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Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Population Based Study of Premature Mortality Rates in the Mothers.
Summary of "Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Population Based Study of Premature Mortality Rates in the Mothers."
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are associated with an increase in risk for mortality for people with an FASD and their siblings. In this study we examine mortality rates of birth mothers of children with FASD, using a retrospective case control methodology. We utilized the North Dakota FASD Registry to locate birth certificates for children with FASD which we used to identify birth mothers. We then searched for mothers' death certificates. We then compared the mortality rates of the birth mothers with an age matched control group comprised of all North Dakota women who were born and died in the same year as the birth mother. The birth mothers of children with FASD had a mortality rate of 15/304 = 4.93%; (95% CI 2.44-7.43%). The mortality rate for control mothers born in same years as the FASD mothers was 126/114,714 = 0.11% (95% CI 0.09-0.13%). Mothers of children with an FASD had a 44.82 fold increase in mortality risk and 87% of the deaths occurred in women under the age of 50. Three causes of death (cancer, injuries, and alcohol related disease) accounted for 67% of the deaths in the mothers of children with FASD. A diagnosis of FASD is an important risk marker for premature death in the mothers of children diagnosed with an FASD. These women should be encouraged to enter substance abuse treatment.
North Dakota Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Center, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 N Columbia Road Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA.
Journal Details
This article was published in the following journal.
Name: Maternal and child health journal
- PubMed Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21710184
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0844-3
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Medical and Biotech [MESH] Definitions
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A condition occurring in FETUS or NEWBORN due to in utero ETHANOL exposure when mother consumed alcohol during PREGNANCY. It is characterized by a cluster of irreversible BIRTH DEFECTS including abnormalities in physical, mental, and behavior development (such as FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; MENTAL RETARDATION; ATTENTION DEFICIT AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS) with varied degree of severity in an individual.
Population Surveillance
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
Fetal Mortality
Number of fetal deaths with stated or presumed gestation of 20 weeks or more in a given population. Late fetal mortality is death after of 28 weeks or more.
Alcohol-induced Disorders
Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.
Abruptio Placentae
Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.


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Gmail for Android passes 1 billion downloads
Gmail for Android now boasts over 1 billion downloads on the Google Play Store. Gmail is the first app to reach this milestone, after Google Play Services package, which is automatically installed on every certified Android device.
The download counter reflects unique installs and not a total number of downloads, including repeats. Don't think, however, that there are 1 billion active Android Gmail users, as there are most certainly some abandoned or duplicate accounts. Read more »

subset: commoncrawl


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Bill Rizer has been called back to Galuga Island in this new spine-tingling mobile adventure; and this time he's brought a new kind of help. When we last left our heroes they had conquered the alien invasion and two years later they have been called back to duty in order to defeat the Black Viper terrorist organization. With newly designed weapons, a brand new character and an even more persistent faction, Contra 4 promises to deliver an excellent mission. Seven never-before-seen levels .
Play Battleships old school with unique, pen and paper, doodle style. This is Battleships as doodled in your books at school. Pens and paper at the ready, plot your fleet of 10 battleships and unleash your torpedoes on the enemy. And you can play two player Battleships via Bluetooth.


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Over 15m commercial/licenced fishing boats
- Steel Freezer Trawler POA North East Scotland
- Macduff Trawler POA Stornoway
- French Trawler POA Ardglass
- Wooden Potter POA Northumberland
- Vivier Crabber/prawner £250,000 ono Western Isles
- Oak On Oak POA Tyne And Waer
- 24m New Build GRP POA +VAT Plymouth
- Freezer Trawler POA Galway, Ireland.
- Steel Twin/quad Rig Trawler POA Howth Co Dublin
- Steel Beam Trawler POA Southwest
- Howard & Mckenzie POA Down
- Small Cargo Vessel €25,000 ono Bergen
SELL YOUR BOAT FAST ... Create your own advert in minutes CREATE AD
- Forbes Sandhaven POA Dumfries & Galloway
- Macduff Shipyards Wooden Trawler £390,000 ono Mallaig
- Steel Hull - Kramer&booy Offers Buckie, Banffshire
- Trawler/scalloper POA Stornoway. Western Isles
- Karstensens Shipyard In Denmark POA Kaoshiung, Taipei
- Trawler POA Down
- Steel Scalloper POA Fraserburgh / Scotland
- Trawler Built Holland POA Kilkeel
- Buckie, Scotland Offers Portavogie, Co. Down
- Twin Rig Trawler Buckie Offers Portavogie, Co. Down
- Two Pelagic Vessels - Offers Donegal
- Steel, Dutch Built Offers +VAT Urk Holland
New and used commercial fishing boats over 15m registered length. Look here for potter, netter, crabber, trawler, shrimper, dredger, twin rigger, freezer trawler, deepsea trawler, scalloper etc. There are no brokerage fees to pay when you sell your boat on findafishingboat.com
DO NOT SEND MONEY TO SELLERS YOU CANNOT VERIFY AS GENUINE. If possible, travel to view the boat yourself and only buy once you are happy with it. Also, consider using a safe payment system such as an escrow service, or PayPal's Pay After Delivery (PAD).


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Jan 01, 2009 · Everyone has some sort of idea on how to get rid of cold sores. It's not as simple as any one thing and in many cases, the advice could actually make the ... - read more
Aug 12, 2008 · Use Home Remedies to Get Rid of Cold Sores and Stop Hiding Your Face - read more
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Here comes another great season!
A huge thank you to all viewers, supporters and volunteers for making last year great for watching our beloved peregrines raise their new families. Make sure to check back in the coming months for a whole new season.
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"I called her the minute I got home."
Lust In Translation: Justin Timberlake and Mila Kunis
Blue heaven: Minter, Miller, and their pups
Inset: A model of the house and studio
A Sue Williams painting hangs above the Mary Heilmann chair. On the deck: Ron Arad's Ripple chairs for Moroso


