text:
JotterPad (Writer)
100,000 - 500,000 downloads
- Beautiful design
- Full-featured
- Dropbox integration
- Text-styling
- Needs integration with other cloud services (Drive, Box, Evernote...)
+ By 2 App Studio
"Beautiful writing"
Reviewed by Emmanuel Lund / Jan 09, 2014
JotterPad X: Writing is well-crafted text editor which makes easier creating and editing documents on-the-go
"Inspiration exists, but it has to find you working" Picasso said. The problem is that, until now, it was difficult to find you working if you were, for example, on-the-go. Mobile has given us the chance to turn anywhere into our workplace. Likewise, JotterPad X has empowered us to welcome inspiration whenever it comes.
In essence, JotterPad X doesn't reinvent the wheel but makes it looks beautiful and smooth. JotterPad X is a text editor that allows you to create text documents, style them, give them different formats (including PDF and HTML), save and share them.
Some features make JotterPad stand out. For example, auto-save, physical keyboard support, full-screen writing mode (to avoid distractions), and different text-styling features. The writing experience gets specially boosted if you "Get Creative". In other words, if you upgrade to the Pro version of JotterPad X, which unlocks Thesaurus and Popup Dictionary integration, night mode (battery-saving), export to PDF, lockscreen and markdown feature to preview the document before web publishing.
Setting aside all that useful features, JotterPad X is outstandingly well-crafted app. Beautiful and smooth design that merges both Holo-layout with Metro-like animations (for example, when opening a document). All its different document styles are well-chosen and perfectly match the most-used Internet text formats (essays, magazines, newspaper, novel, poem...).
JotterPad is one of the best writing apps on the market so far. It's full-featured, well-designed and it encourages you to keep writing.
"App of the Week Feb 2015" — Gizmodo UK
"It made writing simple & enjoyable again" — Lifehacker Japan
"Complete makeover with a Material-inspired design" — Dr Rita, AndroidPolice
# Full Featured Text Editor
- Distraction-free Interface
- Built in Dictionary
- Extended Keyboard
- Keyboard Shortcuts (e.g. CTRL+Z for undo)
- Open .txt, Markdown (.md), .fountain
- Phrase Finding
- Undo & Redo
- Word and Character Count
# Innovative Technology
- CommonMark [New!]
- Custom font * [New!]
- Night Mode
- Dropbox Integration (Works even when offline)
- RTL Support
- Support Multiple Encodings (UTF-8, BIG 5 etc.)
- True Italic [New!]
- Typewriter Scrolling * [New!]
- Typeface & Style Customization
- Exclusive fonts. Hoefler&Co. Ideal Sans, FF Fago Mono, Novel Mono
# Share and Export
- Share .txt
- Share Plain text
- Plain Text/Markdown to PDF (Android 4.4 and above)
- Plain Text/Markdown to .rtf [New!]
- Markdown to HTML
- Markdown to Formatted text
- Markdown to .docx (Beta) * [New!]
# Get Creative™ (*Requires In-app Purchase)
- Custom font
- Export to .docx (Beta)
- Screen Lock
- Markdown Preview
- Remove PDF Watermark
- Snapshots to backup document
- Thesaurus & Rhyme [New!]
- Typewriter Scrolling [New!]
# Note
1. JotterPad does not autosave your work. Save promptly in order to avoid accidental loss of your work.
2. Some of the features require Creative IAP.
3. App cleaning agents (Clean Master) delete text files. Please disable them.
4. JotterPad does not open .docx.
For more information,
* Added French, German and Korean
* Better animation
* Fixed bold typeface issues for CJK font
* Fixed nested bullet in MD preview
* Fixed ordered bullet in DOCX export
* Now carriage return is registered as hardbreak in Markdown preview
* Hide keyboard when opening existing doc
* Added Čeština
* Fixed issue where caret is at the body instead of title for new document.
* Night Mode is now a free feature!
* Iconified "To enclosing folder"
* Added Italiano
Some lists where this application appears: Reviewed by Emmanuel Lund, Reviewed by Anna Grace.
This is a great writer / editor for tablets. I like it a lot. One small trouble is that sometimes it gets disconnected from BT keyboard and android on-screen keyboard comes up. Lasts about 2-3 seconds, not sure why this is like that. The more important thing is about shortcuts. Very good, simple keyboard shortcuts, but no shortcut for bringing up context menu; e.g. you have misspelt a word, it is
Really love the app. Ive gone through a few writing apps and this one is just right for me. The one thing I couldnt figure out is if there is a way to lock the app with a pin? Other than that, great job guys.
i finally came over to the digital age of the writing aperatus. ..and though i will never give up notebooks and pens, JotterPad is convenient and super easy to use. Loving it :)
Perfect for lyrics
I love this its good for anything like homework,story writing and much more no bad comments
I have been using this app for about a month. So far it works fine, no problems as of yet. It let's you know if you haven't saved your work. I like that feature.


text:
Our team had a good week. We kept a search a "rescue" instead of "recovery." Our dogs did what humans couldn't. Thank God for that. Early Friday morning, two of our dogs and two of our handlers pushed law enforcement to extend the search for just one more run, one more time. And they brought … Continue reading
Chasing deer and Forgiveness Sunday.
Helo and I failed our second attempt at an area search certification back in December. He chased a deer. It's an awful powerful distraction to work through, particularly when you (the dog) are yards away from your handler, already in a hunting mode (looking for a human) and a deer pops up out of the … Continue reading
Bless this mess
In my head, I know that someday I'm going to have one of those homes. The ones that look like a perfect picture on Pinterest (hey, look, alliteration). But I am here to tell you, this is not that someday. My stuff is still in boxes, going on two years now from the wedding day … Continue reading
Another week…
Another exercise in what makes humans truly special: our ability to dig deep into ourselves and find new ways to be absolutely and completely hideous. It's also the one year anniversary of the death of my second mom. I'm feeling a tad melancholy and avoiding the bourbon tonight, because well, one should moderate to avoid … Continue reading
A good workout
Stuff's been weird lately. You know, how you get yourself a little cross-threaded in your head, and it's just not going forward or coming out. Church hasn't been the safe place I'd been needing it to be. Work's been ridiculous for all the stupid going on, exhausting in its whimsy. The only places things seem … Continue reading
Blame the dog
(Or How Dogs Change Everything) There's a sign hanging in the training building I have seen or heard with every trainer I've ever worked with: "It's never the dog's fault." It's true. It's not Helo's fault if I can't figure out how to get him to understand what I'm asking of him. It's not his … Continue reading
Humans (and dogs) being
My training coordinator got my blood pressure up tonight with a simple message asking about a picture of my dog training yesterday. I'll spare you the inside baseball discussion about the picture and what the issue was. She was concerned about the picture itself. I was concerned about the behavior the picture may have portrayed … Continue reading
Memory eternal!
I read something last night about the two kinds of people who help you through trauma: the firefighters and the builders. The firefighters come in quick, get you out of whatever jam you're in and help you deal with the immediate crisis. The builders come in a bit later, and do the restoration work, helping … Continue reading
So it's Christmas. For most of my life, I hated this time of year. I know I'm not alone either. If you have any "thing" at all, this time of year, this season of "festive family fun" is a tablespoon of lemon juice on whatever open abrasion is on your heart. If you're like I … Continue reading
The limits of observation, part II
There are cases that I can't forget, stories I've written that I wish for all the world I could unwrite, erase from my memory, look into that pen held by the Men In Black, or shake out of my head like the drawings on an Etch-a-Sketch. To be honest, most of the dead children, those … Continue reading

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Cymbidium Wiganianum
charlesbJanuary 20, 2014
Boy does this Cymbidium have a fragrance and a strong one to boot.
Its a primary hybrid of Cymbidiums tracyanum & eburneum.
Hope you enjoy .If you want to see a larger photo,just click on the photo.
This post was edited by charlesb on Mon, Jan 20, 14 at 17:54


text:
hi guys! this is amy azzarito from past & present! in order to give anne, plenty of time for macaroons and walks along the seine, i'm going to helping to lighten her sneak peek load a bit. and, i'm so excited for my first sneak peek to be of the super-artistic converted church home of graphic designer/fine artist alyn carlson and photographer paul clancy. the church was built in 1900 in westport, ma by nondenominational factory workers, has raked floors, a fireman's pole, a swing, sits on 3 acres of mostly open meadow with a chicken coop that accomodates five chickens. paul and alyn sleep in the choir loft and their master bath is in the steeple! alyn says that their home "is a bit of a laboratory for design, color, painted surfaces, installations and performance pieces." so don't miss the full peek below (did i mention they have chickens!) -with additional images here – [thanks, alyn and paul!] -amy azzarito
[this is the converted sanctuary with two lofts, 22 foot ceiling and a catwalk, which runs along each side of space. the sculpture to the left of the fireplace is by my son, cameron webster and anna kocon. the boat in the ceiling a friend built for me, the beginnings of a light weight skin boat for painting on the river. the fireplace is one of three we've had built in the house and this one i use to heat the house in the winter. chairs are a jens resom on left and a little danish plywood find from a thrift store (ikea fabric!). i collect a lot of pottery white and green. my initial "a" came from the local amusement park that sadly is no more. it lights, but is so bright that we use it mostly for parties.]
yes! that's a fireman's pole and lots of fun. i made a donation to the fire station museum in new bedford, ma and came home with it. behind the pole is a 9 1/2 foot long mahogany file that I bought from a retired physician. I use it to store ephemera, artifact, and photos. there's also a swing to the left and out of view. the plywood tile on the wall has been stained and left natural.
we sleep up in the closed converted choir loft with a bathroom in the steeple. there's a lovely little porch that over looks the backyard with a screen door. i wanted the walls, of the bedroom, to resemble the inside of a shell you'd find on a beach here. 6 coats of deep blues and purples with washes of pale pink and pearl on top. the little painting on the wall is from a new series I'm doing this summer called garden stains. the beautiful carved wooden bird mobile is from my friend, the extremely talented roanne robbins from nature contained.
CLICK HERE for the rest of Alyn and Paul's sneak peek (and all 25 images on one page!) after the jump!
this is an ikea console for stashing our music. the large painting, she lies with pigs, is on loan from anna kocon. the sculpture is by cameron webster, poodle, salvation army, and the chair, ikea. all the church pews were auctioned off before i got here. but a nice man in town gave me one 25 years later that he purchased at the auction. things always have a way of coming home.
paul and i love books. the quaker meeting house in town does a huge annual tent sale of donated books every july. i've found some gems there and i still have the books my mom read to me and i read to my kids. these are 3 of the 6 stained glass windows in the church. they had to be totally rebuilt but i was able to find old glass the same amber, yellow and lavender to replace the broken pieces.
