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ABSTRACT: Mathematical simulations of the p53-Mdm2 feedback loop suggest that both proteins will exhibit impulsive expression characteristics in response to high cellular stress levels. However, little quantitative experimental evaluation has been done, particularly of the phosphorylated forms. To evaluate the mathematical models experimentally, we used lysate microarrays from an isogenic pair of gamma-ray-irradiated cell lysates from HCT116 (p53(+/+) and p53(-/-)). Both p53 and Mdm2 proteins showed expected pulses in the wild type, whereas no pulses were seen in the knockout. Based on experimental observations, we determined model parameters and generated an in silico "knockout," reflecting the experimental data, including phosphorylated proteins.Cancer Research 08/2007; 67(13):6247-52. DOI:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0342 · 9.28 Impact Factor
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Tornado - Moore OK, Live Weather Report Looks Like Video Game
Reminds me of day after tomorrow ..... Footage from the Ch9 weather broadcast as it follows a Tornado at close range on screen, with power surge blowouts being shown. (low volume) Video Credit : n
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Location: Moore, Oklahoma, United States | Leaked: 5 days ago in Regional News
"Iridescent" (Live in Red Square) | Linkin Park
At the world premiere event for Transformers: Dark of the Moon in Moscow on June 23, 2011.
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Location: Moscow, Moskovskaya oblast, Russia | Leaked: Mar-10-2015 in Music
Cross Between Tron and Transformers and a Man that Smokes 50 a day
Came across this today, is that the guy that was picked of the street, The Voice?
By: fryedman | Comments: 13 | Views: 1648 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 0
Location: Japan | Leaked: Feb-11-2015 in Other Entertainment
Leonard Nimoy, Spock of 'Star Trek,' Dies at 83 (video)
Leonard Nimoy, the sonorous, gaunt-faced actor who won a worshipful global following as Mr. Spock, the resolutely logical human-alien first officer of the Starship Enterprise in the televis
By: Detroit Iron | Comments: 15 | Views: 789 | Votes: 6 | Shared: 0
Location: United States | Leaked: Feb-27-2015 in Other News
Razzie Awards 2015 'Winners': The Full List
Razzie Awards 2015 'Winners': The Full List Posted February 22nd, 2015 by Tim Hayne The 2015 Razzies "winners" have been announced, leaving the "losers" to breathe a collective sigh of re
By: brobiwankenobi | Comments: 4 | Views: 813 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 0
Location: Los Angeles, California, United States | Leaked: Feb-22-2015 in Other
Drunk Driver Takes Out Utility Pole
Surveillance video shows a speeding car hitting a utility pole in Gulf Breeze, Florida on the morning of February 4th, 2015, causing several transformers to explode. The 36-year old driver was found a
By: sakb | Comments: 5 | Views: 1424 | Votes: 1 | Shared: 4
Location: Gulf Breeze, Florida, United States | Leaked: Feb-6-2015 in Regional News, WTF, Vehicles
Megaquake will Hit West Coast of North America Anytime Soon
Megaquake is gonna to hit West Coast of North America Anytime Soon it will be 7.0 or greater Magnitude and it will be a Big Earthquake because the California Lies on the San Andreas Fault Line that Di
By: flank99 | Comments: 167 | Views: 2852 | Votes: 16 | Shared: 18
Location: Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada | Leaked: Jan-10-2015 in Other Items from Liveleakers
Actor Shia Lebeouf, 28, best known for "Transformers" appears in a music video with 12 year old Maddie Ziegler in what is being blasted as overly sexualized exploitation of an under age girl. http:
By: JasontheTerrible | Comments: 139 | Views: 8525 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 5
Location: Los Angeles, California, United States | Leaked: Jan-8-2015 in Regional News
Mega Quake Might happen in Vancouver British Columbia anytime Soon
Mega Earthquake will Happen in Vancouver British Columbia anytime Very Soon and it lies on the Cascadia Subduction Zone and the Juan De Fuca Fault Line and it is Long Overdue for the Big Earthquake in
By: flank99 | Comments: 81 | Views: 1584 | Votes: 7 | Shared: 3
Location: Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada | Leaked: Jan-3-2015 in Other Items from Liveleakers
France: Pro-Palestine Transformers engage in 'Day of Rage' against Israel
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By: Ruptly | Comments: 131 | Views: 1006 | Votes: 0 | Shared: 5
Location: Paris, Île-de-France, France | Leaked: Aug-10-2014 in Other Middle East
The Transformers are Here
The Transformers are Here
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Leaked: Jul-11-2014 in WTF, Vehicles
Pagani Huayra Transformers 4 Cars: Age of Extinction
Pagani Huayra Transformers 4 Cars: Age of Extinction - This is the Pagani Huayra Transformer 4 Age of Extinction in real life. This real Transformers 4 Pagani Huayra is the most impressive supercar se
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Leaked: Jul-8-2014 in Other News, Vehicles
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Engineer by Trade. To me the saying "Don't try to time the market" applies only to the person who is too busy to track market activity daily. Or at least the one who feels okay about losing big money because EVERYBODY is in the same sinking boat. That said, I do understand WHY it is touted as truth. The getting back in part can sometimes be harder than the getting out part! Won't say too much more on this except...since late Oct 2010 I have managed to gain 39% using my method (and trust me I took some early big losses because I was still figuring out how this market timing thing works.). The method is ideally suited to IRA portfolios since there is no tax penalty for trading often. Part of my method involves ...More
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What caused the sudden drop in $TLT at 1pm today (THURS)? That comment about "weak demand" for the bond auction? May 9, 2014
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Top Definition
Cigarettes...... usually menthol
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Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)
Part of a series on the
|History of Hungary
Early modern
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By topic
|Hungary portal
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|History of Slovakia
|Prehistoric Slovakia
|Medieval Slavic states
|Kingdom of Hungary
(10th century – 1526)
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(16th–17th century)
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The Kingdom of Hungary, a country in Central Europe, came into being in the High Middle Ages, when Stephen I, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, was crowned king in 1000 or 1001. He reinforced central authority and forced his subjects to accept Christianity. Although written sources emphasize the role played by German and Italian knights and clerics in the process, a significant part of the Hungarian vocabulary for agriculture, religion and state was taken from Slavic languages. Civil wars, pagan uprisings and the Holy Roman Emperors' unsuccessful attempts to expand their authority over Hungary jeopardized the new monarchy. Its position stabilized during the reigns of Ladislaus I (1077–1095) and Coloman (1095–1116). They occupied Croatia and Dalmatia, but both realms reserved their autonomous position. Their successors—especially Béla II (1131–1141), Béla III (1176–1196), Andrew II (1205–1235), and Béla IV (1235–1270)—continued this policy of expansion towards the Balkan Peninsula and the lands east of the Carpathian Mountains, transforming their kingdom into one of the major powers of medieval Europe.
Rich in uncultivated lands and in silver, gold, and salt deposits, the kingdom became a preferred target of the continuous immigration of mainly German, Italian and French colonists. The colonists were mostly peasants who settled in villages, but craftsmen and merchants also came. Their arrival contributed to the development of Esztergom, Székesfehérvár and many other cities and villages in various parts of the Kingdom. Situated at the crossroads of international trade routes, Hungary was affected by several cultural trends. Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance buildings, and literary works written in Latin prove the predominantly Roman Catholic character of the culture, but Orthodox, and even non-Christian ethnic minority communities also existed. Latin was the language of legislation, administration and judiciary, but "linguistic pluralism" (János M. Bak)[1] contributed to the survival of a number of tongues, including a great variety of Slavic dialects.
The predominance of royal estates initially ensured the sovereign's preeminent position, but the alienation of royal lands gave rise to the emergence of a self-conscious group of lesser landholders, known as "royal servants". They forced Andrew II to issue his Golden Bull of 1222, "one of first examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch" (Francis Fukuyama).[2] The kingdom received a major blow from the Mongol invasion of 1241–42. Thereafter Cuman and Jassic groups were settled in the central lowlands and colonists arrived from Moravia, Poland and other nearby countries. The erection of fortresses by landlords, which was promoted by the monarchs after the withdrawal of the Mongols, contributed to the development of semi-autonomous "provinces" dominated by powerful magnates. Some of these magnates even challenged the authority of Andrew III (1290–1301), the last male descendant of the native Árpád dynasty. After his death a period of interregnum interrupted royal power in the early 14th century.
