text:
By adding light reflective and/or transparent and/or translucent material within a micro-electronic circuit housing, improved light transfer is achieved between a light generation source and a light utilization device. In one embodiment, the reflective material is placed on the inside surface of a non-metallic housing lid and the light from the light source (typically an LED) reflects from the reflective material and impacts the device (typically an FET). In another embodiment, the LED and FET are encased in a clear (low light-loss) material (typically silicone overcoat) so as to allow the light from the LED to reflect from the top of the clear material onto the FET. If desired, an opaque encapsulant surrounds the clear material and fills out the volume within the housing. In another embodiment, clear or translucent (as opposed to opaque) encapsulant can be used to serve dual purpose as both the structural (volume filling, defined package share/outline) agent as well as to permit the internal light transmission and reflections to illuminate the device.
1. A non-metallic package comprising therein:
an LED;
an electronic device; and
a clear seal to allow light from said LED to be reflected onto said electronic device.
2. The package of
3. The package of
4. The package of
5. The package of
a non-metallic lid; and
a bonding agent on the edges of said package lid where said edges contact said package so as to create a hermetic seal for said electronic package, said bonding agent selected from the list of metallic, glass, and epoxy.
6. The package of
7. The package of
a lid shaped to focus light onto specific electronic devices.
8. The package of
9. The package of
10. The package of
11. The package of
12. The package of
a lens positioned so as to focus light from said LED onto said electronic device.
13. The package of
a molding material that serves both as a structural body of the package and a light transmission/reflection medium.
14. The method of making a micro-circuit, said method comprising:
mounting at least one electronic component on a substrate; and
coating said mounted electrical component with a low light loss material so as to promote light transmission among coplanarly mounted electrical components.
15. The method of
16. The method of
applying a rigid opaque encapsulant over said low light loss material.
17. The method of
18. The method of
encasing said coated electrical components within a non-metallic housing.
19. The method of
encapsulating said coated mounted electrical components to form a particular shape having a particular volume.
20. The method of
21. The method of
positioning a lid over said framework sides; and
sealing said lid to said framework.
22. The method of
sealing the surfaces of said framework and said lid to prevent moisture from passing through said lid.
23. The method of
24. The method of
25. An electronic micro-circuit having internal light enhancement, said micro-circuit enclosed within a non-metallic package, said package comprising:
a substrate upon which a plurality of components can be mounted;
a source of light mounted on said substrate;
an electronic device mounted coplanarly with said source of light, the operation of said electronic component being enhanced by light from said light source; and
means for reflecting light emitted from said light source such that at least a portion of said light impacts said electronic device.
26. The circuit of
27. The circuit of
28. The circuit of
29. The circuit of
a reflective seal placed on at least one surface of said package.
30. The circuit of
a clear silicone overcoat surrounding said light source and said electronic circuit.
31. The circuit of
a rigid clear encapsulant surrounding said electronic device and said light source.
32. The circuit of
a non-metallic lid that is naturally light reflective; or
a reflective seal placed on the inside surface of said lid.
33. The circuit of
a non-metallic lid; and
a reflective seal placed either on the inside or the outside surface of said lid.
34. The circuit of
a lens positioned so as to focus light from said light source onto said electronic device.
35. An attenuator comprising:
a plurality of attenuation stages serially interconnected; each said stage having at least one switching device requiring enhancement by light impacting said switching device;
each said stage being contained in a separate non-metallic housing, each said housing containing at least one said switching device and at least one light source, said switching device and said light source mounted coplanar to each other; and
a light reflector within each said package for directing light from said light source to impact said switching device.
36. The attenuator of
37. The attenuator of
38. The attenuator of
39. The attenuator of
The present invention is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/007,359, filed Dec. 8, 2004, entitled �LOW COST HERMETIC CERAMIC MICROCIRCUIT PACKAGE,� to which priority is hereby claimed and which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. The present application is related to concurrently filed, co-pending, and commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. XX/XXX,XXX, Attorney Docket No. 10060070-1, entitled �DUAL PATH ATTENUATION SYSTEM,� the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates to non-metallic microcircuit packages and more particularly to systems and methods for making and using low cost microcircuit packages having internal light enhancement.
In many situations it is desirable to combine a light source, such as an LED, within the same package as an electronic circuit. For example, it has been found that Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Field Effect Transistors (FETs) have better switching performance when they are subjected to high intensity light during the switching operation. This enhanced performance stems from a decrease in the �slow tail effect� when the FET is operated in the presence of light. U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,322, issued Sep. 15, 1998, illustrates a high intensity light integrated with a GaAs FET switch for use in microwave test equipment. U.S. Pat. No. 6,876,271, issued Apr. 5, 2005, illustrates a light source mounted within the same chamber as a FET for use as a damping circuit. Both of these patents are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,808,322, the LEDs are mounted to a small pc board that gets mounted to the back side of a carrier pc board. The carrier pc board has holes strategically placed to allow LED light to shine through the holes to the top side of the carrier pc board where another pc board is mounted upside down so that the switches are placed right over the holes. Thus light shines on the GaAs FET attenuator switches through the carrier pc board holes, directly impacting the FETs, thereby imparting increased performance (by way of faster switching times) to the FETs.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,876,271, the LED is mounted on a circuit board and is placed above the FET so that the light from the LED will directly impact the FET, thereby imparting increased performance (by way of faster switching times) to the FET.
An older alternate arrangement, for example the arrangement shown in Agilent Part Number 5087-7137, has demonstrated that LEDs can be mounted on the same plane with the FET switch within a metal microcircuit enclosure having a metal lid. The light from the LED (which is directed upward and away from the FET) is reflected from the inside of the top of the metal enclosure and impacts the FET. Such an arrangement works well, but requires a metal housing to achieve the proper light transfer. In addition, such packages have used unpackaged LED die for mounting within the enclosure. Metal enclosures are large and expensive to manufacture and in many situations it is desirable to use smaller ceramic and/or plastic enclosures.
For example, one packaging arrangement called a Quad Flat No Lead (QFN) package, is essentially a conductive lead frame on which is mounted the electronic circuitry. Such packages are manufactured in high volumes and at relatively low cost and size as compared to traditional metal and/or ceramic housings. An opaque (usually black) encapsulating material is placed around the electronic elements to fill out the volume within the enclosure. This material, in addition to providing support and stability to the electronic devices, acts to inhibit light transfer from the light source to the other elements, thus preventing the use of low cost non-metallic housings for applications that depend upon good light transfer for proper operation.