CLICK HERE for the rest of alyn and paul's peek (and all the images on one page) after the jump!
the church was at one time painted 6 different brilliant colors. because so much of my design and art entails color, i recently painted everything in neutral tones with different finishes of white gloss, matte (though, strong color shows up occasionally throughout the house) i've drawn with chalk on many of the matte finish walls and then painted with a pearl paint for a nice contrast. (this was something that i learned from graphic design, with printing on paper.)
this is the top of the mahogany file cabinet and it's filled with an ever-changing installation of little things we find on walks in the country or excavations in the city. the photos are paul's and are of architectural details in providence, ri.
this is my studio in the sunday school rooms. my work in this room spans my graphic design, abstract watercolors, collage and paper hats. most of the church is dark, but this room gets a lot of sun and i can right out into my backyard, which i often do for inspiration, distraction or to say hi to the chickens. the sofa is a great little junk store find, the lamp is ikea and i made the mobile from inspiring objects. the hats are for as220's foofest on august 15th. i'm creating an installation–madame alyn's bin, a turn of the century century milliners store where all the hats are made of junk mail and paper scrap from friends. it ill be a performance piece where i'll be in character as madame alyn, a southern belle, just blown in from savannah with today's trash. the abstract watercolors seem to come from living next to a river that meanders through 60 square miles of westport's farmland and ends up at the ocean. i love where i live.
there are screened double doors in the steeple front entrance. the broken china mirror frame is a craft my great grandmother passed along to me. The red line painting technique is achieved by applying a brilliant undercoat (screaming orange) then a deep red and combing the wet paint with the biggest comb you can find. This is where I can do my messy oil painting far from the computer and paper.
lots of dinner parties, play readings and birthday parties have happened around this 13 foot cherry table that a friend made for me. seats are mid-centry office and a couple of shaker-style chairs i've picked up through the years. my collage work is on the far wall and local pottery dishes on the table. the floor rakes, so candles tend to melt very artistically. i love the little doctor's table on the right. i use it for assorted silverware collections.
ok. i admit it, i have an accessory problem. can't get enough. i sort of collect collections. bakelite is a particular addiction. lately I've been making my own jewelry. found objects i pick up and use when the right combination comes together. i also love using paul's small printing proofs for special pieces. my favorite one right now is the dreamy blue water horizon line he shot in hungary that I put in an old pocket watch.
here's another photo of our bedroom in the converted choir loft. the bed has ikea and target linens on it.
this is another photo of the steeple front entrance. the ceiling is painted with copper paint and the little wood/metal chandelier came from maine, where i was born.
the floors were a labor of love. in a big church everything takes a looong time to finish, so a lot of love helps… just 2 coats of latex on smooth plywood and 2 coats of varnish. the more beat up they get the more I love them. the counter is from an early 1900's store. a bell rings every time you open the silverware "cash drawer". my wonderful friend and mentor, pat hegnauer wrote the poem painted above the stove "rules for eating alone" So much of my beloved kitchenware is designed and made by my friends, sandy and jim from beehive kitchenware. this is the summer I've vowed to master the galette tart and these measuring cups and pastry wheel make the experience so nice. the mantel above the raised cooking fireplace, 3 very talented guys from 16 on center designed and built for me. i love the pottery and hand cut tile my friends bruce and michael of roseberry winn pottery installed. the tile and mantel have crosses inlaid or embossed in them. hey, it's a church.
if I could sit in my backyard year round i'd be in heaven. but I guess the winters here make it all the more beloved. i have amazing birds fly through constantly. Including 5 chickens that i raise for eggs and smiles. 2 langshan hens, a langshan rooster, a silver grey dorking rooster and a cucko maran hen. my son, cameron has made a few little birdhouses for me. i love the book a pattern language by christopher alexander reading it helped me organically design my house and yard around the paths and connections here. one of the things mentioned in it is that walking out of your house and on to grass has a profound effect on the soul. when i renovated my back three acres, (a long time coming and still in progress), i found walking from house to yard barefoot altered everything for me. the quality of my work, art, life changed. the yard goes back and forth between a garden of eden and a demon wild kingdom. my house and land i consider a gift daily and love sharing it with as many people as possible. after a half a dozen weddings here, i've recently started renting my back meadow to brides through my friend caterer, dan george.
a sweet little cared for meadow is hard to find and I'm lucky to have one and this church to live in.
Wow, that is breathtaking!
What a lovely place. Some of the photos are amazing…All the details made me wanna be there right now, specially in one of the dinner parties.
This is a fantastic space and you have done incredibly great things with it here. I love any place that has a boat hanging from the ceiling! :)
The converted choir loft is very cool and the wall treatment is relaxing and interesting as well. The birds mobile hanging in front of the doorway is very nice and i can imagine the birds must sway and fly about in a slight breeze. . .
What a great space to convert to a home, and you have done so in a way that is interesting, relaxing and inviting. So much to look at and take in. I will surely be looking through the rest of the images.
Wow! Hands down some of the best interior photography I have seen on here! I'm assuming Paul did it??? Beautiful! The one with the egg and the silk screens…breathtaking!
I love all the furniture, specially the Eames rocker! I love the layout, its so fun and lighthearted. Really amazing…I don't think you can ever get bored in this home.
How delightful! I think I'd like to take a vacation to this house, reading in that fabulous, squsihy-looking rocker.
amazing and beautiful… i'm left speechless, really. lovely home that seems to reflect a lovely life.
Insanely fabulous – what a great place for making art and having so much beauty both inside and out. I am completely envious.
this. completely. blew me away!
This place is amazing! I so badly want to just walk around and admire every little detail, it must be even better in person! You did such a wonderful job at creating a home from such a beautiful piece of architecture, well done!
I love the dreamlike setting for this dwelling and the interiors are inspiring!
That un-named mid-century modern Danish plywood chair in the top photo may be dated 1953 and designed by Kofod-Larsen (http://www.flickr.com/photos/39426423@N02/3760842194/in/set-72157621850712350/)
completely green with envy. Really lovely place you have there.
i love a lot of things about your place, like the potterycollection and the racks in your studio. Love the hats as well.
It feels really big, but in a good way. It stays 'human'.
this is my dream home (and yard). what an inspiring place to be able to create in such a heavenly environment. you are blessed.
Having been a sneak peek myself – i have to say i am blind with jealousy with the first image of this place. Just amazing…
Such a treat to see such beautiful photos of an amazing, original and – clearly – much loved home ! Wonderful.
This place, this space, is a dream.
this is one of the most gorgeous homes you've profiled. thanks so much for sharing!!
something really wonderful is happening here-
The beautiful handcrafted quality of everything in this home speaks of the love with which it has been created. Full of life and grace. Inspiring.
Ugh! I'm drooling, again.
Especially love seeing the blue in your studio paired with warm wood and yellow accents. It makes me feel better about my living room, http://www.flickr.com/photos/sushibunny/3770491601/in/set-72157613712792171/.
I have the very great honor to be a close friend of Alyn and Paul's and am an occasional visitor to this lovely abode – the photographs are absolutely beautiful but can't capture the feeling of creativity, mischief and pure fun that washes over me every time I visit. You rock, Lily Moonbeam!
This house is so unexpected in all of the best ways.
one of my favorite posts!
Fabulous decor, so personal and creative. What about the floor with stripes, is it porch paint on the sub floor?
Wasnt there a fireman's pole on Silver Spoons?
At any rate, I love this home. I can't imagine what it costs to heat and maintain, but I think when you find the perfect place everything is worth it. And I couldn't ever imagine moving.
When people say "Home" this is what I always imagined as a child, and your children are quite lucky to grow up here and have this as a reference!!
Congrats on realizing many people's dream, and surely your own!!
wow, what an amazing space.
Holy church/house, Batman! I'll always remember that great holiday party you had in this place.One of those perfect evenings for people and place.
A fire pole! I LOVE FIRE POLES! Incredible place. One of the best homes ever profiled.
I love the dining space! I lived in a house with a fireman's pole once…
WOWZER!! What a space!! So much to look at:)
A fireman's pole in a converted church? This is the most awesome, greatest house to ever grace the lands of New England…
Oh gosh I have pangs of envy~
Wow, what a fantastic home. There are just so many great items, it must be fun to live there on a daily basis. :0)
This is absolutely an amazing house, inside and out. I love the mix of contemporary pieces, with more traditional accents. What a great place to live!
This is so cool! I recently wondered if anyone lived in a converted church. Seems like my question has been answered. :)
Woah. I LOVE this place – so happy, unexpected and bursting with personality . Brilliant!!!
Wow. Um, do you mind if I come live with you? I actually got a little misty-eyed, looking at these pictures. Beautiful, beautiful home.
great place… and lovely pottery!
LINK TO FLICKR PAGE IS PRIVATE > Please fix as I yearn to see more! (:
this place oozes character. I love it.
What's the story with the rocker in the choir room? So cozy…
Thank you all for your sweet comments. It's so nice to find your tribe that gets what you're doing and how much work, luck and talented friends and family it takes to achieve it. I do have a big heating bill but lots of dears to help haul in the wood. And Tara not sure why you can't get into my flickr page. You can email me through my design site. I'll get you there. Isn't Design Sponge great? xo alyn
i'm so inspired. this is a dream house. i especially love the anna kocon painting and the poodle!
your place is magic….
ummm… can you adopt me please? I want to roll around on the floor of your totally amazing house in a fit of design ecstasy.
ITS OFFICIAL. i have found my dream home
i'm speechless. this is truly the sneak peek to end all sneak peeks.
Oh wow, what a fun and inspiring place, love it!!
What they said (plus an exclamation mark – !)
This. is. amazing.
Thank you d*s for all those GREAT sneak peeks. How do you do it?
My God ~ tis house is as divine as it's origins!
fantastic !
So much creativity and great vibes…an absolutley lovely home that exudes aterrific generosity of spirit.
Wowee! LOVE this home. It'samazing how people can translate their thoughts of design and personality into reality !!!
You guys have done such a wonderful job on this property. The house is just beautiful, and while so personalized, it still has the feel of a quaint homey church. Well done! This is an inspiring home!
just lovely…if you haven't gone onto Alyn's website I highly recommend that you see her work. She is really creative and yes Alyn, Jane sure does have something special going on! Would it be possible for you to share the poem "rules for eating alone" it sounds like something we could all use and probably a little something that we could pass along.
This is my dream house: beautiful, fun and quirky. Love it!
