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Stevenson Family of Engineers
The Building of the Bell Rock - Operations of 1807
The following is taken from chapter III, part I, of Records of a Family of Engineers by Robert Louis Stevenson:
[Sunday, 16th Aug.]
Everything being arranged for sailing to the rock on Saturday the 15th, the vessel might have proceeded on the Sunday; but understanding that this would not be so agreeable to the artificers it was deferred until Monday. Here we cannot help observing that the men allotted for the operations at the rock seemed to enter upon the undertaking with a degree of consideration which fully marked their opinion as to the hazardous nature of the undertaking on which they were about to enter. They went in a body to church on Sunday, and whether it was in the ordinary course, or designed for the occasion, the writer is not certain, but the service was, in many respects, suitable to their circumstances.
[Monday, 17th Aug.]
The tide happening to fall late in the evening of Monday the 17th, the party, counting twenty-four in number, embarked on board of the Smeaton about ten o'clock p.m., and sailed from Arbroath with a gentle breeze at west. Our ship's colours having been flying all day in compliment to the commencement of the work, the other vessels in the harbour also saluted, which made a very gay appearance. A number of the friends and acquaintances of those on board having been thus collected, the piers, though at a late hour, were perfectly crowded, and just as the Smeaton cleared the harbour, all on board united in giving three hearty cheers, which were returned by those on shore in such good earnest, that, in the still of the evening, the sound must have been heard in all parts of the town, re-echoing from the walls and lofty turrets of the venerable Abbey of Aberbrothwick. The writer felt much satisfaction at the manner of this parting scene, though he must own that the present rejoicing was, on his part, mingled with occasional reflections upon the responsibility of his situation, which extended to the safety of all who should be engaged in this perilous work. With such sensations he retired to his cabin; but as the artificers were rather inclined to move about the deck than to remain in their confined berths below, his repose was transient, and the vessel being small every motion was necessarily heard. Some who were musically inclined occasionally sung; but he listened with peculiar pleasure to the sailor at the helm, who hummed over Dibdin's characteristic air:-
'They say there's a Providence sits up aloft,
[Tuesday, 18th Aug.]
The weather had been very gentle all night, and, about four in the morning of the 18th, the Smeaton anchored. Agreeably to an arranged plan of operations, all hands were called at five o'clock a.m., just as the highest part of the Bell Rock began to show its sable head among the light breakers, which occasionally whitened with the foaming sea. The two boats belonging to the floating light attended the Smeaton, to carry the artificers to the rock, as her boat could only accommodate about six or eight sitters. Every one was more eager than his neighbour to leap into the boats and it required a good deal of management on the part of the coxswains to get men unaccustomed to a boat to take their places for rowing and at the same time trimming her properly. The landing-master and foreman went into one boat, while the writer took charge of another, and steered it to and from the rock. This became the more necessary in the early stages of the work, as places could not be spared for more than two, or at most three seamen to each boat, who were always stationed, one at the bow, to use the boat-hook in fending or pushing off, and the other at the aftermost oar, to give the proper time in rowing, while the middle oars were double-banked, and rowed by the artificers.
As the weather was extremely fine, with light airs of wind from the east, we landed without difficulty upon the central part of the rock at half-past five, but the water had not yet sufficiently left it for commencing the work. This interval, however, did not pass unoccupied. The first and last of all the principal operations at the Bell Rock were accompanied by three hearty cheers from all hands, and, on occasions like the present, the steward of the ship attended, when each man was regaled with a glass of rum. As the water left the rock about six, some began to bore the holes for the great bats or holdfasts, for fixing the beams of the Beacon-house, while the smith was fully attended in laying out the site of his forge, upon a somewhat sheltered spot of the rock, which also recommended itself from the vicinity of a pool of water for tempering his irons. These preliminary steps occupied about an hour, and as nothing further could be done during this tide towards fixing the forge, the workmen gratified their curiosity by roaming about the rock, which they investigated with great eagerness till the tide overflowed it. Those who had been sick picked dulse (Fucus palmatus), which they ate with much seeming appetite; others were more intent upon collecting limpets for bait, to enjoy the amusement of fishing when they returned on board of the vessel. Indeed, none came away empty-handed, as everything found upon the Bell Rock was considered valuable, being connected with some interesting association. Several coins, and numerous bits of shipwrecked iron, were picked up, of almost every description; and, in particular, a marking-iron lettered JAMES - a circumstance of which it was thought proper to give notice to the public, as it might lead to the knowledge of some unfortunate shipwreck, perhaps unheard of till this simple occurrence led to the discovery. When the rock began to be overflowed, the landing-master arranged the crews of the respective boats, appointing twelve persons to each. According to a rule which the writer had laid down to himself, he was always the last person who left the rock.
In a short time the Bell Rock was laid completely under water, and the weather being extremely fine, the sea was so smooth that its place could not be pointed out from the appearance of the surface - a circumstance which sufficiently demonstrates the dangerous nature of this rock, even during the day, and in the smoothest and calmest state of the sea. During the interval between the morning and the evening tides, the artificers were variously employed in fishing and reading; others were busy in drying and adjusting their wet clothes, and one or two amused their companions with the violin and German flute.
About seven in the evening the signal bell for landing on the rock was again rung, when every man was at his quarters. In this service it was thought more appropriate to use the bell than to pipe to quarters, as the use of this instrument is less known to the mechanic than the sound of the bell. The landing, as in the morning, was at the eastern harbour. During this tide the seaweed was pretty well cleared from the site of the operations, and also from the tracks leading to the different landing-places; for walking upon the rugged surface of the Bell Rock, when covered with seaweed, was found to be extremely difficult and even dangerous. Every hand that could possibly be occupied now employed in assisting the smith to fit up the apparatus for his forge. At 9 p.m. the boats returned to the tender, after other two hours' work, in the same order as formerly - perhaps as much gratified with the success that attended the work of this day as with any other in the whole course of the operations. Although it could not he said that the fatigues of this day had been great, yet all on board retired early to rest. The sea being calm, and no movement on deck, it was pretty generally remarked in the morning that the bell awakened the greater number on board from their first sleep; and though this observation was not altogether applicable to the writer himself, yet he was not a little pleased to find that thirty people could all at once become so reconciled to a night's quarters within a few hundred paces of the Bell Rock.
[Wednesday, 19th Aug.]
Being extremely anxious at this time to get forward with fixing the smith's forge, on which the progress of the work at present depended, the writer requested that he might be called at daybreak to learn the landing-master's opinion of the weather from the appearance of the rising sun, a criterion by which experienced seamen can generally judge pretty accurately of the state of the weather for the following day. About five o'clock, on coming upon deck, the sun's upper limb or disc had just begun to appear as if rising from the ocean, and in less than a minute he was seen in the fullest splendour; but after a short interval he was enveloped in a soft cloudy sky, which was considered emblematical of fine weather. His rays had not yet sufficiently dispelled the clouds which hid the land from view, and the Bell Rock being still overflowed, the whole was one expanse of water. This scene in itself was highly gratifying; and, when the morning bell was tolled, we were gratified with the happy forebodings of good weather and the expectation of having both a morning and an evening tide's work on the rock.
The boat which the writer steered happened to be the last which approached the rock at this tide; and, in standing up in the stern, while at some distance, to see how the leading boat entered the creek, he was astonished to observe something in the form of a human figure, in a reclining posture, upon one of the ledges of the rock. He immediately steered the boat through a narrow entrance to the eastern harbour, with a thousand unpleasant sensations in his mind. He thought a vessel or boat must have been wrecked upon the rock during the night; and it seemed probable that the rock might be strewed with dead bodies, a spectacle which could not fail to deter the artificers from returning so freely to their work. In the midst of these reveries the boat took the ground at an improper landing-place; but, without waiting to push her off, he leapt upon the rock, and making his way hastily to the spot which had privately given him alarm, he had the satisfaction to ascertain that he had only been deceived by the peculiar situation and aspect of the smith's anvil and block, which very completely represented the appearance of a lifeless body upon the rock. The writer carefully suppressed his feelings, the simple mention of which might have had a bad effect upon the artificers, and his haste passed for an anxiety to examine the apparatus of the smith's forge, left in an unfinished state at evening tide.
In the course of this morning's work two or three apparently distant peals of thunder were heard, and the atmosphere suddenly became thick and foggy. But as the Smeaton, our present tender, was moored at no great distance from the rock, the crew on board continued blowing with a horn, and occasionally fired a musket, so that the boats got to the ship without difficulty.
[Thursday, 20th Aug.]
The wind this morning inclined from the north-east, and the sky had a heavy and cloudy appearance, but the sea was smooth, though there was an undulating motion on, the surface, which indicated easterly winds, and occasioned a slight surf upon the rock. But the boats found no difficulty in landing at the western creek at half-past seven, and, after a good tide's work, left it again about a quarter from eleven. In the evening the artificers landed at half-past seven, and continued till half-past eight, having completed the fixing of the smith's forge, his vice, and a wooden board or bench, which were also batted to a ledge of the rock, to the great joy of all, under a salute of three hearty cheers. From an oversight on the part of the smith, who had neglected to bring his tinder-box and matches from the vessel, the work was prevented from being continued for at least an hour longer.
