text:
A recording medium is provided to store coded information of an image sequence to obtain high quality images without error accumulation. Such coded information includes coded data of P and B frames, wherein the coded data of a P frame includes information specifying a positive rounding method or a negative rounding method which is used for interpolating intensity values of pixels in motion compensation, when the P frame is decoded; and wherein the coded data of a B frame does not include information specifying a rounding method which is used for interpolating intensity values of pixels in motion compensation, when the B frame is decoded.
1. A recording medium having recorded thereon coded information of an image sequence, wherein:
the coded information includes coded data of P and B frames;
the coded data of a P frame includes information specifying a positive rounding method or a negative rounding method which is used for interpolating intensity values of pixels in motion compensation, when the P frame is decoded; and
the coded data of a B frame does not include information specifying a rounding method which is used for interpolating intensity values of pixels in motion compensation, when the B frame is decoded.
2. A recording medium according to
said positive rounding method is performed in accordance with the following equations:
Ib=[(La+Lb+1)/2]; Ic=[(La+Lc+1)/2]; Id=[(La+Lb+Lc+Ld+2)/4], and
said negative rounding method is performed in accordance with the following equations:
Ib=[(La+Lb)/2]; Ic=[(La+Lc)/2]; Id=[(La+Lb+Lc+Ld+1)/4],
where La is an intensity value of a first pixel in the reference image, Lb is an intensity value of a second pixel in the reference image which is horizontally adjacent to the first pixel, Lc is an intensity value of a third pixel in the reference image which is vertically adjacent to the first pixel, and Ld is an intensity value of a fourth pixel in the reference image which is vertically adjacent to the second pixel and horizontally adjacent to the third pixel, Ib is an interpolated intensity value at a midpoint between a position of the first pixel and a position of the second pixel, Ic is an interpolated intensity value at a midpoint between the position of the first pixel and a position of the third pixel, and Id is an interpolated intensity value of a midpoint between the position of the first pixel, the position of the second pixel, the position of the third pixel, and a position of the fourth pixel.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/513,688 filed on Feb. 25, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,631,214, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/093,194, filed on Jun. 8, 1998, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,295,376, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
This application is also related to application Ser. No. 09/514,287 filed on Feb. 28, 2000, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,560,367; application Ser. No. 09/516,207, filed on Feb. 29, 2000, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,529,632; application Ser. No. 09/516,245 filed on Mar. 1, 2000; application Ser. No. 09/875,872 filed on Jun. 8, 2001, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,567,558; application Ser. No. 09/875,928 filed on Jun. 8, 2001; application Ser. No. 09/875,929 filed on Jun. 8, 2001, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,584,227; application Ser. No. 09/875,930 filed on Jun. 8, 2001; application Ser. No. 09/875,932 filed on Jun. 8, 2001, all of which, like the present application, are continuations of application Ser. No. 09/093,194 filed on Jun. 8, 1998, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,295,376.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image sequence coding and decoding method which performs interframe prediction using quantized values for chrominance or luminance intensity.
2. Related Art
In high efficiency coding of image sequences, interframe prediction (motion compensation) by utilizing the similarity of adjacent frames over time, is known to be a highly effective technique for data compression. Today's most frequently used motion compensation method is block matching with half pixel accuracy, which is used in international standards H.263, MPEG1, and MPEG2. In this method, the image to be coded is segmented into blocks and the horizontal and vertical components of the motion vectors of these blocks are estimated as integral multiples of half the distance between adjacent pixels. This process is described using the following equation:
[Equation 1]
When the values for �ui� and �vi� are not integers, it is necessary to find the intensity value at the point where no pixels actually exist in the reference image. Currently, bilinear interpolation using the adjacent four pixels is the most frequently used method for this process. This interpolation method is described using the following equation:
An example of the structure of an H.263 video encoder is shown in FIG. 1. As the coding algorithm, H.263 adopts a hybrid coding method (adaptive interframe/intraframe coding method) which is a combination of block matching and DCT (discrete cosine transform). A subtractor 102 calculates the difference between the input image (current frame base image) 101 and the output image 113 (related later) of the interframe/intraframe coding selector 119, and then outputs an error image 103. This error image is quantized in a quantizer 105 after being converted into DCT coefficients in a DCT converter 104 and then forms quantized DCT coefficients 106. These quantized DCT coefficients are transmitted through the communication channel, while at the same time used to synthesize the interframe predicted image in the encoder.
The procedure for synthesizing the predicted image is explained next. The above mentioned quantized DCT coefficients 106 forms the reconstructed error image 110 (same as the reconstructed error image on the receive side) after passing through a dequantizer 108 and inverse DCT converter 109. This reconstructed error image and the output image 113 of the interframe/intraframe coding selector 119 is added at the adder 111 and the decoded image 112 of the current frame (same image as the decoded image of current frame reconstructed on the receiver side) is obtained. This image is stored in a frame memory 114 and delayed for a time equal to the frame interval. Accordingly, at the current point, the frame memory 114 outputs the decoded image 115 of the previous frame. This decoded image of the previous frame and the original image 101 of the current frame are input to the block matching section 116 and block matching is performed between these images. In the block matching process, the original image of the current frame is segmented into multiple blocks, and the predicted image 117 of the current frame is synthesized by extracting the section most resembling these blocks from the decoded image of the previous frame. In this process, it is necessary to estimate the motion between the prior frame and the current frame for each block. The motion vector for each block estimated in the motion estimation process is transmitted to the receiver side as motion vector data 120.
On the receiver side, the same prediction image as on the transmitter side is synthesized using the motion vector information and the decoding image of the previous frame. The prediction image 117 is input along with a �0� signal 118 to the interframe/intraframe coding selector 119. This switch 119 selects interframe coding or intraframe coding by selecting either of these inputs. Interframe coding is performed when the prediction image 117 is selected (this case is shown in FIG. 2). On the other hand when the �0� signal is selected, intraframe coding is performed since the input image itself is converted, to a DCT coefficients and output to the communication channel.
In order for the receiver side to correctly reconstruct the coded image, the reciever must be informed whether intraframe coding or interframe coding was performed on the transmitter side. Consequently, an identifier flag 121 is output to the communication circuit. Finally, an H.263 coded bitstream 123 is acquired by multiplexing the quantized DCT coefficients, motion vectors, the and interframe/intraframe identifier flag information in a multiplexer 122.
The structure of a decoder 200 for receiving the coded bit stream output from the encoder of
The image encoded by H.263 is comprised of a luminance plane (�Y� plane) containing luminance information, and two chrominance planes (�U� plane and �V� plane) containing chrominance information.
At this time, characteristically, when the image has 2 m pixels in the horizontal direction and 2 n pixels in the vertical direction (�m� and �n� are positive integers), the Y plane has 2 m pixels horizontally and 2 n pixels vertically, the U and V planes have m pixels horizontally and n pixels vertically.
The low resolution on the chrominance plane is due to the fact that the human visual system has a comparatively dull visual faculty with respect to spatial variations in chrominance. Having such image as an input, H.263 performs coding and decoding in block units referred to as macroblocks.
The structure of a macroblock is shown in FIG. 3. The macroblock is comprised of three blocks; a Y block, U block and V block. The size of the Y block 301 containing the luminance information is 16�16 pixels, and the size of the U block 302 and V block 303 containing the chrominance information is 8�8 pixels.
In H.263, half pixel accuracy block matching is applied to each block. Accordingly, when the estimated motion vector is defined as (u, v), u and v are both integral multiples of half the distance between pixels. In other words, � is used as the minimum unit. The configuration of the interpolation method used for the intensity values (hereafter the intensity values for �luminance� and �chrominance� are called by the general term �intensity value�) is shown in FIG. 4. When performing the interpolation described in equation 2, the quotients of division are rounded off to the nearest integer, and further, when the quotient has a half integer value (i.e. 0.5 added to an integer), rounding off is performed to the next integer in the direction away from zero. In other words, in
[Equation 3]
If we assume that the probability that the residual is 0, 1, 2, and 3 is all equal (i.e. 25 percent), the expectation for the error is 0−�+�+�=⅛. As described above, assuming that the possibility that the intensity value at positions 405-408 being used are all equal, the final expectation for the error is 0+�+�+⅛={fraction (5/32)}. This indicates that each time motion compensation is performed by means of block matching, an error of {fraction (5/32)} occurs in the pixel intensity value. Generally in low rate coding, sufficient number of bits cannot be used for the encoding of the interframe error difference so that the quantized step size of the DCT coefficient is prone to be large. Accordingly, errors occurring due to motion compensation are corrected only when it is very large. When interframe encoding is performed continuously without performing intraframe coding under such environment, the errors tend to accumulate and cause bad effects on the reconstructed image.
