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Ambient and personal PM2.5exposure assessment in the Chinese
megacity of Guangzhou
Heiko J. Jahna,*, Alexander Kraemera, Xiao-Cui Chenb, Chuen-Yu Chanb,
Guenter Englingc, Tony J. Wardd
aBielefeld University, School of Public Health, Department of Public Health Medicine, 25 Universitaetsstr, Bielefeld 33615, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
bSun Yat-sen University, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, 135 Xingang Xi Rd., Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
cNational Tsing Hua University, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
dThe University of Montana, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, 176 Skaggs Building, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
h i g h l i g h t s
? Ambient and personal PM2.5monitoring was simultaneously conducted in various districts of Guangzhou, China.
? We determined the levels of PM2.5which individuals were exposed to over 24-h periods.
? The WHO 24-h air quality guideline (25 mg m?3) was exceeded every sampling day.
? Such high level of PM2.5burden has strong adverse effects on the inhabitants' health.
? Personal monitoring results were mostly influenced by indoor activities/sources of PM2.5.
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 22 January 2013
Received in revised form
2 April 2013
Accepted 5 April 2013
Urban health
Urban air pollution
Particulate matter
Ambient and personal monitoring
a b s t r a c t
Introduction: Due to the rapid economic development and the associated increase of transportation,
agricultural and industrial activities, the densely populated Pearl River Delta, China has significant
problems with air pollution. With a population of almost 13 million residents, the megacity of
Guangzhou is of particular interest with respect to environmental health due to its large population and
numerous anthropogenic and industrial sources of fine airborne particulate matter (? 2.5 mm in aero-
dynamic diameter [PM2.5]).
Material and methods: During the winter months of November and December 2011, extensive ambient
PM2.5monitoring was simultaneously conducted within nine of 12 districts of Guangzhou. In addition,
personal PM2.5monitoring was carried out within eight of the 12 districts to determine the levels of
PM2.5to which individuals were exposed to over 24-h periods.
Results: Results of the ambient monitoring showed average PM2.5mass concentrations ranging from
52.4 ? 24.1 (SD, standard deviation) mg m?3
106.6 ? 31.7 mg m?3(Median: 108.1) in the Yuexiu District. Results of the personal monitoring
showed average concentrations ranging from 45.4 ? 21.2 mg m?3(Median: 53.1) in the Conghua
District to 92.5 ? 33.2 mg m?3(Median: 102.4) in the Luogang District. Three of the districts showed
moderate to high correlations between ambient and personal PM2.5 (Yuexiu: Spearman's Rho
[rs] ¼ 0.77, p ¼ 0.072; Panyu: rs¼ 0.59, p ¼ 0.033; Luogang: rs¼ 0.79, p ¼ 0.021). Five of the seven
districts had ambient PM2.5concentrations higher than personal PM2.5concentrations. An overall
correlation analysis of all ambient and personal data shows a high and significant correlation
(rs¼ 0.7, p ¼ 0.01).
Discussion: This study revealed elevated PM2.5mass concentrations throughout all of Guangzhou's dis-
tricts, with ambient PM2.5levels that consistently exceeded the 24-h standards of both the World Health
Organization and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Results from the PM2.5personal
monitoring program also revealed elevated concentrations.
Conclusions: Firstly, based on findings from previous epidemiological studies, one can conclude that this
level of PM2.5burden has strong adverse effects on the inhabitants' health. Secondly, as only three of the
districts showed moderate to high correlations between ambient and personal PM2.5(with two of them
(Median: 53.7) in the Conghua District to
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ49 (0)521 106 4262; fax: þ49 (0)521 106 2968.
E-mail addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com (H.J. Jahn), firstname.lastname@example.com (A. Kraemer), email@example.com (X.-C. Chen), chzy@
mail.sysu.edu.cn (C.-Y. Chan), email@example.com (G. Engling), firstname.lastname@example.com (T.J. Ward).
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Atmospheric Environment
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Atmospheric Environment 74 (2013) 402e411
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being statistically significant), it is likely that the personal monitoring results were greatly influenced by
indoor sources of PM2.5. The weak correlations between the ambient PM mass and personal exposure
levels underline the demand for future studies measuring personal exposure in different environments
with high temporal and spatial resolution, while taking into account detailed activity analyses.
? 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Worldwide, urban outdoorair pollution is estimated to cause 1.3
million premature deaths annually. Those living in middle-income
countries such as China are disproportionately affected (WHO,
2012). As summarized in comprehensive review articles by Brook
et al. (2010) and Rückerl et al. (2011), numerous studies (primarily
focused on European and North American settings) have demon-
strated the strong relationship between air pollution and increased
morbidity and mortality. In China, however, fewer studies have
been conducted investigating the relationships between air pollu-
tion and health (Chen et al., 2010; Guo et al., 2010; Jahn et al., 2011;
Kan et al., 2008; Qian et al., 2007; Wong et al., 2008, 2002; Xu et al.,
2000; Yu et al., 2012). This is despite the fact that 16 of the 20 most
polluted cities on earth are located in China, and that around
400,000 premature deathsareattributed to ambient airpollution in
China each year (Roseland and Soots, 2007). Annually, 300,000
premature deaths are attributed to urban particulate matter (PM)
pollution, which is the most serious air pollutant in Chinese cities
(Committee on Energy Futures et al., 2007; WHO, 2009).
China's Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the most densely ur-
banized regions of the world, where rapidly developing industrial
and agricultural activities generate significant problems with
ambient air pollution throughout the region (Deng et al., 2006;
Tang et al., 2006). The megacity of Guangzhou is situated along the
Pearl River about 120 km north-northwest of Hong Kong.
Guangzhou is the capital and largest city within Guangdong Prov-
ince of southern China, and is one of China's leading commercial
regions, serving as a manufacturing hub of the PRD and China.
Major industries in the area include the manufacturing of chemical
products, electric machinery, food, electronic and telecommunica-
tion equipment, as well as biotechnology, metals fabricating, and
automobile assembly.
Air pollution data (specifically PM) measured from "neighbor-
hood" ambient monitoring sites are frequently used in epidemio-
logical studies as surrogates for exposure to entire populations.
However, previous studies have shown a poor correlation between
(Johannesson et al., 2007; Lachenmyer, 2000; Morandi et al., 1988;
Oglesby et al., 2000; Pellizzari et al., 1999; Sexton et al., 1984;
Spengler et al.,1985; Wallace,1996; Wilson and Brauer, 2006). This
is likely due to individual personal exposures incurring throughout
the day, including the cumulative exposures from the ambient
environment, the indoor environment, as well as from those per-
sonal activities that vary with time and from person-to-person. The
indoor component is especially important, as people usually spend
the vast majority of their time indoors as reported by Fishbein et al.
(60e90%), Lim et al. (Korea: "more than 80%"), Klepeis et al. (USA:
86.9%), Jenkins et al. (USA: 87%), Cao et al. (Hong Kong: "upto90%"),
and Sarnat et al. (USA: 90.5e95.2%) (Cao et al., 2005:197; Fishbein
et al., 1991; Jenkins et al., 1992; Klepeis et al., 2001; Lim et al.,
2011:145; Sarnat et al., 2006).
In an effort to understand the relationship between measured
ambient air pollution and personal exposure, a comprehensive
ambient and personal PM2.5(PM ? 2.5 mm in aerodynamic diam-
eter) monitoring program was conducted in nine districts
throughout Guangzhou, with different land-use characteristics
(Table 1) during November and December of 2011. In this manu-
script, we present results of this ambient and personal PM2.5
sampling program, providing new information on PM2.5exposures
of persons living and working in the megacity of Guangzhou.
2. Material and methods
The city of Guangzhou is made up of twelve districts (Fig. 1). As
of the 2010 census, this megacity had a population of >12.7 million
(Guangzhou International, 2010). Guangzhou's humid, subtropical
climate is characterized by an annual average temperature of
22.6?C, a relative humidity (RH) of 68% and annual rainfall totaling
1700 mm. During the sample collection period for this project
(November and December 2011), average temperatures ranged
from 11.5 to 24.5?C, with rainfall averaging about 33.5 mm.
2.1. Ambient PM2.5sampling program
During the months of November and December 2011, ambient
PM2.5samples were simultaneously collected in nine of the 12
districts of Guangzhou, including: Yuexiu, Haizhu, Tianhe, Baiyun,
Huangpu, Panyu, Nansha, Luogang, and Conghua. Twenty-four
hour samples were collected each day throughout the nearly
one-month long time period, with start/end times of approxi-
mately noon (local time) for each sampling day. At each of the
sites, MiniVol Portable Air Samplers (Airmetrics, Eugene, OR, USA)
were used to collect PM2.5on 47-mm quartz fiber filters (PALL
Table 1
Characteristics of the districts and ambient sampling sites.