The smith's shop was, of course, in open space: the large bellows were carried to and from the rock every tide, for the serviceable condition of which, together with the tinder-box, fuel, and embers of the former fire, the smith was held responsible. Those who have been placed in situations to feel the inconveniency and want of this useful artisan, will be able to appreciate his value in a case like the present. It often happened, to our annoyance and disappointment, in the early state of the work, when the smith was in the middle of a favourite heat in making some useful article, or in sharpening the tools, after the flood-tide had obliged the pickmen to strike work, a sea would come rolling over the rocks, dash out the fire, and endanger his indispensable implement, the bellows. If the sea was smooth, while the smith often stood at work knee-deep in water, the tide rose by imperceptible degrees, first cooling the exterior of the fireplace, or hearth, and then quietly blackening and extinguishing the fire from below. The writer has frequently been amused at the perplexing anxiety of the blacksmith when coaxing his fire and endeavouring to avert the effects of the rising tide.
[Friday, 21st Aug.]
Everything connected with the forge being now completed, the artificers found no want of sharp tools, and the work went forward with great alacrity and spirit. It was also alleged that the rock had a more habitable appearance from the volumes of smoke which ascended from the smith's shop and the busy noise of his anvil, the operations of the masons, the movements of the boats, and shipping at a distance - all contributed to give life and activity to the scene. This noise and traffic had, however, the effect of almost completely banishing the herd of seals which had hitherto frequented the rock as a resting-place during the period of low water. The rock seemed to be peculiarly adapted to their habits, for, excepting two or three days at neap-tides, a part of it always dries at low water - at least, during the summer season - and as there was good fishing-ground in the neighbourhood, without a human being to disturb or molest them, it had become a very favourite residence of these amphibious animals, the writer having occasionally counted from fifty to sixty playing about the rock at a time. But when they came to be disturbed every tide, and their seclusion was broken in upon by the kindling of great fires, together with the beating of hammers and picks during low water, after hovering about for a time, they changed their place, and seldom more than one or two were to be seen about the rock upon the more detached outlayers which dry partially, whence they seemed to look with that sort of curiosity which is observable in these animals when following a boat.
[Saturday, 22nd Aug.]
Hitherto the artificers had remained on board the Smeaton, which was made fast to one of the mooring buoys at a distance only of about a quarter of a mile from the rock, and, of course, a very great conveniency to the work. Being so near, the seamen could never be mistaken as to the progress of the tide, or state of the sea upon the rock, nor could the boats be much at a loss to pull on board of the vessel during fog, or even in very rough weather; as she could be cast loose from her moorings at pleasure, and brought to the lee side of the rock. But the Smeaton being only about forty register tons, her accommodations were extremely limited. It may, therefore, be easily imagined that an addition of twenty-four persons to her own crew must have rendered the situation of those on board rather uncomfortable. The only place for the men's hammocks on board being in the hold, they were unavoidably much crowded: and if the weather had required the hatches to be fastened down, so great a number of men could not possibly have been accommodated. To add to this evil, the co-boose or cooking-place being upon deck, it would not have been possible to have cooked for so large a company in the event of bad weather.
The stock of water was now getting short, and some necessaries being also wanted for the floating light, the Smeaton was despatched for Arbroath; and the writer, with the artificers at the same time shifted their quarters from her to the floating light.
Although the rock barely made its appearance at this period of the tides till eight o'clock, yet, having now a full mile to row from the floating light to the rock, instead of about a quarter of a mile from the moorings of the Smeaton, it was necessary to be earlier astir, and to form different arrangements; breakfast was accordingly served up at seven o'clock this morning. From the excessive motion of the floating light, the writer had looked forward rather with anxiety to the removal of the workmen to this ship. Some among them, who had been congratulating themselves upon having become sea-hardy while on board the Smeaton, had a complete relapse upon returning to the floating light. This was the case with the writer. From the spacious and convenient berthage of the floating light, the exchange to the artificers was, in this respect, much for the better. The boats were also commodious, measuring sixteen feet in length on the keel, so that, in fine weather, their complement of sitters was sixteen persons for each, with which, however, they were rather crowded, but she could not stow two boats of larger dimensions. When there was what is called a breeze of wind, and a swell in the sea, the proper number for each boat could not, with propriety, be rated at more than twelve persons.
When the tide-bell rung the boats were hoisted out, and two active seamen were employed to keep them from receiving damage alongside. The floating light being very buoyant, was so quick in her motions that when those who were about to step from her gunwale into a boat, placed themselves upon a cleat or step on the ship's side, with the man or rail ropes in their hands, they had often to wait for some time till a favourable opportunity occurred for stepping into the boat. While in this situation, with the vessel rolling from side to side, watching the proper time for letting go the man-ropes, it required the greatest dexterity and presence of mind to leap into the boats. One who was rather awkward would often wait a considerable period in this position: at one time his side of the ship would be so depressed that he would touch the boat to which he belonged, while the next sea would elevate him so much that he would see his comrades in the boat on the opposite side of the ship, his friends in the one boat calling to him to 'Jump,' while those in the boat on the other side, as he came again and again into their view, would jocosely say, 'Are you there yet? You seem to enjoy a swing.' In this situation it was common to see a person upon each side of the ship for a length of time, waiting to quit his hold.
On leaving the rock to-day a trial of seamanship was proposed amongst the rowers, for by this time the artificers had become tolerably expert in this exercise. By inadvertency some of the oars provided had been made of fir instead of ash, and although a considerable stock had been laid in, the workmen, being at first awkward in the art, were constantly breaking their oars; indeed it was no uncommon thing to see the broken blades of a pair of oars floating astern, in the course of a passage from the rock to the vessel. The men, upon the whole, had but little work to perform in the course of a day; for though they exerted themselves extremely hard while on the rock, yet, in the early state of the operations, this could not be continued for more than three or four hours at a time, and as their rations were large - consisting of one pound and a half of beef, one pound of ship biscuit, eight ounces oatmeal, two ounces barley, two ounces butter, three quarts of small beer, with vegetables and salt - they got into excellent spirits when free of sea-sickness. The rowing of the boats against each other became a favourite amusement, which was rather a fortunate circumstance, as it must have been attended with much inconvenience had it been found necessary to employ a sufficient number of sailors for this purpose. The writer, therefore, encouraged the spirit of emulation, and the speed of their respective boats became a favourite topic. Premiums for boat-races were instituted, which were contended for with great eagerness, and the respective crews kept their stations in the boats with as much precision as they kept their beds on board of the ship. With these and other pastimes, when the weather was favourable, the time passed away among the inmates of the forecastle and waist of the ship. The writer looks back with interest upon the hours of solitude which he spent in this lonely ship with his small library.
This being the first Saturday that the artificers were afloat, all hands were served with a glass of rum and water at night, to drink the sailors' favourite toast of 'Wives and Sweethearts.' It was customary, upon these occasions, for the seamen and artificers to collect in the galley, when the musical instruments were put in requisition: for, according to invariable practice, every man must play a tune, sing a song, or tell a story.
[Sunday, 23rd Aug.]
Having, on the previous evening, arranged matters with the landing-master as to the business of the day, the signal was rung for all hands at half-past seven this morning. In the early state of the spring-tides the artificers went to the rock before breakfast, but as the tides fell later in the day, it became necessary to take this meal before leaving the ship. At eight o'clock all hands were assembled on the quarter-deck for prayers, a solemnity which was gone through in as orderly a manner as circumstances would admit. When the weather permitted, the flags of the ship were hung up as an awning or screen, forming the quarter-deck into a distinct compartment; the pendant was also hoisted at the mainmast, and a large ensign flag was displayed over the stern; and lastly, the ship's companion, or top of the staircase, was covered with the flag proper of the Lighthouse Service, on which the Bible was laid. A particular toll of the bell called all hands to the quarter-deck, when the writer read a chapter of the Bible, and, the whole ship's company being uncovered, he also read the impressive prayer composed by the Reverend Dr. Brunton, one of the ministers of Edinburgh.
Upon concluding this service, which was attended with becoming reverence and attention, all on board retired to their respective berths to breakfast, and, at half-past nine, the bell again rung for the artificers to take their stations in their respective boats. Some demur having been evinced on board about the propriety of working on Sunday, which had hitherto been touched upon as delicately as possible, all hands being called aft, the writer, from the quarter-deck, stated generally the nature of the service, expressing his hopes that every man would feel himself called upon to consider the erection of a lighthouse on the Bell Rock, in every point of view, as a work of necessity and mercy. He knew that scruples had existed with some, and these had, indeed, been fairly and candidly urged before leaving the shore; but it was expected that, after having seen the critical nature of the rock, and the necessity of the measure, every man would now be satisfied of the propriety of embracing all opportunities of landing on the rock when the state of the weather would permit. The writer further took them to witness that it did not proceed from want of respect for the appointments and established forms of religion that he had himself adopted the resolution of attending the Bell Rock works on the Sunday; but, as he hoped, from a conviction that it was his bounden duty, on the strictest principles of morality. At the same time it was intimated that, if any were of a different opinion, they should be perfectly at liberty to hold their sentiments without the imputation of contumacy or disobedience; the only difference would be in regard to the pay.