- 1 Background
- 2 The "patrimonial" kingdom
- 3 Development of the Estates of the realm
- 4 Aftermath
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
- 8 Sources
The Hungarians, or Magyars, conquered the Carpathian Basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries.[3] Here they found a dominantly Slavic-speaking population.[4] From their new homeland, they launched plundering raids against East Francia, Italy and other regions of Europe.[5][6] Their raids were halted by Otto I, future Holy Roman Emperor, who defeated them at the battle of Lechfeld in 955.[7]
Living in patrilineal families,[8] the Hungarians were organized into clans which formed tribes.[9] The tribal confederation was headed by the grand prince, always a member of the family descending from Árpád, the Hungarians' leader around the time of their "land-taking".[10] Contemporary authors described the Hungarians as nomads, but Ibn Rusta and others added that they also cultivated arable lands.[11] All the same, the great number of borrowings from Slavic languages[note 1] prove that the Hungarians' way of life underwent fundamental changes in Central Europe.[12] The cohabitation of Hungarians and local ethnic groups is also reflected in the assemblages of the "Bijelo Brdo culture",[13] which emerged in the middle of the 10th century.[14]
Although they were pagans, the Hungarians demonstrated a tolerate attitude towards Christians, Jews, and Muslims.[15] The Byzantine Church was the first to successfully proselytize among their leaders: in 948 the horka,[10] and around 952 the gyula, were baptized in Constantinople.[16] In contrast, the grand prince Géza (c. 970–997) received baptism according to the Latin rite.[17] He erected fortresses and invited foreign warriors to develop a new army based on heavy cavalry.[17][18] Géza also arranged the marriage of his son, Stephen, with Giselle of Bavaria, a princess from the family of the Holy Roman Emperors.[17][19]
When Géza died in 997,[20] his son had to fight for his succession with Koppány, the eldest member of the House of Árpád.[21] Assisted by German heavy cavalry,[22] Stephen emerged the victor in the decisive battle in 998.[21][23] He applied for a royal crown to Pope Sylvester II, who granted his request with the consent of Emperor Otto III.[24]
The "patrimonial" kingdom[edit]
King St Stephen I (1000–1038)[edit]
Stephen was crowned the first king of Hungary on December 25, 1000 or on January 1, 1001.[23] He consolidated his rule through a series of wars against semi-independent local rulers,[23] including his maternal uncle, Gyula.[22] He proved his kingdom's military strength[25] when repelled an invasion by Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1030.[26] Marshlands, other natural obstacles and barricades made of stone, earth or timber defended the kingdom's borders.[27] A wide zone known as gyepü was intentionally left uninhabited for defensive purposes along the frontiers.[27] Most early medieval fortresses were made of earth and timber.[28]
Stephen I's views on state administration were summarized around 1015 in a work known as Admonitions.[25] Stating that "the country that has only one language and one custom is weak and fragile", he emphasized the positive aspects of the arrival of foreigners, or "guests".[29] Stephen I developed a state similar to the monarchies of contemporary Western Europe.[23] Counties became the basic units of administration; they were districts organized around fortresses and headed by royal officials known as ispáns, or counts.[22][30] Stephen I founded dioceses and at least one archbishopric, and established Benedictine monasteries.[22] He prescribed that every ten villages were to build a parish church.[30] The earliest churches of the 10th century were simple wood constructions,[31] but the royal basilica at Székesfehérvár was built in Romanesque style.[32] Stephen I's laws were aimed at the adoption, even by force, of a Christian way of life.[33] He especially protected Christian marriage against polygamy and other traditional customs.[31] Decorated belts and other items of pagan fashion also disappeared.[34] Communers started to wear long woolen coats, but wealthy men persisted with their silk kaftans decorated with furs.[34]
If any warrior debased by lewdness abducts a girl to be his wife without the consent of her parents, we decreed that the girl should be returned to her parents, even if he did anything by force to her, and the abductor shall pay ten steers for the abduction, although he may afterwards have made peace with the girl's parents.—Book One of the Laws of King Stephen I[35]
From legal perspective, Hungarian society was divided into freemen and serfs, but intermediate categories also existed.[36] All freemen had the legal capacity to own property, to sue and to be sued.[37] However, most of them were bound to the monarch or to a wealthier landlord, only "guests" could freely move.[37] Among freemen living in lands attached to a fortress, the "castle warriors" served in the army, and the "castle folk" cultivated the lands, forged weapons or rendered other services.[38][39] All freemen were to pay a special tax, the "pennies of freemen" to the monarchs.[40] With a transitory status between freemen and serfs, peasants known as udvornici were exempt of it.[41] Serfs theoretically lacked legal personality,[42] but in practise they had their own property: they cultivated their masters' land with their own tools, and maintained 50–66 percent of the harvest for themselves.[43] Stephen I's laws and charters suggest that most communers lived in sedentary communities which formed villages.[44] An average village was made up of no more than 40 semi-sunken timber huts with a corner hearth.[44] Many of the villages were named after a profession,[note 2] implying that the villagers were required to render a specific service to their lords.[44]
Pagan revolts, wars and consolidation (1038–1116)[edit]
Stephen I survived his son, Emeric which caused a four-decade-long crisis.[45][46] Stephen considered his cousin, Vazul, unsuitable for the throne and named his own sister's son, the Venetian Peter Orseolo, as his heir.[26][47] Vazul was blinded and his three sons were expelled, thus Peter succeeded his uncle without opposition in 1038.[26] However, Peter's preference for his foreign courtiers led to a rebellion, which ended with his deposition in favor of a native lord, Samuel Aba, who was related to the royal family.[43][47] Supported by Emperor Henry III, Peter Orseolo returned and expelled Samuel Aba in 1044.[26] During his second rule, he accepted the emperor's suzerainty.[26] His rule ended with a new rebellion, on this occasion aimed at the restoration of paganism.[47] However, there were many lords who opposed the destruction of the Christian monarchy.[48] They proposed the crown to Andrew, one of Vazul's sons,[43] who returned to Hungary, defeated Peter and suppressed the pagans in 1046.[48] His cooperation with his brother, Béla, a talented military commander ensured the Hungarians' victory over Emperor Henry III who attempted to conquer the kingdom two times: in 1050 and 1053.[49]
A new civil war broke out when Duke Béla claimed the crown for himself in 1059, but his three sons accepted the rule of Solomon, Andrew I's son, in 1063.[50] Initially, the young king and his cousins cooperated; for instance, they jointly defeated the Pechenegs plundering Transylvania in 1068.[14] The power conflict in the royal family caused a new civil war in 1071.[51] It lasted up to Salamon's abdication in favor of one of his cousins, Ladislaus in the early 1080s.[51] The new king promulgated laws which prescribed draconian punishments against criminals.[52] His laws also regulated the payment of customs duties, tolls payable at fairs and fords and of the tithes.[53] He forbade Jews from holding Christian serfs, and introduced laws aiming at the conversion of local Muslims, who were known as Böszörménys.[54]
No one shall buy or sell except in the market. If, in violation of this anyone buys stolen property, everyone shall perish: the buyer, the seller, and the witnesses. If, however, they agreed to sell something of their own, they shall lose that thing and its price, and the witnesses shall lose as much too. But if the deal was made in the market, and agreement shall be concluded in front of a judge, a toll-gatherer, and witnesses, and if the purchased goods later appear to be stolen, the buyer shall escape penalty (...).—Book Two of the Laws of King Ladislaus I[55]
The death of his brother-in-law, King Zvonimir of Croatia in 1089 or 1090 created an opportunity for Ladislaus I to claim Croatia for himself.[56][57] His troops soon occupied most of Croatia, although a native claimant, Petar Svačić, resisted in the Petrova Mounts.[57][58] Nevertheless, hereafter Croatia and Hungary remained closely connected for more than nine centuries.[59] Ladislaus I appointed his nephew, Álmos, to administer Croatia.[57][58] Although a younger son, Álmos was also favored against his brother, Coloman, when the king was thinking of his succession.[60] Even so, Coloman succeeded his uncle in 1095, while Álmos received a separate duchy under his brother's suzerainty.[60] The brothers' relationship remained tense throughout Coloman's reign (which finally led to the blinding of Álmos and his infant son).[61]
Coloman routed two bands of crusaders who were plundering the Western borderlands[62] and defeated Petar Svačić in Croatia.[58][63] The late 14th-century Pacta conventa states that Coloman was crowned king of Croatia after concluding an agreement with twelve local noblemen.[64] Although most probably a forgery, the document reflects the actual status of Croatia proper,[65] which was never incorporated into Hungary.[61] In contrast, the region between the Petrova Mounts and the river Dráva known as Slavonia became closely connected to Hungary.[66] Here many Hungarian noblemen received land grants from the monarchs.[66] Zadar, Split and other Dalmatian towns also accepted Coloman's suzerainty in 1105, but their right to elect their own bishops and leaders remained unchained.[67][68] In Croatia and Slavonia, the sovereign was represented by governors bearing the title ban.[66] Likewise a royal official, the voivode administered Transylvania, the eastern borderland of the kingdom.[69]
Like Ladislaus I, Coloman proved to be a great legislator, but he prescribed less severe punishments than his uncle had done.[70] He ordered that transactions between Christians and Jews were to be put into writing.[71] His laws concerning his Muslim subjects aimed at their conversion, for instance, by obliging them to marry their daughters to Christians.[72] The presence of Jewish and Muslim merchants in the kingdom was due to its role as a crossroad of trading routes leading towards Constantinople, Regensburg and Kiev.[73] Local trade also existed, which enabled Coloman to collect the marturina, the traditional in-kind tax of Slavonia, in cash.[74]