Yuexiu Densely populated residential inner-city district with high levels
of traffic and commercial activities.
Inner-city urban district. The ambient sampling site was located in
a residential area with open spaces and a moderate level of
commercial activities. There were large roads nearby with
high traffic loads.
Densely populated inner-city, primarily residential district with
high traffic loads. Commercial as well as few industrial activities
were present in the vicinity of the sampling site.
District with mixed land use patterns. The ambient sampling site
was located in a semi-rural/suburban recreational area with low
population density, open green and blue spaces.
Huangpu Mixed industrial and residential district with high traffic loads
and low level of commercial activities. One major road was in the
vicinity of the ambient sampling site.
PanyuDistrict with mixed land use patterns. The ambient sampling site
was located in a suburban residential area with low traffic loads
and open spaces.
NanshaSemi-rural/suburban district. The ambient sampling site was located
in a residential area with low traffic loads and open spaces.
Luogang Suburban, partly rural GZ development district with recreational
areas and open green spaces with some large roads and
construction work.
Conghua Rural area, planned as background site. In the wider area around
the ambient sampling site were some construction sites and
small companies. Additionally, biomass burning seemed common.
Note:*No ambient monitoring data collected in Liwan, Huadu and Zengcheng
Districts; No personal monitoring data collected in Liwan, Huangpu, Huadu and
Zengcheng Districts.
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Corp., NY, USA). At a nominal flow rate of 5 L min?1, approximately
7.2 m3of air was collected during each 24-h sampling period.
Quartz filters were pre-fired (500?C for 6 h) and pre-weighted
(after conditioning for 24 h at 20e25?C and 30e40% RH) prior
to sample collection, and were stored in a refrigerator (2?C)
before sample collection.
2.2. Personal PM2.5sampling program
During the same time period as the ambient sampling program,
24-h personal PM2.5samples were simultaneously collected every
other day in eight of the same districts where ambient PM2.5was
collected (the exception being the district of Huangpu, where
ambient PM2.5sampling was conducted but no personal moni-
toring). During each sampling event, Leland Legacy pumps (SKC
Inc., Eighty Four, PA, USA) pulled air through 37-mm quartz filters
that werehoused in Personal Environmental Monitors (PEM, Model
200, MSP Corp., Shoreview, MN, USA). The 37-mm filters were pre-
treated (firing and weighting) analogous to the 47-mm filters. The
PEM is a single-stage impactor that removes particles larger than
the cut size (in this study 2.5 mm aerodynamic diameter), with the
smaller particles collected on a filter. The air was drawn through
the filters at a flow rate of 10 L min?1for 24 h, collecting a total air
volume of w14,400 L. Pumps were typically carried in a backpack
that was carried by sampling personnel, with the PEM fixed within
the breathing zone of the individual.
All personal monitoring events started/ended at approximately
noon (local time), consistent with the ambient samples that were
collected during the same time periods. Following collection of the
personal samples, the exposed quartz filters were removed from
the PEM, placed into labeled Petri slides and then kept in a freezer
prior to gravimetric analysis. Quartz filters were used for both
ambient and personal sampling in order to additionally conduct
chemical composition analyses at a later date.
2.3. Analytical procedures
Gravimetric analysis was conducted on all ambient (47-mm)
and personal (37-mm) quartz filters at National Tsing Hua Univer-
sity in Hsinchu, Taiwan. Using a temperature and humidity
controlled weighing laboratory, both pre- and post-sample weights
were recorded in triplicates, with the average of the respective
weights used to calculate the mass of particles gained during each
24-h sampling event. Although PM2.5mass was the primary anal-
ysis, future plans include analyzing the filters for Organic Carbon/
Elemental Carbon (OC/EC) and organic molecular markers indica-
tive of specific sources of ambient PM2.5in Guangzhou.
2.4. Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)
Acomprehensive QA/QC programwas employed throughoutthe
sampling program. Using a Bios DryCal?flow meter (Mesa Labo-
ratories Inc., Lakewood, CO, USA), the flow rate on the Leland
pumps/PEMs was measured both before and after each sampling
event. Quartz filter field blanks were collected for approximately
every 10 samples (10% of all samples) to account for artifacts and
contamination. Field personnel followed the recommended main-
tenance and cleaning schedules for the samplers (MiniVols and
Leland/PEMs) as described in their respective manuals throughout
the program. Filters were consistently transported in coolers to and
from the sampling sites. Clean quartz filters were stored in a
refrigerator at approximately 2
Following sample collection, the filter samples were stored in a
freezer at ?20?C until analysis.
?C prior to sample collection.
Fig. 1. Map of Guangzhou with districts and ambient sampling sites.
H.J. Jahn et al. / Atmospheric Environment 74 (2013) 402e411
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2.5. Activity diaries
During each of the personal monitoring events, it was requested
that sampling personnel keep activity diaries to document their
locations and types of activities conducted for each half-hour
period throughout the 24-h sampling period. This information
was recorded in seven of the eight districts for which personal
PM2.5monitoring was conducted, the exception being the Luogang
District. The major location categories recorded included class-
room, dorm room, canteen (cafeteria), office, and outside.
3. Results
The average ambient and personal PM2.5 pollution over the
complete sampling period was 77.7 ? 28.2 (SD, standard
deviation) mg m?3and 71.9 ? 32.6 mg m?3, respectively. In the
sections below, we summarize the results of the sampling program.
3.1. Ambient PM2.5
Table 2 presents the results of the ambient PM2.5sampling pro-
gram including the % coefficients of variance (CV) of each district
representing the temporal PM2.5variation within the districts over
time period of November 19eDecember 16, 2011, with 14e28 sam-
PM2.5mass results from each of the nine districts in Guangzhou, the
Table 2
Ambient PM2.5mass concentrations (mg m?3) measured in the individual Guangz-
hou districts.
Start/Stop samplingAverage (SD; CV)MedianMin/Max
106.6 (31.7; 29.8%)
80.1 (26.6; 33.3%)
84.1 (18.9; 22.5%)
84.7 (21.9; 25.9%)
86.0 (23.4; 27.2%)
76.8 (24.7; 32.2%)
65.5 (26.9; 41.1%)
61.9 (26.9; 43.4%)
52.4 (24.1; 46.0%)
Note: *No ambient monitoring data collected in Liwan, Huadu and Zengcheng
Fig. 2. Map of Guangzhou districts and levels of ambient average PM2.5pollution.
H.J. Jahn et al. / Atmospheric Environment 74 (2013) 402e411
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Yuexiu District had both the highest average and median concen-
district of Conghua. The largest single day PM2.5 concentration
while the lowest single day PM2.5concentration (11.8 mg m?3) was
measured at the Conghua site on December 1, 2011.
The spatial variation of the ambient PM2.5pollution between the
districts, expressed by the CV, was 20.6%. For better geographical
understanding of the city of Guangzhou, its districts and the
measured air pollution, an additional map is shown representing
the different levels of average ambient air pollution for the entire
sampling period (Fig. 2).
Fig. 3 presents the measured ambient PM2.5concentrations from
each of the sites throughout the duration of the winter sampling
program, showing an overall good correlation of individual PM2.5
ambient mass concentrations among the districts over time. When
comparing the measured PM2.5concentrations to the 24-h standards
of both the World Health Organization (25 mg m?3) and the United
States Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA) National Ambient
Air Quality Standard (35 mg m?3), Fig. 3 illustrates how consistently
elevated the daily PM2.5 concentrations were in Guangzhou
throughout the measurement period. When considering the overall
program results per district, the calculated PM2.5mass averages and
medians for each of the districts (Table 2) were greater than the 24-h
WHO and US EPA PM2.5standards (currently, there is no binding
Chinese national ambient air quality standard in effect for PM2.5). In
addition, each single-day measurement for four of the nine districts
(Yuexiu, Tianhe, Baiyun, and Huangpu) exceeded the EPA daily stan-
dard (35 mg m?3), while in six of the nine districts (Panyu, Haizhu,
Yuexiu, Tianhe, Baiyun, and Huangpu) the WHO 24-h standard
(25 mg m?3) was exceeded every single sampling day.
