text:
A method and apparatus for real time synchronization of a computing device profile using an external storage includes a method for copying a user profile from a first computer system to an external storage device, attaching the external storage device to a second computer system and restoring the user profile from the storage device onto the second computer system. For added security, the user profile may be encrypted upon the external storage device.
1. A system for transporting profiles comprising:
a first computer system;
a second computer system;
a storage external to both said first computer system and said second computer system;
a first software module configured to capture a user profile in real time from said first computer system and configured to synchronize said user profile to said storage.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. A method for migrating a user profile comprising:
extracting a user profile from a first computer system;
saving said user profile on a storage that is external to said first computer system;
recreating said user profile on a second computer system from said storage.
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. A method for migrating a profile comprising:
extracting a user profile from a first computer system;
saving said user profile on a storage that is external to said first computer system;
recreating said user profile on a second computer system from said storage;
using said user profile on said second computer system;
when finished using said second computer system, re-extracting said user profile from said second computer system;
re-saving said user profile on said storage; and
restoring said user profile from said storage that is external to said first computer system onto said first computer system.
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
This U.S. nonprovisional application claims priority to U.S. provisional application S. N. 60/554,853, filed on Mar. 19, 2004.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method for synchronizing a computing device profile to an external storage device, while encrypting the information on-the-fly. More particularly, it relates to a method for synchronizing, in real time, a computing device profile to an external storage device interfacing with the device, the computing device profile definable by the device user or operator.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Technological advances continue to provide many new devices used to receive, compile, organize, analyze, and store information, all of which can be considered as the processing of information (also known as the processing of data). The type of information needed may well dictate that a specific type of device be employed. However, what is more determinative than device type is that the processing of information will occur. And if processing will occur, a computing device is typically best suited. Computing devices work well in verifying that information received is accurate, seeing that accurate received information is properly separated, organizing this properly separated information in a form for analyzing and making a decision, based upon well-defined logic. This decision can then be used to answer a question or calculate a probability for a person seeking such answer or calculation, or can be used to provide instructions to other devices of all types. As used herein, the definition for a computing device is any device capable of receiving, processing and presenting data. And, information, as used above and throughout this document is interchangeable with data and carries the same meaning.
There are not many areas of modern technology that have seen the number of significant advances than in the art of computing devices. To be more specific, significant advances have been made in electronically driven computer devices and computer devices capable of communicating with one another or working together along a network. Some examples of major advancements in electronic computing devices include Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), home computers, computer workstations, computer network servers, MP3 music player/recorders, cellular telephones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), palmtop computers and even wristwatches. Most of these computing devices have become so useful in both the business world and in the personal lives of people that they are now considered an integral part of life as a whole. Electronic computing devices can make even the most complicated and time consuming tasks much simpler to perform and quicker to complete by stripping away tedious aspects and responsibilities of the task. As such, advancing technology in electronic computing devices now makes it possible for people to perform tasks that were not even imaginable 15-20 years ago, such as, the sending of a text message or a document to another part of the world in just a few seconds. Because of these significant advancements, people are finding that they are using almost identical computing devices for business and personal reasons. Nowhere is this truer than in a category of electronic computing devices including, but not limited to, home computers, office workstations, laptop computers, palmtop computers, PDAs, tablet PCs, and all other like computing devices. And, for the purposes of this patent application, this category, as listed directly above will be defined as personal computers.
Looking at this defined category of personal computers, an aspect of commonality that exists among all of them can be found. This commonality is that each device has a profile. As used herein, profile is everything existing within a computing device that defines its persona and capabilities, which are within the constraints of its memory system and, which make the device operate. A device profile can therefore include, but is not limited to, data files (mp3, MPEG, word processor files, jpg, etc. . . .), applications, operating system, and all of the user-defined preferences and settings available to the device user. These user-defined preferences and settings include, but are not limited to, desktop environment, bookmarks on browser, cookies, specific application settings, e-mail files, non-licensed programs and applications, folder structure of files, and an address book. It is important to note that the definition of profile, used herein, does not attempt to exclude other electronic computing devices that are not defined within the category. Accordingly, any electronic computing device may be capable of having a profile. However, personal computers are chosen for illustrating and further defining the word profile and its significance as it applies to a category of electronic computing devices.
As a personal computer is used over time, its profile will grow and mature from a point of creation (a point in time, which the person who is to operate the computer, now has control). When talking about a PDA or a home computer, laptop computer or palmtop computer, the point of creation is most likely the date and time of purchase. When talking about an office workstation on a LAN or an Intranet (two common computer network architectures used in business), the point of creation is most likely the workstation operator's first day on the job or the day he is given a workspace and some level of control over the workstation assigned to, and located in, his workspace.
As a profile begins to grow from a point of creation, it instantly begins to form a unique persona different than any other like workstation. So, for example, if two personal computers (two workstations) are created at the same time (having the same creation point), each having exact capabilities, equal user access and control over preferences and settings, and identical applications and operating system, each profile will begin establishing a unique user profile diverging from one another as they grow and mature until each profile is completely different. A measurable definable characteristic of each profile can be used to prove they are different and that one is not like the other, even though they have the same time of creation (birth). This holds true even if the two computers are operating side by side and being used within the company for the same purpose (i.e. two employees have identical responsibilities and are performing same tasks). Divergence grows even further away as time continues to pass, because every single task and every keystroke ever carried out on either computer can effectively modify the device profile and therefore its persona.
An analogy between the profile of a personal computer, or other electronic computing device, can be made to that of a personality of a human being. For instance, both can grow and mature and become more complex over time. Both can be defined as having unique characteristics, which define the person or profile of the device (both have measurable identities). An argument can therefore be made that over time and through use, a personal computer, or other electronic computing device, begins to develop a personality that is unique and personal to the user of that particular device, which is defined as the device profile.
In many cases, and something that is considered a problem in the prior art, is that an operator performs his required duties at work on his assigned workstation, at his place of employment, and then travels home to operate his home computer, personally owned under his control, and located within his house. This leads to the formation of two distinct profiles on two separate computers, which over time, begin to drift further and further apart. In most cases, these two profiles, which are unique to one user, but loaded on two separated computers, never meet and are typically prohibited from meeting, based upon restrictions in removing the business computer from the job site. If the operator adds a laptop computer to the equation, he now has three profiles. Better yet, he then purchases a PDA, capable of interfacing with the laptop and home computer on some minimum threshold level of connectivity for permitting simple transfers of scheduling data and so that addresses can be downloaded to either the home personal computer or laptop computer. This type of inefficient connectivity falls horribly short of being able to fully interface all four devices as one large profile, thereby taking advantage of all abilities of all computing devices in one respect or another. The operator now has four distinct profiles on four separate computing devices, wherein only three, at best, can be networked in some loosely established home network. And any network connectivity would most likely require a hub or router, merely adding complexity to a problem that was already complex enough. Even in the event of network connectivity between the operator's three home computers, transfer of data files and some other simple files, such as bookmarks, is about all that can be shared among the three. Much of this can be solved quite easily, efficiently and at a very low cost. The solution to this problem and how a person can implement a single profile on all four computing devices is the subject of one embodiment of the present invention and will be discussed below hereinafter.
