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Jamie Bumgardner
GW Lacrosse Drops Non-Conference Finale to Cal, 15-11
Mia Leads Colonials With Four Goals
Senior Duo Leads GW Lacrosse Past Mount St. Mary's, 18-12
Bumgardner Sets Single-Game Assists Record, Mia Ties Goals Mark
Mia's Five Goals Not Enough in GW Lacrosse's 17-13 Loss at Liberty
Colonials Host Navy on Tuesday Afternoon
GW Lacrosse Downs Yale, 13-5, for First Win of 2015
Mia, Bumgardner Combine for Seven Goals in Home Opener
GW Lacrosse Drops Opener at No. 17 Johns Hopkins, 16-3
Mia Scores Twice to Pace Colonials
GW Lacrosse vs. Liberty
GW vs. Liberty (2.26.2014) Photos by: Mitchell Layton & George Kubas
GW Lacrosse vs. Richmond (3.29.2013)
GW vs. Richmond (3.29.2013) Photos by: George Kubas II
021613 Womens Lacrosse
GW vs. Drexel (2.13.2013) photo by: Mitchell Layton
2014: Started all 16 games as a junior...Paced GW as top attacker with a total of 65 points on the season... Ranked second on team with 27 goals and led all players with 38 assists...Became third player in program history to record at least one point in every game for two consecutive seasons...Named Atlantic 10 All-Conference Second Team for second straight year...Her 65 points ranks sixth on GW's single-season scoring list...Set Colonials' single-game assists and points records with 12 points on six goals and six helpers against Liberty (Feb. 26)...Wrapped season as A-10 leader and fifth in NCAA Division I with 38 assists and 2.38 assists per game...Her 38 helpers ranks third on GW's single-season list, behind her own record of 39 set in 2013...Is currently second in Colonials' career record book with 78 total assists and eighth with 124 points through three seasons...Took 51 shots and put 40 on target for a .784 shots-on-goal percentage...Picked up 16 ground balls and caused six turnovers...Ranked third on the squad with 28 draw controls won...Won a career-high five draw controls twice, against George Mason (April 18) and Saint Joseph's (April 27)...Scored the game-winning goal at St. Bonaventure (April 6)...Recorded double digit points in 12 contests...Tabbed A-10 Player of the Week (March 3)...Named to GW Athletics Academic Dean's List.
2013: Started all 17 contests for Colonials during sophomore season...Had breakout year and served as top-scoring attacker with 57 points...Tallied 18 goals and tied GW's single-season record with 39 assists, which led the A-10 and tied for 14th in NCAA Division I...Tied for 15th in nation with 2.29 assists per game...Named to Atlantic 10 All-Conference Second Team after helping Colonials to second straight conference championship appearance...Recorded a point in all 17 games and scored two or more points in all but two contests...Tied single-game record with five assists in season opener at Howard (Feb. 13)...Scored game-winning goal against La Salle (April 5)...Registered career-high eight points with career-high four goals and four assists at Mount St. Mary's (March 13)...Took 52 shots and put 43 on target...Caused team-high 15 turnovers, including career-high six turnovers at Howard...Ranked fourth on team with 28 ground balls and picked up career-high seven ground balls at Howard...Won 24 draw controls for third most on team, including career-high four at Saint Joseph's (April 21)...Converted three free-position goals, including two at Mount St. Mary's...Named to GW Athletics Academic Dean's List.
2012: Made five appearances during her freshman campaign...Recorded a goal and an assist for two points...Netted first career goal and dished out first assist against Howard on Feb. 15...Picked up two ground balls at St. Bonaventure (April 22)...Won her first career draw control against Long Island (Feb. 25).
High School: Totaled 123 goals and 45 assists in three scholastic seasons at Gwynedd Mercy Academy...Was a two-time Athletic Association of Catholic Academies (AACA) selection and was also an All-AACA performer and two-time District qualifier on the Monarchs' golf team.
Personal: Born Jamie Lee Bumgardner on April 11, 1993, in Sellersville, PA...Daughter of James and Sandra Bumgardner...Has an older brother, Jeffrey, and older sister, Cara...Father, James, was a defensive back on the Penn football team ('73) and was named to the All-Ivy League Team in 1973...Majoring in biological anthropology.


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My husband and I just discovered this restaurant and have been there twice this week! We had breakfast on our first visit and lunch with friends on our second visit. When I go out to breakfast, I want sausage gravy and biscuits and Greenwood is the best I've found lately in our area. There was plenty of sausage in the gravy which looked like it had started with a properly made roux (as opposed to the basic white flour paste-like substance some restaurants serve). The home fries I must say were a bit greasy and limp for my taste. My husband had eggs, hashbrowns, toast and bacon. The hashbrowns were better than the home fries. The day we had lunch there, all 4 of us had completely different items. The mac & cheese was wonderful as were the cornbread biscuits. Everyone enjoyed their choices. We also indulged in desserts which are daily at the restaurant. Lemon cake, apple pie, pumpkin pie, peach cobbler - we tried them all and were very happy.
If you own or manage Greenwood Restaurant, register now for free tools to enhance your listing, attract new reviews, and respond to reviewers.

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Roller Coaster on Wall Street: Rewind (11/20)
Nov. 20 (Bloomberg) -- Today's "Rewind" includes segments such as Market Timeline, a Market Road Map, and Top Headlines. (Source: Bloomberg)
Most Recent Videos
Kleiner Decision on Pao Not Gender Based
32:00 - Brad Stone and Janine Yancey discuss the verdict of the Kleiner-Pao case. They speak with Pimm Fox on "Taking Stock." (Source: Bloomberg)


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My hubby and I have been married forever, like to hike, travel, sight see. I love to snow ski, water ski, read, garden, crochet. Bill has an amazing vegetable garden.
We love our city, our church, our children & grandchildren (huge blessings!)
I'm a retired speech pathologist, and one day, Bill will retire and we'll have time for more road trips.


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The China Blog: An Interview with Historian James H. Cartertags: interviews, Jeffrey Wasserstrom, China, historians, James H. Carter, LA Review of Books
Historian James H. Carter recently wrote a piece for the Los Angeles Review of Books on a new "biography" of the "The Books of Changes," an important Chinese classical text. Asia Editor Jeffrey Wasserstrom caught up with Carter to ask him a few questions about, naturally enough, China and biography.
JW: You began your review of Richard Smith's new "biography" of the Yi Jing (Book of Changes) with some ruminations on the whole notion of biographies that don't focus on individuals. If there were one other book with a tie to China you think especially worthy of a "biography," what would it be - and who would you like to see write
JHC: It's hard to eschew "actual" biographies - ones about people - because there are so many lives in China's past that are so rich and resonant. Zhang Xueliang, who began life as the son of China's most powerful warlord, and saw his homeland overrun by Japanese troops after his own commanders ordered him not to resist, played a key role in kidnapping Chiang Kai-shek and forcing him to cooperate with the Communists before living for decades under house arrest in Taiwan (eventually dying - at age 100! - in Hawaii), seems a more than deserving subject.
If I were going to suggest a "non-traditional" subject for a biography, I think I'd still stick with a human being: Lei Feng, the propaganda hero of Mao's regime. He only lived to be 20 years old, as I understand it, but his life "after death" has been fascinating. I'm not aware of a biography of Lei Feng in English, or even an in-depth study on Lei Feng in history, myth, and legend. I can't think of anyone better to write on this than Geremie Barme, at Australian National University (or perhaps Jeff Wasserstrom!)...
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- Role-playing history game gets students jazzed


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black raspberries
Why are black raspberries no longer available in the stores, and do any of you know how to grow them? They are my favorite berry, and we can never find them. We find the large black berries, but not the black raspberry.
I get the jam all the time, so I know they grow somewhere. Dawn, you seem to know about the berries, do you happen to know if they will grow here? I didn't want to hijack the other thread, so thought I would start my own.
I don't know why black raspberries are harder to find in grocery stores nowadays. It is probably a combination of factors and one of those is the expense. Most people will just buy blackberries instead of black raspberries because they are cheaper. Also, I think raspberries are more delicate and, therefore, harder to ship than blackberries.
In some stores you can still find black raspberries frozen in boxes or bags, but only in the larger stores that have a really great selection. I think it is more economical for fruit processors/wholesalers to sell black raspberries frozen instead of fresh due to their delicacy, relatively short shelf life when freshly-picked, and transportation costs from the cooler regions of the country to here.