3.2. Personal PM2.5
Table 3 presents the results of the personal PM2.5monitoring
program that was conducted within eight districts between
November 21, 2011 and December 15, 2011. Nine to thirteen sam-
ples were collected per district, with average concentrations
ranging from 45.4 ? 21.2 mg m?3(Conghua) to 92.5 ? 33.2 mg m?3
(Luogang). Contrary to the ambient monitoring results, personal
PM2.5average concentrations measured within the Yuexiu District
weresome of the lowest out of all the districts (53.9 ? 35.0 mg m?3).
In line with the ambient results, the "rural" Conghua site also had
some of the lowest observed average personal PM2.5mass con-
centrations measured throughout the program. The spatial varia-
tion of the personal PM2.5 pollution between the districts was
similar to the ambient results (CV ¼ 22.8%).
Fig. 4 illustrates the levels of average personal PM2.5pollution
in the different districts of Guangzhou for the entire sampling
3.3. Associations between ambient and personal PM2.5
The pattern of the ambient and personal district values over the
entire sampling period shows generally higher values for the
ambient PM pollution (Fig. 5), with all average values clearly
exceeding the 24-h WHO and US EPA PM2.5air quality standards.
19.11.201120.11.2011 21.11.201122.11.2011
24.11.201125.11.201126.11.2011 27.11.201128.11.201129.11.2011 30.11.201101.12.2011 02.12.201103.12.201104.12.201105.12.201106.12.2011 07.12.201108.12.201109.12.2011 10.12.2011 11.12.201112.12.201113.12.201114.12.2011 15.12.2011
Ambient PM2.5pollution in the districts of Guangzhou
Fig. 3. Average ambient PM2.5concentrations (mg m?3) per district over the sampling period. a) U.S. EPA national ambient air quality standard for 24-hour PM2.5; b) World Health
Organization air quality guideline for 24-hour PM2.5.
Table 3
Personal PM2.5mass concentrations (mg m?3) measured in the individual Guangz-
hou Districts.
Average (SD; CV)MedianMin/Max
953.9 (35.0; 64.9%)
71.5 (16.5; 23.1%)
85.1 (33.6; 39.4%)
83.6 (40.8; 48.8%)
77.8 (23.5; 30.2%)
63.4 (31.9; 50.4%)
92.5 (33.2; 35.9%)
45.4 (21.2; 46.8%)
Note: Sampling was conducted during period from November 21 to December 15,
aNo personal monitoring data collected in Liwan, Huangpu, Huadu and Zen-
gcheng District.
H.J. Jahn et al. / Atmospheric Environment 74 (2013) 402e411
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In order to examine the relationship between the ambient and
personal PM2.5pollution statistically, a correlation analyses was
conducted between the single districts (Table 4). Three of the dis-
tricts showed moderate to high correlations between ambient and
personal PM2.5(Yuexiu, Panyu, Luogang) with two of them being
statistically significant (Panyu, Luogang).
Further graphical (Fig. 6) and statistical analyses showed that
the correlation between ambient and personal PM2.5 pollution
among all districts over time was high and statistically significant
(rs¼ 0.7; p ¼ 0.01).
3.4. Activity diaries
The results of the activity surveys are presented in Table 5. For
each of the study participants, the majority of the time spent was
in the indoor environment (> 85% of the total time), mainly in the
classroom or in the dorm room. Four of the seven participants
recorded having spent less than 5% of their time outside, while
three of the seven participants spent from 12 to 15% of their time
outside on a daily basis. Typically, less than 3% of their time was
spent inside the canteen (cafeteria), the exception being the
Conghua participant who spent about 10% of the time there.
4. Discussion
To our knowledge, this study is the first in the PRD of this large
spatial resolution to compare both ambient and personal PM2.5
levels using a temporally synchronized approach. The results show
strong temporally consistent differences among Guangzhou's dis-
tricts and provide a deeper insight into the relationship between
personal and ambient PM2.5exposure. This relationship as well as
the knowledge about the spatial differences is of great public health
importance in view of the fact that PM2.5pollution has strong ef-
fects on the inhabitants' health.
4.1. Comparison of ambient PM2.5concentrations with other studies
Several studies have measured ambient PM in the PRD region of
China. Studies focused on PM10have reported concentrations from
41.4 to 134.8 mg m?3in Shenzhen and Hong Kong (Cao et al., 2003,
Fig. 4. Map of Guangzhou districts and levels of personal average PM2.5pollution.
H.J. Jahn et al. / Atmospheric Environment 74 (2013) 402e411
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2004; Ho et al., 2006; Ho et al., 2003; Lai et al., 2007; Niu et al.,
measuring ambient PM2.5, with reported PM2.5mass concentra-
tions in Hong Kong and Shenzhen ranging from 31.0 to 99.0 mg m?3
(Cao et al., 2003, 2004; Hagler et al., 2006; Ho et al., 2006, 2003; Lai
et al., 2007; Louie et al., 2005; Niu et al., 2006).
PM10 in Guangzhou has been measured at concentrations
ranging from 115.3 to 255.6 mg m?3, while PM2.5concentrations
have been measured from 70.6 to 123.7 mg m?3(Bi et al., 2002; Cao
et al., 2012, 2003, 2004; Duan et al., 2007; Hagler et al., 2006; Lai
et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2006a,b). As presented
in the results section and in Table 2, PM2.5average concentrations
measured in this program ranged from 52.4 ? 24.1 mg m?3(me-
dian of 53.7 mg m?3) at the more rural Conghua District site up to
106.6 ? 31.7 mg m?3(median of 108.1 mg m?3) in the Yuexiu Dis-
trict. Our results partly lie in the range of the cited studies,
although these compared studies on average reported higher
PM2.5pollution levels in Guangzhou. The differences are not large
and they could potentially result from many reasons such as
different study designs. However, the lower values of our study
may be due to the fact that those studies used data that were
collected in earlier years (2001e2005). In this respect, one could
inthe PRDfocusedon
conclude that these deviating results may be an indication of an
overall decreasing trend in PM pollution in Guangzhou. This is
also reflected in data published by the Hong Kong Environmental
Protection Department (reports of the Pearl River Delta Regional
Air Quality Monitoring Network) reporting slightly decreasing
PM10values in recent years (http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/eindex.
Wang et al. (2006a) showed that during the summer months,
70e90% of the ambient PM in Guangzhou is predominantly
composed of sulfate, OC, and EC, with vehicle exhaust and coal
combustion contributing 38.4% and 26.0%, respectively, to the
ambient particle mass. During visibility deteriorating haze condi-
tions, which often occur during the autumn and winter months in
Guangzhou, OC, nitrate, and sulfate levels become more elevated
compared to non-haze days exhibiting a strong correlation with
meteorological conditions and local emission sources (Tan et al.,
4.2. Comparison of personal PM2.5concentrations with other
The average personal PM2.5mass concentrations obtained dur-
ing this monitoring program in Guangzhou ranged from 45.4 to
92.5 mg m?3. Comparing the PM2.5 personal monitoring results
from this study to other studies clearly shows the extremely high
PM2.5levels that the inhabitants of Guangzhou are exposed to on a
daily basis. Personal monitoring studies conducted in the US and
Europe have reported PM2.5 concentrations ranging between
11.0 mg m?3and 31.4mg m?3(Adgate et al., 2003; Johannesson et al.,
2007; Oglesby et al., 2000; Rodes et al., 2010; Turpin et al., 2007;
Williams et al., 2000).
In East Asia, personal monitoring studies are far less common. In
a study conducted in Korea, average PM2.5personal exposures were
measured at 19.8 ? 15.3 mg m?3in a variety of activity patterns,
with average personal exposure of each population group reported
from 9.8 to 43.1 mg m?3(Lim et al., 2012). More consistent with the
results of our study is a study conducted in Beijing, China (Du et al.,
2010), where personal PM2.5 exposures of 102 mg m?3were
Fig. 5. Comparison of personal and ambient average PM2.5mass concentrations (mg m?3) per district. (For comparisons, only daily matched pairs of ambient and personal PM2.5
data were used). a) U.S. EPA national ambient air quality standard for 24-hour PM2.5; b) World Health Organization air quality guideline for 24-hour PM2.5.
Table 4
Correlation analysis between personal and ambient PM2.5monitoring per district.
Pairs (n) Spearman's
Rho (rs)
6 0.77
Note: Sampling was conducted from November 21 to December 15, 2011.
aNo personal monitoring data collected in Liwan, Huangpu, Huadu and Zen-
gcheng District.
bAmbient and personal monitoring conducted on different days/times in Nansha
cThe level of significance was taken as p < 0.05.
