text:
Al Qaeda
is not a homogeneous organization. I realize the US government sowed the seeds for the for the beginnings of the group in Afghanistan, in order to defeat the Soviets. To say that the Al Qaeda that our CIA trained is the same group that is in current day Afghanistan or Libya is a stretch. They are an opportunistic gang of thugs that will take money from whoever gives it to them. More like mercenaries than allies or enemies. Much like our own government. They support you when convienient and kill you when you don't coooperate.
But I do agree that the driving reason for the violence toward the US is because of US government violence toward the Middle East. It's not rocket science.
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Job Purpose: GT Nexus, a cloud-based supply chain technology platform, is adding to its Accounting team and looking for a junior Accountant who will support our growing global business through management of the cash reconciliation and journal entry processes as well as customer3/24/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Location:CA - Foster City Job Category:Finance Employment Duration:Full Time # of Openings:1 More and more companies with complex, outsourced networks of suppliers, logistics providers, and distributors lack much needed visibility, collaboration, and control over the1/26/2015 Foster City, CA Save This Job
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hey, guys, and here are some pics of Null ARC Trooper, N-11, Ordo sabotaging imperial stuff. Please like!! Taking requests for posters, custom clones, tutorials, tinymocs, and games. Gotta put an exc …
This is a cool republic shuttle I made. I forget what class it is, but I think it is pretty cool! The pictures are sorta self-explanatory
Anyway, enjoy!
well I hope you like my spaceships I made a cruiser as well hope u enjoy which is your favorite
it's about time! so for my 55th creation I have... drumroll please... KYLO REN! I used an app for fx Enjoyyyy
this is a litle droid bug.when droid ships are fighting then they discharges this bugs and then they are destroyding eminise ship.bugs onli eminy is clone droid like R2 D2.
Hey guys! If you read this I would love it of you could give me feedback and pointers on what I could do better. And, as always, I hope you like it! ::Chapter 1:: RJ sat in his chair in the base of t …
I'm not sure if they'll make this
this is my find or is it
This is my try at making a Mandalorian out of a clone trooper. I think it turned out okay, though it still resembles a clone in a lot of ways. I used sand paper to make his helmet look more Mandalori …
There's a new Trooper in town
The title says it all oh yeah the scene is going to be a messy room with other clones running around shooting at you except it not multiplayer the other clones r npcs
1. R2 legs
2. Clone Head
3. Droid Body
4. Sith Trooper
5. Big Head
These droids where made to eliminate the enenmy threat on there own without any backup or extraktion plan
Brothers of the war rejoice!
Shoot, shoot, shoot with me
Raise your gun and raise your voice!
Sing, sing, sing with me
Down and down into the deep
Who knows what we'll find beneath?
Gungan, twi-lek, …
HATT heavily armers troop transport. The ship was designed and inspired by the quinjet from the avengers
Here's a pic I made of us breaking in to the council chamber!! :D
If you haven't noticed, there are a lot of stories on this site. For those new builders, these stories are comonly known as a miniseries. What a miniseries is, well, its like a book, but shorter. Tod …
go to this link to see a video that I made! http://videogames.lego.com/en-us/community/gallery/2e8e1c76-ca95-439c-bec4-01df69eb6adf?index=1 I will be posting more videos on the Lego Video Games Galle …
I made a custom republic speeder it has a big flame and a flexible cannon it's very fast cause it is too small
Snow mobile has middle launchers and a double gun along with a red man
"Trooper! What are you doing?!"
Who thinks its a cool pic? I made it though.
It has Yoda!And a clone
Hey everyone! How are you all doing? Well today I have yet another FX test (I am getting a bit better, right?). It's pretty self explanatory what's going on in the pic but if you don't understand a c …
Hello everyone! How are all of you doing today? Well, what I have for you today is a FX test that I have been working on (I know that it is not that good but how do you get better if you never try?) …
Hello Everybody, Today I made my Second ever Custom clone who I chose to be a Galactic Marine, I DID NOT USE ANY DECALS OR PENS. I USED REAL METAL ARMOR THAT I MADE AND USED PAINTS FOR DETAIL. I hope …
*the room is dark and all you can see is the figure of a familiar person* Hello, old friends. It is good to see you again and yes, I have returned. *pulls out two lightsabers and tries to turn them o …
I made a moc cause i felt like it! I small clone base is run over by sith and mandos, the clone will not get help! Will they survive? Try and guess:)
Super cool
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text:
Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez will undergo another cancer operation in Cuba today after doctors said more malignant cells had been found.
The socialist leader has travelled to the island for treatment on three previous occasions. He returned from a three week absence on Friday.
The new surgery raises doubts about his future after winning a new six-year term in office in October. He campaigned the election on the basis that he was free from cancer.
On Saturday Chavez told his supporters to vote for Vice President Nicolas Maduro if his health were to deteriorate. It was the first time the 58-year-old had named a successor.
Maduro, a former bus driver and trade unionist, has been a strong supporter of Chavez and has been at his side during the president's cancer treatment.
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- 3'One day the world will know my name', Germanwings co-pilot Lubitz 'declared'
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Wires > News
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text:
A method for locating underground cylindrically symmetrical magnetic sources, particularly boreholes, from magnetic field measurements. The method is based on the shape of magnetic field produced by magnetic materials with cylindrical axes. As the field caused by the magnetic source always points away from or towards its cylindrical axis, lines extended from magnetic field vectors caused by the magnetic source will always pass through the axis. Numerical techniques are used to find the common line to all the extended magnetic field vectors and thus calculate the axis of the magnetic source.
1. A method for determining the direction and position of a subterranean formation structure, the structure having a magnetic field, comprising the steps of:
measuring a reference magnetic field at a point in said formation distant from said structure;
measuring a total magnetic field at a point in said formation at a point proximate to said structure;
determining a component of the total magnetic field attributable to said structure based on said reference magnetic field;
repeating the steps of measuring the total magnetic field and determining the component attributable to said structure at at one or more additional points proximate to said structure;
generating a set of extended lines corresponding to extended magnetic field vectors attributable to said structure at each point,
determining a spatial vector which passes closest to all of said extended lines, said spatial vector corresponding to the axis of said structure.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said structure is a borehole.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said total magnetic field is measured at three points and a known parameter of the structure is used in determining said spatial vector.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said total magnetic field is measured at two points and two known parameters of the structure are used in the determining said spatial vector.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said total magnetic field is measured at more than three points.
6. The method of claim 2, wherein said borehole is a cased borehole.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of determining said spatial vector includes graphically determining said spatial vector based on said extended lines.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of determining said spatial vector includes the steps:
(a) making an initial estimate of an inclination angle and an azimuth angle for said structure;
(b) determining a convergence zone of said extended lines based on said estimated inclination angle and azimuth angle;
(c) comparing said convergence zone to a predetermined criteria;
(d) modifying said structure inclination angle and azimuth angle estimates based on an error between said convergence zone and said predetermined criteria and repeating steps (b) and (c) until said convergence zone is within said predetermined criteria.