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Plaster vs. drywall on walls of Ohio duplex
We are rehabbing a old home that caught on fire in the second floor bedrooms in Ohio. The walls are currently plaster but I have been recommended by a contractor to go with drywall on the exterior facing walls. Looking to improve the house. House faces into colder climate and need to insulate as much as possible. Insurance will pay for plaster. What would you recommend as we redo interior walls on the second floor?
Veneer plaster (blueboard) has the advantages of plaster and drywall and none of the disadvantages. Its a thin coat of plaster over a special drywall so there are no taped joints. It is not available in all markets so the first thing to do is find out if anyone does it. It is standard in Boston.
If insulation is the issue, then seal and insulate the stud cavaties, the top and bottom plates. Finishing with gyp board and paint will be indistinguishable from plaster. It will also be quicker and probably cheaper.
IMO there's little advantage to plaster for a simple vertical wall.
Good luck with your project.
Plaster on blueboard at least as practiced around here provides a much harder and smoother surface than drywall with absolutely no surface irregularities between sheets. It can take a lot more abuse without dents or scratches in my experience.
Of course finding anyone around here who is willing to come back multiple times for a multi-coat drywall finish is really hard, they all try to tell you that a plaster skim coat is cheaper and faster.
Given the speed that those guys work I can't imagine a multi-coat process being faster. Our whole house was skim-coated in less than two days and the plasterers were done and gone.
"Finishing with gyp board and paint will be indistinguishable from plaster."
Haven't seen much Plaster have you?
You can instantly tell a plaster job from anything except a level 5 type drywall job, and those cost almost as much as plaster.
Even them a single rap with your knuckles will show it is NOT plaster.
It is remarkable how quiet a house with even two coat plaster walls is compared to drywall (or even blue-board and veneer plaster).
What's important here to the OP? Insulation? Some sort of unstated visual appearance? How the wall sounds when you rap it with your knuckles? This application is for a bedroom, not some sort of decorative plaster application found in older, higher quality living and dining rooms.
Other than the surface hardness, there's little reason to consider a plaster wall.
Sounds to me like the major issue is insulation. Maybe I'm wrong.


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Tomorrow, millions of Americans will head to the polls to flex their democratic muscles. We hope you'll be among them, and we hope you'll take our advice. Here are 10 quick tips for Election Day:
Have more questions? You never know what might happen at the polls, so get informed before you go. Visit the ACLU's voter empowerment website for information about voting in your state. Make us proud, America: know your rights and use them!


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When someone wakes up during surgery early it is called "accidental awareness." As one can imagine, it can be a very traumatic experience.Read More »
Richard Dolan – Alien Abduction, Area 51, MUFON, and Breakaway Civilizations – November 10, 2014
Open Minds UFO Radio: Author Richard Dolan has often been referred to as a UFO historian, but he is also a researcher, lecturer, TV personality and one of the most interesting, and sometimes controversial, participants in what is often called Ufology.Read More »
Lee Speigel – Nazi secret weapons and UFOs on the Moon – November 4, 2014
Open Minds UFO Radio: Lee Speigel has been researching and discussing UFOs in the media for decades. He is now a journalist for Huffington Post's Weird News, where he writes about UFOs.Read More »
Space agency attempted to steal evidence of extraterrestrial life, claims Sri Lankan politician
A politician in Sri Lanka says a team of "white gentlemen" from an international space agency tried to steal meteor fragments that prove alien life exists in order to hide from the world that "creationism is a blatant lie."Read More »
SETI talk leads to confrontation over nature of extraterrestrial life (Video)
A lecture given by SETI scientist, Dr. Jill Tarter at the Paramount Theater in Charlottesville, Virginia on Monday night October 27th saw some uncomfortable moments when an audience member confronted the celebrated astronomer with notions that the organization was involved in a cover-up of what he thought was the reality of an extraterrestrial presence on planet Earth.Read More »
Lockheed Martin scientist says there really are aliens and UFOs at Area 51
A senior scientist at Lockheed Martin says there are aliens and UFOs at Area 51, and he has the pictures to prove it. However, serious doubt has been cast on the alleged alien in pictures. Boyd Bushman worked as an ...Read More »
Mysterious fires officials blamed on UFOs and aliens return to Sicily
In 2004, a town in northern Sicily experienced mysterious spontaneous fires that officials purportedly suspected were the result of alien activity. Now the mysterious fires have returned.Read More »
Travis Walton – UFO Abduction Update – October 20, 2014
Open Minds UFO Radio: Travis Walton had one of the most famous and fascinating alleged UFO abduction experiences. It was documented in the movie Fire in the Sky.Read More »
Travis Walton holding sky watch at UFO abduction site
Travis Walton's alleged UFO sighting and subsequent abduction, is one of the strangest, most credible, and most famous alien abduction stories. His experiences were the focus of the 1993 movie Fire in the Sky. Now, 39 years after the event, Walton is inviting the public to join him for a nighttime sky watch at the site where it all went down.Read More »
Daily UFO Headlines 10/9/14
- Why 'Aliens' 'Landed' in Russia 25 Years Ago - TIME
- UFO In Erie, According To Viral Video - WICU/WSEE
- UFO Over Tustin and "Mothership" and Two Angels in Orange County Skies the Same Night? - OC Weekly
- Paranormal Presidio: An interview with Noe Torres and Ruben Uriarte - Big Bend Now
- Green aliens with 'cream-coloured bellies' among extra-terrestrial sightings reported in region - Manchester Evening News
Astrobiologists say proof of extraterrestrial life abundant
A team of astrobiologists say they have amassed enough evidence to prove life exists outside of planet Earth.Read More »
Video of alleged alien recovered by the military goes viral
A video posted a few weeks ago of what appears to be an alien being recovered by the military has gone viral. It has racked up nearly one million hits since the writing of this story. However, a UFO researcher did some digging and found out it was actually part of a mock military battle in which teams try to recover a fake alien from a crashed spacecraft.Read More »
Norio Hayakawa – UFOs in New Mexico – September 29, 2014
Open Minds UFO Radio: Norio has been investigating UFOs for decades. He specializes in his home state of New Mexico, especially regarding the alleged secret base in Dulce and cattle mutilations in that area.Read More »
Rendlesham forest UFO sightings commemorated by sculpture
The UK's most famous and compelling UFO incident is being commemorated by the UK Forestry Commission. A large metal sculpture depicting one of the UFOs as described by a witness has been built and will be installed in the location of the sightings in the Rendlesham forest.Read More »
Alien abduction thriller seeks to bring topic to the forefront
Filming for Abductee , a found-footage thriller about alien abduction, will soon be underway, but the movie's producer says it "is more than just a film; it is a social movement."Read More »
Song about UFO encounter on new album by Basement Jaxx
An album released this week by Basement Jaxx includes a song about aliens inspired by a UFO sighting one of the band members had in London.Read More »
Sea plankton found in space
Russian scientists say they have found traces of sea plankton on the surface of the International Space Station (ISS), proving that life can survive in the harsh conditions of space.Read More »
Frank Kimbler – Roswell UFO Debris Discoveries – August 18, 2014
Open Minds UFO Radio: Frank Kimbler teaches Geology and other earth sciences at the high school and college level at the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell.Read More »
Ruben Uriarte and Carlos Guzman – UFOs over Mexico – August 11, 2014
Open Minds UFO Radio: Ruben Uriarte and Carlos Guzman have been investigating UFO cases in Mexico for decades.Read More »
Megan Fox defends her "1000%" belief in UFOs
Megan Fox defended her belief in UFOs and other paranormal phenomena in a MTV News interview yesterday.Read More »