Upon stating this much, he stepped into his boat, requesting all who were so disposed to follow him. The sailors, from their habits, found no scruple on this subject, and all of the artificers, though a little tardy, also embarked, excepting four of the masons, who, from the beginning, mentioned that they would decline working on Sundays. It may here be noticed that throughout the whole of the operations it was observable that the men wrought, if possible, with more keenness upon the Sundays than at other times from an impression that they were engaged in a work of imperious necessity, which required every possible exertion. On returning to the floating light, after finishing the tide's work, the boats were received by the part of the ship's crew left on board with the usual attention of handing ropes to the boats and helping the artificers on board; but the four masons who had absented themselves from the work did not appear upon deck.
[Monday, 24th Aug.]
The boats left the floating light at a quarter-past nine o'clock this morning, and the work began at three-quarters past nine; but as the neap-tides were approaching the working time at the rock became gradually shorter, and it was now with difficulty that two and a half hours' work could be got. But so keenly had the workmen entered into the spirit of the beacon-house operations, that they continued to bore the holes in the rock till some of them were knee-deep in water.
The operations at this time were entirely directed to the erection of the beacon, in which every man felt an equal interest, as at this critical period the slightest casualty to any of the boats at the rock might have been fatal to himself individually, while it was perhaps peculiar to the writer more immediately to feel for the safety of the whole. Each log or upright beam of the beacon was to be fixed to the rock by two strong and massive bats or stanchions of iron. These bats, for the fixture of the principal and diagonal beams and bracing chains, required fifty-four holes, each measuring two inches in diameter and eighteen inches in depth. There had already been so considerable a progress made in boring and excavating the holes that the writer's hopes of getting the beacon erected this year began to be more and more confirmed, although it was now advancing towards what was considered the latter end of the proper working season at the Bell Rock. The foreman joiner, Mr. Francis Watt, was accordingly appointed to attend at the rock to-day, when the necessary levels were taken for the step or seat of each particular beam of the beacon, that they might be cut to their respective lengths, to suit the inequalities of the rock; several of the stanchions were also tried into their places, and other necessary observations made, to prevent mistakes on the application of the apparatus, and to facilitate the operations when the beams came to be set up, which would require to be done in the course of a single tide.
[Tuesday, 25th Aug.]
We had now experienced an almost unvaried tract of light airs of easterly wind, with clear weather in the fore-part of the day and fog in the evenings. To-day, however, it sensibly changed; when the wind came to the south-west, and blew a fresh breeze. At nine a.m. the bell rung, and the boats were hoisted out, and though the artificers were now pretty well accustomed to tripping up and down the sides of the floating light, yet it required more seamanship this morning than usual. It therefore afforded some merriment to those who had got fairly seated in their respective boats to see the difficulties which attended their companions, and the hesitating manner in which they quitted hold of the man-ropes in leaving the ship. The passage to the rock was tedious, and the boats did not reach it till half-past ten.
It being now the period of neap-tides, the water only partially left the rock, and some of the men who were boring on the lower ledges of the site of the beacon stood knee-deep in water. The situation of the smith to-day was particularly disagreeable, but his services were at all times indispensable. As the tide did not leave the site of the forge, he stood in the water, and as there was some roughness on the surface it was with considerable difficulty that, with the assistance of the sailors, he was enabled to preserve alive his fire; and, while his feet were immersed in water, his face was not only scorched but continually exposed to volumes of smoke, accompanied with sparks from the fire, which were occasionally set up owing to the strength and direction of the wind.
[Wednesday, 26th Aug.]
The wind had shifted this morning to N.N.W., with rain, and was blowing what sailors call a fresh breeze. To speak, perhaps, somewhat more intelligibly to the general reader, the wind was such that a fishing-boat could just carry full sail. But as it was of importance, specially in the outset of the business, to keep up the spirit of enterprise for landing on all practicable occasions, the writer, after consulting with the landing-master, ordered the bell to be rung for embarking, and at half-past eleven the boats reached the rock, and left it again at a quarter-past twelve, without, however, being able to do much work, as the smith could not be set to work from the smallness of the ebb and the strong breach of sea, which lashed with great force among the bars of the forge.
Just as we were about to leave the rock the wind shifted to the S.W., and, from a fresh gale, it became what seamen term a hard gale, or such as would have required the fisherman to take in two or three reefs in his sail. It is a curious fact that the respective tides of ebb and flood are apparent upon the shore about an hour and a half sooner than at the distance of three or four miles in the offing. But what seems chiefly interesting here is that the tides around this small sunken rock should follow exactly the same laws as on the extensive shores of the mainland. When the boats left the Bell Rock to-day it was overflowed by the flood-tide, but the floating light did not swing round to the flood-tide for more than an hour afterwards. Under this disadvantage the boats had to struggle with the ebb-tide and a hard gale of wind, so that it was with the greatest difficulty that they reached the floating light. Had this gale happened in spring-tides when the current was strong we must have been driven to sea in a very helpless condition.
The boat which the writer steered was considerably behind the other, one of the masons having unluckily broken his oar. Our prospect of getting on board, of course, became doubtful, and our situation was rather perilous, as the boat shipped so much sea that it occupied two of the artificers to bale and clear her of water. When the oar gave way we were about half a mile from the ship, but, being fortunately to windward, we got into the wake of the floating light, at about 250 fathoms astern, just as the landing-master's boat reached the vessel. He immediately streamed or floated a life-buoy astern, with a line which was always in readiness, and by means of this useful implement the boat was towed alongside of the floating light, where, from her rolling motion, it required no small management to get safely on board, as the men were much worn out with their exertions in pulling from the rock. On the present occasion the crews of both boats were completely drenched with spray, and those who sat upon the bottom of the boats to bale them were sometimes pretty deep in the water before it could be cleared out. After getting on board, all hands were allowed an extra dram, and, having shifted and got a warm and comfortable dinner, the affair, it is believed, was little more thought of.
[Thursday, 27th Aug.]
The tides were now in that state which sailors term the dead of the neap, and it was not expected that any part of the rock would be seen above water to-day; at any rate, it was obvious, from the experience of yesterday, that no work could be done upon it, and therefore the artificers were not required to land. The wind was at west, with light breezes, and fine clear weather; and as it was an object with the writer to know the actual state of the Bell Rock at neap-tides, he got one of the boats manned, and, being accompanied by the landing-master, went to it at a quarter-past twelve. The parts of the rock that appeared above water being very trifling, were covered by every wave, so that no landing was made. Upon trying the depth of water with a boathook, particularly on the sites of the lighthouse and beacon, on the former, at low water, the depth was found to be three feet, and on the central parts of the latter it was ascertained to be two feet eight inches. Having made these remarks, the boat returned to the ship at two p.m., and the weather being good, the artificers were found amusing themselves with fishing. The Smeaton came from Arbroath this afternoon, and made fast to her moorings, having brought letters and newspapers, with parcels of clean linen, etc., for the workmen, who were also made happy by the arrival of three of their comrades from the workyard ashore. From these men they not only received all the news of the workyard, but seemed themselves to enjoy great pleasure in communicating whatever they considered to be interesting with regard to the rock. Some also got letters from their friends at a distance, the postage of which for the men afloat was always free, so that they corresponded the more readily.
The site of the building having already been carefully traced out with the pick-axe, the artificers this day commenced the excavation of the rock for the foundation or first course of the lighthouse. Four men only were employed at this work, while twelve continued at the site of the beacon-house, at which every possible opportunity was embraced, till this essential art of the operations should be completed.
[Wednesday, 2nd Sept.]
The floating light's bell rung this morning at half-past four o'clock, as a signal for the boats to be got ready, and the landing took place at half-past five. In passing the Smeaton at her moorings near the rock, her boat followed with eight additional artificers who had come from Arbroath with her at last trip, but there being no room for them in the floating light's boats, they had continued on board. The weather did not look very promising in the morning, the wind blowing pretty fresh from W.S.W.: and had it not been that the writer calculated upon having a vessel so much at command, in all probability he would not have ventured to land. The Smeaton rode at what sailors call a salvagee, with a cross-head made fast to the floating buoy. This kind of attachment was found to be more convenient than the mode of passing the hawser through the ring of the buoy when the vessel was to be made fast. She had then only to be steered very close to the buoy, when the salvagee was laid hold of with a boat-hook, and the bite of the hawser thrown over the cross-head. But the salvagee, by this method, was always left at the buoy, and was, of course, more liable to chafe and wear than a hawser passed through the ring, which could be wattled with canvas, and shifted at pleasure. The salvagee and cross method is, however, much practised; but the experience of this morning showed it to be very unsuitable for vessels riding in an exposed situation for any length of time.
Soon after the artificers landed they commenced work; but the wind coming to blow hard, the Smeaton's boat and crew, who had brought their complement of eight men to the rock, went off to examine her riding ropes, and see that they were in proper order. The boat had no sooner reached the vessel than she went adrift, carrying the boat along with her. By the time that she was got round to make a tack towards the rock, she had drifted at least three miles to leeward, with the praam-boat astern; and, having both the wind and a tide against her, the writer perceived, with no little anxiety, that she could not possibly return to the rock till long after its being overflowed; for, owing to the anomaly of the tides formerly noticed, the Bell Rock is completely under water when the ebb abates to the offing.
