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Showing 2 reviews for Jensen Power 900.1
|Customer Review Summary for Jensen Power 900.1
|July 30, 2013
|Good enough to power smaller subs
8 of 14 people found the following review helpful:
Review by
David from Uniontown, PA
I bought this to match up to my 12 inch Kicker CVR dual 4 ohm sub, wired to 2 ohm impedance. It was a decent sounding combination but after the amp began to overheat (despite the fact air is able to be around and go underneath the amp) I decided to upgrade to JL Audio
|February 28, 2013
|Not worth it
6 of 13 people found the following review helpful:
Review by
Memphislover from Richmond, VA
I bought this amp thinking that it would be good to power my 15' Kicker CVR. I wasn't looking for big bass but I wanted a little bit of punch.. It pushed it good at first (for like a week), then the fuses blew. Then I bought new fuses and they blew within an HOUR! I had 4 gauge wiring though. My guess is that I had too much power into this amp and it was trying to push a bada** speaker. I wouldn't recommend this if you are looking for awesome bass, but if you want to push a little 10" sub just to have a little boom or some 6x9's, then go for it.


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Georgia Tank & Environmental Contractors Association
Click here to download David Au's Convention presentation on fuel water problems
Click here to download a complete GTEC Convention Agenda
Click here to download a copy of the new draft GA Fire Code
Click Here if You Need to Apply for Membership
Click Here if You Need to Pay Your Dues Online with a Credit Card
Click Here for Info on Our Convention Feb 27, 28, Mar 1 in Savannah
The SouthEastern States Vapor Intrusion Symposium
Go to this site for more info and presentations: www.sesvis.com
Need a Replacement Certificate for your Operator A B Training? There is a $25 charge.
To order a replacement certificate, copy and paste the following URL into your browser window:
Click Below for the Online Operator A B Course
Click Here to Register for the Class A and B Online Course
Click Here for Info on a Class C Training Poster
Officers and Directors
Membership Directory
Membership Information
Georgia Links
Please Note: All Cathodic Protection Testers certified by GTEC were trained and Certified by Craig Meier,
Corrosion Control, Inc., who is a NACE Certified Corrosion Expert.
Click below for the presentations from the Sep 22, 2014 UST Seminar:
Bill Greer - NEW EPA Federal UST Rules
BJ Benton - Dispensers and Fill/Overfill Protection
David Au - GA Fuels lab Rules
Bill Greer - Inventory Control
Ed Kubinsky - Tank Tightness Testing
Denise Purvis - Statistical Inventory Reconcilliation (SIR)
Katie Seaborn - Release Detection - Piping
Craig Meier - Corrosion Protection
Bill Greer - Release Reporting, Closures, Op C Training
Bill Greer - Op C Training Guide Inserts
Click Here for Draft Petroleum Contractor License Rules
Note: The following lists are under revision. Please call GTEC at 770-426-1133 for more information.
Certified Cathodic Protection Testers(GTEC Members)
Vapor Recovery System Testers (GTEC Members)
Tank Tightness Testers (GTEC Members)
Emergency Responders (Spills) (GTEC Members)
UST Closure (Tank Removal) Contractors (GTEC Members)

subset: commoncrawl


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"NOT enjoyable"
uninteresting snippets of life with difficult to follow storylines without significant purpose.
The story is steeped an a family culture that is very different than some may be accutomed to and difficult to relate to.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


text:
Thanks for taking the time to report this user.
Your participation helps keep Airbnb a safe and trusted
community, and it doesn't go unnoticed!
I am a dog trainer here in austin
Lalanya has completed online and offline ID verification.
Learn more »
Great guests; left the condo in perfect shape. Welcome back anytime!
Tabby and son Jim were great guests. They put it in a gallant effort to cover the furniture with sheets as they brought their two little dogs with them. The house was left in good shape, which I appreciated as I had back to back guests! Tabby had excellent communication, and even gave me a call upon her arrival back to her home to remind me of several details upon their departure.
Communicative and clean.


text:
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Daily Archives: January 2, 2013
Video | Maryland Congressman Chris Van Hollen Speaks On Fiscal Cliff Deal: GOP Caucus Nailed Boehner
Dan Senor on the panel, seriously, Joe?
Video | Governor Chris Christie BLASTS GOP House For blocking Sandy Relief
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Videos | GOP ABANDONED Vote On Hurricane Sandy Relief Funds: Rep. Peter King Says "Indefensible!"
One has to question the motives of the GOP for not voting on and passing the Sandy Reief Funds bill. It would be too much like say, DOING THEIR JOBS for the AMERICAN people. But like clockwork, Speaker Boehner's letting … Continue reading
Serendipity SOUL | Wednesday Open Thread | Hall & Oates Week!
Happy Hump day, Everyone. 3 Chics continues with Hall & Oates week… MANEATER FYI Just so there's no CONFUSION about who is and has REALLY been putting our country in DEBT:
Posted in Current Events, Media, Music, Open Thread, Politics Tagged Hall and Oates, Maneater, Philly Blue-eyed Soul 71 Comments


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Suspect in Ind. officer death pleads not guilty
A judge has entered a preliminary not-guilty plea for the man charged in the killing of a police officer during a shootout
By Charles D. Wilson
Associated Press
INDIANAPOLIS — A judge has entered a preliminary not-guilty plea for the man charged in the killing of an Indianapolis police officer during a shootout.
Twenty-five-year-old Major Davis Jr. wore a red jail uniform as sheriff's deputies pushed him in a wheelchair to a Marion County courtroom Tuesday morning for his first court appearance on murder charges.
Davis is charged with fatally shooting Officer Perry Renn during a July 5 shootout. Authorities say Davis was wounded and was hospitalized for about a week but haven't detailed his injuries.
Police say Renn and other officers were responding to a call of shots being fired on the city's north side when he exchanged gunfire with Davis, who hit Renn with three rounds from an AK-47 assault rifle.
Copyright 2014 The Associated Press
Copyright 2015 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
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- 5 Suspect dead, 8 cops injured in Ariz. melee


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How Do U Prevent Aids
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
HIV/AIDS (HIV TRANSMISSION BETWEEN TWO HIV NEGATIVES, 2010)Can two HIV negative men develop HIV/AIDS from having unprotected sex with each other?
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...Hello,See below.Dr. BobHow to contract HIV (HIV TRANSMISSION BETWEEN TWO HIV NEGATIVES, 2009) (Obama Budget Would Kill Abstinence-Only Funding) May 15, 2009If a HIV - woman Read more »
HIV/AIDS Denial (AIDS DENIALISTS, 2009)What's up with all these people who either deny HIV exists or believe the government create it? I... Read more »
can you get hiv/aids if you.. (QTND: HIV TRANSMISSION BETWEEN TWO HIV NEGATIVES, 2008)me and my partner have been curious about trying anal sex. we are both hiv/aids free and free of... Read more »
Washington Post Examines Brazilian-U.S. Differences on HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment Policies... The Washington Post on Thursday examined the "ideological disagreement" between the Brazilian and U.S. governments over HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment policies. The U.S. government has "officially adopted" abstinence messages as the... Read more »
U.S. Provides HIV/AIDS Prevention Funding in Vietnam... On Tuesday, the US Embassy in Vietnam announced almost $29 million in funding to help the nation fight HIV/AIDS. A five-year social marketing, prevention, and support services project will receive $15 million to target those most at-risk Read more »
U.S. Conference on AIDS to Focus on HIV/AIDS Prevention Among Minorities...Minority AIDS Council , began on Thursday in Fort Lauderdale, Fla., and through Sunday will focus on ways to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS in minority communities, the South Florida Sun-Sentinel reports (Lewis et al., South Florida... Read more »
Reports Released on HIV/AIDS Programs in Resource-Limited Settings and HIV/AIDS Among Hispanics; Special JAMA Issue Includes HIV/AIDS-Related Articles, Commentaries and Editorials... " From the Ground Up: Building Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Care Programs in Resource-Limited Settings ," Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation : The three-volume publication Read more »
Connect With Others
1.1 Million American living with HIV/AIDS
Posted by Florida69, 2 Replies...Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said on Thursday. The CDC numbers, based on 2006 data, show the population living with HIV is growing as people become newly infected and as more patients survive thanks to HIV drugs. The report also... Read more »
U.S. Bullying Interferes With HIV/AIDS Prevention
Posted by bradford...U.S. Bullying Interferes With HIV /AIDS Prevention The United States government would have the world believe it has been a major contributor in the fight against Read more »
Workplace issues and HIV/AIDS
Posted by ScotCharles...http://www.thebody.com/workplace.html Check out this link for workplace issues with HIV/AIDS. It is very thorough. Read more »
Lesbian with HIV/AIDS for Over 20 years
Posted by Smiley...prostitution and drug abuse when she migrated to the east coast, Smiley is beginning a new life of activism in the lesbian and HIV/AIDS community in San Diego where she says she feels more comfortable to be who she is, a lesbian living with... Read more »
Resource Centers
Guides for People With HIV


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Google Reduces Its Nexus One Termination Fee 56
from the get-out-for-less dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
Linking to an article mentioning Linus and an older advertisement, with a tiny bit of new information (a 200$ cut because of an about-to-be ruling by the FCC), that overall shows Google in a positive light. With clumsy maths at the end.
Slashdot at its best!
Slashdot at its best!
I've been reading that for at least a decade. At least you can't fault them on editorial style inconsistencies...
The price cut could add momentum to a phone that, by one reckoning, costs only $49 unlocked.
And, by another reckoning, it actually saves you $5,000 and rescues your cat from a tree. Incidentally, both reckonings are fallacious.
That (1) makes you look stupid, and (2) repeats advertising.
Of course, this is pretty much the default with kdawson.
It's one thing to have a story/advertisement, it's another to blatantly lie in it.
The bullshit statistic of the $49 dollar unlocked version was ably debunked in the comments of the last story where this was claimed.
Please stop doing it. When you're caught in a blatant lie, you don't repeat it unless you are also an idiot.
You are false data.