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Dell teams up with OnLive for gaming serviceJune 15, 2010 11:05 am | by The Associated Press | Comments
Dell Inc. said Tuesday that it's working closely with OnLive Inc., a pioneer of on-demand instant play video games, to power its game service, which launches Thursday.Dell Data Solutions has been helping OnLive for several years to custom-design servers tailored for the OnLive platform,...
Texas Tech, U of Utah win Sandia microdevice competitionJune 15, 2010 9:25 am | by EurekAlert | Comments
(DOE/Sandia National Laboratories) The world's smallest chess board -- about the diameter of four human hairs -- and a pea-sized microbarbershop were winners in this year's design contest for, respectively, novel and educational microelectromechanical systems, held at Sandia National...
New Quantum Theory Separates Gravitational and Inertial MassJune 15, 2010 9:16 am | Comments
The equivalence principle is one of the corner stones of general relativity. Now physicists have used quantum mechanics to show how it fails.
Organic nanoelectronics a step closerJune 15, 2010 8:23 am | by EurekAlert | Comments
(McGill University) The team has effectively discovered a way to order the molecules in the PEDOT, the single most industrially important conducting polymer.
Vitamin D Supplement Products: Medication Use ErrorJune 15, 2010 8:20 am | by FDA MedWatch | Comments
Some liquid Vitamin D supplement products are sold with droppers that could allow parents to accidentally give harmful amounts of Vitamin D to their infant.
Rentrak posts 4Q results slightly below estimatesJune 15, 2010 7:05 am | by The Associated Press | Comments
Rentrak Corp. posted fiscal fourth-quarter earnings and revenue that came in slightly below Wall Street's estimates.The company reported late Monday net income of $197,000, or 2 cents per share, on $25 million in revenue for its fiscal fourth quarter, ended March 31. That compares with net...
Journaline System Delivers Text-Based News to Automotive and Mobile DevicesJune 15, 2010 6:41 am | Comments
Total Traffic Network and Fraunhofer IIS are working together to deliver real-time news information on Total Traffic Network Plus, such as local and national weather conditions, sports scores, and news headlines, directly to mobile devices in the U.S.
Fleets Of Aging Aircraft Create Demand For 3D ScanningJune 15, 2010 6:26 am | by 1888 Press Release | Comments
Many aircraft flying today were designed on drafting boards, and have no 3D data available. The design of add-on modules and airframe modifications necessitates the development of -AS-BUILT- CAD models through 3D scanning.
Notebook Market Revenue Grows 1.7% in Q1'10 Despite a 2.3% Drop in Unit VolumeJune 15, 2010 6:26 am | by General Electric | Comments
In Q1'10, revenue for the total notebook PC market grew to US$31.1B, the largest single quarter since Q3'08 when notebook ASPs were more than 20% higher than at present. [...]
NTU energy research center seals partnership with top European universities at its openingJune 15, 2010 6:25 am | by EurekAlert | Comments
(Nanyang Technological University) Six top European universities today signed partnership agreements with Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) to do joint research in clean energy at the official opening of the S$200 million ($143.2 million) institute by Mr. S. Iswaran, Senior Minister...
IBM buying Coremetrics; company helps target adsJune 15, 2010 6:05 am | by The Associated Press | Comments
IBM said Tuesday it would buy Coremetrics Inc., an Internet research company company that helps businesses better target their online marketing campaigns.IBM didn't say how much it is paying for the privately held company, which is based in San Mateo, Calif.Coremetrics customers include Bank of...
Best Buy 1Q net income rises, but misses viewJune 15, 2010 5:05 am | by The Associated Press | Comments
Electronics retailer Best Buy said Tuesday that consumers bought more cell phones at its mobile unit in the first quarter, but its results missed expectations and shares tumbled nearly 5 percent in premarket trading.Best Buy said it sold more TVs but that was offset by falling TV prices. Sales...
Highly Scalable System and Intelligent Data Management Tools Ease Explosive Data GrowthJune 15, 2010 5:05 am | by The Associated Press | Comments
BlueArc@ Corporation, a leader in scalable, high-performance unified network storage, today announced that it is working to provide complete compatibility of BlueArc network storage with next-generation sequencing tools made by Illumina, Inc., a world leader in genetic analysis technology and...
Electrical vehicles: car safety and type-approvalsJune 15, 2010 4:24 am | by European Commission | Comments
The European Commission proposed today to ensure that electric cars placed on the European market are safe and that consumers are protected against direct contacts with parts of the car under voltage. These measures will speed up the introduction of safe electric cars on European roads...
Digi-Key Corporation to Sponsor Virtual LED ConferenceJune 15, 2010 4:22 am | by Digi-Key | Comments
Thief River Falls, Minnesota, USA — June 15, 2010 — Electronic components distributor Digi-Key Corporation is the marquee sponsor for the One Bright Day online conference.