If you wanted to try to grow raspberries here in Oklahoma, I think the black ones would do better than the red or gold ones. Raspberries don't grow as well as blackberries here in Oklahoma because they don't like our wildly fluctuating winter high temps and they don't like our summer heat.
We had a thread on raspberries last year because Mark received some raspberry plants as a gift. I'll find that thread and link it below.
I do think you have a better chance of getting them to grow in the parts of Oklahoma that are zone 6 instead of zone 7, especially if you have good soil and a lot of rain.
Also, you might want to google and find the website for the Oklahoma Fruit Growers Association. They've been trialing raspberries for several years, trying to identify which varieties might succeed here. Also, if anyone is growing black raspberries commercially (and successfully) in Oklahoma, the association should know.
Here is a link that might be useful: Spring 2007 Blackberry Thread
Thanks for the link, Dawn. I don't have any foods in my garden, so I think I need to begin small, and work up to the black raspberries. Whatever I grow, I need to be able to cover it for awhile if I spray. That is a true drawback to having so many roses.
It is still nice to think that I might be able to grow them someday.


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Skin Care
Simple Home Remedies For Under Eye Circles
Now that you know these simple home remedies for under eye circles, you will not have to worry about spending all your money on products that do not work. You have got most of the ingredients in your very own kitchen, and your eyes will never have looked better.
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Michael from Behind the Scenes was AWESOME. He came highly recommended by our venue and he did a fabulous job of presentation and excellent food.
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35, Bainbridge, GAI have a theory in life, if you cant laugh then youre dead. Some of my favorite times are spent with friends and family just laughing because we can. I like to tease and joke ...
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30, Cairo, GAHi my name is Cristian. I am a Hispanic / Latino male living in Cairo, GA, USA. I am 5'3" tall with other eyes and black hair. I would describe my body type as Athletic. I hav...
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Pronunciation: olomakaya
Added on: 2011-09-21in: saturday
olomakaya is pending pronunciation in:
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- Random word: januali
by Google Translate English translation:
olomakaya = are makaya
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Kaws at the Standard HotelStreet Art // Wednesday, June 08, 2011
The good folks over at 12oz Prophet swung by The Standard in New York today to catch the installation process of Brian Donnelly's, aka Kaws, new piece "Passing Through". The statue was previously in Harbour City, China and then Aldrich Contemporary Museum in Connecticut. If you live or visit New York, make sure to stop by The Standard hotel's front plaza and see it in person.
New Print from FaileStreet Art // Wednesday, June 08, 2011
Brooklyn Based Street Art Collective, Faile, just released this new print titled "Fashion Chimps NYC" through Paper Monster. "Based on a piece from their 2010 show at Perry Rubenstein Gallery, this 25 color screen print is done in their recent "block" style which gives the illusion of its 3D sister from the show."
BuffStreet Art // Tuesday, June 07, 2011
The streets sometimes whisper subtle messages or they smack you in the face. I think we understand what this person might be trying to say.
Shrines and CasketsStreet Art // Tuesday, June 07, 2011
A stylish funeral procession occurred in Sheffield, England over the weekend. Phlegm continues his efforts in creating a comic book based on paintings in abandoned schoolhouses. An illustrated zine of the alphabet should be available soon as well on his website.
In Street Art: New Emol in BrazilJuxtapoz // Tuesday, June 07, 2011
Brazilian street art, Emol, recently finished this vibrant, multi-colored lizard in Recife City, Pernambuco, Brazil. We have followed his work for the past couple of years, and every few months, he passes us these really bright, striking works he is completing.
Cost Was Here PrintsStreet Art // Monday, June 06, 2011
Cost just released a limited edition "Cost Was Here" print through Paper Monster. Known for his rollers, stickers, and posters with his partner Revs, Cost is an important figure in the progression of "street art" before the word was ever muttered.
Friendly WelcomeStreet Art // Monday, June 06, 2011
Escif continues his persistent painting endeavors with this front door welcoming.
Museo SoumayaStreet Art // Monday, June 06, 2011
Opened in March, Soumaya Museum is a gorgeous building constructed of 16,000 hexagonal tiles of mirrored steel and rests in the Polanco neighborhood of Mexico City. Facilitating more than 6,200 artworks in 60,000 square feet, the building contains a 350-seat auditorium, a library, offices, a restaurant, a gift shop, and a multi-purpose lounge.
More On Than...Street Art // Monday, June 06, 2011
Here is a new wall recently painted by Paris-based, On Off crew.
Simple in SwedenJuxtapoz // Monday, June 06, 2011
Many talented street artists have been appearing from Sweden lately. Here is a new wall by Simple in Gothenburg, Sweden, a gold tooth character with an oversized grill.


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Are You Going To Watch The State of the Union Address?
He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.
"At Last" by Etta James [RIP] is Today's #ThrowbackSunday
"I Have A Dream" is Today's #ThrowbackSunday
"Microphone Fiend" by Eric B & Rakim is Today's #ThrowbackSunday
"Backstabbers" by The O'Jays is Today's #ThrowbackSunday
Happy New Years! So…Now What?
I have no doubt that I am one of the happiest people to see the calendar change from 2011 to 2012... There's just something about a "New Start" or renewal that has it's way of refreshing you
Where to Party Around WNY on New Year's Eve
While I can't speak for you I know, I'm happy that I've made it to see another year. There has been some bad times, but mostly it's been good; life goes on and it only can get better from here!
"Christmas Rappin" by Kurtis Blow is Today's #ThrowbackSunday
Happy Holidays from #TeamWBLK
On behalf of all of us here at WBLK; we'd like to wish you a very Merry Christmas, Happy Hanukkah, Happy Kwanzaa or whatever else it is do or don't celebrate!
Get Ready for Changes to City Bus/Rail Service
It looks like serious changes are on deck for Bus & Rail service in and around Buffalo next year.
"Candy Rain" by Soul For Real is Today's #ThrowbackSunday
WBLK Visits The Kingdom Kids Family Fun Center
Yours truly and the WBLK Crew headed over to Buffalo's 1st indoor high energy bounce party and play center - The Kingdom Kids Family Fun Center located at 690 Broadway Ave in Buffalo, to help them celebrate their grand opening!
Let me tell you, we all were surprised what we saw when we got on the inside


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The Pharmaceutical Research Center ensures the safe and ethical provision of investigational/study drugs to research subjects enrolled in clinical drug trials within the UW Hospital and Clinics and the UW Carbone Cancer Center. Rebecca Marnocha (pictured left) is the Faculty Manager.
Events for Researchers


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This game went terrible. I just think one move ahead. :(
Any comments?
Regards, Seine
Hi there. I have a few points about the game. I didn't like 9…Qa5. I know the idea was to ease the pressure, but it's better to continue development with 9…e6…Be7…0-0.
White's 13.f4 wasn't most accurate. Best was 13.c4. 13…Ba6 looks speculative.13…0-0 completing development was better.
I felt there had to be something better than white's 14.c4 and found: 14.b3 Be2? (14…0-0) 15.Rfe1 Ba6 16.c4 Nb7 17.cd Nd5 18.f5 O-O 19.fe fe 20.Nac4, with good compensation for the pawn.
As you pointed out, 19…Ke7 was an error. A better try was 19…c4 20.fe Bc5+ 21.Kh1 0-0 22.ef+ Rf7 when white has a pull.
You criticize your 21st move…Rc6 as bad, but it is the best in the given position. It lays a trap that white did in fact walk into, capturing with the wrong piece on e6.
Blacks last try was 29..Rg8+ 30.Kf2 Bd3 31.Bg7 Re8.
The rest needs no comment.
The only other piece of advice is to think more than one move ahead. Many combinations, both yours and your opponents are hidden within a position and can only be found by means of deep and accurate calculation. It is a skill that should be honed if one wishes to improve. In any case, it was a nice game.
interesting game!
Thanx for the advise...
I felt that i was earlier in trouble than the 9th move.
Here your advice is to prevent the exchange of Queens. But my a-pawn is hanging after exchange of the knights. I liked the position of my white bishop (Ba6), or is that overrated.
I was lucky that my openent was not playing at its best.
Maybee this is an idea. I should know this. Because i play this opening all the time. But then i play it with white.