The kingdom, with its average population density of four or five people per 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi), was sparsely populated.[44] The Olaszi streets or districts in Eger, Pécs and Nagyvárad (Oradea, Romania) point at the presence of "guests" speaking a Western Romance language, while the Németi and Szászi placenames refer to German-speaking colonists throughout the entire kingdom.[75] Most subjects of the early medieval Hungarian monarchs were peasants.[76] They only cultivated the most fertile lands, and moved further when the lands became exhausted.[44] Wheat was the most widely produced crops, but barley, the raw material for home brew was also grown.[76] Animal husbandry remained an important sector of agriculture, thus millet and oats were produced for fodder.[76] Fishing and hunting also contributed to nourishing, since even peasants were allowed to hunt in royal forests which covered large territories in the kingdom.[77]
Colonisation and expansion (1116–1196)[edit]
Unsuccessful wars with the Republic of Venice, the Byzantine Empire and other neighboring states characterized the reign of Coloman's son, Stephen II who succeeded his father in 1116.[78] The earliest mention of the Székelys is connected to the young king's first war against the Duchy of Bohemia.[79] The Hungarian-speaking Székelys lived in scattered communities along the borders,[80] but their groups were moved to the easternmost regions of Transylvania in the 12th century.[81] Stephen II died childless in 1131.[78] During the reign of the blind Béla II, the kingdom was administered by his wife, Helena of Rascia, who ordered the massacre of the lords who had opposed her husband's rule.[82] Boris Kalamanos, an alleged son of King Coloman, who attempted to seize the throne from Béla II, received no internal support.[78]
Béla II's son, Géza II, who ascended the throne in 1141, adopted an active foreign policy.[83] He supported Uroš II of Rascia against Emperor Manuel I Komnenos.[84] He promoted the colonization of the border zones.[27] Flemish, German, Italian, and Walloon "guests" arrived in great numbers and settled in the Szepesség region (Spiš, Slovakia) and in southern Transylvania.[85][86][87] Géza even recruited Muslim warriors in the Pontic steppes to serve in his army.[88] Abu Hamid, a Muslim traveler from Al-Andaluz refers to mountains that "contain lots of silver and gold", which points at the importance of mining and gold panning already around 1150.[89]
If anyone of the rank of count has even in a trivial matter offended against the king or, as sometimes happens, has been unjustly accused of this, an emissary from the court, though he be of very lowly station and unattended, seizes him in the midst of his retinue, puts him in chains, and drags him off to various forms of punishment. No formal sentence is asked of the prince through his peers, (...) no opportunity of defending himself is granted the accused, but the will of the prince alone is held by all as sufficient.
Géza II was succeeded in 1162 by his eldest son, Stephen III.[78] However, his uncles, Ladislaus II and Stephen IV claimed the crown for themselves.[91] Emperor Manuel I Komnenos took advantage of the internal conflicts and forced the young king to cede Dalmatia and the Szerémség region (Srem, Serbia) to the Byzantines in 1165.[92] Stephen III set an example for the development of towns by granting liberties to the Walloon "guests" in Székesfehérvár, including their immunity of the jurisdiction of the local ispán.[34][93][94]
When Stephen III died childless in 1172, his brother, Béla III, ascended the throne.[95][96] He reconquered Dalmatia and the Szerémség in the 1180s.[97][98] A contemporary list shows that more than 50 percent of his revenues derived from the annual renewal of the silver currency, and from tolls, ferries and markets.[99] According to the list, his total income was the equivalent of 32 tonnes of silver per year,[100] but this number is clearly exaggerated.[85] Béla III emphasized the importance of making records on judicial proceedings, which substantiates later Hungarian chronicles' report on his order of the obligatory use of written petitions.[101] Landowners also started to put into writing their transactions, which led to the appearance of the so-called "places of authentication", that is cathedral chapters and monasteries authorized to issue deeds.[102] Their emergence also evidences the employment of an educated staff.[102] Indeed, students from the kingdom studied at the universities of Paris, Oxford, Bologna and Padua from the 1150s.[102]
Aspects of the 12th-century French culture could also be detected in Béla III's kingdom.[102] His palace at Esztergom was built in the early Gothic style.[103] Achilles and other names known from the Legend of Troy and the Romance of Alexander (two emblematic works of chivalric culture) were also popular among Hungarian aristocrats.[103] According to a scholarly view, "Master P", the author of the Gesta Hungarorum, a chronicle on the Hungarian "land-taking" was Béla III's notary.[103][104]
Development of the Estates of the realm[edit]
Age of Golden Bulls (1196–1241)[edit]
Béla III's son and successor, Emeric, had to face revolts stirred up by his younger brother, Andrew.[105] Furthermore, incited by Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice, the armies of the Fourth Crusade took Zadar in 1202.[106][107] Emeric was succeeded in 1204 by his infant son, Ladislaus III.[108] When the young king died in a year, his uncle, Andrew, mounted the throne.[108] Stating that "the best measure of a royal grant is its being immeasurable", he distributed large parcels of royal lands among his partisans.[109] Freemen living in former royal lands lost their direct contact to the sovereign which threatened their legal status.[110][111] Royal revenues decreased, which led to the introduction of new taxes and their farming out to Muslims and Jews.[112]
Andrew II was strongly influenced by his wife, Gertrude of Merania.[109] She openly expressed her preference for her German compatriots, which caused her assassination by a group of local lords in 1213.[109][113] A new uprising broke out while the king was in the Holy Land on his crusade in 1217 and 1218.[113] Finally, a movement of the royal servants, who were actually free landholders directly subordinated to the sovereign, obliged Andrew II to issue his Golden Bull in 1222.[105] It summarized the royal servants' liberties, including their tax exemption.[114] Its last provision authorized the secular and spiritual lords to "resist and speak against" the sovereign "without the charge of high treason".[115][116] The Golden Bull also prohibited the employment of Muslims and Jews in royal administration.[117] This ban was confirmed when Andrew II, urged by the prelates, issued the Golden Bull's new variant in 1231, which authorized the archbishop of Esztergom to excommunicate him in case of his depart from its provisions.[118] For non-Christians continued to be employed in the royal household, Archbishop Robert of Esztergom placed the kingdom under interdict in 1232.[119] Andrew II was forced to take an oath, which included his promise to respect the privileged position of clergymen and to dismiss all his Jewish and Muslim officials.[120] A growing intolerance against non-Catholics is also demonstrated by the transfer of the Orthodox monastery of Visegrád to the Benedictines in 1221.[121]
Andrew II's made several attempts to occupy the neighboring Principality of Halych.[122] His son, Béla, persuaded a group of Cumans to accept Andrew II's suzerainty in 1228 and established a new march in Oltenia (known as the Banate of Szörény) in 1231.[123] Béla IV succeeded his father in 1235.[115] His attempt to reacquire crown lands alienated by his predecessors created a deep rift between the monarch and the lords just as the Mongols were sweeping westward across the Eurasian steppes.[124][125]
The king was first informed on the Mongol threat by Friar Julian, a Dominican monk who visited a Hungarian-speaking population inMagna Hungaria, in 1235.[115] In the next years, the Mongols routed the Cumans who dominated the western parts of the Eurasian Steppes.[126] A Cuman chieftain, Kuthen agreed to accept Béla IV's supremacy, thus he and his people were allowed to settle in the Great Hungarian Plain.[127] However, the Cumans' nomadic lifestyle caused many conflicts with local communities.[128] The locals even considered them as the Mongols' allies.[129]
Mongol invasion (1241–1242)[edit]
Batu Khan, who was the commander of the Mongol armies invading Eastern Europe, demanded Béla IV's surrender without fight in 1240.[130][131] The king refused him and ordered his barons to assemble with their retinue in his camp at Pest.[132] Here a riot broke out against the Cumans and the mob massacred their leader, Kuthen.[127][133] The Cumans soon departed and pillaged the central parts of the kingdom.[134] The main Mongol army arrived through the northeastern passes of the Carpathian Mountains in March 1241.[127][135] The royal troops met the enemy forces at the river Sajó and the Mongols won a decisive victory on April 11, 1241.[133] From the battlefield, Béla IV fled first to Austria, where Duke Frederick II held him for ransom.[134] Thereafter the king and his family found refugee in Klis Fortress in Dalmatia.[136] The Mongols first occupied and thoroughly plundered the territories east of the river Danube.[137] They crossed the river when it was frozen in early 1242.[134] Abbot Hermann of Niederalteich recorded around that time that "the Kingdom of Hungary, which had existed for 350 years, was destroyed".[134][136]
[The Mongols] "burnt the church" [in Nagyvárad (Oradea, Romania)]", together with the women and whatever there was in the church. In other churches they perpetrated such crimes to the women that it is better to keep silent (...). Then they ruthlessly beheaded the nobles, citizens, soldiers and canons on a field outside the city. (...) After they had destroyed everything, and an intolerable stench arose from the corpses, they left the place empty. People hiding in the nearby forests came back to find some food. And while they were searching among the stones and the corpses, the" [Mongols] "suddenly returned and of those living whom they found there, none was left alive.—Master Roger's Epistle[138]
However, the kingdom did not cease to exist.[136] Batu Khan ordered the withdrawal of all his troops when he was informed of the death of the Great Khan, Ögödei in March, 1242.[137] Nevertheless, the invasion and the famine that followed it had catastrophic demographic consequences.[139] At least 15 percent of the population died or disappeared.[140][141] Transcontinental trading routes disintegrated, causing the decline of Bács (Bač, Serbia), Ungvár (Uzhhorod, Ukraine) and other traditional centers of commerce.[142][143] Local Muslim communities disappeared, showing that they had suffered especially heavy losses during the invasion.[144]