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Touching Tears And Possible HIV Exposure
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
Inconsistent PEP usage after HIV exposureDuring sex with a female prostitute the condom broke. I wiped myself off put on another condom and continued. After we finished I washed off my penis with water and some soap. The next day I went to the doctor, outlined what happened & the Dr had...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...from the PEP drugs?ThanksConcernedResponse from Dr. FrascinoHello Concerned,"Symptoms" that begin 30 hours after a potential HIV exposure would not be caused by HIV seroconversions. The symptoms associated with ARS (acute retroviral syndrome)... Read more »
What should I expect from post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) medication?Hi everyone, I'm very new to this so please bare with me. As yet I've not had a positive test, but... Read more »
Skipped 12 doses PEPHello,After a possible exposure to HIV, i've used PEP pills the first 3 days. After that i stopped... Read more »
Treatment After Exposure to HIV...2005, the Centers for Disease Control reviewed information on PEP. They concluded that it should also be available for use after HIV exposures that are not work-related. People can be exposed to HIV during unsafe sexual activity, when a condom... Read more »
How HIV Is Spread...than 3 days) after the exposure has occurred. PEP should NOT be seen as a substitute for practices that can help avoid HIV exposure in the first place, such as consistent and correct use of condoms, abstinence from sex or mutual monogamy... Read more »
HIV Transmission...transmission remote. HIV is found in varying concentrations or amounts in blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, saliva, and tears. To obtain data on the survival of HIV, laboratory studies have required the use of artificially high... Read more »
Stopping the Spread of HIV...HIV if you practice abstinence (not having sex). You also won't get infected if your penis, mouth, vagina or rectum doesn't touch anyone else's penis, mouth, vagina, or rectum. Safe activities include kissing, erotic massage, masturbation or hand... Read more »
Connect With Others
Posted by Katietaylor, 1 ReplyPlease can someone give me their honest opinion on whether this is a reason for me to be concerned and tested? Im going out of my mind with worry and keep checking my body for HIV symptoms due what I believe my risky exposure. Im a 34 year old... Read more »
Hiv exposure question.. help please
Posted by uncleargyle, 1 Replyhello. Here's my problem. I work with a person who has hiv. We were gift wrapping with a little sewing scissors.. Well, he cut himself on it (just a little prick..that's what she said.. anyway) and then about two hours later I cut myself on the same... Read more »
Exposure to HIV .PLEASE HLEP ME !!!!!
Posted by teoqn2Dear doctors,please help me ,few days a go ,i went to a HIV Testing Centre to test for HIV, the result is negative but before i was taken blood , there are two spouses were HIV ,also come to this centre to check their CD4 tests,they put their ... Read more »
Scared and Worried: Possible HIV Exposure
Posted by kindahypertonic, 1 ReplyHey everyone, I had an unprotected sexual experience February 2, 2007. The morning after having received and given a blowjob (I did not swallow nor did he) as well as a single unprotected anal insertion [i received]- no sex, as in no continous... Read more »
Resource Centers
Guides for People With HIV