Very few people have the luxury of using one electronic computing device for both their personal and business lives. If such a luxury exists, then a unified profile can be created by melding certain aspects of the operator's personal identity with his business personality. This would most likely require a portable electronic computing device, such as a laptop, but having extensive storage capacity. The practice of implementing a unified profile on a single device has other disadvantages that include the inadvertent revealing of privacy related aspects of the personal identity to business associates and colleagues, or violating document security protocols of the employer by mistakenly removing intellectual property or confidential or trade secret protected documents and files from the confines (digitized central storage area) of the company employer for which the employee works. Ensuring that privacy remains intact and secrecy is not violated, requires that the single device unified profile not be fully explored for either the business or personal sides effectively, limiting the abilities to develop each profile to its fullest extent utilizing encryption. As a final note to a unified profile on a single device, loss or destruction of the device or catastrophic failure of a device component (i.e., hard drive failure) results in an immediate and complete loss of all work and personal related data, all applications and all preferences and settings for the unified profile, which are all potentially unrecoverable.
In view of the above, and the risks associated with total loss of data, it appears too detrimental to attempt a unified profile on a single computing device. Accordingly, the only other viable option appears to be through the use of two computing devices (such as, first and second computers). In this scenario, an operator would attempt to update her second computer each and every time her first computer changed or a file was updated, or vice versa, to remain in real time synchronization. However, this result is absurd.
First, the time expended in attempting this protocol would leave the operator with no other time to do anything else. Given the extremely fast speeds of modern computer processors, it would be impossible for anyone to keep up with the processing of any computer in this manner. Secondly, to say the above method of updating could be affected in real time is misleading. Any human implemented method of this type would merely stump any possible result that could be realized since it cannot be carried out in real time. Real time, as defined herein and which is generally accepted, pertains to a data-processing system that controls an ongoing process and delivers its output (or control inputs) no later than at the time when these are needed for effective control. Based on this definition, it seems impossible that anyone could effectively determine that a file had been added or changed, or a computer established a connection between the two computers, and make the file copy or addition, all within the time necessary, but no later than when needed to affect some result or control. Even further, how could anyone actually know if a change had occurred necessitating this type of action? People simply do not possess the intuitive knowledge to know exactly which files may or may not have been updated and/or added during the operation of the first computer, regardless of whether it is a simple or very complex function, all within real time. Nor, are there any mechanisms, devices or methods in the prior art which have this same intuitive knowledge, through programming, that act within real time so that an absolute determination from an overall analysis throughout the entire computer includes every application setting file embedded deep within the file structure hierarchy for all applications, as well as each attribute of the desktop environment including, but not limited to, wallpaper settings, screen saver, power control and clock settings. For each user-defined profile there can be unlimited files to track.
There is an inference of synchronization in the prior art method above that at some point in time, but certainly not in real time, they are two devices having common elements. And since synchronization is defined as the ability to make at least two data elements common or same, the method above could be synchronized for a period of time. However, real time plays havoc on this human implemented method, since as soon as synchronization is achieved within the system, changes and additions to files must again be located and synchronized to the other computer, because real time requires so. In fact, by the time a person realized that a file had changed, before he/she could do anything about it, something else will change.
It can therefore be said, that nothing in the prior art permits the synchronization, in real time, encrypting information on-the-fly, of a user-defined profile, of a first computing device to a second computing device utilizing an external storage device such that the two computing devices look and operate as identical devices at any given point in time. It should be noted that some one-time event executing programs do exist but fall way short of real time synchronization due to an inability to continue operating after the single event has executed. There are also single program synchronization programs that permit coupling between two computing devices but for just one program, and they do not allow for copying over base files from one computer to another. Single program synchronization programs are more analogous to a pseudo, temporary sync of minor-proportions. It is therefore clear, that without the novel method of the subject invention of this patent application, real time synchronization of at least two computing device user-defined profiles, employing an external storage device, is not possible.
A similar problem in linking two computers presents itself when thinking in terms of upgrading system hardware and software. First, you must ask, what am I updating? Am I updating my six year-old computer to a new computer with both new hardware and software? Or, am I just updating software (i.e., the latest and greatest operating system)? Or am I just updating older hardware and I want to keep my latest operating system? Knowing your intentions, as well as your expectations, will certainly govern your actions as they apply to the update. Misconception of what files and settings will be on a new computer when it is brought to life has been a problem for years in the computer repair industry. Almost all repair facilities simply do not take responsibility for backing up old files and carrying them over to the new computer. Further, repair facilities lack ability to bring forth the user-preference and application settings embedded within the old computer. Sometimes a computer owner simply feels they have no choice but to upgrade, and makes a hasty decision due to false understandings and current events. Y2K caused so many people to update so quickly, out of concern for potential catastrophic failure they did not take the time to back-up certain files, which resulted in a total loss of those files. In the prior art, there is simply no way to exchange (upgrade) your computer for a new one without losing a significant portion, if not all, of the computer user-defined preferences and settings.
Anyone who relies on, or at least utilizes, a computer for any part of their business or personal life becomes quite dependent on them and finds it difficult to function without one when away from their typical environment and home. In fact, the desire to constantly check e-mail, inquire into news reports, chat with online-friends and family, or even log into a company network to check schedules and work assignments has driven a whole business related to providing access to the Internet for satisfying people's desires or assisting them in accomplishing their professional and personal goals. In public, portals to the Internet are found in airports, cafes, bars, coffee shops, hotels and public libraries. However, if you want access to your personal environment (profile) and you are away from your personal computer, laptop or palmtop, what can you do? Affectively nothing. In the prior art, when you are away from your computer and its unique profile, you lose access to features that provide convenience and make your time on the computer more enjoyable and more productive. Currently, there is no way to remotely bring forth your profile to enjoy the features you have defined in your profile. Further, when you operate a �leased� machine you tend to leave a trace of your presence behind which is discoverable. There is nothing in the prior art to erase these traces, and this can cause problems.
If a traveling executive or a member of the military, both having high levels of security access to their respective professions, must review confidential documents before making an impartial decision, but is in a visible public forum, there is no device, mechanism, or method that permits this executive or member of the military to go and look at the required documents without leaving a trace. Even if they log-in and do not review any material, their presence on the sign-in-site can leave a trace signature or footprint behind that is discoverable through research and due diligence.
In another example, a person may wish to take a multitude of files from one location to another, but does not provide access to all the files. For instance, she may want to show someone a plethora of confidential documents relating to her business, yet, she does not want to show each and every document. However, she wants to bring them in an organized fashion, such as a slide slow presentation she created, but does not want to risk the chance that the viewing party may see the other restricted files. Currently, there is no mechanism, device or method that permits instant copying of all documents from one computing device to another for taking to a remote location, which permits restriction of selected files or folders based upon the user-defined profile which interfaces a privacy function for erasing any trace at the remote location to which she has traveled. Improvements are clearly needed to permit such methods, and an embodiment of the present invention satisfies these needs, thereby improving the prior art.
In a scenario close to those set forth above, if a person signs-on to the Internet, her presence is even more noticeable than if she had logged into a network along some proprietary line. If she completes a task by manipulating data from her office, even if encrypted, she still will leave a trace signature or footprint that is discoverable, but just harder to decipher. The subject invention enclosed herein also addresses the issue to erase these trace signatures. This includes, but is not limited to erasing internet cache files, cookies, temporary files such as those created by Microsoft Word�, registry entries, files, environmental variables, favorites, passwords, etc. Furthermore, for certain security levels, simple erasure is not adequate. For example, simply erasing a file does not eliminate the data from the guest hard drive, being that it can be �undeleted� or, even if it could not be undeleted, a malicious user could create a large new file and seek through it looking for useful information. Various file erasing algorithms are available for completely erasing a file which may include overwriting the file before deleting it, perhaps in several passes.