9. A method for determining the location and direction of a target well borehole penetrating an earth formation from an adjacent well, comprising the steps of:
positioning a magnetic field measurement instrument in said adjacent well distant from said target well borehole and measuring a reference magnetic field;
positioning a magnetic field measurement instrument at a known location in said adjacent well, said position being proximate to said target well borehole;
measuring a total magnetic field at said location;
determining a magnetic field component attributable to said target well borehole;
positioning said instrument at at least one additional known location in said adjacent well;
repeating the steps of measuring said magnetic field and determining said magnetic field component attributable to said target well for each additional location in said adjacent well;
generating a magnetic field vector for each location, each of said vectors corresponding to said magnetic field component attributable to said target well borehole; and
determining the location and direction of said target well borehole as a function of said magnetic field vectors.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the step of determining the location of said target well borehole includes prior knowledge of an azimuth angle and an inclination angle for the target well borehole.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the step of positioning said instrument at at least one additional location, includes the steps of measuring the magnetic field and determining the magnetic field component attributable to said target well borehole at two additional locations, wherein the target well borehole azimuth angle or dip angle is known.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein the step of positioning said instrument at at least one additional location, includes the steps of measuring the magnetic field and determining the magnetic field component attributable to said target well borehole at a minimum of three additional locations.
13. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of determining the location of said target well borehole includes graphically determining the location and direction of the target well borehole based on said magnetic field vectors.
14. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of determining the location of said target well borehole includes the steps of:
(a) making an initial estimate of an inclination angle and an azimuth angle for the target well borehole;
(b) determining a convergence zone for said magnetic field vectors based on said estimated inclination angle and azimuth angle;
(c) comparing said convergence zone to a predetermined criteria;
(d) modifying said structure inclination angle and azimuth angle estimates based on an error between said calculated convergence and said predetermined criteria and repeating steps (b) and (c) until said convergence zone is within said predetermined criteria.
15. The method of claim 9 wherein said target well borehole is a cased borehole.
The present invention relates to a method of determining from a measurement region, the location of a source of a physical phenomenon.
The invention is particularly suitable for applications where the source is "invisible" from the measurement location such as subterranean ranging. The measurement region could be a well borehole being drilled and the source could be an adjacent well borehole.
Nowadays, it is common practice in oil and gas extraction and exploration for a well to be drilled in the vicinity of an existing well. Sometimes it is desired that the well being drilled should communicate with the existing well. In other applications it is important that the paths of the two wells should not cross. Either way, it is necessary to determine when the path of one well is approaching the path of an adjacent well.
Various techniques have already been proposed for estimating the direction and distance away of an adjacent well. Some of these are so-called "active" techniques which involve causing a signal, such as an electric field, to be generated in the adjacent well which is measurable from the well being drilled. Other so-called "passive" techniques measure other phenomena already available from the existing or "target" well such as magnetic interference due to metal parts in the target well. Most of these earlier techniques are complicated in terms of the measurements they require for ranging the target well and do not always produce accurate results.
It would therefore be desirable to provide a simplified technique for subterranean ranging.
The present invention provides a method of determining from a measurement region the location of a source of a physical phenomenon comprising detecting the direction of the phenomenon as a vector at at least two spatially separated points in the measurement region and finding a line which is intersected by the lines including said vectors.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the physical phenomenon is a magnetic field. A drilled well usually contains some magnetically permeable material such as a metal liner extending along the borehole or possibly a drillstring itself. The metal influences the magnetic field which would normally act on an adjacent well (ie: the earth's magnetic field). This influence is generally referred to as "magnetic interference". The metal in the borehole typically behaves as a cylindrical bar magnet having the typical magnetic field pattern extending around it. The field strength decreases with distance from the borehole. The magnetic interference due to the metal in the borehole can be measured as a vector whose orientation depends on the location of the measurement point within the magnetic field. The present invention is based on the realisation that if a cylindrical bar magnet, or in this case the borehole, is viewed "end on", ie: looking down the borehole, the magnetic field vectors appear to intersect at a particular point. In other words, the magnetic field lines all intersect the longitudinal axis of the borehole.
Thus, a line intersected by all detected magnetic field vectors represents the longitudinal axis of the source of magnetic interference. Knowing the location of the longitudinal axis, the minimum distance between a well being drilled and an adjacent borehole can be determined.
In more general terms, knowing the location of the longitudinal axis of a source of a phenomenon enables an approximate determination of the distance of the source from the region where the measurements are being taken. If the azimuth and inclination of the source is already known, its position can be determined from only two measured vectors. If the azimuth and inclination are not known, three vectors will be needed to determine the position of the axis of the source with any certainty. (There are an infinite number of straight lines which will join two spatially separated straight lines but only one straight line will join three spatially separated straight lines.) For greater accuracy it will be preferable to take more than only two or three vector measurements. Then, allowing for errors, the longitudinal axis of the source will be the line which is most nearly intersected by all of the measured vectors.
In the case of a well borehole, measurements would be taken at various positions along the borehole.
It should be noted that according to the present invention it is not necessary to measure the magnitude of the phenomenon, only its orientation. Other measurable phenomena which may be used for source ranging include shock waves, sound waves, heat waves and electric fields. The only essential criterion is that the phenomenon should be "directional".
Other known ranging techniques which use magnetic field measurements require more detailed measurements, such as the magnitude and/or gradient of the magnetic field. In the present case it is not even necessary to know whether the interference field acts towards or way from the adjacent well.
A method of borehole ranging according to the invention will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates the relationship between the path of a borehole from which measurements are taken, the path of an adjacent borehole, and measured magnetic interference vectors;
FIG. 2 illustrates the magnetic field lines from which the vectors are derived;
FIG. 3 shows the vectors extended;
FIG. 4 corresponds to FIG. 3, omitting the field lines;
FIG. 5 shows the same features as FIG. 4, viewed instead along the line of the adjacent borehole;
FIG. 6 shows the same features as FIG. 4, viewed instead along the "measuring" borehole;
FIGS. 7 and 8 show how the displacement can be calculated once the line of the adjacent borehole is known;
FIG. 9 shows a practical example of typical vectors which would be measured at different locations down a borehole as an adjacent well is approached; and
FIGS. 10, 11 and 12 are mathematical diagrams used in the explanation of the transformations which may be used to mathematically solve the target line.
FIGS. 13a and 13b are diagrams to demonstrate that three vectors are insufficient to calculate a target line.
Well ranging using the method of the invention does not require any special equipment. A typical downhole survey tool is typically provided with three mutually perpendicular fluxgate magnetometers for measuring flux components to generate a flux vector, and three accelerometers for taking measurements of the gravitational field at different locations down the borehole. These are usually provided in a single sensor package and sensor information is stored to memory or transmitted to the surface using MWD (measurement while drilling) techniques, or via a wire link. As already briefly noted above, the interference from the metal in an adjacent well is normally from the tubular elements within it, eg: casing, drill pipe, collars etc. The interference surrounding them is determined by the magnetism (induced and permanent) within the metal. The shape of the interference pattern is determined by the homogeneity of the magnetism and the shape of the metal.