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Back to Browse Journals » Drug Design, Development and Therapy » Volume 2
A safety-modified SV40 Tag developed for human cancer immunotherapy
Authors Stephanie S Tseng-Rogenski, Mohamed S Arredouani, June F Escara-Wilke, Yilin C Neeley, Michael J Imperiale et al
Published Date January 2008 Volume 2008:2 Pages 17—24
Published 8 January 2008
Stephanie S Tseng-Rogenski1, Mohamed S Arredouani2, June F Escara-Wilke1, Yilin C Neeley1, Michael J Imperiale3, Martin G Sanda1,2
1Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; 2Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Abstract: Simian virus 40 (SV40)-like DNA sequences have been found in a variety of human tumors, raising the possibility that strategies targeting SV40 may provide a potential avenue for immunotherapy directed against SV40 large T Antigen (Tag)-expressing tumors. We generated a recombinant vaccinia (vac-mTag) expressing mTag and herein assessed the ability of mTag to transform cells and to interact with anti-oncoproteins, as well as screened for the presence of potential HLA-A2.1-restricted epitopes within mTag. We found that transfection of cells with mTag did not lead to their transformation. Also, we demonstrated that mTag protein is degraded rapidly in cells. In addition, our work revealed that mTag did not physically interact with certain anti-oncoproteins. Finally, two potential HLA-A2.1-restricted functional epitopes within mTag sequence were identified. Our results show that mTag lacks the oncogenecity of full-length Tag and harbors potential HLA-A2.1-restricted immunogenic epitopes, hence suggesting the safety of vac-mTag for use in cancer immunotherapy.
Keywords: modified SV-40 T antigen, recombinant vaccinia, cancer immunotherapy
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Ship scrapage scheme
i would like to suggest a "ship scrapage scheme".like the car scrapage scheme in britain if you trade in an old car you get money of a new one.i think ships bought in the c store could be applied to this and it would encourage more people to buy new ships for a reduced price
The only reason to do that would be if they, for some reason, are trying to get more new ships and fewer old ships in the game, for reasons other than just making money.
Yeah... this doesn't really work with digital products.......
I never said they'd give us anything valuable I said they would reduce the price of a new ship and as for account wide reclaiming you would get one trade in per ship class,not each individual ship so you could trade in a galaxy class starship,but only claim on the galaxy class once
Wouldn't work, C-Store ships are reclaimable items, so you can discharge and reclaim them as many times as you like, people would be reclaiming and discharging these ships over and over again just to get free Zen. IF they limit reclaiming they will virtually end C-Store sales since no-one is going to buy a ship that they don't retain permanent ownership of.
The scrappage scheme is just that, the car manufacture is making enough of a profit on the sale of a new vehicle that the exchange deduction on the old car is insignificant, they can afford to do that because they are charging you too much for the vehicle to begin with and if you're buying by payments, with the interest etc., you will have paid the price of 2 or 3 vehicles by the time you're paid off.
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- Genome-wide analysis of rare copy number variations reveals PARK2 as a candidate gene for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2012)
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Genetic loci have not yet been identified by genome-wide association studies. Rare copy number variations (CNVs), such as chromosomal deletions or duplications, have been implicated in ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. To identify rare (frequency ≤1%) CNVs that increase the risk of ADHD, we performed a whole-genome CNV analysis based on 489 young ADHD patients and 1285 adult population-based controls and identified one significantly associated CNV region. In tests for a global burden of large (>500 kb) rare CNVs, we observed a nonsignificant (P=0.271) 1.126-fold enriched rate of subjects carrying at least one such CNV in the group of ADHD cases. Locus-specific tests of association were used to assess if there were more rare CNVs in cases compared with controls. Detected CNVs, which were significantly enriched in the ADHD group, were validated by quantitative (q)PCR. Findings were replicated in an independent sample of 386 young patients with ADHD and 781 young population-based healthy controls. We identified rare CNVs within the parkinson protein 2 gene (PARK2) with a significantly higher prevalence in ADHD patients than in controls (P=2.8 × 10(-4) after empirical correction for genome-wide testing). In total, the PARK2 locus (chr 6: 162 659 756-162 767 019) harboured three deletions and nine duplications in the ADHD patients and two deletions and two duplications in the controls. By qPCR analysis, we validated 11 of the 12 CNVs in ADHD patients (P=1.2 × 10(-3) after empirical correction for genome-wide testing). In the replication sample, CNVs at the PARK2 locus were found in four additional ADHD patients and one additional control (P=4.3 × 10(-2)). Our results suggest that copy number variants at the PARK2 locus contribute to the genetic susceptibility of ADHD. Mutations and CNVs in PARK2 are known to be associated with Parkinson disease.
- A global data set of the extent of irrigated land from 1900 to 2005 (2015)
- Irrigation intensifies land use by increasing crop yield but also impacts water resources. It affects water and energy balances and consequently the microclimate in irrigated regions. Therefore, knowledge of the extent of irrigated land is important for hydrological and crop modelling, global change research, and assessments of resource use and management. Information on the historical evolution of irrigated lands is limited. The new global historical irrigation data set (HID) provides estimates of the temporal development of the area equipped for irrigation (AEI) between 1900 and 2005 at 5 arcmin resolution. We collected sub-national irrigation statistics from various sources and found that the global extent of AEI increased from 63 million ha (Mha) in 1900 to 111 Mha in 1950 and 306 Mha in 2005. We developed eight gridded versions of time series of AEI by combining sub-national irrigation statistics with different data sets on the historical extent of cropland and pasture. Different rules were applied to maximize consistency of the gridded products to sub-national irrigation statistics or to historical cropland and pasture data sets. The HID reflects very well the spatial patterns of irrigated land as shown on historical maps for the western United States (around year 1900) and on a global map (around year 1960). Mean aridity on irrigated land increased and mean natural river discharge on irrigated land decreased from 1900 to 1950 whereas aridity decreased and river discharge remained approximately constant from 1950 to 2005. The data set and its documentation are made available in an open-data repository at https://mygeohub.org/publications/8 (doi:10.13019/M20599).
- Single-particle characterization of ice-nucleating particles and ice particles residuals sampled by three different techniques (2015)
- During January/February 2013, at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch a measurement campaign was carried out, which was centered on atmospheric ice-nucleating particles (INP) and ice particle residuals (IPR). Three different techniques for separation of INP and IPR from the non-ice-active particles are compared. The Ice Selective Inlet (ISI) and the Ice Counterflow Virtual Impactor (Ice-CVI) sample ice particles from mixed phase clouds and allow for the analysis of the residuals. The combination of the Fast Ice Nucleus Chamber (FINCH) and the Ice Nuclei Pumped Counterflow Virtual Impactor (IN-PCVI) provides ice-activating conditions to aerosol particles and extracts the activated INP for analysis.Collected particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis to determine size, chemical composition and mixing state. All INP/IPR-separating techniques had considerable abundances (median 20 – 70 %) of instrumental contamination artifacts (ISI: Si-O spheres, probably calibration aerosol; Ice-CVI: Al-O particles; FINCH+IN-PCVI: steel particles). Also, potential sampling artifacts (e.g., pure soluble material) occurred with a median abundance of < 20 %. While these could be explained as IPR by ice break-up, for INP their IN-ability pathway is less clear. After removal of the contamination artifacts, silicates and Ca-rich particles, carbonaceous material and metal oxides were the major INP/IPR particle types separated by all three techniques. Soot was a minor contributor. Lead was detected in less than 10 % of the particles, of which the majority were internal mixtures with other particle types. Sea-salt and sulfates were identified by all three methods as INP/IPR. Most samples showed a maximum of the INP/IPR size distribution at 400 nm geometric diameter. In a few cases, a second super-micron maximum was identified. Soot/carbonaceous material and metal oxides were present mainly in the submicron range. ISI and FINCH yielded silicates and Ca-rich particles mainly with diameters above 1 μm, while the Ice-CVI also separated many submicron IPR. As strictly parallel sampling could not be performed, a part of the discrepancies between the different techniques may result from variations in meteorological conditions and subsequent INP/IPR composition. The observed differences in the particle group abundances as well as in the mixing state of INP/IPR express the need for further studies to better understand the influence of the separating techniques on the INP/IPR chemical composition.
- Disentangling the relationship of the Australian marsupial orders using retrotransposon and evolutionary network analyses (2015)
- The ancestors to the Australian marsupials entered Australia around 60 (54-72) million years ago from Antarctica, and radiated into the four living orders Peramelemorphia, Dasyuromorphia, Diprotodontia and Notoryctemorphia. The relationship between the four Australian marsupial orders has been a long-standing question, because different phylogenetic studies were not able to consistently reconstruct the same topology. Initial in silico analysis of the Tasmanian devil genome and experimental screening in the seven marsupial orders revealed 20 informative transposable element insertions for resolving the inter- and intraordinal relationships of Australian and South American orders. However, the retrotransposon insertions support three conflicting topologies regarding Peramelemorphia, Dasyuromorphia and Notoryctemorphia, indicating that the split between the three orders may be best understood as a network. This finding is supported by a phylogenetic re-analysis of nuclear gene sequences, using a consensus network approach that allows depicting hidden phylogenetic conflict, otherwise lost when forcing the data into a bifurcating tree. The consensus network analysis agrees with the transposable element analysis in that all possible topologies regarding Peramelemorphia, Dasyuromorphia, and Notoryctemorphia in a rooted four-taxon topology are equally well supported. In addition, retrotransposon insertion data supports the South American order Didelphimorphia being the sistergroup to all other living marsupial orders. The four Australian orders originated within three million years at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. The rapid divergences left conflicting phylogenetic information in the genome possibly generated by incomplete lineage sorting or introgressive hybridisation, leaving the relationship among Australian marsupial orders unresolvable as a bifurcating process million years later.
- Loss of the abundant nuclear non-coding RNA MALAT1 is compatible with life and development (2012)
- The metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1, MALAT1, is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that has been discovered as a marker for lung cancer metastasis. It is highly abundant, its expression is strongly regulated in many tumor entities including lung adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma as well as physiological processes, and it is associated with many RNA binding proteins and highly conserved throughout evolution. The nuclear transcript MALAT-1 has been functionally associated with gene regulation and alternative splicing and its regulation has been shown to impact proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. Here, we have developed a human and a mouse knockout system to study the loss-of-function phenotypes of this important ncRNA. In human tumor cells, MALAT1 expression was abrogated using Zinc Finger Nucleases. Unexpectedly, the quantitative loss of MALAT1 did neither affect proliferation nor cell cycle progression nor nuclear architecture in human lung or liver cancer cells. Moreover, genetic loss of Malat1 in a knockout mouse model did not give rise to any obvious phenotype or histological abnormalities in Malat1-null compared with wild-type animals. Thus, loss of the abundant nuclear long ncRNA MALAT1 is compatible with cell viability and normal development.