In a corporate environment, there is an overwhelming desire to increase productivity and that is constantly being balanced with a need to protect certain information from being retrieved and quickly exported (stolen) by someone without authority. Information, such as trade secrets and human resources department documents must be protected. To do so, security levels are set and authentication protocols are established for those that are permitted to wander freely about the network, and have access to restricted documents. However, no integrated system of the prior art allows a person, having a high level of authenticity, to easily move around the entire network while maintaining a simultaneous high level of expected privacy. That is because most prior art systems trade security for privacy. Accordingly, multiple systems have to be deployed to permit both extensive privacy and high level authentication. And in many instances, these systems are not compatible, which leads to conflicts. An improved integrated system is clearly needed to solve the problems of the prior art currently utilized within corporations. These multiple, but traditionally incompatible technologies need to be incorporated into one integrated system and provide all aspects of privacy and authentication under one roof to this highest possible level. The method of the present invention provides such capabilities.
Still within the confines of a corporate structure, consider a traveling executive who is on business at another company office across the country, wherein the security and privacy protocols established are different than those of his office. Potential protocol conflicts can lead to problems for this traveling executive even though he holds a very high level of clearance for both privacy and security with the company. He can be effectively locked out, because he is typically not located in this office. An integrated system like that described directly above needs to be implemented having a traveling authentication element for calculating a highly probable truthful analysis, so that certain candidates can be quickly authenticated and permitted to move freely through a home or traveling office and its confidential files with privacy attached.
Regardless of the size of a business, such as a large multi-national corporation, a medium sized business or a small sized business, or even just an average home personal computer owner, the issue of restoration (of a computer) will eventually play a part in the life of the computer user, owner or administrator. The ability to quickly restore a computer, to its previously undamaged state, will be an issue at some point in time. Being able to restore quickly will be necessary. However, what may be more important is the accuracy of all restored information and the time/date that the restored information was last backed-up. In most small to medium businesses, some sort of hard disc or tape drive system is employed as a backup. In larger companies, they may use entire banks of storage devices that are referred to as centralized storage devices (CSD). In any sized corporation, large or small, or even on the personal level, there may be a virus or worm attack that brings down a part or the entire system or network. No one is immune. It has been said that international worm and virus attacks account for more than $20 Billion a year in actual and productivity losses for industry.
In the example of large corporations, entire sections of networks could need restoration. The problem is exacerbated when the network server itself is not backed-up, by not being attached to a redundant backup system. If this happens, a large portion of the workforce of the company could be rendered unproductive during the restoration process thereby lowering the overall productivity and effectiveness for at least a period of time. Other events that can cause a need for restoration, and include, but are not limited to, the loading of rogue applications on workstations, which slows down workstation productivity thereby contributing to a reduction in productivity and resulting in a complete reloading of the operating system. In this event, all user profiles are lost simply because they were never saved anywhere else except the workstation local storage medium. Hard drive failure can also cause complete and catastrophic failure and loss of all user profiles if not backed-up in some manner. The inventive system of this patent application has a solution for both personal computer users and corporate networks, large and small, to reduce or eliminate, in their entirety, all of these problems of the prior art.
For the purposes of this application, and as seen in
Further words that appear in the following text, some of which are also shown in the Figures, warrant a proper understanding of their meaning and therefore a definition. Accordingly, for the purposes of this application, SYNC means to make files common or alike. RESYNC means to make uncommon files alike. PRIVATE means the ability to leave a computing device host without leaving any discoverable traces of guest profile behind.
The present invention utilizes a method of real time synchronization to constantly sync an entire user-defined profile from a computing device to an external storage device while encrypting the profile contents on-the-fly. The user-defined profile is established by the operator of the computing device. The profile represents the essence of the computing device as defined by the user�its persona. These elements include but are not limited to data files (mp3, MPEG, word processor files, jpg, etc.), applications, operating system, and all of the user-defined preferences and settings available to the device user. These user-defined preferences and settings include, but are not limited to, desktop environment, bookmarks on browser, cookies, specific application settings, e-mail files, non-licensed programs and applications, folder structure of files, and the address book. The profile can be as big or as little as the user desires. It is important to note that the definition of profile, used herein, does not attempt to exclude other electronic computing devices that are not defined within the category. For instance, ATMs have profiles and can be synchronized utilizing the novel method of the present invention.
In its simplest form, our invention allows for real time synchronization of a computing device user-definable profile to an external storage device while, perhaps, encrypting the information on-the-fly. Nothing herein limits that external storage device be portable or actually be a transport device, or be a separate disk partition, or be a networked attached storage device, for the user-defined profile. However, it is external in the sense that is not enclosed within the housing of the computing device and therefore accessible from outside any housing. However, one embodiment, utilizes a high-speed, large capacity device located within a small housing that can easily fit into a shirt pocket, briefcase, or purse and plug directly into a reciprocal port of a computer, such as USB or IEEE 1394 (Firewire) for immediate synchronization.
Our method also allows switching between two computers regardless of platform, operating system, framework, network architecture and/or application compatibility. Further, location of the second computer is irrelevant. Accordingly, it does not matter if the user is traveling abroad or just switching between computers at home and work. Our method accesses a user's profile under username/password as defined by an authentication measurement based upon a high probability for truthfulness. This is achieved in the office, home or while traveling. Our method has the option to synchronize through an intermediary drive (e.g. USB flash memory as a drive or any other external storage device), or directly from computer to computer. If an intermediary drive is to be used, it can be can portable.
As an example of our method, a profile of a first computer can SYNC to an external transport device and then RESYNC to a second computer anytime thereafter. After RESYNC at the second computer, the second computer, along with the external transport device, will hold the profile for as long as the user decides, until released by terminating SYNC to the intermediary drive. The intermediary drive can then carry the modified profile where ever it needs to go. A typical place may be back home (the place of origin), or guest computer, for RESYNC to guest computer where the journey first began. This makes it possible to work on a second computer without the need to connect through the Internet or other network system of connectivity. In this way, files and functions of both computers (the profile) are always available at both locations so long as synchronization has occurred.
Our method can be used for upgrading computers when updating just the software and not changing any hardware, when updating just the hardware and not any software or when updating both the hardware and the software. The transport method utilizes and captures the user profile in a series of pre-defined and user-defined areas and then executes synchronization and resynchronization protocols between the computers by the SYNC and RESYNC functions. Our method ensures that all user files defined as part of the profile are preserved and remain private to the user, perhaps, by use of encryption, thereby permitting the user to have access to the user-defined profile on an upgrade within seconds of completion of the upgrade. Our method is not dependent upon upgrading to the same or like operating system but can be used to interface to any software vendor. Operating system incompatibility is not at issue.
Our method allows a user access to her profile on a computer not belonging to her while maintaining the same level of privacy as if she were on her own computer, utilizing her own authentication and leaving footprints of such a minimal amount that her identity and the fact that she was there is, for all practical purposes, impossible to discover when after departing. In addition, she can also complete tasks (i.e., edit documents and other files) and still leave under the same level of secrecy if she has gone PRIVATE during synchronization.
In maintaining a person's status as private on a non-personal computer, especially in a corporate Intranet, our method provides for a person having a high level of authenticity to easily move around an entire network and enjoy access to everything that his security level permits. At the same time he maintains and enjoys a level of privacy equal to that he is use to and that which his probability for truthfulness has previously assigned to him. Our integrated system can be used within corporations that have multiple incompatible technologies. These incompatible technologies are incorporated into all aspects of our integrated system and within the corporate identification, verification and authentication system and privacy function. Our integrated system includes a unique computer profile formation system having a SYNC/RESYNC capability for permitting a created profile, representing an individual having a computer �personality�, based upon characteristics previously and presently entered, to wander about a network and have that profile brought forward to be seen at anytime at any workstation, all the while having a high probability form truthfulness identity working in conjunction with the system to use for network system security. In anticipation of a traveling executive, the same criteria can exist with just a few more qualifying questions.