In this perilous predicament, indeed, he found himself placed between hope and
despair - but certainly the latter was by much the most predominant feeling of
his mind - situate upon a sunken rock in the middle of the ocean, which, in the
progress of the flood-tide, was to be laid under water to the depth of at least
twelve feet in a stormy sea. There were this morning thirty-two persons in all
upon the rock, with only two boats, whose complement, even in good weather, did
not exceed twenty-four sitters; but to row to the floating light with so much
wind, and in so heavy a sea, a complement of eight men for each boat was as much
as could, with propriety, be attempted, so that, in this way, about one-half of
our number was unprovided for. Under these circumstances, had the writer
ventured to despatch one of the boats in expectation of either working the
Smeaton sooner up towards the rock, or in hopes of getting her boat brought
to our assistance, this must have given an immediate alarm to the artificers,
each of whom would have insisted upon taking to his own boat, and leaving the
eight artificers belonging to the Smeaton to their chance. Of course a
scuffle might have ensued, and it is hard to say, in the ardour of men
contending for life, where it might have ended. It has even been hinted to the
writer that a party of the pickmen were determined to keep exclusively to
their own boat against all hazards.
Upon this fortunate change of circumstances, sixteen of the artificers were sent, at two trips, in one of the boats, with instructions for Spink to proceed with them to the floating light. This being accomplished, the remaining sixteen followed in the two boats belonging to the service of the rock. Every one felt the most perfect happiness at leaving the Bell Rock this morning, though a very hard and even dangerous passage to the floating light still awaited us, as the wind by this time had increased to a pretty hard gale, accompanied with a considerable swell of sea. Every one was as completely drenched in water as if he had been dragged astern of the boats. The writer, in particular, being at the helm, found, on getting on board, that his face and ears were completely coated with a thin film of salt from the sea spray, which broke constantly over the bows of the boat. After much baling of water and severe work at the oars, the three boats reached the floating light, where some new difficulties occurred in getting on board in safety, owing partly to the exhausted state of the men, and partly to the violent rolling of the vessel.
As the tide flowed, it was expected that the Smeaton would have got to windward; but, seeing that all was safe, after tacking for several hours and making little progress, she bore away for Arbroath, with the praam-boat. As there was now too much wind for the pilot-boat to return to Arbroath, she was made fast astern of the floating light, and the crew remained on board till next day, when the weather moderated. There can be very little doubt that the appearance of James Spink with his boat on this critical occasion was the means of preventing the loss of lives at the rock this morning. When these circumstances, some years afterwards, came to the knowledge of the Board, a small pension was ordered to our faithful pilot, then in his seventieth year; and he still continues to wear the uniform clothes and badge of the Lighthouse service. Spink is a remarkably strong man, whose tout ensemble is highly characteristic of a North-country fisherman. He usually dresses in a pé-jacket, cut after a particular fashion, and wears a large, flat, blue bonnet. A striking likeness of Spink in his pilot-dress, with the badge or insignia on his left arm which is characteristic of the boatmen in the service of the Northern Lights, has been taken by Howe, and is in the writer's possession.
[Thursday, 3rd Sept.]
The bell rung this morning at five o'clock, but the writer must acknowledge, from the circumstances of yesterday, that its sound was extremely unwelcome. This appears also to have been the feelings of the artificers, for when they came to be mustered, out of twenty-six, only eight, besides the foreman and seamen, appeared upon deck to accompany the writer to the rock. Such are the baneful effects of anything like misfortune or accident connected with a work of this description. The use of argument to persuade the men to embark in cases of this kind would have been out of place, as it is not only discomfort, or even the risk of the loss of a limb, but life itself that becomes the question. The boats, notwithstanding the thinness of our ranks, left the vessel at half-past five. The rough weather of yesterday having proved but a summer's gale, the wind came to-day in gentle breezes; yet, the atmosphere being cloudy, it a not a very favourable appearance. The boats reached the rock at six a.m., and the eight artificers who landed were employed in clearing out the bat-holes for the beacon-house, and had a very prosperous tide of four hours' work, being the longest yet experienced by half an hour.
The boats left the rock again at ten o'clock, and the weather having cleared up as we drew near the vessel, the eighteen artificers who had remained on board were observed upon deck, but as the boats approached they sought their way below, being quite ashamed of their conduct. This was the only instance of refusal to go to the rock which occurred during the whole progress of the work, excepting that of the four men who declined working upon Sunday, a case which the writer did not conceive to be at all analogous to the present. It may here be mentioned, much to the credit of these four men, that they stood foremost in embarking for the rock this morning.
[Saturday, 5th Sept.]
It was fortunate that a landing was not attempted this evening, for at eight o'clock the wind shifted to E.S.E., and at ten it had become a hard gale, when fifty fathoms of the floating light's hempen cable were veered out. The gale still increasing, the ship rolled and laboured excessively, and at midnight eighty fathoms of cable were veered out; while the sea continued to strike the vessel with a degree of force which had not before been experienced.
[Sunday, 6th Sept.]
During the last night there was little rest on board of the Pharos, and daylight, though anxiously wished for, brought no relief, as the gale continued with unabated violence. The sea struck so hard upon the vessel's bows that it rose in great quantities, or in 'green seas,' as the sailors termed it, which were carried by the wind as far aft as the quarter-deck, and not infrequently over the stern of the ship altogether. It fell occasionally so heavily on the skylight of the writer's cabin, though so far aft as to be within five feet of the helm, that the glass was broken to pieces before the dead-light could be got into its place, so that the water poured down in great quantities. In shutting out the water, the admission of light was prevented, and in the morning all continued in the most comfortless state of darkness. About ten o'clock a.m. the wind shifted to N.E., and blew, if possible, harder than before, and it was accompanied by a much heavier swell of sea. In the course of the gale, the part of the cable in the hause-hole had been so often shifted that nearly the whole length of one of her hempen cables, of 120 fathoms, had been veered out, besides the chain-moorings. The cable, for its preservation, was also carefully served or wattled with pieces of canvas round the windlass, and with leather well greased in the hause-hole. In this state things remained during the whole day, every sea which struck the vessel - and the seas followed each other in close succession - causing her to shake, and all on board occasionally to tremble. At each of these strokes of the sea the rolling and pitching of the vessel ceased for a time, and her motion was felt as if she had either broke adrift before the wind or were in the act of sinking; but, when another sea came, she ranged up against it with great force, and this became the regular intimation of our being still riding at anchor.
About eleven o'clock, the writer with some difficulty got out of bed, but, in
attempting to dress, he was thrown twice upon the floor at the opposite end of
the cabin. In an undressed state he made shift to get about half-way up the
companion-stairs, with an intention to observe the state of the sea and of the
ship upon deck; but he no sooner looked over the companion than a heavy sea
struck the vessel, which fell on the quarter-deck, and rushed downstairs in the
officers' cabin in so considerable a quantity that it was found necessary to
lift one of the scuttles in the floor, to let the water into the limbers of the
ship, as it dashed from side to side in such a manner as to run into the lower
tier of beds. Having been foiled in this attempt, and being completely wetted,
he again got below and went to bed. In this state of the weather the seamen had
to move about the necessary or indispensable duties of the ship with the most
cautious use both of hands and feet, while it required all the art of the
landsman to keep within the precincts of his bed. The writer even found himself
so much tossed about that it became necessary, in some measure, to shut himself
in bed, in order to avoid being thrown upon the floor. Indeed, such was the
motion of the ship that it seemed wholly impracticable to remain in any other
than a lying posture. On deck the most stormy aspect presented itself, while
below all was wet and comfortless.
It being impossible to open any of the hatches in the fore part of the ship in communicating with the deck, the watch was changed by passing through the several berths to the companion-stair leading to the quarter-deck. The writer, therefore, made the best of his way aft, and, on a second attempt to look out, he succeeded, and saw indeed an astonishing sight. The sea or waves appeared to be ten or fifteen feet in height of unbroken water, and every approaching billow seemed as if it would overwhelm our vessel, but she continued to rise upon the waves and to fall between the seas in a very wonderful manner. It seemed to be only those seas which caught her in the act of rising which struck her with so much violence and threw such quantities of water aft. On deck there was only one solitary individual looking out, to give the alarm in the event of the ship breaking from her moorings. The seaman on watch continued only two hours; he who kept watch at this time was a tall, slender man of a black complexion; he had no greatcoat nor over-all of any kind, but was simply dressed in his ordinary jacket and trousers; his hat was tied under his chin with a napkin, and he stood aft the foremast, to which he had lashed himself with a gasket or small rope round his waist, to prevent his falling upon deck or being washed overboard. When the writer looked up, he appeared to smile, which afforded a further symptom of the confidence of the crew in their ship. This person on watch was as completely wetted as if he had been drawn through the sea, which was given as a reason for his not putting on a greatcoat, that he might wet as few of his clothes as possible, and have a dry shift when he went below. Upon deck everything that was movable was out of sight, having either been stowed below, previous to the gale, or been washed overboard. Some trifling parts of the quarter boards were damaged by the breach of the sea; and one of the boats upon deck was about one-third full of water, the oyle-hole or drain having been accidently stopped up, and part of her gunwale had received considerable injury. These observations were hastily made, and not without occasionally shutting the companion, to avoid being wetted by the successive seas which broke over the bows and fell upon different parts of the deck according to the impetus with which the waves struck the vessel. By this time it was about three o'clock in the afternoon, and the gale, which had now continued with unabated force for twenty-seven hours, had not the least appearance of going off.