It is normally the case that the magnetism is homogeneous within a joint of a casing, drill pipe or collars and their shape is normally rotationally symmetrical and tubular. The effect of this on the interference pattern is that it has a sense of symmetry looking down the longitudinal axis of the cylinders. The technique of the present invention makes use of this symmetry.
Objects in a well such as pipe sections etc. are often screwed together to form a long continuous cylinder. There may be parts of cylinders inside each other and other combinations of components. However, the longitudinal axis of these items lies along the wellbore path. Thus, the origin of any magnetic interference from a borehole may generally be considered to originate in cylinders in the target well. The magnetic field emanates from the cylinders as if they were cylindrical magnets.
Under normal conditions the magnetometers of a downhole tool will detect the earth's magnetic field. In the vicinity of another well they will also detect the interference field. In order to determine the interference vector at any point downhole, first the normally present earth's magnetic field must be subtracted as will be explained in more detail below.
FIG. 1 shows the relationship between the path M of the borehole being drilled (measurement line), the line of the adjacent borehole T (target line) and the calculated interference vectors 1-7 measured at various points a-g along path M. The illustrated interference vectors are due solely to interference from adjacent borehole T. In other words the earth's field and other interference to be described below has been subtracted from the measured values.
FIG. 2 additionally illustrates the magnetic field lines, due to "cylindrical magnets" in the target well, which cause the interference. The measured vectors are tangential to the field lines.
FIG. 3 shows the interference vectors extended (shown as dotted lines). As noted above, the magnitude of the vectors does not need to be known. Thus, in this technique, each vector is extended to an infinite line in space.
Viewed in the plane of FIG. 4 (or FIGS. 1 to 3) the lines including the vectors 1-7 appear to intersect at random points in space. If the view point is changed and the lines are reviewed looking down the target line T, the vectors appear to intersect at a common point. The plane of FIG. 5 is perpendicular to the target line and the lines including the vectors all cross the target line T.
It should be noted that the lines including the vectors also cross the measurement line M, as shown in FIG. 6 in which the measurement line M is parallel to the plane of the paper. Thus the lines including the vectors are a special set which all cross two lines, T and M.
The position of M is known and therefore the position of T can be found using techniques to be described below. If no information is available on the spatial location of T, at least four vectors will generally be needed to determine the azimuth, inclination and displacement D of T from M, as shown in FIG. 7. If a parameter of the target line is already known, such as azimuth, inclination or direction, generally only three vectors will be required, although it is not guaranteed that there will be a solution. Approximation techniques would be used, as explained later on. If the azimuth and inclination are already known, a solution for T can be found with only two vectors, as indicated in FIG. 8.
FIG. 9 shows a practical example of a drilling operation with the interference vectors typically measured at various points a-j along the measurement line. Lines 1-10 are the extended lines which include the linear interference vectors.
Lines 1-5 are extended from interference vectors measured at points a,b,c,d,e along the measurement line M. At these points there is no appreciable influence from the target well T. The interference vectors at points a,b,c,d,e have been corrected for the effects of the earth's magnetic field and are simply due to interference from the drilling drillstring itself and inherent errors. For example, it is assumed that the measurement line follows a straight azimuth but there may in fact be slight deviations which will cause errors.
At point f on measurement line M, interference from the target well is detected and the vector extended to line 6 is due to drillstring interference, inherent errors, plus interference from the adjacent well. As drilling approaches the target well the interference becomes more marked. Lines 7,8,9,10 are extended from vectors which have been corrected for drillstring interference and inherent errors and are solely due to interference from the target well. As shown, all of the lines cross the axis of the target well which is perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 9. FIG. 9 also shows the position X at which the target well was thought to be using a gyro surveying technique.
In practice, normal surveys (readings) might be taken every 30 feet along a borehole. At the first indication of interference from an outside source it would be appropriate to reverse the tool and take additional readings between the last and present position. This will enable analysis of the position of the source of interference so that corrective action can be taken.
It should be noted that the magnetic interference can come from anywhere on the target well, it can leave the target well at any angle, and can be of any strength. It is the particular shape of the field which enables the source to be identified using the method of this invention.
The following describes some of the mathematics involved in the determination of the interference vectors and eventual calculation of the adjacent borehole location:
As noted above the drilling tool has three mutually perpendicular fluxgate magnetometers which produce measured values Hx, Hy, Hz, (x,y,z being the axes of the tool coordinate system) and three mutually perpendicular accelerometers which give gravitational measurements Gx, Gy, Gz.
Firstly it is necessary to calculate the values which would be detected by the fluxgate magnetometers if there was no interference present. This can be done using the values of Gx, Gy and Gz, the total earth's magnetic field intensity, Ho, and the magnetic dip Δ which are known and the azimuth AZ of the measurement line which can either be measured or assumed on the basis that the measurement line is straight.
From Gx, Gy and Gz the inclination (INC) and the gravity tool face (rotational position of the tool) (GTF) can be derived from the following equations: ##EQU1##
Then, the values of H which would be expected with no magnetic interference can be calculated as follows: ##EQU2##
The interference vectors can then be calculated as follows:
Hxerdi =Hx -Hxc
Hyerdi =Hy -Hyc
Hzerdi =Hz -Hzc
where `er` represents inherent errors, `d` represents drillstring errors and `i` represents outside interference.
It is usually convenient to transpose the vectors to the "world" coordinate system from the tool coordinate system using standard mathematical techniques which are readily available to those skilled in the art. However, where all that is required is a measurement of displacement relative to the drilling tool, this is not essential.
Having calculated values of Hxerdi, Hyerdi and Hzerdi, the `er` and `d` components need to be separated to give the `i` (outside interference) components. Usually the `er` and `d` components are constant and only the `i` vector changes and therefore calculation of the `i` vector is a simple matter of subtraction.
If the measurement line is approaching the target line from a distance greater than the range of influence of the interference (as shown in FIG. 9) then the initial vectors will consist only of `er` and `d` and can simply be subtracted once the `i` factor comes into play.
In rare instances the measurement line may be parallel to the target line or tangential to one of the magnetic field lines, in which case the interference vector may not change at different locations along the measurement line, and no realistic determination of the position of the target line can be made. In such unusual cases the problem can be overcome by changing the measurement line direction slightly.
There may be situations where "i" is always present and it is not possible to simply calculate the factors "er" and "d" from previous measurements. In such cases it may be possible to calculate the contributions to the vector measurements due to "er" and "d" using mathematical techniques. Alternatively, drillstring interference "d" could be eliminated or reduced to an insignificant level by isolating the survey instrument, eg: distancing the survey package from steel within the measurement well or simply using a non-magnetic material in the measurement well. Inherent errors "er" can be removed by using a survey device to measure the azimuth which is not reliant on the magnetic field, such as a gyro.
Having determined the interference vectors the next step is to find the viewing plane at which the lines including the vectors appear to cross, as shown in FIG. 5. At the experimental stage of the invention, this has been done very simply using a 3-D CAD system and changing the viewing angle or viewing plane to find the plane in which the vectors appear to cross. However, it is anticipated that a computer program could be produced to do the finding automatically, possibly by an iterative process. Of course there will be errors in the calculation of the vectors and it will be a case of identifying the "best fit" as the target line. The best fit might be the line which all vectors approach most closely, which can be calculated by the program.