Remote user profile restoration is used when a user suffers a major virus attack in a company. For instance, the system administration staff may have to completely reinstall the operating system and all applications. They recover the last backed-up data. There is no restoration of the user's profile and no restoration of any private applications a user may have installed on the computer and therefore no restoration of the computer persona (profile). We allow individuals as well as systems administration staff to have control over there restorations, including their computer persona, based upon status at company.
The invention can be best understood by those having ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Throughout the following detailed description, the same reference numerals refer to the same elements in all figures.
Referring to
With continuing reference to
As shown in
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Referring to
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Also connected to the processor 610 is a system bus 630 for connecting to peripheral subsystems such as a hard disk 640, a CDROM 650, a graphics adapter 660, a biometric sensor 690, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port 680, a keyboard 670 a biometric sensor 690 and a network adapter 695. The graphics adapter 660 receives commands and display information from the system bus 630 and generates a display image that is displayed on the display 665.
In general, the hard disk 640 may be used to store programs, executable code and data persistently, while the CDROM 650 may be used to load said programs, executable code and data from removable media onto the hard disk 640. These peripherals are meant to be examples of input/output devices, persistent storage and removable media storage. Other examples of persistent storage include core memory, FRAM, flash memory, etc. Other examples of removable media storage include CDRW, DVD, DVD writeable, compact flash, other removable flash media, floppy disk, ZIP�, laser disk, etc. Other devices may be connected to the system through the system bus 630 or with other input-output functions. Examples of these devices include printers; mice; graphics tablets; joysticks; and communications adapters such as modems and Ethernet adapters.
In some embodiments, the USB port 680 may be connected to an external storage device 685. The example shown has an external storage device 685 which may be a flash drive, memory card or external hard drive. In another embodiment, the external storage may be connected to the system with an interface other than USB, perhaps IEEE 1394 (Firewire). In another embodiment, the external storage is located on a remote system connected by networking to that system, perhaps connected to a server, a Network Attached Storage device (NAS) or connected to the world-wide-web.
In some embodiments, the biometric sensor 690 may be used to encrypt profile information while in transit. Examples of a biometric sensor 690 include fingerprint scanners, voice recognition, facial recognition, retina scanners and iris scanners.
Equivalent elements can be substituted for the ones set forth above such that they perform in the same manner in the same way for achieving the same result.
It is believed that the system and method of the present invention and many of its attendant advantages will be understood by the foregoing description. It is also believed that it will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form, construction and arrangement of the components thereof without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention or without sacrificing all of its material advantages. The form herein before described being merely exemplary and explanatory embodiment thereof. It is the intention of the following claims to encompass and include such changes.
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St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. Sixty-two yachts from the Caribbean, U.S. and Europe cast off Friday in the 42nd St. Thomas International Regatta (STIR), presented by TAG Heuer. Hosted out of the St. Thomas Yacht Club March 27 to 29, this 'Crown Jewel of Caribbean Yacht Racing' boasts an impressive fleet ranging from 50- to 60-foot super hi-tech sport boats to lightening quick 16-foot beach cats.
Barcelona World Race - Altadill comes home in triumphant second
Barcelona World Race Media
Barcelona World Race - Altadill, 52, has enjoyed many round the world race finishes over a varied and successful career spanning nearly 30 years. But finishing into his own home city, through the waters where he grew up sailing - and indeed coached at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics as part of the Spanish Olympic team - will surely rank as one of the sweetest memories of his life.
Volvo Ocean Race fleet fights two battles in the wild Southern Ocean
Volvo Ocean Race
Volvo Ocean Race – Team Alvimedica lead fleet towards Cape Horn - Leg five bragging rights still up for grabs - Follow all the action of the Cape Horn rounding tomorrow
J/22 Midwinter Championship – New leader emerges
With seven races now completed at the J/22 Midwinter Championship at Jackson Yacht Club in Ridgeland, MS, a new leader has emerged - Terry Flynn on Tejas.
St Thomas Int Regatta: Some sympathy from Above on Day 2
Bob Fisher
So, the powers that control the meteorological conditions at regattas decided, rightfully, that they had achieved near perfection on the opening day, and maybe because that they decided that the behavior at the subsequent party was exemplary, to tweak it and in doing so, made it close to perfect. They had reduced the top end of the wind range to 20 knots maximum and eliminated the broaching and c
Volvo Ocean Race – Fleet moves fast to Cape Horn, away from ice limit
Volvo Ocean Race
Volvo Ocean Race – The fleet has its foot to the floor, ears pinned back and heads down racing as fast as they can to Cape Horn after separating from the ice limit
2015 Congressional Cup Club Sail-Off - Stage two finals
Rick Roberts
Scott Dickson and his Dickson Racing Team beat Dustin Durant's Long Beach Match Racing team Saturday winning Stage Two of Long Beach Yacht Club's Congressional Cup Club Sail-Off. Dickson and his team's next stop will be at the International Sailing Federation (ISAF) Grade 1 2015 Congressional Cup, May 13-17, now part of the World Match Racing Tour.
St. Thomas International Regatta - Spectacular broaches
Carol Bareuther
St. Thomas International Regatta – Spectacular broaches accidental jibes, man overboard rescues and crazy capsizes created a dramatic start to the regatta presented by TAG Heuer
SAP 505 World Championships - Two bullets fire Holt into early lead
Sailing Intelligence
Mike Holt and Carl Smit put the hammer down on day one of the SAP 505 World Championships to nail the first two races in sunny Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
BWR - Barcelona ready to bid 'benvinguda' to Neutrogena Monday
Barcelona World Race
Neutrogena is now forecast to cross the finish line in Barcelona at around 1730hrs UTC Monday evening. Barcelona will no doubt lay on an emotional welcome for one of its favourite, most successful and well known round the world racers, who will complete his seventh circumnavigation.
Volvo Ocean Race - Flat to the floor
Volvo Ocean Race
Since 0700 UTC this morning, the average boat speeds of the fleet have been from 17 to 19.5 knots. Team Brunel, Team Alvimedica and Abu Dhabi Ocean Racing have been the fastest and with the same speed: 19.5 knots.
Volvo Ocean Race - Battered but unbroken
Volvo Ocean Race
The Volvo Ocean Race fleet, battered but unbroken as they battle through the Southern Ocean, face the toughest 48 hours of the nine-month marathon as they approach Cape Horn on Monday.
Volvo Ocean Race: Call to Alvimedica - Two days out from Cape Horn
Richard Gladwell, Sail-World.com NZL
Team Alvimedica watch captain, Ryan Houston says the Southern Ocean Leg of the Volvo Ocean Race has had racing as close as you would expect in a Coastal Race. All the top group are within sight of each other, and there have been some close passing maneuvers with the boats sailing at 25-30kts. Includes two on board videos.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Press Release
Brady Applauds Passage of Medicare Payment Fix
Mar 26, 2015-- WASHINGTON — The House of Representatives today voted to permanently fix the broken Medicare Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) formula. The bipartisan plan fixes the long-standing problem of how doctors get paid for treating the 53 million Americans who depend on Medicare. "Congress has averted a continuation of a national health-care crisis," said Ways and Means Health Subcommittee Chairman Kevin Bra... more


text:
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For Congress, a rare election win in Karnataka is likely
BANGALORE (Reuters) - Crony capitalism, plunder of resources and corruption in government are usually issues main opposition Bharatiya Janata Party loves to talk about, but not in Karnataka, where it faces elections after five chaotic years in power.
Polls show the Congress party, which heads the central government, is likely to win the Karnataka elections on Sunday, after what critics say is shoddy governance by the BJP in the state.
A win for Congress would be a morale-booster as it heads for national elections that must be held by the middle of next year, but it is battling its own series of corruption scandals, including over the sale of the 2G telecommunications spectrum and coal-field licences.