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One, or two (or three) of the dogs at the daycare absolutely love Cheryl and one of them was able to sneak a quick kiss on the lips while she was distracted.
I wonder who it was...
{klb♥photography}, Orso ♥ Sam, and 18 other people added this photo to their favorites.
Alyss, I was tongued on Tuesday (Chase), followed by nosed (Andie's nose all the way into my mouth). Talk about Ga-ross!
Mrs eNil, they're all friends that have been coming regularly for quite a while. I think that's what makes it work so well.
Job hazards 101 Dog tongues and noses find their target fast if you are not careful. My new neighbors dogs got out of their yard today as I was coming home. I called them over because I was afraid they would into traffic, one showed their graditude by a quick and unexpected kiss... ick! :o) got to love dogs!
What a great bunch of dogs! Love that photo!
I love this - inspires me to work in doggie daycare:)
they eat poop, you know
.eyebex - it's true, we just try to forget that because we love them :)
Okay, I want that job...where do I apply? :)
BigIslandSherrye - if I can stay with you in Hawaii you can definitely work here. Hope you like the prairies and the Rockies.
I love the prairies and the Rockies...I grew up in Oregon! I'm sure my two dogs would love you:)
i work at a dog day care too! this is great, i wish we could bring nice cameras in to work
I saw these friends in
Best Friends
BigIslandSherrye - I'll look you up for sure the next time I'm on the islands.
My_Boy_Dodger - it definitely helps to know the owners.
love it!!!!!
great shot, this is how dogs should behave
I saw this in
FETCH THE BALL (post 1, comment 1)!
looks like so much fun working at the dog daycare... wish I could work there too...
Love it! They look like they are having a fun time.
you have my dream job, would LOVe to work something like this!
Dog care is a dangerous profession. ;-)
Your a good photographer, yes you are!
Seen next to a fellow photo of FETCH THE BALL [Post 1, Award 1] VOTE!!!. (?)
I saw this in
FETCH THE BALL (post 1, comment 1)!
that's my dream come true to be surrounded by sweet doggies!
To let you all know... it was Chase. She's a sneaky kisser! Thankfully I don't think she ate poop that day =)


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Subscribe to RSS Feed
Healthcare - Medical Jobs in India
Browse this section to avail unlimited Healthcare and Medical Jobs in India. Job vacancies from top hospitals and pharmaceutical companies are searched on Khojle. You can too contact the advertiser directly to resolve you queries regarding job vacancies. Plus, Jobs for Dietician, Doctor/RMO, Nursing Staff, Pharmacist or Chemist are listed in this section, all it requires you to pick one as per your requirements. Also
CLASSIFIEDS ADS FOR Healthcare - Medical in india
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Ambattur, Tamil NaduMEDICAL CODING TRAINING WITH 100%PLACEMENTS: 1. I-Skills Solutions is one of the leading healthcare Recruiter firm in India, It also provides you with ready-to-work, high-quality training program with Placement in leading companies. Our T More...
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Gurgaon, HaryanaMedical Billing - AR Executive job in gurgaon. Job Description: Selected candidate would be responsible to call US Insurance Companies to follow up on unpaid Health Claims.Depending on the status obtained. Corrective action will need to be More...
Urgent Opening - Software Sales-Healthcare job in Gorakhpur13-Feb-2015Location
Gorakhpur, Uttar PradeshUrgent Opening - Software Sales-Healthcare job in Gorakhpur. Job Description: Dear Candidate, Greetings from Onicra!! We are currently looking for a Sales Professional for our new product DrRiight.com. Its a web-portal to brid More...
Job for Medical Representative - Leading Pharma MNC-Dhanbad13-Feb-2015Location
Dhanbad, JharkhandJob for Medical Representative - Leading Pharma MNC-Dhanbad. Job Description: A leading pharma MNC company, is looking for bright pharmaceutical and science graduates with minimum 2 to 7 years of pharmaceutical experience for CARDIO DIABET More...
Job for Medical Representative and Pharma Sales in Amritsar13-Feb-2015Location
Amritsar, PunjabJob for Medical Representative and Pharma Sales in Amritsar Job Description : Segment :- Neuropschiatry Responsibilities :- 1. To Generate Prescriptions and Achieve given Sales Target. 2. To follow Company strategy 3. To meet the Doctors/C More...
Wanted Technician for night shift Medical Diagnostic12-Feb-2015Location
Mumbai, MaharashtraMedical diagnostic service provider company , wanted technician for Night Shift, freshers can apply. More...
Wanted Biomedical and Bioinformatics graduates for medcal coding03-Feb-2015Location
Chennai, Tamil NaduYour job will be all about making simple conversions of treatment procedures done on patients into codes that can be used in medical insurance claim procedures. Do you hold a degree in Microbiology, Biochemistry, Biotechnology or Bioinformatics? Then More...
Urgent job openings in Medical Gastrology02-Feb-2015Location
Hyderabad, Andhra PradeshThe Division of Gastroenterology is one of the largest gastroenterology practices in the country and is a leader in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver. vacancy- 02 positions Timmings : 3:00 More...
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Hyderabad, Andhra PradeshJob Description: Translates physician and other health care professionals dictations of patient care and treatment into comprehensive, accurately typed reports according to regulatory requirements and facility standards. Candidate should have 1 to More...


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1242 members483 Comments 10 Likes
206 members93 Comments 0 Likes
2 members2 Comments 0 Likes
551 members174 Comments 2 Likes
69 members48 Comments 3 Likes
Started Feb 10 0 Replies 0 Likes
Started Feb 10 0 Replies 0 Likes
Started Oct 25, 2014 0 Replies 0 Likes
Pakistan is one of the top recipients of American foreign aid - our tax dollars.Pakistan is about to execute a Christian mother of five for her faith.This cannot be allowed. Our voices must be…Continue
Posted on January 29, 2015 at 12:15pm 0 Comments 0 Likes
Posted on February 28, 2012 at 1:45pm 0 Comments 1 Like
I have several words in the Word that brings comfort & joy to my heart. "Holy" is another one of those words. The very second we use the word "holy" in any song, I lose it. Holy is something we will never understand but yet are called to strive to be that way. Abide is a very comforting & soothing word as well. Behind the comfort stands the strong and…Continue
Thank you so much Tammy! God Bless you! :)
I love you Tammy !!! oh and.. I'm back !!!! :O)
Greeting in Jesus name. Just back on this page n happy having u as my network friends. I pray as the programs go, our hearts will keep knocking for d lord. stay blessed
Thanks for adding me to your friend list. I watch the Price is Right show and someday I hope to be on the show. I think with todays television there are lots of programs that just don't watch because most television is worldy unless you are watching Christian television or some other wholesome shows. I like to read a lot of books and then exercise when I have time to do it. Well it looks like you are a strong Christian in the Lord as I have read your blogs and some of your posts.
Poking my head out of my shell, thought I would say hello!
© 2015 Created by Pastor Greg.