By adding light reflective and/or transparent and/or translucent material within a micro-electronic circuit housing, improved light transfer is achieved between a light generation source and a light utilization device. In one embodiment, the reflective material is placed on the inside surface of a non-metallic housing lid and the light from the light source (typically an LED) reflects from the reflective material and impacts the device (typically an FET). In another embodiment, the LED and FET are encased in a clear (low light-loss) material (typically silicone overcoat) so as to allow the light from the LED to reflect from the top surface of the clear material onto the FET. If desired, an opaque encapsulant surrounds the clear material and fills out the volume within the housing. In another embodiment, clear or translucent (as opposed to opaque) encapsulant can be used to serve dual purpose as both the structural (volume filling, defined package shape/outline) agent as well as to permit the internal light transmission and reflections to illuminate the device.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
The inside surface, including surfaces 104 and 102 of package lid 100, in one embodiment, is coated with a ceramic dielectric material which is then fired at a temperature of 1250� C. for one minute. Currently, the dielectric material being used is applied by Max Levy Autograph, Inc., 220 West Roberts Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.; and is a material proprietary to Max Levy Autograph, Inc. Any glaze of any color could be used and if increased reflectivity is desired the glaze could be clear or otherwise made reflective.
A gold binding material, such as a ceramic gold mixture, is put on (by screening, sputtering, or otherwise) the bottom edges 101 and the package is again fired, this time to a temperature of 850� C. for one minute. The gold/tin solder 103 is put over the gold binding and the package lid is again fired, this time at 320� C. Note that gold/tin solder can be any material provided it will bond with the gold plated (or other) material of electronic circuit substrate 201 (
Edges 101 of package 100 are then brought into contact with substrate 201 between the broken line and the edge of substrate 201 as shown in
One method of accomplishing such bonding is to bring the two pieces (100 and 200) into contact with one another in a carbon holding fixture and then applying electricity to the package. A weight can be used to force ceramic package lid 100 into better contact with substrate 201. The electricity heats the package and solder 103 from the ceramic package bonds with the gold plating of substrate 201. Note that the composition of the solder material on the lid controls the melting point of the seal and can be adjusted as necessary. Soldering, or other bonding, such as laser welding, brazing, welding, etc., of package 100 to substrate 201 should be performed in a dry nitrogen (or other drying) atmosphere. The assembled package should be tested for both gross and fine leakage. Note that it is also possible to obtain a hermetic seal by a low temperature glass being placed between a ceramic lid and a ceramic package.
Using this system, the clear seal inside the ceramic package allows internal LED light (for example, from LED 206-3,
The reason for glazing the inside surface of package lid 100 is to prevent moisture from wicking through the ceramic. Until recently it has been thought that the ceramic package lid itself was water tight. In actuality, a typical ceramic package lid is sufficiently grainy so as to allow water molecules to pass through. This realization has led to the glazing of inner surfaces of package lid 100. If desired, the outer surface could be glazed instead, or both inner and outer surface could be glazed and, if desired, reflective material added to further increase the reflectivity inside the package.
In the example of
Lid 100 can be a ceramic or plastic surface that can be coated on either the inside or the outside (or both) by a reflective (or partially reflective) material. This reflection can be added on the outside, for example, by silk screening, or by adhering a reflective (perhaps silvered) material to the surface. A low loss (at least low loss to the light frequency of interest) encapsulant could be positioned between LED 206-3 (and any other LED that is used) and top surface 104. The encapsulant serves to hold the electronic devices in place. Note that, if desired, lenses (not shown) can be added to more accurately pinpoint the light if desired. Note that the top surface can be shaped (not show) to focus reflected light onto GaAs FET switch circuitry. The light from the LED can either be focused by transmission through the lens or other material or by reflection off the lens or by both methods.
The cathode of the LED in the example of
The embodiment of
The light transfer zone can be a solid lens type material, where the light is focused onto the electronic switching device, or the clear overcoat could be constructed to act not only as a light transmission medium but also as a lens to help focus and increase the light that impacts the switching device. If desired, the clear overcoat can be used for the entire encapsulant, thus allowing the light to reach the top, and/or side, surface and possibly even reflect back.
Additional types of packages in addition to commercially available ceramic packages can be used. These packages include Surface Mount (SMT) packages with adequate internal height, standard available SMT packages with increased height to reflect the LED light, plastic packages with lids that are heat welded on, leadless packages with the appropriate lid, and laminate packages. The clear/translucent overcoat or encapsulation implementation makes this approach applicable for many small, lower cost, plastic and chip scale packages. The packaging eliminates the need for air cavity packages thereby further reducing package height constraints and making it suited to high volume, low cost applications. The use of the overcoat protects the die and wire bonds from moisture, particulate contamination, and physical damage. Note that most plastic packages are not truly hermetic. If the GaAs FET switches and other GaAs IC circuitry are not well passivated to keep them moisture proof, then the hermetic package will have the longest mean time to failure in instrument applications. Some instrument applications require the hermetic package and other applications can be satisfied by the plastic packaged parts.
This technology will work well with both laminate and plastic SMT packages without microwave shielded enclosures. Not having shielding (metal walls) allows microwaves to escape instead of reflecting. This allows the packaged part to not have resonances so they function better at high frequencies. Microwave signals leaking out are easily damped out on the pc board assembly structure with its assembly cover.
As will be discussed below, the concepts discussed herein will work well for speeding up switching used in attenuators and speeding up switching in sending a signal between two or more ports.
This packaging arrangement also lends itself to low cost assembly. The standard surface mount (SMT) LEDs, or bare die LEDs, are placed on the substrate with conductive epoxy or solder at the same time that the GaAs (or other device) die is attached to the same substrate. In the case of the QFN package or any other plastic package, bare die chip LEDs are placed and wire bonded to the package lead frame at the same time as the GaAs die. The SMT or bare die LEDs and GaAs devices can be placed in the package without compromising RF package performance. The LEDs can remain on, if desired, to provide a small amount of heat, which can prolong the life of the GaAs switch in a non-hermitic package, by helping to keep moisture out.
Electronic device 200, with package lid 100 soldered in place, then can be added to a printed circuit board or to another substrate, if desired, (such as substrate 301,
Note that devices 401 and 402 are shown mounted to the same substrate (as are the devices within the packages shown in
Circuit 50 provides not only an extension of the electronic step attenuator's maximum frequency range to 6 GHz or above, but also circuit 50 adds no measurable distortion to the signal, while achieving the minimum possible insertion loss yielding the highest output signal level. Low insertion loss from the output step attenuator also means that for a given output power at the instrument's output connector, the output amplifiers will be operating at a lower RF power level, leading to lower distortion to the signal added by the output amps.