Last Árpáds (1242–1301)[edit]
After the Mongol withdrawal, Béla IV abandoned his policy of recovering former crown lands.[145] Instead, he granted large estates to his supporters, and urged them to construct stone-and-mortar castles.[146] He initiated a new wave of colonization which resulted in the arrival of a number of Germans, Moravians, Poles, and Romanians.[147][148] The king reinvited the Cumans and settled them in the plains along the Danube and the Tisza.[149] A group of Alans, the ancestors of the Jassic people seems to have settled in the kingdom around the same time.[150]
New villages appeared which consisted of timber houses built side by side in equal parcels of lands.[151][152] For instance, the settlement network of the so far scarcely inhabited forests of the Western Carpathians (in present-day Slovakia) began to develop under Béla IV.[153] Huts disappeared and new rural houses consisting of a living room, a kitchen and a pantry were built.[154] The most advanced agricultural techniques, including asymmetric heavy ploughs,[155] also spread in the whole kingdom.[151]
Internal migration was likewise instrumental in the development of the new domains emerging in former royal lands.[156] The new landholders granted personal freedom and more favorable financial conditions to those who arrived in their estates, which also enabled the peasants who decided not to move to improve their position.[156] Béla IV granted privileges to more than a dozen of towns, including Nagyszombat (Trnava, Slovakia) and Pest.[157][158]
Although threatening letters sent to Béla IV by the khans of the Golden Horde proved that the danger of a new Mongol invasion still existed,[159] he adopted an expansionist foreign policy.[147] Frederick II of Austria died fighting against Hungarian troops in 1246,[160] and Béla IV's son-in-law, Rostislav Mikhailovich, annexed large territories along the kingdom's southern frontiers.[161][162] However, conflicts between the elderly monarch and his heir, Stephen, caused a civil war in the 1260s.[162]
Béla IV and his son jointly confirmed the liberties of the royal servants, hereafter known as noblemen in 1267.[163] By that time, "true noblemen" were legally differentiated from other landholders.[164] They held their estates free of any obligation, but everybody else (even the ecclesiastic nobles, Romanian cneazes and other "conditional nobles") owned services to their lords in exchange for the lands they held.[165] In a growing number of counties, local nobility acquired the right to elect four or two "judges of the nobles" to represent them in official procedures.[166] The idea of equating the Hungarian "nation" with the community of noblemen also emerged in this period.[167] It was first expressed in Simon of Kéza's Gesta Hungarorum, a chronicle written in the 1280s.[168]
The wealthiest landholders forced the lesser nobles to join their retinue which increased their power.[169] One of the barons, Joachim of the Gutkeled clan even captured Stephen V's heir, the infant Ladislaus in 1272.[170] Stephen V died some months later which caused a new civil war between the Csák, Kőszegi, and other leading families who attempted to control the central government in the name of the young Ladislaus IV.[171] He was declared to be of age in 1277 at an assembly of the spiritual and temporal lords and of the noblemen's and Cumans' representatives, but he could not strengthen royal authority.[172] Ladislaus IV, whose mother, Elisabeth was a Cuman chieftain's daughter, preferred his Cuman kin which made him unpopular.[173][174] He was even accused of initiating a second Mongol invasion in 1285, although the invaders were routed by the royal troops.[174][175]
When Ladislaus IV was murdered in 1290, the Holy See declared the kingdom a vacant fief[176][177] and granted it to his sister's son, Charles Martel, crown prince of the Kingdom of Naples.[178] However, the majority of the Hungarian lords supported Andrew, the grandson of Andrew II, although his father's legitimacy was dubious.[178][179] He was the first monarch to take an oath on respecting the liberties of the Church and the nobility before his coronation.[180][181] He regularly convoked the prelates, the lords and the noblemen's representatives to assemblies known as Diets, which started to develop into a legislative body.[178][182] However, the kingdom actually disintegrated into autonomous provinces, each ruled by powerful noblemen (including Matthew Csák, Ladislaus Kán, and Amadeus Aba) who ignored the king's authority.[181] The powerful Croatian lord, Paul I Šubić of Bribir, even dared to invite the late Charles Martel's son, the twelfe-year-old Charles Robert, to Hungary in 1300.[181] The young pretender was marching from Croatia towards Buda when Andrew III unexpectedly died on 14 January 1301.[181]
With Andrew III's death, the male line of the House of Árpád became extinct and a period of anarchy began.[181] [183] During the next seven years, pretenders who were descended from the Árpád kings on the female lines – the Neapolitan Charles Robert, the Bohemian Wenceslaus, and the Bavarian Otto – were competing for the crown.[181][184] Finally, it was Charles Robert who reunited the kingdom and restored Hungary's former position as a leading Europen power by the early 1320s.[185][186]
See also[edit]
- ^ Bak 1993, p. 269.
- ^ Fukuyama, Francis (February 6, 2012). "What's Wrong with Hungary". Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law (blog). The American Interest.
- ^ Kirschbaum 1996, p. 40.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 6.
- ^ Molnár 2001, pp. 14–16.
- ^ Makkai 1994, p. 13.
- ^ Spinei 2003, pp. 81–82.
- ^ Spinei 2003, p. 82.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 21.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 20.
- ^ Spinei 2003, pp. 19–22.
- ^ Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006, p. 28.
- ^ Spinei 2003, p. 57.
- ^ a b Curta 2006, pp. 192–193.
- ^ Spinei 2003, p. 16.
- ^ Spinei 2003, pp. 78–79.
- ^ a b c Makkai 1994, p. 16.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 51.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 26.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 20.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 27.
- ^ a b c d Makkai 1994, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d Kontler 1999, p. 53.
- ^ Kirschbaum 1996, p. 41.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 58.
- ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Sedlar 1994, p. 207.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 56.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 38.
- ^ a b Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006, p. 29.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 46.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 72.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 45–46.
- ^ a b c Makkai 1994, p. 20.
- ^ The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301 (Stephen I:27), p. 6.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 66–69, 74.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Rady 2000, pp. 19–21.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 70.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 74.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 68.
- ^ a b c Makkai 1994, p. 18.
- ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 59.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 26.
- ^ Makkai 1994, pp. 18–19.
- ^ a b c Kontler 1999, p. 59.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 60.
- ^ Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006, p. 32.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 31.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 33.
- ^ Kontler 1999, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 62.
- ^ Berend 2001, pp. 75, 237.
- ^ The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301 (Ladislas II:7), p. 14.
- ^ Fine 1991, pp. 283–284.
- ^ a b c Curta 2006, p. 265.
- ^ a b c Goldstein 1999, p. 20.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 63.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 34.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 35.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, pp. 225–226.
- ^ Fine 1991, p. 284.
- ^ Curta 2006, pp. 266–267.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 267.
- ^ a b c Goldstein 1999, p. 21.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 266.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 36.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 355.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 65.
- ^ Berend 2001, pp. 75, 111.
- ^ Berend 2001, p. 211.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 64.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 34, 65.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 60–61.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 57.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 56.
- ^ a b c d Kontler 1999, p. 73.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 116.
- ^ Spinei 2003, p. 126.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 116–117.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 50.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 51.
- ^ Fine 1991, pp. 237–238.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 61.
- ^ Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006, p. 276.
- ^ Curta 2006, pp. 352–353.
- ^ Berend 2001, p. 141.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 62.
- ^ The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and his continuator, Rahewin (1.32/31), p. 67.
- ^ Kontler 1999, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 53.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 60.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 61.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 74.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 55.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 346.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 7.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 62–63.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 46.
- ^ Rady 2000, p. 66.
- ^ a b c d Kontler 1999, p. 71.
- ^ a b c Makkai 1994, p. 21.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 11.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 75.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 372.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 61.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 89.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 91.
- ^ Rady 2000, p. 34.
- ^ Berend 2001, p. 21.
- ^ Makkai 1994, p. 23.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 76.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 94.