text: Covario: Global paid search grew 18% in 2012 Published on January 17, 2013. 0 Reprints Reprints Ad Age LookBook Weekly Feature Why Taco Bell's Social Media Blackout Was a Brilliant Campaign Learn more San Diego—Worldwide spending on pay-per-click search advertising in the enterprise technology, consumer electronics and retail sectors grew 18% last year, according to search marketing agency Covario Inc. According to Covario's "Global Paid Search Analysis" of its own clients, paid search advertising on mobile devices continued to accelerate worldwide throughout the year, with mobile search spending up 30% in the fourth quarter compared with the year-earlier period. For the second consecutive quarter, costs-per-click on tablets exceeded those on personal computers, Covario said. Google continued to command more than 86% of the paid-search market share, with the Yahoo-Bing Network at nearly 8%, according to the report. In this article: BtoB Advertisement Read These Next Wendy Clark to Return to Coca-Cola on April 6, Company Says E.J. Schultz on 03.31.2015 6 0 McDonald's to Finally Start All-Day Breakfast Test Maureen Morrison on 03.31.2015 3 0 Big Changes at Heineken Include Exit of Global CMO E.J. Schultz on 03.31.2015 17 0 Comments (0)


text:
I'm probably going to head to Disneyland solo tomorrow to take advantage of the $50 off a Premiere Pass offer I received in the mail. Does anyone have any tips they might want to offer? Suggestions on things to do, what to expect, things to make the day go better, etc would be great.
Also, I believe that I'm supposed to be able to get a refund on my parking when purchasing my pass... where do I request that?
Any tips/suggestions would be greatly appreciated! Thanks.


text:
Royce Chocolates
Royce chocolates are the true luxe Japanese chocolate brand (comparable to the Godiva and Varlrhona brand of France and Belgium) while the Meiji Chocolates which is one of their competitors and is more known around Asia is the more affordable brand. Royce factories are in Sapporo but they have many branches around japan and in the asian region. Royce is a true chocolate lovers delight and they have many kinds of chocolate confectionaries but the most popular would be the Nama Chocolate Brand (melt in your mouth chocolates that is kept refrigerated and placed in a thermal cooler with synthethic dry ice for transport upon buying and they have many flavors like champaigne or grand marnier or gran cru) and their chocolate dipped potato chips. Other brands of Royce include: Dacquoise, Financier, Lurumaro Chocola, Madeleines, Nutty Bar Chocolate, Petite Truffe, Royce' Chocolate Bars, and Royce' Pure Chocolate.
well for fans of Luxe Chocolates like me, this is pure chocolate heaven! for me, Royce Chocolates especially the Nama Brand are better than Godiva or Varlrhona. A Box of the Nama Chocolates costs 660 yen plus 100 yen for the thermal cooler pack with the synthethic dry ice that keeps the chocolates cold for at least 5 hours and the potato chip chocolates costs 900 yen a box.
Centrair Airport Royce Shop is located at the 3rd level of the Duty Free Area at International Deprtures.
- Arts and Culture
- Luxury Travel
- Food and Dining
Marunouchi: Overview
Marunouchi at the southwest of Nagoya Castle has a lot of office buildings, banks including Nagoya Branch of Bank of Japan and some major hotels such as Nagoya Marunochi Tokyu Inn Hotel. The advantage of taking a lodge in Marunouchi district is you can enjoy the morning walk or jog around the Sannomaru Outer Moat, which is also a popular walking area for Nagoya residents. Shopping and restaurant areas are mostly located near the Bank of Japan Nagoya Branch area. Around Sannomaru Outer Moat, there are some nice shrines such as Nagoya Shrine, Nagoya Toshogu, and some nimor shrines in and around them. It also has member-exclusive Alpen Fitness Club in Alpen Marunouchi Tower, 115 meters in height.
- Hiking and Walking
- Business Travel
- Historical Travel
Nagoya Shrine
Founded in 911 A.D. as one of the subsidiary shrines of Tsushima Shrine, the shrine was taken into as part of Sannomaru enclosure of Nagoya Castle when the Nagoya Castle was reconstructed by Iyeyasu Tokugawa in 1610. In 1876 Meiji Government moved the shrine to current place the former site of Meirinsha school. At the same time Toshogu Shrine formerly at the Sannomaru enclosre of Nagoya castle was moved adjacent to the shrine as well. The shrine's main festival called Tennosai Festival held during mid July used to be grand scale festival with a number of floats but current festival moves the huge portable shrines to Wakamiya Shrine.
- Historical Travel
- Religious Travel
Shiratori Park
Shiratori Park is a huge park located opposite to Atsuta Jingu Park connected by Atsuta Memorial Bridge. It has Nagoya International Convention Hall, kids' playground and Shiratori Teien, a Japanese garden.
- Arts and Culture
- Family Travel
- Business Travel
Atsuta Memorial Bridge
Atsuta Memorial Bridge over the Horikawa river is linking Atsuta Jingu Park and Shiratori Park where Nagoya International Convention Hall and Shiratori Teien are located. The bridge also has nice views of Horikawa River, Convention Hall, and skyscraper in the distance.
- Photography
Italian Village
Venice? Trieste? Genoa? Nope, none of these. This is "Villagio Italia", and Italian-themed shopping complex by Nagoya harbor. I must say they have done a pretty good job. There are food and fashion stores, bars, restaurants and even a chapel. It covers an enormous area - 53,000 square meters - and you can easily spend an afternoon wandering around. Definitely worth a look if you are in the area.
It costs 1000 yen to enter (you receive vouchers for the same value to spend inside) and the complex is open from 10am 7 days.
It's the eastern area of Garden Pier in Nagoya port.
Shin Maiko Beach, a man-made island
If you want to see a 'real' man-made island, check out Shin Maiko Beach. It's a small island about a half-km across the water from Shin-Maiko, and just north of Centrair Airport. There's a lot of open park space and there's a big, young forest growing there. There's also a small beach and plenty of walkways. There's a rest facility and a couple of souvenir shops. You can also get a view of Centrair Airport in the distance. There are also two huge windmills. If you've ever wanted to walk around a man-made island, this is your chance. I found it kind of interesting. There's also quite a bit of wind-surfing available in Shin-Maiko. When I was there I saw about 20 windsurfers and saw a rental shop near the bridge to the island. It's just a 20-min ride south of Nagoya on the Meitetsu Line or 5-min north of Centrair. Shin-Maiko station. 540 yen.
- Windsurfing
- Beaches
- Water Sports
Inuyama Castle, about an hour north of Nagoya
It's a bit of a trek north of Nagoya, but Inuyuma Castle is worth seeing. The castle has the oldest original tower, built in the 1500's. It's quite small, but it's really interesting inside. You get the feel of being in a real castle, not just a tourist trap. There are breathtaking views of the mountains, the river, and Inuyama from the tower. The surrounding grounds are also quite peaceful. It costs about 500 yen to enter.
- Castles and Palaces
Toyota's crazy Oiden festival
Ok, so this is definitely off the beaten path. If you're in Nagoya in July, I suggest you make a visit to the Oiden festival. Oiden means something like 'welcome, please come and have fun'. Many people parade around the main square in Toyota, singing and dancing to the same song, over and over. You can see people wearing almost nothing, beating taiko drums, and drinking lots of sake. But the best part is the fireworks display. It happens at the end of Oiden, on a Sunday night, and lasts for over an hour. I've never seen a more awesome display of pyrotechnics.
- Music
- Festivals
INUYAMA is a small castle town...
INUYAMA is a small castle town near Nagoya. The area is a mecca for theme-park type places, but only one is exceptional - MEIJI MURA: The large open air museum in a park-like setting features Meiji-era (1868-1912) buildings moved from all over Japan. Many of these buildings were moved to escape demolition.
The park has forty or so buildings from this era including churches, government buildings and traditional Japanese merchant houses. You'll even find a jail, a bank and a telephone exchange building. Kyoto's first streetcar and an early steam locomotive transport you around the vast grounds on the shores of a large lake. It takes a full day to see all the buildings.
Follow Nakasendo trail through...
Follow Nakasendo trail through rural Japan on foot and by train to Kyoto. A secret side of Japan to the outside world. Stunning vistas from mountain passes and lots of Nature. First stop would be Matsumoto castle. To get a taste of it do a daytrip there and find out whether you'd like it. See travelogue in my Japan page.
2 hours by shinkansen from Nagoya. It's a great getaway from the bustles of the city. Here, one can observe the olden Japanese way of living & indulge in the slow pace of living.
I'll write more about this wonderful town as soon as VT adds a locator for this town.
It is lowered on the ground...
It is lowered on the ground the money fabulous dolphinlike fish on the?@castle is years how many, too, and it seems to do the color paint.
The city of Nagoya viewed from...
The city of Nagoya viewed from a high vantage point. Look at that wonderfully blue sky, (sigh) it reminds so much of home...
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What Are the Symptoms of HIV and AIDS?...it's pretty much guaranteed that other people have worried about the same thing. In fact, TheBody.com's "Ask the Experts" forum on safe sex and HIV prevention is flooded with tons of questions every day. It's normal to be scared, especially if you don't know much about HIV. But that is why it is important to educate yourself: so you don't have to be unnecessarily frightened anymore. That education includes getting an HIV test . It doesn't...
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Please help a scared MSW student!!Thank you for taking the time to answer my question, I am literally losing my mind. I am a master's social work student and can't quiet my mind long enough to do the enormous amount of reading I am assigned! So your help is saving my sanity,...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...help.Response from Dr. FrascinoHello,Your problem is psychological (psychiatric), not virological! HIV is not your problem; fear of HIV is.Responding to your specific questions:1. If you had untreated HIV disease, the chances you would be... Read more »
HIV, allergies and other possible indicators of infectionHi Dr. Bob,I apologise if this is in the wrong forum but because of the different aspects in the question I didn't know which one to put it in. My question is related to the likelyhood of me contracting HIV (I'm really trying to get things straight...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...help.Response from Dr. FrascinoHello,Your problem is psychological (psychiatric), not virological! HIV is not your problem; fear of HIV is.Responding to your specific questions:1. If you had untreated HIV disease, the chances you would be... Read more »
Please help me to find out if I have got infected by HIVHi Robert, Could you please help me out. I had sex with a sex worker(unknown HIV status) with condom a week ago. She did oral sex with condom. after that I had vaginal sex with condom ? I got cold and bit of fever now. I started worried if I got...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...depression and fluffernutterness. I urge you to get the help you need without further delay.Good luck. HIV is not your problem; fear of HIV is!Dr. BobIs it better not to know? ( IS IT BETTER TO GET HIV TESTED OR NOT TO KNOW, 2009) Sep 16, 2009The... Read more »
$50 Donation For Question On Weird Oral Sex Part 2Link:http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/SafeSex/Current/Q201798.htmlHi Dr Bob, I want to thank you for answering my previous question regarding oral sex and masturbation. During my oral sex and masturbation sessions, I made 100% sure that the condom...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...the same, OK?Dr. Bob$50 Donation For Question On Weird Oral SexJun 1, 2009 Dr Bob, Scott from NJ. Im writing to you because Im scared and confused. Really hope you will be able to help me. Last month, I was staying in Thailand and did some stupid... Read more »
Myths About HIV...story or an idea that is not true. In dealing with HIV, it's important to know reality from myth. Believing myths can result in fear, in denial, and even in damage to your health. Myths About HIV and HIV Treatment The myth: "HIV doesn't... Read more »
Let's Talk About Safer Sex: A Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day Primer for Providers...mortified and others titillated; but truly, patients want to discuss their sexual practices, but are afraid to bring them up for fear of judgment -- real or perceived. You may be younger, older, or of a different sexual orientation than your... Read more »
Older Women: At Risk for HIV Infection... Older HIV+ women usually are invisible and isolated, keeping their diseasesecret from friends and even family. They are afraid to admit they have HIVbecause of the stigma. Due to the lack of awareness of HIV in the older population... Read more »
HIV Transmission...insect, the insect does not become infected and cannot transmit HIV to the next human it bites. There also is no reason to fear that a mosquito or other insect could transmit HIV from one person to another through HIV-infected blood left on its... Read more »
Connect With Others
Can I catch HIV infection this way?
Posted by Anonymous, 4 Replies...seconds long, the virus if it was present would not have enough time to die and not pose a risk. I have been living with all sorts of fear and doubts for the past ten months. I am afraid to test in case I am really positive because of this... Read more »
afraid to kiss
Posted by jessi_babe_xoxo, 2 Replies...I have known this guy for so long who has aids, and i like him and he likes me. but i am afraid to do anything with him, even kiss him. i know that kissing is one of the lowest risks to get aids, but i am so scared about Read more »
Posted by Anonymous, 3 Replies...HI, i just had one question. I live with someone who has HIV, and it really scares me cause i think that somehow i could catch it. please tell me if there is ANY way that i could catch it just from being in Read more »
I'm scared to be near my best friend hiv+
Posted by Anonymous, 3 Replies...I am hoping some real life stories will help me with my fears. My longtime friend told me he is hiv + and now I'm afraid to be near him. I have read that casual contact is not a risk so I suck up my fears and pretend everything is the same when I Read more »
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SPORTS PLUS: Youth wrestling results
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Grafton Open
March 14
First place finishers - Brett Preble, Brandon Hanson, Jaden Haake, Valentin Mendoza, Sebastian Brower, Harley Parsons
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Production Location:Contact Designer
Collection – nuBEKh Fall Winter 2013-14
nuBEKh presents refined jersey collections, with touching love notes and minimal aesthetics. The statement of a "ripped out label" on the back gives the idea of your own personalized brand. Our mission is to emphasize individuality, and show that behind every single garment stands a unique person with a beautiful soul. We want to...
Maria Bekh is Ukrainian. She was educated in Istituto Marangoni, and got Master's degree in both specializations – Fashion Design and Fashion Brand Management. While studying in London, Paris and Milan, she was working on projects of the most prestigious brands. May 2010: Took first placein the contest 'Triumph Inspiration Award' according tothe open ballot, which was held in Paris. Her works were exhibited at the Galeries Lafayette in different cities in France. October 2010: Presented her début Spring/Summer 2011 collection during Ukrainian Fashion Week. March 2011: Shows Art-fashion Performance on Kiev Fashion Days dedicated to Autumn/Winter 2012 season. July 2011: Established her atelier in Kiev and till now working as Creative director of brand BEKh. Currently Maria is working on her collections, successfully presents them on European, US and Canadian markets. She believes that fashion should express the uniqueness of personality and give the sparkle to everyday life.