Hmmm, not true. I play c4 instead of c3..... Some theory to learn there.
After 9...e6, the a-pawn was poisoned: 10.Nxc6 Bxc6 11.Qxa7 Ra8 and the Queen is trapped.
After 13.f4, automatic would have been 13....0-0.
It is - in general - unwise to start anything before complete development has been reached.
Trapped!, I didn't see that.... That would had safed me a lot. I have to think ahead more.
Development..... again. some things are so simple.
Thanks for the advise yeres.
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Carole King Checks Out 'Beautiful' (Video)
NEW YORK – The cast and creative team of Beautiful: The Carole King Musical got the money review they wanted this week -- a rave from the woman whose name is in the title.
While the Broadway musical was developed with Carole King's full cooperation and endorsement, the singer-songwriter said in interviews before it opened that she had no plans to see it, finding the prospect of reliving her early years and her turbulent marriage to former songwriting partner Gerry Goffin too painful.
However, King changed her mind and made a surprise visit Thursday night to the show, which stars Jessie Mueller as the recording artist who evolved from a shy Brooklyn teenager into one of the defining female voices of her generation. During a post-show charity appeal, King joined the emotional cast onstage.
"It was an honor to see Beautiful for the first time last night," said King in a statement. "And I was thrilled to help the cast raise a fast $30,000 for Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS. Jessie Mueller and company are fantastic, and it was so joyous to be there. I couldn't be more proud."
During designated periods each season, the casts of Broadway shows follow their curtain-call bows with a twice-yearly onstage appeal for donations to the theater community charitable foundation, auctioning off signed posters and other memorabilia. King got the crowd into a giving mood by auctioning an impromptu singalong performance of her hit "You've Got a Friend," accompanied by the entire cast (Watch the video below).
King told the audience that nobody in the cast knew she was coming, calling the show "effing awesome!" Publicists for the musical confirmed that her attendance was kept quiet, with only a half-dozen of the show's producers and press reps in on the secret.
Written by Douglas McGrath and directed by Marc Bruni, Beautiful depicts the emergence in the 1960s of King and Goffin as a legendary pop songwriting team, alongside their best friends and fellow tunesmiths Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil. It opened Jan. 12, earning mixed-to-positive reviews, with unanimous praise for Mueller's performance, placing her among frontrunners for a lead actress Tony nomination in one of this year's most competitive fields.
Driven by strong word of mouth and King's legions of baby boomer fans, the musical is fast becoming a sleeper hit, grossing almost $15 million to date and twice breaking the house record at the Stephen Sondheim Theatre.
The original cast recording was released digitally last week, debuting as the No. 1 cast album on iTunes.
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text:
A new method of processing a plant seed wherein a coating treatment is applied to a plant seed with an aqueous alkali salt solution of an aqueous gel to form a coating layer thereon and said coating layer is reacted with an aqueous solution of a divalent or trivalent metal salt to render the coating layer insoluble to water. Particularly, the improvement is accomplished by encapsulating the plant seed in the above mentioned gel coating together with an air bubble. This encapsulation is performed by means of a nozzle having a telescopic structure, in which a plant seed and air is supplied through the inner passage while the gel is supplied the surrounding annular passage. The nozzle is used in a vertical orientation and the lower end performs a valve function to control the gel supply.
1. In a method of processing a plant seed wherein a coating treatment is applied to a plant seed with an aqueous alkali salt solution of an aqueous gel to form a coating layer thereon and said coating layer is reacted with an aqueous solution of a divalent or trivalent metal salt to render said coating layer insoluble to water, the improvement comprising the steps of
(a) preparing a nozzle including a nozzle body formed with a cylindrical aperture vertically formed therein and a cylindrical cutting plunger inserted in said cylindrical aperture, said cylindrical cutting plunger having a large diameter piston section at an upper portion thereof to be slidingly fitted in said cylindrical aperture and a small diameter valve section to define an annular space therearound within said cylindrical aperture, said large and small diameter sections forming a stepped portion therebetween, said cylindrical aperture having a reduced diameter at a lower end thereof to form a valve seat for the small diameter valve section to rest thereat, said cylindrical cutting plunger having a central channel bored therethrough:
(b) charging said annular space with said aqueous alkali salt solution of an aqueous gel;
(c) pressurizing said charged solution to exert a pressure on said stepped portion such that said cylindrical cutting plunger is raised to move away from said valve seat and to define an annular opening thereat and that said charged solution flows out said annular opening:
(d) reducing the pressure of the solution within the annular space to cause the raised cutting aperture to descend such that the small diameter valve section closes the valve seat while allowing said flowing out solution to sag to form a hollow part having a central chamber in communication with said central channel;
(e) dropping a plant seed through the central channel onto said central chamber;
(f) pressurizing again said charged solution to raise the cylindrical cutting plunger and open the valve seat such that the solution is discharged to close the central chamber, thus encapsulating said dropped plant seed with an air bubble therein; and
(g) reducing the pressure of the solution within the annular space to cause the raised cutting plunger to descend such that the small diameter section closes the valve seat to cut off said encapsulated plant seed from the charged solution within the annular space.
2. A method according to claim 1, further including a step of (h) subjecting said encapsulated seed to aqueous solution of divalent of trivalent metal salt subsequent to the steps (a) to (g).
3. A method according to claim 2, further including a step of (i) freeze drying the encapsulated seed subsequent to the step (h).
The present invention concerns an improvement for a method of applying gel-coating to seeds of plants.
Seeds of plants (hereinafter simply referred to as seeds) have generally been directly seeded in a field, or previously seeded in a nursery. In the case of sowing them in the nursery, seedlings raised to a certain extent in the nursery are transplanted to the field. In the case of the direct sowing, seeds are liable to suffer from disease injury through sowing. In addition, if the grain size of seeds is so small as in the case of salad seeds for instance, they are often washed away upon rainfall or watering. Furthermore, in the case of the direct sowing, since the seeds are present near the surface soil, they are often damaged being eaten by birds or other animals and, accordingly, development for special techniques has been demanded in recent years as countermeasures therefor.
Recently, machine sowing has often been employed in place of hand-sowing for the reason that hand-sowing requires thinning after the growth of plants and often hinders uniform growing of the plants. However, many restrictive factors are present in the machine sowing and the main factors can include, for example, that seeds are large in size, spherical in shape as much as possible and also uniform in shape regarding an identical kind of seeds and have no peripheral flagellum or arista. Accordingly, all kinds of seeds are suitable to the machine sowing and, for example, those seeds such as of carrot and spinach have to be seeded by hand-sowing in view of their shapes. In addition, it is difficult to sow seeds each by three to four grains even in the machine sowing. Further, since only the stripe sowing is possible in the conventional device, thinning work is unavoidable, which requires much labour as the administrating operation after sowing.
In addition, for the prevention of the diseases injury as one of the countermeasures described above, there have been known a method of immersing seeds in a chemical solution, a method of adhering chemical dressing to the surface of the seeds and a method of applying dry heating treatment. However, the former two methods are not quite satisfactory having the drawbacks that the chemicals do not sufficiently penetrate to the inside of the seeds or the dressing is liable to be defoliated. Further, the latter method involves a problem of the applicability depending on the heat resistant nature of seeds and, if the application conditions are not appropriate, the seeds may be killed.
Further, as the countermeasure for the washaway and damage by the animal eating of the seeds, it has been known to apply a coating material to the surface of seeds thereby increasing the grain size larger into a so-called coated seeds. Since the coated seeds enables easy and accurate machine or hand-sowing, as well as enables the addition of germicide, insecticide, animal repellent, nutrient agent (fertilizer), etc. to the coating material, there have been made various studies and proposals for coated seeds in recent years.
As the basic material for the seed coating, there have been known clays or analogous materials of clay minerals, mixtures of fine sand and paraffin, mixtures of sand and sucrose, etc., as well as the use of gels as the carrier material for the seeds has also been known. The method of using gels as the carrier material for the seeds is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. Sho 55-3796 and Sho 54-49807.