- ^ a b c Kontler 1999, p. 77.
- ^ The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301 (1222:31), p. 35.
- ^ Berend 2001, p. 121.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 96.
- ^ Berend 2001, pp. 156–157.
- ^ Berend 2001, pp. 158–159.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 97.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 89–90.
- ^ Curta 2006, pp. 387–388, 405–406.
- ^ Makkai 1994, p. 25.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 98.
- ^ Spinei 2003, p. 301.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 99.
- ^ Spinei 2003, p. 308.
- ^ Berend 2001, p. 99.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 211.
- ^ Curta 2006, pp. 409–411.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 213.
- ^ a b Spinei 2003, p. 427.
- ^ a b c d Engel 2001, p. 100.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 409.
- ^ a b c Spinei 2003, p. 439.
- ^ a b Sedlar 1994, p. 214.
- ^ Master Roger's Epistle (ch. 34), p. 201.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 413.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 101–102.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 34.
- ^ Curta 2006, p. 414.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 103.
- ^ Berend 2001, pp. 242–243.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 80.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 104.
- ^ a b Kontler 1999, p. 81.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 38.
- ^ Spinei 2003, pp. 104–105.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 105.
- ^ a b Makkai 1994, p. 33.
- ^ Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006, p. 49.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 113.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 272.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 111.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 112.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 112–113.
- ^ Spiesz, Caplovic & Bolchazy 2006, p. 34.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 377.
- ^ Kontler 1999, pp. 81–82.
- ^ Fine 1994, pp. 171–175.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 106.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 120.
- ^ Rady 2000, pp. 91–93.
- ^ Rady 2000, pp. 79, 84, 91–93.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 120–121.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 122.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 121.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 276.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 107–108.
- ^ Engel 2001, p. 108.
- ^ Engel 2001, pp. 108–109.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, pp. 406–407.
- ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 109.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 219.
- ^ Makkai 1994, p. 31.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 163.
- ^ a b c Engel 2001, p. 110.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 33.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 39.
- ^ a b c d e f Kontler 1999, p. 84.
- ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 286.
- ^ Kirschbaum 1996, p. 45.
- ^ Molnár 2001, p. 41.
- ^ Molnár 2001, pp. 43–45.
- ^ Kontler 1999, p. 91.
Primary sources[edit]
- Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; ISBN 978-9639776951.
- Master Roger's Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars (Translated and Annotated by János M. Bak and Martyn Rady) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); Anonymus and Master Roger; CEU Press; ISBN 978-9639776951.
- The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa by Otto of Freising and his continuator, Rahewin (Translated and annotated with an introduction by Charles Christopher Mierow, with the collaboration of Richard Emery) (1953). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13419-3.
- The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301 (Translated and Edited by János M. Bak, György Bónis, James Ross Sweeney with an essay on previous editions by Andor Czizmadia, Second revised edition, In collaboration with Leslie S. Domonkos) (1999). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers.
Secondary sources[edit]
- Bak, János M. (1993). ""Linguistic pluralism" in Medieval Hungary". In Meyer, Marc A. The Culture of Christendom: Essays in Medieval History in Memory of Denis L. T. Bethel. The Hambledon Press. ISBN 1-85285-064-7.
- Berend, Nora (2001). At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and 'Pagans' in Medieval Hungary, c. 1000–c. 1300. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02720-5.
- Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
- Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
- Fine, John V. A (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth century. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- Fine, John V. A (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. The University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- Goldstein, Ivo (1999). Croatia: A History (Translated from the Croatian by Nikolina Jovanović). McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2017-2.
- Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1996). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6929-9.
- Kontler, László (1999). Millennium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary. Atlantisz Publishing House. ISBN 963-9165-37-9.
- Makkai, László (1994). "The Hungarians' prehistory, their conquest of Hungary and their raids to the West to 955; The foundation of the Hungarian Christian state, 950–1196; Transformation into a Western-type state, 1196–1301". In Sugár, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor. A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. pp. 8–33. ISBN 0-253-20867-X.
- Molnár, Miklós (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66736-4.
- Rady, Martyn (2000). Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary. Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-80085-0.
- Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97290-4.
- Spiesz, Anton; Caplovic, Dusan; Bolchazy, Ladislaus J. (2006). Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. ISBN 978-0-86516-426-0.
- Spinei, Victor (2003). The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century (Translated by Dana Badulescu). ISBN 973-85894-5-2.


text:
Victorinox Swiss Army 3 Piece Paring Knife Set
Victorinox Swiss Army 3 Piece Paring Knife Set
Weights & Dimensions
|Blade Finish: Stainless steel
|Handle Color: Black
|Blade Material: High carbon stainless steel
|Handle Material: Plastic
|Number of Items Included: 3
|Pieces Included: Paring knife
|Available Separately: Yes
|Rust Resistant: Yes
|Ergonomic Handle: Yes
|Non-Porous Handle: Yes
|Construction Method: Stamped
|Knife Storage Included: No
|Sharpening Required: Yes
|Textured Handle: Yes
|Product Care: Victorinox knives are dishwasher safe; however, hand wash is recommended.
|Country of Manufacture: Switzerland
|Product Warranty: Lifetime against defects in materials and workmanship
|FDA Compliant: Yes
|USDA Compliant: Yes
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Victorinox Swiss Army 3 Piece Paring Knife Set
About the ManufacturerVictorinox was founded at a time when Switzerland was counted among the poorest countries in Europe. Many Swiss were without work in 1880 and saw emigration as the only possible solution. Despite the difficult economic times, the cutler Karl Elsener took the initiative and, by opening a cutlery workshop, laid the foundation stone for a thriving company.
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Great blades, but not handles.
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OUR SKU # VCX10253 Piece Paring Knife Set is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: 48042


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We reported earlier today
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Soccer Announcer Gone Wild
Like a fat kid loves eating cake? Really? Via GG
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Residents of a peaceful rural community are reluctant let their children play outdoors unattended and some took down their farm stands after two young Amish sisters were kidnapped from their family's roadside stand, officials said Friday.Comments
The Centers for Disease Control recognizes breast milk as a food, not a body fluid, so special handling precautions are not necessary.Comments
Following failed attempts to find the intoxicated man a place to stay — and police denying his plans to "go wherever his dog went" — the suspect was arrested. En route to jail, he criticized the radio.Comments
Come Saturday, street rods, classic cars, rat rods and other vehicles of all sorts will be the center of attention on Broad Street.Comments
A woman traveling east in the westbound lanes of Interstate 26 in Kingsport on Wednesday night — and in turn igniting a head-on collision with another vehicle — has been charged with multiple offenses including assault and DUI.Comments
The current sentencing structure in Tennessee has been in place for more than 20 years. Officials say an examination will ensure that the structure is in line with the variety and severity of criminal behavior.Comments
The agency assumes law-enforcement authority after four days of clashes between local officers in riot gear and furious crowds protesting the death of an unarmed black teen shot by a police officer.Comments
Jarrett Richardson is used to traffic crashes outside of his home decor shop along Highway 394 in Blountville. So Thursday afternoon's incident didn't initially raise much excitement: He heard tires squeal, a bang, then prepared to dial 911.Comments
A woman allegedly under the influence of prescription medications triggered a Wednesday afternoon traffic crash on Memorial Boulevard in Kingsport, striking another vehicle head-on and flipping it onto its roof.Comments
Former Dobyns- Bennett High School Orchestra Director Celia Bachelder and former D-B Band Director J.S. Tilson have a lot in common.Comments


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#15 of 52
auralite greeting cards, healing greeting cards, personal development greeting cards, intuition greeting cards, chakra balancing greeting cards, sacred geometry greeting cards, merkaba greeting cards, wisdom greeting cards, compassion greeting cards, fox greeting cards, change greeting cards
Bringing Light is created from an image of an Auralite 23 Crystal. Auralite Crystal is said to enhance healing, personal development, and intuition extensively and on many levels, and is said to be balancing for all the chakras......bringing a sense of peacefulness and calm. It is a stone that opens the mind and spirit, recognizing connections between our inner self and our outer life. Auralite offers strength and wisdom as we align ourselves with our true path. Bringing Light also contains the Sacred Geometry symbol, the Merkaba embedded in it. The Merkaba is a described as a crystalline energy field that is comprised of specific sacred geometries that align the mind, body, and heart together. The Merkaba is thought to enable us to...
Alicia is a Scientist, Intuitive Artist and Healer. After 30 years as a Medical Laboratory Scientist, she re-trained as a Jin Shin Do BodyMind Acupressurist. She is excited and passionate to be developing as a Mandala artist....combining her love of Photography, Botany, Nature, Healing and the Arts. Alicia uses her 30 years of Medical Science, her deep interest in Quantum Physics and a profound understanding of BodyMind Medicine and Healing to assist Inner Emotional Transformation as well as Outer Physical Transformation. She Assists individuals to Create Sacred Space Internally, thus facilitating Healing, as well as Externally to create Environments that Support Health, Healing, Wellness, Peace and Tranquility during both Daily Life, and...