H.J. Jahn et al. / Atmospheric Environment 74 (2013) 402e411
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4.3. Relationship between personal and ambient PM2.5exposures
Fig. 5 presents a comparison of personal PM2.5and ambient
PM2.5mass concentrations measured in each district, while Table 4
presents the correlation coefficients between the personal and
ambient monitoring data for each district, respectively. As noted
earlier, there was no personal and/or ambient monitoring data
collected in the Liwan, Huangpu, Huada, and Zengcheng districts. In
the Nansha District, the ambient and personal monitoring was
conducted on different days/times. Therefore, comparisons could
not be made for these five districts. However, direct comparisons
were made between measured ambient and personal PM2.5con-
centrations at the other seven sites. For five of these districts
(Panyu, Haizhu, Yuexiu, Conghua, Baiyun), ambient PM2.5concen-
trations were higher than personal PM2.5 concentrations. High
correlations between personal and ambient PM2.5were observed
for the Yuexiu (rs¼ 0.77) and Luogang (rs¼ 0.79) districts, sug-
gesting that ambient air influences personal exposures in these two
districts, at least for this particular sampling participant. For the
other five districts (Tianhe, Baiyun, Haizhu, Panyu, Conghua),
somewhat weaker correlations between ambient PM2.5levels and
personal exposure were observed (rs ¼ 0.25e0.59). Since the
sampling subjects spent on average more than 90% of their time
indoors, these results suggest that ambient air in the five districts
had less of an impact on personal exposure, and that there were
other indoor sources of PM2.5that influenced personal exposure to
PM2.5. It is also likely that individual activity patterns within indoor
environments played a large role in the personal exposure
measured in the individual districts, as supported by the activity
data reported in Table 5.
Nonetheless, we cannot disregard the possibility that ambient
exposure led to the weak correlation. For instance, temporally
equipment or meteorological parameters such as wind speed/di-
rection or relative humidity may have had effects on the ambient
sampling results. However, to better understand the weak correla-
tions, we compared the variance of ambient and personal sampling
results between the urban districts with weak correlations (Con-
ghua was excluded here since this district has rather rural char-
acter). This analysis showed that the CV of the personal PM2.5levels
(data not shown) between the districts over the entire sampling
period data was 3.7 times higher when compared to the ambient
PM2.5levels. The inhomogeneity of the personal sampling results
seems to support our assumption that the indoor environment/ac-
tivities of the sampling subjects played a larger role for the weak
correlations as compared to the ambient sampling circumstances.
5. Conclusions
Due to the large population density and rapid development of
intensive industrial, commercial and transportation activities,
Guangzhou is strongly affected by PM pollution which likely has a
significant effect on the health of Guangzhou's residents. The
investigation by Yu et al. (2012) on the effects of ambient air
Fig. 6. Daily matched pairs of ambient and personal average PM2.5pollution data of all districts combined throughout the sampling period. a) U.S. EPA national ambient air quality
standard for 24-hour PM2.5; b) World Health Organization air quality guideline for 24-hour PM2.5.
Table 5
Results of activity patterns during personal monitoring per district.
Classroom OutsideDorm roomCanteen Office
aNo personal monitoring data collected in Liwan, Huangpu, Huadu and Zen-
gcheng District.
bNo activity data collected in Luogang District.
H.J. Jahn et al. / Atmospheric Environment 74 (2013) 402e411
Page 10
Author's personal copy
pollutants (PM10, SO2, and NO2) on daily mortality rates in
Guangzhou showed that excessive risks (ERs) of air pollutants on
cardiovascular and respiratory mortality were higher than those
reported in Europe, the US, and most other Asian cities. In a pre-
vious health impact assessment conducted by some of our study
team focused on Guangzhou, it was estimated that 41e251 pre-
mature deaths per 100,000 population could be prevented per year
by PM2.5reduction (Jahn et al., 2011). These results underline the
health threats due to PM and emphasize the need for environ-
mental protection and health promotion in Chinese megacities.
In this most recent study, ambient PM2.5mass concentrations
were measuredat nine districts
providing a better spatial and temporal understanding of the
ambient PM2.5burden. However, previous studies have suggested
that ambient PM2.5is a poor surrogate for personal exposure to
total PM2.5(Meng et al., 2004) and that the average contribution of
outdoor PM2.5to personal exposure is only approximately 26%
(Turpin et al., 2007). This study therefore used a parallel ambient
and personal PM sampling design to examine the relationship
between ambient and personal exposure. In line with the findings
of Meng et al. (2004) and Turpin et al. (2007), this study showed
only few strong correlations between the ambient PM mass and
personal exposure levels. This underlines the demand for future
studies measuring personal exposure in different environments
with high temporal and spatial resolution, while taking into ac-
count detailed activity analyses. This will also help us better un-
derstand the complex relationship between ambient and personal
PM exposure, and its influence on air pollution sources and
resulting health effects.
The personal PM2.5monitoring conducted in this study (across
eight of the 12 districts) clearly showed the high PM2.5levels
which the inhabitants of Guangzhou are exposed to on a daily
basis. Considering the presence of various chemical species with
known toxicity (such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, di-
oxins, and other organic substances which are common in urban
aerosol, especially with additional influence from industrial
emissions as is the case in Guangzhou), the findings from this
study highlight the critical level of PM pollution in this megacity
and the need for additional studies that include chemical speci-
ation of PM2.5.
The results from this study also lay the framework for a
comprehensive Health Impact Assessment (HIA) of aerosol burden
in Guangzhou. This HIA will provide more insights into the spatial
relationship between PM and health within Guangzhou, facilitating
the development of evidence-based public health interventions
and control strategies that prevent adverse health effects.
We thank the German Research Foundation (DFG) for funding
this study within the framework of the Priority Programme 1233
"Megacities e Megachallenge: Informal Dynamics of Global
Change". We are also thankful to Dr. TAO Jun from the South China
Institute of Environmental Sciences for logistic support, and to Dr.
CAO Junji from the China Academy of Sciences for providing sam-
pling equipment. Thanks are also due to Prof. YU Jianzhen from the
Hong Kong University of Technology for help with sample/data
collection at the Nansha District site. Furthermore we thank Alex-
andra Schneider and Katja Richter from the Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Munich, Germany, for producing the maps. The authors also
acknowledge the help with ambient and personal sampling from
numerous students from Sun Yat-sen University and assistance
from Kay Chen and Raul Padilla from National Tsing Hua University
with sample preparation.
Adgate, J.L., Ramachandran, G., Pratt, G.C., Waller, L.A., Sexton, K., 2003. Longitudinal
variability in outdoor, indoor, and personal PM2.5 exposure in healthy non-
smoking adults. Atmos. Environ. 37, 993e1002.
Bi, X., Sheng, G., Peng, P., Zhang, Z., Fu, J., 2002. Extractable organic matter in
PM10 from LiWan district of Guangzhou City, PR China. Sci. Total Environ.
300, 213e228.
Brook, R.D., Rajagopalan, S., Pope 3rd, C.A., Brook, J.R., Bhatnagar, A., Diez-Roux, A.V.,
Holguin, F., Hong, Y., Luepker, R.V., Mittleman, M.A., Peters, A., Siscovick, D.,
Smith Jr., S.C., Whitsel, L., Kaufman, J.D., 2010. Particulate matter air pollution
and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the
American Heart Association. Circulation 121, 2331e2378.
Cao, J.J., Huang, H., Lee, S.C., Chow, J.C., Zou, C.W., Ho, K.F., Watson, J.G., 2012. Indoor/
outdoor relationships for organic and elemental carbon in PM 2.5 at residential
homes in Guangzhou, China. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 12, 902e910.
Cao, J.J., Lee, S.C., Chow, J.C., Cheng, Y., Ho, K.F., Fung, K., Liu, S.X., Watson, J.G., 2005.
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at residential homes in Hong Kong e case study. Indoor Air 15, 197e204.
Cao, J.J., Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Zhang, X.Y., Zou, S.C., Fung, K., Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G.,
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H.J. Jahn et al. / Atmospheric Environment 74 (2013) 402e411


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|Boxing Champions | Boxing Schedule | Boxing Video | Boxing History | Pound For Pound | Lounge | The Wire | Audio | Arcade
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How to neutralize a jab?
How do you neutralize your opponent's jab? Do you move to the left, out of the way of his left (If he's an orthodox), and then counter his jab with your right cross?
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The first thing I teach to defend the jab is to parry or catch the jab. It doesn't matter if you are a lefty or righty, I teach that first.
Now of course, it goes way beyond that. You can neutralize the jab with movement, not just from slips, but from simple distance.