In order to eliminate the output step attenuator as a contributor to the distortion of the signal, and to maximize the output power of the source by minimizing the insertion loss of the attenuator in its 0 dB state, circuit 50 has a two path topology. One path has the same arrangement of step attenuator ICs 53-1 to 53-5 as in the previous Multi-Chip Modules (MCM), while the second �high power� path consists of six low loss, low distortion SPDT GaAs FET switches 52-1 to 52-6. This topology adds no measurable distortion to the output signals, while at the same time gives 4 dB lower loss in the 0 dB state at 6 GHz than using the previous step attenuator ICs, and does all of this using pre-existing ICs. The highest �10 dB of signal power goes through the high power path of the attenuator, with the power setting capability coming from the Automatic Level Control (ALC) of the source (not shown). When lower power levels are desired from the signal source, the ALC can be set to deliver signals of lower than �5 dB below the maximum power to the step attenuator, and the step attenuator can add any additional attenuation above that value. A circuit that operates in this manner has been available for several years packaged in a housing having at least one metal surface (a Lid).
In order to provide a low cost packaging solution that is extendable to greater than 40 GHz without changing the packaging format and without using a metal housing, a packaging approach using the concepts discussed herein is achieved by dividing the step attenuator into three SMT laminate based 10 mm�10 mm (MCMs). The frequency performance of the PCB transmission line to package transitions used in these MCMs has been shown to give excellent performance to beyond 50 GHz, allowing for straightforward extensions of these 6 GHz MCMs to higher frequencies. The use of standardized low cost SMT assembly techniques, as discussed above, both for assembling the ICs in the package and the package to the PCB, allowed the cost of this solution to be lower than that of the previous MCM based solution used in the ESG sources, even with the additional SPDT ICs employed in this topology.
The fast switching and settling time of the previous step attenuator was maintained by continuing the use of high intensity LEDs to illuminate the ICs to effectively eliminate the gate lag (slow tails) effect in the GaAs FET based switch ICs and step attenuator ICs. This effect works by the photons from the LED ejecting the electrons in traps at the GaAs surface near the FET gate, such that the traps are always nearly empty. Thus, there is no slow emptying of the traps when the FET is turned ON, and no change in channel conductance. With the use of the higher intensity, low cost SMT LEDs that have been developed in the last few years, and by selecting a dielectric lid (or other non-metallic reflective material) with a suitable optical reflectance, LEDs can be mounted on the package shelf (or slightly above the package shelf) with their light projected upward. The light reflected back down from a top surface is of suitable intensity and distribution to suppress the gate lag effects of the GaAs FETs in the ICs, while adding minimal cost to the solution. While one LED is shown in the drawing, three LEDs can be used in each module to make sure there are no dead spots in illumination over any of the ICs containing FETs.
The extremely low loss and low distortion GaAs FET SPDT switches used in this topology have a maximum insertion loss of 0.5 dB at 6 GHz. With all six of these SPDT switches in series, there is about 4 dB less insertion loss at 6 GHz than the insertion loss of the five step attenuator ICs in series in their 0 dB states at 6 GHz. The isolation of each switch in its OFF state of greater than 30 dB for frequencies to 6 GHz is sufficient to give the necessary isolation under the most stringent conditions of when the step attenuator is set to its 130 dB state. The larger size of the FETs on these switch ICs compared to the FETs used on the step attenuator ICs, particularly the 40 dB step attenuator IC, are what allow for the improved distortion performance of the two path approach used in this solution.
Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, as new epoxy glues and plastic molding compounds become available it is possible that they have increased moisture resistance. Some of these epoxies can then be used to attach the glazed package lid to the package substrate, achieving much better moisture resistance than previously possible. Such a package lid may not be able to achieve hermetically, as defined above, but may be entirely appropriate for electronic circuit protection in some instances. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
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Welcome to Kevin Rhodes' personal website and blog!
This website serves up my personal blog, shares information about my books, workshops, and speeches, and generally offers inspiration and insight to anyone who wants to create or at least embrace change in their workplaces and personal lives. And not just change, but transformation. Written with humor, empathy, insight, and perspective from psychology, neuroscience, entrepreneurship, and shared life experience.

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ABC's Josh Elliott Taking Pay Cut to Move to NBC
ABC News was prepared to pay Elliott $5 million to stay at "Good Morning America" while NBC Sports is said to be ponying up $4 million plus a production deal.
Josh Elliott is leaving Good Morning America for a job at NBC Sports that will pay him less than he would have received if he had stayed at ABC News.
Multiple sources tell The Hollywood Reporter that Elliott will make $4 million annually in a long-term contract that also includes a production deal. That's less than the $5 million ABC News was willing to shell out to keep him. Apparently the production deal that offers potential opportunities at NBCUniversal's vast suite of cable channels and the staggering audiences that tune in for sports programming on NBC proved sufficiently enticing to the anchor. Sources tell THR that Elliott was asking for $10 million in an escalating contract that topped out at $13 million. Those figures were far beyond what ABC News executives were willing to pay.
VIDEO: 'GMA' Bids Farewell to Josh Elliott
In an unusually candid company-wide email sent Sunday night, ABC News president Ben Sherwood noted that the news division "in good faith" had "worked hard to close a significant gap between our generous offer and [Elliott's] expectations.
"In the end," continued Sherwood, "Josh felt he deserved a different deal and so he chose a new path."
Sources say that the email has been perceived within ABC News as a jab at Elliott and his representatives at CAA. ABC News executives had attempted to make contact with Elliott on Sunday, but his agents informed them that he was tired from traveling and still thinking, say sources. He then sent Sherwood an email at 6:45 p.m. announcing his decision.
A non-compete clause in Elliott's ABC contract precludes him from appearing on NBC's news programs for six months. And sources at NBC News and close to Elliott stress that the deal is confined to sports. But the pitched battle between GMA and Today – and the hundreds of millions of dollars at stake in morning TV – makes speculation about a possible role on Today inevitable.
STORY: Josh Elliott of 'Good Morning America' to Depart ABC News for NBC Sports
►Meanwhile, ABC News already has installed Amy Robach as Elliott's replacement as GMA's news anchor. And while her position is considered secure – she is a diverse correspondent who can handle the mix of hard news and lighter features inherent to morning TV – ABC News also is expected to add at least one more new face to the roster. And it will mostly likely be another man, to balance what is now an all-female cast with the exception of George Stephanopoulos.
•Certainly the new gender imbalance is not lost on the show's anchors. On Monday's GMA, Lara Spencer joked: "The estrogen is flowing."
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Alabama Football's Annual Fan Day Set for August 3
The University of Alabama football team's annual Fan Day, presented by Alumni Hall Store, is set for Sunday, August 3.
Alabama Men's Track & Field Team Named National Team of the Year for Academic & Athletic Performance
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Alabama closer Thomas Burrows was named a First Team Freshman All-America on Monday, as announced by the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association.
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In a must-win situation, Alabama softball fell just short to Florida, who defeated the Crimson Tide, 6-3, on Tuesday to secure the Gators' first national title and end Alabama's season.