Just as explained above, the number of pixels is about half (�) in both the vertical and horizontal direction on the chrominance plane. Therefore, for the motion vectors of the U block and V block, half (�) the value of the motion vector for the Y block is used for the vertical and horizontal components. Since the horizontal and vertical components of the motion vector for the Y block motion vector are integral multiples of �, the motion vector components for the U and V blocks will appear as integral multiples of � (quarter pixel accuracy) if ordinary division is implemented. However, due to the high computational complexity of the intensity interpolation process for motion vectors with quarter � pixel accuracy, the motion vectors for U and V blocks are rounded to half � pixel accuracy in H.263.
The rounding method utilized in H.263 is as follows: According to the definition described above, (u, v) denotes the motion vector of the macroblock (which is equal to the motion vector for the Y block). Assuming that r is an integer and s is a non-negative integer smaller than 4, u/2 can be rewritten as u/2=r+s/4. When s is 0 or 2, no rounding is required since u/2 is already an integral multiple of �. However when s is equal to 1 or 3, the value of s is rounded to 2. By increasing the possibility that s takes the value of 2 using this rounding method, the filtering effect of motion compensation can be emphasized. When the probability that the value of s prior to rounding is 0, 1, 2, and 3 are all percent, the probability that s will be 0 or 2 after rounding will respectively be 25 percent and 75 percent. The above explained process related to the horizontal component u of the motion vector is also applied to the vertical component v. Accordingly, in the U block and V block, the probability for using the intensity value of the 401 position is �={fraction (1/16)}, and the probability for using the intensity value of the 402 and 403 positions is both �={fraction (3/16)}, while the probability for using the intensity value of position 404 is �={fraction (9/16)}. By utilizing the same method as above, the expectation for the error of the intensity value is: 0�{fraction (1/16)}+��{fraction (3/16)}+��{fraction (3/16)}+⅛�{fraction (9/16)}={fraction (21/128)}.
Just as explained above for the Y block, when interframe encoding is continuously performed, the problem of accumulated errors occurs. As related above, for image sequence coding and decoding methods in which interframe prediction is performed and luminance or chrominance intensity is quantized, the problem of accumulated rounding errors occurs. This rounding error is generated when the luminance or chrominance intensity value is quantized during the generation of the interframe prediction image.
In view of the above problems, it is therefore an object of this invention, to improve the quality of the reconstructed image by preventing error accumulation.
In order to achieve the above object, the accumulation of errors is prevented by limiting the occurrence of errors or performing an operation to cancel out errors that have occurred.
First, in which circumstances the accumulated rounding errors as described in the �Related Art� occur must be considered. An example of an image sequences encoded by coding methods which can perform both unidirectional prediction and bidirectional prediction such as in MPEG.1, MPEG.2 and H.263 is shown in FIG. 5.
An image 501 is a frame-coded by means of intraframe coding and is referred to as an I frame. In contrast, images 503, 505, 507, 509 are called P frames and are coded by unidirectional interframe coding by using the previous I or P frame as the reference image. Accordingly, when for instance encoding image 505, image 503 is used as the reference image and interframe prediction is performed. Images 502, 504, 506 and 508 are called B frames and bidirectional interframe prediction is performed utilizing the previous and subsequent I or P frame. The B frame is characterized by not being used as a reference image when interframe prediction is performed. Since motion compensation is not performed in I frames, the rounding error caused by motion compensation will not occur. In contrast, not only is motion compensation performed in the P frames but the P frame is also used as a reference image by other P or B frames so that it may be a cause leading to accumulated rounding errors. In the B frames on the other hand, motion compensation is performed so that the effect of accumulated rounding errors appears in the reconstructed image. However, due to the fact that B frames are not used as reference images, B frames cannot be a source of accumulated rounding errors. Thus, if accumulated rounding errors can be prevented in the P frame, then the bad effects of rounding errors can be alleviated in the overall image sequence. In H.263 a frame for coding a P frame and a B frame exists and is called a PB frame (For instance, frames 503 and 504 can both be encoded as a PB frame). If the combined two frames are viewed as separate frames, then the same principle as above can be applied. In other words, if countermeasures are taken versus rounding errors for the P frame part within a PB frame, then the accumulation of errors can be prevented.
Rounding errors occur during interpolation of intensity values when a value obtained from normal division (division whose operation result is a real number) is a half (�) integer (0.5 added to an integer) and this result is then rounded up to the next integer in the direction away from zero. For instance, when dividing by 4 to find an interpolated intensity value is performed, the rounding errors for the cases when the residual is 1 and 3 have equal absolute values but different signs. Consequently, the rounding errors caused by these two cases are canceled when the expectation for the rounding errors is calculated (in more general words, when dividing by a positive integer d′ is performed, the rounding errors caused by the cases when the residual is t and d′ −t are cancelled). However, when the residual is 2, in other words when the result of normal division is a half integer, the rounding error cannot be canceled and leads to accumulated errors.
To solve this problem, a method that allows the usage of two rounding methods can be used. The two rounding methods used here are: a rounding method that rounds half (�) integers away from zero (0); and a rounding method that rounds half (�) integers towards zero (0). By combining the usage of these two rounding methods, the rounding errors can be canceled. Hereafter, the rounding method that rounds the result of normal division to the nearest integer and rounds half integer values away from 0 is called �positive rounding�. Additionally, the rounding method that rounds the result of normal division to the nearest integer and rounds half (�) integer values towards zero (0) is called �negative rounding�. The process of positive rounding used in block matching with half (�) pixel accuracy is shown in Equation 3. When negative rounding is used instead, this equation can be rewritten as shown below.
[Equation 4]
Hereafter motion compensation methods that performs positive and negative rounding for the synthesis of interframe prediction images are called �motion compensation using positive rounding� and �motion compensation using negative rounding�, respectively. Furthermore, for P frames which use block matching with half (�) pixel accuracy for motion compensation, a frame that uses positive rounding is called a �P+ frame� and a frame that uses negative rounding is called a �P− frame� (under this definition, the P frames in H.263 are all P+ frames). The expectation for the rounding errors in P+ and P− frames have equal absolute values but different signs. Accordingly, the accumulation of rounding errors can be prevented when P+ frames and P− frames are alternately located along the time axis.
In the example in
A block matching section 1600 of an image encoder according to the above described motion compensation method utilizing multiple rounding methods is shown in FIG. 16. Numbers identical to those in other drawings indicate the same part. By substituting the block matching section 116 of
A rounding method determination device 1602 determines whether to use positive rounding or negative rounding as the rounding method for the frame currently being encoded. Information 1604 relating to the rounding method that was determined is input to the prediction image synthesizer 1603. In this prediction image synthesizer 1603, a prediction image 117 is synthesized and output based on the rounding method determined by means of information 1604. In the block matching section 116 in
A prediction image synthesizer 1700 of an image decoder which can decode bit streams generated by a coding method using multiple rounding methods is shown in FIG. 17. Numbers identical to those in other drawings indicate the same part. By substituting the prediction image synthesizer 211 of
For instance the following rule can be shared between the encoder and decoder: When the current frame is a P frame and the number of P frames (including the current frame) counted from the most recent I frame is odd, then the current frame is a P+ frame. When this number is even, then the current frame is a P− frame. If the rounding method determination device on the encoding side (For instance, 1602 in
As an alternative to the above mentioned case, a case where the information related to the rounding method is multiplexed in the transmitted bit stream can also be considered (such bit stream can be generated at the encoder by outputting the information 1605 related to the rounding method from the block matching section depicted in FIG. 16). In such case, the rounding method determiner device 1701 is not used, and information 1704 related to the rounding method extracted from the encoded bit stream is used at the prediction image synthesizer 1703.