The jab, when thrown properly, is the toughest punch to defend. It should come right from the chin, with no hitch or movement that would make you see it coming.
That's why IMO the parry or catch, is the best and most effective form to defend it. Then you can step on the parry, you can cut distance off of the parry, you can do so many things to really neutralize it but in the end, it takes practice and understanding of movement and distance.
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It's very easy to neutralize the jab when fighting an opposite handed fighter. Other than that...like guy above me said, catch or parry the jab. Sometimes catching and parrying the jab though can be more dangerous if the guy is using the jab to set up combinations because you begin to get your hands away from your face and open up. If a guy is using jabs to set up stuff behind it, sometimes it's best to either use your legs, escape and reset...or if you got quick hands, immediately counter with something back to stop his follow up punches. The counter option really works well if you slip the jab and counter at the same time.
Example...Marquez's class dip and right upper cut as a counter to the jab. He dips to his left under the jab and any follow up right hand, then counters with a lead left upper cut of his own.
Another good example for southpaw is countering the orthodox jab with a slip to the southpaw's right and straight left hand at the same time.
Defending against the jab is great...but when you can make them pay for throwing the jab by countering, oftentimes you neutralize the jab by making your opponent reluctant to throw it at all.
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i.e. Floyd.
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If you catch the jab correctly, it won't get you hit because you don't reach or bring the catch far from your face. I teach it as barely moving your hand, just placing it in front of your face with force. If your opponent feints, you still catch it as if he's throwing it.
Again though, it just takes time and practice. There are some fighters with amazing jabs that are incredibly hard to defend.
I would argue the bolded, come to my gym and there's some lefties we have with amazing jabs that use it very effectively.
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I see this in sparring all the time, guys will drill and drill and drill and do great, but as soon as its sparring, they start reaching and get thumped.
edit: On the reverse end, if you see a guy reaching out to catch your jab, feint and clock him.
Last edited by DIB42; 06-04-2013 at 06:07 PM.
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And yea, jab can work well for southpaws. It's easy to neutralize the jab of an opposite hand fighter, but not a lot people know how to do it. It's pretty simple though.
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Unless you're in a shell I suppose... But in a traditional stance, you're not significantly open for the hook if you're catching properly.
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good post. you're left handed? martinez did this one with his hands by his knees in his prime.
Last edited by New England; 06-04-2013 at 07:06 PM.
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Balancing Jewish community needs with repairing the world
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The first time I laid eyes on a stainless-steel, save Soviet Jewry bracelet -- each one engraved with the name of a Soviet Jewish dissident, I was transfixed. To be a teenager wearing one in North America in the mid-1980s signified a sense of collective consciousness for distant prisoners of conscience and the fact that one was a member of a tightly-identifying, if globally dispersed, tribe. "I wore it with...
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Here They Are - Rain Soaked and all Blooms!
Well the first two finally opened today, but it rained pretty much of the day, and they are a bit bedraggled.
The first scape I found was on Colorado Moonstone, and two blooms opened on it today:
Close Up:
This other one was a bonus from Bill Maryott. I'll have to look up the tag tomorrow, since the rain came back, and I wanted out of it.
So, the season is underway about 3 weeks early.
Wonderful, Kay. they are gorgeous, in spite of the soaked blooms,At least you have daylily blooms, hooray. The season is here.I will have a couple blooms soon now,I hope, suppose to drop to 45 tonight,and couple degrees cooler tomorrow night, so, dont know how they will look.But, how ever, can't wait to see a bloom.
We did get a nice rain, and are supposed to get a lot more this weekend. And Rita is right, the daylilies love it and so do the roses...I am worried since rust seems to be prevalent this year. I have been expecting these and one other to bloom for a while.
Going to have a lot of blooms very soon from the look of all the scapes. The iris have been beautiful, but not up to their regular blooming abundance. The roses have certainly tried to make up for any lack, however. I need to fertilize them again (manure) but hesitate with all of the rain forecast...think I will anyway.


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The Nottingham Pagan Network is an organisation of pagans and people interested in paganism in the area of Nottingham in the United Kingdom. Its purpose is to gather and spread information on local pagan events and groups.
The Nottingham Pagan Network Moot is our monthly social gathering that takes place on the fourth Wednesday of the month at 8pm in the Lincolnshire Poacher on Mansfield Road, Nottingham. Everyone is welcome to come and join in discussions and to share knowledge, or just to socialise in a relaxed and pagan friendly atmosphere.
We hope to see you at the next moot!
*** === Next Moot ===***
Wednesday 22nd April 2015 at the Lincolnshire Poacher on Mansfield Road, Nottingham from 8pm
*** === Avebury Trip ===***
Saturday 25th July 2015
£15 Per Person
Pick up is from the Poacher at 8am and we get home at 8pm
If you want to come please pay as soon as possible as i need to pay the coach company. Places are first come first served.
Pay by PayPal here: http://www.nottinghampagannetwork.org.uk/avebury.php
You can email us at email@example.com
Facebook Group


text:
Must island outlets be GFCI?
Home inspection just came back. Inspector said outlets on kitchen island must be GFCI. I thought just those near water needed to be. The island is just cabinets + granite, with a couple outlets on the side wall of the island.
Can someone clarify? I've got an NEC book, but couldn't find the kitchen requirement. Code references would be greatly appreciated to bolster my case (if I have one). :-)
All kitchen small appliance circuits needs to be GFCI protected. Island outlets should be part of the 2 (or more) required small appliance circuits.
Edited to add:, Just change the breaker might be the easiest for you even though it's the most expensive. It'll pass code for sure. Or, if this is a tap off an existing circuit, find the first upstream outlet and change it to a GFI outlet. That will protect all of the downstream circuits. What they don't want to see is when they trip the circuit, the lights somewhere go out etc. You can't have lighting and small appliances share a circuit.
This post was edited by live_wire_oak on Wed, Jul 31, 13 at 9:58
Thanks, live wire. Yeah, I think we'll just change the breaker, since these are outlets that are inset into the cabinet wood and thus not easily changed to GFCI outlets.


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The theme of these fragrances would seem like they would be for the younger set. That is why I wanted them for my granddaughter. However, everyone has a scent that they like and anyone could like any of these.
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Thursday 02 April 2015
The latest culture, arts and entertainment video news, reviews and trailers, including film and theatre clips and previews, music exclusives, book readings and author interviews, opera excerpts and TV highlights. Plus: The Culture Minute. Available on demand on Telegraph TV.
Watch: Tom Hardy is electric in the explosive new trailer for George Miller's fourth Mad Max film
31 Mar 2015| Comments
Thunderbirds has been relaunched in CGI, with the actress who originally played Lady Penelope, Sylvia Anderson, welcoming the new series
31 Mar 2015| Comments
David Beckham strips to his boxers with James Corden in a parody underwear advert for The Late Late Show
30 Mar 2015
Taylor Swift and Justin Timberlake's shared moment during the iHeartRadio Music Awards has gone viral
30 Mar 2015
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Will Ferrell reacts in the only way that Will Ferrell can when asked about Zayn Malik leaving One Direction
26 Mar 2015
Are these tears for Zayn Malik? Harry Styles appears to cry onstage during a gig in Indonesia just hours after Malik leaves the group
26 Mar 2015
As One Direction announce that Zayn Malik has left the band, watch some of the group's biggest hits
25 Mar 2015
New film based on the trial of Amanda Knox who was convicted for the murder of Meredith Kercher stars Cara Delevingne and Kate Beckinsale
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A young Lego fan has the ultimate playset after making a version of the dinosaur classic with her film editor dad
24 Mar 2015| Comments
James Corden talks about why he had to take the chance and move to the US as he "would much rather regret doing something than not doing something"
24 Mar 2015
Watch the moment that James Corden tries to make Mila Kunis admit that she is now married to Ashton Kutcher on his Late Late Show premiere
24 Mar 2015
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Watch the trailer for The Late Late Show with James Corden where he takes over a Hollywood billboard
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Need a boost? Then watch Robin Williams, Reese Witherspoon and Gordon Gecko give film's most inspiring speeches
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Watch: As Neighbours celebrates its 30th anniversary, watch the scenes that captivated viewers
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17 Mar 2015
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"This choice was perfect for me and my baby shower party favors. My order was deliveedr a day earlier than the suggested time, and the stickers were the perfect size and easy to remove from the backing and apply to the gift. I will definitely order other products! Thanks."