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Though you might think the directorial debut from an Oscar winning screenwriter might be surrounded by a bit more hoopla, things have been relatively quiet around "Paradise" (formerly known as "Lamb Of God") from Diablo Cody. Shot last year, things seem to have been kept on the down-low...until now....Read More »
All one has to do to determine the future big screen prospects of Russell Brand is to simply look at the titles at some of the movies he's been attached to: "Rentaghost," "Hauntrepreneur," "The President Stole My Girlfriend" (seriously), "Man That Rocks The Cra...Read More »
So, here we are, nearly four years after it was first announced, and still not much happening with "Pierre Pierre." Okay, something is happening, but the movie is still moving along at an unhurried pace, and it's now swapping stars.Read More »
Great news for fans of Louis C.K.'s "Louie" -- FX announced at the Summer TCA Press Tour this past weekend that it was renewing the idiosyncratic, critically beloved series for a 13-episode fourth season.Read More »
It's easy to see how 'Rock of Ages' became a crowd-pleaser on Broadway, where audiences got caught up in the energy of 80s hit songs performed live. The film adaptation (credited, astonishingly, to three screenwriters, including the show's creator Chris D'Arenzio) is a dreary collection of clichés a...Read More »
"Rock of Ages" will make you want to raise your arms...and then immediately plunge your fingers into your eyeballs for salvation (you can go back for seconds to rescue your ears). "Hairspray" helmer Adam Shankman directs this movie that will finally kill the '80s nostalgia that continues to plague u...Read More »
If you still have Def Leppard's Pyromania album on heavy rotation and prefer Jefferson Starship to Jefferson Airplane, then there's a pretty good chance you're excited for the upcoming musical adaptation, "Rock Of Ages." An ode to the days of hair metal and tight leathe...Read More »
With "30 Rock" getting picked up by NBC for one last, shortened, 13-episode season, it looks like Alec Baldwin is going to have a bit more time on his hands. The actor is starting to fill up his calendar and is calling on a couple of recent pals to help him do so.Read More »
Jon Stewart, Eddie Izzard, Russell Brand, Coldplay, Kristen Wiig, Paul Rudd – that's just part of the crazy-long list of performers who will be on stage at Radio City Music Hall on Sunday for the first U.S. version of The Secret Policeman's Ball, the long-running, usually rauc...Read More »
Ah, The Smiths. Who among us, at least those born after 1965 or so, can say they didn't have moments of adolescent angst, confusion and heartbreak soundtracked by the acerbic lyrics of Morrissey and the chiming guitar lines of Johnny Marr? And yet, their influence on film has never quite matched...Read More »


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Agilent Technologies Offers PCB Analyzer with Breakthrough Accuracy for PCB Manufacturing Test
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SANTA CLARA, Calif., Feb. 3, 2014
Agilent Technologies Inc. (NYSE: A) today introduced the E5063A PCB Analyzer for printed circuit board impedance test in manufacturing. The solution offers technology breakthroughs in accuracy and repeatability and reproducibility (R&R). The analyzer also provides a dedicated user interface with broader language support, and more robustness against electrostatic discharge for PCB manufacturing environments.
Tighter impedance tolerance is a direct result of increasing data rates; more accurate impedance test solutions for PCB manufacturing is now required to achieve signal integrity. The E5063A PCB Analyzer meets that demand by providing advanced error-correction methods to enhance measurement accuracy and R&R. These enhancements help improve yield for PCB impedance test.
Option 011 in the E5063A PCB Analyzer now supports simplified and traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, providing easier access and operation in global installations.
The ESD protection circuit now available on the E5063A PCB Analyzer helps overcome the serious ESD damage that traditional PCB measurement solutions can encounter. The highly robust architecture of E5063A protects the instrument from ESD damage, minimizing downtime and repair.
"In addition to enhancements that go beyond traditional test solutions, we offer the solution at an affordable price," said Akira Nukiyama, vice president and general manager, Agilent's Component Test Division. "Continuous achievements in high-speed digital applications and uncompromising expertise in RF measurements enable us to achieve these breakthroughs with the E5063A PCB Analyzer."
U.S. Pricing and Additional Information
E5063A-011 Time domain analysis/Test wizard option: $10,000
E5063A PCB Analyzer frequency options:
|2-port test set, 100 kHz to 4.5 GHz
|2-port test set, 100 kHz to 8.5 GHz
|2-port test set, 100 kHz to 18 GHz
Information on the E5063A PCB Analyzer can be found at www.agilent.com/find/ena-pcb. High-resolution images are available at www.agilent.com/find/E5063APCB_images.
About Agilent Technologies
Agilent Technologies Inc. (NYSE: A) is the world's premier measurement company and a technology leader in chemical analysis, life sciences, diagnostics, electronics and communications. The company's 20,600 employees serve customers in more than 100 countries. Agilent had revenues of $6.8 billion in fiscal 2013. Information about Agilent is available at www.agilent.com.
On Sept. 19, 2013, Agilent announced plans to separate into two publicly traded companies through a tax-free spinoff of its electronic measurement business. The new company is named Keysight Technologies, Inc. The separation is expected to be completed in early November 2014.
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text: back Illinois College announces new homecoming parade route, seeks entries 8.27.2014 Illinois College is seeking community entries for one of Jacksonville's best-loved parades. The college's annual homecoming parade will take place on Saturday, October 11, at 10 a.m. The parade will be staged this year in the Jacksonville High School Bowl and Grace United Methodist Church parking lots. Entries will step off at the corner of West State Street and Church Street and head east on State to the historic Jacksonville Downtown Square. The parade will begin to travel around the southwest corner of the square before turning south onto South Main, and then west onto West College Avenue. The parade will travel west down College and turn left onto Park Street before disbanding at the corner of Park and Edgehill Road. Parade goers are urged to bring a blanket or lawn chair to watch the parade. A registration form for parade entries can be downloaded at www.ic.edu/homecoming2014 or a form may be picked up at the Alumni House at 1201 Mound Avenue. Entries must be received by Friday, September 19. back


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"You can't expect anyone to clean up the dirt left behind by bitterness inside your own mind." — Dodinsky
Also on these boards
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Follow your heart! - Dodinsky always has the most timely advice ♥
"People can let you down, but only YOU can keep yourself permanently down. Rise above it, and get moving!" — Dodinsky
A Good Way To Live . . . "Clean your days with love and kindness so that every scrap of spitefulness you have towards others and yourself will disappear from your life." ~ Dodinsky
Must remember this one for sure.


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Located in the heart of the ancient Medina, we chose this riad for it's sleek modern looks and glowing reviews for friendly service.
Reservations: Made via email. The owner, Jean, is very friendly and responsive. You'll also need to make a deposit via Paypal to secure your reservation.
Location: About 15-20 minutes from the airport. Definitely secure transportation from the airport to the riad. Once in this walled city, you'll have a very difficult time navigating the streets and tiny, pedestrian-only side streets. Located just steps from the Bahia Palace and 10-15 minutes from the massive Jemaa el Fna outdoor market. Everything important was walking distance.
Accommodations: Very pretty - photos are 100% accurate. Clean modern lines that still feel very Moroccan. We stayed in the "Saint Ex" - long, narrow space with cathedral ceilings and a dramatic Moroccan chandelier in the middle.This riad is very slient--like monastery silent. This can be great when you're returning from the chaos in the Medina. Our power and AC went out the second night due to another guest shorting an outlet. While this isn't the riad's fault, not having AC in 90+ degree heat was difficult. We also battled with the shower daily. The shower head seemed to have a mind of it's own. With no shower door, no matter what we did, water would go spraying and pooling everywhere in the bathroom.
Amenities: Our room, "Saint Ex," didn't have a TV/radio/iPod connector. WiFi, when working, was pretty non-existent. I know we're lame for having to check-in with work while on vacation, but we really needed internet access and also chose this riad based on the that stated availability.
Breakfast: Good. The daily servings of bread/carbs got a little repetitive. Would have loved an egg or any other protein to change it up a bit.
Service: 100% accurate -- very warm, friendly and caring staff. Jean (a French expat) was very nice and informative.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Riad Dar One has been renewed with elegance and originality and combines harmoniously design, charm of the old riads and modern comfort. A particular care have been brought to all the lamps and to the thick curtains witch give a smart and funny touch, "very vintage" . An attentive and smiling staff is present 24h on 24 to serve, advise and meet all the expectations of travellers. A haven of peace in the heart of the Medina. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Splendia, Booking.com, Priceline and Odigeo so you can book your Riad Dar One reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Riad Dar 1
- Riad Dar One Marrakech
- Riad Dar One Hotel Marrakech


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Some of the Boston-area's most notorious crimes have left a legacy of myth and mystery. Click here for a photographic look at some of the region's most memorable crimes.