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The Compensation Committee of the University of Alabama Board of Trustees approved the contract extension for head football coach Nick Saban on Tuesday. The new agreement extends the contract through January of 2022.


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Le Grand Hotel de l'Abbaye
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Gijon - Blois
... and drive in early in the morning. We will stay one night and spend two days sight seeing before heading to Disneyland.
Tess is happier.
Then we cross the border into France. There is a road block and French soldiers carrying machine guns and one with road spikes in hand stopping all the cars. One approached our car looked inside the drivers window and then ushered us on.
We are all glad Clint is clean shaven.
It is confronting. We tell the kids they ...
Very wet here now but still reasonably warm, moving slowly North and heading for Rouen today. We heads to IKEA en route to Oissel and had a little shop for goodies for the Motorhomes before heading to the aire at Oissel. Decent weather and lovely to walk on the banks of the Seine again. A good night at Oissel ...
Mery-sur-Cher again
A great night with electricity, makes a difference, a DVD and super food. Floods in the MH this morning from somewhere, sorted now and no problem. Heading to Marbouie in the rain. A lovely drive along minor roads with evidence of coypu, boar and deer in the forests and by the road ...
Château de Chambord
... as a hunting lodge for Francis I and changed hands several times it seems because apparently it was somewhat challenging to live in – very cold in winter and heaps of mossies in summer! It was a very cold castle to walk around on a cold day.
Loire a Velo Day 1 - Orleans to Beaugency
... riding on the Loire a Velo bike path our fears were quickly dissipated once we discovered how good the signage was, we barely used the queue sheets during the ride. We stopped at Meung Sur Loire, a quaint town, for lunch at about 12:30. The chateau was closed and did not open for walking tours until 2pm. We chose not to wait for the gates to open and continued on our way to Beaugency. We could see dark clouds in the distance and ...


text:
In this video, I discuss the ego function of reality testing, how it affects us, and ways to cope with distortions in it. This is also another example of how I use technology, in particular YouTube as a transitional object for patients, allowing them to continue to remember our work together without compromising any of their personal health information.
This will be the last post for 2013, have a good end of the year and I'll see you sometime in late January!
Like this post? I can speak in person too, check out the Press Kit for Public Speaking info. And, for only $4.99 you can buy my book. You can also Subscribe to the Epic Newsletter!
Mike Langlois, LICSW
Latest posts by Mike Langlois, LICSW (see all)
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During natural disasters hundreds of thousands of people are at a loss. Lives are devastated, and normalcy is nowhere to be found. In the wake of such disasters hospitals and healthcare organizations work to manage their own disaster plan, and deal with the complexities of the aftermath.
When Hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast in August of 2005, a wake up call was issued to the United States. Katrina showed levels of destruction that many of us could never comprehend. No industry was left untouched by Katrina, not even healthcare.
Now we witness the families displaced, and lives crushed, by the flooding in Iowa. Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa says, "The destruction is so vast that it is simply beyond the capacity of local governments and the Iowa state government to handle it by themselves." We are reminded how important normalcy can be.
Normalcyis not often a word that comes to mind when battling cancer. Yet, for cancer patients, their lives take on a "new normal." When coping with natural disaster, cancer patients face their own set of challenges. Displaced cancer patients and their families need assistance, and quite often a new place to receive treatments – their fight takes on a whole new meaning.
Some of the critical concerns for cancer patients during catastrophe - What do I do if I have an emergency? What about my cancer medication? What if I don't know what kind of treatment I was getting for my cancer or what medicine I was taking? What if I can't get my medical records or get in touch with my doctor? What can I do to protect myself from infection and germs?
During Katrina a former staff-member of mine was approached by a woman that fled New Orleans with her family. The woman had no place to go, and she was battling cancer. All she saw was Cindy's cancer awareness shirt, and the woman asked if she could get some help in finding an oncologist to treat her. The woman had already missed three critical treatments. Thankfully Cindy knew ways to help the displaced patient.
Charitable organizations enlisted staff and volunteers to help during times of adversity. The American Cancer Society is no different. ACS pulled together resources and came to the aid of cancer patients during the aftermath of Katrina, and work to do the same thing during other incidents. You can read more about the successes on the ACS website -Stories from Hurricane Katrina.You can also contact the American Cancer Society if you are in need of assistance, or if you would like to help those in need.


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20 Bracelet Patterns: Macrame Bracelets, Friendship Bracelets, Hemp Bracelets, and More
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Simple Wired Pendant
By: Bead Studio
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
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We chose this pendant from The Bead Studio for it's ease of construction, flexibility in design options and hip look.
- Hoop Earring (to use as the base)
- 24g Soft Sterling Wire
- 6" Sterling Chain
- Heart Bead
- 2" Headpin
- Wirecutter
- Chain-nose or crimp pliers
- Round-nose pliers
Cut the chain inyo two 1/2 " pieces, and cut the remaining 5" into four equal pieces.
Place headpin through heart bead and create a wire wrapped loop capturing the two 1/2 pieces of chain in the loop, set aside.
Create a loop in the center of the 24g wire and slide the four remaining pieces of chain into the loop.
With the loop centered on the bootom of the hoop, gently wrap the wire around the hoop until each side is 1/2" from the center of the top. Ispace the wraps about a 1/4" apart and don't worry about perfection, as this is a funky pendant and the imperfections are part of it's charm.
Slide the ends of the chain onto each of wires and continue wrapping the hoop until you have reached the center.
Make a loop on top and wrap the wire. Trim and tack end.