Besides the image encoder and the image decoder utilizing the custom circuits and custom chips of the conventional art as shown in FIG. 1 and
A flowchart for the encoding software (recording medium readable by computer) is shown in FIG. 8. The process starts in 801, and the value 0 is assigned to variable N in 802. Next, in 803 and 804, the value 0 is assigned to N when the value for N is 100. N is a counter for the number of frames. 1 is added for each one frame whose processing is complete, and values from 0 to 99 are allowed when performing coding. When the value for N is 0, the current frame is an I frame. When N is an odd number; the current frame is a P+ frame, and when an even number other than 0, the current frame is a P− frame. When the upper limit for the value of N is 99, it means that one I frame is coded after 99 P frames (P+ frames or P− frames) are coded. By always inserting one I frame in a certain number of coded frames, the following benefits can be obtained: (a) Error accumulation due to a mismatch between encoder and decoder processing can be prevented (for instance, a mismatch in the computation of DCT); and (b) The processing load for acquiring the reproduced image of the target frame from the coded data (random access) is reduced. The optimal N value varies when the encoder performance or the environment where the encoder is used are changed. It does not mean, therefore, that the value of N must always be 100.
The process for determining the rounding method and coding mode for each frame is performed in 805 and the flowchart with details of this operation is shown in FIG. 9. First of all, whether N is a zero (0) or not is checked in 901. If N is 0, then �I� is output as distinction information of the prediction mode, to the output buffer in 902. This means that the image to be coded is will be coded as an I frame. Here, �output to the output buffer� means that after being stored in the output buffer, the information is output to an external device as a portion of the coded bit stream. When N is not 0, then whether N is an odd or even number is identified in 904. When N is an odd number, �+� is output to the output buffer as the distinction information for the rounding method in 905, and the image to be coded will be coded as a P+ frame. On the other hand, when N is an even number, �−� is output to the output buffer as the distinction information for the rounding method in 906, and the image to be coded will be coded as a P− frame.
The process again returns to
The flowchart in
Here, the process again returns to FIG. 8. Prior to starting the processing in 809, the input image is stored in frame memory A when the current frame is an I frame, and the differential image between the input image and the prediction image is stored in frame memory A when the current frame is a P frame (P+ or P− frame). In 809, DCT is applied to the image stored in frame memory A, and the DCT coefficients calculated here are sent to the output buffer after being quantized. In 810, inverse quantization is performed to the quantized DCT coefficients and inverse DCT is applied. The image obtained by applying inverse DCT is stored in frame memory B. Next in 811, it is checked again whether the current frame is an I frame. When the current frame is not an I frame, the images stored in frame memory B and C are added and the result is stored in frame memory B. The coding process of a frame ends here, and the image stored in frame memory B before going into 813 is the reconstructed image of this frame (this image is identical with the one obtained at the decoding side). In 813, it is checked whether the frame whose coding has just finished is the final frame in the sequence. If this is true, the coding process ends. If this frame is not the final frame, 1 is added to N in 814, and the process again returns to 803 and the coding process for the next frame starts.
A software decoder 700 is shown in FIG. 7. After the coded bit stream 701 is temporarily stored in the input buffer 702, this bit stream is then loaded into the general-purpose processor 703. The program for driving this general-purpose processor is loaded from a storage device 708 which can be a hard disk, floppy disk, etc. and stored in a program memory 704. This general-purpose processor also uses a process memory 605 to perform the decoding. The decoded image obtained by the decoding process is temporarily stored in the output frame memory 706 and then sent out as the output image 707.
A flowchart of the decoding software for the software decoder 700 shown in
A flowchart showing details of the operation in 1107 is shown in FIG. 12. In 1201, a motion vector is input for each block. Then, in 1202, it is checked whether the distinction information for the rounding method loaded in 1106 is a �+�. When this information is �+�, the frame currently being decoded is a P+ frame. In this case, the prediction image is synthesized using positive rounding in 1203, and the prediction image is stored in frame memory D. Here, frame memory D signifies a portion of the memory zone of the software decoder (for instance, this memory zone is obtained in the processing memory 705 in FIG. 7). When the distinction information of the rounding method is not �+�, the current frame being decoded is a P− frame. The prediction image is synthesized using negative rounding in 1204 and this prediction image is stored in frame memory D. At this point, if a P+ frame is decoded as a P− frame due to some type of error, or conversely if a P− frame is decoded as a P+ frame, the correct prediction image is not synthesized in the decoder and the quality of the decoded image deteriorates.
After synthesizing the prediction image, the operation returns to FIG. 11 and the quantized DCT coefficients is input in 1108. Inverse quantization and inverse DCT is then applied to these coefficients and the resulting image is stored in frame memory E. In 1109, it is checked again whether the frame currently being decoded is an I frame. If the current frame is not an I frame, images stored in frame memory D and E are added in 1110 and the resulting sum image is stored in frame memory E. The image stored in frame memory E before starting the process in 1111 is the reconstructed image. This image stored in frame memory E is output to the output frame memory (for instance, 706 in
When a software based on the flowchart shown in
A storage media (recording media) with the bit stream generated by the software encoder 601 of
A storage media with the bit stream of the coded data of the image sequence shown in
As described above, there is no need to use multiple rounding methods for B frames since motion compensation in B frames do not cause accumulation of rounding errors. Therefore, as shown in this example, information that specifies rounding methods (e.g. �+� and �−�) is not transmitted for B frames. Thus for instance, even if only positive rounding is applied to B frames, the problem of accumulated rounding errors does not occur. By storing coded bit streams containing information related to B frames in a storage media in the way described above, the occurrence of accumulated rounding errors can be prevented when this bit stream is read and decoded.
Specific examples of coders and decoders using the coding method described in this specification is shown in FIG. 14. The image coding and decoding method can be utilized by installing image coding and decoding software into a computer 1401. This software is recorded in some kind of storage media (CD-ROM, floppy disk, hard disk, etc.) 1412, loaded into a computer and then used. Additionally, the computer can be used as an image communication terminal by connecting the computer to a communication lines. It is also possible to install the decoding method described in this specification into a player device 1403 that reads and decodes the coded bit stream recorded in a storage media 1402. In this case, the reconstructed image signal can be displayed on a television monitor 1404. The device 1403 can be used only for reading the coded bit stream, and in this case, the decoding device can be installed in the television monitor 1404. It is well known that digital data transmission can be realized using satellites and terrestrial waves. A decoding device can also be installed in a television receiver 1405 capable of receiving such digital transmissions. Also, a decoding device can also be installed inside a set top box 1409 connected to a satellite/terrestrial wave antenna, or a cable 1408 of a cable television system, so that the reconstructed images can be displayed on a television monitor 1410. In this case, the decoding device can be incorporated in the television monitor rather than in the set top box, as in the case of 1404. The layout of a digital satellite broadcast system is shown in 1413, 1414 and 1415. The video information in the coded bit stream is transmitted from a broadcast station 1413 to a communication or broadcast satellite 1414. The satellite receives this information, sends it to a home 1415 having equipment for receiving satellite broadcast programs, and the video information is reconstructed and displayed in this home using devices such as a television receiver or a set top box.
Digital image communication using mobile terminals 1406 has recently attracted considerable attention, due to the fact that image communication at very low bit rates has become possible. Digital portable terminals can be categorized in the following three types: a transceiver having both an encoder and decoder; a transmitter having only an encoder; and a receiver having only a decoder.
An encoding device can be installed in a video camera recorder 1407. The camera can also be used just for capturing the video signal and this signal can be supplied to a custom encoder 1411. All of the devices or systems shown in this drawing can be equipped with the coding and/or decoding method described in this specification. By using this coding and/or decoding method in these devices or systems, images of higher quality compared with those images obtained using conventional technologies can be obtained. The following variations are clearly included within the scope of this invention.