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Oak breaks Detroit Lakes boys swimming record
For 17 years, the Detroit Lakes boys' 100-yard breaststroke record -- set in 1992 by Erin Rogers -- stood strong.
Record, meet Laker freshman Quillan Oak -- who eclipsed Rogers' record and set the new meet mark in the breaststroke with his time of 1:03.31.
Oak won the event handily Saturday, with Perham senior Luke Hofland coming in second place with a 1:04.96.
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Respond to Review of Flaming Icecube
by rickdavid
Review: I arrived in Cleveland on a three day trip on Monday afternoon and went to Flaming Icecube for a sandwich. Went back twice Tuesday and twice Wednesday and had something different every day. Everything was excellent and reasonably priced. I will eat there every time I go back to Cleveland. Service was very good and everyone was very helpful and friendly. This is one of my favorite restaurants anywhere.
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A beautiful smile is a lifetime investment.
2715 Breezewood Ave
Fayetteville, NC 28303
|MON 9:00am - 6:00pm
|TUE 9:00am - 6:00pm
|WED 9:00am - 5:00pm
|THURS 9:00am - 6:00pm
|FRI closed
|SAT closed
|SUN closed
By appointment. Emergency services for our patients only. Flexible appointments.
Dr. Paul M. Cottone is an orthodontist in Fayetteville, North Carolina. He provides braces for children and adults, as well as early intervention for young children. Dr. Cottone retired with 20 years of service from the U.S. Army in 1998. He completed orthodontic training with a Master's degree from the University of Louisville.
His last four years at Ft. Bragg had a heavy concentration of surgical adult orthodontics. At Fort Bragg, Dr. Cottone served as the mentor in orthodontics for the two-year general dentistry residency program. He has received numerous military awards and citations for his dentistry.
Dr. Cottone is a member of the American Association of Orthodontics, American Dental Association and the Chamber of Commerce.
Dr. Cottone and staff works together as a team to provide the highest quality of orthodontic care to each patient in a loving and caring manner and in a fun, happy atmosphere. Our concern is the total well-being of each individual and our aim is to enrich the lives of those we meet. We have a wonderful and affordable payment plan with a low down payment. We file all types of insurance, including those for dependents of active duty and retired military.
Call to schedule your free consultation with Dr. Cottone.
Category: Dentists|Orthodontics
Love this office by Mira B - 03/13/2014
My family has been going to Dr. Cottone for 8 years now. We are on our third child. Because of the family discount, we did not have a down payment with this one. Yea!!! And we also were not charged for a second retainer when our son lost his. This office works with families. It seems like our second home. We love our visits. Everyone is genuinely concerned about us.
WOW by JOYR - 03/13/2014
Happy by Pat - 11/14/2013
Just got my braces off. Very happy with results.
Very Pleased by mgonzalez - 05/23/2012
My teeth were a mess before I saw Dr. Cottone. I always had a nagging suspicion that my crooked teeth interfered with my dating and job prospects. Come to find out I was right. Now that my teeth are straight I have more confidence and got a great job. Straight teeth, great job, great girlfriend. I am just sorry that I didn't do this sooner. Dr. Cottone is great. He accomodated my work shedule. Of course, I am very pleased with his work.
very happy with my smile by badabing - 05/23/2012
Boy, what a difference braces make! Before I hated to smile. Now I smile all of the time. I am so much happier with the photos that my friends take of me. I refer all of my family and friends to this office.
Great Orthodontist by babs - 04/19/2011
Wow!!! Great experience. Loved the doctor and his staff. Great prices. Great work. You won't be disappointed.
Dentist by Disgruntled - 04/05/2011
Had a scheduled appointment, and didn't get into seeing me until an hour later. When he did my initial screening, he acted as though he didn't want to do it. He couldn't do what was needed, and did not offer to try to recommend me to anyone.
viola angel by viola - 09/10/2010
thank u too Dr. Cottone my smile is wonderful! he honestly did a miracle with my teeth because the way my teeth looked before thats what it needed and he made my dream come true! i can smile with no shame! thank u Dr. Cottone!!!
Great Orthodontist at Reasonable Prices by ragsy - 03/15/2008
I love Dr. Cottone, his Office mananger and all of his staff. I was afraid to smile before I got braces and now my smile is gorgeous. I was so happy with my teeth that both my children go to him. Last but not least, Dr. Cottone's prices were reasonaqble. His Office Plan is affordable for any budget.
DexKnows Mobile profile for Paul M. Cottone D.D.S., M.S. in Fayetteville, NC