Massachusetts most notorious crimesUPDATED 6:10 AM EST Dec 12, 2010
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Choose from Three Options
- $59 for a consultation and a 60-minute colon hydrotherapy session with a 30-minute ionizing foot soak (a $155 value)
- $79 for a consultation and two 60-minute colon hydrotherapy sessions (a $185 value)
- $49 for a consultation and a 60-minute colon hydrotherapy session (a $110 value)
After a consultation that explains the colon-hydrotherapy procedure, warm water is introduced to the colon to dislodge any built-up waste or toxins. Clients have reported feeling lighter and more energetic, and have even experienced pain relief from certain chronic conditions. The 30-minute ionic footbath further detoxifies bodies by drawing out heavy metals from the feet.
Living Health New Braunfels
Living Health New Braunfels focuses on five simple words—holistic, integrative, naturopathic, and respectful humility—while tending to patients with nutrition, massage, hormone balancing, and detoxification services. The staff of registered nurses and massage therapists specializes in detoxification, helping patients lighten their loads by eliminating toxins and stockpiles of marbles from their bodies with colon hydrotherapy, lymph-boosting massages, whole-food supplements, and ionic footbaths. No matter what treatment they administer, they recognize that no one knows your body like you; even though they'll make recommendations for certain treatments, they'll never push you toward a treatment you don't want.
94% of 67 customers recommend
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"Staff was friendly and very knowledgeable. Was a comfortable and engaging visit."
1423 North Walnut Ave. Suite 104
New Braunfels, TX 78130
+18306325906Get Directions


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|Industry Recognition
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Shirley Kim is a transactional attorney with roots stemming from her background in entertainment, banking and finance. Background: Before... more
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Key things you need to know aboutDr. Amezcua-Patino:
Dr. Amezcua-Patino's Experience
Research training, expertise and qualifications
Dr. Amezcua-Patino's Care Philosophy
Dr. Amezcua-Patino's Specialties
- Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- View all 2 specialties and 2 board certifications
Procedures Dr. Amezcua-Patino Performs
- Neuropsychological Testing
- Psychiatric Evaluation
- See all 4 procedures
Conditions Dr. Amezcua-Patino Treats
- Adjustment Disorder
- Alcohol-Induced Mental Disorders
- See all 49 conditions
More About Dr. Amezcua-Patino's Background
Patient Satisfaction
Patients' feedback on their experience with Dr. Amezcua-Patino
Likelihood of recommending Dr. Amezcua-Patino to family and friends is 2.7 out of 5 5 1 41
See More Survey Results
8 Facts About Patient Satisfaction Surveys
Patient satisfaction surveys provide a standardized way of reporting about healthcare experiences. But there can be more than meets the eye when reviewing scores. Here's what you should know
Appointments & Offices
Check insurance plans, locations and make an appointment
Accepting new patients?
- Yes
- Metropolitan Neurobehavioral Institute, PLLC
- Metropolitan Neurobehavioral Institute, PLLC
- 4055 W Chandler Blvd Ste 5
- Chandler, AZ 85226
- Metropolitan NBI Research Division
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- 70 N McClintock Dr Ste 4
- Chandler, AZ 85226
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The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready
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Reviews for M&N ZafranAddress: Grabovac 302, Plitvice Lakes, Croatia
Rooms from: US$ 24.89
Ratings Explained
(Hostelworld.com and Affiliate sites)
The following reviews were submitted by customers who booked through our sister site, Hostelworld.com, in the last 12 months.
The ratings in the rating box are based on all-time feedback for the property and are the opinions of the customers who submitted them; they do not express the opinions of Hostelworld.com or our affiliate sites.
Overall Rating (5 Ratings)
Customer Reviews for M&N Zafran
rosiebrewster4590, from Australia ~ 4th Dec 2014
businessheli1663, from USA ~ 10th Dec 2014
sajaedwards887, from Canada ~ 26th Oct 2014
pjgood256074, from Australia ~ 1st Oct 2014
patrickvaillancourt9660, from Canada ~ 21st Sep 2014
amandadembski8119, from USA ~ 18th Jul 2014
avi1589, from USA ~ 18th Sep 2014
baileegrob4309, from USA ~ 5th Aug 2014
debsrcardoso4349, from Brazil ~ 15th Aug 2014
justciaranhanrahan4854, from Ireland ~ 24th Aug 2014


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A new old water feature
I updated one of my old 1/2 whiskey barrel water features... painted the old pump blue... added rocks from our property. I used to have water plants in it but the raccoons kept pulling them out and destroying them. The frog and moss balls came from a Terry's Village catalog...my wife Carol bought them for me as a surprise. Love my wife! I found the little wood plank while hiking in our woods. :o) Added two, heavy, handmade Christmas ornaments to the water as floats. :o) Enjoy! Bear Hugs! Kirk
Here is a link that might be useful: Another Water Feature I Posted Before
Kirk, that looks just wonderful...and I bet it sounds even better. And you know that I love the pop of blue in the garden.
hugs, Karen
You are inspiring, Kirk...I just clipped down a big Baptisa plant in front of my barrell pond (you couldn't even see the pond) & I have a red pump there ... I've been comtemplating some change cause that plant will need dug up...I like your changes...esp the rocks in the water & cobalt blue color looks great! My pump also sets on a plank that DH put there for me...I want to use my copper colored 'rain chain' somehow w/this barrell pond...you've got my wheels spinnin'! And, too funny, I just bought a glass ball at HL ...so I'll see if it floats! Thanks for the inspiration! Jeanne s.
I like the pump painted blue!
I think I have a new green one under one
of the beds-I had not thought about it in awhile.
I have so much that I want to get into the garden,
and since a lot of the 'clearing' of weeds,etc is
done maybe I can get some of it put out soon.


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Go here to see how Harrison Krix made the Big Daddy costume I posted previously.
*Previously: Midna's Helmet by Krix.
*Buy Bioshock toys at eBay.
Tuesday, September 8, 2009
How to make a Big Daddy costume
Posted by John at 8:08 PM
Labels: bioshock, cosplay, costumes, harrison krix, video games
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On February 06, 2015 21:53 (IST)
The company had posted a net profit of Rs 34.47 crore in the year-ago period.
On December 24, 2014 22:31 (IST)
Financial Technologies (India) Ltd or FTIL on Wednesday said SKS Capital has backed out from acquiring some of its stake in MCX-SX even as other investors, including Rakesh Jhunjhunwala, have completed purchase of shares in the stock exchange.
On December 14, 2014 16:37 (IST)
Since its inception, the leading power exchange has been using the technology provided by Financial Technologies (India) Ltd (FTIL), which has been asked by the regulator CERC to complete sale of its entire stake by January 4.
On December 10, 2014 00:29 (IST)
To comply with conditions imposed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi), MCX-SX on Tuesday issued shares to 12 new investors, including Rakesh Jhunjhunwala, following which the erstwhile promoter Financial Technologies India Ltd (FTIL)...
On December 08, 2014 23:03 (IST)
Financial Technologies India Ltd (FTIL) on said it has sold an additional 1.65 lakh shares in stock exchange MCX-SX to ace investor Rakesh Jhunjhunwala for Rs 2.47 lakh, thereby completely exiting the bourse.
On November 30, 2014 15:47 (IST)
The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has given Financial Technologies India Ltd (FTIL) time till January 4 to comply with its directive to complete sale of its entire stake in Indian Energy Exchange.
On November 28, 2014 00:27 (IST)
The order was passed by a division bench of Justice V M Kanade and Anuja Prabhudesai while hearing a petition filed by FTIL challenging the proposed merger.
On November 26, 2014 13:45 (IST)
FTIL has been in trouble ever since the Rs 5,600 crore payment scam surfaced at group firm NSEL in July last year.
On November 25, 2014 23:32 (IST)
Scam-hit National Spot Exchange Ltd's merger with parent firm Financial Technologies India Ltd (FTIL) will be done after considering suggestions from stakeholders, the government said on Tuesday.
On November 25, 2014 22:49 (IST)
Financial Technologies India Ltd (FTIL) on Tuesday inked a pact with ace investor Rakesh Jhunjhunwala, financial major Edelweiss and others to sell its entire 5 per cent stake in MCX-SX for Rs 88.41 crore.
On November 17, 2014 21:45 (IST)
FTIL decided to exit the exchange business and focus on its core technology business after the Rs 5,600 crore scam surfaced at its Indian subsidiary NSEL last year.
On November 13, 2014 01:03 (IST)
Financial Technologies India Ltd (FTIL) on Wednesday said its net profit for the second quarter of the current fiscal year has jumped over 12 times to Rs 327 crore on the back of one-time gain on sale of its holding in MCX.
On November 12, 2014 21:30 (IST)
Some minority shareholders of Financial Technologies India Ltd (FTIL) have raised objections to the proposed merger of the scam-hit National Spot Exchange Ltd (NSEL) with the company.