"Matching tags I got with my sons invitations. Was surprised as I was expecting something bigger but a in actual fact nice and small. These a stickers and il be using them on the kids party/loot bags."
"These are very classic and chic and will look nice on stationery or packages. They are a bit smaller than I expected but the dimensions are given so it was just my perception that was off there. They are nice quality, not too thick, but that's to be expected with the great price."
"we put the favor tags on the favor boxes. they were a beautiful and elegant way to dress up what would if been a plain box."
"These are the perfect touch for sealing a card, a goodie bag, or making custom labels for different party favors. The only complaint is a minor one of the ink quality...just a tad lighter than the picture online (almost like I printed them myself) I had debated wether or not they were worth it, needless to say, I will definitely add these to all my future orders! Bonus: I received my order nearly a week earlier than expected."


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Saturday Morning Watchmen
Credits & Info
- Date
- 03/04/2009
- File Info
- Song
- 1 min 12 sec
- Score
- 4.01 / 5.00
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Rated 3.5 / 5 stars
Seriously annoying, yes, but in a hillarious (and professional) way!
Of course, that's my oppinion about it :D But anyways, i must agree the "listen to your ears bleed" part, and i cannot imagine anything else about having fun making it! Lawl, keep it up!
Rated 5 / 5 stars
oh my god
those lyrics are awesome, good job.
Rated 2 / 5 stars
I know you're trying to be ironic.
I know this is meant to be a joke, but... it's just really annoying... Sorry.
Rated 4 / 5 stars
I clicked on the portal and.
Yeah. I just kind of.
Sat here for a minute like.
Then I laughed. Thanks for entertaining my morning. =]
Rated 5 / 5 stars
he can give you cancer? strange. be in bed by ten? goodie 2 shoes.never knew the watchmen but sounds kinda whacky


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Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox and U.S. Rep. Pete Hoekstra are leading the Republican pack for the party's gubernatorial nomination, according to a poll released today.
The statewide poll of 600 likely Michigan voters showed that 27% would support Cox in the GOP primary next August, while 23% backed Hoekstra and 15% would vote for Oakland County Sheriff Mike Bouchard.
Ann Arbor businessman Rick Snyder and state Sen. Tom George of Kalamazoo would get 2% each. ...


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The next platform in multi-platforms: Apple Watch
Since the announcement of the Apple Watch last September and its much-anticipated release earlier this week, the debate has been re-ignited over what exactly this will do for the consumer's relationship with wearables and new platforms. Read more »
Fear and Threats. Thank God for Content Marketing
Last month I highlighted our Digital Breakfasts, Digital Training Course and CMA Members networking lunch and I'm pleased to say all have been a roaring success! Read more »
Redefining performance marketing
The term Performance Marketing was once synonymous with pay-per action campaigns; search, affiliate marketing, etc. The 'performance' focus may have shifted due to the rapid rise of programmatic but for many it is still essentially a measure of direct response. However I believe that the historical definition is too narrow now, for a couple of reasons. Read more »
Five ways to target specific audiences using digital content marketing
Last week, the Content Marketing Association hosted their monthly Digital Breakfast at The Church of London offices – near the Silicon roundabout, an apt location to match the topic of the breakfast: 'bloggers, vloggers and social media personalities'. Read more »
5 simple examples of brand advocacy
Brand advocacy can help boost consumer trust in your brand, introduce your products to a new audience and even increase sales volumes all this just from brand advocates telling their stories. But who are brand advocates, and how can you help them to speak up? Read more »


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Its central location. - Garren
The staff - friendly and professional and courteous.
The modern amenities.
I left my phone in the room when I checked out. When I remembered later in the evening I called and the lady at the reception was kind enough to locate my phone through house keeping. My situation was handled so professionally that I was glad that I had chosen Jumerirah `Frankfurt. - Anonymous
Excellant staff, friendly, approachable and very willing to help in any way they can. Beautiful room with incredible view. Good locatation with taxis available outside. - Anonymous
Location of the hotel, offered price, excellent service of the hotelstaff. I would recommend the hotel to our partners. - Lyubov
The Restaurant had very good service and menu options. The room was clean and modern and the shower very contemporary. - Anonymous
Hospitable and ready-to-help staff, cosy rooms, all at hand, excellent location, close to subway station, wonderful Japanese restaurant in the hotel, quick check-in and check out. - Anna
Hotel was excellent, very clean and friendly, only slight down point wastraffic noise was loud even though on floor 14. would definately stayhere again - Richard
Very clean, beautifully decorated, to our pleasant surprise there was all sorts of good quality free goodies waiting for us as in our room (little bag of clarins cosmetics, chilled green tea and everything in d minibar was free)...not far from city centre and also quiet. Private parking at the back of the hotel was a convenience. All in all...we will go back! - Anonymous
Quite, clean room. Great to have an ironing board as I am a businesstraveller. - Stefany
Amazing greeting when we checked in, was offered a drink, our bags where
taken to our room, staff extremely friendly. Decor was stunning, great
restuarant and bar, it has a gym and spa room but didn't explore
that. The hotel has everything with such an amazing vibe it's very
easy to not leave the hotel - Anonymous
Location - Amal
I have to say that the Hessischer Hof is one of the best hotels I have ever stayed at. All the staff are friendly and helpful especially the head waiter who accommodated us for dinner despite us not having a reservation, The room and public areas are furnished with real taste and style. The dinner and breakfasts were excellent. I felt that the hotel staff really wanted your stay to be enjoyable. - Clive
Service was phenomenal. Were escorted to our room by the young woman who help us at the desk; showed us how everything worked in the room. Restaurant was excellent with nice bar adjacent. Live music, yet you could still have a conversation. Wait staff made arrangements for transportation to airport before we left breakfast and checked out. - Shannon
Everything! Room Service food was excellent too. - Anonymous


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Victory Christian School hosts Fishing and Fun Day
Victory Christian School invites the public to the 2nd Annual Kala Schroeder-Bercier Fishing and Fun Day on Saturday.
Boats will meet at Pelican Point Campgrounds to fish from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m.
A fish fry and potluck follows at 5:30 p.m. at the campgrounds. Door prizes will be given away.
Guests Gary and Scott Witkop will speak beginning at 6 p.m.
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Hanging Garden Art Basket
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Your hard work has transformed your garden into a masterpiece -- it's only fitting to be displayed in works of art! These hanging baskets kick your flora up a notch with vibrant designs, durable nylon construction designed to encourage healthier foliage, and a no-fuss drainage system.
- Nylon
- Collapsible for easy storage
- Three-point metal chain and hook for hanging
- 14" diameter (35.6 cm)
- Imported
Due to the size or weight of this product, international and express shipping are not available.
For bulk pricing on these and other items, please contact our Customer Service department at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Recent reviews:
July 27, 2014 - The only reason I have given 4 stars is because it is a lil bit more than I usually spend for a hanging planter. I bought the Blue Marrakesh design and it is so pretty. The bowl, is a nylon, slick material with a plastic drainage device on the bottom. Also, a durable, metal chain and planter perimeter support. I have only had this item 4 weeks, I hope it holds up, I think it will, it seems to be of good quality.
July 21, 2014 - Unique, nice baskets. Ordered one for me and two more for gifts. They loved them as well. Wish they would have had all designs in stock, would have ordered one of each. Highly recommend.
June 24, 2014 - I've bought five! My money went not only for a beautiful hanger but helped children like my beloved grandson make it even more special.
June 6, 2014 - I love these hanging baskets, I bought two of the spring blossoms and have little blue flowers in one and assorted purple, yellow, and red flowers in the other and they are gorgeous, One hangs on the patio and the other on the front porch. They're lightweight and excellent drainage. It also feels good to be helping such wonderful causes.
May 5, 2014 - I love these baskets, not only part of a good cause, but they are lightweight, breathable, and very lovely colors,,,, I have purchased three and given as gifts,,
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text:
An applicator bottle which includes a hand grip neck, a trigger mounted for index finger operation of a pump, and the pump delivers liquid from the bottle. An important feature includes an upwardly canted backing plate having a sponge where in the angle of canting is about twenty to thirty degrees.