Once the target line has been determined, and knowing the coordinates of the measurement line from the survey tool, it is a straightforward mathematical calculation to determine the minimum distance between the two lines, equivalent to the displacement D between the two boreholes.
Hereinafter follows an explanation of the mathematics involved in finding the "best fit" for the interference vectors, with reference to FIGS. 10, 11 and 12.
It is shown in FIGS. 13a and 13b that three vectors are not sufficient in general to unambiguously define a target line:
Given three arbitrary vectors a, b and c passing through a line M (Measured line), and three lines A, B and C representing the infinite extensions of the vectors a, b and c respectively, we wish to find a line T intersecting A, B and C.
Suppose a point is chosen arbitrarily on line A, referred to as a1, and a line is then extended from a1 to any point on B, there is an infinite choice of lines, all of which lie in a plane containing a1 and B (see FIG. 13a), which we call plane P1. It is evident that any point in P1 lies on a line from a1 to a point on B (except points on a line from a1 in direction b). Line C also passes through plane P1 (unless it is a special case and runs parallel to P1) at a point referred to as c1.
It is therefore clear that a line can be extended from a1 through c1 (in plane P1), which must also at some point pass through B, at a point referred to as b1.
This line therefore passes through A, B and C and therefore satisfies the requirement for T.
However, this line T is not unique as the point a was chosen; there are an infinite number of possible choices for point a1 (a2, a3 . . . ) giving rise to an infinite number of possible lines T (T1, T2 . . . ). Thus T is not unique (see FIG. 13b for an example of another line T2), and it is straightforward to show that there are always lines Ta and Tb which could be at an angle to one another of between 0 and 90 degrees.
At least 4 vectors are therefore needed to get a fixed line T representing the borehole to be located. There is no guarantee that there would be solution for a set of four vectors (apart from line M). The set of points t which could lie on any line Tn in the above analysis is a non-trivial surface, and a fourth arbitrary line D would not be guaranteed to pass through it.
The basic problem is therefore the determination of the line of target from four given interference vectors emanating from the target line and measured from given measurement points on the measurement line. The target line has the property that, if we look along it, the interference vectors appear to be concurrent (i.e. pass through a common point). It is this property that will be utilised to determine the target line (FIG. 1). The search for the target line may be done computationally, with or without the aid of computer graphics. Using computer graphics does, however, provide us with an effective visual aid, and is particularly useful in establishing an initial search region, and in enabling us to decide whether the search is converging satisfactorily. We are thus faced with the problem of representing a three-dimensional object (the target vectors and measurement line) in two dimensions (the viewplane or plane of projection). If we could take a snapshot of the four vectors from a distance, along a particular direction (or line of sight), they would appear to be four straight lines in the plane of the photograph. These straight lines (extended, if necessary), would, in general, intersect at six points. To determine the target line, therefore, it is necessary to change systematically the line of sight to bring these points closer together until some specified criterion of `convergence` has been met.
The two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional objects requires the introduction of certain mathematical transformations.
The target interference vectors are specified by their start and finish xyz coordinates in a certain three-dimensional coordinate system. This coordinate system is known as the world coordinate system. If we wish to project the three-dimensional object on to a two-dimensional viewing plane, other coordinate systems have to be introduced, namely the three-dimensional eye coordinate systems, and the two-dimensional screen coordinate system. A point on our three-dimensional object, specified by its world coordinates (Xw, Yw, Zw), has to be mapped to a corresponding point specified by its screen coordinates (X,Y).
The mapping from world coordinates to screen coordinates is carried out in two stages. We first of all assume that our eye is in a certain position in three-dimensional space (the viewpoint). We then choose a coordinate system such that the origin is at the viewpoint, and the z-axis points to the origin of the world coordinate system (FIG. 10). This coordinate system is the eye coordinate system.
A point with world coordinates (xw,yw,zw) is transformed to a point with eye coordinates (xe,ye,ze). This transformation is called the viewing transformation. It may be shown that the transformation equations between coordinate systems are given by the matrix equation
where V is the viewpoint transformation matrix given by ##EQU3## where p, Θ, and φ are the spherical coordinates of the viewpoint in world coordinate space. Alter p, Θ, and φ changes the viewpoint and hence the line of sight. Thus given the spherical coordinates of the viewpoint, we can compute the eye coordinates of a point from its world coordinates.
The transformation from the eye coordinate system to the two-dimensional screen coordinate system is known as the perspective transformation. FIG. 11 illustrates this transformation.
Point P is a point in the eye coordinate system, and P' is the corresponding mapped point in the screen coordinate system. If d is the distance from eye to screen then the screen coordinates (X,Y) are given by
X=dxc /ze and Y=dye /ze
From the previous discussion, we have seen how to transform a point in the three-dimensional world system to a point in the two-dimensional plane screen. Now, a target interference vector is specified by two points, namely its initial and final points specified in world coordinates. For a given viewpoint, we can now calculate the corresponding two-dimensional screen coordinates of these points. These two points on the screen plane specify a unique straight line. Thus, when we transform the four target interference vectors, we obtain four straight lines in the screen plane. The equation of these straight lines are easily obtainable, since the equation of a straight line passing through two points with screen coordinates (X1,Y1), and (X2,Y2) is ##EQU4## or
where m is the gradient of the straight line, and c is its intercept on the Y-axis. Our four target reference vectors, when transformed as above, thus give rise four equations
Y=m1 X+c1
Y=m2 X+c2
Y=m3 X+c3
Y=m4 X+c4
where m1, m2, m3, m4, c1, c2, c3, and c4 are known constants. These equations may now be solved in pairs to produce the six points of intersection of the four straight lines.
The next step in the determination of the line of target is to vary the viewpoint/origin vector until the six points of intersection coincide or are sufficiently close. Once the convergence criterion has been met the values of Θ, the inclination, and φ, the asimuth provide the direction of the line of sight. We can now therefore project the projected point corresponding to target line back into world coordinates to establish the target line 4.
Some Notes on Implementation
We shall assume that initial estimates Θ1 of Θ and φ are provided. A `viewing cone` would be set up to investigate values of Θ and φ lying between Θi �Θm and φi �φm for some suitable viewing distance. A grid of viewpoints can thus be established, the values of ΔΘ and Δφ being chosen according to the fineness of sweep required. The sweep through the values to determine the best one can be done in a straightforward systematic way, or using a more sophisticated search algorithm. For each value of Θ and φ, a convergence criterion is checked to see if it is satisfied. When it is, convergence will be assumed. There are several possible criteria which may be chosen. For instance, the 2-d variance of the intersection points could be calculated, a value of 0 meaning all lines intersect at a point.
Furthermore, the intersection points could be weighted according to the angles between the intersecting lines (projected or in real space); lines that are almost parallel will have a highly variable point of intersection depending on the accuracy to which they are known, and should have a low weighting. Conversely, intersection points of lines which are close to perpendicular should be given a high weighting.
Once this criterion has been satisfied, the search can be made finer by decreasing the viewing distance.