Gongratulations from Greece! Wow, it´s just like a fairytale for me! Everything in there, from the smallest to the largest, its details are amazing! Thank you so much for sharing this! Wish you always the best and of course enjoy it!
Pretty much what everybody else already said. : ) Is there a word that combines fabulous, wonderful, amazing, magical, beautiful, about 20 other adjectives and then multiplies them all by 1,000?
Love it all, especially the exquisite pottery on the gorgeous little shelf above the fireplace – and the stone wall outside. And it's always nice to see someone who loves books and has even more than I do! Thank you so much for opening your [insert that nonexistent word mentioned above here] home to us.
I'm inspired….to do list, find a church to renovate, add chickens and plant grass. Sounds like heaven.
Thanks Lisa for the mention of my site. I've got an e into my friend and mentor Pat, to see about posting her poem. It's got something in it for everyone and I should have it memorized by now, but don't. Post to come, soon I'm sure. Gotta go check on some thirsty chickens.
Love the house and your art, it is all very "happy". I am a decorative painter in MA and love what you did with some of the walls. Thanks for sharing.
Rules for Eating Alone
Read cereal box phonetically
or send for decoder.
Toss telephone in freezer
finish your Amy Tan.
Eat at McDonald's
devour Playboy in your car.
Don't light candles
they invite ghosts.
Coddle your precious eggs
don't serve them.
Gay Man
Rearrange kitchen
use mother's china.
Build a strong table
kill and cook a deer.
Ponder your brown rice
chanting yummmmm.
Eat your own
unpublished words.
Pat Hegnauer
oh I love love love your home! It makes my heart hurt thinking that I live in a one bedroom apartment in the city…
What a lovely treat to see your home immortalized this way! I love Paul's photography and how it immortalizes architectural spaces – and what a fabulous way to bring us into your world and into the present. Gorgeous colors, stories and textures. Fabulous millinery. Dream castle!
I think I'm in love..
so happy to see the collier campbell on the chair!
Absolutely beautiful! I never comment, but today I feel completely lead to let you know how amazing your home looks!
My favorite post thus far. I have gone over and over the photos. Will print them in color & use as inspiration now & for always. Thanks!
Hi Alyn- great pics and text! It's changed a bit even since I was there in June! I hope you got to see my family while they were in Westport last month and congrats on getting an awesome feature on Design*Sponge! -Katie
um. Wow. too much… for the eyes.. the mind… the heart. I want more! :)
Beautiful! thats all I can say…. thank you for sharing!
I want to live in these photos!!!! Especially that cabinet of drawers in the second from the top *swoon* It looks like a piece I would see at an antiques place or flea market and could not afford. I only hope to find something like that one day.
Your home is amazing, and your love of it through words brings it to life.
it's just like a dream…….. :)
i don't know what to say. i really don't. does wow even cut it?
MY GOODNESS this is my absolute favorite sneak peek ever!
so many beautiful pictures of a gorgeous and whimsical home!
Your place is beyond amazing! What I really love are the dining room table, the poodle sculpture and the fireman's pole (yess!!) and the plywood wall. What a fab idea!
Okay, that does it– we've been thinking about moving from nyc back to westport (my husband grew up there– Cape Bial Lane) and I lived across the street from him- top of Hotel Hill. We've been in nyc for 15 years and thinking of moving back to westport (esp in the summer). I've got so many questions about what it is like now– I'm a graphic designer too actually… Where are your kids in school? What is the community like (young? with kids? friendly?)….
hi ljmoncik- i'd love to give you the scoop on westport. why don't you email me through my website- alyncarlson.com
we must have just drove by your old place on our way to woods ice cream tonight. talk soon- alyn
Those abstract watercolors are amazing, how can I get one? And yeah, the house is truly amazing, a home I envy. Thanks so much for sharing!
hi d.quigley-
the abstract watercolors are for sale. you can contact me through alyncarlson.com, take a look at the work on flickr and i'd love to talk shopping with you,
Holy cow. I am picking my jaw up off the floor. I have actually been in this house! Maybe 12 years ago- for a crab boil to celebrate the release of a cajun album. (Sounds weird, but true.) And I have always remembered it. It is honestly the most warm, welcoming, exotic, colorful, artistic, inspiring and unique house I have every been in. And it is truly a reflection of the owners in every way.
One thing I remember that was particularly endearing: there were red paw prints across the wooden kitchen counter. The cat had apparently tiptoed through a project and scampered through the kitchen. Rather than wash the paw prints off they decided to keep them. I thought it was a perfect example of how even the littlest details in this home are treasured and seen as beautiful.
merrideth can you hear me laughing? i can't believe you remember the pawprints. the beloved cat is no longer but her little trail still is. thanks for the lovely recollection. so touching.
Obsessed with that color blue in the office. What color is that???
mindy…. i'm looking for the can. if i can't find it i'll give you a match from ben moore.
OhmyGod! Isn't that place a Fellinian version of Heaven? Loooooooved it all. What a trip!
very cool!
mindy- my blue can went to the hazardous waste collection but I found Ben Moore's flat finnish blue lapis no. 2067-40 is pretty close. good luck!
wow! just wow!!
when i saw this all i could say was wow, and a little shiver went down my spine, this is the most jealous ive ever been in my life!
I am love with the mother of pearl walls! GORGEOUS!
if i had one wish, i would wish for this house.
what a beautiful house – all the quirky features make it so magical
ooooo I do love those hats!
I have been here before for a birthday party and the place is even more amazing in person. Its quite magical!
For me it is also one of the easiest ways to end up with a design on your floor that makes it look like it's what you'd planned for it to look like all along… nobody will ever know any different.
Just saw on Alynn's Facebook that she's decided to put the church up for sale…along with lots of art and antiques! Sigh, such a dream,
What a dream – that looks soooo fun!


text:
'Walking Dead' Creator Robert Kirkman Settles Lawsuit Over Ownership, Royalties
Kirkman settles litigation with a childhood friend who was trying to grab co-control over the lucrative zombie franchise.
The Walking Dead creator Robert Kirkman has resolved a lawsuit brought by a former collaborator who accused him of leaving him for dead and walking away with profits from the lucrative franchise.
Michael "Tony" Moore, sued Kirkman in California state court in February, claiming to be entitled to has much as half the proceeds from the comic book franchise, which also includes the hit AMC series.
But both parties now jointly tell The Hollywood Reporter that they have figured out a way to kill the dispute: "Robert Kirkman and Tony Moore are pleased to jointly announce that they have reached an amicable agreement in their respective lawsuits and all parties have settled the entire matter to everyone's mutual satisfaction. Neither side will be discussing any details but will instead happily and productively spend their time focused on their own work and move on in their lives."
In his lawsuit, Moore alleged that he grew up with Kirkman and had worked on the Walking Dead comics series and other projects. He said that Kirkman and his agents had duped him into assigning his interest in the material over to Kirkman but that his deal granted him 60 percent of "comic publishing net proceeds," 20 percent of "motion picture net proceeds" and further financial interest in other projects.
STORY: 'Walking Dead' Creator Hit With Second Lawsuit Claiming Co-Ownership
Arguing that he had never received much revenue nor any profit statements, Moore demanded a rescission of the copyright assignment.
That led to counterclaims in which Kirkman alleged that he had overcompensated Moore for his work and was entitled to money back. Kirkman also demanded damages because Moore allegedly had breached the confidentiality provision of their agreement.
EXCLUSIVE: 'Walking Dead' War: Creator Robert Kirkman Sued By Collaborator
The lawsuit briefly was moved to a federal court as Moore added a new claim seeking a declaration that he was the co-owner of the Walking Dead copyright.
The litigation featured no shortage of inflammatory words. Moore called Kirkman "a proud liar and fraudster" in the lawsuit. Kirkman responded to Moore's claims by saying "the lawsuit is ridiculous" and that Moore had been paid for his work as a penciler and inker on the first six issues of the Walking Dead comic book.
At Comic-Con in July, Kirkman said the sides were working through the issue. Despite some of the heated rhetoric and moves in the discovery stage, the parties managed to do just that. A notice of settlement was filed Monday in California federal court.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Twitter: @eriqgardner
Must Reads
'Game of Thrones' Star Emilia Clarke on Playing Sarah Connor, Turning Down 'Fifty Shades' and Moving on From Nudity
Gavin Polone on TV's Dirty Secret: Your Agent Gets Money for Nothing (Guest Column)
Reality Power: The Declining Clout of the Broadcast Unscripted Chief
Why More 'Star Wars' Actors Haven't Become Stars
From Christian Bale to Benedict Cumberbatch: Why British Actors Nab So Many American Roles
Monsters, Mythology and the Smoking Man: 10 Crucial Reasons the 'The X-Files' Remains Iconic (Video)
The Uncensored, Epic, Never-Told Story Behind 'Mad Men'


text:
To guarantee this part fits your vehicle, click here. If it doesn't fit your vehicle, we'll recommend similar products.
Our Advantage
Need Help?
Compare Related Products
Spyder 5070142 Tail Light
Our price: $735.62
Our price: $735.62
Replacement REPF730177-PLK Tail Light
Our price: $687.88
Our price: $687.88
Anzo 321170 Tail Light
Our price: $774.83
Our price: $774.83
OES Genuine W0133-1597788 Tail Light
Our price: $593.95
Our price: $593.95
view image gallery
ULOW0133-1855090 Tail Light - Direct Fit
Part #: W0133-1855090 | Mfr #: W0133-1855090
In Stock
Ships out in 1-2 Business Days
Ships out in 1-2 Business Days
- Low Price Guarantee
Be the first to write a review.
- Overview
- Extended Warranty
- Related Products
- Related Products


text:
Search the npm registry. Results are carefully tuned - sorted using both relevance and downloads. Fast - uses a local database populated directly by the npm registry (no middleman servers)
The old npm download count API endpoints dont exist anymore. This module has not yet been upgraded to the new API so it doesn't work at the moment
Allows you to search the npm registry by keywords from the command line.
Results are carefully tuned - sorted using both relevance and downloads.
Here are some cool points of the algorithm:
- Keywords are stemmed and expanded using a cooccurrance matrix (e.g. mongo -> mongo, mongodb)
- Download counts age exponentially - recent downloads are valued more than old downloads.
