worldwide. CAFE In the United States due to an inability to meet fuel economy regulations, MercedesBenz was fined a record US$30.66 million. [42] Certain Mercedes models sold in the United States also add a gas guzzler tax. See also • List of German cars • List of Mercedes-Benz engines • Mercedes-Benz U.S. International, the company's U.S. production division located in Vance, Alabama • Mercedes-Benz World at Brooklands, UK • Mercedes-Benz Motorsport • Mercedes-Benz Museum • Active Body Control, Mercedes-Benz fully active suspension system • List of Mercedes-Benz cars • Mercedes 35hp, was the original model (year 1900) that contributed to the later brand name after the merger of Benz and DMG [1] ^ Edmunds.com - Mercedes-Benz History [2] Business Week, November 2006 [3] J.D. Power and Associates Reports: Ford Motor Company Captures Most Awards in 2007 Initial Quality Study [4] ^ The Qaulity Of Mercades Benz IS a 10 Out Of 10.2008 Initial Quality Study | J.D. Power and Associates [5] "Reliability trends, reliability findings". Consumerreports.org. 2009-03-24. http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/ cars/used-cars/reliability/best-worst-incar-reliability-1005/reliability-findings/ reliability-findings.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-26. [6] "Ilmor: Bowmen of the Silver Arrows". Atlasf1.autosport.com. http://atlasf1.autosport.com/2001/jan03/ tytler.html. Retrieved on 2009-04-26. [7] /// Mercedes-Benz Argentina /// [8] Going, Going, Graz | Automotive Industries | Find Articles at BNET [9] DaimlerChrysler [10] Mercedes-Benz Egypt - Passenger cars NG [11] "Daimler picks Hungary for new Mercedes plant". The Guardian (Guardian Media Group). 2008-06-18. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/ feedarticle/7593358. Retrieved on 2008-06-19. [12] "Carmaker Daimler to build new factory in Kecskemet, Hungary". International Herald Tribune. The New York Times Company. 2008-06-18. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/ 18/business/EU-FIN-COM-GermanyDaimler.php. Retrieved on 2008-06-19. [13] Mercedes-Benz India - Passenger Cars Homepage [14] Mercedes-Benz Indonesia - Passenger Cars homepage [15] http://www.daimlerchrysler.com.my/ dc_malaysia/ 0-381-186889-1-186898-1-0-0-0-0-0-3946-186889-0-0 [16] Anambra Motor Manufacturing Company Ltd [17] South Africa's automotive industry SouthAfrica.info [18] [1] [19] Mercedes-Benz Türk A.Ş [20] Automobile Magazine 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mercedes-Benz [21] Mercedes vehicles at the 2007 Frankfurt Netcarshow.com. show http://www.netcarshow.com/mercedes[22] A hybrid drives Mercedes concept benz/2009-bluezero_concept/. Retrieved [23] 2007 IAA Report - S-Class hybrid on 2009-04-26. [24] Mercedes sees electric-car progress [30] Mercedes-Benz presents the innovative USATODAY.com Automatic Bike [25] "Mercedes-Benz S 400 BlueHYBRID: [31] [2] CO2 Champion in the Luxury Class with [32] [3] Efficient Hybrid Drive System and [33] Mercedes-Benz Ireland - New cars - AMG Lithium-Ion Technology | Daimler > [34] History of AMG Brands & Products > News". Daimler. [35] "The Official Formula 1 Website". 2008-09-17. http://www.daimler.com/ Formula1.com. 1911-06-24. dccom/ http://www.formula1.com/ 0-5-633234-1-1129030-1-0-0-0-0-0-9293-7163-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html. teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/268/. Retrieved on 2009-04-26. Retrieved on 2009-04-26. [26] Abuelsamid, Sam (2008-02-29). [36] ^ Magazine "Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHybrid, first [37] ^ Mercedes-Benz Safety Innovations production lithium ion hybrid". [38] (Press Release) Autobloggreen.com. [39] Mercedes-AMG 6.2-litre V8 Engine : http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/02/ News & Reports : Motoring : Web 29/mercedes-benz-s400-bluehybrid-firstWombat production-lithium-ion-hybr/. Retrieved [40] New Mercedes Diesel Engine Breaks on 2009-04-26. World Endurance Record [27] "autounleashed.com". [41] "Fatigue at the wheel: Mercedes-Benz autounleashed.com. developing warning system for http://www.autounleashed.com/ motorists", The Auto Channel, November mercedes-enters-the-hybrid-game-the21, 2006. s400-bluehybrid. Retrieved on [42] http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/01/ 2009-04-26. 08/huge-fine-for-mercedes-benz-for-poor[28] "Mercedes-Benz Concept BlueZERO: fuel-efficiency/ Modular Drive Concept for Electric Vehicles | Daimler > Technology & Innovation > News". Daimler. • Official Mercedes-Benz website 2008-12-15. http://www.daimler.com/ • BenzGuide.com Repair Information dccom/ • An excellent source of Daimler news and 0-5-7153-1-1160703-1-0-0-0-0-0-9293-7145-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html. press releases Retrieved on 2009-04-26. [29] "Mercedes-Benz BlueZero Concept (2009) with pictures and wallpapers". External links Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" Categories: Companies established in 1926, Daimler AG, Motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany, Mercedes-Benz, Car manufacturers, Automotive transmission makers, Emergency services equipment makers This page was last modified on 21 May 2009, at 15:32 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 9
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In this addition to Beaton's series featuring unassuming Scottish policeman Hamish Macbeth, Hamish finds himself precipitated by a vicious toothache into the world of Dr. Frederick Gilchrist. Gilchrist is a local dentist best known for his eagerness to replace healthy teeth with inexpensive dentures, and infamous for his hard hand on the drill. Maggie Bane, his lovely assistant with a harsh and unlovely voice, surprises Hamish with her hostility, but he is even more astonished to find the dentist's dead body reclining in his chair with mysterious drill marks on his teeth.
Delving deeper into the village's rural dish in search of the murderer, Macbeth uncovers long-buried relationships, an illicit local still, a robbery that is not what it appears, and the expected deceptions and partial truths his countrymen tell the police for reasons only a local character like Hamish can understand. Once again, he has occasion to contact his former love, the adamantine Priscilla Halburton-Smyth, and her friend, Sarah Hudson, even helps Hamish hack into police records for his investigation.
Macbeth's efforts bustle charmingly along against the background of quirky Scots dialect and rustic pubs. And Beaton's tangled web of a mystery is tidily resolved to the satisfaction of the locals and, surely, for all the devoted fans of this winning series. --Barbara Schlieper
From Library Journal
Desperate for relief, Scottish constable Hamish Macbeth takes his toothache to a nearby dentist with a lousy reputation. Unfortunately, he discovers the man dead of nicotine poisoning. As he investigates, Hamish finds that the victim had many enemies, including his own wife. A reliable series (Death of a Macho Man, LJ 6/1/96).
Copyright 1997 Reed Business Information, Inc.
Copyright 1997 Reed Business Information, Inc.


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P-Mation #41: A-Door-Able
Blue boy meets his lovely neighbor!4.46 / 5.00 10,141 Views
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in da othawurld4.41 / 5.00 7,337 Views
Joe vs the Environment
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Do Fat Man next plz
Rick Mann rocks!
Well, It's kinda nice. Can't give a bad rating, But can't give my best for such an old flash. Call me Critisism Man, But the music kinda set me off from the whole "Mega Man" theme.
Well... that was awesome O_O I love the mega-man style fused with awesome humor!
Defiantly adding you to my favorite artists