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Del Mar Ridge
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Prices, specials, features and availability subject to change.
Business Center, Controlled Access, Elevator, Emergency Maintenance, Fitness Center, Gated Access, On Site Management, Swimming Pool
*On select apartments, BBQ Area, Central air/heat, Dramatic vaulted ceilings*, Fully equipped business center, Fully equipped kitchens, Gated underground parking, In-home washer/dryer, Private patio/balcony, Recreation room with big screen TV, Relaxing bubbling spa, Sparkling pool, State-of-the-art fitness center, Wood burning fireplace*
Property Details
Newly renovated community located in Carmel Valley with convenient access to I5, I805, 56 & 52.
Del Mar Ridge apartments are vibrant apartments in Carmel Valley, San Diego - just minutes from Del Mar and La Jolla with quick connections to the I5, I805, & Highway 56. Del Mar Ridge apartments offers renovated apartment homes with brand new appliances, new counter-tops, new cabinetry, new lighting, new hardwood flooring in select homes, and so much more. Del Mar Ridge apartments also offers a remodeled fitness center with state-of-the-art equipment, improved business center and pool area and a fresh new look with exterior paint colors and enhanced landscaping. Come be a part of what's new at Del Mar Ridge Apartments.
Leasing Terms
Our lease terms are: Flexible terms (Please note that lease terms may vary, are subject to change without notice, and are based on availability. Inquire with property staff for complete details).
Dog Policy: Maximum 3 dogs per apartment. $55.00 pet rent. $500 pet deposit.
Cat Policy: Maximum 3 cats per apartment. $45.00 pet rent. $500 pet deposit.
Pet Policy
Dogs Allowed. Cats Allowed. Pets Accepted. Call for service animal policy.
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|Deck Material:
|Retro, Cruiser, Freeride
|Overall Length:
|Deck Only
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|Deck Only
|Wheel Size:
|Deck Only
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|Recommended Use:
|Crusing, Skating, Commuting
|Manufacturer Warranty:
|1 Year
Description: Gold Coast Dead Renegade Longboard Deck
Boards have come a long way since that cheesy 80s movie starring Christian Slater, and the Gold Coast Dead Renegade Longboard Deck skateboard is the future of skating. Featuring the classic shape and style that Renegade enthusiasts have come to love over the years, this particular board features Vicious wheels, die-cut grip tape for a no-slip ride, and a wider wheel base to ensure that you don''t end up starring in a YouTube fail vid before spending two weeks in the hospital. The Gold Coast Dead Renegade is truly the gold standard of boards on the market today.
Key Features of the GoldCoast Dead Renegade Longboard Deck:
- 7ply Canadian Maple
- Die cut grip tape
- Renegade pool shape
Dead Renegade
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can you get this board without the circle on top?
Best Answer: The Gold Coast Dead Renegade Longboard only has the option for the cutout grip tape. You can always fill it in with another piece of grip. » http://www.the-house.com/skgmogt11zz-mob-skateboard-completes.html


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Search found 71 items
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For the first time ever there will be a full weekend of queer parties during Caribana weekend, dominated by the six-party series Toronto Splash. "Toronto Splash offers a little something for everyone," says scene mainstay DJ Blackcat. Toronto Splash was created when Blackcat and fellow promoters Murchy and Anopenmind came together to…
Thu, Aug 2, 2007
Scotiabank Caribbean Carnival still struggles with homophobia
Thu, Jul 28, 20118
Bridging the distance between queer & Caribbean cultures
Thu, Aug 2, 2007
Blackcat and Jully Black host Urban Jungle at Club120 on Aug 3
Sun, Jul 27, 2014
Sexual & cultural identities in Toronto are shifting wildly
Thu, Jun 27, 2002
DJ Blackcat brings gay flair to Caribana with The Urban Jungle
Thu, Aug 1, 2013
If you find the calypso and soca rhythms of Caribana intoxicating but are concerned that dancin' real close to some beauty at the parade might get you the wrong kind of attention, local DJs and party promoters have a suggestion: Toronto Black Pride, running Fri, Jul 29 to 31. "Toronto Black…
Thu, Jul 21, 2005
Is it time to officially make the annual party a gay-friendly space?
Thu, Jul 26, 20127
Celebrating diversity takes more than bending over backwards
Thu, Jul 15, 1999
Caribbean Carnival Toronto organizers reportedly drafting anti-discrimination policy
Wed, Aug 6, 2014
After years of being honoured for outstanding participation in Toronto's Pride Parade, Pelau Masqueerade has had its subsidy slashed by 80 percent. The ornate Caribana-style "mas" band, which was named Outstanding Community Marching Group in 2005, has had its subsidy from Toronto Pride cut to $1,000 from $5,000. Band leader Jamea Zuberi…
Thu, Jun 22, 2006
I've got an idea for next year's Pride. Let's move it to the Lakeshore. Pride is now just as big and obstreperous as Caribana and needs the same kind of spatial latitude. This year, for the first time ever, I saw not one, but two, fistfights on Church St on Pride…
Thu, Jul 17, 2008
A beach boy visits Caribana's Celebrity Ball
Thu, Aug 6, 2009
City to vote on cash for Pride
Thu, Feb 3, 2005
Fictional or not, here's one candidate who won't be ignored
Fri, Sep 19, 2014
I don't believe in the concept of "boredom" so much as I believe in "laziness." At the risk of sounding old school, I have to admit that Roz Russell as Auntie Mame's line about life being a banquet comes to mind. I think of it every year at this time,…
Tue, Jun 21, 2011
An editorial about summer in the city at a sloth-like pace
Sat, Jul 27, 2013
Engaging voices
Thu, Feb 15, 2007
Queers of colour return to Wellesley Stage
Thu, Jun 16, 2011