Search is fast -
npmsearch uses a local database populated directly by the npm registry (no middle-man server involved)
Trying it
Want to try it first? Visit the web based demo
[sudo] npm install -g npmsearch
npmsearch <keywords> [options]
Here is a sample listing:
% npmsearch orm
* orm (7 185)
NodeJS Object-relational mapping
by Diogo Resende <firstname.lastname@example.com>
* sequelize (3 2456)
Multi dialect ORM for Node.JS
by Sascha Depold <firstname.lastname@example.com>
* mongoose (2 25863)
Mongoose MongoDB ODM
by Guillermo Rauch <email@example.com>
* model (3 684)
Datastore-agnostic ORM in JavaScript
by Matthew Eernisse <firstname.lastname@example.com>
* patio (3 190)
Patio query engine and ORM
by Doug Martin <undefined>
- --exact use exact keywords only (bool)
- --relevance relevance factor for sorting
number > 0
default 0.25
- --downloads downloads factor for sorting
number > 0
default 1.5
- --freshness freshness factor for sorting
number > 0
default 0.25
- --halflife halflife of download count value in days `default 30
- --aging halflife of package freshness in days
default 180
- --dataAge maximum data age in (days) or fetch from registry (default 1.5)
- --refresh force data update (bool)


text:
Site top menu
Secondary menu
In this video a driver makes the most out of his commute in an eight-cylinder, Mercedes G63 AMG 6x6
Can the powerful new SEAT Leon Cupra 280 hot hatch beat the evergreen Golf GTI?
The new Bentley Continental GT V8 S costs nearly as much as a Ferrari 458 - but is it better?
Can the new FWD Peugeot RCZ-R beat the RWD Nissan 370z Nismo on track?
In this unique time-lapse video the Mercedes Viano is transformed into a luxury vehicle
In this video review the Volkswagen Golf R battles it out in icy conditions
In this track battle the Porsche Cayenne Turbo takes on the Cayenne Turbo S
The new Alfa Romeo 4C might look the part, but can it beat the Porsche Cayman on a hot lap?
We put a standard VW Golf GTI up against the Performance Pack version on track
We race the Jaguar XFR-S against the standard XFR to see if it's worth the extra money
Auto Express Editorial Offices30 Cleveland StreetLondon, W1T 4JDT: +44 20 7907 6000
Auto Express Subscriptions800 Guillat AvenueKent Science ParkSittingbourneKent, ME9 8GUT: 0844 844 0026Email |Web siteOverseas subscriptions:T: +44 1795 592901
Useful links
Trending Manufacturers
Our Websites
© Copyright Dennis Publishing Limited.Auto Express is a trademark of Felix Dennis.


text:
Tuesday, 31 March 2015
Last updated 16 hours ago
May 29 2012 | 7:35am ET
Kleinwort Benson has named Absolute Fund Managers' business development and marketing head its first executive director of the former.
Kleinwort created the new role for Andrew Wheeler in its private wealth management unit. Wheeler will join the firm in July, CityWire reports.
At AFM, Wheeler was head of business development for client-focused hedge fund products. He also formerly worked at Deutsche Bank and Unigestion.
"We are continuing to build a formidable private wealth management team and Andrew is a strategic appointment for us," Kleinwort's Stephen Rothwell said. "He brings with him a strong, and high-profile, track record in business development and proven long-term relationships with a vast network of professional advisers."
Mar 26 2015 | 11:11am ET
Funds that mimic strategies used by active managers for a fraction of the cost could...
Mar 25 2015 | 6:51pm ET
Trouble at home leads to trouble in the market for fund managers, according to researchers...
Mar 26 2015 | 1:06pm ET
High-frequency trading has been a persistent storyline for several years. The trading...
Mar 9 2015 | 6:35am ET
As more investors look to diversify, many are beginning to use retirement funds to invest in alternative assets such as private equity and real estate. Kelly Rodriques, CEO & President of PENSCO Trust Company, explains how companies can connect with those looking to use their retirement accounts in a different way. Read more…
Mar 20 2015 | 12:45pm ET
StreetWise Partners, a non-profit organization that works with low-income individuals to help them overcome employment barriers, raised over $275,000 at the 2015 Raising the Ante Charity Poker Tournament and Casino Event last Wednesday evening at Capitale. Here are some photos from the event. Read more…


text:
|Tweets by @calproprights
Under Threat of Eminent Domain, Private Water Company Informs Town's Residents of Risks, Costs
As mentioned in a prior CAPPPR post, the Town of Apple Valley is attempting to forcibly seize the town's private water provider via eminent domain. In a mailer that hit the doors of Apple Valley residents last week, the private water provider said that residents would only face higher taxes and water costs if the town attempted to forcibly acquire the company via eminent domain.
Time and time again, residents have been fleeced by people pursuing this pipe dream - the idea of a free lunch (or water system). In prior instances of eminent domain takeovers of private water providers, such as the case in Felton, CA, local residents saw major increases in their property taxes in order to finance the forcible takeover, only to have the new public agency raise their water rates!
Do you think its possible for local government to seize a multi-million water company without passing those costs on to residents in the form of higher property taxes and/or water rates? ... See MoreSee Less
Anti-takeover mailer reaches residents
APPLE VALLEY — A brochure that began showing up in residents' mailboxes last week blasts the costs of government takeovers of water companies and
6 days ago
Ed Kohout, Jill Gasster and 12 others like this
Ready to fight: Some growers unwilling to lose land for bullet train
The Los Angeles Times reports, "When the state chose to start construction of the high-speed rail in the Central Valley, it was based partly on the theory that assembling needed land would be easiest in the state's rural backbone. As it turns out, some of the farmers most resistant to accepting state offers are proving to be wealthy, highly educated professionals and investors — and formidable opponents in negotiations."
Where do you stand on the issue? With the State or California farmers?
To help us protect private property rights, LIKE and SHARE this post! ... See MoreSee Less
Ready to fight: Some growers unwilling to lose land for bullet train
Harold Parichan built a reputation as a tough corporate defense attorney when he represented Ford, General Motors and gun maker Sturm, Ruger against some of the biggest product defect allegations in history.
2 weeks ago
Charlotte Means, Pete Brewer and 23 others like this
Nicolaus Cache SwansonFarmers all the way !!2 weeks ago
Michelle HanlonFarmers!2 weeks ago
Jesse CapersNo Farm...No Food....2 weeks ago
Jason PodestaFarmers.2 weeks ago
Jan HanksChange the name to the Bully Train.2 weeks ago
Jay WilliamsStop the train - keep farmers farming !!!!2 weeks ago
Michelle King RasmussenFARMERS!!! You know why they are starting there...... he who controls the food controls the people.2 · 2 weeks ago
Gary HaltermanFarmers.Build more airports that can handle commercial airline traffic.2 weeks ago
Helen BoswellFarmers2 weeks ago
Keith PettigrewThe farmer feeds us all ...2 weeks ago
Lora BacigalupiFarmers!!! This train is the "dumbest thing" our politicians have come up with lately!!!😡👎2 weeks ago
Bridget BilsonWonder if this is related to the lack of water (creating dust bowl) for farmers ???1 · 2 weeks ago
Steve AndrewsBlow this multi billion-dollar fucking right off the fucking track --- permanently.1 · 2 weeks ago
Steve PodestaFarmers/land owners - government Should never be able to force property owners to part with their land just because the gov wants it . No matter what they offer !1 · 2 weeks ago
Mike MilbyHow about spending money on piping in water to Ca and scrap the train.1 · 2 weeks ago
John LyonsHopefully the farmers!2 weeks ago
Pete Brewer68b would buy a lot of water!2 weeks ago
Another City Attempting to Forcibly Seize Water Company!
The Town of Apple Valley will attempt to forcibly seize its private water provider under the false guise of affordability, similar to what the towns of Felton, Ojai and Claremont promised their residents! However, we know that it is not possible to forcibly seize a private company for millions of dollars, and then lower water rates!
While Claremont and Ojai are still fighting to take over their private water provider in the Courts, the town of Felton saw their water rates increase after successfully seizing its private water provider. The town of Apple Valley would be better off abandoning its pipe dream now rather than wasting millions of dollars on a forcible seizure that will just result in a higher cost to ratepayers. ... See MoreSee Less
Acquiring Ranchos Water Company is right move for Apple Valley
Our community has made it clear: The Town of Apple Valley should control its water future.Years of out-of-control rate increases and being ignored by out-
3 weeks ago
Terry Sorrells, Shamalama Ding and 4 others like this
Nicolaus Cache SwansonBad idea Apple Valley.3 weeks ago
UTSD: "The Bullet Train Comedy/Horror Show"
In a recent Editorial by the Union Tribune San Diego, the paper explores the missteps and mishaps of the High Speed Boondoggle, calling the whole fiasco a comedy to the outside world and a real life horror for California taxpayers.
What do you think? Should the State abandon it's scheme to spend tens of billions of dollars on the High Speed Choo-Choo? ... See MoreSee Less
The bullet train comedy/horror show
The rail authority never fails to amuse/appall.
3 weeks ago
Pool Man, Joyce Jewett and 14 others like this
Xavier Diaz McGuireSimpsons did it.3 weeks ago
Charlie SammsIs Amtrak breaking even?? Is it a "bullet train" if it has to stop every 40 miles?2 · 3 weeks ago
Kenneth HarperStop the Tonnerville Trolley!3 weeks ago
Jim AgnewI think any money spent on 180-year old technology would be a supremely ignorant thing to do.3 weeks ago
Ed KohoutWow, the U~T's fascist owners don't like it? So the **** what?3 weeks ago
City of Los Angeles to Explore Using RDA 2.0 for LA River Revival
When Governor Brown signed SB 628 by Senator Jim Beall into law, he opened the door for municipalities throughout the State to create RDA 2.0s and use their powers to finance pet projects with taxpayer dollars. Now, the City of Los Angeles is moving quickly to establish the State's first RDA 2.0 to fund development projects. Click below to read the article. ... See MoreSee Less
City looks at new 'infrastructure district' to fund L.A. River plans
Los Angeles leaders are hoping to use a new tax-sharing law to help finance ambitious plans to transform the city's namesake river into a ribbon of recreational areas and vibrant new developments.
2 months ago
Daniel Smith, Joshua Mock and 1 other like this
Joshua MockI'm conflicted on this issue. I enjoy the creation of parks and recreation, but the city should pay for it. Everyone knows they have more than enough to do it.2 months ago
©2014 California Alliance to Protect Private Property Rights. The California Alliance to Protect Private Property Rights is an independent organization, and is solely responsible for its activities and the materials on this website, www.calpropertyrights.com.


text:
Sign in now to view, license and download this image or contact us to see this image without a watermark. Want to embed this image on a non-commercial website or blog? Learn more.