In the dismal prospect of undergoing another night like the last, and being in imminent hazard of parting from our cable, the writer thought it necessary to advise with the master and officers of the ship as to the probable event of the vessel's drifting from her moorings. They severally gave it as their opinion that we had now every chance of riding out the gale, which, in all probability, could not continue with the same fury many hours longer; and that even if she should part from her anchor, the storm-sails had been laid to hand, and could be bent in a very short time. They further stated that from the direction of the wind being N.E., she would sail up the Firth of Forth to Leith Roads. But if this should appear doubtful, after passing the Island and Light of May, it might be advisable at once to steer for Tyningham Sands, on the western side of Dunbar, and there run the vessel ashore. If this should happen at the time of high-water, or during the ebbing of the tide, they were of opinion, from the flatness and strength of the floating light, that no danger would attend her taking the ground, even with a very heavy sea. The writer, seeing the confidence which these gentlemen possessed with regard to the situation of things, found himself as much relieved with this conversation as he had previously been with the seeming indifference of the forecastle men, and the smile of the watch upon deck, though literally lashed to the foremast. From this time he felt himself almost perfectly at ease; at any rate, he was entirely resigned to the ultimate result.
About six o'clock in the evening the ship's company was heard moving upon deck,
which on the present occasion was rather the cause of alarm. The writer
accordingly rang his bell to know what was the matter, when he was informed by
the steward that the weather looked considerably better, and that the men upon
deck were endeavouring to ship the smoke-funnel of the galley that the people
might get some meat. This was a more favourable account than had been
anticipated. During the last twenty-one hours he himself had not only had
nothing to eat, but he had almost never passed a thought on the subject. Upon
the mention of a change of weather, he sent the steward to learn how the
artificers felt, and on his return he stated that they now seemed to be all very
happy, since the cook had begun to light the galley-fire and make preparations
for the suet-pudding of Sunday, which was the only dish to be attempted for the
mess, from the ease with which it could both be cooked and served up.
[Monday, 7th Sept.]
This morning, about eight o'clock, the writer was agreeably surprised to see the scuttle of his cabin sky-light removed, and the bright rays of the sun admitted. Although the ship continued to roll excessively, and the sea was still running very high, yet the ordinary business on board seemed to be going forward on deck. It was impossible to steady a telescope, so as to look minutely at the progress of the waves and trace their breach upon the Bell Rock; but the height to which the cross-running waves rose in sprays when they met each other was truly grand, and the continued roar and noise of the sea was very perceptible to the ear. To estimate the height of the sprays at forty or fifty feet would surely be within the mark. Those of the workmen who were not much afflicted with sea-sickness, came upon deck, and the wetness below being dried up, the cabins were again brought into a habitable state. Every one seemed to meet as if after a long absence, congratulating his neighbour upon the return of good weather. Little could be said as to the comfort of the vessel, but after riding out such a gale, no one felt the least doubt or hesitation as to the safety and good condition of her moorings. The master and mate were extremely anxious, however, to heave in the hempen cable, and see the state of the clinch or iron ring of the chain-cable. But the vessel rolled at such a rate that the seamen could not possibly keep their feet at the windlass nor work the hand-spikes, though it had been several times attempted since the gale took off.
About twelve noon, however, the vessel's motion was observed to be considerably less, and the sailors were enabled to walk upon deck with some degree of freedom. But, to the astonishment of every one, it was soon discovered that the floating light was adrift! The windlass was instantly manned, and the men soon gave out that there was no strain upon the cable. The mizzen sail, which was bent for the occasional purpose of making the vessel ride more easily to the tide, was immediately set, and the other sails were also hoisted in a short time, when, in no small consternation, we bore away about one mile to the south-westward of the former station, and there let go the best bower anchor and cable in twenty fathoms water, to ride until the swell of the sea should fall, when it might be practicable to grapple for the moorings, and find a better anchorage for the ship.
[Tuesday, 15th Sept.]
This morning, at five a.m., the bell rung as a signal for
landing upon the rock, a sound which, after a lapse of ten days, it is believed
was welcomed by every one on board. There being a heavy breach of sea at the
eastern creek, we landed, though not without difficulty, on the western side,
every one seeming more eager than another to get upon the rock; and never did
hungry men sit down to a hearty meal with more appetite than the artificers
began to pick the dulse from the rocks. This marine plant had the effect of
reviving the sickly, and seemed to be no less relished by those who were more
This being the night on which the floating light was advertised to be lighted, it was accordingly exhibited, to the great joy of every one.
[Wednesday, 16th Sept.]
The writer was made happy to-day by the return of the Lighthouse yacht from a voyage to the Northern Lighthouses. Having immediately removed on board of this fine vessel of eighty-one tons register, the artificers gladly followed; for, though they found themselves more pinched for accommodation on board of the yacht, and still more so in the Smeaton, yet they greatly preferred either of these to the Pharos, or floating light, on account of her rolling motion, though in all respects fitted up for their conveniency.
The writer called them to the quarter-deck and informed them that, having been one mouth afloat, in terms of their agreement they were now at liberty to return to the workyard at Arbroath if they preferred this to continuing at the Bell Rock. But they replied that, in the prospect of soon getting the beacon erected upon the rock, and having made a change from the floating light, they were now perfectly reconciled to their situation, and would remain afloat till the end of the working season.
[Thursday, 17th Sept.]
The wind was at N.E. this morning, and though they were only light airs, yet there was a pretty heavy swell coming ashore upon the rock. The boats landed at half-past seven o'clock a.m., at the creek on the southern side of the rock, marked Port Hamilton. But as one of the boats was in the act of entering this creek, the seaman at the bow-oar, who had just entered the service, having inadvertently expressed some fear from a heavy sea which came rolling towards the boat, and one of the artificers having at the same time looked round and missed a stroke with his oar, such a preponderance was thus given to the rowers upon the opposite side that when the wave struck the boat it threw her upon a ledge of shelving rocks, where the water left her, and she having kanted to seaward, the next wave completely filled her with water. After making considerable efforts the boat was again got afloat in the proper track of the creek, so that we landed without any other accident than a complete ducking. There being no possibility of getting a shift of clothes, the artificers began with all speed to work, so as to bring themselves into heat, while the writer and his assistants kept as much as possible in motion. Having remained more than an hour upon the rock, the boats left it at half-past nine; and, after getting on board, the writer recommended to the artificers, as the best mode of getting into a state of comfort, to strip off their wet clothes and go to bed for an hour or two. No further inconveniency was felt, and no one seemed to complain of the affection called 'catching cold.'
[Friday, 18th Sept.]
An important occurrence connected with the operations of this season was the arrival of the Smeaton at four p.m., having in tow the six principal beams of the beacon-house, together with all the stanchions and other work on board for fixing it on the rock. The mooring of the floating light was a great point gained, but in the erection of the beacon at this late period of the season new difficulties presented themselves. The success of such an undertaking at any season was precarious, because a single day of bad weather occurring before the necessary fixtures could be made might sweep the whole apparatus from the rock. Notwithstanding these difficulties, the writer had determined to make the trial, although he could almost have wished, upon looking at the state of the clouds and the direction of the wind, that the apparatus for the beacon had been still in the workyard.
[Saturday, 19th Sept.]
The main beams of the beacon were made up in two separate
rafts, fixed with bars and bolts of iron. One of these rafts, not being
immediately wanted, was left astern of the floating light, and the other was
kept in tow by the Smeaton, at the buoy nearest to the rock. The
Lighthouse yacht rode at another buoy with all hands on board that could
possibly be spared out of the floating light. The party of artificers and
seamen which landed on the rock counted altogether forty in number. At
half-past eight o'clock a derrick, or mast of thirty feet in height, was erected
and properly supported with guy-ropes, for suspending the block for raising the
first principal beam of the beacon; and a winch machine was also bolted down to
the rock for working the purchase-tackle.
[Sunday, 20th Sept.]
The wind this morning was variable, but the weather continued extremely favourable for the operations throughout the whole day. At six a.m. the boats were in motion, and the raft, consisting of four of the six principal beams of the beacon-house, each measuring about sixteen inches square, and fifty feet in length, was towed to the rock, where it was anchored, that it might ground upon it as the water ebbed. The sailors and artificers, including all hands, to-day counted no fewer than fifty-two, being perhaps the greatest number of persons ever collected upon the Bell Rock. It was early in the tide when the boats reached the rock, and the men worked a considerable time up to their middle in water, every one being more eager than his neighbour to be useful. Even the four artificers who had hitherto declined working on Sunday were to-day most zealous in their exertions. They had indeed become so convinced of the precarious nature and necessity of the work that they never afterwards absented themselves from the rock on Sunday when a landing was practicable.