- Southern high-latitude terrestrial climate change during the Palaeocene–Eocene derived from a marine pollen record (ODP Site 1172, East Tasman Plateau) (2014)
- Global warming, changes in the hydrological cycle and enhanced marine primary productivity all have been invoked to have contributed to the occurrence of widespread ocean anoxia during the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE2; ~ 94 Ma), but disentangling these factors on a regional scale has remained problematic. We generated palynological and organic geochemical records that allow the separation of these forcing factors in a core spanning the OAE2 from Wunstorf, Lower Saxony Basin (LSB; North Gemany), which exhibits cyclic black shale–marl alternations related to the orbital precession cycle. Despite the widely varying depositional conditions complicating the interpretation of the obtained records, TEX86H indicates that sea-surface temperature (SST) evolution in the LSB during OAE2 resembles that of previously studied sites throughout the proto-North Atlantic. Cooling during the so-called Plenus Cold Event interrupted black shale deposition during the early stages of OAE2. However, TEX86 does not vary significantly across marl–black shale alternations, suggesting that temperature variations did not force the formation of the cyclic black shale horizons. Relative (i.e., with respect to marine palynomorphs) and absolute abundances of pollen and spores are elevated during phases of black shale deposition, indicative of enhanced precipitation and run-off. High abundances of cysts from inferred heterotrophic and euryhaline dinoflagellates supports high run-off, which likely introduced additional nutrients to the epicontinental shelf resulting in elevated marine primary productivity. We conclude that orbitally-forced enhanced precipitation and run-off, in tandem with elevated marine primary productivity, were critical in cyclic black shale formation on the northwest European epicontinental shelf and potentially for other OAE2 sections in the proto-Atlantic and Western Interior Seaway at similar latitudes as well.
- The climatic and environmental conditions during deposition of phosphorites and oil shales in the Late Cretaceous upwelling system of the Negev/Israel (2014)
- The Late Cretaceous is known to be mostly affected by warm periods interrupted temporarily by a number of cooling events. The reconstruction of the paleoclimatic conditions during a period of high concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is of great importance for the creation of future climate models. We applied the recently developed method reconstructing the SST from the TEX86 (TetraEther indeX of tetraethers consisting of 86 carbon atoms). The sample material used for the present study was obtained from the tropical Late Cretaceous southern Tethys upwelling system (Negev/Israel), lasting from the Late Santonian to the Early Maastrichtian (~ 85 to 68 Ma). On the core samples from the Shefela basin, representing the outer belt of the upwelling system and the outcrop profile from the open mine Mishor Rotem (Efe Syncline), representing the inner belt, various bulk geochemical and biomarker studies were performed in this thesis. Derived from TEX86 data, a significant long-term SST cooling trend from 36.0 to 29.3 °C is recognized during the Late Santonian and the Early Campanian in the southern Tethys margin. This is consistent with the opening and deepening of the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway (EAG) and the intrusion of cooler deep water from the southern Atlantic Ocean influencing the global SSTs and also the Tethys Ocean. Furthermore, the cooler near shore SST usually found in modern upwelling systems could be verified in case of the ancient upwelling system investigated in the present study. The calculated mean SST in the inner belt (27.7 °C) represented in the Efe Syncline was 1.5 °C cooler in comparison to the more seaward located outer belt (Shefela basin). Moreover, geochemical and biomarker analyses were used to identify both the accumulation of high amounts of phosphate in the PM and good preservation of organic matter (OM) in the lower part of the OSM section. Total organic carbon (TOC) contents are highly variable over the whole profile reaching from 0.6 % in the MM, to 24.5 % in the OSM. Total iron (TFe) varies from 0.1 % in the PM to 3.3 % in the OSM and total sulfur (TS) varies between 0.1 % in the MM and 3.4 % in the OSM. Different correlations of TS, TOC and TFe were used to identify the conditions during the deposition of the different facies types. Natural sulfurization was found to play a key role in the preservation of the OM particularly in the lower part of the OSM. Samples from the OSM and the PM were deposited under dysoxic to anoxic conditions and iron limitation lasted during the deposition of the OSM and the PM, which effected the incorporation of sulfur into OM. Phosphorus is highly accumulated in the sediments of the PM with a mean proportion of 11.5 % total phosphorus (TP), which is drastically reduced to a mean value of 0.9 % in the OSM and the MM. From the correlation of the bulk geochemical parameters TOC/TOCOR ratio and TP a major contribution of sulfate reducing bacteria to the phosphate deposition is concluded. This interrelation has previously been investigated in recent coastal upwelling systems off Peru, Chile, California and Namibia. This was further supported by the analysis of branched and monounsaturated fatty acids indicating the occurrence of sulfate reducing and sulfide oxidizing bacteria during the deposition. According to the results from the analysis of n-alkanes and C27- to C29-steranes up to 95 % of the OM was of marine origin. Organic sulfur compounds (OSC) were a major compound class in the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction and n-Alkyl and isoprenoid thiophenes were the most abundant, with highest amounts found for 2-methyl-5-tridecyl-thiophene (28 µg/g TOC). The relatively high abundance of ββ-C35 hopanoid thiophenes and epithiosteranes is equivalent to an incorporation of sulfur during the early stages of diagenesis. Moreover, the geochemical parameters δ13Corg, δ15Norg, C/N and the pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratio, were studied for reconstruction of seafloor and water column depositional environments. The high C/N ratio along with relatively low values of δ15Norg (4 ‰ to 6 ‰) and δ13Corg (-29 ‰ to -28 ‰) are consistent with a significant preferential loss of nitrogen-rich organic compounds during diagenesis. Oxygen-depleted conditions lasted during the deposition of the PM and the bottom of the OSM, reflected by the low Pr/Ph ratio of 0.11–0.7. In the upper part of the OSM and the MM the conditions changed from anoxic to dysoxic or oxic conditions. This environmental trend is consistent with co-occurring foraminiferal assemblages in the studied succession and implies that the benthic species in the Negev sequence were adapted to persistent minimum oxygen conditions by performing complete denitrification as recently found in many modern benthic foraminifera. Furthermore, the anammox process could have influenced the nitrogen composition of the sediments. In this anaerobically process nitrite and ammonia are converted to molecular nitrogen.
- Validation of novel reference genes for reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR in drought-stressed sugarcane (2014)
- One of the most challenging aspects of RT-qPCR data analysis is the identification of reliable reference genes. Ideally, they should be neither induced nor repressed under different experimental conditions. To date, few reference genes have been adequately studied for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) using statistical approaches. In this work, six candidate genes (αTUB, GAPDH, H1, SAMDC, UBQ, and 25S rRNA) were tested for gene expression normalization of sugarcane root tissues from drought-tolerant and -sensitive accessions after continuous dehydration (24 h). By undergoing different approaches (GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper), it was shown that most of them could be used in combinations for normalization purposes, with the exception of SAMDC. Nevertheless three of them (H1, αTUB, and GAPDH) were considered the most reliable reference genes. Their suitability as reference genes validated the expression profiles of two targets (AS and PFPα1), related to SuperSAGE unitags, in agreement with results revealed by previous in silico analysis. The other two sugarcane unitags (ACC oxidase and PIP1-1), after salt stress (100 mM NaCl), presented their expressions validated in the same way. In conclusion, these reference genes will be useful for dissecting gene expression in sugarcane roots under abiotic stress, especially in transcriptomic studies using SuperSAGE or RNAseq approaches.
- IL-17A influences essential functions of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and is involved in advanced murine and human atherosclerosis (2014)
- Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Lesion progression is primarily mediated by cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. IL-17A is a proinflammatory cytokine, which modulates immune cell trafficking and is involved inflammation in (auto)immune and infectious diseases. But the role of IL-17A still remains controversial. In the current study, we investigated effects of IL-17A on advanced murine and human atherosclerosis, the common disease phenotype in clinical care. The 26-wk-old apolipoprotein E–deficient mice were fed a standard chow diet and treated either with IL-17A mAb (n = 15) or irrelevant Ig (n = 10) for 16 wk. Furthermore, essential mechanisms of IL-17A in atherogenesis were studied in vitro. Inhibition of IL-17A markedly prevented atherosclerotic lesion progression (p = 0.001) by reducing inflammatory burden and cellular infiltration (p = 0.01) and improved lesion stability (p = 0.01). In vitro experiments showed that IL-17A plays a role in chemoattractance, monocyte adhesion, and sensitization of APCs toward pathogen-derived TLR4 ligands. Also, IL-17A induced a unique transcriptome pattern in monocyte-derived macrophages distinct from known macrophage types. Stimulation of human carotid plaque tissue ex vivo with IL-17A induced a proinflammatory milieu and upregulation of molecules expressed by the IL-17A–induced macrophage subtype. In this study, we show that functional blockade of IL-17A prevents atherosclerotic lesion progression and induces plaque stabilization in advanced lesions in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice. The underlying mechanisms involve reduced inflammation and distinct effects of IL-17A on monocyte/macrophage lineage. In addition, translational experiments underline the relevance for the human system.
- Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: current status and challenges for the future (2014)
- Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a daunting problem. It is a major public health issue for several reasons: from its prevalence (20% of total mortality in the industrialized world) to the devastating psycho-social impact on society and on the families of victims often still in their prime, and it represents a challenge for medicine, and especially for cardiology. This text summarizes the discussions and opinions of a group of investigators with a long-standing interest in this field. We addressed the occurrence of SCD in individuals apparently healthy, in patients with heart disease and mild or severe cardiac dysfunction, and in those with genetically based arrhythmic diseases. Recognizing the need for more accurate registries of the global and regional distribution of SCD in these different categories, we focused on the assessment of risk for SCD in these four groups, looking at the significance of alterations in cardiac function, of signs of electrical instability identified by ECG abnormalities or by autonomic tests, and of the progressive impact of genetic screening. Special attention was given to the identification of areas of research more or less likely to provide useful information, and thereby more or less suitable for the investment of time and of research funds.