That is, the former literature discloses that an aqueous gel is used as the plant growing culture medium or as the stock culture medium in the case of transporting the plants, for supplying water required during growing or transportation of the plants by the water in the gels with no additional supply of water. It is described that clay type gels, natural gels, synthetic organic gels, etc. are suitably used and they may be molded into an appropriate cubic form such as a small bowl or tray. Further, the latter literature discloses hydroculture of paddy rice plants and describes that an aqueous solution of gelatinelike material which is geled upon cooling (for example, an aqueous warmed solution of polysaccharide) is supplied to seeds thereby coating the seeds and maintaining them in a gel layer, as well as that unexpected displacement of seeds can be prevented during cultivation and water required for the germination and growth of the seeds can be supplied from the water in the gel like that in the former case.
Further, Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open No. Sho 56-20409 discloses that water-insoluble hydrophilic gels, for example, grafting products of methacrylic acid and acrylonitrile are suitable as the gel coating material for seeds, and the seeds can directly be coated with these gel materials and molded into various desired shapes such as tablet, pellet, dice, etc. Further, it is also described that the coating gel also serves for the supply of material other than water such as growth hormone, fertilizer, etc.
Furthermore, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Sho 48-85311 describes encapsulated seeds in which seeds and powdery nitrient substances are sealed in a easily water soluble capsule.
However, the known seeds coated with conventional coating material or aqueous gel cannot satisfy three factors, that is, water, temperature and oxygen which are generally considered essential as the conditions for the germination of seeds. That is, although only the two factors, i.e., water and temperature can be satisfied, supply of the oxygen is restricted by the aqueous membranes and, accordingly, reduction in the germination percentage cannot be avoided. Although there has been a method of applying dressing, for example, with calcium peroxide (CaO2), for supplying oxygen caused by the chemical change thereof, it causes considerable injury to the plants.
If the seeds are stored in a moistened gel lacking in the oxygen supply for a long period of time, the seeds are swollen and cannot be used at all for the purpose of long time storage. Further, encapsulated seeds using readily water soluble capsules as described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Sho 48-85311 cannot be expected to have a long lasting effect since the capsules are easily washed away upon watering after the sowing and the nutrient substances are also washed away rapidly.
The present applicant has already filed an invention concerning gel-coated seeds coated with an aqueous gel having a plurality of fine pores or air bubbles for the sufficient supply of oxygen required for the germination of seeds. However, since the gel coating is water soluble, there has been a problem that the chemicals such as nutrient substances sealed in the coating layer are liable to be runoff.
As have been described above, gel-coating for plant seeds in general can provide useful advantages on one hand but it requires further countermeasures such as runoff useful substances contained in the coating or the coating per se, or for the lack of oxygen caused by the coating on the other hand.
There may be considered further problems to in the case of such gel coating depending on the kind of plant seeds, particularly, regarding the way of sowing them. Such problems will now be described, for example, for the seeds of paddy rice plant which is one of typical crops plants.
It is customary in Japan that seedlings of paddy rice plant after being grown up to some extent in the nursery bed are transplanted to a paddy field, that is, such a transplantation culture is taken place in about 99% or more of the total rice cropping area in Japan, while direct sowing is employed in about 70% of the rice plant cropping area in other districts of the world.
The method of direct sowing employed at present in Japan is generally classified as below:
(a) Direct sowing in well-drained paddy field.
(b) Direct sowing in flooding water.
(c) Direct sowing in water-flooded soils.
While these methods have advantages in common with them, i.e., manpower saving for seedling and rice planting works, irrespective of the difference in the conditions of paddy field and the depth (position) of sowing, they have many problems respectively.
The driect sowing in the well-drained rice field in (a) above is restricted only to mild climate areas, liable to suffer from the effects of climate conditions or suffers from damages, being eaten by animals and also requires a great amount of service water.
The direct sowing in flooding water in (b) above often causes rotting due to the lack in oxygen depending on the sowing position of rice seeds and turned down seedlings, which reduces the percentage establishment. Further, the rice plants are liable to be lodged upon harvesting period.
The direct sowing in water-flooded soil (c) proposed as the improved culture method for (a) and (b) comprises applying a coating to the seeds of rice plant with a mixture of calcium peroxide and sintered plaster and sowing the coated seeds to a thickness of about 10 mm in the water-flooded soil.
Although oxygen can be supplied to the seed due to the chemical change of calcium peroxide for a long period of time, there are the following problems:
(i) Although calcium peroxide releases oxygen in reaction with water, calcium hydroxide is deposited and contaminates the soils.
(ii) Since the seeds are coated in a rotary drum, while a great amount of seeds can be treated, large external force is applied to the seeds to bring about the breakage thereof.
Further, in the conventional direct sowing in water-flooded soil, since pre-treatments such as selection sterilization and immersion of seeds have been conducted prior to the coating and then the coating has been applied with coating material such as calcium peroxide, it has been extremely laborious upon preparing seeds for use in direct sowing in water-flooded soils.
Particularly, in the direct sowing of coating rice seeds in water-flooded soil, there may be a disadvantage that the seeds do not settle in the soils but come to float up in water if their specific gravity is reduced owing to the coated structure.
It is, accordingly, a first object of the present invention to provide a method of processing plant seeds and particularly encapsulating each seed in a coating layer together with an air bubble by forming a coating layer excellent in water retainability and air permeability, said water layer having an appropriate hardness while moderately releasing chemicals sealed therein such as nutrient substances and germicides such that it is capable of storing seeds for a long period of time.
The second object of the present invention is to provide a method of processing plant seeds capable of forming a gel coating layer that can provide an optimum seed germination circumstance, particularly, in view of the supply of oxygen and also facilitate the work after the sowing and during storing.
The third object of this invention is to provide a method of processing seeds of rice plant for use in direct sowing in water-flooded soil capable of preventing sown seeds from floating up into flooding water.
In accordance with the present invention, there can be provides a method of processing a seeds of rice plant, which comprises applying a hollow spherical gel coating layer of substantially the same volume together with air bubbles encapsulated therein.
In the present invention, since the seed is protected with the coating material containing nutrient substances, germicide, etc. together with air bubbles, the lack of oxygen can be overcome thereby improving the germination percentage.
These and other objects as well as advantageous features of the present invention will become apparent by reading the following detailed descriptions for the preferred embodiments according to the present invention, wherein
FIG. 1 is a perspective view for a mold used for applying a gel coating by a method conceived of by the inventor prior to the present invention;
FIGS. 2 and 3 are, respectively, explanatory views for applying the gel coating by using the mold shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4A is a partly cut-away vertical cross sectional view for a portion of a nozzle used upon applying a gel coating according to the present invention;
FIG. 4B is a cross sectional view taken along line C--C;
FIGS. 5A through 5E are, respectively, explanatory views for the production method of a gel-coated seed according to the present invention;
FIG. 6A is an enlarged view for said production method for the gel-coated seed according to the present invention;
FIG. 6B is a cross sectional view taken along line D--D in FIG. 6A;
FIG. 7 illustrates a gel-coated seed in cross section produced by a nozzle of FIGS. 6A and 6B;
FIG. 8 illustrates a gel-coated seed having an air bubble in cross section according to the present invention; and
FIGS. 9A through 9F are, respectively, explanatory views for the method of applying a gel-coating while encapsulating air bubbles and seeds therein.
Gel-Coating Method and Pre-treatment
The gel-coating method according to the present invention will be described briefly.
The germination percentage is different due to the absence or presence of dormancy depending on the kind of plants and the germination state is different even for an identical kind of plant due to the difference in the sowing time. Accordingly, pre-treatment has generally been employed for the promotion of the germination. The pre-treatment is conducted while properly selecting, for example, a method of immersing seeds in an aqueous solution of gibberellic acid, seed tester scratching method, high temperature or low temperature treatment, etc, depending on the properties of seeds.
Further, as the pre-treatment other than the germination promotion, chemical treatment has usually been adopted such as with nutrient substances required for the plant growth, for example, potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH4 H2 PO4), etc., and, if required, also chemicals such as germicide, insecticide and animal repellent. The chemical treatment can be applied by the following two methods, i.e., the first method of adding these chemicals directly into an aqueous gel by a required amount, and the second method of forming fine voids between the seed and the coating gel into which the chemicals are sealed, or applying a gel coating after previously applying dressing to the seed.
Description will now be made to the method of applying gel coating including the chemical treatment according to the present invention.