Similar imagesView all
Milky Way Reflections Stock PhotoNight,Photography,Mountain Range,South Africa,Astronomy,Cloud - Sky,Color Image,Horizontal,Majestic,Milky Way,Nature,No People,Outdoors,Reflection,Scenics,Sky,Space Exploration,Standing Water,Star Field,Symmetry,Tranquil ScenePhotographer Paul Bruins PhotographyCollection: Moment Open © Paul Bruins 2013The Milky Way reflected in a farm dam, near Ladismith in the Little Karoo


text:
Urban Geography No. Title Page 1 Chapter 1: Urbanization 2 2 Chapter 2: Suburbanization 3 3 Chapter 3: Counter-urbanization 5 4 Chapter 4: Gentrification 6 5 Chapter 5: Primate City 7 6 Chapter 6: Myrdal's Cumulative Causation Model 10 7 Chapter 7: Global City / World City 11 8 Chapter 8: Bid Rent Theory 12 9 Chapter 9: CBD Dynamics 14 10 Chapter 10: Influences on the City Structure 18 11 Chapter 11: Influences on the Urban Structure 21 12 Chapter 12: Responses to Urbanization 23 13 Chapter 13: Urban Transport 26 Urban Geography Chapter 1: Urbanization 6.3 General Idea Urbanization increasing on global scale as more people stay in built-up areas, more rural areas transformed into urban areas, rate of urbanization in LDCs outgrow those in DCs Hence people become more urbane 1.2 Definitions Urbanization: process by which an increasing number of people live in towns and cities, contributed by rural-urban migration and by natural increase (twin processes) within urban areas Rate of urbanization: how fast people move to, or are being born in, urban areas in a country Level of urbanization: present amount of people already in urban areas in a country 1.3 History DCs o 1800s: Industrial revolution o 1920s: rapid transformation with population growth rates in cities outstripping those in rural areas o Peaked in 1950s: >70% population living in built areas o 1960s: cities too crowded, diseconomies of scale set in leading to suburbanization and counter-urbanization o Eg: US high urbanization levels – 80% population housed in cities LDCs o Colonial times: resources focused at ports while rest of country primarily agrarian, restrictions as to who could reside in the city which inhibited growth in cities o Accelerated after WW2, after independence: industrial emphasis – attract MNCs, high rural-urban migration rates eg. Mexico City up to 1000 migrants per day in 70s o Eg. Peru 1 major city hosting 35% population Different levels of urbanization between DCs and LDCs o DCs much longer history and most people already live in urban areas o City sizes in LDCs would eventually catch up and overtake those in DCs Different city sizes between DCs and LDCs o Focus on 1 or 2 cities in LDCs Legacy from colonial era 1 or 2 cities absorb most of population growth primate cities High rates of urbanization Urban Geography Chapter 2: Suburbanization 2.1 General Idea Movement of people from city centre to city-edge to escape from congestion and overcrowding in city and to enjoy better quality of life More prevalent in DCs and to middle class people due to their higher mobility 2.2 Enabling Factor – Influence of Transport Transport routes affect city growth sectorally due to advent of highways / freeways Rise of affluent class and private car ownership eg. average American middle class has 2 cars Eg. East Coast Park condo belt due to highway 2.3 Urban Sprawl Uncontrolled expansion of city centre to its outskirts Growing socio-economic disconnections between city centre and outskirts o Economic: poor people tend to live and get stuck in city centre but rich can move to suburban areas o Social: people in city have poor quality housing, leading to insular and isolationistic attitude to the city because city is full of crime and social problems o Political: poor and rich tend to vote differently eg. poor: Democrat, rich: Republican Engulfs farmlands and invades into rural territories causing loss of jobs in rural sector eg. London sprawl engulfed much of the rich arable land surrounding it 2.4 Consequences of Suburbanization Social o Segregation: rich/poor, social, racial Exclusion of the poor eg. building of airport but cannot afford to buy land from rich so they build it where the poor live Urban dualism: coexistence of 2 dichotomous functional areas within the city Economic: rich-poor Social: indigenous-foreign Social marginalization Eg. Gay village: need to find a place with sense of community, like-mindedness "Gated community" eg. Cutteslowe Wall Racial segregation Eg. Chinatown in San Francisco: law excluding Chinese from suburbs so Chinatown is where they can stay Urban Geography Ghettos: urban district containing a high proportion of 1 ethnic group "White flight" o Lack community spirit: cold and class conscious Economic o Hollowing out of city centre, loss of businesses o Increase in local taxes to support larger numbers of poor people o Formation of new growth poles: smaller cities for lower order needs Environmental o Can lead to urban sprawl Congestion eg. US no efficient public transport system so people drive Slums, shanty towns eg. Mexico Improper waste management Political: change in electorate as makeup of population changes 2.5 Measures to Contain Suburbanization Green belts (refer to Chapter 12) Gentrification (refer to Chapter 4) Urban renewal (refer to Chapter 9) Re-urbanization: attempt to attract people back into the city Re-imaging (refer to Chapter 9) Create separate, self-sufficient new towns (refer to Chapter 12) and growth poles Self-help program eg. Apple Tree Court (refer to Chapter 12) Urban Geography Chapter 3: Counter-Urbanization 3.1 General Idea Extreme form of suburbanization: upper-middle class flight from cities into secluded surroundings Largely a DC phenomenon but may occur in LDCs eg. Indonesia's transmigration program forced movement from urban to rural (Sulawesi) Indicated by extremely inverted pyramids of retirement villages: overrepresentation of young adults and retirees Eg. Slapton Village, Devon, UK: retirement village that has no electricity and newspapers to offer total escape form urban life 3.2 Consequences Economic o Need to buy properties when they move over so increase in property prices o Increase employment: people might buy over / set up businesses o Increase in demand for services: retail, medicine, education o Increase in tourism Social o Might reverse population decline o Reduce social problems attributed to rural people who are less intellectual and older Environmental o Increase stress on the environment o Weekend traffic need to build more roads 3.3 Application to Singapore Possibility of counter-urbanization in offshore islands STB plans to redevelop some of these islands, catering mainly to the upper-middle class than the working class (waterfront housing, Bali-like resorts) But lure of continuing urbanization, ecotourism Urban Geography Chapter 4: Gentrification 4.1 General Idea Process by which run-down houses in an inner city or other neglected area are redeveloped into higher-end businesses and housing o New uses: cafes, restaurants, bars, upmarket o Eg. CHIJMES: used to be old church but now entertainment quarter Change the function of the building without drastically altering its outlook Yuppie-oriented (Young Urban Professionals) 4.2 Consequences Economic o Expensive rent since target market are white-collar professionals Cultural / social o Buildings may be protected to preserve heritage o Poor, old, minority pushed out Urban Geography Chapter 5: Primate City 5.1 General Idea Largest city in the country with a population more than twice of the 2 nd largest city Focal point of country's socio-economic growth, high command control Can shape country's culture through cultural hegemony and dominance eg. Javanese dominate politics, business, culture in Jakarta LDCs much higher primacies than DCs eg. Bangkok (60x larger than Chiang Mai): world's largest primate city Binary distribution: 2 very large cities of roughly the same population and the size of each of them is more than 2x the next largest eg. Madrid and Barcelona, Spain Difficult to decentralize / become non-primate Dual economy o Formal economy: foreign-owned and produces goods and services for elite o Informal economy: small trade and service establishments, crafts 5.2 Reasons to Move into City Push factors o Rural population explosion due to lack of birth controls / eg. Pope does not allow Catholics to use birth controls o Fall in agricultural productivity o Lack healthcare and sanitation o Transport inefficient: roads unpaved o Business few buyers Pull factors: employment, entertainment, accessibility, healthcare, education 5.3 Positive Consequences Focus growth on one area o Make use of limited resources effectively to develop one city than to spread it out to many smaller towns o Greater multiplier effect Some 'spread effects' on other areas eg. suburbanization of Mexico City benefited surrounding towns Channel for modernization due to concentrations of capital accumulation and circulation Trickle down and benefit poorer in-migrants o Welfare and self-help schemes increased socio-economic opportunities for poor o Eg. Cingapura project in Brazil lifted many squatters out of poverty through self-help schemes, educational grants, literacy courses Urban Geography 5.4 Negative Consequences Economic o Backwash effect and dual economy effect Capital locked and circulated inside primate city causing backwash effect to be too strong for any trickle-down Smaller towns not given ample opportunities to grow, subsidiary to primate city and heavily dependent on it o Unemployment / underemployment Eg. Jakarta's unemployment rate rose by 14% per annum in 2000s Most jobs lowly paid – exploitation of cheap labour Underutilized labour disguise full magnitude of unemployment Limited labour demands due to advent of machinery Dependent on informal sectors: no welfare payments / social security Child labour: no time to go to school – drop out – low level of education – no money (vicious cycle of poverty) Environment o Congestion: more vehicles than roads o Pollution and waste management No sewage system Eg. Mexico City's sewage system flows into open rivers to farming areas – lead content of food and vegetables 2x that of US and high enough to impair mental and physical development of newborns Social o Inadequate access to basic amenities Poor hygiene and sanitary conditions Eg. <40% of Jakarta's population has access to running water o Housing problems Parachute settlements: on marginal land / dumping ground o Segregation: invasion of areas once occupied by rich o Hunger: malnutrition and food shortages Poor spend up to 80% of income on food and food prices rising o High infant mortality rate eg. Dhaka IMR of 104 per thousand o Deteriorating quality of life: misery and disrupted family life Political o Severe unequal income distribution o Economy vulnerable, hinders social and human development, cause of political division Eg. Thailand's rural poor and their complaints to the government of their appalling conditions led to demonstrations in Bangkok Urban Geography 5.5 What Has Been Done Controlling urban development o Bangkok: laissez-faire: government neither plans nor controls o Cairo: government tries to keep urban sprawl from encroaching into farms October Six established to accommodate migrants but highly inaccessible since poor have no cars Providing basic amenities o Eg. Mexico City: trucks bring water to people who live in places without water, gives ownership of land to illegal migrants Provide housing o Eg. Mexico City: self-help schemes to set up low-cost homes Reduce congestion o Eg. Mexico City: limit car usage by forbidding each car from use on one day of the week Cars are colour-coded but people simply buy more cars Emission controls Managing waste o Eg. Mexico City: organizes collection of trash but does not treat it, build tunnels instead of open sewers Alleviating food shortages o Grow more food in cities eg. China but in South Africa most food grown in cities is stolen 5.6 Alternative Viewpoint to Primate Cities Can solve a lot of global problems Informal economy o Provides 60% of employment in LDCs o Enterprising areas: people create their own jobs o Eg. 1/6 of India's GDP from Mumbai Wealth creators o Billions climbing out of poverty o Women have opportunities: no gender discrimination Urban Geography Chapter 6: Myrdal's Cumulative Causation Model 6.1 Stage 1: Initial Growth 1 area of concentrated growth in terms of commerce, trade, finance Strategic geographical point (eg. port) with high accessibility City grows economically and gains a built-in momentum of growth o More jobs – more spending – higher standard of living – attracts investments Massive rural-urban migration, leading to higher crucial mass for employment, consumption and exchange Eg. Bangkok in early 1900s 6.2 Stage 2: Backwash Effect Over-concentration of socio-economic activities at the expense of other cities Surrounding towns cannot compete Eg. Bangkok in the 70s to present 6.3 Stage 3: Spread Effects Diseconomies of scale sets in, causing main city's wealth to trickle down to surrounding cities Surrounding towns now benefit in terms of population redistribution, economic opportunities Suburbanization and counter-urbanization balance out initial uneven distribution Eg. LA, London 6.4 Limitations Assumes last stage will occur but does not say when o Dependent on time or government o Role of government: build infrastructure out of cities, provide housing in outskirts 6.5 Usefulness How primate cities form Why over-urbanization exists in cities Causes of large, mega cities Rich / poor divide in urban areas Urban Geography Chapter 7: Global City / World City 7.1 General Idea Global cities have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through more than just socio-economic means, with influence in terms of culture or politics 'Big four' world cities: London, New York City, Paris and Tokyo Goal of building a 'world-class' city obsession with governments of some mid-sized cities like Singapore 7.2 Characteristics and Functions International first-name familiarity International financial institutions that have considerable influence over world economy eg. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Advanced communications infrastructure that modern TNCs rely on World-renowned cultural institutions (museums, universities) eg. Harvard Lively cultural scene eg. Toronto International Film Festival Several powerful and influential media outlets eg. New York Times Strong sporting community (talents and facilities) eg. 2012 Olympics hosted in London Active influence on and participation in international events and world affairs eg. UN Advanced transportation system eg. major international airlines Several international cultures and communities eg. Chinatown, Little Italy 7.3 Origin* Agricultural Revolution: process of people grouping together to carry out businesses Rebirth of cities in Europe during 16th century as capitalism led to development of commercial cities like London Industrial revolution accelerated urbanization over the world 1950s: acceleration of globalization process with rapid growth in world trade and investment 20th century: rapid growth in world's population with the emergence of many large cities 1970s: world cities were emerging as globalization began to have significant effect on urban areas 7.4 Other Issues* Global cities are so connected to each other that they are disconnected from their national contexts o Manhattan, London and Tokyo have more in common with each other than with other cities in their respective countries o Distinct hierarchy of financial functions, with many lower order activities being decentralized Urban Geography o Social polarization of occupational and income structures whereby there is an absolute growth at both the top and bottom ends of the distribution and decline in the middle o Decline in traditional manufacturing and growth of low skilled service jobs Chapter 8: Bid Rent Theory 8.1 General Idea Relationship between land use and proximity to CBD Most valuable and profitable land use nearest to CBD, based on ability to bid for office space 8.2 Peak Land Value Intersection (PLVI) Intersection of streets in the CBD where land is the most expensive Higher the accessibility, higher the land value o Changes in accessibility due to private transport as opposed to public transport explains why areas on edge of town are often more accessible than inner areas o Eg. New York in mid-1920s: peak land values $22000 per foot of street frontage on Broadway while half a mile away, land values were less than $3000 per foot 8.3 Application to Singapore Shenton Way (finance), Orchard Road (retail), North Bridge Road (light manufacturing), Redhill (lower income residential), Bukit Timah (higher income residential), Tuas (heavy manufacturing) 8.4 Strengths of Theory Explains why financial and commercial activities are always concentrated in most accessible and central parts of city as they can afford to bid for the highest rents Explains why industrial activities further away: no need to bid for most central place Explains housing density o People who cannot afford to commute have to live near to CBD where due to higher land values, they can only obtain small plots o People who can afford to commute are able to live nearer the city boundary where due to lower land values, they can buy much larger plots of land 8.5 Criticisms of Theory Cannot explain exceptions o Residential uses found within CBD Urban village: small residential area within city usually with a unique identity Eg. Chinatown Urban Geography Not paying market rate rentals Rent controls (by law cannot increase rent) Rent subsidy Own the land o Financial activities in suburbs Assumes monocentric perception o Reality: polycentrism Eg. Shenton Way and Orchard Usually peaks occur at intersecting transport routes Multi-nuclei effect, with each growth pole having its own bid-rent curve Constrained by time, imperfect information and imperfect competition Land and property markets constrained by regulatory and fiscal controls by intervention of special interest groups like preservationists and tenants' associations Lack of dynamic component 8.6 Factors Affecting Property Values Not everything can be explained by economic reasons Proximity to utility clusters: shopping centres, MRT, good schools Proximity to CBD Orientation: NS more expensive because there is no sun Height Environmental consideration: pollution eg. highest concentration of dengue cases in the east Superstition: feng shui Perception of place View Urban Geography Chapter 9: CBD Dynamics 9.1 General Idea Confluence of activities with the highest accessibility Distinctive area housed within the central area which possesses a specific concentration of administrative, financial and political functions Greatest challenge: not to overdevelop at the expense of preserving history and heritage CBD changes with time: assimilation zone (direction CBD moving towards) and discard zone (direction from which CBD is moving away) 9.2 Application US o CBD: downtown Manhattan (financial district) o Zone of transition: Harlem, Bronx (older residential area) o City: New York City Singapore o 1st CBD: Shenton Way o 2nd CBD: Suntec / Marina area o Suburban CBDs: Tampines, Woodlands, Jurong East, Seletar 9.3 Functions of the CBD Most crucial financial (retail), commercial, political (parliaments, high courts) functions o May include residential activities Old residential: urban villages, new residential: high-end condos o Specialist retailing activities: attract customers off the street and generally occupy ground floor of buildings which face main thoroughfare Attracts socio-economic consumption, exchange and production due to advantages reaped from agglomeration economies as a result of clustering of essential activities o Reputation of area for a particular activity ensure its continued importance Socio-cultural exchange: large mix of people from various walks of life o Eg. many office people from different nationalities congregate at Boat Quay for social interaction and business networking 9.4 Parts of CBD Inner core: intensive land use (upward extensions), high rental values, high value commercial functions Outer core: suburbs o New retail centres established lead to disappearance of small shops o Viability of small shops threatened by increased sales of food and other convenience goods on petrol station forecourts (extensive opening hours – 24h) Urban Geography Zone of transition: some residential areas, may include slums, some industrial usage o Mixed zone of old and newer land use, with areas of discard 9.5 Re-imaging of the CBD CBD expansion: single to multiple CBDs o City grows and possible urban sprawl – demand for more services – need to have secondary CBDs to cater to such growing demands o Spread out growth so that populations to prevent overdevelopment o If monocentric, rents will soar o Eg. Downtown at Marina Bay Urban renewal / redevelopment o Demolish buildings which have lost its commercial value and build new ones o Building of large undercover shopping precincts and redesigning of the street layout to segregate pedestrian and vehicle flows o Popular strategy in Singapore due to space constraints, but many old and historic buildings have to give way to modernity o Eg. North/ South Bridge areas in Singapore Gentrification (refer to Chapter 4) 12 to 24h CBD o Increase vibrancy in city o Increase economic activities after office hours eg. Manchester 2005: 20% of weekly takings made between 6pm to 8pm o Creating corridors of activities Gentrification Itinerant markets: bazaars, food stalls that come to life only in evening but depends on draw value of such activities o Creation of integrated hubs of activity Plethora of retail, commercial, tourism and leisure-based activities Draw localized people (those working within CBD), local people, tourists for consumption and leisure o Problems Youth culture linked to crime, noise and anti-social behaviour Violent behaviour and disorder in and around pubs and clubs on weekend nights – public health, criminal justice and urban management problem Cleaning up of large quantities of litter from night-time economy Accessibility and security issues: availability of buses, safety of car parks Good urban design o Enhance the way the city functions and the way we feel about the city o Eg. Paris: winding medieval streets and spectacular tree-lined boulevards and sidewalk cafes Urban Geography o Eg. Singapore's lighting plan at Marina Centre, Singapore River corridor and Raffles Place to enhance Singapore's unique features as a tropical metropolis and garden city Adaptive reuse o Schools are significant social landmarks which serve as physical reminders for many generations of old students o Some adapted to house civic and cultural institutions or entertainment facilities o Serve as tangible anchors and reminders of development of educational system and the evolution of the school building types in pre and post-war years Eg. 2009: old Victoria School restored and refurbished to house People's Association 9.6 Problems in CBD Lack of space and sites: vertical zoning – shops occupy ground floors, offices occupy upper floors High cost of land: need multi-storey development Congestion and pollution o Public transport concentrated: convergence of bus routes o Traffic restrictions: pedestrianization reduced access for cars since 1960s o Results in reduced accessibility o But more widespread car ownership increased customer mobility and favoured out-of-town shopping and service expansion, increasing dispersion of population towards suburbs Planning restrictions and strict government control Overdispersion o Removal of too many job opportunities to outer suburbs o Reversal of decentralization policies Inner areas being revitalized and derelict industrial sites and wharf areas redeveloped Special Enterprise Zones: subsidies and other inducements to be offered to attract services and some employment back into the city Eg. rundown areas like Don Valley received Regional European funding 9.7 URA Conservation Efforts in Singapore* Anything deemed as pollutive or incompatible with the character of heritage areas will have breached the conservation guidelines put in place to maintain the ambience of these areas eg. Chinatown, Little India, Kampong Glam Retain and enhance places with sense of history and identity: cons o Gives us sense of belonging o Add to charm and character of city by offering variety in landscape Urban Geography o Visual contrast to high-rise buildings o Preserves authenticity of area o Turned into trendy creative lifestyle hub sought after by advertising and design agencies etc. Have to maintain a fine line between conservation and economic viability o Eg. Butterfly House's partial conservation: preserved particular elements only but still allowing for development By involving stakeholders, conservation guidelines can be made more relevant while achieving the objectives of conservation 9.8 Singapore – City in a Garden* Green spaces make up > 8% of total land area Enhance value of surrounding land and help make Marina Bay area distinctive live- work-play environment on a world stage o Eg. Hyde Park in London enhanced the aesthetic and economic value of their surrounding developments Tree planting campaign: active tree planting on all roads, vacant plots and new development sites 1967: Garden City program launched to green up the whole island and try to make it into a garden Greater emphasis placed on extending greenery to buildings: sky-rise greenery o Introduced incentives to encourage vertical greening of Singapore Building and Construction Authority (BCA) o Dec 06: launch of $20m incentive fund which private developers could use