"The Karnataka government has created a world record in corruption," Rahul Gandhi, scion of the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty and a contender for prime minister in 2014, said at a recent Congress rally in Karnataka.
In Karnataka, the BJP's image has been dented by a $3 billion illegal iron-ore mining scandal and political infighting that has led to the three different chief ministers in the past five years.
A decisive victory in Karnataka will boost the Congress party. "Basically everyone (in Congress) will be able to stand up and say - look at the corrupt BJP that was voted out in Karnataka," said Rajeev Gowda, a Karnataka Congress spokesman.
But a weaker than expected performance, perhaps with votes going to a smaller regional party, would be a blow to Gandhi, who is battling perceptions he is a reluctant and ineffective leader.
Congress also has to deal with public ire at a national level over scandals and a slowing economy after nearly a decade in power. It has suffered losses in other elections, including in Uttar Pradesh, the country's largest state.
And Karnataka just represents just 28 seats out of a maximum of 552 in the Lok Sabha.
Canvassing by Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi, the BJP's star campaigner and the man tipped by many Indians to be the next prime minister, was limited in Karnataka and he made his first stump speech just this week - possibly because he did not want to be tainted by almost certain defeat.
Some voters in Karnataka see the election in terms of Modi and Gandhi, who have emerged as the leading personalities in their parties in the countdown to the general election, even though under parliamentary system there is no guarantee either would become prime minister.
Gandhi keeps a low profile in contrast to Modi, a firebrand politician praised for his business-friendly approach and Gujarat's economic success but mistrusted by many because of religious riots between Hindus and Muslims on his watch.
"I think Narendra Modi is better than Rahul Gandhi because he has performed. I am yet to assess Rahul Gandhi," said Sajjan Raj Mehta, a 45-year-old garments trader at the election meeting where Modi spoke.
Going beyond his usual theme of economic development, Modi attacked Rahul Gandhi as the "politician born with a golden spoon" and indicated that Congress was more corrupt than the BJP.
But the BJP's likely loss in the state will be a setback to any hope that the party had of making inroads into the south of India, where it has traditionally been weak.
"Karnataka was supposed to be the gateway to the south but the gateway door now seems to be closing on them," said Sandeep Shastri, a political academic.
(Editing by Frank Jack Daniel and Raju Gopalakrishnan)
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text:
Page 1
J Dent Res 74(9): 1591-1596, September, 1995
Shear vs. Tensile Bond Strength
of Resin Composite Bonded to Ceramic
A. Della Bona* and R. van Noort
Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Sheffield, S10 2TA, Sheffield, United Kingdom; *to whom correspondence and reprint
requests should be addressed, at The University of Passo Fundo, School of Clinical Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, 817
Teixeira Soares St., 99010-080, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
Abstract. Since the mode of failure of resin composites
bonded to ceramics has frequently been reported to be
cohesive fracture of either ceramic or resin composite rather
than separation at the adhesive interface, this study was
designed to question the validity of shear bond strength
tests. The reasons for such a failure mode are identified and
an alternative tensile bond strength test evaluated. Three
configurations (A, conventional; B, reversed; and C, all
composite) of the cylinder-on-disc design were produced
for shear bond strength testing. Two-dimensional finite
element stress analysis (FEA) was carried out to determine
qualitatively the stress distribution for the three
configurations. A tensile bond strength test was designed
and used to evaluate two ceramic repair systems, one using
hydrofluoric acid (HF) and the other acidulated phosphate
fluoride (APF). Results from the shear bond strength tests
and FEA showed that this particular test has as its inherent
feature the measurement of the strength of the base material
rather than the strength of the adhesive interface. In the
tensile test, failure invariably occurred in the adhesive layer,
with HF and APF showing a similar ability to improve the
bond of resin composite to ceramic. It is concluded that the
tensile bond strength test is more appropriate for evaluating
the adhesive capabilities of resin composites to ceramics.
Key words: tensile, shear, bond strength, finite element.
Received August 25, 1994; Accepted July 5, 1995
The dental profession still has no universally accepted bond
strength test for resin composites bonded to ceramic, despite
the great amount of research papers on this topic over the
last decade (Stangel et al., 1987; Lacy et al., 1988; Nicholls,
1988; Tjan and Nemetz, 1988; Diaz-Arnold et al., 1989; Lu et
al., 1992). Tensile, flexural, and shear tests (Nicholls, 1988;
Bailey, 1989; Della Bona and Northeast, 1994) have been
used to measure the resin-ceramic bond strength, with the
shear bond strength test being the most popular.
A notable feature of some recent publications (Diaz-
Arnold et al., 1989; Sorensen et al., 1991; Della Bona and
Northeast, 1994) is the observation that the failure mode is
often cohesive within the ceramic base rather than at the
adhesive interface, on the basis of which it has been
suggested that the bond strength exceeds the cohesive
strength of the ceramic. This ignores the nature of the stresses
generated and their distribution within the adherence zone,
which can have a profound influence on the mode of failure.
Finite element stress analysis (FEA) has been used to study
the sensitivity of bond strengths to specimen design and
changes in testing conditions (Anusavice et al., 1980; van
Noort et al., 1989; van Noort et al., 1991; Shiau et al., 1993).
These studies show that there is a need for a more critical
approach to the design of appropriate tests for evaluating the
bond strength of resin composite to ceramic if the desire for a
standardized test procedure is to be achieved. For this
objective to be accomplished, a careful examination of bond
strength tests is mandatory for correct interpretation of the
bond strength data.
The contention of this study is that the shear bond strength
test is inappropriate and inadequate for the in vitro
assessment of resin composite bonded to ceramic,since failure
occurs in the ceramic base and not at the adhesive interface. It
is hypothesized that this mode of failure is due to the
generation of high tensile stresses within the samplebase as a
consequence of the non-uniform stress distribution generated
in the shear test arrangement. The aims of this study were to
Page 2
Della Bona & van Noort
examine a variety of shear bond strength test arrangements
and to assess, by FEA, the effect of the stress distribution on
the shear bond strength and failure mode. A tensile bond
strength measurement technique for ceramic bonded to resin
composite is proposed as a more suitable alternative.
Materials and methods
The materials used consisted of a feldspathic ceramic (Vita
VMK68, Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany), an
adhesive and a hybrid resin composite (Prisma Universal Bond-
3 and Prisma APH, Dentsply Limited, DeTrey Division,
Weybridge, Surrey, UK), solutions of 9.6% hydrofluoric acid gel
(HF) and 4% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF), plus a silane
coupling agent (Mirage Dental Systems, Chameleon Dental
Products Inc., Kansas City, KS, USA).
Shear bond strength sample preparation
Three configurations of the same specimen design were
produced with identical adhesive interfaces in terms of both
geometry and surface area. The first followed the conventional
configuration (Group A), consisting of a ceramic base to which a
resin composite cylinder was bonded. In the second
configuration (Group B), the materials were reversed such that
the specimen base was made of resin composite bonded to a
ceramic cylinder. The third Group (C) was made solely out of
resin composite, thus being devoid of any adhesive interface.
To produce the conventional configuration (Group A), we
made ten ceramic discs 10 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height.