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Sound reproduction in a noisy environment may be improved by detecting the noise level and deriving a control signal therefrom. The control signal may control the gain and frequency response of the reproduction amplifier by controlling an electronic potentiometer which provides a control function which varies from a signal of high reproduction quality towards a signal which has been subjected to contrast compression and which exhibits a roll-off towards the bass frequencies.
1. An arrangement for sound reproduction in a space in which an independent sound source can also be present, said arrangement comprising; (1) a sound reproduction channel that comprises, an electro-acoustic transducer for converting electric signals in the reproduction channel into acoustic signals, an amplifier, at least two branches, one branch having a substantially flat frequency response characteristic over substantially the complete audio range, and at least one other branch having a transfer characteristic which falls towards the low frequency end of the audio spectrum and comprising a dynamic range compressor for compressing the dynamic range of electric signals in said other branch, means for applying the outputs of the branches to a device for converting output signals of these branches in a variable proportion into a single signal, means for applying said signal to said electroacoustic transducer, (2) a separate channel, including a sound transducer, for generating a control voltage which depends on the sound level of said independent sound source but which is independent to a substantial extent of any signal picked up by said sound transducer from the electro-acoustic transducer, and (3) means for varying the gain and the frequency response of said amplifier in the sound reproduction channel controlling said variable proportion by means of said control voltage.
2. An arrangement as claimed in claim 1 wherein the transfer characteristic of the other branch is chosen so that electric signals in said branch having frequencies in the treble range are pulled up to a level which corresponds to the level of the electric signals in said branch having frequencies in a frequency range lying between the treble and bass frequencies.
3. An arrangement as claimed in claims 1 or 2 wherein the sound reproduction channel includes a band rejection filter connected in cascade with at least one branch thereof, and the separate channel for the generation of the control voltage includes a band-pass filter and with both said filters tuned to the same frequency band.
4. An arrangement as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that said frequency band falls within a frequency range where the other branch of the sound reproduction channel exhibits a frequency response in which signal amplitude decreases as the frequency decreases.
5. An arrangement as claimed in claim 4 wherein the separate channel for generating the control voltage includes a threshold device responsive to a signal from the sound transducer, and means for controlling the magnitude of the threshold voltage of said threshold device as a function of a signal which passes through the sound reproduction channel.
6. An arrangement as claimed in claim 3 wherein the separate channel for generating the control voltage includes a threshold device responsive to a signal from the sound transducer, and means for controlling the magnitude of the threshold voltage of said threshold device as a function of a signal which passes through the sound reproduction channel.
7. Apparatus for reproducing sound information present in an environment subject to a further independent source of sound comprising:
a second reproduction channel including input means for receiving a sound information signal, output means for supplying an output sound information signal to a load, an amplifier, a first signal processing circuit having a relatively flat frequency response characteristic in the frequency range of the sound information signal, a second signal processing circuit having a frequency response characteristic which attenuates the low frequency portion of the sound information frequency spectrum relative to the high frequency portion of said frequency spectrum and including dynamic range signal compressor means, means for adjusting the ratio of sound information signals supplied by said first and second signal processing circuits as a function of a control voltage, and means including said first and second signal processing circuits, said amplifier and said adjusting means for coupling the input means to the output means,
means including a sound transducer for generating a control voltage which depends solely on the sound level of said independent sound source, and
means coupling the control voltage to the sound ratio adjusting means.
8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7 wherein said coupling means connects said first and second signal processing circuits in parallel with each other and in series with said amplifier between the input means and the output means, and wherein the second signal processing circuit includes a high-pass filter for attenuating signals in the bass frequency range.
9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7 wherein said control voltage generating means includes a band rejection filter connected in the sound reproduction channel and a band-pass filter connected to said sound transducer, each of said filters being tuned to substantially the same frequency band.
10. An apparatus as claimed in claims 7 or 9 wherein said coupling means connects said first and second signal processing circuits in parallel with each other and in series with said amplifier between the input means and the output means.
11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 9 wherein the filters are tuned to a band of frequencies that correspond to the band of frequencies of the signals produced by the independent sound source.
12. An apparatus as claimed in claims 7, 8 or 9 wherein said control voltage generating means includes a threshold device and means for deriving a threshold voltage therefor that is dependent upon a signal passing through the sound reproduction channel.
13. An apparatus as claimed in claims 7 or 8 wherein said control voltage generating means includes a memory device for storing the value of the control voltage.
The invention relates to an arrangement for sound reproduction in a space with an independent sound source, a control voltage which is dependent on the level of said sound source being obtained by means of a sound transducer, which control voltage influences the gain and the frequency response of an amplifier which is included in the sound reproduction channel. This may in particular concern an arrangement in which the independent sound source is constituted by ambient noise, such as for example in a railway station, a football stadium and the like. However, the arrangement in accordance with the invention is also suitable for use in a space, for example a restaurant, where the independent sound source is constituted by the public and/or background music.
Arrangements of the aforementioned type are described in German Offenlegungsschriften Nos. 2,456,445 and 2,456,468, which have been laid open to public inspection, British Pat. No. 596,778 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,061,874 and 4,061,875. In the known arrangements described therein the amplifier is set to a higher level as the level of the independent sound source increases, and in particular the frequency response is also modified so that within various frequency intervals the level of the sound produced by the sound reproduction channel always exceeds that of the independent sound source.
The known arrangements are fairly intricate, and in some cases the power consumption is unnecessarily high. It is an object of the invention to provide a substantial improvement by a combination of steps, some of which are known per se from the literature cited in the foregoing. To this end the invention is characterized in that the sound reproduction channel is divided into at least two branches, one branch of which has a flat frequency response to the transmission of sound, whereas at least one other branch has a transfer characteristic which falls towards the bass frequencies and comprises a dynamic-range compressor. The outputs of the branches are applied to a device for converting the output signals of these branches in a variable proportion into a single signal, which proportion is controlled by said control voltage. Furthermore, means are provided which ensure that the generated control voltage is not, or is hardly influenced, by the signal which passes through the sound reproduction channel.
The invention is based on the following considerations: As long as in the relevant space the level of the independent sound source--for the sake of convenience referred to as noise level, although it applies equally as well to background music--is comparatively low, a second reproduction amplifier of high reproduction quality will be capable of producing enough sound to prevail over the noise level. When the noise level increases the amplifier should also be adjusted to a higher level.
Experiments have revealed that the intelligibility of speech is mainly determined by the frequency content of the speech signal above 1000 Hz, whereas the speech signal power is mainly determined by the frequency content below 1000 Hz. If the noise level increases, the intelligibility of the speech signal can be preserved by amplifying the speech signal above 1000 Hz to a level which exceeds the level of the noise for frequencies above 1000 Hz. The low-frequency content of the speech signal(below 1000 Hz) may be left unchanged or, as the case may be, attenuated, so that this part of the signal disappears in the noise. A similar line of reasoning is valid for the reproduction of speech by means of the arrangement. In this case the boundary frequency between the range which mainly determines the power and the range which mainly determines the intelligibility is approx. 500 Hz.
Thus, in contradistinction to the line of reasoning in some of the references cited, the sound level produced in the arrangement in accordance with the invention is not adapted to the noise level in each of the frequency intervals, but the combination of amplification and compression of the treble tones and attenuation of the bass-signal tones is applied. In this bass range the sound produced, certainly in respect of the softer passages, will therefore generally remain below the noise level, but as appears from experiments, the spurious noise is masked mainly in the treble range, i.e. in the case of speech above approximately 1000 Hz. By the said combination of steps an amplifier of moderate power may therefore suffice because the signal amplitude to be processed increases only slightly by suppression of the bass tones (which generally have the highest amplitude) and also by contrast compression. This suppression of the bass tones, in a further embodiment of the invention, contributes to the fact that the control voltage, which is dependent on the noise level, is substantially independent of the sound produced via the sound reproduction channel. If said control voltage were to increase with the sound produced, this could give rise to instabilities because, in accordance with this sound, the reproduction amplifier would be set to an even higher gain causing the control voltage to increase again etc.
In principle, three possibilities are available for generating such a control voltage, which possibilities may be applied separately or in combination. First of all the electric signal in the reproduction channel may be rectified and subtracted from the voltage produced by the sound transducer so that the resulting differential voltage is virtually a measure solely of the noise level. In practice, this rectified voltage will be applied as a threshold voltage to an amplifier for the voltage produced by the sound transducer so that said amplifier only transmits the voltage which corresponds to the noise level.
Secondly, a memory circuit may be included in the channel of the control voltage. This fixes the control voltage at a value corresponding to the voltage produced by the sound transducer prior to the instant that the signal is produced in the reproduction channel. To this end the electric signal in the reproduction channel is for example detected again and by means of the detected voltage thus obtained the channel between the sound transducer and the memory circuit is interrupted.