Having made fast a piece of very good new line, at about two-thirds from the lower end of one of the beams, the purchase-tackle of the derrick was hooked into the turns of the line, and it was speedily raised by the number of men on the rock and the power of the winch tackle. When this log was lifted to a sufficient height, its foot, or lower end, was stepped into the spot which had been previously prepared for it. Two of the great iron stanchions were then set in their respective holes on each side of the beam, when a rope was passed round them and the beam, to prevent it from slipping till it could be more permanently fixed. The derrick, or upright spar used for carrying the tackle to raise the first beam, was placed in such a position as to become useful for supporting the upper end of it, which now became, in its turn, the prop of the tackle for raising the second beam. The whole difficulty of this operation was in the raising and propping of the first beam, which became a convenient derrick for raising the second, these again a pair of shears for lifting the third, and the shears a triangle for raising the fourth. Having thus got four of the six principal beams set on end, it required a considerable degree of trouble to get their upper ends to fit. Here they formed the apex of a cone, and were all together mortised into a large piece of beechwood, and secured, for the present, with ropes, in a temporary manner. During the short period of one tide all that could further be done for their security was to put a single screw-bolt through the great kneed bats or stanchions on each side of the beams, and screw the nut home.
In this manner these four principal beams were erected, and left in a pretty secure state. The men had commenced while there was about two or three feet of water upon the side of the beacon, and as the sea was smooth they continued the work equally long during flood-tide. Two of the boats being left at the rock to take off the joiners, who were busily employed on the upper parts till two o'clock p.m., this tide's work may be said to have continued for about seven hours, which was the longest that had hitherto been got upon the rock by at least three hours.
When the first boats left the rock with the artificers employed on the lower part of the work during the flood-tide, the beacon had quite a novel appearance. The beams erected formed a common base of about thirty-three feet, meeting at the top, which was about forty-five feet above the rock, and here half a dozen of the artificers were still at work. After clearing the rock the boats made a stop, when three hearty cheers were given, which were returned with equal goodwill by those upon the beacon, from the personal interest which every one felt in the prosperity of this work, so intimately connected with his safety.
All hands having returned to their respective ships, they got a shift of dry clothes and some refreshment. Being Sunday, they were afterwards convened by signal on board of the Lighthouse yacht, when prayers were read; for every heart upon this occasion felt gladness, and every mind was disposed to be thankful for the happy and successful termination of the operations of this day.
[Monday, 21st Sept.]
The remaining two principal beams were erected in the
course of this tide, which, with the assistance of those set up yesterday, was
found to be a very simple operation.
[Tuesday 22nd, Sept.]
Having now got the weighty part of this work over, and being thereby relieved of the difficulty both of landing and victualling such a number of men, the Smeaton could now be spared, and she was accordingly despatched to Arbroath for a supply of water and provisions, and carried with her six of the artificers who could best be spared.
[Wednesday, 23rd Sept.]
In going out of the eastern harbour, the boat which the
writer steered shipped a sea, that filled her about one-third with water. She
had also been hid for a short time, by the waves breaking upon the rock, from
the sight of the crew of the preceding boat, who were much alarmed for our
safety, imagining for a time that she had gone down.
[Thursday, 24th Sept.]
At two o'clock this morning we were in St. Andrews Bay, standing off and on shore, with strong gales of wind at S.W.; at seven we were off the entrance of the Tay; at eight stood towards the rock, and at ten passed to leeward of it, but could not attempt a landing. The beacon, however, appeared to remain in good order, and by six p.m. the vessel had again beaten up to St. Andrews Bay, and got into somewhat smoother water for the night.
[Friday, 25th Sept.]
At seven o'clock bore away for the Bell Rock, but finding a heavy sea running on it were unable to land. The writer, however, had the satisfaction to observe, with his telescope, that everything about the beacon appeared entire: and although the sea had a most frightful appearance, yet it was the opinion of every one that, since the erection of the beacon, the Bell Rock was divested of many of its terrors, and had it been possible to have got the boats hoisted out and manned, it might have even been found practicable to land. At six it blew so hard that it was found necessary to strike the topmast and take in a third reef of the mainsail, and under this low canvas we soon reached St. Andrews Bay, and got again under the lee of the land for the night. The artificers, being sea-hardy, were quite reconciled to their quarters on board of the Lighthouse yacht; but it is believed that hardly any consideration would have induced them again to take up their abode in the floating light.
[Saturday, 26th Sept.]
At daylight the yacht steered towards the Bell Rock, and at eight a.m. made fast to her moorings; at ten, all hands, to the amount of thirty, landed, when the writer had the happiness to find that the beacon had withstood the violence of the gale and the heavy breach of sea, everything being found in the same state in which it had been left on the 21st. The artificers were now enabled to work upon the rock throughout the whole day, both at low and high water, but it required the strictest attention to the state of the weather, in case of their being overtaken with a gale, which might prevent the possibility of getting them off the rock.
Two somewhat memorable circumstances in the annals of the Bell Rock attended the operations of this day: one was the removal of Mr. James Dove, the foreman smith, with his apparatus, from the rock to the upper part of the beacon, where the forge was now erected on a temporary platform, laid on the cross beams or upper framing. The other was the artificers having dined for the first time upon the rock, their dinner being cooked on board of the yacht, and sent to them by one of the boats. But what afforded the greatest happiness and relief was the removal of the large bellows, which had all along been a source of much trouble and perplexity, by their hampering and incommoding the boat which carried the smiths and their apparatus.
[Saturday, 3rd Oct.]
The wind being west to-day, the weather was very favourable for operations at the rock, and during the morning and evening tides, with the aid of torchlight, the masons had seven hours' work upon the site of the building. The smiths and joiners, who landed at half-past six a.m., did not leave the rock till a quarter-past eleven p.m., having been at work, with little intermission, for sixteen hours and three-quarters. When the water left the rock, they were employed at the lower parts of the beacon, and as the tide rose or fell, they shifted the place of their operations. From these exertions, the fixing and securing of the beacon made rapid advancement, as the men were now landed in the morning and remained throughout the day. But, as a sudden change of weather might have prevented their being taken off at the proper time of tide, a quantity of bread and water was always kept on the beacon.
During this period of working at the beacon all the day, and often a great part of the night, the writer was much on board of the tender; but, while the masons could work on the rock, and frequently also while it was covered by the tide, he remained on the beacon; especially during the night, as he made a point of being on the rock to the latest hour, and was generally the last person who stepped into the boat. He had laid this down as part of his plan of procedure; and in this way had acquired, in the course of the first season, a pretty complete knowledge and experience of what could actually be done at the Bell Rock, under all circumstances of the weather. By this means also his assistants, and the artificers and mariners, got into a systematic habit of proceeding at the commencement of the work, which, it is believed, continued throughout the whole of the operations.
[Sunday, 4th Oct.]
The external part of the beacon was now finished, with its supports and bracing-chains, and whatever else was considered necessary for its stability in so far as the season would permit; and although much was still wanting to complete this fabric, yet it was in such a state that it could be left without much fear of the consequences of a storm. The painting of the upper part was nearly finished this afternoon; and the Smeaton had brought off a quantity of brushwood and other articles, for the purpose of heating or charring the lower part of the principal beams, before being laid over with successive coats of boiling pitch, to the height of from eight to twelve feet, or as high as the rise of spring-tides. A small flagstaff having also been erected to-day, a flag was displayed for the first time from the beacon, by which its perspective effect was greatly improved. On this, as on all like occasions at the Bell Rock, three hearty cheers were given; and the steward served out a dram of rum to all hands, while the Lighthouse yacht, Smeaton, and floating light, hoisted their colours in compliment to the erection.
[Monday, 5th Oct.]
In the afternoon, and just as the tide's work was over, Mr. John Rennie, engineer, accompanied by his son Mr. George, on their way to the harbour works of Fraserburgh, in Aberdeenshire, paid a visit to the Bell Rock, in a boat from Arbroath. It being then too late in the tide for landing, they remained on board of the Lighthouse yacht all night, when the writer, who had now been secluded from society for several weeks, enjoyed much of Mr. Rennie's interesting conversation, both on general topics, and professionally upon the progress of the Bell Rock works, on which he was consulted as chief engineer.
[Tuesday, 6th Oct.]
The artificers landed this morning at nine, after which one of the boats returned to the ship for the writer and Messrs. Rennie, who, upon landing, were saluted with a display of the colours from the beacon and by three cheers from the workmen. Everything was now in a prepared state for leaving the rock, and giving up the works afloat for this season, excepting some small articles, which would still occupy the smiths and joiners for a few days longer. They accordingly shifted on board of the Smeaton, while the yacht left the rock for Arbroath, with Messrs. Rennie, the writer, and the remainder of the artificers. But, before taking leave, the steward served out a farewell glass, when three hearty cheers were given, and an earnest wish expressed that everything, in the spring of 1808, might be found in the same state of good order as it was now about to be left.
Chapter III, Part II - Operations of 1808


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New York, New York (PRWEB) November 29, 2012
Speeches have long been a popular means of communication between a group and a leader. Political speeches, speeches given at professional conferences, and those presented at commencement ceremonies are just a few of the many kinds of speeches that have become common in todays world. When giving a speech, the professionals at Escandalo Securiport know that the actual written content is just as important as the way in which it is delivered. In response to an article posted by The New York Times on November 3, 2012, the company announces that individuals must pay close attention to the content of their speeches and, if necessary, turn to the services of writing professionals.
The article, written by Robert Lehrman, a political speechwriter who once studied under Kurt Vonnegut, explains that a great speechwriter is able to convey even the most complex of ideas in a way that the entire audience will understand. Vast knowledge of the English language, then, is imperative to the successful creation of a memorable speech.