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News Archive
April 2015
New beekeeping society buzzing at Roanoke
Tyler Quigley '15, along with several other students, founded the College's first Beekeeping Society. Recently the group installed a beehive on campus, where they hope to harvest honey.
March 2015
Students create Israel Palestine Peace Month
Jewish and Palestinian students work together to create Roanoke's first Peace Month. The series features a visit from the Palestinian Ambassador to the U.S.
Dr. Robert Hudson: A Man of Character
Dr. Robert Hudson, professor emeritus of physics, died in February 2015. He is remembered by students and alumni for his role in the classroom and for his Model T rides.
Roanoke professor turns love of games into probability textbook
Dr. David Taylor's book "The Mathematics of Games: An Introduction to Probability," discusses the basics of probability through games like poker, Yahtzee, Monopoly, blackjack and even bingo.
Roanoke student organizations take on environmental issues
Learn more about the student-led organizations focused on environmentalism at Roanoke.
Roanoke ready to assist Sweet Briar students
Roanoke College is saddened at the news of the impending closure of Sweet Briar College and is ready to assist any Sweet Briar students interested in Roanoke.
Campus wide teach-in to spotlight climate change issues
The teach-in invites all faculty, no matter the department, to spend one class period on March 12 or 13 discussing climate change.
Winter weather delays Maroons Baseball
Baseball doubleheader for Sat., March 7 and Sun., March 8 have been postponed.
February 2015
Snow Days at Roanoke College
Check out these photo and video scenes of Roanoke's snow-covered campus this month.
Nancy Agee, Carilion CEO, to speak at Commencement
Roanoke's Commencement exercises are scheduled for Saturday, May 2. Baccalaureate will be Friday, May 1.
Virginia Real Estate Index: Consumer sentiment rebounds from modest dip
Declining mortgage rates, low home prices and higher incomes are driving real estate market optimism.
Admissions Scholars event is ON.
Scholars registration begins Monday at 7:45 am in Olin Hall. Choir and several athletic events postponed due to snow.
Roanoke student researches cell phone addiction, receives national grant
Sara Dorrance received $5,000 from Psi Chi for a research project on people's dependence on cell phones.
Virginia Consumer Sentiment and Inflation Expectations Report: Sentiment at record levels across the Commonwealth
Rising incomes and low prices on certain goods are some reasons that consumers are positive about the economy.
Roanoke College professor, students lobby Capitol Hill legislators for health, physical education support
Five students and Dr. Michael Maina visited Washington D.C., as part of SHAPE America's SPEAK Out Day events.
Travel the World with Darwin Days 2015
Darwin Days celebrates young Darwin's scientific curiosity with a week of exciting speakers and activities. The events begin Feb. 9 and end Feb. 13.
Walt Whitman, Civil War exhibit by Roanoke professor and artist on display at Taubman Museum of Art
Several Roanoke students interning at the Taubman Museum are helping to promote and speak about the exhibition and its history.
Federal program to roll out solar power at Roanoke College
Through the U.S. Department of Energy's SunShot Initiative, Roanoke and 14 other Virginia colleges will receive support to create and implement a solar energy plan.
January 2015
R-House #9 is now a home
Homeowners Laxman and Pingala Kadariya, along with their two children and Laxman's mother, moved into R-House after a January dedication ceremony. Watch television news coverage of the dedication ceremony.
Alumna's essay on science of falling in love published in New York Times, receives national attention
On Jan. 9, the New York Times published Mandy Len Catron's essay, "To Fall in Love With Anyone, Do This," as part of its Modern Love column.
RC Poll: McDonnell a good governor but should serve prison time; Opinions divided on Michael Brown, Eric Garner cases
Virginians agree with Ferguson, Mo., ruling but disagree with decision in New York City choking case.
RC Poll on Issues for Virginia General Assembly
Virginians support ethics reforms; split on Medicaid expansion; Favor protecting gun ownership but support background checks.
Stan Umberger remembrance
Roanoke's longtime Director of the Library died in Nov. 2014 after a brief battle with cancer. Umberger was remembered by friends, library co-workers and colleagues in a College memorial service on January 13.
College mourns loss of Vernon Mountcastle '38, father of neuroscience
Mountcastle did some of the earliest work on how the brain responds to sensory information.
Roanoke College employees recognized for star work
Bill Martin, Ronda Philips and Leigh Guidi received the annual Service to All Roanoke Award last month.