Vita VMK68 A2 dentin shade powder (batch #1485) was mixed
with the Vita Modeling Liquid (batch #56331) and condensed into
the mold by means of a brush and vibration (Aranda and Barghi,
1988; Evans et al., 1990). The green bodies were sintered according
to the manufacturer's recommendations in a Vita Vacumat 200
oven (number 93468, Vita Zahnfabrik, H. Rauter GmbH & Co.,
Germany). The ceramic discs were embedded in epoxy resin
(Metset type FT, Buehler, Coventry, UK), allowed to set for 24
hours, and ground flat by means of 400- and 600-SiC paper. All
specimens were ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water for 5 min
and dried. The ceramic surface was etched with HF for 2 min,
washed thoroughly for 2 min under running tap water, and air-
dried. Silane bond enhancer was applied by a clean brush and
allowed to dry fully. The specimen was then placed in a holding
jig, where the resin composite cylinder was built up through a
hole (R = 3 mm, h = 4 mm) located centrally in a disk-shaped
silicone rubber mold. A thin layer of Prisma Universal Bond 3 was
applied with a brush and light-cured with a Visilux 2 light-curing
unit (Dental Products Division/3M, St. Paul, MN, USA) for 10 sec.
Prisma AP.H (universal shade) was applied in two increments,
with each one cured for 20 sec. The silicone rubber mold was
removed and the sample cured for an extra 40 sec from different
lateral directions.
For the reversed configuration (Group B), two silicone rubber
molds were made from machined acrylic resin models (Fig. 1). Ten
Vita VMK68 A2 dentin ceramic rods (R = 3 mm) were made
following the manufacturer's instructions. All rods were reduced
to a height of 4 mm, had one surface flattened by 400- and 600-SiC
paper on a special holding device, were ultrasonically cleaned in
distilled water, and were dried. HF and silane coupling agent were
applied to the flattened ceramic surface following the same
procedures as described above. The ceramic rod was then placed
3 mm
.I4 mm
10 mm
Acrylic resin model 1
all composite specimen
Silicone rubber mould 1
reversed specimen
20 mm
Silicone rubber mould 2
Acrylic resin model 2
Figure 1. Acrylic resin models (1 and 2) and their respective silicone
rubber molds. Mold 1 was used to build the reversed and all-
composite specimens. All specimens were embedded in epoxy resin
in mold 2.
embedded sample
ready for shear bond
sirengih tesling
in silicone rubber mold 1, and a thin layer of adhesive was applied
to the prepared ceramic surface by brush. This layer was light-
cured for 10 sec, and Prisma AP.H was packed into the mold in
two 1.5-mm-thick increments, cured for 20) sec each. The sample
was carefully removed from mold 1, and an additional 40 seconds'
curing was applied to the resin composite base from different
directions. The sample was then placed into mold 2 (Fig. 1), epoxy
resin was poured into it, and it was allowed to set for 24 hours.
The all-composite samples (Group C) were made solely out of
Prisma AP.H which was placed incrementally down the central
hole of mold 1 (Fig. 1) and gradually built up to create a cylinder-
on-disc specimen. This was carefully removed from the mold, and
40 seconds' additional curing time was applied from different
lateral directions. The specimen was then placed in mold 2 (Fig. 1),
embedded in epoxy resin, and allowed to set for 24 hours.
Samples from all groups were stored in distilled water at
37°C for 3 days before shear bond strength testing occurred.
Shear bond strength test
A Lloyd M5K universal testing machine(I.J. Lloyd Instruments
Ltd., Warsash, UK), with the knife edge placed as close as possible
to the junction between the base and the cylinder, was used for
testing. A cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/mmi
maximum load recorded for each specimen. The nominal shear
bond strength was calculated by P/A, where P is the load at failure
and A is the cross-sectional area of the cylinder. The fracture
surface of each specimen was examined under x40 magnification
so that the mode of failure could be determined. The data were
analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
was used and the
Finite element stress analysis (FEA)
The stress distributions for the three shear test configurations
were determined from a two-dimensional plane-strain computer
model of a central section with dimensions identical to those of
the experimental samples (FINEL, Babcock Plower Ltd., London).
The nodes at the sides and bottom of the base material were
constrained in both the x and y directions. The Ploisson's ratio (pi)
and elastic modulus (E) for the ceramic and resin composite
were p = 0.30, E = 83 GPa and p = 0.25, E = 8 GPa, respectively
IDeiit Rcs 74(9) 1995
Page 3
Resin-to-Ceramic Bond Strength Testinig
Figure 2. A couple of grooved metal rods and a set of stainless steel
clamps containing a three-point gripping system at one end and a
holding mechanism for the testing machine at the other end. The
three round-tip screws were designed to fit into the specimen
groove and tightly grip it during tensile bond strength testing.
(Sakaguchi et al., 1992). A shear load of 10 N was applied parallel
to the base at a position 0.2 mm above the surface of the base.
Tensile bond strength test design and sample preparation
The tensile bond strength specimen design consists of two rod
specimens of uniform cross-section, bonded together on their
ceramic surfaces and pulled apart in the universal tester. A special
set of clamps was fabricated in stainless steel containing a three-
point gripping system for the specimens at one end and a holding
mechanism for the testing machine at the other end (Fig. 2).
Forty Ni/Cr rods (R = 4 mm) were made with Talladium-V
alloy (Talladium Inc., Valencia, CA, USA). A groove was cut
around each metal rod at a distance of 2 mm from one of its
ends to accommodate the three round-tip screws of the clamps.
The non-grooved end of the metal rod was grit-blasted with 50
pm aluminum oxide and ultrasonically cleaned in distilled
water. After metal degassing, Vita VMK68 opaque (batch #1222)
and dentin ceramic (batch #1485) were applied and fired
according to the manufacturer's instructions. By 600-grit SiC
paper used on a special grinding device, the ceramic surface
was flattened, resulting in a ceramic extension to the metal rod
measuring 2 mm in height and 3.45 mm in diameter. Specimens
were ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water, divided into two
groups of 20 at random, and treated as follows:
Specimens in group I had their ceramic surfaces treated with
9.6k/ HF for 2 min, washed thoroughly under running tap water,
and dried with oil-free air. Silane coupling agent was applied and
allowed to evaporate. A thin layer of Prisma Universal Bond 3
was brushed onto a pair of treated specimens and light-cured for
10 sec. Prisma AP.H was applied to the surfaces, the screw of the
alignment jig was tightened to produce a thin resin composite
layer (Fig. 3) and light-cured for a total of 120 sec from different
directions (Blackman et al., 1990). No attempt was made to
control the thickness of the adhesive layer other than by the
amount of pressure being applied by the screw. We relied
essentially on the film-thickness characteristics of the resin
composite, and since the same procedure was used throughout,
we assumed that this would not have varied greatly. The excess
resin material was cut down to the ceramic level by resin
composite polishing burs. Samples were stored in distilled water
at 37°C for 3 days before undergoing tensile bond strength testing
Figure 3. Twin specimens were placed in the alignment jig, and the
adhesive complex layer was light-cured from different directions
in a Lloyd M5K tester at a cross-head speed of I mm/mim.
Specimens in group 2 were treated following the same
procedures as used above, except for the application of 4% AI'F
instead of HF for 2 min. Since just two groups of data were
present, the independent Student's t test was selected for the
statistical analysis.
Selected specimens were further examined under the scanning
electron microscope (Philips SEM 501, Eindhoven, The Netherlands).
The values for the nominal shear bond strengths of the three
specimen configuration groups are presented in Table 1. The
nominal shear bond strength for Group A was significantly
different from those of Groups B and C (P < 0.001). The
results for Group B and Group C were not significantly
different at P < 0.001.
Cohesive fractures of the ceramic base and interfacial
adhesive failures occurred in equal proportions in Group A.
In group B, 80% of failures were cohesive fractures of the
resin composite base, and for group C, all failures were
cohesive fractures of the resin composite base. The cohesive
fracture path is shown schematically in Fig. 4, with the
fracture running in an arc from the surface of the base at a
point to the left of the point of load application and under
the adhesive interface.