The convergence of the intersection points on depends on Θ, and φ, so that we are trying to solve F(Θ,φ)=∘ computationally. A more sophisticated search algorithm such as one belonging to the quasi-Newton class of algorithms could be employed to accelerate the search.
As remarked before, the search procedure could also be implemented using interactive computer graphics. The calculations to be carried out are not complex, and the speed of present computers allied to high resolution graphics could lead to an effective means of solution using a combination of user-driven and algorithm-driven search techniques.
Shortest Distance between Measurement Line and Target Line
Once the target line has been determined, it is of interest to calculate the shortest distance between these two lines. Now, we know the directions of both lines, and we know a point on each line, so we can write the equations of the two lines in the form ##EQU5## where l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of the two lines, and (x1,y1,z1) and (x2,y2,z2) are points on each line respectively. The direction ratios of the common perpendicular are
(m2 n2 -m2 n1):(n1 l2 -n2 l1):(l1 m2 -l2 m1)
and using simple analytic geometry, it is straightforward to calculate the length of this common perpendicular (i.e. the shortest distance between the two lines).
As briefly noted in the introduction, above, the technique of the present invention could be used to locate targets emitting other fields. Other examples include seismic fields, alternating electromagnetic fields and possibly even gravitational fields.
It should also be noted that the technique has many other applications apart from oil and gas exploration. For example, parallel wells are often used in the creation of impermeable (ground freeze, grouting) barriers and permeable (drainage) barriers. If a "target" well contains no metal, a metal target could be placed in it to enable it to be located. This way, the target could be moved while the measuring point remained fixed.
Parallel wells are used in the explosives industry for trimming of rock faces and bulk blasting to pre-fractured boundaries. It is normally important for the relative displacement and the position of these wells to be known to create effective trims and contain a bulk blast to prevent it from fracturing adjacent rock.
Wells or boreholes are also used in the creation of tunnels, such as underneath rivers. A "target" could be placed on a river bed to ensure that a borehole was always a predetermined distance beneath the earth's surface.
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Black Satin Gloves
Black Lace Trim Satin Child Glove
Add the Black Lace Trim Satin Child Glove to any dead bride or witch costume. Feature black satiny gloves with lace wrist detail.
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…bad as you want when you go outlaw in this Beautiful Bandida adult womens costume. The black and gold dress of this sexy womens costume features corset-like boning along with lace accents. A vinyl harness belt with an attached satin cape, gloves, a hat and a mask complete this womens bandit costume.


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Fallout Should Always Be Played On An Old Black & White TV Set
Fallout is sort of anchored in that retrofuturist 1950s post-war culture thing and I can't think of a single thing that represents that culture more than the humble black and white television. »
Dying Light Isn't A New Fallout, But It'll Do For Now
Truth be told, I wasn't expecting much out of open-world zombie-slugger Dying Light. I didn't care for its predecessor, Dead Island, and I figured this one would be more of the same—but with sweet parkour moves. And yet, here I am, hopelessly addicted. I blame Fallout 3, one of my favorite games of all time. »
Fallout 3's Lone Wanderer as a Silly Balloon Sculpture
He even has a proper Pip-Boy 3000. »
Skyrim Vs Fallout Battle Ends Gruesomely
People love pondering who'd win impossible fights. Superman vs Goku, Godzilla vs a Pacific Rim robot, my dad vs your dad. Finally, though, here's one we can actually watch: Fallout 3's main character vs Skyrim's Dovahkiin. »
Fallout Rap Is, Somehow, Pretty Great
You'll never look at Fallout 3's Wazer Wifle the same way again. »
The Disturbing Cannibals of Fallout
In a messed-up world like Fallout, it's not surprising that some people would turn to cannibalism. Still, cannibals make for some of the more disturbing characters in the game. »
The Story Of Fallout 3's Most Evil Item
Everyone knows that things got bad in the Fallout universe when the bombs dropped. But even before that, it's been said that something... wrong was stirring. It all started with this book. »
The Story Behind One of The Spookiest Places In Fallout 3
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Fallout 3's First Level Does Everything Right
I've been thinking about the apocalypse a lot lately. It's partly because of the intense drought in California. But mostly, it's been because of Fallout fans. »
One of Fallout 3's Best Side Stories, Brought To Life
Gather round the fire, vault dwellers, and let me show you a story. Perhaps you've heard this story before—but probably not like this. »
Meet The Guy Who Spent Seven Months Killing Everyone In Fallout 3
On January 19th, 2014, Many A True Nerd started a new playthrough of Fallout 3. Not just any playthrough, though: his goal was to eradicate everyone from the capital wasteland. »
Here's Why Video Game Insects Make You Feel Itchy
I remember the first time I encountered giant, fire-breathing ants in Fallout 3. I wasn't afraid—just really itchy. Like, in real life. "This doesn't seem right," I thought to myself as I clawed furiously at my otherwise untouched skin. »
Looks Like That Fallout 3 World Record's Been Beaten Already
Remember when everyone got excited that someone finished Fallout 3 in 23m55s? That was so June 30th because now there's a 23m13s run. »
The Best Violent Moments In Video Games
There's really no getting around it: many, many games are about violence, and sometimes it can be a bit much. Kill this, kill that, kill this until it all feels the same, like mowing a lawn or stomping an anthill. We've written a ton about it. But violence can also be incredibly powerful and interesting. Let's talk… »
Fan-Made Fallout Laser Rifle Is Every Cosplayer's Dream
For a mere £395 ($670) you can get yourself a life-size laser rifle from Fallout 3. It's the Wazer Wifle, a unique version of the AER9 rifle, remade using wood and fiberglass by the talented Thomas Hughes. »
Here's a terrific Fallout 3 illustration to overwhelm you with nostalgia and impatience for a new title in the series. Digital artist Patrick Brown included tons of nice little references from the game, like the Nuka Cola Quantum in the bottom left corner, or the threatening Deathclaw in the background. »
The Best-Hidden Doctor Who Easter Eggs in Gaming
It's not just the 50th anniversary Doctor Who special that's packed with easter eggs and references; apparently, video game developers are also in love with Daleks and the TARDIS. The fine folks at DYKGaming collected the 11 best Doctor Who-related easter eggs and wrapped them up in the video above. »
I'm A Mormon. Pop Culture Often Mocks My Faith, But Fallout Treated It…
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The Most Awesome Video Game Dog Companions
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HI ALL! I've been looking for information on buying seeds for sage. The sage i'm looking for is the type native americans use(d) for cleansing/purifying themselves/others/possessions from negative energies and/or evil entities. I've been searching and searching but to no avail. Does anyone know EXACTLY what type of sage i need?
I'd like to grow this around my home so I dont have to keep buying this at the market :(
The common sage, Salvia officinalis, is used for such things. Which is very handy, because it's probably the one easiest for you to get.
If you want a member of the salvia family which is native to North America, you'll have to do the researching for it yourself, I'm afraid - I can't help you there.
Here's what I have on S. officinalis. Note the contrast between the sentences I've separated! (I'm not computer-savvy enough to highlight them any other way.)
Seen as a lucky plant generally.