1. An apparatus for dressing a sidewall, the apparatus comprising:
(a) a bottle adapted to be filled with a sidewall applied solution;
(b) a hand grip area on the bottle enabling the user to grab and hold the bottle at the hand grip;
(c) an applicator head connected to the bottle comprising
(i) a pump,
(ii) a nozzle through which said pump pumps said solution from said bottle,
(iii) a back plate canted at an angle with respect to a center line axis of said bottle and
comprising a flow passage and lateral flow channels which are connected only at said flow passage and which extend radially from said flow passage, and
supporting a sponge applicator contacting said flow channels, and
attached to said nozzle so that said pumped solution passes through said flow passage and said lateral flow channels and diffuses into cells of said sponge applicator, and said back plate and said sponge applicator define a planar facial area for wiping contact with said sidewall; and
(d) wherein said applicator head is canted upwardly at an angle enabling user application of the head while gripping the bottle at the hand grip and while permitting solution from the bottle to be applied to the sidewall.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein:
(a) said applicator head is canted at an angle of about twenty to thirty degrees with respect to a plane perpendicular to said center line axis of said bottle;
(b) said angle is selected to align a center of gravity of said head with said center line axis; and
(c) a length of said bottle measured along said center line axis is selected to cooperate with said angle so that said bottle will not drag the ground when cleaning said sidewall.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said applicator head comprises said back plate and said sponge of common length, and said back plate and sponge have an aggregate height corresponding to sidewall width.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said pump includes an index finger operated pump trigger for operating said pump.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said pump trigger operates said pump by drawing said solution from said bottle through a suction straw, where a first end of said straw connects to said pump and a second end of said straw a bottom of said bottle.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said pump delivers said solution under pressure through said flow passage and through said lateral flow channels within said back plate to flow into said sponge.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said sponge is contacted against said back plate to obtain said solution pumped from said bottle and to apply said solution to the sidewall.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said hand grip area terminates at a threaded connection for a cap and said cap supports said applicator head there above and said cap is removable for filling of the bottle with said solution.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said applicator head comprises a cap mounted structure above said cap and said hand grip is formed by shaped indentures and ridges in said bottle below said head.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said hand grip is formed in the bottle at the neck thereof.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said back plate is an elongate rectangle and said lateral flow channels comprise four flow channels at ninety degree angles on a face of said back plate contacting said sponge applicator thereby forming fluid flow passage to wet the sponge applicator with solution pumped from the bottle.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein
(a) said bottle comprises
(i) a bottom and upstanding bottle portion enabling said bottle to stand upright, and
(ii) a threaded circular neck ending on said bottle to enable attaching and removal of a bottle cap;
(b) said applicator head comprises
an integral upstanding base for said applicator head which attaches to said bottle cap; and
(c) wherein said base supports said applicator head at the desired canted position when said bottle cap is threaded on said bottle neck.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said bottle cap supports an elongate suction straw sucking solution from said bottle when said pump is operated.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said bottle stores up to about 20 ounces of solution.
15. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said bottle has a specified footprint and said applicator head is over the footprint.
16. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said applicator head is canted at an angle of about twenty degrees with respect to a plane perpendicular to a center line of said bottle.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein said applicator head comprises said back plate and said sponge of common length, and said back plate and sponge have an aggregate height corresponding to sidewall width.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein said applicator head includes an index finger operated pump lever for operating said pump.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said pump lever operates said pump by drawing said solution from said bottle through a suction straw, where a first end of said straw connects to said pump and a second end of said straw a bottom of said bottle.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said pump delivers solution under pressure through said flow passage and through said lateral flow channels within said back plate to flow into said sponge.
It is desirable to take care of the typical automobile. Even where the owner has complete disinterest in the matter, there are times and seasons at which care, and even more care has to be applied to the automobile. In the area of detailing, it is desirable to wash, clean and preserve the finish. Not only does this include treatment of the windows, chrome and painted body portions, this also covers the sidewalls of the tires. From a bumper mounted spare tire typified by a 1920 model with a rumble seat up to the present style vehicle, the sidewalls of the exposed tires are often scuffed and require periodic treatment. The treatment can be as casual as simply washing with running water, or using a sponge in a bucket with water and soap. The present disclosure is directed to a detailing device which enables care to be provided in a more enhanced and expedited manner. It reaches beyond merely washing away the road grime and dust that will accumulate on the sidewalls of the exposed tires. This disclosure sets out a system which can be used to clean, and actually clean with great facility. It reduces the number of utensils that are required, i.e., it furnishes a cleaning fluid but, it avoids the necessity for using a sponge and bucket. In the alternative, it avoids the use of a soaked rag. In another aspect, it avoids the use of other implements so that the net result is reduced time required to accomplish sidewall cleaning.
Sidewall cleaning can sometimes be described as "stoop labor". That is the general term applied to the painful chore of bending and leaning over to get something done. It is perhaps difficult enough for some people just to do that for 10 or 15 seconds. It is altogether a different chore to lean over or knell in a stooped position to clean the exposed sidewalls of four tires on an automobile. It is both awkward, tedious and painful. When stooping, it is hard to get full leverage of the strength of the person in the task or chore. Stooping to work on sidewalls is eased in this instance by freeing up one hand of the user.
Going specifically to the motions and movements required by the user, this device avoids the use of buckets, sponges, wiping rags, etc. Rather it provides a single device which is a large storage bottle which can be easily hand held and which is equipped with a head supporting a wiping sponge. The length of the head and hence the length of the sponge is selected so that it is equal to and slightly longer than the width of sidewalls on most passenger car tires. The head is constructed with an elongate stiff backing member which mounts a sponge like material on the surface. The head positions the backing at an elevated facing angle. As will be explained, the position of the head is turned upwardly somewhat so that the user, when stooping, can accomplish appropriate contact against the sidewall for wiping. Accordingly, one feature of the present apparatus is the incorporation of the attached stiff backing above a container having a hand grip and including a trigger or lever operated pump which delivers a stored fluid from the bottle to the stiff backing. There, the pumped liquid flows in a diffused and distributed manner through an open cell sponge, thereby enabling the head to be wiped directly against the target surface. In this instance, the target is the sidewall. Often it will be white sidewalls. In any event, this enables the hand grip of the bottle to serve as a hand grip also for the applicator. The user then does not need a separate bucket; no other accessories are needed at that juncture. This permits some lateral force to be applied using the bottle itself. Moreover a scrubbing action can be imparted. The hand grip can be readily grasped to enable the head to be applied against the sidewall. All of this is done with one hand, leaving the other hand free so that the user can steady his posture while scrubbing the sidewall. The free hand can be used to stabilize the position so that the user is not required to be busy with both hands dipping into and out of a bucket with a sponge, etc. Moreover the bottle held in the hand of the user can be swung in a circling motion as the circular sidewall is scrubbed.
During the circular motion of scrubbing, the index finger of the user can be conveniently put onto or off the pump lever so that the liquid is applied in timely fashion. This avoids waste of the liquid treatment. It helps keep the head and in particular the sponge on the face of the head moist for cleaning. Moreover this kind of motion and cleaning enables the user to treat the sidewall thereby accomplishing what is otherwise difficult hand labor with improved personal comfort and ease. Moreover the finished product (meaning the washed and clean sidewall) is accomplished with enhanced speed and reduced difficulty.
The apparatus of this disclosure is briefly summarized as including a relatively large storage bottle. The bottle holds typically between ten and twenty ounces of liquid. The bottle is equipped with the upper hand grip portion where the hand of the user will fit about the narrow reduced neck area where the hand grip portion is located. Curved notches are provided for a least two or three fingers of the user. The hand grip supports a trigger which is connected with a liquid pump. The pump delivers liquid from the bottle to the head. Of significance, the head is terminated with a transverse or perpendicular backing member. The head and the pump area are inclined upwardly at an inclined angle. This tilt positions the head not only above the bottle, but it also locates it at an angle so that facial contact of the head against the sidewall is accomplished without the bottle interfering with this position. The head is constructed with a sponge coextensive over the backing member, there by enabling a ready application of the pumped liquid of the head to be wicked through the sponge to ooze through the sponge for quick application. This has the advantage of steadily supplying a measured portion to the sidewall so that even application is obtained.
So that the manner in which the above recited features, advantages and objects of the present invention are attained and can be understood in detail, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings.
It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
FIG. 1 shows the sidewall applicator head;
FIG. 2 shows the bottle mounted applicator head of this disclosure from the side;
FIG. 3 adds details of the applicator head; and
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the applicator head.