to modify their buildings o 2005: BCA Green Mark scheme rates buildings on their environmental impact and performance o All new public buildings, including HDBs, will go green from April 07 o Private sector projects going for the Green Mark more than doubled 9.9 Studentification* Growing number of students entering higher education – concentrations of students in towns and cities across UK have increased Economic o Flexible part-time workforce seeking seasonal / evening employment o Focus of intellect and 'brain-gain' – establishment of innovation and science parks o Changes in retail function from small independent and local shops to global fast-food outlets and café / club / music venues o Repairs, renovations, extensions – benefits construction and service sector o Ghost town during holidays: shops and services have to cope with variability of demand o Strain on local shops and services due to increased population density Urban Geography Social o More 'cultured' o Typically have a lot of electronic goods eg. mp3 – prime targets for thieves o Serious depopulation and outward migration in many inner-city areas Environment o On-street parking pressures o Noise pollution Chapter 10: Influences on City Structure 10.1 Social Forces: Invasion and Succession (Filtering) and Rich Repelling from Poor (Burgess' Model) City based on a single centre that spreads itself concentrically outwards 1st wave in-migrants settle nearest to the city centre to save on transport costs: convenience due to jobs 2nd wave in-migrants settle nearest to centre to save on transport costs, invading the 1st wave in-migrants – 1st wave in-migrants now relatively richer, move out to occupy next zone 3rd wave in-migrants settle in – 1st wave in-migrants move even further due to social repulsion of the richer from the poorer (people are drawn to live near their ethnic groups) Various land use zones formed: poorer inside, richer outside – rich-poor spatial divide Eg. Vancouver o 80s – 90s: Hong Kongers after Hong Kong was returned to China o Present day: PRCs and Indians 10.2 Transport (refer to Chapter) 10.3 Growth Poles Designated areas of development with the primary purpose of attracting people and businesses into the area Due to state planning eg. Singapore o Maximize land use in city to spread out growth in city o High-tech industrial growth pole (Tuas), residential growth pole (Bishan) Due to market forces: other cities more organic (natural) eg. London, New York Influenced by what kind of growth poles there are, where they are located, how they are being developed and managed 10.4 Government New Town development Urban redevelopment eg. URA Urban Geography Limited by activities of private market, driven by market forces of demand and supply – different intensities and levels of 'planned' cities Eg. US suburbanization o National Defense System of Highway (1956): US government decided to ubild criss-crossing web of interstate highways to facilitate military transportation should country ever be attacked led to growth of many suburban towns State planning principles o Concept of Garden City due to over-concretization of cities o Land use zoning (legislation): synergistic purposes o Master Plan and Concept Plans (URA): macro, strategic plans that drive entire planning parameters of the entire city or region, where the planning parameters cascade down to more localized town plans – for overall coherence and organization 10.5 Case Study of Singapore Jackson Plan (1822): racial segregation, euro-centric o Segregation of housing zones originally found along racial and social lines o Situation reversed today: racial mixing encouraged within HDB blocks via HDB buying and selling rules which have certain % of different races Ring concept plan (1971) o Development of ring of new high-density satellite towns, green spaces, private housing estates and industrial estates o First idea of an MRT system linking Jurong and city o Building of expressway system 1991 Concept Plan o To be the first developed city on equatorial belt, with its own identity distinct from cities in the west o Decentralization via 4 regional centres, secondary CBDs, gentrification and conservation, transport connectivity, technological corridor o Continued reclamation and increased density in housing o Create more choices, flexibility and identity in urban planning 2001 Revised Concept Plan o Based on population scenario of 5.5m o Land for housing, industry, recreation, infrastructure needs, water catchment and military uses o Technical constraints like height constraints imposed by airports o Further reclamation by another 15%: limit to how much we can reclaim as Singapore's shoreline not far from boundaries of neigbours o Key proposals Focus on identity: need to have distinct precinct New homes in familiar places High-rise city living – a room with a view More choices for recreation Urban Geography Greater flexibility for businesses Global business centre Extensive rail network 10.6 History Colonial cities o Eg. Jakarta: town square, old government house, port, Chinatown o Mixed land use and racial segregation, strong government planning Architecture, urban design in different racial areas distinctively different Proliferation of slums due to spontaneous growth National and cultural identity: Hong Kongers feel culturally schizophrenic Latin American cities o Eg. Mexico City: central plaza, commercial spine, squatter areas o Growth of city based on a city centre: central plaza o Commercial spine: follows major transport route, connecting city with other parts of the region, surrounded by elite group of city o Poor residences on city outskirts in makeshift shacks called 'favelas' 10.7 Other Factors Cultural and ethnic grouping Topophilia: strong sense of attachment to a place that goes beyond economics or logical reasoning (aesthetic, emotional or nostalgic) eg .conservation of temple Gentrification attraction o Creative class who want to stay in inner-city because of attraction of night- life and close proximity to work and leisure Urban Geography Chapter 11: Influences on Urban Structure 11.1 Future Forms of Cities Polycentric city o Fragmented, disjointed, multi-nodal, chaotic, multiple growth poles o Consists of a number of large, spectacular developments, each with its own hub of activities o Not all cities will experience this post-modernization Traditional, industrial-based eg. York Mix of modernization and post-modernization eg. Singapore Post-modern city o Functionalistic to organic and playful eg .Bird Nest Design of Beijing Olympic Stadium Divided city o Dualism eg. rich-poor divide o Different quarters Gentrified city: new creative class Suburban city: new middle class Abandoned city: poorest of the poor Tenement city: working class Wired city o Influence of technology to create intelligent / digital city o Link entire cities in order to facilitate communication, exchange and flows of information and services o Eg. Seoul, Singapore, Tokyo top 3 digital cities Cultural city o Cultural melting pots eg. London, Barcelona for the sake of entertaining people Sustainable city o Eco-city, climate change, recycling, pedestrianization, green transport o Green politics: because politicians want to be green to attract votes o Strongest and forefront agenda amongst urban planners because of the heavy polluting effects of large cities on a worldwide scale o Sustainable development: socio-ecological process characterized by fulfillment of human needs while maintaining or increasing the quality of natural environment indefinitely o 'Agenda 21' initiative created and agreed upon by governments in the developed world to map out how future cities should grow and bemanaged in light of environmental sustainability Urban Geography 11.2 Case Study of Australia If Australia's cities continue to grow as urban sprawl, in just 10-15 years, air pollution in cities will increase as much as 70% compared to 1990 levels Cars biggest cause of air pollution o Shun public transport, impacting city's air quality and exposing population to harmful pollutants Urban land use and transportation patterns poorly integrated Cost of air pollution o Human health cost $3b and $5.3b every year o Damage to materials, property and buildings: $3b - $5b, ~1% of GDP Future scenarios o Most people have come to accept urban sprawl and driving long distances but this might change due to Threat of oil supply and associated price increases Enhanced greenhouse effect Threat to human health caused by poor air quality o Role of construction industry Ecological footprint concept: minimize energy consumption and emissions in the construction, operation and maintenance of buildings o Public education More aware of air pollution and the impact private transport usage has on the air Public transport patronage increased by 45%, 28% decrease in exposure to photochemical smog Urban Geography Chapter 12: Responses to Urbanization 12.1 Clearing of Slums LDCs eg. 1960s Bukit Ho Swee 12.2 Settlement Relocation Cheap housing: HDB flats Self-help housing schemes o Eg. Bustee redevelopment in Calcutta, Mexico City o Squatters take over responsibility of building simple housing for themselves o Migrants first taught basic construction skills (eg. laying of bricks) then given materials to build homes themselves o Affordable and give migrants a sense of ownership o But governments do not take this as their top priority, lack of resolve and complex socio-political problems: collusion, corruption prevent poorest from benefiting Eg. Manila's public housing policies plagued by corruption during Marcos' regime 12.3 New Town Creation Creation of growth poles that are relatively self-sufficient in basic social amenities and employment opportunities Affordable public housing to re-house populations from congested city centres as part of decentralization, check urban sprawl Regenerate declining, peripheral regions: serve as magnet for future growth Demographic bias: middle class, attracts younger groups o Eg. Anaheim, California, US planned communities: belief that planning should be carried out in an orderly fashion with concern for community values Clean, green, low density feel o Eg. Pasir Ris, Seng Kang, Punggol, Tampines o Garden City concept 1st Garden City: Letchworth UK: combined both rural and urban elements Issues / Challenges o Lack character / charm / individuality: poorly-designed in terms of character, monolithic architecture and poor workmanship o Private capital vs. public capital Eg. Toyota town in Tokyo built by Toyota Increasing privatization of public housing can be potential cause of homelessness UK: people now encouraged to buy their own homes – housing affordability problem Eg. subsidized public housing: tower blocks in Manchester, Sheffield Urban Geography Not successful because poorly maintained Local council runs the area. Poor people pay low council rates. Cannot maintain buildings well because not rich. Social problems because poor people live her. Stigma UK people prefer low-rise buildings So government decided to build low-rise, low-density buildings which became more acceptable by public o LDCs trying to create new towns in inner city areas to ease congestion BLISS housing schemes in Manila: public transport inefficient: high rents, rather far away from city centre Sao Paulo's Cingapura public housing: rather successful in re-housing the poor, but not all poor can afford it o Design, nature and accessibility of new towns direct impact over success / failure More successful: affordable, fully backed by government, accessible to central areas eg. Singapore new towns Less successful: still out of reach to masses, one-off projects lacking in government support (eg. Malaysia does not have agency that concerns with public housing), inaccessible (eg. October 6 th new town in Cairo) 12.4 Green Belt Creation Creation of greenery space to reduce urban sprawl, environmental pollution and smog Legislated in UK eg. East London, Bristol But leapfrogging effect can occur o Urban development went beyond green belt to produce suburbanization and counter-urbanization effect on rural countryside Partially increased land rents in urban area within green belt since urban area now greatly restricted and cannot expand so easily Concept of green belt extended in Singapore to include the various water catchment areas (Seletar, Pierce), national parks (botanic) 12.5 Urban Renewal and Gentrification (refer to Chapter 4 and 9) 12.6 Case Study of New Town Development in Singapore Phase 1: 1900-1950: slums, squatters, and Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) o Rapid population growth due to high immigration and natural increase o Lack of stringent building laws to regulate town planning: haphazard and improper growth: slums and squatters o Set up SIT in 1927 to solve inadequate housing problem based on gradual decentralization radiating from central area o Built towns of Tiong Bahru, Queenstown: neighbourhood concept Urban Geography o Problems Ineffective because housed only 20% of nation's total requirements Lack adequate funds, shortage of experienced professionals, burdened with building other infrastructure, post WWII baby boom Phase 2: 1960-80: HDB and new towns o Dissolution of SIT and emergence of HDB in 1960 o Solve housing problems quickly and affordably o Cheap and quick flats built: Bukit Ho Swee (1962) Phase 3: 80s onwards: continued decentralization via ring concept o Focus more on quality Characteristics o Spatial: high density, high-rise, monolithic design in older towns but newer ones have more character, gradual decentralization o Social: self-sufficiency concept, efficient transport infrastructure o Economic: relatively cheap and affordable Success o Solved housing problems effectively in 20 years, ~85% population o Full legal power, full government backing, large budget 12.7 Case Study of Metro Manila, Philippines Poor health and environment o Eg. mortality rates for infants 3x higher in slums than rest of city Infrastructure and social services o Large proportion use public transport and paratransit o Land prices risen by 100-300$, especially in prime district areas o 2m squatters inhabit 415 sites o Waste disposal: ~6000 tons of waste generated daily. 