In the case of applying the chemical treatment according to the first method, all of the chemicals such as nutrient substances as described above are added in the form of an aqueous solution to an aqueous geling agent, which is then added to purified water at a geling agent concentration from 2 to 4% by weight (hereinafter % means % by weight unless otherwise specified), left for 1 to 2 hours to sufficiently absorb water and get swollen and then stirred to obtain a uniform viscous gel fluid. There are no particular restrictions for the aqueous geling agents usable herein, provided that they have the foregoing properties, and alkali salts of natural gel, synthetic organic gel, inorganic gel, etc. can be used. As a preferred aqueous geling agent, there can be mentioned, for example, sodium alginate and sodium polyacrylate, which can be used with safety since they are non-toxic both to plant and human bodies.
Then, the resultant viscous gel fluid is processed, for example, by using a mold or a nozzle as described later.
As shown in FIG. 1, a mold used in a method which the inventor conceived prior to the invention comprises an upper mold 1 and a lower mold 2 made of a thick-plate material, in which a plurality of semi-spherical recesses 3 and 4 are formed opposed to each other in each of the mold halves, so that each pair of the upper and lower recesses 3 and 4 constitutes a complete spherical recess when over-laid with each other. Further, a small aperture 5 of about 1-2 mm diameter is opened at the center of the recess 3 of the upper mold 1 passing through the upper surface of the mold. The gel fluid as described above is at first poured into the recess 4 of the lower mold 2. Then, as shown by the pair of the recesses 3 and 4 in cross section of FIG. 2, from one to two grains of seeds 7 (the number of grains are determined depending on the germination percentage of plant) are set at the central portion of the upper surface of the poured gel fluid 6, over which the upper mold 1 is covered. Then, the gel fluid 6 is poured to fill the inside of the recess 3 from the small aperture 5 of the upper mold 1 by using an injection needle or the like to thereby obtain a spherical gel product in which the seed 7 is encapsulated at the central portion thereof as shown in FIG. 3.
Then, the resultant seed-encapsulating spherical gel product is immersed and left in an aqueous solution of divalent or trivalent metal salt. As the aqueous solution of divalent or trivalent metal salt used herein, there can be mentioned an aqueous chloride solution of divalent metal such as calcium, magnesium and barium or an aqueous solution of aluminum chloride. Further, the aqueous metal salt solution is adjusted to about 10% to 50% by weight. Water containing not much metal ions is preferred as the medium water. The spherical gel product immersed in the aqueous metal salt solution described above conducts replacement between the alkali metal (for example, Na) of the aqueous geling agent and the divalent or trivalent metal (for example, Ca) and causes chemical change and turns from the surface thereof into a water-insoluble substance having extremely fine pores also in optical point of view. The water insolubilization is completed for the entire aqueous gels coating over the seed after elapse of a few minutes.
Then, in order to ensure that an air bubble is encapsulated together with a seed, a nozzle 8 as shown in the partially cut-away longitudinal cross sectional view in FIG. 4A and by the cross sectional view in FIG. 4B taken along line C--C in FIG. 4A is used.
The nozzle 8 comprises a central channel 9 and an annular channel 10 narrowed at the tip end thereof and formed to the outer circumference of the channel 9, in which the central channel 9 constitutes a drop passage for the seed, while the annular channel 10 constitutes a flow channel for the gel fluid. The nozzle 8 is attached to any known extruder main body (not illustrated).
The gel fluid as described above is flown downwardly from the extruder main body in the direction of the arrow a, joins to each other near the tip end 11 of the nozzle 8 and forms a hollow semi-sphere 12. In this instance, from 1 to 2 grains of seeds are dropped passing through the central channel 9 into the semi-sphere 12. Then, as the gel fluid is further extruded, it forms a seed-encapsulating spherical gel product due to its own weight and the surface tension and falls spontaneously. The diameter for the spherical gel product can optionally be adjusted to a practical size of less than about 15 mm by adjusting the size of the opening at the tip end of the nozzle 8. The spontaneously fallen seed-encapsulating gel product is rendered insoluble to water by the procedures as described above.
While explanation has thus been made for the case of adding chemicals such as nutrient substances in the form of an aqueous solution to the gel, chemical dressing of the seed surface will be explained next in which powdery chemicals are coated as they are.
In this case, the processing using the nozzle as described above is suitable. That is, at the stage where the gel fluid is formed into a semi-spherical shape at the tip end of the nozzle, chemical powder, seed and chemical powder are supplied in this order passing through the central channel 9 and by the similar subsequent processing, a seed-encapsulating spherical geling product having chemical dressing at the periphery of the seed can be obtained.
The seed-encapsulating spherical gel product rendered water insoluble by the processing steps as described above can be served as it is for the sowing after sufficient water washing, but freeze drying treatment is applied if it is necessary to store the seeds up to a seeding time. The freeze drying treatment is conducted by using a known freeze drying device at a freeze temperature from -20� C. to -90� C. and under a reduced pressure of below about 5 Torr.
In accordance with the method according to the present invention, the seed encapsulated in a gel coating is exposed to the air bubble also encapsulated therein, thus it is kept being supplied with sufficient oxygen.
Description will be made one embodiment of the present invention in which air bubbles are encapsulated in contact with the surface of seeds by using the aqueous gel applied with chemical treatment as described in the foregoing.
FIGS. 5A through 5E illustrate the production step by a nozzle using a plunger.
Specifically, said figures show a nozzle A comprising a hollow cylinder 13 having a hollow portion 13a in communication with a gel flow channel 16 in which a gel pressurizing plunger 14 substantially of a cylindrical shape and a gel cutting plunger 15 having a seed passing channel 15a at the central portion in a double structure.
Referring to the operation of the nozzle A, the pressurizing plunger 14 is at first elevated forcibly, with the nozzle aperture 13b of the cylinder 13 being closed by the gel cutting plunger 15 thereby filling a gel 22 through the gel flow channel 16 to the inside of the hollow portion 13a of the cylinder 13 (initial gel charging is not illustrated). Then, as shown in FIG. 5A, when the pressurizing plunger 14 is lowered, the gel in the hollow portion 13a is pressurized, thereby urging the plunger 15 upwardly and opening the nozzle aperture 13b to release the gel 22. At a stage when the gel 22 is released by about one-half of the required amount, a seed 21 is caused to fall through the seed passing channel 15a (FIG. 5B). Upon falling the seed 21, urging to the plunger 14 is interrupted to return the plunger 14 is to the initial position by spring or like other means not illustrated. Thus, the gel is filled in the cylinder hollow portion 13a in an amount corresponding to that has been released. Further, since the plunger 15 is free from the pressure by the gel, it goes downwardly to close the nozzle aperture 13b. However, the gel 22 and the seed 21 are adhered to the nozzle aperture 13b. Since the gel 22 slightly sags by its own weight, voids (air bubbles) formed by the intrusion of air is resulted at the periphery of the seed 21 (FIG. 5C). Then, when the pressurizing plunger 14 is again depressed as shown in FIG. 5D, the nozzle aperture 13b is opened like that in the case of FIG. 5A, and the seed 21 is coated with the gel 22 in a state where the air bubble 17 is encapsulated at the periphery of the seed 21. When a predetermined amount of the gel 22 is extruded out of the cylinder hollow portion 13a, the pressure exerted on the plunger 15 is lost and the plunger 15 goes downwardly to close the nozzle aperture 13b. In this state, a gel-coated seed 23 is detached from the nozzle aperture 13b and then falls by its own weight (FIG. 5E). The fallen gel-coated seed 23 is formed into a spherical shape due to the surface tension of the gel during falling and then poured into a water-insolubilizing liquid not illustrated.
While descriptions have been made to the method of producing the gel-coated seed-encapsulating gas bubbles therein by way of a nozzle A using the plunger, such a seed can also be produced by using a nozzle B as shown by the cross section in FIG. 6A and by the cross section in FIG. 6B taken along line D--D of FIG. 6A. Specifically, the nozzle B comprises an annular gel flow channel 25 restricted at its tip end, formed to the outer circumference of a seed air supply channel 24, in which the gel flow channel 25 is connected with an existent extruder, while the seed air supply channel 24 is connected with air supply means such as of an air compressor. Gel 22 is extruded by way of an extruder from the nozzle aperture 25a at the lower end of the gel flow channel 25, and, at a stage where the gel 22 is formed substantially in a spherical form through a nozzle aperture 25a and a seed 21 is forcibly sent together with air bubbles 17 to the central portion thereof. Then, when the gel is released further, the gel-coated seed falls by its own weight and then drops into the water insolubilizing solution in the next step.