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UNIONDALE, N.Y. -- One half of the Pittsburgh Penguins' superstar tandem was back on the ice Tuesday night.
Evgeni Malkin, who missed five straight games and seven of the last eight due to soreness in his surgically repaired right knee, received 19:19 of ice time and recorded three shots on goal in the Pens' 3-0 win against the New York Islanders at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum.
Malkin participated in the morning skate and felt fine afterwards. It was determined just before the game that he'd be in the lineup for the first time since Oct. 13, when he notched a pair of assists in Pittsburgh's 3-2 overtime loss to the Washington Capitals.
"It feels good," Malkin said after being held without a point for the first time in four appearances this season. "My knee feels pretty good right now. The team played solid. We had lots of scoring chances. Maybe next game, I try to score. But we win and it's two points and that's good for the team."


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two questions
I have a new HP 6600 wireless printer that always shoots out a blank page with each print job. Can anyone tell me why and how to stop it?
Second question. I'm using WORD 2010 with Windows 7 and trying to work with a border around a page. I have figured out how to put the border on the page but cannot change the color of the border when selecting the border from the ART menu in the Page Border tab. The color just says automatic which is black and does not allow changes. Any suggestions?
If I just choose the "border" tab as opposed to "page border" I can change the color but those borders are just lines. I want to work with the designer borders. Hope this makes sense.
The blank page shoot out occurs on my printer too IF I am printing from MS Word and had like 3 pages to print but deleted some to where it became only 2 pages to print.
I then go to File, Print, and place the dot for pages and do the 1,2 thingy and no extra paper shoots out.
I think the printer still thought there was 3 pages to print being it did have stuff on it before. "Queer" huh?
Did you make a deletion to less pages to print out?
urlee, I'm not really sure of the sequence of print events. That could have happened. I'll have to do a test to see if that is the problem. I think the extra page occurs even if I am printing only one page. Yes, it IS queer! Thanks for the suggestion.


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"I have gotten so many compliments on this card. They look great and are very easy to change fonts and colors. I believe these were the invites that didn't ask for a time, so be sure to add that in."
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"I paid the small fee for the actual review, and customized the colors with bright pink/yellow to go with the Fantastic First stickers and address labels. The review came back quickly and was exactly what I wanted - and I received my order quickly, too. Super satisfied with the quality (as always - I always have been with this company and have ordered several times through them), and the customer service was outstanding. ::happy customer::"
"These invitations are very cute and the quality is great. They are exactly what I had in mind for our child's vintage carnival-themed birthday!"


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- Product Information
Product Description
Serve up winter wonderland inspired signature drink at your next holiday party in our 10 ounce Snowflake Plastic Tumblers. These beautiful clear plastic tumblers accented with blue and white snowflake designs. Our value pack of Snowflake Plastic Tumblers come 40 per pack and are 10 ounces. These snowflake tumblers are super cute for all kinds of holiday or winter theme parties. Hand Wash Only 10 ounces Plastic
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Spend a Day in Paris with a Paris Party!
Add a Paris theme to any type of soiree with the help of Paris decorations and French treats. Use these party planning tips and ideas to help you prepare for your party!
Totally 80's Party Ideas
Add an 80's theme to an upcoming party of event! Use these party tips to help you set up for an 80's theme party, complete with decorations, food ideas and more.
Add a Pink and Gold Color Scheme to Your Party!
Throwing a party? Try using a mix of pink and gold colors to create the color scheme for your party décor. This color combination can be used for birthday parties, bridal parties, baby showers, and much more!