85% collected and properly disposed at 2 sanitary landfills or at open dumpsites, the rest dumped illegally Zonal Improvement Scheme (ZIP) o Slum upgrading program to improve lives of squatters and slum dwellers in Manila o Tondo Slum, Smokey Mountain: slum on gigantic city rubbish dump o Refurbished into green grass area cleared of squatters and fenced up but squatter live outside the fences o Late 90s, housing built but rents too high BLISS o Public flats scheme which houses more middle-income groups because rents still too high o Main problem: socio-political: lack of public funds, low priority, lack of commitment from government Urban Geography Chapter 13: Urban Transport 13.1 General Causes of Transport Problems Rapid increase in private car ownership: 1/3 households >1 car Increased reliance on private cars o USA: 90% of adults have driving license because cost of ownership low, cost of petrol cheaper since American companies priority buying of fuel at cheaper prices o Low levels of walking and public transport use o Low levels of vehicle occupancy o More complex commuting-to-work patterns: suburb-suburb, city-rural etc Population growth within cities: cannot afford to travel on public transport Higher demand for commuting o More people are working: feminization of labour market o Increasing affluence – more tourism 13.2 Specific Causes of Transport Problems in LDC Cities Very rapid population growth within cities Poor road infrastructure due to o Corruption o Delay in building mass transit systems: Jakarta just started o Costly fares: usually ask private sector to build – fares set by private firms thus more expensive – people cannot afford – low usage Greater preference for door-to-door service o Spatial inefficiency because unplanned urban structures o Leads to massive congestion because high volume of mixed traffic with varying speeds Lax vehicle emission controls o Poorer vehicle maintenance and older engines more pollutive o Use of cheaper fuel eg. low-grade diesel eg. Bangkok changed to natural gas so there's cleaner air 13.3 Specific Causes of Transport Problems in DC Cities Over-reliance on cars leads to rush hour traffic problems eg. CTE in Singapore most congested highway because it is the only major route from north to south Inconvenience of public transport and usage o Crowding and discomfort, especially peak hours o Eg. Australia: no buses / low frequency of buses Higher demand for bigger engines – bigger petrol consumption and take up more space on road eg. American's love affair with SUVs (sports utility vehicles) Urban Geography 13.4 Management of Transport Problems Transport system measures o Road pricing Eg. Toll payment to enter major cities in Malaysia, ERP Discriminate against lower-income car owners Political opposition from motoring lobby: Automobile Associate of Singapore tried to oppose this Unpopular High political costs for authorities to implement Discriminate against residents living in CBD o Auto restraint Encourage public transport during peak hours eg. bus-only lanes Public transport must be efficient in the first place Takes up a lane, so may cause more congestion Enforcing rule eg. taxi drivers still drive in to pick up passengers in the bus lane Increase cost of using cars in cities eg. parking costs Park and Ride schemes eg. US Ban cars from city centre eg. Mexico city: cars banned on different days but people buy more cars Pedestrainization o Ride sharing Discourage solo drivers in cars Successful van-pooling schemes provided by employer for employees Eg. Singapore ask factories to provide transport because may be located in secluded areas US more successful than Singapore because Singaporeans do not like strangers in their cars Non-transport initiatives o Promote alternative work schedules Flexi hours eg. 10.30am-6.30pm instead of 9-5 Singapore students start school earlier to spread out traffic because public transport cannot take demand Some impact on families – cannot leave house together Work from home using IT Main problem: do not trust employee to work from home Trying to push Singapore to become and intelligent city Decentralize office functions from CBD to suburban eg. bank office functions o Integrated urban planning Multi-modal: plan in such a way that one mode of transport links to another Urban Geography Singapore can because we have one-tier government, but in Bangkok there are jurisdiction problems Singapore built MRT lines first eg. Woodleigh then wait for demand to increase, but other cities wait for demand then start supplying Singapore has EZ link card that can be used for bus and MRT, but Bangkok has 2 MRT lines that are not integrated (need 2 cards) Implementation of laws vs. enforcing them 13.5 Case Study of Urban Transport in Asia Characteristics o High reliance on road public transport, especially buses eg. in Seoul, share of bus services remains higher than half o Well-developed public transport systems to provide almost door-to-door service o Mixed transport by diverse transport modes eg. Bangkok: variety of transport modes differ in travel behaviour – buses, minibuses, taxis Solutions o Transport policies Mass transit systems Easy transfer between new rail transit and existing public transport COE, ERP, congestion pricing Park-and-ride o Emission control Asian countries 5-10 years behind those in Europe Thailand and Malaysia taken lead to introduce restrictions, strengthened vehicle inspection programs Public transport largely relies on buses using low-quality fuels – futher air pollution Eg. China: GECAM: water diesel emulsion with additives – lower emissions compared with ordinary diesel fuels Conclusion o Policies more effective if impact of other urban activities and land use taken into account eg. Singapore 13.6 Case Study of Urban Transport in North America Cars seen as symbol of status, freedom and prestige Solutions o Controlling automobile usage Dissuasion but impeded by regulations and physical planning eg. parking spaces Prohibition of downtown circulation: downtown area closed to automobile circulation during the day but deliveries permitted at night – to protect character and physical infrastructure of historical city Urban Geography Tolls but drivers willing to bear additional cost o Controlling congestion Traffic signal synchronization: tuning traffic signals to time and direction of traffic flows Incident management: making sure vehicles involved in accidents / failures are removed as soon as possible HOV lanes (high occupancy vehicle): exclusive access to less congested lane Challenges o Greater decentralization makes it more difficult and expensive to serve urban areas with public transit o Cities are dynamic – travel patterns may change – transit system built for servicing specific pattern may eventually face spatial obsolescence o Competition: public service being offered outpaced by convenience of automobile Chapter 14: Inner City Decay 14.1 General Idea Inner city: part of city found outside CBD Deterioration of housing, infrastructure and various amenities of inner urban area resulting from congestion, pollution, neglect and ageing, lowering quality and standard of living Rise of slums (legal) and squatters (illegal) 14.2 Causes Economic o Decline and closure of manufacturing industries in EMDCs o Eg. 1960s onwards, many manufacturing based cities in UK like Liverpool suffered due to closure of factories – deindustrialization Physical o Age and type of housing: many buildings built before industrial revolution – densely-packed – age – deteriorate and decay, lack modern amenities o Poor urban planning: tower blocks in UK like Hulme Estate did not meet social needs of Britons o Overcrowding, congestion and pollution Socio-cultural o Cycle of poverty and social disorder: inhabited by ethnic minorities Discriminated from job market because language barrier, skin colour, lack of skills Crime and social disintegration o Rise of out-of-town shopping centres and interstate highways causing hollowing out Urban Geography 14.3 Inner City Decay in the DCs Harlem, Bronx o Some parts experiencing gentrification, forcing the poor to move out o Increasingly more yuppies from Manhattan are moving in Causes o Industrial decline due to NIDL o Age, overcrowding, decay o Cycle of poverty o Suburbanization and out-of-town shopping centres Singapore tries to prevent hollowing out. Demand for CBD area high because dependent on international economy. Not so much of a problem because as people move out, people move in too. Kill small businesses – worsen problem. Mum-and-Pap businesses close Results in urban dualities: race, class, space 14.4 Inner City Decay in the LDCs Rio de Janerio, Brazil o Massive rural-urban migration to Sao Paulo o Poor live on slopes because flat land is only available at a premium for rich Mass movement and flimsy buildings – high-risk areas Houses not made of concrete – mud houses o Government no power to resettle people Smokey Mountain, Tondo, Manila o Smoke from smouldering rubbish. Rubbish dump flammable due to release of methane o High rural-urban migration o Livelihood: salvaging o Land for residential purposes at premium – poor just live wherever they can find space. Poorest live in cemeteries. Issues o Importance of informal sector (refer to Chapter 5) o Traditional images of crime, violence o Reveals social divide: rich / poor live close to each other because slums very established o Gentrification and renewal limited City has grown so much Slum land owned by private sector, pockets sold off to build condos. Government / private sector difficult to enforce ownership. People rater die than move because psychological attachment to land. Urban Geography Solutions o Clearing of slums and squatters eg. in Jakarta, lots of squatters cleared. Poor living far away from CBD but does not really solve problem because no alternative housing. Must clear and relocate. o Settlement relocation Cheap housing Cannot extend houses, no pets, no backyard. So people refuse to move. Government usually does not ensure that such houses are maintained well. Housing schemes Some areas specially chosen to be upgraded for political reasons – vested interest to secure votes Forced resettlement eg. Indonesia's Transmigration Program: not great success because failure of government to provide enough amenities for rural folks living in resettled areas Self-help housing schemes (refer to Chapter 12) o New town creation (refer to Chapter 12) o Gentrification and urban renewal (refer to Chapters 4 and 9) o Check population growth o Basic problem of slums is not how to eradicate them, but how to make them more livable Improve economic conditions in an area: job agencies, provide employment – advertising job vacancies, reskilling, give them address, provide transport from where they live to work
Pages to are hidden for
"Urbanization Urban Geography No Title Page 1 Chapter 1 Urbanization"Please download to view full document


text:
All quotes tagged Mothers
(2945 quotes found)
"My mother was the most beautiful woman I ever saw. All I am I owe to my mother. I attribute all my success in life to the moral, intellectual and physical education I received from her."
"A mother is a person who seeing there are only four pieces of pie for five people, promptly announces she never did care for pie."
"Only God Himself fully appreciates the influence of a Christian mother in the molding of character in her children."
"A man who has been the indisputable favorite of his mother keeps for life the feeling of a conqueror."