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text: Garland Oswald Morgan 14 February 1892 - 11 May 1915 Key details Contribute › Service number4/558 AWMM Also known as ForceArmy AWMM Rank and unit at dischargeWW1 AWMMSapper AWMMNew Zealand Engineers AWMM WarWorld War I, 1914-1918 AWMM Play your part Contribute what you know about their war service and life. Lay a poppy Leave a note PDF Print Share Portrait, Auckland Weekly News 1915 - No known copyright res … Read more View gallery Hide sources Show empty fields Identity About Contribute › Title ForenamesGarland Oswald AWMM SurnameMorgan AWMM Ingoa Also known as Service number4/558 AWMM GenderMale AWMM Iwi Hapū Waka Rohe ReligionMethodistChristian AWMM Images and documents Images Contribute › Documents Contribute › Civilian life About birth Contribute › Date of birth14 February 1892 AWMM Place of birth Birth notes Occupations Contribute › Occupation before enlistmentWW1 AWMMClerk AWMM Post war occupation Next of kin Contribute › Address before enlistmentUnknown AWMMBealey StreetSaint AlbansNew Zealand AWMM Next of kin on embarkationMrs Mary Amelia Morgan35 Wilson StreetHaweraNew Zealand AWMM Relationship statusPre 16 October 1914 AWMMSingle AWMM Service Wars and conflicts Contribute › WarWorld War I, 1914-1918 AWMM Campaigns ForceArmy AWMM Service number4/558 AWMM Military units Military service Miilitary decorations Contribute › Medals and Awards Training and Enlistment Contribute › Military training EnlistmentWW1 AWMMUnknown AWMMCanterburyNew Zealand AWMM Age on enlistmentWW1 AWMM Embarkations Contribute › Embarkation detailsWW1 AWMM16 October 1914 AWMMWellingtonNew Zealand AWMM16 Oct 1914-3 December 1914 AWMMHMNZT 3 AWMMWellingtonNew ZealandSuezEgypt AWMMDepart - 16 Oct 1914Arrival - 03 Dec 1914 AWMM Embarkation bodyWW1 AWMM16 October 1914 AWMMMain Body AWMMNew Zealand Field Engineers AWMMSapper AWMM Prisoner of war Contribute › Capture details Days interned Liberation date POW liberation details POW serial number Medical history Contribute › Medical notesKilled in ActionCause of Death AWMM Last known rank Contribute › Last rankWW1 AWMMSapper AWMMNew Zealand Engineers AWMM Biographical information Biographical information Contribute › Only son of Tom and Mary Amelia Henry Morgan, of Hawera. AWMM Death About death Contribute › Age at death22 AWMM Date of death11 May 1915 AWMM Cause of deathKilled in Action AWMM Place of deathGallipoliTurkey AWMM Death notesGallipoliTurkey AWMM Cemetery Contribute › Cemetery nameQuinn's Post CemeteryAnzacTurkey AWMM Grave referenceA.27. AWMM Memorial Contribute › Memorial name Memorial reference ObituarySapper G. O. Morgan, Field Engineers, who is reported to have been killed in action at the Dardanelles, was a native of Taranaki, and was about 25 years of age. He was a member of the Post and Telegraph staff at Wellington, and was a keen hockey player and swimming devotee. (Auckland Weekly News, 3 June 1915, p. 20) AWMM Roll of Honour Remember Garland Oswald Morgan by laying a poppy. Frederick Trevor Morgan Frederick William Morgan Garland Oswald Morgan George Morgan George Morgan Lay a poppy for 2015 Leave a note Leave a tribute or memory of Garland Oswald Morgan Leave a note Contribute › Processing Sources Sources Contribute › External linksCommonwealth War Graves Commission.http://www.cwgc.orgSources UsedMilitary personnel filehttp://www.archway.archives.govt.nz/ViewFullItem.do?code=21377230Archives NZ DocumentsBoyack, N. (1989). Behind the lines : the lives of New Zealand soldiers in the First World War. Wellington, N.Z.: Allen & Unwin/Port Nicholson Press. AWMMNew Zealand Army Expeditionary Force. (1914-1919). Nominal Rolls of New Zealand Expeditionary Force, Volume I. Wellington, N.Z.: Govt. Printer. AWMMVol1: 516 AWMMAuckland Weekly News AWMMObituary: Auckland Weekly News, 3 June 1915, p. 20. AWMM Seen an error on this page? Tell us about it.


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Food may be the last thing on your mind when you've been feeling nauseous all day, but an empty stomach often worsens the symptoms.
Eat frequent but small meals that are packed with nutrients but on the bland side as acidic, fatty or fried foods can further irritate your digestive system. Try making a plate of fresh veggies, pita, yogurt and cheese for a no-cook, cold meal that will be less odorous than a hot plate of food.


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Misconception: Browns Need O-Line in 1st Round
Heading into the 2015 NFL Draft, the Cleveland Browns have two picks in the first round that could go a long way in getting the team to the playoffs next season. One position the Browns should absolutely stay away from with their first two picks is an offensive lineman. Last season, the Browns offensive line was a weakness. Opposing teams constantly applied pressure to quarterback...
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Wednesday web roundup: Cleveland Browns
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Report: The Cleveland Browns Do Not Want to be on "Hard Knocks"
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Report: Browns Expecting Johnny Manziel Back by April
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Posted by Rob McGarr, 27 June 2011
We think that bloke in the background is half-good half-evil
Being Rosie-Huntington Whiteley is pretty sweet. We speak not, of course, from any tangible experience of actually being Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, but from an unfounded but staunch belief that life has dealt her a hand with more aces than she can hold in her perfectly proportioned hands.
She's the Sexiest Woman in the World, for a start, which, as titles go, is up there with the best of 'em. We can't think of many better appellations. 'Curator of Sunshine', maybe. 'Princess of Tigers', perhaps. 'Queen of Tasty Snacks and Delicious Midafternoon Treats' might be better, but it's a close run thing, and we bloody LOVE tasty snacks and delicious midafternoon treats much more than the next man who shouldn't even claim to like them as much as we do if he knows what's good for him.
Being the Sexiest Woman in the World must open a lot of doors for a person. Not even just in the metaphorical sense, either. We reckon that wherever she goes, doors just fling open, inviting her to grace their indoorsyness with her abundant beauty and grace.
That probably literally NEVER happens. Unless she happens to walk past a house where someone's left the back door wide open and the front door just on the catch, and there's a gust of wind at the exact moment she passes the house so it seems like the door has blown open to invite her in but in fact it's all just a big COINCIDENCE
And now she's in the new Transformers film, which comes out on Wednesday. She's taken Megan Fox's spot. Her character's name is 'the supremely hot one who's mainly used to get the film even more publicity than it otherwise would who doesn't really have a huge part in the film but will be wheeled out at all publicity events and such because she looks so bloody wonderful in photos'. It's quite a role and, as you can see, Rosie is putting in an award-worthy performance.
"That's the last time I go to Jim Carrey's hairdresser. SNARL"
What must be quite annoying for the Rosester, though, is the fact that she's in the Transformers film but isn't actually a transformer. So, when all the other transformer-people-robot-things are transforming into muscle cars/trucks/planes/ice cream vans/ladybirds/WHATEVER, she's just like, "Oh right. Yeah. Cool. Thanks, guys. I'll just stand here like a lemon still being the Sexiest Woman in the World then, shall I? Yeah. Great. See you later. Jerks."
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Rosie was 19 when she joined the Victoria's Secret Angels.
She replaced Megan Fox in Transformers 3.
She's dated Rolling Stone Ronnie Wood's youngest son, Kylie's ex-Oliver Martinez, and stubble-faced 'ardman Jason Statham.
You won't always have time to keep up with all the sexy goings on in the world, and we know that, so we've rounded...
We can't all be hot enough to melt ice with our mere presence, but Victoria's Secret Angel Sara clearly is...
Amber Rose has always whipped up a whirlwind of sexiness with her snaps, but will the latest lot get her banned from...