But the importance of a great speechwriter does not end with the task of simply getting an idea across. While that is the primary goal, speechwriters use words to uphold or create character and get audience members to support not only the ideas speakers are sharing, but the speakers themselves. The article explains: Speechwriters must help maintain what Aristotle called ethos, or character. Voters cast ballots not just for candidates they agree with, but for those they like. Are they compassionate? Humble? Optimistic?
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text:
Child's Play 2007 Gets Underway 42
from the give-in-five-countries-this-time dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
Good idea, I was unaware they had these [childsplaycharity.org].
I'd love to see Child's Play show up near the top of the list as having one of the lowest CEO salaries or administrative expenses -- "Gamers -- Violent Psychopaths, Generous Givers, or both?"
Congratulations on missing the whole point of the charity.I agree games and toys are important, but sometimes new medical equipment is more important.
Boy, you must be *really* new around here. Pretty clearly the answer is "both".
The NAME of the charity is "Child's Play". How is that hard to understand? I'm glad the other posts helped you figure it out, but the
The answer to your question is right here [childsplaycharity.org] and it
Better Together
Buy this DVD with The Departed (Widescreen Edition) DVD ~ Leonardo DiCaprio today!
Yeah... why not? Lets drop a headshot or two in the children's hospital's DVD library.
Anyway... whatever...
Found that hospital
The trouble with being punctual is that people think you have nothing more important to do.


text: Hello, my name is Susan, I'm British and I've been living in Sao Paulo for two years. I'm a friendly person who likes to meet new people. I love travelling, reading, going out, watching films and drinking coffee! Two of my favourite expressions which I try to live my life by are Carpe Diem (seize the day) and ''confront your fears and live your dreams''.


text:
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
on giving oral sex -anal- to a negative personHello. I am a 49 year old gay man. A very good friend of mine who is 30 and I discovered we are attracted sexually and started having sex, and enjoying each other's company to the point that recently we started talking about having [safe] sex...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...particularly those who have concerns related to fatigue and/or anemia. Questions related to HIV transmission, prevention, safer sex, HIV testing and risk should be sent to Dr. Bob at his "Safe Sex and HIV Prevention" expert forum. Please resubmit... Read more »
Truth about oral sex and hiv - mixed messages received from a test counselor (TRANSMISSION VIA ORAL SEX, 2010)I have been tested at 3 months, 6 months and a year all negative. I was told that I should test up... Read more »
Negative Partner's Inconclusive Test Reults (HIV TRAVEL BAN !!!!!!!!!!! )Hello Dr. Franscino. I was tested positive for HIV 17 months ago and have been on medication for... Read more »
HIV Testing 101...overviews: HIV Testing: The Facts Are You Positive You're Negative? What Are the Symptoms of HIV and AIDS? Ways to Test for HIV Types of HIV Tests Deciding if and When to Be Tested From TheBody.com's Experts: Common Concerns... Read more »
What Are the Symptoms of HIV and AIDS?...important to educate yourself: so you don't have to be unnecessarily frightened anymore. That education includes getting an HIV test . It doesn't hurt to be sure you're negative -- in fact, all adults and sexually active teenagers should get... Read more »
Safer Sex Guidelines...lubricants like Vaseline, oils, or creams can damage condoms and other latex barriers. Be sure to use water-based lubricants. Oral sex has some risk of transmitting HIV, especially if sexual fluids get in the mouth and if there are bleeding... Read more »
What Is HIV?... What Tests Are Available? If you have been infected, your immune system will make antibodies against HIV. The most common HIV tests look for these antibodies. The HIV antibody test (called ELISA or EIA) is one of the most reliable medical... Read more »
Connect With Others
Posted by nightsunami, 3 Replies...I HAVE TESTED 5 MONTS AND 3 WEEKS AGO FROM MY EXPOSITURE OF INSERTIVE ORAL SEX... ITS CONCLUSIVE THIS TEST??IM NEGATIVE Read more »
Giving vaginal oral sex
Posted by Anonymous, 3 Replies...I gave vaginal oral sex and french kissing to a stripper and now I worried that I may have contracted HIV. I was tested at 10 & 28 days with the Read more »
Oral Sex Paranoia
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply...making me utterly paranoid, and I have a feeling I'm being ridiculous about it. I am female, and a new male partner performed oral sex on me. We had talked about this at length beforehand and he assured me he had been tested and was HIV-negative,... Read more »
receiving oral sex and different views of risk
Posted by Anonymous, 2 Replies...here so please be nice. I have spent countless hours on the net and hotlines trying to find accurate information on receiving oral sex. I have been going crazy for the last 3 months. I had a bad sore throat exactly 1 month after the incident... Read more »
Resource Centers
Guides for People With HIV


text:
Properties in London, Inner London between £150,000 and £160,000
Properties in London, Inner London
Gallery view List view Map view 45 properties found
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To provide you with the best possible service we only show properties for which estate agents have provided full and valid postcodes. You may find more properties in our List or Gallery views.
£150,000 Sold STC 2 Bedrooms Greens End, London, SE18
Within Central Woolwich is this two bedroom modern apartment within access to Woolwich Arsenal station and DLR. With an ensuite shower room and spacious accommodation this apartment is a suitable investment buy or first time buy. In the living area there
Your Move - Blackheath
£150,000 Under Offer 1 Bedroom Philimore Close, London SE18
Price range £150-£160, 000. A modern 1 double bedroom purpose built 1st floor maisonette! Ideal first time buy or investment purchase! Conveniently situated for plumstead rail station and high street, early viewing highly recommended!
Redwood Estates - Woolwich
£150,000 Sold STC 1 Bedroom Braemar Court Cumberland Place, London, SE6
Great Investment! This top floor flat located in the popular Cumberland Place development would make an ideal investment. The property is chain free, is in a rent able condition and has extra storage in the loft. Call urgently to book your viewing. EPC Gr
Reeds Rains - Catford
£150,000 1 Bedroom Whitehorse Road, Croydon, CR0
Well proportioned ONE BEDROOM MAISONETTE above commercial premises. Ideal investment with 68 years enexpired lease.
Northwoods - South Norwood
£150,000 Sold 1 Bedroom Mottingham Road London SE9 4SX
Guide price £150,000 to £160,000. A first floor flat with it's own garden, this property is ideal for first time buyers, rental investors or perhaps those buying down from a larger property. Situated within easy reach of bus routes and rail st
Cockburn - Mottingham
£150,000 Sold STC 1 Bedroom Canadian Avenue Catford SE6
One bedroom purpose built ground floor flat situated close to local transport links and amenities. The property comprises 14ft lounge, 13ft bedroom, fitted kitchen, double glazed windows, gas central heating and communal garden plus the added benefit of n
Acorn - Catford
£150,000 1 Bedroom Stanley Close, London SE9
Sold with tenants paying £700 pcm 1 bed apartment. Very close to new eltham station. Ideal buy to let as rental income about £8500.00 pa. Highly sought after location to live due to the location .Chain free. Call us now to view on Keys are
Capital - Sidcup
£150,000 Sold STC 2 Bedrooms Flat 6, Ruskin Court, Wythfield Road, London, SE9
CASH BUYERS ONLY - two bedroom purpose built apartment, 15' lounge with private balcony, modern kitchen, bathroom, double glazing, entry phone system, garage en-bloc and communal gardens. CHAIN FREE!!
Robinson Jackson - Eltham
£150,000 Sold STC 2 Bedrooms Hinstock Road, Plumstead, London
Prepare to have your socks blown clean off with this diverse mix of city versus village. 59 year lease,absent freeholder!.
Dog walkers, ramblers and children will delight in the beauty surrounding them.
This 2 bedroom maisonette surveys the whole of Londo
Dog walkers, ramblers and children will delight in the beauty surrounding them.
This 2 bedroom maisonette surveys the whole of Londo
Ward & Partners - Welling
£150,000 Under Offer 1 Bedroom Keats House, Porchester Mead, Beckenham, Kent
Fantastic spacious studio apartment situated on the eighth floor of a secure purpose built block. The far reaching views across the capital from both the lounge area and kitchen are spectacular.