As the water-insolubilizing treating solution for the gel-coated seeds, an aqueous salt solution of divalent or trivalent metal is suitably used.
As the aqueous metal salt solution, there can be mentioned an aqueous chloride solution of divalent metal such as calcium, magnesium and barium, or an aqueous chloride solution of trivalent metal such as of aluminum. Further, the aqueous solution of the metal salt is adjusted to about 20% by weight. Water containing not much metal ions is preferred as a water for the solvent.
The gel-coated seed immersed in the aqueous solution of metal salt conducts replacement therein between the alkali metal of the aqueous geling agent (for example, Na) and divalent or trivalent metal (for example, Ca) causes chemical change and turns from the surface thereof into a water-insoluble material having extremely fine pores also in an optical point of view, by which the coated surface layer is hardened by about one minute to produce a coated seed of highly elastic and possesses its geled state in the inside.
FIG. 7 schematically illustrates the cross sectional view of the gel-coated seed according to this embodiment obtained in this way. In the figure, are shown a seed 21, not-cured gel layer 22, cured gel layer (water insolubilized) 22a and air bubbles 17.
In the case of the second method as described above, that is, where chemicals such as nutrient materials are sealed between the seed and the coating gel, it can be processed by sealing the chemicals together with the seed or sealing them in a state where the seed is dressed in the same procedures as described above.
The gel-coated seed obtained by the production process as described above can be served as it is for the sowing after sufficient water washing, but drying treatment, preferably, freeze drying is applied if it has to be stored till the sowing time. The freeze drying treatment is conducted by using a known freeze drying device, in which the drying product is at first subjected to preliminary freezing at a temperature about -20� C., thereby preventing the bursting of the air bubbles under a reduced pressure. Then, drying was conducted at a drying temperature of from -20� C. to -90� C. and under a reduced pressure below about 5 Torr. such that the gel layer contains 3 to 4% water.
In the case of drying a great amount of seeds, alcohol or like other evaporizing liquid may be used instead of water as the solution for the gel, by which selective drying of evaporizing the solvent at low temperature without damaging the life of the seed can be conducted.
In accordance with this embodiment, gel-coating can provide the following merit in addition to those various merits as described in the previous embodiment:
Since gas bubbles are contained to the inside of the coating layer in contact with the surface of the seed, it can cope with the demand for a great amount of oxygen required for the seed accompanying with the temperature rise in the summer season, and reduction in the germination percentage due to the lack of oxygen can be avoided.
Finally, the method of coating the seeds of rice plant for use in direct sowing in water-flooded soil will be explained below while referring to another embodiment shown in FIGS. 8 and 9A through 9E.
The processing method is substantially same as in the previous embodiment. However, special consideration is applied in this case so that the gel-coated seed of rice can be seeded directly in water-flooded soil.
That is, since the seeds of rice plant for use in the direct sowing in water-flooded soil have been prepared by applying coating containing calcium peroxide after conducting pre-treatment such as sterilization or seed soaking prior to the coating, the preparation has been extremely laborious. The pre-treatment and the coating are simultaneously conducted also in this example taking notice of the fact that pre-treatment such as sterilization or seed immersion is possible by adding germicide or germination promotor in the coating material, and gel is used for the coating agent for enabling various kinds of chemicals to be added.
Further, water insolubilization of the gel coating material such as CMC--Na, sodium polyacrylate, sodium alginate, etc. with an aqueous solution containing divalent or trivalent metal salt, i.e., metal ions, e.g., Ca2+ is also conducted as in the previous embodiments. Furthermore, the method of encapsulating air bubbles together with the seed of rice plant in the gel coating layer as in the previous embodiment is also employed in this embodiment.
A specific method of encapsulating air bubbles together with the seeds to the inside of a gel coating layer is shown in FIGS. 9A through 9E.
In the drawing, a nozzle main body 31 has a cylindrical plunger insertion aperture 32 passing therethrough in the vertical direction and a cylindrical cutting plunger 33 is fitted into the plunger insertion aperture 32. More particularly said cylindrical cutting plunger 33, has a cylindrical large diameter piston section at an upper portion thereof to be fitted in said cylindrical aperture and a small diameter valve section to define an annular space therearound within said cylindrical aperture. Said cylindrical cutting plunger 33 is further bored with a central channel therethrough.
The plunger insertion aperture 32 is formed with a tapered valve seat 34 of a diameter reduced downwardly toward the lower end and also formed with a gel flow channels 35 on each of the right and left sides.
The cutting plunger 33 is biased downwardly by means of an urging member such as a spring (not illustrated) and the valve 33a at the lower end of the small diameter valve section closes the valve seat 34. In a case where the pressure of the gel filled in a gel flow channel 35 and the plunger insertion aperture 32 is increased, a pressure receiving portion 33b in the form of a stepped portion formed by the large diameter piston section and the small diameter valve section of the cutting plunger 33 is elevated under pressurization by which the valve 33a causes the valve seat 34 to define an annular opening thereat.
Cylinders (not illustrated) are disposed to the left and right in the nozzle main body 31, and pistons 36, 37 for the cylinders are retractably inserted into the gel flow channel 35 (refer to FIG. 9A). When the piston 36 advances into the gel flow channel 35 from such a state where the cutting plunger 33 pressurized at the pressure receiving portion 33a is elevated, by which the valve 33a causes the valve seat 34 to open thereby discharging the gel 38 charged in the annular aperture (refer to FIG. 9E).
Then, when the piston 36 is retracted, the pressure in the gel flow channel 35 becomes negative, by which the gel is supplemented from a lead valve (not illustrated) and the cutting plunger 33 goes downwardly, by which the valve 33a causes the valve seat 34 to close. In this case, although the gel 38 discharged from the valve seat 34 forms a membrane which is allowed to sag in the central portion by its own weight, it does not fall gravitationally due to the adhering force but forms a hollow semisphere having a central chamber communicating with the central channel in the cutting plunger 33.
In this case, a seed 39 is fallen and supplied from above through said central channel (refer to FIG. 9c).
Then, the piston 37 is advanced to the inside of the gel flow channel 35 and the valve 33a again leaves the valve seat 34 to release the gel 28, by which the seed 38 is tightly encapsulated together with air bubbles 40 in the gel 38 (refer to FIG. 9D).
Then, when the piston 37 is retracted and the valve 33a closes the valve seat again, the sagging gel 38 can no more sustain its increased weight and falls into the curing solution in a curing solution tank below, during which the gel takes a spherical shape by the surface tension (refer to FIG. 9E).
In this way, a gel coating layer 28 for the seed 39 tightly encapsulating therein air bubbles 40 is completed as shown in FIG. 8, in which the size of the gel-coated seed is 10 mm in diameter.
The thus prepared gel-coated seed is dropped into a bath of an aqueous solution of divalent or trivalent metal salt. The concentration of said solution varies from 10 to 50% by weight though the inventor has found that 20% by weight concentration is most preferable. Said gel coated seed is immersed at least for one minute and taken out to be washed in water. It may further be subjected to a preliminary freezing at -20� C. and then a dry freezing at from -20� to -90� C. under a reduced pressure below about 5 Torr.
While a larger size seed requires a greater amount of oxygen upon germination, oxygen for the germination of the rice plant seed is required only for the period from the germination of the rice plant seed to the emergence of the first true leaf and, accordingly, air bubbles in an amount required therefor may be encapsulated together with the rice plant seed within the gel. However, if the coated seeds including air bubbles are seeded in a paddy field, it brings about a problem that the seeds come to float in flooding water.
The coated seeds having air bubbles encapsulated therein may be sunk into the soils of the paddy field by making the apparent specific gravity of the coated seeds to greater than one and the dissolving means can include the following two methods:
(1) Increasing the concentration of the coating gel, and
(2) adding the specific gravity increasing material such as fine sand while leaving the concentration of the coating gel as it is like that in the conventional case.
Description will be made below for the specific gravity increasing test in a case where the specific gravity increasing material is added.
It is required that the materials usable as the specific gravity increasing material be non-toxic both to plant and soil bodies and they should, as a rule, be agricultural materials.
Under the conditions as described above, experiment was conducted for the following specific increasing materials:
(a) pulverizates of solid fertilizer,
(b) pulverizates of culturing sand,
(c) hydroball pulverizates for use in hydroculture,
(d) pulverizates of "KANUMA" soil,
(e) pulverizates of "AKADAMA" soil.