It possesses extremely powerful magical qualities, so that most ailments were treated with it, successfully. Sage was a sacred ceremonial herb of the Romans and was associated with immortality. It was believed to increase mental acuity. Crush the leaves between your fingers while visualizing money coming into your life. Eating sage on nine consecutive mornings was said to relieve the ague but only if you were also fasting. Sage has been utilized to ensure a long life-sometimes-even immortality. This is done by eating some of the plant every day, or at least in May. Sage is carried to promote wisdom, (ÂHe who would live for aye Must eat sage in May.Â) and the leaves are used in healing and money spells. Sage is used in healing amulets, incenses, and sachets, and is also used in the same manner for bringing prosperity. Burned in the home, it removes impurities and banishes evil, as well as providing protection. Burn the leaves, and walk the smoke to the four corners of the room to repel and rid negative energies and influences. Especially good when moving into a new home. Carry with you to ward off petty jealousy against you. Aids in summoning up your courage to face things or do things you just don't want to do but have to. To guard against contracting the dreaded evil eye, wear a small horn filled with sage.
It is bad luck to plant sage in your own garden. A stranger should be found to do the work. A full bed of sage brings ill, so ensure that some other plant shares the plot.
Do not cut sage with metal. Sage only prospers where the wife rules. Sage is supposed to grow best in the gardens of the wise, and was once thought to flourish or sicken as its grower's fortunes did likewise. If a bride carries sage (the herb of wisdom) she will become wise. Toads love sage.
BTW, since you're interested in such things, I'd be very happy to have any similar information you have on ANY other herbs!! I'm always looking for anything to do with herbs.
Lazy: cherokee and apache tribes were/are the natives referred to.
Daisy: I'd love to share my knowledge with you, but you'd be greatly disappointed for I'm a massotherapist trying to cleanse myself/space/clients of evil spirits and negative energies.
Betty: thank you for the genus. there are many types to choose from. I'll enjoy the rewards of researching this particular kind.
james, after the smudging to drive out negative energy, make sure you then smudge to bring in good energy. Sweetgrass or lavender work nicely. Also, if any of your clients can't abide smoke due to asthma or other problems, you might look for a white sage room spritz. All the smell of white sage without the smoke.
wow! you guys are GREAT! have helped me out tremendously and I greatly appreciate it. I am going to try a few different sage plants and feel which is more effective. if anyone may think of anything else later in time, feel free to post or email me personally. Thanks again!
The sages used by Native American are the Artemisia family or sagebrush, not salvia
From The Sweetgrass Gardens website (http://sweetgrassgardens.com/)
PRAIRIE SAGE, Artemisia ludoviciana
This non edible plant has very fragrant foliage that is light green/silver in colour. Western natives, especially the Shoshone and Paiute used the leaves as a wash for sores and rashes. Peji'ho'ta ape'blaskaska is the Lakota name that means grey herb with a flat leaf. Ojibwa also used this herb as a horse medicine. Dried sage is also used by Natives for smudging and ceremonial purposes.
Here is a link that might be useful: Sweetgrass Gardens
My understanding is that "sages" used by Native Americans involved plants of the genus Salvia as well as Artemisia.
These included Salvia lyrata ("cancerweed") which was utilized among other things to treat wounds, S. apiana (white sage) and chia (S. columbariae).
After your cleansing, try acorns or oak leaves, oak bark etc for protection. The oak tree is the best protection I know of. Keeping anything that has fell off (by itself) in the home will rid you of any evil and protect from any entering. I even burn some leaves and/or a few fallen twigs in a fire. Nice if you have a fireplace but not necessary.
Hi! In ceremonies, we've used white sage to clear negative energy and sweetgrass to encourage/invite positive energy. -- e.g. we burn sage first then sweetgrass. Both are also wonderful for "refreshing" dreamcatchers (cleansing them of caught dreams).
Chia is an extremely healthy, energizing seed that can be eaten raw by the (small) handful or incorporated in breads, added to salads, etc. Can be grown as an outdoor annual at least as far north as Z6. It's the Chia in Chia Pets. Bulk by the pound, it's cheap.
BTW, frankincense is also a great for clearing negative energy, hence its long life in the RC church. Very smokey resin burned on incense charcoal; I prefer the essential oil in a diffuser. Or, try putting a couple of drops essential oil in your rinse water when washing floors. The difference in the air is very noticible afterwards.


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Over the past 10 years, the UK's GDP per capita performance has been one of the very worst among developed countries - worse than Ireland, Spain or Portugal, even if not quite so bad as Italy.
It is long past time that something went right in the UK. Lower corporation tax rates are a start; but we desperately need pension reform, infrastructure investment, abolition of APD, abolition of reduced VAT rates, faster & cheaper courts, planning liberalization, etc.


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It is only a sneak peek thay might be more hidden.
No bio for you
It is only a sneak peek thay might be more hidden.
Anomalous Materials Lab (Anti-Mass Spectrometer) from Half life
entry 2
entry 3
thay are all fake :3
That is England 10% sun 90% other
You win the Internet and the fridge you just got to break in there and get it. :3
when what?
Till the night then thay steel all off the bacon
to be fair it is Spino's list :3
Warning: Some malicious client mods are stealing passwords
did you change with your computers Graphic options (Like ATI or Nvidia control panel) it did the same thing to me when i put them all high try turning them down thats if you did turn them up.
Obi-Wan's Utapau Blue Eta-2 Jedi Starfighter and that is a guess
good answer
either way for a Beta getting a lot of awards is very good
(make time pass to the next dawn.)
how is that going to work in SMP?
i can see how it will work for new spawnpoint for last bed slept in
but not sleeping lol
best bet is asking on notch's twitter not here for dose not come on here :3
I did not say i was not going to I am just waiting till my 4 week course has ended then I have time to :3
Why do i have to sound to British lol
I am sad for Steve now :,(
I see know what you mean mostly at : it has 4 bases, one a dock, one a castle/village, one a town square and one a biodome.
vanilla means in as original or as google says it has some thing to do with sex lol dont ask me why thay cant say original.
also why dose gamemode any thing to do with it and the ships for me are named $8331 things like that thanks.
thanks for that :3
I want the mod now :(
Ok thanks. Any tutorial on how to do this? :3
i just noticed one thing the Nether dose not work on MP?
you fools they were banished from the Nether meny moons ago by the Zombie Pigmen for they are to powerful there. You doomed us all.....
1% out of 99 so in your case 2% out of 98% :3
i am going to say proof or it dose not happan :3
not mod game :3
Is that why I got my money back on IndieGoGo? I was very confused of why and was not really asked to ask till now
demo... demo... demo... demo... demo... demo... demo... demo... demo...
But i want to die within it now :( take your time looking better every time
Cool now if only I had my PC and know how to make a Video lol
any way I will give it a go when my PC comes back.
Hmm modified... then I will make the Rebels follow me to it and make them fight it to test its power!
Why not make it so the player can choose if they want slow-motion or not? In the config/options. To me it looks better with it off.
is that the Venator-class Star Destroyer? The Pirates have? if so I will destroty it for the Emperor
Thay both look like giant mushroom's to me. Maybe a new Biomes?
that is really funny :3
Makes me think headcrab
well I will have looked but it is too small also why on here?
