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Hamilton Edges Out Vettel For 2015 Malaysian... Racing
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BMW Celebrates Three Millionth Vehicle In... Industry
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After losing out to Audi last year, BMW is back in the winner's circle of the popular touring car series DTM. Both the 2014 Drivers' and Teams' titles went to the Munich-based firm, thanks to top driver Marco Wittmann and BMW Team RMG. Following the conclusion of the final race at... read more
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Mercedes AMG locked out the front row for the inaugural Formula One Russian Grand Prix at qualifying today, with star driver Lewis Hamilton managing to edge out teammate Nico... read more October 11, 2014 by Viknesh Vijayenthiran
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The present invention pertains to a method of obtaining oil from grain materials such as rice bran, wheat mill feed, rapeseed, amaranth, and similar grains. The method includes an apparatus for use in extracting oil from vegetable matter, comprising: a horizontally extending pressure-tight container having an inlet end and an outlet end, a horizontally extending porous endless belt in said container having upper and lower runs, a belt driver for continuously moving the upper run of said belt from near the inlet end of the container to near said outlet end, a feed inlet near the inlet end of the container, positioned to deposit the vegetable matter feed on the belt near said inlet end, to create a continuously moving bed of vegetable material on the belt, a solvent vapor inlet positioned to allow solvent vapor to flow through said bed to extract oil from said vegetable matter, a condenser positioned to condense solvent vapor that passes through said bed and to allow said condensate to fall back onto said bed, a liquid applicator positioned to apply liquid solvent to said bed downstream of said solvent inlet, an outlet from said container for the vegetable matter from which the oil has been extracted, and an outlet from said container for extracted oil and solvent.
1. A method for extracting at least a portion of oil from an oil-containing vegetable material comprising the steps of:
establishing a continuously moving horizontal bed of the vegetable material, and
passing a solvent vapor through the bed;
condensing a portion of said solvent vapor above said bed and allowing it to fall back onto said bed;
spraying additional liquid solvent onto said bed;
allowing liquid to drain from said vegetable material; and
removing substantially all liquid from said vegetable material.
2. A method as defined by claim 1 wherein a portion of said solvent vapor condenses in the bed of vegetable material and forms a miscella of oil and solvent, and a portion of the solvent vapor passes through the bed.
3. A method as defined by claim 2 wherein the solvent is methyl acetate, ethyl acetate or an alcohol having less than 7 carbon atoms.
4. A method as defined by claim 2 wherein a gas is then passed through the vegetable material and at least some of the miscella to drive miscella from the vegetable material.
5. A method as defined by claim 2 wherein the vegetable material and the miscella are on a continuously moving horizontal belt during the contacting by the gas.
6. A method as defined by claim 5, further including a low pressure region for drawing solvent vapor through said bed and said belt.
7. A method as defined by claim 5 in which the low pressure region is caused by a low pressure flue and a condenser and/or a vacuum pump or steam jet.
8. A method as defined by claim 6 in which the low pressure region is caused by a low pressure flue and a condenser.
9. A method as defined by claim 6 in which the low pressure region is caused by a vacuum pump.
10. A method as defined by claim 6 in which the low pressure region is caused by a steam jet.
This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 08/012,118, filed Feb. 1, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,841, and Ser. No. 08/019,978, filed Feb. 19, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,408,924.
This invention pertains to a process and apparatus for the extraction of oils from grain materials such as rice bran, wheat mill feed, rapeseed, amaranth and similar grain. A specially designed apparatus and process is used to achieve this separation. Use of the apparatus and process not only provides the extracted oil, but also enables production of a number of grain products having low residual oil content, which products have particularly desirable food and feed characteristics.
The process for oil extraction from grain materials can also be applied to crushed or flaked vegetable matter and to grain-based food products that are somewhat porous, such as chips, noodles and crackers.
It is known that the best and easiest oilseed to process is soy bean. Rapeseed has also been processed on the kind of equipment used to process soy bean; however, it must be ground, cooked, and rolled into flakes to provide an extractable bed. Generally flakes can be run only at a much slower rate than soy beans. The resultant rapeseed residual material after oil removal, called "marc", cannot readily be used as meal for animal feeding due to the presence of trypsin inhibitors, high euric acid and high glucosinolates.