Since the foregoing specific gravity increasing materials, if water soluble, cannot be used as such material, the water solubility and the specific gravity for the respective specific gravity increasing materials are shown below.
______________________________________Solid Rainbow KANUMA AKADAMA Hydrofertilizer sand soil soil Ball______________________________________Slight insoluble insoluble insoluble insolublesoluble3.18 g/cm3 2.78 g/cm3 2.50 g/cm3 3.13 g/cm3 3.33 g/cm3______________________________________
From the foregoing result, any of the specific gravity increasing materials described above can be used. In the case of adding the pulverizates of solid fertilizer, however, since the salt concentration in the coating material is increased, it is not appropriate because there is a great possibility of causing salt injuries to the seeds.
Further, if calcium is present in the specific gravity increasing material, it may possibly harden the gel. The gel-resistant property for each of the specific gravity increasing materials is as follows:
______________________________________Solid Rainbow KANUMA AKADAMA Hydrofertilizer sand soil soil Ball______________________________________A B C B Chardened not not not not hardened hardened hardened hardened______________________________________
Symbols in the table:
A : Aggregate structures are formed and not dispersed uniformly in the gel.
B : Particles are aggregated gradually and dispersed in the gel.
C: Fine particles are dispersed as they are in the gel.
From the result of the above test, it has been confirmed that although the solid fertilizer cannot be used as the specific gravity increasing material, materials may be used as such and can make the apparent specific gravity of the coated seed to greater than 1.
However, since the bonding strength of the gel is reduced if the specific gravity increasing material is added in a great amount, the gel concentration has to be increased somewhat for increasing the specific gravity not by the mere addition of the specific gravity increasing material.
As has been described above, by the method of the preferred embodiment in this embodiment, direct seeding of air bubble-encapsulating gel-coated seeds in water-flooded soils has been enabled by adjusting the specific gravity of the gel coating layer.
The embodiment can provide, in addition to the similar advantages as described for the previous examples, the following advantageous effect.
Since the specific gravity increasing material is incorporated into the gel coating material, the apparent specific gravity of the gel coating material can be made greater than 1 and, accordingly, the air bubble-encapsulating gel-coated seeds can surely be cultured in water-flooded soils.
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Hello friends! I simply must tell you all about the Decorate press breakfast in London last week, it was a huge success and I had a very good (somewhat surreal) time mingling and sharing my book for the first time – what a high! After flying home the same evening I kept thinking, "Did all that really just happen to me!?" — pretty funny to admit but it's true, it was such a whirlwind filled with emotion. But I have to show you the beautiful UK cover in-situ, of course, on my desk at home. It is so nice to have it in hand after looking at it on my computer screen for so many months wondering how it would be once bundled together… What do you think?
The UK Version of Decorate, which is hardbound in light blue with a completely different jacket from the US/Australian versions. It also has different endpapers and is written in British English. On the cover is the New York home of interior designer, writer and author, Rita Konig.
I flew into London the night before and the next morning took a cab over to Covent Garden to meet the press beginning at 8:00 a.m. to talk to them about the book and answer questions. Decorate will release in the UK very soon on March 25th, and then Murdoch Books will publish it in April in Australia/New Zealand. On May 1st, Chronicle will publish it in the US. Funny thing is, the book releases in the UK a few days after my birthday — what are the chances?! In September, Decorate will release in German by Callwey and sold in the German market. This is a very big year and what a bonus to have it publish in German so that my husband's' family can enjoy it along with our German speaking friends here. I look forward to reading it in German as well, but also seeing if Callwey keeps the name or changes it, and what image/s they will use on the jacket and how they'll design the endpapers… I am very curious about this as you can imagine!
The US version of Decorate, hardbound in turquoise with a different jacket, the same jacket as in Australia (more or less). The endpapers are different and it is written in American English. On the cover is the London home of stylist/author and dear friend, Sania Pell.
But yes, more about the press breakfast. I didn't even know what a press breakfast was to be honest but my publicist assured me that it would be a somewhat casual way for me to meet journalists and bloggers based in and around London. The breakfast was hosted by Jacqui Small Publishing and held at a new restaurant called Kopapa (I highly suggest eating there, wow, great food) owned by celebrity chef Peter Gordon from New Zealand, so the location alone was a real treat for us all.
On the cab ride over to Kopapa that morning, I felt butterflies and rainbows simultaneously — it's a funny thing to say but I can only describe the emotional cocktail that I experienced in that way — complete nervousness mixed with absolute bliss and excitement. Weeee! I felt shy upon arrival but Kopapa was so laid back and all who popped in were friendly and so interested in the book and they lingered, we ate together, they looked through the book and each left with a fresh copy to enjoy — and a big bonus — most asked that I sign their copy along with lovely Joanna Copestick, my co-author. It was thrilling to have a mini signing on the spot, their enthusiasm and encouraging, positive feedback still has me on a high because when you are a debut author it is only natural to wonder how your "baby" will be received.
London during the morning of my press breakfast.
Friends asked me after the event how it felt to sign my book for the first time. It felt so natural! I guess it is because I am so completely honored to have an opportunity to contribute my voice and vision to the interiors section of bookstores, a section that I've been frequenting since I was a kid! When I was asked for my signature, I had to hold back from shedding a few tears as I signed the first book. I remember having book signings in my bedroom as a little girl, I would sit at my desk and line up my stuffed animals and pretend that each of them wanted me to sign my book for them, and I'd sign and sign — keeping myself entertained for a good amount of time! This time, I wasn't 8 years old before an audience of plush toys, but I was seated before accomplished journalists, stylists and bloggers and it wasn't a scenario that I was imagining, it was real. As you can imagine, it was an emotional moment. I often wondered how it would feel to author a book, at 8 years old it seemed as far away as flying to the moon, and to sign the first copy and now I know — It was one of the most exhilarating experiences of my life.
After the press breakfast, which ended nearly two hours later than anticipated wrapping up during lunch, I walked over with my publicist, Liz, to meet a writer from Red magazine who invited me for lunch and an interview at the cafe in beautiful retail paradise, Liberty. Meeting her and chatting about my book in such an inspiring atmosphere was nothing short of wonderful. I've been reading Red magazine ever since Barnes & Noble started carrying it in the states (I think I was nearly 20) and always loved their features so it will be a treat to see Decorate reviewed in their May issue.
The press breakfast led me to think that I should have my publicist work with me on a small book signing tour in the US and in parts of northern Europe – why not – you only write your first book once!!! So I'm currently working on a plan for that and as soon as I have more information (when + where) I will post it on decor8. I want to meet SO many of you in person because that would be a real treat and this is an ideal chance to organize something special for you — I want to get a lot of great people together in one room to network and have some fun — I don't want it to be a typical "author seated signing books" or a panel or anything formal. I want to mix and mingle and hang out with my online friends, period. You guys are a big part of my life, you are the reason this book deal came to me in the first place, so it's OUR celebration.
I'd like to thank those who attended the press breakfast, having you there meant so much to me. I loved making important connections and to see your reactions to a book that I spent 2010 working on with Joanna and the wonderful team at Jacqui Small (Liz and Jodie, you rock!). I can't wait to finalize the Decorate Book Tour (yay!!! Feels good to write that) and post more information very, very soon. :)
(images: top 2: holly becker for decor8, london by thorsten becker)
If you follow me on Twitter then you already know about this great news since I tweeted it yesterday… But in case you missed it… In addition to my upcoming book, Decorate, being published by Jacqui Small in the UK (March 2011), Chronicle in the US (May 2011) and Callwey in Germany (September 2011), Murdoch Books will publish Decorate in Australia in April 2011!Here is a spread from Decorate below as seen on their website. Yay!
I've been waiting so patiently for the green light so I could make the official announcement so I am very excited to share this especially since I have lovely Australian readers and I was concerned that it would be difficult for them to get the book otherwise. Australians always tell me how they usually get everything super late down there but not this time Australia, April is mere months away and I'm so excited to hear what you think of it.
I am very honored to be part of Murdoch's line-up because they publish gorgeous books and do a great job promoting their authors so I'm hoping that you will be able to find your copy locally at a favorite store. If you are a shop owner and would like to order Decorate for your store, or inquire about where it will be sold in Australia, please contact Murdoch directly — their contact information is here.