Ok i was thinking the same when i saw one but not long after i saw the black sheep
dont mean to be rude but that is a gray sheep :3
Non hostile and thay give a ink sack
Thay are big to
looks good but what is there role with the mod. It is space battles?
I agree with that
Now make a Creeper Overlord
what type of prblems it works for me with out anything wrong?
Me Too
i got Evochron Legends thinking it was great but then i when on MP and i get told to **** off by other player hope i will get a better game out off this one if i buy
Took your time geting them in lol looking good :3
phantasy star universe it sounds like well sounds a lot like it
To be fair the most of the stormtroopers ar clonetroopers lol but i agree with you dont confuse them
sounds Good tracking this now :) but i have one thing to ask will it have bots for single player mode? if not still going to be fun
I agree with that but you will need to ask lucasarts as well tho :(
lol looks like D-Day a bit


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Maes said:
I always thought that a Quake port would suffer a lot on the Playstation, even more than Doom did: don't forget that, behind the cool visual effects afforded by the PlayStation's 3D hardware (in an era where "3D acceleration" on PCs was nonexistent/a joke), there was a very real struggling with a ridiculous amount of 2MB of RAM, which in turn led to compromises (animation frames, level size, detail, etc.). Could a game that barely functioned with 8 MB on the PC be made fully functional on a platform with 1/4th of that amount?
DoomUK said:
Quake 2 worked ok.
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schwerpunk said:
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Maes said:
2MB of RAM
Maes said:
levels would exceed the total RAM capacity
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Technician said:
How did Quake N64 work out so well? It was a damn good console port.
Da Werecat said:
Still, it has eye-raping texture quality
Bucket said:
I forget where, but I read that the N64 could only dedicate 4 kilobytes of RAM to textures.
schwerpunk said:
How in God's name... Man, modern game developers are spoiled in this respect. Almost too much, I sometimes think. Where do you draw the line when you've got as much freedom as we do now...
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Bucket said:
I forget where, but I read that the N64 could only dedicate 4 kilobytes of RAM to textures.
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CacoDoomer said:
Speaking of this, why was Heretic 1 & 2 or Hexen II never ported?
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Da Werecat said:
Yeah. They've implemented a different lighting system for PS1 port.
I wonder how it would work for Quake 1.
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Registered: 08-09
Da Werecat said:
Still, it has eye-raping texture quality and the lighting is completely static (even if it's colored).
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Best way to re-do old flower bed
I have a L-shaped flower bed that is about 60 feet long, along the driveway. It's backed by an old split rail fence laid out in a zig zag pattern. There are 4 sections (one corresponding to each section of the fence.) I started this bed 24 years ago and basically neglected it for 15 years while we were working and traveling elsewhere. We came back here 6 years ago and I have been craming perennials that I have started from seeds and cuttings and rescued daffodils into it as a holding place while we are building our house. (We finally started some nursery beds to put things because the flower bed is so full). Anyway, my question is how is the best way to re-do this bed? I will have to only do one or one-half a section at a time. There are several plants that I don't want to move-red hot pokers, gas plant, and peonies. Can I dig out everything in a section that I want to move and safely keep it a day or two in the shade while I dig out weeds, add nutrients, etc? I don't want to lose anything. I have lots of grape hyacinths and other bulbs in there too and I don't know if it would be better to just dig and ignore them or try to salvage them. I really don't have the money to replace them all. When is the best time to do all this? It looks so awful that I would like to just get it over with:-)
I think it depends on the plants. Hot summer weather will add stress and make watering a constant chore for new transplants.
Plants that are drought resistant will tolerate being moved now more than those that are not. If possibly losing a season's blooms is not an issue, you can move plants anytime if it's necessary, making sure to water frequently. Waiting for cooler spring or fall weather will stress the plants less and give you a better survival rate. Irises should be moved in summer after blooming.
You can dig the daffodil and hyacinth bulbs up and replant immediately, or dry them in a shady place for a week and store them in onion bags or paper bags until fall, then replant.
If you work on one section at a time, and want to do it right away, dig up your plants, put them in plastic nursery pots in the shade and water well until you can replant. If it's for a couple of days, plastic bags are OK, again in shade and watered well. You'll have to baby them for a while until they get re-established.
Of course, some plants are nearly indestructible. Sedums can be abused horribly and will recover. I transplanted some marguerites a week or two ago, and only watered them once, and they never even wilted. They're putting out flower buds already.
Jo, thank you for replying and for the good advice. I just read your post and looked at your photos on re-doing your gardens. The photos are lovely. I hope I will be as successful as are you!! I've pulled enough weeds out of section 1 to see the plants and be able to dig them out so it's a start:-) Now if it will just stop raining. Thanks again.
Sometimes I like to dig furrows in a shady location. Long trenches about a shovels depth. Heeling all the plants into the trench and slightly covering them with soil. If for any reason an emergency comes up I have taken the responsibility of creating a nursery to baby-sit my root stock and help the excess foliage wanting to wilt.
Do this to warm up youre muscles when calm and the morning hours are still cool. You'll thank yourself if the weather turns hot and plants that you couldnÂt get divided and transplanted for another day or two were left to bake. Summer is here.
In this way you can set the pace of work. DonÂt let the garden dictate when you are needing to rest the body. By preparing this way you can retire early and prepare dinner or tend to aching muscles. Gardening can be enjoyable with the heeling of plants while renovating large beds. If you need to quit in the middle of the project for a few days time you add more soil literally planting the heeled plants. Water them heavily. Just be neat when trenching. Clean work is rewarding when in a rush at the end of a long day. Keep all the soil piled neatly along one side of the trench. So it can be pulled back easily atop the plants.
At least this will give you time if preparing new beds means cultivating unexpected hard soil.
Sounds odd but I sometimes keep a kiddy pool full of water. So I can wash out the soils of tuberous roots and divide them rapidly. Once again if IÂm leaving for an emergency plants like Triadescantia Spiderwort (IÂve never spelled that one corrctly)Â.you get the idea. Some plants can sit in water for a week. Happy and able to keep thier foliage strong.
When IÂm working with woodland types such as Trilliums, Gaultheria, Troutlillies, Bloodroot, Solomons Seal, Jack in the Pulpit, Ferns, etc I have a low dividing and or transplanting death rate using the pool with enough cool water out of sunlight . Some of the old gardens IÂve worked in have these woodland perennials as part of the gardens content and they are the aristocrats of pampering.I work with them like a florist cuts stems underwater. Some needing a bucket full of soil from underneath a particular tree like a hemlock grove to be reworked into the new beds soil.
Any way youre perennials are easier. The key in my opinion if you are designing on the whim is preparing trenches to heel youre stock in case of mental block or physical exhaustion. Make sure they are well watered for the week in advance if no rain is in sight. With very large rootstock perrenials I'll leave the hose overnight on a slow drip like run to soak the plant like a true rain would. That is for the ones I really like. Such as when Transplanting Japanese maples I use this method of slow soaking. That helps.