As described in the �Related Art� section, � pixel accuracy motion vectors obtained by halving the � pixel accuracy motion vectors are rounded to � pixel accuracy in H.263. However by adding certain changes to this method, the absolute expectation value for rounding errors can be reduced. In H. 263 that was mentioned in the �Related Art� section, a value which is half the horizontal or vertical components of the motion vector for the luminance plane is expressed as r+s/4 (r is an integer, s is an integer less than 4 and not smaller than 0), and when s is 1 or 3, a rounding operation is performed to obtain a 2. This operation can be changed as follows: When s is 1, a rounding operation is performed to obtain a zero �0�, and when s is 3 a 1 is be added to r to make s a �0�. By performing these operations, the number of times that the intensity values at positions 406-408 in
Additionally, the explicit method has the following advantages: As described in the �Related Art� section, past encoding standards (such as MPEG-1 or MPEG-2) use only positive rounding for motion compensation. This means for instance that the motion estimation/motion compensation devices (for example equivalent to 106 in
However, if the decoder is based on the above mentioned explicit method, this problem can be solved. An encoder using an MPEG-1/MPEG-2 motion estimation/motion compensation device can continuously send P+ frames, by continuously writing rounding method distinction information indicating positive rounding into the frame information header. When this is performed, a decoder based on the explicit method can correctly decode the bit stream generated by this encoder. Of course, it should be more likely in such case that the accumulation of rounding errors occurs, since only P+ frames are present. However, error accumulation is not a serious problem in cases where the encoder uses only small values as the quantization step size for the DCT coefficients (an example for such coders is a custom encoder used only for high rate coding). In addition to this interoperability between past standards, the explicit method further have the following advantages: (a) the equipment cost for high rate custom encoders and coders not prone to rounding error accumulation due to frequent insertion of I frames can be reduced by installing only positive or negative rounding as the pixel value rounding method for motion compensation; and (b) the above encoders not prone to rounding error accumulation have the advantage in that there is no need to decide whether to code the current frame as a P+ or P− frame, and the processing is simplified.
Motion compensation utilizing positive rounding is performed when T (z) is a function representing positive rounding, and motion compensation utilizing negative rounding is performed when the function representing negative rounding. This invention is applicable to interpolation methods that can be described using Equation 5. For instance, bilinear interpolation can be described by defining h(r, s) as shown below.
[Equation 6]
However, if for instance h(r,s) is defined as shown below,
[Equation 7]
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Wednesday, March 5: ScreenBreak Week: Family gardening drop-in
Spring Break might still be a few weeks away, but ScreenBreak is happening now! A weeklong celebration of disconnecting from computers and TVs, the idea (spearheaded by the Winnetka Alliance for Early Childhood) gets a boost from the Botanic Garden with two special days of programs. Familie Photo: courtesy Chicago Botanic Garden

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New Jersey Gov. Christie appointee quits amid probe of bridge traffic jam
TRENTON, N.J. — Gov. Chris Christie announced the resignation on Friday of one of his top appointees amid an escalating probe into whether Christie loyalists deliberately caused traffic jams at a bridge into New York City in an act of political retribution. The governor denied the lane closings were politically motivated.
The resignation of Port Authority of New York and New Jersey deputy executive director Bill Baroni occurs a day after a state lawmaker issued seven subpoenas to Baroni and other agency officials and the Democratic National Committee tried to link the controversy to Christie, a potential 2016 GOP presidential candidate.
Christie, who is shuffling some staff positions as he begins his second term, painted Baroni's departure from a plum appointment as an expected move, though he acknowledged the questions about a bridge delay cause a distraction.
"Sen. Baroni offered his resignation and I accepted it, but this wasn't something I hadn't planned already," the governor said.
Baroni is a former Republican state senator and insider who was state chairman of John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign and has been Christie's top deputy at the bistate agency for four years.
The new deputy executive director, Deborah Gramiccioni, has a long history of working with Christie, both in the U.S. Attorney's Office and in his administration. She also worked in the Justice Department in Washington.
The issue at play involves the George Washington Bridge, one of the world's most heavily traveled spans. The town on the New Jersey side of the bridge is Fort Lee, whose Democratic mayor did not endorse Christie in his re-election campaign last month. While Christie is a Republican, his campaign focused heavily on bipartisan support to bolster his image as a pragmatic executive who will work with his political opponents when he needs to.
On Sept. 9, two of the three local-access lanes from Fort Lee to the bridge's upper level were closed without warning. Officials at the Port Authority, which operates the bridge, said the closures were for a traffic pattern study.
Christie said on Friday that he believes that version of events.
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The soothing aroma of cinnamon and vanilla is sure to impress anybody walking through your front door while making this recipe. Another great development from Rachel at www.rachelcooks.com is Cinnamon-Vanilla Bread with Tahitian Vanilla Bean Whipped Butter. We hope you enjoy!
This post was posted in Baking Recipes, Breads & Muffins, Vanilla Bean Recipes and was tagged with Vanilla Bean Recipes, Cinnamon, Tahitian Vanilla, Breakfast
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20 ways to use leftover dairy
Got leftover dairy rapidly approaching its use-by date in your fridge? Read this. more
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Big Freckles are like the lollies you enjoyed as a kid - only these are giant-sized ones. Use them for party bags, to top cakes and cupcakes, or just as treat with your coffee. Kids will love making these.
Cake stall, Chocolate, Confectionery, Kids cooking, Kids food
15 minutes
5 minutes
Line a flat baking sheet with baking paper and set aside.
Pour tablespoons of melted chocolate onto the baking tray and cover with 100's and 1000's.
Place in the refrigerator or freezer to harden.
Peel off the baking paper and keep in a cool place.


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I'd like to allow "staff member" users to assign roles to other users, but not to change the permissions associated with any particular role.
ideally I'd like the master permissions table to only be accessible to user #1.
Is there something obvious that I'm missing? or do i have to find/write a module to handle this?


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Showing 1-24 of 44 items found in Events
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Halloween Casket Races
The Annual Casket Race is back! The Casket Race features trophies for 1st, 2nd and 3rd place, plus the most frightfully funny and creepy designs. Cheer on your favorite team - or join the race!
CITY:Forest Park
Wright Plus 2015 Concert
Wrap-up your Wright Plus experience at Unity Temple with a lively evening concert by Chicago's premier gypsy-jazz band, Swing Gitan. The group plays foot-tapping music on acoustic instruments in the style of 1930's guitarist Django Reinhardt. It's a blend of the jubilant swing of early jazz and the feisty passion of gypsy music, with a strong dose of guitar pyrotechnics and virtuosic improvisation.
CITY:Oak Park
25th Annual Berwyn Route 66 Car Show
The 25th Annual Berwyn Rt66 Car Show sponsored by Paisans Pizzeria & Bar will be held on Ogden Avenue in Berwyn. Berwyn has always been a great Route 66 town with a thriving, dynamic and fast-growing community at its hear. Stand on Historic Route 66 and see over 500 vintage and custom cars, trucks and motorcycles. This show has something for everyone! Demonstrations of Automobile Flamethrowing will thrill spectators!
Art dans la Rue
Embrace European culture at Downtown Oak Park's French street festival featuring art, food, wine, music, film, dance and more! The event will be held on August 4th from 12-9 p.m.
CITY:Oak Park
Summer Nights On Madison
Join us in Downtown Forest Park June through August! Special shopping events, drink & food specials, live music and much more-every Thursday night through August. Check the Summer Nights Facebook Page for details.
CITY:Forest Park
Dog Days of Summer
On July 30th this Thursday Night is for the dogs! Madison Street pays homage to the Animal Care League of Oak Park! Dogs and cats will be available for adoption. Contests for dog lovers of the area! Special savings and free treats too. 5% of sales will go to the Animal Care League of Oak Park.
CITY:Forest Park
Taste: Just a Bite of Forest Park
On August 27, join all participating eateries for a weekend of locally made home grown food! Special tasting plates and drink specials will be featured at all restaurants.
CITY:Forest Park
BAM Fest
The Berwyn Park District presents BAM (Berwyn Arts & Music) Fest on Saturday, July 25th in Proksa Park. This Youth Arts & Music Festival will feature live music, youth art galleries, art creation stations, workshops and fun activities. This event will also feature a battle of the bands and teen lounge with live DJ's.
Green Halloween
Follow the Green Pumpkin Trail to collect healthy treats from local businesses and participate in kids' activities including pumpkin painting and costume swap. Join us October 17th from 11 a.m.-3 p.m.
CITY:Oak Park
Forest Park Sidewalk Sale
Big deals all along Madison Street! Bring friends and browse our stores and grab a bite to eat at one of our many restaurants!
CITY:Forest Park
Holiday Preview
Join us and see what fabulous offerings the boutiques and shops have for Holiday 2015! Bring a food donation for the Forest Park Food Pantry and receive a special savings!
CITY:Forest Park
Thursday Night Out
Participate in the popular dine-around program and enjoy world music at Thursday Night Out's outdoor concert series - wine and beer available to purchase. May 21-August 27 Thursdays 5-9 p.m.