Winkworth - Beckenham
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C&G 7303 Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS
C&G 7303 Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS) Course code: 9XTT600 Course Leader: Cristi Gonzalez and Stuart Ward Course Description PTLLS is designed for individuals who would like to begin the path towards becoming a teacher in Further Education and the Post-Compulsory Sector (i.e. teaching ages 16+). The PTLLS provides basic preparation for people entering the profession from September 2007 or those without QTLS (Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills) Status who want to begin working towards this. Content will include: responsibilities and boundaries of the teaching role, teaching and learning strategies, communication skills, creating an effective learning environment, introduction to assessment, reflection, evaluation and feedback from teaching practice and/or micro teaching. What background and qualifications do you need to join? (Entry Requirements) It is a government requirement that all teaching candidates demonstrate a minimum of Level 2 (equivalent to GCSE Grade C or above) in literacy and have the ability to communicate effectively in English. All teacher training courses at Kensington and Chelsea College require applicants to complete an initial assessment in literacy, regardless of previous qualifications, to assess suitability for the course. Please plan to attend one of our A&G sessions where you will be invited to complete an assessment. What does the course lead to? After completing the PTLLS, students are encouraged to look for employment (or to volunteer) in order to gain the 75 teaching hours per year which are required to progress to the Diploma in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector (DTLLS). Where will I study? Wornington Centre , Tuesdays 9.30-1.30 Hortensia Centre, Wednesdays 9-1 1/4 What are the facilities and equipment like? College Services Skills Centres provide internet access and additional study materials. Trained staff are able to help you with careers and educational guidance (including help with applications to university). Additional help with English may be available if you are dyslexic or have English as a second language. We have a day nursery on site at Wornington for 2-5 year-olds, and reserved places at a nursery close to Hortensia Road. Help with childcare costs may also be available through the Access Fund. How much should I study outside class? It is recommended that you allow 3-4 hours per week for study outside of class time. How is the course assessed? You will be required to submit a theory (300-1000 words) and a practical (30 minute micro-teach delivered to your peers) assignment. It will be assessed at a Level 3 or 4 dependant on the whether the work meets the assessment criteria for each level. Are any course materials online? Moodle, Ebooks What books and equipment do I need? Numerous Teacher Training books are located in the Wornington and Hortensia libraries. Once accepted to a programme you will receive a reading list which recommends titles for purchase, though this is not mandatory. You will have access to computers in the Skills Centres located on site. What else do I need to buy? / What extra costs are there? There are no additional costs. You will need to buy one or two textbooks. Code Location Start Weeks Times Lecturer Wornington 9XTT600-05 20 Apr 10 10 Tue 09:30-13:30 C Gonzalez Centre Concs: £90 Non-EU: £504 Full: £250 2/4 9XTT600-06 Hortensia Centre 21 Apr 10 10 Wed 09:30-13:30 S Ward Concs: £90 Non-EU: £504 Full: £250 Wornington 9XTT600-90 22 Feb 10 1 Mon Various-Various tba Centre Entry Requirements All students are admitted to the College on the basis that they: • Agree to comply with the KCC student code of conduct • Provide original documentation that confirms entry qualifications. • Meet the course entry requirements • Provide information so that a school or college reference can be obtained if you are between 16-19 years old How to apply Please fill in the application form (available online) and we will contact you to arrange an interview. If offered a place on the course, you then pay and this completes the enrolment process. What do I need to bring to the interview? For those seeking more information or who are interested in completing the literacy assessment, we offer Advice and Guidance sessions from 10am-12pm on the 4th Thursday of each month, commencing on the 26th February at Kensington and Chelsea College's Wornington Centre. Please ensure that you arrive promptly at 10am for a short informal advice session followed by completion of the one-hour initial assessment in literacy for those wishing to apply. The assessment is handwritten so please bring along any personal materials that you may require (i.e. reading glasses, etc) and notify the department of any special requirements (by email) that you may have by the Monday before the A&G date. Supporting our learners Being a student at KCC, means you can expect a caring friendly inclusive learning environment. We will support you throughout your studies with us. Our students benefit from: • Tutorial Support • Information advice and Guidance • Counselling and personal support • Access to learner support services • Study centres at Wornington and Hortensia providing collections of books, journals, DVDs and access to PCs and on line learning materials 3/4 Financial Help Financial support may be available to you. Please contact an Information Advice and Guidance (IAG) advisor on 020 7573 5325 who will be able to give you information about charitable trusts, Career development loans, Education Maintenance Allowance (16-19 year olds) and Learner Support fund (helps eligible students with child care costs, travel and material costs) and other schemes that may be able to help you regarding financial matters. Additional Learning Support for students with disabilities or learning difficulties KCC is committed to improving access to learning for all our students. Please tell us if you have any access requirements at any stage of the application process. The additional learning support team can provide help and information regarding your individual needs. For example, the team can provide information on hearing loop facilities, communication support (e.g. BSL), dyslexia support, physical access, equipment/software (e.g. JAWS). If you would like to discuss learning support do contact Reg Cobb at firstname.lastname@example.com or a member of the team on 020 7573 5308. Further information about our services are available at www.kcc.ac.uk/inclusion. Contact Details Course Information: 020 7573 5333 Switchboard: 020 7573 3600 Full contact details: www.kcc.ac.uk/contact Disclaimer Information on this course fact sheet was correct at time of publication, however course offers and details may be subject to change. 28 February 2010 4/4
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20 of 21 Items
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the phrase "tarleton, lieutenant-general banastre, 1754-1833" in Subject
Book illustrations
Campaigns & battles -- North Carolina -- Waxhaw -- 1780-1789
Tarleton, Lieutenant-General (Banastre), 1754-1833
United States -- 1700-1799
United States -- History -- Revolution, 1775-1783
An illuminated history of North America, from the earliest period to the present time.
The Picture Collection of the New York Public Library
Mid-Manhattan Library / Picture Collection
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Image ID: 808811
Tarleton's quarters.
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Sleep Inn & Suites
10127 Washington Blvd.
Laurel, MD 20723
Phone: (301) 604-6200
Fax: (301) 317-9667
Bars & Cafes
Chapala Blue Beetle Bar
15530 Old Columbia Pike
Burtonsville, MD 20866
+1 301 421 0924
Mo to We from 11:00 AM to 12:30 AM,Th from 11:00 AM to 01:00 AM,Fr to Sa from 11:00 AM to 01:45 AM,Su from 11:00 AM to 11:30 PMChapala Blue Beetle Bar is a family-owned grill that specializes in Central American cuisine. Select from their famous margaritas and premium spirits at the bar to complement delicious home-style fare. Tex-Mex staples like tacos, nachos, quesadillas and chimichangas are on offer. Their signature dishes include pork ribs and steak fajitas. This place also plays host to jam nights, magic shows, live entertainment and private events.
Earn valuable points toward free nights.


text:
Astronomers have recently observed chemical fingerprints of ancient supernovae, it has been reported.
Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope and a naturally occurring cosmic magnifying lens captured surprising multiple images of the same exploded ancient star, research published on Thursday shows.
Astronomers have discovered a second ever planet with the four parent stars, suggesting planets in quadruple star systems might be less rare than previously thought.
Pouring cool gases called galactic "rain" may slow down star formation in certain galaxies, astronomers have found.
A new instrument on Europe`s Very Large Telescope (VLT) has produced the most detailed 3-D view yet of the deep Universe, discovering 26 distant galaxies in just 27 hours of scanning, its operators said on Friday.
A black hole, 12 billion times as massive as the Sun that grew to gargantuan size in the universe's first billion years, is by far the largest yet spotted from such an early date, researchers said.
A new research has revealed that black holes' intense winds stunt the galaxies' growth and prevent new stars from forming.
To help understand why some galaxies "burst" while others do not, an international team of astronomers have dissected a cluster of star-forming clouds at the heart of NGC 253, one of the nearest starburst galaxies to the Milky Way.
Scientists have settled a long-running debate about one of the tools astronomers use to measure cosmic time.
Some galaxies die early because they expel the gas needed to make new stars early, suggests a study.
Researchers have recently revealed that Milky Way galaxy could be huge wormhole and galactic transport system in theory.
A new study has provided a deeper insight into how stars and massive galaxies formed in the infancy of our Universe.
Astronomers have looked back nearly 13 billion years, when the universe was less than 10 percent its present age, to determine how quasars regulate the formation of stars and build-up of the most massive galaxies.
A new study has revealed that Andromeda had more violent history, as scientists found a more disordered stellar population than our Milky Way, suggesting that it may have been bombarded by smaller galaxies.
An international team of astronomers has developed a simulation of the universe in which realistic galaxies are created.
An international team of astronomers have recently created a simulation of the universe with realistic galaxies, it has been reported.
The Council of the European Southern Observatory, or ESO, has approved the construction in the Atacama desert of the world's most powerful telescope, capable of studying whether life exists in other galaxies.
Astronomers have discovered that a cool cosmic environment is ideal for the creation of new stars.
Astronomers were recently able to detect atomic hydrogen gas emission in galaxies which are 3 billion light years away from Earth and it broke the previous record distance which was 500 million light years.
Day in Pics: 1st April
Showbiz World - April 1, 2015
Katrina Kaif's wax statue at Madame Tussauds unveiled!


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The season two "American Idol" runner-up and "Celebrity Apprentice" star is playing the lead role in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical this month in Maine.Read more
The 52-year-old half of sibling duo Donny and Marie says she's suffering from a bad case of bronchitis.Read more
The long-time host joins the Nigel Lythgoe-produced pilot.Read more
"Nobody will ever describe Donny & Marie as cutting edge, but there's something to be said for performers who remain unapologetically true to themselves and to the variety-show format that gave them their biggest success," writes THR's David Rooney.Read more
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Phil and Annie were great guests! They were friendly, neat, and kind. I would happily host them again.
Phil and Annie were great guest very clean and quiet.
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Self portrait
Started 10 months ago | Discussions thread
Self portrait
10 months ago
Got bored and shot a self portrait with 6D & 24-105L.
svmnb's gear list:svmnb's gear list
Canon EOS M Canon EOS 6D Canon EF 100mm f/2.8L Macro IS USM Canon EF 24-105mm f/4L IS USM Canon EF 70-200mm f/4L IS USM +3 more
Canon EOS 6D
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