On November 07, 2014 23:39 (IST)
Facing a government-ordered merger of the crisis hit National Spot Exchange Ltd (NSEL) with itself, Financial Technologies India Ltd (FTIL) on Friday announced spinning off a key revenue-generating trading software product into a separate subsidiary ...
On November 06, 2014 00:22 (IST)
Financial Technologies India Ltd (FTIL) said on Wednesday that it will fully exit IEX by selling its entire stake to a clutch of investors for Rs 576.84 crore.
On October 29, 2014 22:38 (IST)
Wiser after the Rs 5,600-crore scam at National Spot Exchange Ltd (NSEL), the government on Wednesday withdrew exemption granted to all spot commodity bourses for launching one-day forward contracts in agri and non-agri items with immediate effect.
On October 27, 2014 11:33 (IST)
NSEL Crisis: Government Mulls Board Changes for Merged Entity, Says Report
On October 21, 2014 23:33 (IST)
Mumbai Police on Tuesday arrested two top honchos of different defaulting companies, which collectively owe over Rs 1,000 crore to the crisis-hit National Spot Exchange Ltd (NSEL).
On October 21, 2014 21:47 (IST)
National Spot Exchange's net worth surged nearly four times to Rs 175.76 crore in 2012-13, the last full financial year before the Financial Tech--promoted entity was hit by a Rs 5,600-crore payment crisis.
On October 21, 2014 22:46 (IST)
That means NSEL's liabilities will fall on Financial Technologies, traders said.


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stella mccartney
Stella McCartney in Stella McCartney
Stella McCartney was taking a stroll through Notting Hill in London, England a couple of days ago. She was wearing a pair of Stella McCartney boyfriend jeans which she tucked into boots and paired with a waterfall blazer. I am in love with this blazer! It's so cute!
When I saw these jeans on Yoox, I didn't think they were that nice but after seeing them worn on Stella herself, they look really good. She makes them work. I hope she brings out some more amazing skinny jeans like she did last year! Buy these jeans at Yoox for $185.
Images courtesy of Pacificcoastnews.com
Kate Walsh in Stella McCartney
Good news for Kate Walsh! Private Practice was picked up for another season! It was among several other shows that ABC announced they were renewing. The actress made her way to set to start filming with a big cup of coffee in hand.
Kate wore her Stella McCartney ombre skinny jeans, which she's been seen in a couple of times before. Last time we saw her wear them was for a red carpet event and this time she dressed them down a bit with a t-shirt and blazer. Although ombre jeans don't really seem to be as popular anymore, I still really like them!
Stella McCartney Spring 2011
Stella McCartney showed a very citrusy collection for Spring 2011 in Paris. She had many looks with the lovely fruits including dresses, suits and more. There were also some denim looks. You wouldn't expect Stella not to show any would you?
She had quite a few denim looks including a dress, a skirt, shirts, a blazer and some shorts. The looks were very boxy, but Stella had such amazing tailoring that they all work. The clean lines really made each of them look put together. I also love that she celebrates a women's proportions whether she is making it oversized, like the shirts, or fitted, like her dresses. She makes sure that there is always a hint of sexiness with each look. You can check out some of the looks below.
Charlize Theron in Stella McCartney
These jeans have been ID'd as Stella McCartney motorcycle jeans! Thank you Le Smoking for letting us know! Buy these jeans at Browns Fashion.
Style-wise, in my eyes, Charlize Theron can do no wrong. This outfit is no exception! Making her way through the paparazzi after dining with friends in LA, Charlize wore a pair of gray motorcycle jeans, with a black leather jacket and peep-toe booties.
Charlize is a pro at executing trends without looking too over the top or trendy. She typically wears one trendy piece and keeps everything else minimalist and classic. She's been wearing a lot of trendy denim recently. She wore J Brand Houlihan cargos and a baggier version of the cargo, Paige Premium Layne cargos. I think we'll start seeing a lot more of Charlize's style!


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TripAdvisor Reviews Lamas Hostal Arica
Travel Blogs from Arica
Bad News
... is Lonely Planet's recommended Lauca tour company, as well as Arica's best-rated tour company online. Dennis pointed out, though, that we hadn't paid any deposit yet, so we should still track them down to firm up plans.
So, after quick showers and throwing most of our clothes into the hostel's washing machine, we set out to find the company's office. This time, we found it, though it appeared to be some guy's house. His preteen daughter answered ...
Our Udderly fabulous last days in Arequipa
... someone who did. We finally found the places, completely hidden by unassuming doors off of side-streets, called Tambos. They were each like mini-nieghborhoods, paved and very Spanish looking, where different bits of history around the city had happened. One of these tambos had housed Chilean soldiers during the civil war, even though Chile had been Peru's enemeny. JArequipa apparently has a long history of having it's own mind separate from the rest of Peru's ...
Day 2
... area. Good thing is very close to local market where food and vege are cheap. Overall chile is much more expensive than Peru. Accommodation is double the price. So it's good to have local market. Tomorrow we will walk along the water front and visit ...
Days 75 - 77: From Peru to Chile's Arica
... designed by the man who would go on to create the Eiffel Tower. On our final day in Arica we went across town to Tutu beach, where Brian at our hostel said we could expect more of a party vibe. Tutu is smaller, but with a long finger of land protecting it from the beach break, and a long string of tiki bars and beachside restaurants. It is by far the busier of the town's two beaches. Looking down the shore all you could see were ...
Arica 12th-14th Nov - Priya
... be over as we were (cue the alarms going off every 10 minutes to notify us that he was exceeding the speed limit), we arrived in Arica early. This would have been great if the bus were due to arrive 3 hours later; unfortunately, it simply meant that we had to wait at the bus station for those 3 hours, whiling away the time until we had a chance of being able to check straight into our hostal. At least we got our passports back …
I will skip those 3 hours, ...
Other places to stay in Arica
Residencial Tres Soles921 pasaje 15, Arica | Hostelfrom $18
Hostal Dona InesManuel Rojas 2864, Arica | Hostelfrom $19
Hostal Sunny DaysCorner Tomas Aravena 161 & Pedro de Valdivia, Arica | Hostelfrom $21
Arica Surf HouseCalle O'Higgins 661, Arica | Hostelfrom $38
Hostal KolpingAndres Bello 1387, Arica | 3 star hostelfrom $45


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Sebastian Vettel has already achieved three world titles, 26 Formula One wins with 46 podium finishes, and 36 pole positions. An amazing record for one so young. Motorsport.com slots him second on our top 20 moments of 2012.
Ferrari president firmly shuts the door on Michael Schumacher's apparent attempt to make a return to the Italian team.
Lauda confirmed that Christmas will not be a period for quiet reflection.
The first time winner of the Champion of Champions title had a three-heat finale in Bangkok's Rajamangala Stadium to earn the 25th ROC crown.
Mercedes-Benz has an open position for one of their key positions at the top of the leadership chart. When will they fill the spot and with whom is the key question.
The F1 world reacted to Norbert Haug's departure from Mercedes, and many believed Niki Lauda was behind the German leaving.
Norbert Haug has proven his engineering and his leadership skills. There is no doubt that offers will fly rapidly to the doorstep of the talented German.
Todt said, "Maybe he will decide to come back to race in a couple of years."
We researched the three themes from the news that generated the most conspiracy theories in the 2012 season of Formula One.
Luca di Montezemolo didn't hide his satisfaction for a year that has seen Ferrari as a major player not only in Formula 1 and in Gran Turismo – where the 458 GT has secured a hoard of titles – but also in car markets all over the world.
Luca di Montezemolo was first to slam Michael Schumacher for allowing Sebastian Vettel to overtake him in season finale. Now Flavio Briatore has his say.


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Darren Cahill breaks down how Nick Kyrgios was about to upset Rafael Nadal in the fourth round at Wimbledon and predicts who will be in the men's final.
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The Schoech family has been involved in winemaking and grapegrowing in Alsace's Ammerschwihr since the 17th century, though the current estate was established in 1971. They make 25 cuvées from their 11 hectares of wines, including an old vine, massale (un-grafted) selection in the lieu-dit of Sonnenberg. Delicate on the nose, this is a charming expression of Riesling.
Below is a listing of the wine review scores we frequently reference in our notes. While these sources remain an excellent source of information, we always recommend that you trust your own palate. Scores in these publications often represent the personal taste of an individual critic, which may not always coincide with your own. We have a huge team of excellent wine professionals that can match wines you've had in the past with new arrivals that meet your flavor profile.
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2002 Couly-Dutheil "Clos de l'Echo" Chinon
1976 Couly Dutheil "Baronnie Madeleine" Chinon
1989 Couly-Dutheil "Baronnie Madeleine" Chinon
2004 Le Clos du Château L'Oiselinière Muscadet Sèvre et Maine
2000 Trimbach "Hommage à Jeanne" Pinot Gris