CITY:Oak Park
Celebrate fall at this free two day music festival offering a premier line-up, seasonal food, microbrews, wine and Kids' Root Beer Garden. September 18th 4-10 p.m. & September 19th 12-10 p.m.
CITY:Oak Park
Winterfest in Downtown Oak Park
Collect sweet treats at this signature holiday cookie walk on December 5th (11 a.m.-3 p.m.). Take photos with Saint Nicholas and enjoy a variety of family friendly entertainment acts.
CITY:Oak Park
Autumn Wine Walk
Experience an afternoon of wine-tastings at unique boutiques and specialty shops! Enjoy appetizers from local restaurants and great deals while shopping for the Holidays!
CITY:Forest Park
Berwyn's Oktoberfest 2015
Save the dates for Friday, September 18th from 6-11 p.m. and Saturday, September 19th from Noon-11 p.m. and make the trip to Berwyn's Historic Depot District. The event boasts an international food court, carnival and amusement rides, family entertainment pavilion, and crafters and vendors. Enjoy live musical performances, a Beer Garden featuring special Oktoberfest seasonal selections!
Shop Outdoor Sale
Join us in Downtown Oak Park July 16th (10am-9pm), 17th (10am-8pm), and 18th (10am-5pm) for our shop outdoor sale. Browse tables and racks to find the best deals of the season.
CITY:Oak Park
Microbrew Review
Sample craft beer from Midwestern microbreweries at this zero-waste event presented by Seven Generations Ahead. Join us in Downtown Oak Park August 15th from 3-7 p.m.
CITY:Oak Park
Home for the Holidays in Downtown Oak Park
Catch the old-fashioned holiday spirit with free horse-drawn sleigh rides and a visit from Santa!
CITY:Oak Park
Forest Park Music Fest
Celebrate Summer at the all new Music Fest on Madison. Enjoy Chicago's best up-and-coming bands, artisans, local food vendors and merchant sidewalk sales.
CITY:Forest Park
2015 Annual Holiday Walk
Live window displays, horse-drawn carriage rides and Santa and his reindeer are just part of the magic of The Annual Holiday Walk. Enjoy winter on Madison Street!
CITY:Forest Park
12th Annual Spring Housewalk
"Decades of Design in River Forest" is the theme of our 2015 spring house walk, which features five homes in River Forest, spanning 125 years of architectural design and community history. The 12th annual walking tour of the interiors of five private homes takes place from 1-5 p.m. on Sunday, May 3rd. This year's walk puts the spotlight on the wide variety of homes in the village, from the landmark Blocki House, built around the time the village was incorporated in 1880, to a contemporary home built in 2005 which features a glass atrium. Advanced tickets are $30, $25 for members and can be purchased on our website. Tickets also can be purchased for $35 on the day of the walk at Christ Episcopal Church.
CITY:River Forest
Forest Park Wine Walk
Experience an afternoon of wine-tastings at unique boutiques and specialty shops! Enjoy appetizers from local restaurants and great deals while shopping the best on the street.
CITY:Forest Park
Viva Italia: Italian Night
O Sole Mio! Join us for a fabulous Thursday night of great food, music an store specials. We have a lot of Italy on Madison Street!
CITY:Forest Park


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"Great place to work "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at Invensys
Solid management, growth opportunity, balance,
would like to see more opportunity for new college grads/interns
- Any Location
- Any Job Title
I worked at InvensysPros
Pay was pretty good and the health benefits were excellent. The office was a beautiful location and high caliber environment to work in.Cons
Senoir leadership has no strategy at all as result the direction of the company changes every 6-9 months. It seems like everything is being reinvented continuously even down to the company name, logo and colors. No way to ever deliver a solid brand or strategy. As result, no job security, people are promoted based on the leaders in power at the moment which changeas as the wind blows. VP's and Directors don't tell one another what they are doing so everyone works in silos. The corporate communication and atmosphere is as disorganized as their strategy. There is no communication and it shows throughout the organization.Advice to ManagementAdvice
Put a real communication team in place and develop a collaborative corporate structure so the organization can actually develop a strategy and all work toward one conclusive goal. Fire the VP of communications who has no communication skills!Doesn't RecommendDisapproves of CEO
I have been working at InvensysPros
co-workers were very supportive of each otherCons
upper management was not in tune with our needsAdvice to ManagementAdvice
Get rid of the top and start overRecommendsDisapproves of CEO


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All the latest news and information about Staffordshire, UK.
Our general election round-up: Conservatives boast about business support- but some of these supporters are Tory politicians.
Labour candidate rejects party's anti-immigration stance while Tory candidate makes embarrassing spelling gaffe in poster campaign, in our election round-up
The General Election campaign has officially begun. We provide the round up of what's happened on the first day.
Discovery led Midland writer to believe her grandfather may have been a WW2 spy
Staffordshire police appeal for witnesses following the fatal collision on the M54 at 8.30am today (Sunday, March 29)
Michelle Evans, from Hednesford, confirms relationship and says: 'We are saying seeing each other.'
Heidi Agan - world's No 1 Kate Middleton lookalike - tells how she has received death threats from trolls
Comedy actor Neil Morrissey has eyes on a string of boozers across the Midlands after re-opening the Plume of Feathers In Barlaston, near Stone
Close encounter in Staffordshire could have been secret military drone
Politician criticised for involvement in Nazi stag party complains it's hard being an MP, in final Commons speech
Head injury after 10ft plunge
It's National Puppy Day - send us cute pictures of your pups
Staffordshire town to pay tribute to £5 million fundariser Stephen Sutton whose battle against cancer inspired the world
A total of seven people have not been held over attack which left Watford fan critically ill in hospital
33-year-old from Lichfield held after early morning accident left pedestrian with broken leg
Staffordshire singer-songwriter wrote show's theme tune with then-husband - but said the planned title was too close to Coronation Street
Jackie Trent, who also composed Neighbours theme tune passed away in Menorca
West Coast Main Line shut down when bird landed on track near Lichfield Trent Valley
Can you spot yourself enjoying the fun in these old photographs of Drayton Manor Theme Park as it celebrates its 65th anniversary?
Crooks 'took enormous risk to themselves and rail passengers' say detectives, following series of raids across West Midlands
New Channel 4 sitcom is set on a Wolverhampton council estate and based on the writer's childhood
Spitfire, Mini Cooper, Jaguar E-Type and Aston Martin DB5 are all on the list
Medics battled to save trapped motorist at scene of accident on A513 Croxall Road between Alrewas and Croxall
Trio were only arrested after high speed chase on M6 and M5
Man, 64, left with fractured eye socket, broken nose and jaw after being set upon by four men travelling in van
Death of Thendara Satisfaction, nicknamed Jagger, is latest in series of foul play allegations to dog prize shows dating back to 1970s
Education Minister Nick Gibb: "Admissions authorities should be flexible and should do what's in the best interests of the child."
Staffordshire team disbanded after players allegedly sang 'We're racist and that's the way we like it' in earshot of black referee
Rent-a-gran service now available at Alton Towers
Former soldier Karl Hinett is backing our Pride of Nursing awards, calling nurses REAL heroes.
Is there something happening in your area you would like us to report on?
Tell us about it and, if possible, send us a picture
We reach over 2,871,244* unique users a month with dedicated coverage of Birmingham and the West Midlands.
Over 66% of our visitors, who view over 4m* page impressions every month, are in the desirable ABC1 socio-economic groups.
To book an advert with the Birmingham Mail team call 0121 234 5000, email email@example.com or visit the Trinity Mirror Midlands website for more information.
The Birmingham Mail is part of Trinity Mirror Midlands, offering you unique access to our audience across the region online and in print.
*Source: Omniture (UK 6 month average August '14 - January '15)
Editor, Birmingham MailEditor-in-Chief, Trinity Mirror Midlands
Marc Reeves has edited the Birmingham Mail since December 2014.
He is also a past editor of the Birmingham Post, as well as several other titles across the country in a 25-year career in the regional press.