Update: Some have sent emails regarding how to purchase it for your stores in the US, UK + mainland Europe. You may direct your inquires to me (holly at decor8blog.com) with the subject title "Decorate Sales" and I'll hook you up with the appropriate sales director that you need to speak to according to where you are located. Thank you so much for your interest!
(images: debi treloar/jacqui small publishing)
Yes, Papier Mache magazine in Australia is primarily for parents as it is filled with children and wee little products that you'll want to bring home for them to play with and sweet things to dress them in. But still, it's so cute even for those without kids, like me. I appreciate the pretty layouts… and the stuff, oh my the stuff! It's packed with great links to explore, dreamy quotes to linger over, you can get a little bit lost really. And sometimes being lost is just fine.
Some of my new favorites found in this beautiful magazine include:
Artist: Kareena Zerefos
Clothing: Liho
Photographer: Osamu Yokonami
Blog: Les zigouis
Shoes: Pepe
Illustrator: Sally Shand
Paper Sculpture: Anna-Wili Highfield
Furniture: Edmond
Good news! Papier Mache is soon to carry a print edition that will be available worldwide! Click here for the deets. Yay!
(images: papier mache)
Today I received a thoughtful gift from fellow blogger Anh-Minh Le who is now the co-founder and Editor In Chief of Anthology magazine (yay!). What did she send? A copy of the premiere issue of Anthology for Fall. It's lovely!
The magazine encourages, "Living With Substance & Style", words I agree with 100% — especially the "substance" part as good style is nice but being a person with substance, now that is what seals the deal for me when it comes to selecting friends and when it comes to what I read — I want to feel as though I'm getting something for my money because let's face it, there's a lot of information out there. In order for me to pay for what I could normally get for free online, it has to have substance. Anthology looks as though I'm going to get that and I can't wait to dig in and read it. I did have a look at the images and they are quite dreamy…
Thank you Anh-Minh for sending me a copy way over here in Germany. You did a great job, both you and your creative director, Meg Matteo Ilasco. I wish you both the best of luck with your publication going forward and I will definitely order your next issue. Bravo, ladies!
(images: holly becker for decor8)


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(3.1L V6 4-speed Automatic)
2003 Chevrolet Malibu Sedan 4dr Sedan (3.1L 6cyl 4A)
Purchased as a used rental car in 2004 with 15,000 miles.
I now have 203,000 miles and change the oil at 5,000 intervals.
Non maintenance repairs have only been a fuel pump, thermostat, and alternator.
MPG is great.
Consistently averages 30-32 highway at 70+ MPH and 26-28 city.
Will easily go 55,000 to 60,000 miles on a set of tires.
Nothing great to look at but the most reliable car I have owned, especially considering the price.
Would like to get something newer but the thing just won't quit.
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Purchased the car in 2004 with 9K miles. always taken care of the care by doing the maintenance myself. Car has had no major problems since i purchased. Just had my transmission oil and radiator
flushed a replaced. Car still performs very well. Taken it on multiple trips a year and always average between 26-28 MPG. Have highly rated All season tires and always perform regular oil changes. Acceleration always begins to be a problem right before oil changes are necessary, but the car performs very well otherwise. Interior is differently not of high quality and things do brake but nothing a little lover and attention wont fix.
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Loved car until intake gasket leak, warped brake rotors, anti-theft sensor went out, 4 AC control plates, and now has a slight jerking when softly accelerating.
Bought used in 2004, am second owner.
Up to 98,000 miles.
Decent acceleration from stop if you press gas 3/4 way down.
For passing on interstate, floor it and it'll downshift.
Am doing mild hypermiling.
Average between 22 to 24 mpg in city.
Use cushion with opening for tailbone.
Seat bucket now painful to my tailbone.
Very little rust caused by rocks and parking lot car doors.
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I bought the car under with 90,000 miles. At first the car has no problem and after a while it started making a clunking noise randomly and it feels like its about to break down any minute. I cant want to trade this car in.
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Where do I begin...I bought this car used four years ago with 77k, it was my first car so you cant really be picky. After three months the problems began, head gasket, bad electrical wiring, brakes needed replaced every 6 months, rotors needed replaced once a year, the fuel pump needed replaced, also replaced the ignition and the body control module due to the fact they told me it would solve my problem of my car not starting while sitting in the sun...no mechanic could ever figure out what the problem was! Signals occasionally didn't work, sun visor fell off, seat recliner handle fell off. I took good care of this car, always kept it well maintained but this car did not take care of me!
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I bought the car in 06. I was the 2nd owner of this car. It had low miles on it & was in good condition. I had to replace all the tires on it at the time of purchase. I bought a car remote for it within the 1st yr. I get regular oil changes & last summer had to "fix" the car after it over heated--$600ish. The car remote decided to stop working this past winter. I also had to replace one of the tires this winter. I don't drive it excessively & have never taken it out of state. Farthest I have traveled away from home is 2 hrs 3 times. It's a good family car, but I'm usually the only one traveling around in it. It does guzzle gas--16-20 mpg city. Good car if you have a family.
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Bought new in Dec 2002. Well maintained with regular oil changes. Replaced brakes every 20k, replaced fuel pump,replaced fuel filters every 20k, shock absorber gone, required head gaskets, just dump it, not worth fixing.
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I have had trouble with the cooling system and now the fuel pump. This is my second malibu and the second time I have had to deal with a fuel pump. The seat is difficult to pull down in back for trunk room.
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Purchased in 8/2003, and I beat drive this car hard! I rarely give it an oil change or any of the recommended maintenance.....The car runs perfectly! I have never gotten stuck! Front rotors and brake pads need to be replaced fairly frequently. The air conditioning has not worked since 2004. I had a problem with water filling the trunk in 2007. The passenger side gets rust spots which I have noticed on many of the Malibus. But, I have never owned a vehicle for this many (6) years! It has been good to me, I have 107, 000 miles on it!
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This was my first actual car and I was so excited...until. I got stranded in the middle of a road trip because of the fuel pump. Then the thermostat went, replaced rotors twice. Leaking coolant, had to replace gaskets and water pump. I haven't had the car two years. Locks went weird. Overall it's been disappointing to say the least. i'm in school and cant afford a new car any time soon >:[
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Is it playtime or naptime? That depends on which of Zoo Atlanta's impossibly cute 4-month-old panda cubs you ask.
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text: 09Mar2012 Music Lesson categories: baby, family Hey y'all! If you're new here, I'd love for you to subscribe to my RSS feed . Be sure to follow me on Pinterest and Instagram. Thanks for visiting! Some posts may contain affiliate links. The Bear loves listening to Daddy play the guitar, and I love watching them together. So sweet. 1 Comment on Music Lesson Perrine Renoir March 20, 2012 at 5:46 am (3 years ago) adorable! buy a ukelele Reply Leave a Reply Cancel reply


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New Bern, NC – This week on the Down East Journal, we'll talk with local health care professionals about H1N1, more commonly known as swine flu. And Gov. Beverly Perdue is shoring up the budget by cutting state employee salaries over the next two months. Those stories and more this week.


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NBA: Spurs put big hurt on Minnesota
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SAN ANTONIO — Try as they might, the Minnesota Timberwolves just can't seem to get above .500, and they were not at the easiest place to get a win, either.
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Bass Lake Campground
Springfield, Ohio
Phone: (937) 323-2981
Visit Campground Website
Sites: 50
Recent Rate: $30 9/2011
Latitude: 39.9146985153879
Longitude: -83.8723862171173
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Date of Stay: September, 2011 - $30.00
We stayed here in a brand new Bounder. Staff was very nice. Campers were very friendly. Fantastic fenced double dog run. Lovely setting. Shaded spots. Some traffic noise but we didn't hear it inside our RV. We camped at Bass Lake Campground in a Motorhome.Undo
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This campground is truly a dump. Interior roads are gravel and full of pot holes making them unsafe for driving. Broken down motorhomes everywhere. The office is on top of a hill very difficult walk. Once there your met by a pit bull. The whole place is very scary looking. We couldn't get out of there fast enough. We camped at Bass Lake Campground in a Motorhome.Undo
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Automakers exceed U.S. fuel-economy rules for 2nd straight year, EPA says
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What: Lightweight cast-iron center differential
Innovation: Innovative laser welding allows for a more compact and lightweight cast-iron center differential while increasing torque capacity.
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