Winning 100 Sexiest is no mean feat. But winning two years in a row? Only two women have ever achieved it and JLo was...


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Upcoming Events
Featured Event
Career Seminar: Robert Huffman, Financial Advisor, Edward Jones
Friday, February 27
11 a.m. – 12 p.m. | Individual Meetings with Mr. Huffman, Robb Center for Career Exploration
12 – 1 p.m. | Lunch with Mr. Huffman, Miller Commons
1 – 3 p.m. | Individual Meetings with Mr. Huffman, Robb Center for Career Exploration
3 – 4 p.m. | Presentation about internships and careers with Edward Jones, Bowman 206
Are you interested in running your own business? Do you like helping people manage their money? Come learn about internships and career opportunities available with the financial advising firm, Edward Jones, which was ranked number 4 on FORTUNE magazine's "100 Best Companies to Work For 2014." Please contact Dr. Kelly Collins at firstname.lastname@example.com if you are interested in learning more about this opportunity.
Upcoming Spring 2015 Events
POSTPONED -- Career Seminar: Sara Phillips, Duke Marine Lab
Thursday, February 26 | 11 a.m. - 4 p.m. A new date and time will be announced soon.
Robb Center for Career Exploration
Career Seminar: Robert Huffman, Financial Advisor, Edward Jones
Friday, February 27
Career Services Formal Dinner
Thursday, March 26 | 6 - 9 p.m.
Career Symposium
Saturday, April 11 | 8 a.m. - 4 p.m.
Meet and Mingle with the Alumni Board
Friday, April 17 | 5 - 6 p.m.
Miller Commons
All juniors and seniors are invited to attend. Complimentary cocktails, mocktails and appetizers will be served.
If you would like to attend, you must RSVP to Jillian Rosato, interim vice president of advancement, at 828.898.2534 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
For more information on any of these events, please contact Dr. Kelly Collins, director of career services, at firstname.lastname@example.com or by visiting her at the Robb Center for Career Exploration (located adjacent to the May School of Nursing and Health Sciences).


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DEFINITION of 'Dollar Rate'
The exchange rate of a currency against the U.S. dollar (USD). Most currencies that are traded in international markets are quoted in terms of number of units of foreign currency per USD. However, some currencies, such as the euro, British pound and Australian dollar, are quoted in terms of U.S. dollars per foreign currency.
INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'Dollar Rate'
Since practically all currencies use the USD as the base currency, it is easy to calculate cross currency rates - which are exchange rates for one currency in terms of another currency that is not the US dollar. However, particular care must be taken when calculating such rates, especially if the currencies involved include those that are quoted in terms of USD per foreign currency.
Indirect QuoteA currency quotation in the foreign exchange markets that expresses ...
Paris PairThe nickname for the U.S. Dollar/French Franc currency pair prior ...
Base CurrencyThe first currency quoted in a currency pair on forex. It is ...
Currency PairThe quotation and pricing structure of the currencies traded ...
U.S. Dollar Index - USDXA measure of the value of the U.S. dollar relative to majority ...
Cross RateThe currency exchange rate between two currencies, both of which ...
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text: The room rate was very affordable. The continental breakfast was fine. The location was good. So ends the positive aspects. Our room was adjacent to a door to the back parking lot. Firstly, there was no lock or other mechanism to keep anyone from coming in through this unmonitored entrance. Secondly, and much more troubling was the fact that the... More


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Tourism and Arts Minister Sylvia Masebo has warned that government would take stern action against civil servants who will align themselves with opposition political parties.
Ms. Masebo warned civil servants not to engage in politics with opposition political parties in their work places because doing so would result in them being dismissed from their jobs.
She stated that the allegiance of all civil servants should be to the government of the day.
"If you want to play politics of the opposition, you are gone because your allegiance as civil servants is to the government in power," she said.
Ms. Masebo however, said if civil servants engaged in Patriotic Front (PF) politics, government would turn a blind eye as this was normal since the PF was ruling.
She said this yesterday when she addressed Zambia Wildlife Authority (ZAWA) officers at the Livingstone City Council Chambers.
Earlier, Ms. Masebo said she was aware of the numerous problems that ZAWA was facing but assured that government was in the process of addressing the challenges.
She said the newly appointed ZAWA Board was currently looking into poor working conditions, human-animal conflicts, nepotism, staff training and promotions adding that these would be addressed in the shortest possible time since government was in a hurry to develop the country and uplift the living standards of people.
Ms. Masebo however asked ZAWA officers at grass root level to suggest what should be contained on ZAWA Act which was to be reviewed.
She said junior officers have valuable knowledge on what needs to be contained in the Act.
The ZAWA officers earlier complained of intimidation, delayed salaries, poor working conditions, corruption and lack of office space.
And Southern Province Permanent Secretary Chileshe Mulenga cautioned supervisors in the civil service to enforce discipline in
their respective departments.
Dr. Mulenga however urged supervisors not to intimidate their subordinates but to be fair and just since "where fairness exists,
there is justice".
74 Responses to "We will spare civil servants supporting PF, but fire those supporting opposition- Masebo"
I remember civil servants under levy (rip) were taught to be non-partisan and to go about their work as dictated by their job description ie to be neutral!mind u this was at a time wen the opposition had a strong hold in CB…but what exactly is our honourable minister saying…ine i dont know
Hule simunthu nifwiti ba Silvia you dont av to make pipo fear u afta lo that seat u won under corruption mwalileka nokufwala ka nyika akabosoka yaaah!!! Imwe amai ndimwe ba chiuhule imbwa galu cayiyeyiye idiot watch yo lips for what u talk in public bakadya ufa imwe puussy shit u thnk tisekelamo iwe galu ai lolela ifimilomo efyo tawaupwilwa hule
Civil servants should never work for the government of the day but for the people like all leading nations around the world.
Useless nonsensical awe baby Sylvia is too much atase
What the hell is happening with this Sylvia? Is her brain f**ked out or what? Who is she to have such a big mouth nowadays, which d**ks is she sucking to be this rude and foolish. Am ashamed to be a woman because women who talks nonsense just piss me off always more than men who talks nonsense!
vaupuba whose masebo to tell pipo who to support
wat a load of rubbish whose silvia masebo to tell pipo they will be sacked if they dont her part, its called a free country and pipo are aloud to support which ever part they chose and who votes pipo not her part oh god shes mad
To hell with yo tribalism.come 2016.i will fire those supporting pf
How did this imbecile attain government office? What happened to freedom of expression?
ghosh but Sylvia ndiwe hule zoona coz yo language is always on the wrong side, pleasing the dicks around u! How do u feel 2 be so loose & be used by men, even in politics u r stil a victim? These guys r just using u Sylvia….