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VIEWS: 8 PAGES: 1 CATEGORY: Relationships POSTED ON: 10/19/2010
Tips to survive after passing through divorce Separated from the couple that become part of life, is painful. But the most important thing now is how you end the past and re-start a new life. Here are some tips that may be useful in continuing to live: 1. Just keep yourself. Although divorce is very unpopular in marriage, but this failure is better received by the heart field. Do not feel that nobody else noticed, or loved you, and feel wasted. Allow time to reflect and realize that no human is perfect, make it this failure as a lesson to the next. 2. Accept the situation best. Being alone again It's tough, especially if you continue to imagine the past lives with the couple. Enjoy the solitude this one first, do not rush to re-start a new relationship with another person. Being alone means you again have the freedom to do anything, for example re-engage in activities that once was abandoned because of the couple. Discard all the memory that reminds you of the former, if you need to do something new that has not had time to do. 3. Identify and remove the feeling. Recognize feelings of sadness or anger in your heart, it is important for you to know that those feelings will not make you hurt yourself. Try to remove the feeling of it on a piece of paper, then tear and throw away. Get rid of all negative thoughts about yourself, instead channel those feelings through sports, music, painting, cry, scream or vent on your closest friends. 4. Remember the evil ex. There was no ivory that is not cracked, just remember why your household cause cracking. So you will feel that what happened might be for the good of both of you. 5. Avoid emotional contacts. Avoid doing any contact with the former, although difficult to do because you feel lonely. Although the call will make you at ease, but this will be increasingly difficult for you to forget it. Look for a new source of tranquility, either from friends or family. 6. Do a new activity. Use your freedom to do new things. You can pamper yourself by doing activities that you could not do before. Or use this alone time to go back to college or courses, so you can meet new people. 7. Do not be obsessed with past mistakes. Which then let go, take a lesson from this painful event. Now focus on yourself in the future, do not forget to keep open hearts to new people, who know there is someone who can take the place of the former on your side.
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StartUpHire is the place to find Regional-Sales-Manager jobs in and near . Review the list below of Regional-Sales-Manager jobs. These Regional-Sales-Manager jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available. You can refine your job search for Regional-Sales-Manager jobs in by adding a job title, company name, or keyword to the search box above … or click the "Advanced Search" link for more options. Don't see the employment opportunity you're looking for? Check back soon for more Regional-Sales-Manager jobs in , or sign up for an email alert (link in upper left) to receive periodic updates on new Regional-Sales-Manager jobs in , .
The RectorSeal Corporation is seeking a highly motivated results oriented individual as Regional Sales Manager for the electrical market. Major responsibility will be to successfully market the company?s line of products to the electrical market through distributors and2/2/2015 Houston, TX Save This Job
Plumbing, Industrial, and PVF Market The RectorSeal Corporation is seeking a highly motivated results oriented individual as Regional Sales Manager for the plumbing, industrial and PVF market. Major responsibility will be to successfully market the company?s line of products to2/2/2015 Houston, TX Save This Job
Summary The AIP: Regional Sales Manager is responsible for prospecting to meet sales goals by developing new relationships and enhancing existing customer relationships. Maintains thorough working knowledge of product to appropriately present to broad customer base. Role will1/26/2015 Portsmouth, NH Save This Job
Job Number:006162 Job Title:Regional Sales Manager Number of Openings:1 Job Type (Employment Type):Permanent - Full Time Country:United States State/Province:California City:San Jose Salary Interval:Per Year Job Category:Sales Career Level:Senior Minimum Level of1/25/2015 San Jose, CA Save This Job
About OpenMarkets: We started OpenMarkets to create a new marketplace for healthcare equipment. In our first three years, we?ve done just that, as over 400 hospitals have joined OpenMarkets to access our technology platforms, service solutions and data capabilities. As a B2B2/16/2015 Northbrook, IL Save This Job
Recommind has just been recognized as one of the ?World?s Ten Most Innovative Companies in Big Data? by Fast Company and as one of the ?Fastest Growing Companies in the Bay Area? by the San Francisco Business Times. Our technology is sophisticated, but our mission is simple: to2/10/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Profit from Your Sales and Storage Expertise! Picture yourself being part of history as the industry changes to all-flash data centers! Use your ability to listen to customer pain points to put together strategies to sell award-winning solutions. If you have a proven track2/10/2015 Santa Clara, CA Save This Job
Recommind has just been recognized as one of the ?World?s Ten Most Innovative Companies in Big Data? by Fast Company and as one of the ?Fastest Growing Companies in the Bay Area? by the San Francisco Business Times. Our technology is sophisticated, but our mission is simple: to2/10/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Quantcast, a revolutionary audience intelligence and addressable advertising service, is in hyper growth mode and expanding its field sales team. Because of our aggressive plans for expansion, this player/coach role will be carrying a number while managin3/19/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Lumension is adding a Regional Sales Manger to our results focused Sales team. The RSM is responsible for driving significant revenue growth from both commercial and government customers and existing Lumension customers and prospects, selling both directly and with channel2/11/2015 Chicago, IL Save This Job
Job Description The Sales Manager will be the primary sales resource in the region and a play a significant role in Vaultive?s growth trajectory. The Sales Manager will work closely with the VP of WW Sales to develop and execute on territory plans and business plans with2/16/2015 Chicago, IL Save This Job
We've succeeded in building an impressive customer base, positioning Evolven as a thought leader in our market's newest category - IT Operations Analytics. Now it's time to drive the next phase and accelerate growth! We are looking for a passionate sales manager that loves to1/30/2015 Jersey City, NJ Save This Job
Job Description 6WIND is looking for a sales professional to join the company?s sales team in North America to grow the sales for the Central Region. This is an essential role within our organization to support and grow our rapidly expanding North American business. This is an1/21/2015 Austin, TX Save This Job
Reports to: Regional Sales Director - East Location: US ? East Coast (NJ, NY, MA, PA or VA) Background: Draker develops monitoring, control and asset management systems that help commercial, industrial and utility-scale solar power systems perform at their best. We strive to3/1/2015 NJ Save This Job
Location: New York Metro / DC area Department: Sales Type: Full Time Min. Experience: Experienced The Eastern Regional Manager is accountable for consistently achieving sales objectives and ensuring these sales are profitable and within the guidelines of The Honest Company,1/26/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
The Regional Manager, ECORE Athletic is responsible for sales of ECORE Athletic flooring products and brands through various sales and distribution channels within the assigned region. This position combines a passion for athletic pursuits and business along with technical2/23/2015 Lancaster, PA Save This Job
Tracking Code 20-099 Job Description SUMMARY: The Senior Account Manager is responsible for selling SYSTECH products and services to customers and/or target accounts in his/her territory. The Account Manager is responsible for all aspect of the sales cycle including: prospecting,2/23/2015 Corona Del Mar, CA Save This Job
Description This position can be hired for a remote location. Summary: Tasked with driving business and new sales opportunities for the embedded/IoT space ? both directly and also through a network of technology partners like National Instruments and MathWorks. This role3/27/2015 Belcamp, MD Save This Job
Job Tracking ID: 512449-488225Job Location: Detroit , MIJob Level: AnyLevel of Education: AnyJob Type: Full-Time/RegularDate Updated: February 23, 2015Years of Experience: AnyStarting Date: ASAP Job Description: You must have an enterprise software or services sales3/17/2015 Detroit, MI Save This Job
Job Tracking ID: 512449-488992Job Location: New Jersey , CA Philadelphia, PAJob Level: AnyLevel of Education: AnyJob Type: Full-Time/RegularDate Updated: March 13, 2015Years of Experience: AnyStarting Date: ASAP Job Description: Be the sales specialist for the Company?s3/17/2015 New Jersey, CA Save This Job


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Life is not a problem to solve, rather it is a beautiful gift to enjoy and celebrate. We are given such an amazing life on this exotic planet where we can do a lot of activities and explore ourselves. But sometimes phases come in our life when we feel demotivated and harsher. In such situation we feel empty and don't find any direction to move ahead in our life. To tackle that situation we need a power pack of positivity and motivation. Motivation is most needed to have a beautiful and contented life. To have a positive approach to life we have a collection of some of the best quotes of life.
What to do when your bored
Boredom a phase where our mind get upset doing everyday chores and surrounded by loneliness. It is like a disease that sticks to our mind when we are depressed and apathetic. The question that arises is how to curb the disease? Well it is simple first of all find the root cause of your problem. What to do when your bored, this question rise in mind when we feel tired, bored and when we feel sick.