I like to cut squares of burlap of different sizes. Many in fact. So I can place a perrenials rootball atop the square and lift the plant easily. Keeps the lawn clean also carrying around plants.
Summer plantings can require unsightly wells for each grouping or individual plant. This will be invaluable come summer drought and heat. More so in Virginia. I keep a pole or thin crowbar and poke a few holes around the well as I water. Sticking the hose into the hole and soaking the soil from bottom up. Cinching the hose to limit the flow of water so as not to rush water out of the hole poked by the bar. Its slow but the air pockets get saturated with water. I never liked pounding the surface with water knowing the bottom of the plant might still be dry. This is great for kids to try. They love mudpies. And its a good way to reming plants need care and water.
On another note:
I spent my summers in Virginia with my mothers parents. My grandmother was a gardener and painter. She had to deal with those hot summer days and nights with that orange clay soil that would bake like a potters kiln. A big change from the North East garden she tended. Near Roanoke, Town of Huddleston across from Lynchburg. Smith Mountain Lake. Appalachian Power Company Dam Project. Virginia makes my heart ache. I miss her. Appalachian trial. Chatanooga River and North- South Carolina into Georgia. What a magical place. And the round bails of straw! Used to hide in those when the farmer would come chasing me and a friend occasionally shootin Rock salt from a shot gun. WeÂd be taking all his catfish from the cattle pond. To make up for his large sized stock weÂd put little ones from the lake into the pond. Mr. Wilkerson.Âs pond. Surrounded by hundreds of acres of Tobacco, Corn and straw fields. I donÂt know who the guy that was shooting was. Never really got a good look since it was always in the night. I still think it was the guy adjacent to the farm or down the road.. IÂd see him fishing the same pond during the morning daylight. I could recognize that hunched over back form from the night silhouette. We were a crazy pair of kids about fourteen years old.. Picking Tobacco worms off the plants all day., Placing Tobacco into the slated wood inside the barn to cure for pocket money. That stuff burnt a whole in my cheeks chewing it half dried. WeÂd pocket a bunch of leaves for the nights fishing. The closest store was an hours drive more or less. To far to walk. Pass time spitting.Cicadas and lightning bugs. I swore I caught more catfish spitting tobacco juice onto my chicken liver and bread. Sometimes the mosquitoes were so bad we would leave the poles and bury ourselves into the round straw bails.Falling asleep not realizing a light rain passed through. Untill a lightning crashed our sleep. Lightning seems to have a livlier personality while cruising across Virginia Farmland. Like its waiting to get you. After a while we kept one bail as our secret stash of fishing gear. Kept the cooler inside to. We were typical mischevious adventerous boys. But my friend was another local farmers son so at leat my Yankee butt had some protection. And he made sure I learned the local slang over those years so as to fit in. It sucked to come back to N.Y. where the kids never understood the finer parts of growing up. The better half of the English language. Southern accents made me feel like I'd live a longer life. That laid back tommarows a new day attitude. My N.Y. friends all went to summer camps. While I was living a summer like a by gone era. We even used Mr Wilkersons Outhouse. He had no plumbing and was a millionaire. He liked me. And for A while I hated Yanks just keep him from finding out I was a yank. Everyone including adults were afraid of him. He disliked the D.C. folk and New Yorkers buying up his lakefront land. His lots a few years later were fetching two hundred thousand dollars each. . Around 1992. He was smart and wealthy.But I wish to this day he could have kept his land. I saw the pain in his eyes to see the others moving onto his familly land. Guess me being a kid he adopted me as a local kid.I had the tanned skin and orange stained shoes to look like the rest. Along with the fresh cured tobacco hanging out of pockets. Never asking where I was from. Making me feel at home.Sitting on his front porch the local newcomers who bought his land were in disbelief to see me with him. They never spoke to him after the sale of land. But went rushing over to my Grandparents to rat me out. They didnt like most of the locals. But acted like fakes when face to face. Saying hello and being all proper. Funny how adults acted looking back at those summer months gone by. Mr. Wilkerson wanted nothing to do with those rude obnoxious people. And in that sense I felt the animosity still pent up from the civil war. He was honest. He let me know that the South still is proud and alive. A way of life. I felt what books couldnt ever teach. I was an impressionable youth. But my Grandparents were New yorkers retired on his land so I was fearfull to talk. I always just sat quietly. Looking out into the fields. Letting Mr. Wilkerson talk on the rare occasion. And I now feel like the luckiest kid from New York to meet Old Mr. Wilkerson who was a southern gentleman. I understood then how silence means being respectfull of the other persons viewpoint. I was silent out of fear. But I learned a southern viewpoint on Northerners buying up the soil his family and generations before had tilled. That must be like adding salt to old wounds.
I miss the South. Hope my grandparents donÂt read this. My summers in Virginia were quite peaceful months to their recollection.
Sorry for the lengthy post. Gardening is giving so many flashbacks of past experiences I want to let them loose.
Ricky, thanks for the excellent gardening tips! I enjoyed reading your memories of the South. We are fortunate to live in the mountains where the day temps rarely get above the 80's and the nights always cool down to the 50's and 60's. No orange clay soil either:-) I spent my entire childhood and most of my adulthood here and I understand perfectly what you are saying. How lucky you were to be able to spend your summers in the South on a farm. I have traveled to 46 states and two other countries and would not want to live anywhere else than right here, in this very "holler" by this very creek LOL.
Plastic shopping and grocery bags can be used to hold the sturdiest plants for quite a while if you don't want to put everything in a holding bed. Tough plants like sedums,hostas, and daylilies can last for months in plastic bags; just water the divisions after placing in the bag, then roll the bag tops down a bit for air and to keep the plants cool. Bag handles make moving the plants around easy as well.
Most perennials are quite forgiving when being moved or divided, although there is an optimum time for each variety. Check out Tracy DiSabato-Aust's The Well-Tended Perennial Garden for detailed information according to variety. Spring or fall are the best times for division.
Put all your bulbs in a container of some sort as you find them. Then sort and replant; bulbs are expensive, I think.
This is a big undertaking. Work goes faster and is more pleasant with a helper: paid, unpaid, working for free divisions and bulbs, as a gift to you for birthday, anniversary or other celebration - do you have any prospects??!!
Ricky's answer was lovely indeed.
Though possibly too late for your project, I wanted to share our two year flower bed makeover. In our case, we had several formal and informal beds/gardens of various sizes. Using many of the techniques already posted as far as care of the plants while they were out of their regular homes, we were dividing. Armed with two wheelbarrows and one lawn tractor drawn cart, I would fill the cart with compost, remove plants one section at a time, and dig the soil out. Each shovel was sifted though a framed screen that fit over one of the wheelbarrows. Stones, stray grass/weed plants & roots were then dumped into the other wheelbarrow for disposal. The sifted soil was mixed with the compost and shoveled into the excavated garden spot. This process took time but the result was fantastic. We will be doing it again and again though we are timing the gardens over a five year period. To the best of my knowledge we did not lose a single plant. Happy gardening. Steve


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ND ranks high in spending for standardized testing
GRAND FORKS -- North Dakota is among the states that spent the most on standardized testing with $69 spent per student last year, according to a national report released Thursday.
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