Attention is first directed to FIG. 1 of the drawings which shows the construction of the sidewall treatment apparatus at the present disclosure. The apparatus attaches to a bottle 10 which holds a specified quantity of liquid. While the bottle 10 can be made to any size, because of height and weight restrictions which will be noted below, it is typically constructed with something on the order of about ten to about twenty-four ounces of liquid in it. If it were made larger, it would become so heavy that it would be unwieldy. Also, as it becomes larger, it becomes taller and there is a reasonable limitation to the height of the bottle 10. This limitation is practical in the sense that it also makes the bottle more difficult to manufacture, fill, and ship. It also makes the bottle sufficiently tall that it may bump against the ground during use as will be elaborated below. If unreasonably small, the bottle may become relatively costly in contrast with the number of uses permitted by the bottle. In that sense, it would seem to be economically unattractive to the purchaser who realized only two or three uses out of the purchase. To that end, the bottle 10 carries perhaps twelve or sixteen ounces of the liquid stored on the bottle.
The bottle 10 is a closed structure. It is provided with a cap which is attached by threads. Typically, the cap 30 is affixed to the bottle itself by threads and the cap 30 supports the upstanding head portion to be described. In that instance, a head 20 comprising a pump 28 and other equipment above the cap 30 are easily attached or removed in the event that it desirable to refill the bottle. The bottle has an upstanding neck portion 12 which is equipped with a set of finger grips 14 for the hand of the operator. The grips 14 define an area at which the entire structure is held in the hand of the user. This permits the index finger to reach around a pump lever 26 component of the head 20. The pump lever is actuated on demand. This delivers a pumping motion from the pump lever 26 to the supported pump 28. The cap 30 supports a suction straw 36 long enough to reach to the bottom of the bottle. The head 20 supports the nozzle 21 as will be explained and the pump which is connected so that liquid is pumped from the inside of the bottle 10 to the head 20. The pump lever 26 operates like a trigger when reciprocating motion is applied to the lever. It is equipped with a return spring so that it can be pumped repetitively. When pumping liquid is delivered through the pump mechanism 28, it flows through the nozzle 21 to a back located support plate 22 which is adjacent to a sponge 24. More specifically, the back plate 22 is approximately rectangular as shown in FIG. 3. The width is typically about an inch, and can be as much as about two inches. Greater width can be implemented but it does not serve much added purpose to make it that large. Rather, the back plate 22 is simply an adequate width for support of the sponge 24. The back plate 22 is typically made with rounded corners. Indeed, plate 22 can be constructed as a relatively long oval. The back plate 22 generally is planar, and is constructed with reasonable thickness so that it lends structural integrity to the sponge 24. The sponge is applied to the head to the thickness of about one quarter inch or greater. The sponge is the wear member that ultimately engages in scrubbing contact and is worn away. More specifically, the sponge has a thickness of about one quarter to about three eighths inch. It is an open cell structure glued to the back plate 22. Sponge 24 is made of an open cell structure to enable liquid delivered into the sponge to flow in all directions through the sponge. The sponge is used to dissipate the liquid pumped into the sponge and distribute the liquid across the face of the sponge. The sponge itself has an exposed facial area which is brought into contact with the sidewall. The liquid pumped into the sponge flows through the sponge and comes against the face, thereby making the liquid available for sidewall cleaning. As shown, the liquid flows through the small passage 32 (see FIG. 4) and then to the lateral flow lines 34 in FIG. 3. The lines 34 connect radially outwardly.
One important feature this of disclosure is the relative angle of the plate 22 and the attached sponge 24 with respect to the upstanding bottle. It is desirable that it be tilted up at an angle. If the head were precisely vertical and hence parallel to the axis of the liquid bottle 10, it would then be required to extend some distance laterally to the side. It would have to extend at least that distance to be located beyond the hand of the user wrapped around the shaped pistol grip 14 on the head. That is acceptable but it is relatively unwieldy. It is unwieldy in the sense that it makes the head set off by such a distance that the bottle might tip readily from an upstanding position. It also makes the device more difficult to place in a shipping carton after manufacturing and filling. It also requires that the arm of the user be substantually at right angles to the tire, and that requires a good deal more stooping. The back plate 22 is canted upwardly. The optimum angle is a range of about twenty to thirty degrees. This enables the head 20 to be positioned more near the center line axis of the bottle 10. Also, it provides something of an improved repositioning so that the knuckles of the user are not easily exposed during application. Last of all, it makes the device somewhat more compact in that the lateral protrusion is reduced. With this canted angle, the user can then position his or her arm at an angle of about twenty to thirty degrees above the horizontal. That angular repositioning reduces the amount of stooping required in the operation. The canted head having an angle in the range of about twenty to about thirty degrees assures that this device when used in a commercial establishment for detailing automobiles can be used time and time again without unduly tiring the applicator. Thus, if a user during the day has to clean the sidewalls of a different vehicle every hour, the several occasions are handled with enhanced leverage to the applicator who is grasping the bottle at the grip and swinging the bottle in a circular motion as the head is scrubbed over the sidewalls of the several vehicles. This is less tiring and can be repeated time and time again through the work day.
The base of the bottle 10 has a specified length and width at the foot, known below as a foot print. If the foot print proportions are unduly narrow, the device would topple to the side. It would also topple however if the foot print area in contrast with the height of the bottle is disproportionate with the head extended horizontally off to the side. Bottle stability is enhanced by the incorporation of the canted head. Moreover, the tendency of the bottle to topple would vary depending on the amount of liquid in the bottle. For instance, the bottle when full will tend to be more stable because of the added weight. As the amount of liquid is reduced, the bottle then becomes lighter and the set off weight of the head becomes significantly greater. While the weight of the head does not change, the off centered construction and lack of vertical alignment will create a problem with stability. Effectively, canting or tilting the head seems to significantly improve the stability of the bottle. By constructing the head with a tilt so that the backing plate and the sponge attached to it is brought closer to the center line axis of the equipment, the structure is made more stable. The center of gravity of the structure is then moved so that it is more in line with the footprint of the bottle when resting on the ground. In general terms, the center of gravity is moved to a more desired location.
The tilted or canted neck positioning the head at a canted angle provides benefits when the bottle is full or empty or in-between. The construction just described has the advantage of easy head removal and refilling. If nothing else, the user can refill the bottle simply with soapy water. However, it is preferable that the device be made, shipped, and sold with specially selected solutions for sidewall cleaning. This is often called "dressing" which refers to more than soap and wash water; this includes the idea of smoothing scuffs and color restoration. Where the surface of the sidewall has been scuffed and scarred, there are suitable filler solutions available which dress the sidewall to restore it to original smoothness. Such solutions are believed to be well known. Separately, it is possible also to fill the bottle simply with a soap solution for the expressed purpose of scrubbing road grime and discoloration marks from the sidewall. In that sense, the sponge simply operates as a wash sponge. To that end, it may be necessary for the user to have two of these bottles available. The first can be filled with the detergent or other cleaning solution. After that has been applied and rinsed the second bottle can be used to apply a solution which smoothes the scuff marks so that the face of the sidewall is restored to a like new condition.
In FIG. 2 of the drawings, the bottle 10 has a non specific height. Care should be taken regarding the height of the bottle. As mentioned earlier, the volume of the bottle is dependent on the capacity of the bottle and that in turn is dependent on height. The height can be reduced; reduction significantly changes the relative proportions of the bottle. If the height is reduced, some other dimension is preferably increased so that the bottle is able to hold an adequate volume of liquid. The volume of liquid stored in the bottle is used in its operation. The height of the bottle becomes important in the swirling or circular motion that is applied to clean a sidewall. The bottle is kept as short as appropriate to avoid dragging on the ground. The height of the bottle is limited so that the applicator head (the exposed surface in FIG. 3) is applied to the sidewall without dragging the bottom tip of the bottle. That is a proportioning problem which is aided somewhat by shortening the height and by canting the head angle. There is a balance with the relative angle of the canted head 20 appended to the top of the bottle. FIG. 2 of the drawings is made free of scale or dimensions. As will be understood, the scale is varied depending on practical factors including the width of the sidewall, and the clearance of the sidewall above the ground or support surface. In the latter instance, it may be readily commonplace to simply position the vehicle on the ground where it is supported on the four tires. In some instances, the tires are elevated. The optimum is raise the vehicle relative to the user of the present invention so that the motion of cleaning and dressing the sidewalls is applied approximately above the knees of the user and extended slightly above the waist. Again, if the vehicle tires are on the ground and the user is swirling the dressing material applied to the sidewalls, that swirling action assures cleaning but it may be somewhat awkward when that low. As noted, the posture of the user is improved by the present device which has the canted head as shown in FIG. 2 of the drawings.
In summarizing the present invention, one important aspect is the absence of scale in the bottle height which is something of a trade off with the angle for the tilted head and other scale factors. FIG. 2 is therefore an illustration showing a significant range of height in the bottle. While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment, the scope is determined by the claims which follow.
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