Why ?
africans are idiots and can not rule themselves. same things since independence civil servants to support government of the day. we are dogs us africans
I'm an African but certainly not a dog! If you are a mongrel don't include others, talk for yourself!
Comments are closed.


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As soon as I got to Giovanni's home I felt like I was with my family. My train arrived a little bit late at night but Giovanni's mom was waiting for me. The room was very clean, with information about Venice; exactly what they're showing in the pictures. I spent a lovely time with Giovanni's mom and his sister talking about different topics. This place is very close to the train/bus terminal. If I come back to Venice, this place would be my first option.
La famiglia è gentilissima e molto disponibile per qualsiasi cosa, ci si sente come a casa!
La casa è bella e grande, anche il bagno è confortevole e ad uso esclusivo dell'ospite.
Inoltre c'è la possibilità di parcheggiare nel cortile interno privato.
In 3 minuti a piedi si raggiunge la stazione centrale da cui andare a Venezia con il treno o con il Bus (N°2).
Soluzione perfetta per visitare Venezia, consiglio vivamente
It was a lovely place to stay. Did not have the chance to meet the host, but Giovanni's mother was super helpful and friendly. Would recommend this place to all solo travelers.
This is a family affair and perfect for the solo traveler. Isabella (Giovanni's mother) welcomed me with a private set of keys, an open schedule for breakfast and return times, passionate information about Venice and also the surrounding area (Mestre). Even set a twenty minute walk/bus transfer from Venice, this home is comfortable, colorful and safe-fantastic exchange for the price. Giovanni's sisters also stopped by over the weekend, lending really fun and informative conversations over each breakfast and evening.
Giovanni responded very quickly which was great! I was able to check-in at 11:00am which was a huge bonus because some Airbnb places the host is not home until after 6:00pm and one must wait to drop off bags. Giovanni was not home while I was in town for two nights but his Mother, father and sister were all very kind to me. Giovanni's mother sat down with me and explained some history and key locations within Venice. I always enjoy hearing stories from people who truly know a place and all the beauty it has to offer. Giovanni's mother also prepared me a nice breakfast with great strong Italian coffee, my favorite! The room was big and clean, the bathroom was likewise!! :) Overall I really enjoyed staying with Giovanni's family, I would very much recommend staying and I would definitely come back! Thank you!
Giovanni was unable to be there during my stay but I was met by his family members who were extremely welcoming and sat down with me to give directions and answer any questions I had about Venice. I was not their very long but the accommodations were very nice and comfortable. It was sweetest thing when I woke in the morning to fresh coffee, breakfast and had a great conversation with the family.
Perfect location, nice house, helpful and cordial hosts; but more than anything, Isabella's love for Venice which shines in her eyes and in every word.
Thank you, Isabella, for sharing this love with so many persons.
great room...great people= great time. i had read the comments which were all positive and i now understand why. for someone travelling alone, this is the perfect place. the room is very nice, the private bathroom is huge, the place is a 5 min walk from the bus and tain station which takes you to the center of florence in less than 10 minutes. very quiet neighborhood to relax at night. but most importantly, i had the pleasure to meet and discuss with isabella and anna who not only helped me plan my visit but were also very generous in sharing info on the italian culture. i would return any day.
It was wonderful experience to stay at Italian house. The family was very kind and the house is very nice. My room was littlt cold at night but it was no problem. Most of all the bathroom was very good.
The Host was amazing. Giovanni was not there, but his mom was. She was too awesome! She had everything ready, gave me lots to drink and eat and honestly felt like family. I was upset that I only stated one night, I should've stayed longer!
We had the luck of hosting Giovanni and his lovely family during the Christmas period! They have been excellent guests, friendly, polite and very respectful of the apartment rules and objects. I had a really nice talk with them when they were in our apartment in Rome and I can suggest them to any other hosts!
Although I didn't meet the family Mason, I highly recommend them as guests. They left a tidy apartment and respected house rules. They very very communicative and cooperative!
They are always welcome back im my apartment!
Mr.Giovanni Mason and his friends were perfect guests, very nice, polite, quiet. They left the rooms in perfect conditions. We highly recommend them to the other hosts.
It was a pleasure to have these guests in my Guesthouse. They were considerate in using our space and a were very respectfull. Communicating with them was easy and we enjoyed the time we spent together. ! I recommend these guests to everyone!
Isabella and Bernardino were fabulous guests! They were so easy to be in touch with, were super easy-going and left our place in such pristine shape. The whole experience was wonderful. It goes without saying that I would recommend them to your home without any reservation whatsoever!
Ospiti ideali! Discreti, amichevoli e desiderosi di conoscere.
persone distinte e socievoli con le quali è stato piacevole scambiare due chiacchiere.
ospiti perfetti, li raccomandiamo vivamente e speriamo di averli nuovamente ospiti a villa florio.
Giovanni's parents are absolutely reliable persons in all aspects. Moreover they were very interesting to talk to about various subjects. It was a pleasure to have them as guests.
Isabella and Bernardino were absolutely wonderful, they are charming humorous people, a delight to spend time with and chat about the world and travels!
Isabella et Bernardino sont des personnes très agréables à vivre, très polies et avec qui j'ai eu beaucoup de plaisir à discuter (notamment certain sujet médical). Je leur souhaite une très belle fin de voyage en Espagne


text:
How can we let Vim always remove the content to
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For example, I've written "Hello" somewhere, and yank it with
Then I move cursor to elsewhere, remove some blank lines by
N+dd to "_ without explicitly indicating the register
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Then I can go a proper line to paste the "Hello" just with
Can we achieve this by letting vim check the deleted content and edit the registers accordingly ?
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leader-key d to
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text:
North Shore Commercial Fishing Museum
7136 Highway 61
,(Sawbill Trail and Hwy 61)Tofte ,MN 55615
Fort Belmont Civilian Fort Replica & Museum
217 Belmont Lane
,Hwy 71 & Interstate 90Jackson ,MN 56143
Visit Historic Fort Belmont, located in Jackson, MN off I90. Take a tour of a sod house, blacksmith shop, grist mill, the museum and much more. Open everyday from Memorial Day through Labor Day!
Stevens County History Museum
116 W 6th St
,Morris ,MN 56267
Pavek Museum of Broadcasting
3517 Raleigh Ave
,St Louis Park ,MN 55416
(952) 926-8198
The Pavek Museum of Broadcasting presents and preserves the history of broadcasting, especially in Minnesota.