The contours of the vertical((a,v)and horizonital ((ar)
stresses resulting from an applied shear load are shown in
Figs. 5 and 6, respectively, for the FEA model of the
conventional configuration. As expected, the pattern of stress
in this shear bond strength test specimen design is highly
non-uniform. A notable feature is that the maximum tensile
stress in the vertical direction (ar
interface nearest the point of loaY application, as reported
previously (van Noort et al., 1989), which is the result of a
bending moment as suggested by Shiau ct al. (1993). Yet the
highest tensile stress was found in the horizonital((r5,,)
direction and not in the adhesive layer or the cylinder but at
the surface of the base just to the left of the cylinder (Table 2).
The stress distributions for the other two configurations were
found to be very similar in terms of where the maximum
tensile stresses occurred, although there were slight
differences in the stress patterns. Also, the relative values for
the maximum tensile stresses were different (Table 2), due to
) occurs at the adhesive
jDctit Rcs 74(9) 1995
Page 4
Della Bona & van Noort
Table 1. Shear bond strength data (MPa)
A - Conventional
B - Reversed
C - All-composite
The vertical line denotes no significant difference between Groups,
as determined by ANOVA (P < 0.001), with a post hoc Tukey's
honestly significant difference (HSD) test.
8.25 - 13.64
15.06 - 23.07
15.36 - 24.16
the different elastic moduli assigned to the base and the
cylinder in the three configurations.
The nominal tensile bond strengths for the HF- and APF-
etched experimental groups are presented in Table 3. No
significant difference was found between the nominal tensile
bond strengths of Group 1 and Group 2 (P < 0.05). All
specimens in both Groups fractured within the adhesive
interface complex. The fracture was always at or near the
adhesive/ceramic interface and never in the bulk of the resin
composite or the ceramic. Surface flaws exist in all materials,
whereas interfacial flaws can arise only when two materials
are stuck together. From the example in Fig. 7, areas of the
etched ceramic surface can be identified by their scalloped
appearance, together with regions of resin fracture where
resin tags have formed in the etched ceramic surface. This
suggests that failure is governed by interfacial as opposed to
surface or bulk flaws in the ceramic or the resin composite.
The adhesive layer thickness may have an influence on the
measurement of bond strength if failure occurs from surface
flaws or flaws within the bulk of the resin-composite. This is
a factor which may need further exploration. There were no
cohesive fractures of the ceramic, yet this was the dominant
mode of failure for the shear bond strength test.
The shear bond strength test arrangement has been the most
Applied load
____ ___
Figure 4. A schematic representation of the mode of failure for the
shear bond strength arrangement due to high horizontal tensile
stresses at the surface of the base (thin arrow), exceeding the tensile
vertical stresses at the adhesive interface.
common laboratory technique for evaluating adhesives for
resin-bonded ceramic restorations and ceramic repair
systems. It has been shown that shear bond strength
measurements are very sensitive to the method of application
of the adhesive and design of the testing arrangement
(Anusavice et al., 1980; van Noort et al., 1989; van Noort et al.,
1991). These factors can lead to false interpretation of the
resultant bond strength data. This study shows that
significant differences in shear bond strengths are obtained
for different sample configurations when an identical
geometric design and an identical adhesive interface are used.
Use of a ceramic base resulted in a shear bond strength which
was nearly half that obtained with a resin composite base,
even though the bonded areas were identical. Itgives some
credence to the expression: "Imagine a bond strength value,
and a test arrangement can be designed to produce such a
result." The fact that a virtually identical shear bond strength
was obtained for the all-composite sample compared with the
t 3.16
2: 2119
3 123
t 0.74
5: 8.26
7: -0.69
8: -1.66
9: -2.14
10: -2.62
11: -3.11
12: -3.59
13: -4.55
Figure 5. FEA close-up contour plot of the vertical stress distribution
(ayo)for the conventional shear test arrangement (configuration A).
The black arrow shows the point of load application. The numbers
correspond to the stress values (MPa) in the legend.
Figure 6. FEA close-up contour plot for the horizontal stress
distribution(uxx) for the conventional shear test arrangement
(configuration A). The black arrow shows the point of load
application. The numbers correspond to the stress values (MPa) in
the legend.
Start of fracture
Fracture line
Ceramic base
jDent Res 74(9) 1995
Page 5
Resin-to-Ceramic Bond Strength Testing
Table 2. Maximum tensile stresses for each computer model (MPa)
Stress DirectionMaximum Value
A -Conventional
C -All-composite
composite base with a ceramic cylinder shows that the test
does not actually assess the quality of the adhesive bond. This
is consistent with observations of the modes of failure, which
were predominantly cohesive fractures of the base material.
Notwithstanding the lack of sophistication of the FEA
models used, which could be much improved by mesh
refinement and development of a 3-D model, the qualitative
results obtained clearly indicate that all three configurations
developed tensile surface stresses within the base very close
to the cylinder-base interface edge nearest to the applied
shear load. Since these surface tensile stresses ((u>x) were
considerably higher than the interfacial vertical tensile
stresses (u
probable that fracture was initiated from the surface of the
base, as confirmed by the many cohesive fractures observed
and as suggested by Anusavice et al. (1980). The shear bond
strengths determined in this study are therefore governed
by the resistance of the base to surface tensile stresses, i.e.,
the base material's tensile strength, rather than the strength
of the adhesive interface. This will be the case for as long as
the adhesive interface is sufficiently strong to resist its local
stressing conditions. Apparent differences in bond strength
values when the same ceramic base is used can arise simply
because of differences in its surface finish. When a ceramic
base is grit-blasted, it will have a different resistance to
) by approximately a factor of three, it is highly
Figure 7. A scanning electron microscope view of the fracture
surface of a tensile bond strength specimen from the HF-etched
group. The scalloped appearance is typical of an etched ceramic
surface (b), and areas of resin fracture (a) are also readily
identifiable where resin tags have formed in the etched ceramic
surface. Bar = 5 microns. The original magnification is 5000.
Table 3. Tensile bond strength data (MPa)
I - 9.6% HF etchant
2 -4% APF etchant
10.84 -17.73
The groups do not show a difference at the 0.05 significance level,
as determined by independent Student's t test.
fracture from the surface tensile stresses than if it were
etched or polished. Another contributory factor will be the
differences in(uyyand
moduli causing changes in the stress distribution, such that
if a base or cylinder with a different elastic modulus is used,
one could get yet another bond strength value, which again
may have nothing to do with the adhesive interface. Thus, it
is reasonable to suggest that the surface tensile stresses of
the base material offer the best possible explanation for the
shallow cohesive fractures of the ceramic base as observed
in these and other shear bond strength tests.
Though cohesive failures starting near the load application
point were most frequent, some failures at the adhesive
interface did occur in Groups A and B. This is related to the
statistical nature of the strength characteristics of the materials
used, all of which are highly brittle. Surface flaws, internal
material flaws-in either the base material, the adhesive layer,
or the cylinder-and large interface flaws can all play an
important role in determining failure sites. Sometimes failure
will occur at sites of relatively low local stress merely because
there is a particularly large flaw so oriented in a stress field as
to be ideal to cause fracture. Possible sites from which failure
may start are therefore highly unpredictable, since this will
depend on flaw size and distribution in relation to the stress
distribution. Thus, statistically, one would expect some
fractures to occur at the adhesive interface if there happens to
be a flaw of a substantial size and ideal orientation to
propagate. It is noteworthy that for the all-composite
arrangement (Group C), none of the failures occurred in the
interface region, where of course there would be no interfacial
flaws, since there was no adhesive.
These findings easily justify the search for a more
representative bond strength test with a simpler geometric
design and consequently a more uniform stress distribution.