Fun Things to do when your bored
Bored to death, Bored to Tears, Weariness and bored to stiffness all of these come from a common source Boredom. For our mind it's a criminal and needs to be killed. Every other human being uses their own weapon.
How to Buy Bit Coins With Paypal Credit Card
Bit coins are the virtual money. These are the coins used for the transaction with using internet. These are used as the currency for the virtual world trade. It can be buying with PayPal but having the risk of payment. There are the some points given below which you must follow before buying the bit coins with PayPal credit card.
You can buy the bit coins with VirWox. It limits the value for the new user initially due to the risk factor in it. This service has the more transition fees and delays up to 2 days. After two days, if you don't get your bit coins then you can make the query at email@example.com
Steps you have to follow in buying the bit coins with paypal credit card
- Open VirWoX home page through google.com.
- You will see the page the registration page and click on the option 'not registered yet'.
- You will have the registration page in front of you, where you have to fill all the required personal details.
- After filing the login details and personal details click on the register button.
- After the registration check the confirmation mail in mail box and login your VirWoX account with the given password.
- Change the password immediately after login for the security purpose.
- Now you will see a bar on the left side with the given options. Choose deposit option from there and pick PayPal express and fund the USD you want to.
- Now you have to pay some fee for every transaction. So be careful about that.
- You can exchange your USD with any currency. You have to buy SLL (Second Life Lindens) which will be soon replaced with bit coins.
- Go to the exchange bar and exchange the SLL with BTC.
- As above mentioned this process may take the time of two days.
- Once you have bit coins in your account and withdraw them and send them to your wallet.
How to Buy Car Insurance Online
A car is much more than your transport companion. For many, a car is beloved as a part of the family. Insurance of car is essential to cover up all the accident, theft related damage to the car. You are usually surrounded with the agents or television advertising which promises you giving the best car insurance with the low premium. Any of advertising and stuck the idea of buying a car insurance.
When you are ready to buy the car insurance you must know all the facts and figures of buying the car insurance and cautions of it.
What Things Never Changing
It is said that everything gets change with time. But still there are a lot of things which time has not changed. Since the evolution of humans on earth everything gets changed and continues to change. But still there are a lot of things on earth which are stable. This is very interesting to know that what are those things on which time don't have the impact and things which remained unchanged.
Top Ten Motivational Quotes
Times comes in our life when we get demotivate with our failures or with something wrong happens to us. This leads to the constant breakdown of our courage and determination. In those downfalls of life we have to stay strong and motivated. Quotes are the wording which really helps us to stay strong. When we relate quotes wording to us then they really help in providing the mental support to us and all they give us the courage not to fall down in our life and go ahead by keeping the positive attitude within us.
Ways to Be More Innovative At Work
Work with the twist innovation can really hike your work performance. It is the demand of every work field that the employees of it must be innovative and have a positive attitude towards the work. Saying is very easy than the execution. Because when we have to execute a work we find a lot of hurdles which we have to cross in order to do the work properly.
What Things to do When Your Bored with No Money
We usually think to curb our boredom by spending money on ordering something to eat, going for shopping or watching money. These are expensive ways of killing the boredom. If you are also feeling bored and trying to find out the ways of removing the boredom without money then here are some ways given.
How to Woo a Girl
You want to impress a girl then there are very easy ways with which you can woo a girl. It is not too difficult to woo a girl just be natural to her and try to make her fall for you with the simple steps which are given below.
15 Reasons Why You Should Not be Proud of Being Busy
Being busy is quite good in term as you engage yourself in some work and don't let yourself feel the Boredom. Sometimes you feel happy that you have a busy life and you need to face the boredom. But in Spite the fact you should not feel so proud over your busy schedule. As being busy you may not get the time for other activities which are also essential for you.
10 Interesting Ideas to Get Kids to Eat Fruits
All kids keep a moody attitude. 'I will not eat this, I will not eat that'. Every parent may be familiar with these arguments with children. Many kids don't like to eat fruit rather they like to have snacks and fast food. Yet it is not so difficult for parents to encourage their kids to develop a habit of eating fruits.
9 Hobbies Anyone Can Master in Year 2015
Hobbies are the set of things that you do in your free time. Everyone has hobbies like playing, listening music, painting etc. There are hobbies like writing or cooking which can make someone's career. These are associated with name, fame and money. So you must checkout your hobby and try to master in it. This year make a resolution to get master in these.
Top Twenty Comedy Sitcoms of All Time
You must have heard "Laughter is the best medicine but if you laugh without reason then you need medicine!" So here we are to give you twenty sources for your reasonable laughter (wink). These sitcoms will never allow you to be bored. Rather you will be addicted to them so much that you may even end up taking a leave to finish the series.
50 Things to Do at Home When You Feel Bored
Locked up in your house and getting bored? Here is a list of interesting things to do when you are bored!
Ways to Celebrate Your Birthday
Remember how, when you were a kid, parents used to organize parties for you and gather all your friends on your birthday. Lots of gifts, lots of delicious food and lots of friends were the main ingredients of your birthday. That sure was fun! Today you feel it is just another day of the year. Lost all enthusiasm and liveliness, you go around doing your regular chores of the day.
How to do Nail Art Designs for Beginners at Home
Pampering yourself can be the best way to spend your leisure hours. If you do start, you will know that a small minuscule part of body like nail itself can take 2 hours. But then nails are also the part where you can be all creative and crazy. The small platforms provide for a wide scope of creativity and hence it is rightly called an art.
Top Ten Exercises to Cut Your Tummy Fat.
Out of all the parts of the body, the tummy gets the fat first and looses it in the last. Reducing tummy is a very difficult task. But worry not! We will make it simple for you. There are a number of fun exercises to reduce the fat around belly.
How to Start and Maintain a Kitchen Herb Garden
Investing in kitchen can be a great way to kill time when you are bored. It is creative, useful and adds green to your kitchen. All of us use herbs in our cooking. We know what a fresh herb can do to the food's aroma and taste. Fresh herbs not only add freshness to the food but are way more aromatic and flavorful than the dried ones.
Plan A Road Trip
Top 10 Movies on Demand
Bored to death and don't know what to do? The best activity to kill time is watching movies. It needs no work, no effort and is a good option if you are tired after office hours and there is still time in going to bed. So here we enlist the top 10 movies of all time, to reduce even the minuscule effort of searching and deciding upon the movie.
Cook For A Small Get Together
So you are bored. Why not call your friends in the evening? Oh, what to do the rest of the day? Cook for them! Cooking is an art and like any other art, it thaws the soul, lightens and brightens the day! The colorful eye-soothing ingredients transforming into aromatic delicious food over the flame gives a feeling of accomplishment.


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This package contains:
(2) Tommy Bahama Backpack Cooler Beach Chair
(1) Tommy Bahama Vented Aluminum Beach Umbrella w/ built in Sand Anchor
Package Details:
(2) Tommy Bahama Backpack Cooler Beach Chair:
This is one of our best selling beach chairs ever! It is a lightweight, 5-position, backpack chair with extra pockets. On top of the large insulated cooler pouch, it has an additional inner storage pouch to hide valuables. With a 2" built-in pillow, this chair makes relaxing at the beach even more comfortable. The armrest is contour molded with color inserts to hold cups and cell phones.
Product Details
(1) Tommy Bahama Vented Aluminum Beach Umbrella w/ built in Sand Anchor:
This 7 foot Tommy Bahama Beach Umbrella has an aluminum pole with fiberglass ribs. The vent on the top of the canopy increases wind tolerance and stability. The tilting mechanism allows for easy adjusting to the moving sun. The bottom pole is designed with a built in sand anchor for easy anchoring. Carrying Case Included!
Wood Handle Plastic Sand Shovel. This sand shovel is 28" long and features a sturdy hard plastic spade on a wooden shaft. Sold individually. This sand shovel is great for the beach or in the sand box. Great quality for outdoor play. Great for kids. Many of our customers have used this item to dig in their umbrella at the beach.
Blade measures 8" long and 6" wide.
The Titan Layflat 5 position chair features a heavy duty aluminum frame that can hold up to 300 lbs. Seat reclines with new Safe Tracking System. The new design also boasts a plush pillow, removable storage pouch, swivel cup holder and a precise 7.8" seat height from the ground.