Thirdly, a filter may be included in the channel of the sound transducer, which filter only transmits frequencies which are not or hardly transmitted by the reproduction channel. Since, as stated in the foregoing, the transmission of bass tones by the reproduction channel even decreases for an increasing control voltage, the requirements to be imposed on said filter may be alleviated under certain circumstances. Bby extension of this method one or more rejection filters, which are adapted to specific functions, may be included in the reproduction channel and corresponding band-pass filters in the control voltage channel so that the frequencies transmitted in the control voltage channel correspond to the frequencies rejected in the reproduction channel.
The methods described all have their specific advantages and disadvantages, the reproducing arrangement being optimized by a suitable combination thereof.
As an example, the first method cannot readily be used in spaces with strong reverberation because the sound transducer, in addition to an acoustic signal corresponding to the electric signal in the reproduction channel, also picks up one or more reflections of this signal.
The second method is less useful in spaces with a strongly fluctuating noise level because the actual noise level may differ substantially from that at the instant at which the control voltage has been fixed at a fixed value.
Owing to the use of the said rejection filters the third method causes a--be it slightly--unnatural reproduction. However, for the most frequently occurring purposes this method provides the best possibilities and is therefore described extensively hereinafter.
The invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 represents a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the invention,
FIG. 2 represents the energy distribution at various points in the diagram of FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 shows one possible embodiment of the rejection filter in FIG. 1,
FIG. 4 represents one possible embodiment of a part of the reproduction channel in FIG. 1 and including two branches,
FIG. 5 shows one possible version of a band-pass filter, and
FIG. 6 shows one possible embodiment of a part of the channel for generating a control voltage.
In the block diagram of FIG. 1 a signal to be reproduced is applied to an input point 1, subsequently passes through a filter circuit A--represented in the diagram as two series connected rejection filters--, after which the signal passes through first and second signal processing circuits formed into two parallel branches B, one branch comprising an amplifier 2 of high reproduction quality, the other branch comprising, in this order, an amplifier 3, a filter 4 which provides an attenuation towards the bass tones, and a dynamic-range compressor 5. The output signals at points 6 and 7 are subsequently combined in a variable proportion, for example, by means of potentiometer 8 having a slider 9 connected to the input of an output amplifier 10 connected in cascade with a sound reproducer (loudspeaker) 22. The dividing ratio--in the diagram the position of the slider 9--is controlled by means of the circuit section shown below the dashed line in FIG. 1. However, it is alternatively possible to include a variable amplifier in each of the channels 6, 7. The two signals may then be combined either electrically, or acoustically by loudspeakers in each branch. The circuit section below the dashed line in FIG. 1 comprises a sound transducer 11--generally a microphone--an amplifier 12, a filter circuit C, which transmits only those frequencies which are rejected by the filter circuit A, in the diagram represented as two parallel filters 13 and 14 that supply output signals which are rectified with the aid of rectifiers 15 and 16 and are subsequently applied to a circuit 19 via a threshold device D, specifically threshold amplifiers 17 and 18. The circuit 19 then transfers the greater of the two signals to a memory device E comprising a comparator 47 and an up/down counter 49. The output of the memory, after amplification, produces a control voltage at point 21. The position of the slider 9 could be controlled electromechanically by means of said control voltage, but in practice the use of an electrically controlled electronic potentiometer 8, 9 is to be preferred.
The operation of the arrangement described in the foregoing is as follows:
The sound transducer 11 is arranged in the space in which sound is to be reproduced so that it picks up sounds from independent sound sources, referred to in the foregoing as "noise" for the sake of convenience, although this may alternatively be background music and the like. Inevitably the sound transducer 11 will also pick up a part of the sound produced by the reproduction channel 1-10. The use of the filter circuits A and C now ensures that the signals transmitted by the filter circuit C correspond practically only to the noise level, whereas the filter circuit A in the reproduction channel 1-10 suppresses signals of the aforesaid noise frequencies.
Thus, in the case of an increasing noise level, signals of increasing strength will be produced at the outputs of the threshold devices 17 and 18, which signals correspond to the noise level in each of the frequency ranges transmitted by the filters 13 and 14 respectively. In its simplest form one filter sufficies, for example a filter 13, which transmits a comparatively high frequency, but when it is anticipated that in the relevant space the sound spectrum of the noise produced has a character such that the signal transmitted by said filter 13 is sometimes not a measure of the total noise level, it is desirable to sample said noise by means of the filter 14 also at that (those other) frequency(ies) which determine(s) said level, after which the stronger of the signals passing through the channels 13, 15, 17 and 14, 16, 18 is extracted with the aid of a circuit 19 so as to generate the control voltage at point 21. If the noise also contains low-frequency components, i.e. frequencies below approx. 500 to 1000 Hz, it is very desirable to also sample the noise in this low-frequency range in spite of the fact that the intelligibility of the signal passing through the reproduction channel is mainly determined by the frequency range above said frequencies. The reason for this is that said low-frequency components mask the high-frequency signal components and thereby affect the intelligiblity of speech. The control voltage at point 21 determines the proportion in which the signals at points 6 and 7 respectively reach the output amplifier 10. In the case of a low noise level the output amplifier is connected to point 6 so that a sound reproduction of high quality is obtained via the amplifier 2. However, if the noise level increases, a continually increasing control voltage will be produced at point 21 so that the signal at point 7 reaches the amplifier 10 to an increasing extent. Relative to that at point 6 said signal at point 7 exhibits a number of distinct differences:
First of all the overall level is substantially higher.
Secondly, the treble tones are favoured additionally.
In the third place the bass tones are attenuated substantially.
In the fourth place the overall signal is subjected to dynamic-range compression.
FIG. 2 illustrates the level of the signal at point 7 relative to that at point 6. The frequency in Hz is plotted horizontally and the signal energy per third octave is plotted vertically in dB. The curve U6 represents the energy distribution of normal speech signals at point 6. As a result of the dynamic range of the signal the entire curve U6 is also shifted upwards and downwards. The amplifier 3 produces a signal U3, which is some tens of dB's stronger than the signal U6. The filter 4 attenuates the bass tones relative to the treble tones so that the curve U7, which represents the signal at point 7, may be derived from the curve U3 by tilting this last-mentioned curve about a point near approximately 500 Hz (i.e. substantially below the frequency to which the human ear is most sensitive). As a result of this the treble frequencies have been boosted to such an extent that their energy content becomes more significant than that of the bass tones. Therefore, the output amplifier 10 could be driven to an undesirably high value during strong signal passages, but this is prevented by the use of the dynamic-range compressor 5, which limits the dynamic range of the signal U7 to a few dB.
In comparison with the energy distribution N of a spurious sound source, for example ambient noise, a reproduction volume is therefore obtained which in the treble range exceeds the noise level, whereas in the bass range the reproduction volume, at least during the soft passages, may remain substantially below the noise level. Thus, without significantly increasing the drive of the output amplifier 10, the noise is prevented from masking the desired signal, thus guaranteeing a satisfactory intelligibility of the sound to be reproduced.
Various stages of the diagram of FIG. 1 are described in more detail hereinafter.
The rejection filter circuit A takes the form of a ladder network with L-C parallel tuned circuits in the series branch and L-C series tuned circuits in the parallel branches, so that two series connected T-sections are obtained (see FIG. 3), of which the first section rejects a frequency band with a comparatively high centre frequency, for example 3000 Hz and the second section rejects a frequency band with a substantially lower centre frequency, for example 600 Hz. The filter is preceded and followed by operational amplifiers in order to provide correct impedance matching. For the said frequencies those values have been selected which are most characteristic of the noise spectrum to be anticipated. The effect of these filters on the output signal of amplifier 3 is represented by dashed lines in FIG. 2. Under certain circumstances such a low value may be chosen for the said lower frequency that the tilting of the curve U7 relative to the curve U3 additionally contributes to the avoidance of acoustic instabilities.
The filter circuit A should attenuate the signals to such an extent that in the absence of noise the energy level of the signal generated at this cut-off frequency is not yet capable of producing a control voltage via the channel 11-21 (FIG. 1). A signal at the input terminal 1 is attenuated by a certain number of db's in the filter circuit A, subsequently reaches the sound reproducer (loudspeaker) 22 via the amplifiers 2 and 10, is then picked up by the sound transducer 11, is boosted again by a certain number of dB's in the filter circuit C after amplification in the amplifier 12 and is detected in the rectifier stage(s) 15 (16). The signal then produced (assuming that noise is absent) should not exceed the threshold(s) of the stage(s) 17 (and 18 respectively) because in the case of the said assumption no control voltage should be produced at point 21. If the signal through the reproduction channel 1-10 were to cause a control signal, this would result in an increasing amplitude of the signals at loudspeaker 22, which could give rise to instabilities. Neither should there be a control signal during the strongest signal passages, which in practice may exceed the softer passages by some tens of dB's.
Therefore, the minimum requirement to be imposed on the filter circuit A is that during the strongest signal passages it attenuates these signals to a value below the noise level at the relevant cut-off frequency. If the noise level increases, so that the input signal of the amplifier 10 gradually changes from U6 to U7, the signal transmitted by this filter also increases, so that an increased risk of acoustic instability is to be anticipated. However, if said cut-off frequency is selected so low that said increase distinctly lags behind the increase of the noise level--which is certainly so below the intersection of the curves N and U7 in FIG. 2--the control voltage produced is mainly determined by the noise level and the risk of acoustic instabilities is avoided.