Nicholls (1988) described a tensile bond strength
arrangement similar to the one designed for this study. In
the present study, all failures for the tensile bond strength
test occurred within the adhesive interface complex,
regardless of the bonding procedure. This means that the
data obtained provide a more representative measurement
of the tensile bond strength of the bonding area rather than
the strength of a particular base material, as probably
happens during the shear bond strength test. Although
stress inhomogeneities due to geometry are avoided, the
interfacial stress should not be assumed to be uniformly
tensile. FEA work has shown that some non-uniformity
remains due to the changes in elastic moduli (Aivazzadeh et
al., 1988). While these are considerably less than those
occurring in the shear test arrangement, it is by no means
suggested that the tensile bond strength test is ideal; other
tests should be considered equally for their suitability (Tam
Txxdue to differences in the elastic
jDcnt Res 74(9) 1995
Page 6
Della Bona & van Noort
and Pilliar, 1993: Degrange et al., 1994).
Etching techniques have been widely used to improve the
bond strength of ceramic to resin composite (Calamia et al.,
1985; Sorensen et al., 1991; Della Bona et al., 1993). HF and
APF are the most commonly used etchants for this purpose.
Although no significant difference (P < 0.05) was found
between the tensile bond strengths for specimens etched with
9.6% HF and those of specimens etched with 4% APF, the
data in the group with 4% APF showed a wider spread than
in the one etched with 9.6% HF. This suggests that HF etching
may well produce a more reliable and consistent result.
However, this could not be confirmed, since the sample size
was too small for a Weibull analysis. Comparison of these
results with those of other studies is difficult for several
reasons. Clearly, a comparison with shear bond strength data
would be invalid, since one would not be comparing like with
like. The lack of a standardized tensile test procedure, plus
the non-existence of previous reports on tensile bond
strengths where 4% APF etchant was used, also makes such a
task impossible. Even when a very similar test arrangement
was used (Nicholls, 1988), the materials and research protocol
were different. Nevertheless, ceramic repair systems provide
some ability to bond to ceramic, although the mode of failure
for the tensile bond strength tests indicates that the adhesive
interface still represents the weak link in the system. Until
such time that the tensile bond strength required for a
clinically acceptable ceramic repair has been determined, its
measurement can be used as only a crude ranking parameter,
such that, for the present, long-term clinical performance of
the ceramic repair materials remains the ultimate test.
Within the limitations of the present in vitro study, it can be
conduded that shearbond strength data in the cylinder-on-disc
experimental design are governed by the cohesive strength of
the base material used and not by the bond strength of the
adhesive interface. Also, the cohesive failure of the base of the
specimen is an inherent feature of the geometry of the shear
bond strength test arrangement. Therefore, the shear bond
strength procedure is inadequate as a means of assessing the
quality of the adhesive bond of resin composite to ceramic, and
perhaps the time has come for it to be abandoned in favor of a
test which more genuinely measures the quality of the
adhesive interface. Failure within the adhesive interface
complex for the tensile bond strength test is evidence that this
type of test arrangement is more appropriate for evaluating the
bond strength of resin composite to ceramic.
This work was supported in part by the Department of
Restorative Dentistry at the University of Sheffield and is
based on Dr. Della Bona's thesis, which was submitted to
the graduate faculty, The University of Sheffield School of
Clinical Dentistry, in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the MMedSci degree.
Aivazzadeh S, Bichara M, Ghazal A, Verchery G (1988). Special
mixed finite elements for interfacial stress analysis of
adhesively bonded joints. In: Adhesively bonded joints:
testing, analysis and design. Johnson WS, editor. Ann
Arbor, MI: ASTM, pp. 133-144.
Anusavice KJ, DeHoff PH, Fairhurst CW (1980). Comparative
evaluation of ceramic-metal bond tests using finite element
stress analysis. I Dent Res 59:608-613.
Aranda R, Barghi N (1988). An evaluation of four techniques for
condensation of three opaque porcelains. JProsthet Dent
Bailey JH (1989). Porcelain-to-composite bond strengths using
four organosilane materials.JProsthet Dent 61:174-177.
Blackman R, Barghi N, Duke E (1990). Influence of ceramic
thickness on the polymerization of light-cured resin
cement. JProsthet Dent 63:295-300.
Calamia JR, Vaidyanathan J, Vaidyanathan TK, Hirsch SM
(1985). Shear bond strength of etched porcelains (abstract).
JDent Res 64:296.
Degrange M, Charrier JL, Attal JP, Asmussen E (1994). Bonding
of luting materials for resin-bonded bridges: clinical
relevance of in vitro tests. i Dent 22(Suppl 1):s28-s32.
Della Bona A, Northeast SE (1994). Shear bond strength of resin
bonded ceramic after different try-in procedures. J Dent
Della Bona A, Barghi N, Garbin CA (1993). Etching porcelain
with APF: etching time vs. concentration (abstract). JDent
Res 72:187.
Diaz-Arnold AM, Schneider RL, Aquilino SA (1989). Bond
strengths of intraoral repair materials. JProsthet Dent
Evans DB, Barghi N, Malloy CM, Windeler AS (1990). The
influence of condensation methods on porosity and shade
of body porcelain. JProsthet Dent 63:380-389.
Lacy AM, LaLuz J, Watanabe LG, Dellinges M (1988). Effect of
porcelain surface treatment on the bond to composite. J
Prosthet Dent 60:288-291.
Lu R, Harcourt JK, Tyas MJ, Alexander B (1992). An
investigation of the composite resin/porcelain interface.
Aust Dent J37:12-19.
Nicholls JI (1988). Tensile bond of resin cements to porcelain
veneers.JProsthet Dent 60:443-447.
Sakaguchi RL, Cross M, Douglas WH (1992). A simple model of
crack propagation in dental restorations. Dent Mater 8:131-136.
Shiau JY, Rasmussen ST, Phelps AE, Enlow DN, Wolf DR
(1993). Analysis of the "shear" bond strength of pretreated
aged composites used in some indirect bonding techniques.
JDent Res 72:1291-1297.
Sorensen JA, Engelman MJ, Torres TJ, Avera SP (1991). Shear
bond strength of composite resin to porcelain. Int J
Prosthodont 4:17-23.
Stangel I, Nathanson D, Hsu CS (1987). Shear strength of the
composite bond to etched porcelain.JDent Res 66:1460-1465.
Tam LE, Pilliar RM (1993). Fracture toughness of dentin/resin-
composite adhesive interfaces. JDent Res 72:953-959.
Tjan AHL, Nemetz H (1988). A comparison of the shear bond
strength between two composite resins and two etched
ceramic materials. IntJProsthdont 1:73-79.
van Noort R, Noroozi S, Howard IC, Cardew G (1989). A
critique of bond strength measurements.JDent 17:61-67.
van Noort R, Cardew GE, Howard IC, Noroozi S (1991). The
effect of local interfacial geometry on the measurement of
the tensile bond strength to dentin.JDent Res 70:889-893.
JDent Res 74(9)1995


text:
Gold Lock Box Farm
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Lt. Commander
Join Date: Dec 2007
Posts: 120
# 29
Originally Posted by
Another place I've found that could be good for farming boxes is the swarmers in the asteroid field in the newest 2800 episode. You have to do some dumb stuff to get there, but a spread torpedo tactical BO in my delta flyer's universal slot I was mowing them down like nothing. Walked out of that mission after about 30min with a stack and a half of green boxes and a few mk XI and XII consoles/deflectors to sell.
Fire at Will might be better with the turret thing that comes equipped to new shuttles. My Torpedo Spread seemed to only take five out at a time. Fire at Will might take an entire group out if I understand how it works correctly.


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