Ostrich Ladies Comfort Lounger
The Ladies Comfort Lounger is the first chaise
lounge designed for women by women. Innovative patent pending breast cavity
expands and contracts to comfortably accommodate and support varying sizes while
lying in prone position. In addition the LCL also integrates Ostrich Chairs
patented open / close face cavity and arm cut outs for reading or tanning face
down. Other features include: Oversize frame for larger and taller individuals,
folds flat for easy storage, includes a carry strap for easy transport, 12 inch
seat height for easy access and exit.Features:
We carry beach chairs, beach umbrellas, beach bags, beach towels, beach carts, beach boards, and more - Everything you need for the beach! The beach is our livelihood. We have been proudly serving Beach Lover since 1999, with the largest selection of quality beach products all year around. All our merchandise is in stock and ready to ship; and our web-site displays real time inventory. We are very aware that you need your beach gear in time for the weekend and we will do everything possible to deliver it promptly. All our systems are safe and secured, and you should feel free to shop in confidence. Thank you for shopping at BeachStore.com, we carry everything under the sun!
Beach chairs come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes such as, low seat beach chairs, high seat beach chairs, beach loungers, and small beach chairs, each catering to different kinds of beach goers. Along with the size and shape, beach chairs also come with an array of different kinds of special features such as, back pack beach chairs, folding beach chairs, beach chairs with cup holders, canopy beach chairs, and padded beach chairs. Visit our beach chair guide to find out everything you need to know when purchasing a beach chair.
One of the major difference's you will find in a beach umbrella is the diameter of the shade area. Common sizes of beach umbrellas are 6-7 ft umbrellas, and 7-13ft umbrellas. 6-7 foot beach umbrellas are generally built to accommodate 2 people while 7-13 foot umbrellas can accommodate 4-5 people. Other important factors to consider when purchasing a beach umbrella is the type of umbrella. There are many different types of umbrellas all made to cater to different uses and locations. These can include market and patio umbrellas, commercial umbrellas, and clamp-on umbrellas.
When choosing a beach cart there are many factors to consider. Certain beach carts are designed to carry larger quantities of light beach products, such as the beach carts, such as the Wheeleez beach carts, are designed to carry heavier loads through tuff terrain such as sand and snow.
The difference between beach tents and beach shelters is that tents have a bottom floor mat and shelters do not. Two important factors to consider when purchasing a tent or a shelter is the time it takes for set-up, and the durability against weather conditions. Most beach tents are designed to cater to one these two important factors, while some of the higher end beach tents are designed to cater to both. Windscreens are designed to give you protection from the wind and sand picked up from the wind while still allowing you to soak up all of that great beach sun.
deck chairs | canopy chair | beach umbrella | folding beach chair | patio umbrella | beach chair loungers | rio beach chairs | pop up tents | beach bags and totes


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Hi. We are Hopsing ( the special boy) and Marcie,the precious little lop girl.
We met at SaveABunny and fell in love. Now we are a very bonded and loving pair of bunnies. We adore each other.
We are living the good life at our new home. Thanks Paul and David.
We love you!
"Bunnies Gone Bad: The 7 Deadly Sins" is a wickedly funny and amazingly realistic portrait of the rabbit psyche.
Two each of seven for set of 14 cards representing each sin. Comes with seven bright green envelopes as well. Cards measure 5", by 7".


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- Deauville, Dublin & other Short Breaks
Normandy 3nts - flights & 3* room only from £159
- Summer Holidays in Spain, Portugal and Greece
Majorca 7nts 4* Half Board from £399pp
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Boston, New York, Chicago or Orlando (from £832pp 7nts 4*)
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Springtime Offers from Newmarket Holidays
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Normandy Deauville 3nts, 3* room-only from £155pp
Two flights a week starting 25 June from £27.99
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Chinese Lanterns
Thursday 03 February 2011
With the Chinese New Year being marked over a two week period from today (03 February), the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is calling on all organisers of sky lantern releases to register the event in advance so that airports such as Exeter can warn airspace users of the tea light powered paper lanterns in the area.
Following the growing popularity of the sky lanterns, the CAA has issued guidance on the release of sky lanterns in UK airspace because of the potential hazard for aviation. Organisers of lantern events that are ten miles or less from Exeter Airport are being asked to be aware of the potential risks to aircraft and urged to refer to the CAA's online guidance. If necessary they are then asked to contact either the CAA or the airport with details of the event.
Jamie Christon. Exeter Airport's Managing Director, said: "We don't wish to spoil any celebrations but the lanterns can drift for many miles and some pilots have reported them at several thousand feet. Sky lanterns could cause navigational confusion and there is the very remote possibility of an aircraft engine ingestion of the metal frame."
Exeter Airport's air traffic control would appreciate being informed, via the airport's website Contact Us page (exeter-airport.co.uk/contact-us), of the any lantern releases ten miles or less from the airport.
Also see:
Airport History
Airport War Years


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ARM Mali Mesa Driver, New Code & Overclocking
Published on 06 June 2013 11:05 AM EDT
Written by
Michael Larabel
9 Comments
Lima driver
is slowly but surely progressing for supporting ARM Mali graphics hardware in an open-source world. A Mesa driver has been started, their demo code can be faster than the binary driver, user-space memory management is being tackled, and evidently the management at ARM Holdings isn't too happy.
Luc Verhaegen has written a new blog post this week entitled
Old and new limare code, and management overhead...
This post provides an update on the progress of the "Lima" driver he started last year.
- His updated Limare demo driver code is cleaned up a lot and there's now support for the ODROID-X series hardware, multiple PP support for the Mali 400MP4, fully-threaded job handling, multiple textures support, multiple programs support, memory access optimizations, UMP support, X11 EGL support, and more.
- There's no real performance change in the past few months of the code itself.
- For bringing up an actual driver, he's started work on memory management. However, as Luc doesn't want to write a proper kernel DRM driver now and use ARM's kernel driver, he's workinf on user-space memory management. From user-space he's just tapping the address space given by the Mali MMU. He's actually tweaked some greater performance out of his code using user-space memory management.
- He's had success in overclocking his Mali graphics hardware.
- According to Luc, "ARM management seriously dislikes the Lima driver project."
- It's not covered directly in his blog post, but in chatting with Luc recently, he's started work on a Mesa driver for Lima. This is being done as a classic Mesa driver rather than a Gallium3D driver. This classic Mesa driver will also be using ARM's binary shader compiler too. After getting all of that working, he will see what code could be restructured in Gallium3D form.
9 Comments
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About The Author
Michael Larabel is the principal author of Phoronix.com and founded the web-site in 2004 with a focus on enriching the Linux hardware experience and being the largest web-site devoted to Linux hardware reviews, particularly for products relevant to Linux gamers and enthusiasts but also commonly reviewing servers/workstations and embedded Linux devices. Michael has written more than 10,000 articles covering the state of Linux hardware support, Linux performance, graphics hardware drivers, and other topics. Michael is also the lead developer of the
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While many local governments across the country are looking for ways to generate more revenue, Northern Kentucky's largest city is cutting its primary source of income in an effort to spur economic growth.
On Tuesday, Covington City Commission voted to lower the city's payroll tax rate from 2.5 to 2.45 percent to encourage existing companies to grow and new ones to consider moving to the city.
"I think the message we want to send is, we're open for business," said City Manager Larry Klein. "We want to be easier to do business with, and we want to be more competitive in the region and with other tax ...


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The holidays are a great time to tell your brand story. From Black Friday trends and Mobile Shopping guides to the Best and Worst Times to Book Travel and Thanksgiving etiquette, the Visually team will help you craft your brand's unique stories and raise your social profile during the noisy holiday season.


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Econo Lodge Inn & Suites
392 Centre Street & Railway Av
Drumheller, AB T0J 0Y0
Phone: (403) 823-3322
Fax: (403) 856-4864
Heritage Hall (Heart Building)
The beautiful Heritage Hall is situated in the A wing of the Heart Building at the huge and awe striking SAIT main campus. Originally it constituted the main building and later renamed into the current Heritage Hall. Designated in 1989 as National Historic Resource, the facade of this building displays an old world charm. The registration and student employment centre, business development and international training and Alumni Association work together wonderfully at the Heritage Hall.
1301 16 Avenue
Calgary, AB T2M 0L4
+1 403 284 7248
Earn valuable points toward free nights.