Cottonwood County Historical Museum
812 4th Ave
,Windom ,MN 56101
(507) 831-1134
Haunted History Tours of St Paul
26237 Forest Blvd
,Wyoming ,MN 55092
Way of the Cross
1400 - 6th North Street
,New Ulm ,MN 56073
Judy Garland Museum® & Children's Discovery Museum
2727 US Hwy 169 South aka
,2727 Pokegema Avenue SouthGrand Rapids ,MN 55744
Minnesota Pioneer Park
725 Pioneer Park Tr
,Annandale ,MN 55302
Lanesboro Historical Museum
Old Scanlon Hall PO Box 345
,105 Parkway SLanesboro ,MN 55949


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Faith No More Complete Work on New Album, Announce Title and Release Date
Faith No More have revealed the title and release date of their new album.
Faith No More have revealed the title and release date of their new album.
Spring is on the way, and that means there's a ton of rock + metal festivals coming soon!
Scott Weiland says the legal matters between himself and his former band Stone Temple Pilots are "way behind us now."
Long before Kanye, Rage Against the Machine's Tim Commerford forged his own legacy for award show mayhem.
Def Leppard have announced a huge summer tour with Styx and Tesla. The 48-date outing will kick off in Tampa, Fla., on July 23.
Starset frontman Dustin Bates discusses the usage of technology, how their conceptual story will evolve and what they bring to the stage.
How well do you know Nine Inch Nails and the band's mastermind Trent Reznor? Dig a little deeper with this video.
Canada's largest rock festival is celebrating its 10th anniversary with a lineup that includes over 100 bands.
Scott Weiland's new album 'Blaster' comes out March 31, and he's just released a new single called 'Way She Moves'
Ever since its conception in 2007, Record Store Day has encouraged music lovers to support their local record stores.
The Used have added a co-headlining U.S. trek with Chevelle that will begin May 4.
Don't mess with Paul Stanley. The Kiss singer-guitarist didn't mince words when it came to expressing his opinion of Kanye West going onstage during Beck's acceptance of the Album of the Year Grammy on Sunday night.


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Uninvited guests crash hawk buffet
Three of us hunted pheasants one afternoon. As we approached the road after walking through a CRP field, Curt's shot at a rooster appeared to miss. The bird caught the wind and headed north by northwest. I watched him fly, and when he landed in bean stubble almost a half mile away, I felt his descent was a bit hurried.
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Burundi Resident Representative Site
Resident Representative Office in Burundi
This web page provides information in on the activities of the Office, views of the IMF staff, and the relations between Burundi and the IMF. Additional information can be found on Burundi and IMF country page, including official IMF reports and Executive Board documents in English and French that deal with Burundi.
At a Glance : Burundi's Relations with the IMF
- Current membership: 185 countries
- Burundi joined the Fund in September 28, 1963
- Total Quotas: SDR 77.00 Million (As of May 31, 2008)
- Loans outstanding: PRGF Arrangements SDR 71.19 Million
- Burundi: 2010 Article IV Consultation and Fourth Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria (Country Report No. 10/313, October 13, 2010)
News and Highlights
A Newsletter of the IMF on Low-income countries; November 2012
IMF Outlook for Sub-Saharan Africa: Recovery and New Risks
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) today released the May 2011 Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa. Ms. Antoinette Monsio Sayeh, Director of the IMF's African Department commented on the report's main findings:
Africa Faces Twin Challenges After Global Crisis
With world recovery under way, Africa faces the twin challenges of reviving strong growth and reinforcing resilience to the economic shocks that regularly batter the continent, IMF officials say as Managing Director Dominique Strauss-Kahn embarks on a three-country visit to the region.
Le secteur privé gagne du terrain en Afrique
Dans un entretien avec le Bulletin du FMI en ligne, Mme Antoinette Sayeh, directrice du Département Afrique, a expliqué que depuis quelques années, l'Afrique a fait preuve d'une plus grande ouverture à l'initiative privée. Comme par ailleurs le climat des affaires est devenu plus attrayant, les investissements étrangers sont restés abondants.
Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges for 2010
Remarks by Ms. Antoinette Sayeh, Director, African Department of the International Monetary Fund The Brookings Institution–November 19, 2009
Burundi and The IMF
Press Release: IMF Executive Board Completes Sixth Review under Burundi's ECF Arrangement, Augments Access and Approves US$6.9 Million Disbursement
Podcast : Building a Monetary Union in East Africa
February 26, 2015
The Quest for Regional Integration in the East African Community lays out all aspects of the ongoing financial integration process for Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi.
Press Release: IMF Staff Completes Review Mission to Burundi
Burundi: 2014 Article IV Consultation, Fifth Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility; and Request for Modification of Performance Criteria-Staff Report; Press Release; and Statement by the Executive Director for Burundi
September 23, 2014
Series: Country Report No. 14/293
Notes: Also available in French
Press Release: IMF Executive Board Completes Fifth Review Under Extended Credit Facility Arrangement, Approves US$7.6 Million Disbursement, and Concludes 2014 Article IV Consultation with Burundi
Regional Economic Outlook for Sub-Saharan Africa
The October 2014 Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa anticipates continued strong growth in much of Sub-Saharan Africa, driven by efforts to invest in infrastructure and by strong agricultural production. However, the current Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone is exacting a heavy toll, with spillovers to neighboring countries. In addition, external threats to the region's overall positive outlook include global financial conditions and a slowdown in emerging market growth. Other topics are building resilience in fragile states and addressing the infrastructure deficit.
IMF Opens Africa Training Institute in Mauritius
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) on June 26, 2014 opened the Africa Training Institute (ATI) in Ebene, Mauritius, adding an important regional center to a global network of centers helping to develop countries' policymaking capacity by transferring economic skills and best practices.


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Here's the question you clicked on:
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- 2 years ago
What is the difference between magnetic flux and magnetic field?
- 2 years ago
What is the difference between magnetic flux and magnetic field?
This Question is Closed
Best ResponseYou've already chosen the best response.3
- 2 years ago
flux is the amount of magnetic field and field is the space or the region around magnet or magnetised material experiences magnetism
Best ResponseYou've already chosen the best response.3
- 2 years ago
consider an area or a cross sectional area the amount of field passing through it, is flux, but field is defined as the space or the region around anything up to which it has its effect, so magnetic field is region around magnet and flux is density of that field in a particular area
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- 2 years ago
every charge carries electric field. it is inward for negative and outward for positive charge. likewise, magnetic field is magnetic force per unit charge. force it would exert on object with opposite polarity (north and south magnetic field) when this magnetic field line extend in space and penetrates an object. these magnetic field line are cut by certain area of object. this penetrating lines in object induces magnetic flux in object. in simple term, it is roduct of magnetic field lines penetrating object time perpendicular area of object
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- 2 years ago
flux is wat u can say the density of magnetic field in any particular area
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- 2 years ago
In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the magnetic flux (often denoted Φ or ΦB) through a surface is the component of the B field passing through that surface. If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a surface of vector area S is |dw:1351876181174:dw|
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