FIG. 4 shows a possible version of first and second signal processing circuits that form the respective parallel branches B of FIG. 1. The signal Vi transmitted by the filter circuit A passes through a low-distortion amplifier 25, corresponding to the amplifier 2 in FIG. 1. The amplifier 3 of FIG. 1 takes the form of an operational amplifier 26, for example of the type TDA 1034 (Philips). The operation of the network 4 is realized by means of a negative feedback circuit 27 in the form of an R-C network, which below approx. 1000 Hz produces an attenuation towards the low frequencies of 6 dB per octave. If it is to be expected that the noise in the space at least substantially has the character of pink noise, i.e. having a substantially flat power spectrum, the network 4 will exhibit a frequency response curve which rises with 6 dB/octave from approx. 1000 Hz towards the higher frequencies, up to for example 8 kHz. The network 4 then produces a change from the curve U3 to the curve U7 in FIG. 2.
However, if it is anticipated that the noise in the space has the character of speech, i.e. approximately having a power spectrum as represented by U3 in FIG. 2, it suffices to use a network 4 having a flat frequency response for frequencies above approx. 1000 Hz. In this frequency range the signal to be reproduced may be raised above the noise level by merely varying the gain and without applying a frequency correction to the frequency response of the signal which passes through channel 7.
The dynamic-range compression is obtained with the aid of the integrated circuit 28 of the type NE 570B (Philips). The signal at the input 29 is full-wave rectified and the control voltage thus obtained controls the signal gain in such a way that the gain decreases at increasing signal amplitude. This type of integrated circuit enables the dynamic range of the signal to be reduced by a factor of 4. The electronic potentiometer or summing circuit 8-9 of FIG. 1 is realised in the form of an integrator circuit 30 of the type TDA 1074 (Philips). The output signal of the amplifier 25 (amplifier 2 in FIG. 1) is applied to the one input 31 of this integrated circuit 30, while the output signal of the compressor 28 (stage 5 in FIG. 1) is applied to a further input 32 of said integrated circuit 30. The control voltage at point 21 of FIG. 1 is applied to connection point 33 of the integrated circuit 30, so that at point 34 of this circuit a voltage is produced whose magnitude depends on the signal voltages at points 31 aand 32 in a proportion which is determined by the control voltage at point 33. A possible version of the filters 13 and 14 in FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 5. Each filter comprises two parallel-connected branches to the output of an operational amplifier 37 the operational amplifier 36 being included in one branch. The amplifiers 36 and 37 are provided with negative feedback circuits 38 and 39 respectively which exhibit a high selective amplification for only those frequencies for which the corresponding section of the filter circuit A (FIG. 3) exhibits a substantial rejection.
As a modification of this version, such a selective amplification can also be obtained with the aid of a differential amplifier, the signal from the sound transducer 11 which has been amplified in amplifier 12 being applied directly to its one input and the same signal being applied to its other input via a filter similar to the filter circuit A as described with reference to FIG. 3. The difference signal of these two signals then exhibits a frequency response which is the inverse of that of the filter circuit A. (In a similar way each section of the filter circuit A may be replaced by a differential amplifier whose one branch includes a circuit of the same type as in FIG. 5).
As is shown in FIG. 6, the rectifier/threshold amplifier combinations 15, 17 and 16, 18 of FIG. 1 take the form of two identical circuits, each comprising an operational amplifier 40 (for example of the type TDA 1034 Philips), followed by a full-wave rectifier 41 and a second operational amplifier 42, for example of the same type. The rectified voltage thus obtained at point 43 should exceed the threshold voltage, which is adjustable with the resistor 54, in order to be capable of reaching the output 55.
The two identical circuits, one of which is connected to the filter 13, FIG. 1 and the other to the filter 14, are connected to an input 46 of an operational amplifier 47 via a circuit 19 in FIG. 1 (for example an analog AND-gate), comprising the rectifiers 44 and 45 respectively. The output voltage of a counter 49 is applied to the other input 48 of said operational amplifier. The greater of the signals applied to the rectifiers 44 and 45 will consequently reach the input 46 of the operational amplifier 47, which is connected as a comparator, and is compared with the voltage at the input 48. The comparator 47 and the counter 49 thus function as the memory circuit E of FIG. 1. The principal terminals are designated in accordance with the standard notation.
The output signal of the operational amplifier 47 supplies the count-up command to the counter 49 if the voltage at the input 46 is higher than that at the input 48 and the count-down command in the reverse case. The output voltage (at point 50) of the counter 49 is applied to the input 48 and thus follows the voltage at the input 46, so that the counter 49 functions as a memory circuit for the voltage at the input 46. This output voltage is passed via an R-C network 51 before producing the control voltage at the conductor 21 in FIG. 1. This network ensures that the sound level produced by the reproduction channel does not decrease too suddenly in the case of a decreasing noise level, for the human ear also adapts itself to the reduced noise level after a certain time. In many practical cases only one filter A or C (FIGS. 3 and 5 respectively) suffices, which respectively attenuates and boosts a comparatively high frequency. Owing to the nature of the noise source it may be necessary to employ a second filter which is tuned to a comparatively low frequency. Experiments have revealed that low-frequency noise with frequencies below the 1000 Hz limit may have a masking effect in the frequency range above 1000 Hz and reduce the intelligibility in this range. By measuring the low-frequency noise below 1000 Hz and by adapting, i.e. increasing the level of the signal which passes through the reproduction channel to an increasing low-frequency noise for frequencies above 1000 Hz, the intelligibility of said signal can be maintained. It may also be desirable for a better sound reproduction in the high-frequency range above 1000 Hz to employ a plurality of such filters, which are alternately switched in accordance with some time schedule or other In that case it suffices to employ a filter circuit A, which in addition to the one lower frequency (for example 250 Hz), alternately suppresses a higher frequency (for example 1600 Hz, 2500 Hz and 3150 Hz), the relevant filter element being alternately switched in by means of a sequential switch. The filter circuit C is then extended to a plurality of alternately switched-in sections 13, 14, which each boost the associated frequencies, rectify them and transfer them to the threshold devices, after which the circuit 19, which has also been adapted to this plurality of inputs which respond to each of these channels, only transmits that control voltage which comes through most strongly.
In practice the memory circuit E is only necessary if the control voltage is to be retained at a fixed value in accordance with the second method described in the foregoing. The simplest manner of realizing this is that the filter A in FIG. 1 is bridged by a manually or electronically actuated switch 60, which also switches on or off the clock voltage C1 to be applied to the counter 49. Before the instant that an input signal is applied to the terminal 1, this switch is depressed, i.e. the filter A is short-circuited and at the same time the clock voltage C1 is switched off, so that the control voltage which is produced is fixed at the value corresponding to said instant.
From the foregoing it will be evident that it is essential to obtain a control signal which is independent of the signal which passes through the sound reproduction channel. Experiments have revealed that in the case of non-ideal filters A and C it may be useful to provide means for adjusting the threshold voltages (variable resistor 54 in FIG. 6 and the corresponding variable resistor in the other circuit) to a value which is higher according as the signal through the reproduction channel 1-10 increases. In order to adapt these threshold voltages automatically to said signals through the reproduction channel, this signal may be detected with the aid of a detector 61, after which the direct voltage obtained is applied to the stages 17 and/or 18 as a threshold voltage. As an acoustic signal generally exhibits a certain reverberation time it is advisable to provide the detector 61 with an output filter 62 having an R-C time which is adapted to said reverberating time, so that the threshold voltage which is generated decays with an attenuation similar to that of the acoustic signal itself with its reverberation.
It is to be noted that the invention is by no means limited to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, which arrangement comprises two branches. The invention is also applicable to arrangements provided with a branch 6 which does not or hardly affect the sound transmission and for example two branches 7, each comprising a network 4 having a transfer characteristic which falls towards the bass-tone frequency end, and a network 5 in the form of a dynamic range compressor. The frequency response curve of the network 4 in the second branch falls 6 dB per octave towards the low frequencies below approx. 1000 Hz, and is flat above 1000 Hz. This branch then serves to adapt the arrangement to noise in the form of speech, as stated previously. The network 4 of the first branch 7 then has a frequency response curve which falls towards the lower frequencies with approx. 6 dB per octave down from approx. 8 kHz, unity gain being obtained at approx. 1000 Hz. This first branch then serves to adapt the arrangement to noise with a flat spectrum, as stated in the foregoing.
The control device should then determine the type of noise in the space and accordingly adapt the combination ratio of the output signals of said channels. The nature of the noise can be determined by introducing two channels 13, 15, 17 into the control device, for sampling the noise at two frequencies in the frequency range above 1000 Hz, and by comparing the values thus obtained with each other.
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Croatian spent three years on Merseyside as a player with Everton FC
Ex-Rovers manager leaves Cheltenham
A team of other former greats who were past their best when they came to Goodison Park
Supporters to have a say in running of the club with £75,000 investment over the next three years
A special report on the town's fluctuating fortunes after Tesco bombshell
Midfielder impressed by standards at start of third spell with club
Most successful manager in Rovers history honoured at Prenton Park
Johnny King statue to be unveiled on Saturday
Butler was brought in by previous owner Peter Johnson
Prenno: "Tranmere simply have to start turning round their narrow defeats before they become entrenched"
"The decision looks like a pragmatic one and a decent football man has become another casualty"
Rovers are bottom of League Two after winning just two and losing seven games
Wirral council has given planning approval for a statue of Tranmere Rovers hero Johnny King – and work starts on site next week
Rovers' CEO Jeremy Butler to reveal 'The Business of Football'
In a trading update, the Birkenhead-based financial services to Christmas hampers group said both its corporate and vouchers businesses were trading strongly
Rovers enjoyed Championship status in the 1990s
Fans respond to statue initiative
Birkenhead Institute Old Boys say site is a war memorial and want to discuss the proposals with Mark Palios
Previous experience and business accumen just what Rovers need
Palios says Rovers' academy could close if plans to sell Ingleborough site for housing and build replacement at Solar Campus are rejected
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Malaysia: The 'Non-Debate' in the Muslim World
For many years now, we have witnessed the rise of more and more Islamist groups who claim for themselves the exclusive monopoly over the form and content of Islam itself.
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