The process and apparatus of the present invention can be used to process oil seeds such as soy bean and safflower; however, the apparatus is particularly beneficial in obtaining oil from granular sources such as rice bran, wheat mill feed, rapeseed in general, and amaranth (as well as similar grains), which have lower oil content than soy bean and safflower and, except for rapeseed, have not been economically competitive as an oil source prior to the present process. Typically, oil seeds contain from about 15 percent to about 40 percent by weight oil. Most of the grains of the kind described above contain only from about 4 percent to about 40 percent by weight oil. Prior to the method of the present invention, processing of grain materials having this low oil content was not competitive with processing of oil seeds. The present oil extraction method makes possible not only the extraction of oil from grain materials, but further extraction of additional oils from crushed or flaked vegetable materials previously oil extracted using a less efficient method of extraction, such as crushed peanuts, cacao beans or olives. The present oil extraction method also enables additional oil extraction from grain-based products such as chips, noodles and crackers, by way of example and not limitation.
Edible oils are usually extracted from most oil seeds by soaking crushed or pulverized seeds in liquid hexane. Usually, the seeds are washed with hexane five to seven times to ensure the maximum recovery of oil. The amount of hexane required for such washing is quite high, up to 40 times the weight of oil recovered. The oil is then separated from the oil-hexane solution, or "miscella" by distillation or evaporation, and the hexane solvent is recovered for recycle use in the separation process. The marc that remains after removal of the oil from the seeds is generally a powder and contains substantial amounts, up to about 40 percent, of hexane. The marc is then dried to recover the residual hexane. Recovery of the hexane from the miscella and from the marc are both energy intensive processes and require extensive capital equipment.
As previously discussed, rapeseed has been processed on soy bean equipment; it must be ground, cooked and rolled into flakes prior to oil extraction. Even then, the process rate in oil seed processing equipment is only marginally cost effective compared with soy bean. Other potential vegetable matter sources of oil include wheat mill feed, amaranth, and rice bran, for example. Wheat mill feed is the material removed from wheat during milling. Twenty percent or more of all the world's wheat ends up as mill feed. Most of this goes into pet food and animal feed. Amaranth, another potential source of oil, known in the midwest as "pig weed", grows wild. The amaranth cultivars are available to anyone through the U.S.D.A. Wheat mill feed and amaranth can both be extruded into a pellet because they contain sufficient amounts of starch and sugars. The pellets can be processed on standard soy bean equipment, but the hexane solvent typically used for extraction also extracts large quantities of green chlorophyll so that the oil is difficult to refine as well as being dark green, almost black in color.
Rice bran requires a particularly specialized process. The rice bran cannot easily be flaked or made into an extrudable pellet because of lack of starch and the presence of sucrose. Rice bran can be extruded if corn starch is added, but the sucrose can caramelize if heated in the presence of air, giving a dark hue to the oil product. Rice oil can be extracted with hexane using an extractor of the type used to process soy beans, but this process is comparatively slow, energy intensive and expensive when compared to soy beans. Moreover, the remaining rice bran flour still has substantial oil in it.
The present invention provides a very economical method and apparatus for extracting oil from vegetable matter, providing cost advantages over currently utilized techniques. Oil is extracted in a fraction of the time required for previously used commercial methods, and to a substantially greater degree. By use of the process of the present invention, rice bran can be produced which has an oil content of less than five percent, and has no objectionable odor or taste, so that it is suitable for use in human food products. Further, the present invention results in the production of high quality oils at a cost substantially less than is possible with present commercial processes.
In accordance with the present invention, edible oils can be extracted from vegetable matter such as, for example, rice bran, wheat mill feed, rapeseed, and amaranth in a manner which provides low temperature, low-energy-consumption processing conditions. Other oil producing vegetables, such as corn, olives, cacao beans and peanuts, are also advantageously processed to extract oil by use of the apparatus and method of this invention. The apparatus and method of the present invention can also be applied to vegetable-based products wherein the product is in a flaked or thin strip form, such as chips, noodles, crackers and the like. All of such materials are intended to be included in the term "vegetable matter" in this description and the appended claims.
The extracted grain product is stabilized against degradation while offering valuable food and feed potential.
If necessary, granular and seed materials from which oil is to be extracted can be prepared for oil extraction by mechanical size reduction using methods known in the art. Grain materials having a relatively high porosity (in the range of 50% or more internal porosity) typically will not have to be reduced in size prior to oil extraction.
According to this invention oil is extracted from vegetable matter by contacting the vegetable matter with both vapor and liquid phases of a solvent for the oil, which solvent is not a solvent for the protein in the vegetable matter. Preferably, the solvent is vaporized by heating vacuum. Contact of the solvent vapor with the vegetable matter is provided by a differential at or near atmospheric pressure, although it may also be vaporized under pressure or under a pressure across a moving bed of the vegetable matter, and at a temperature that is not so high as to cause degradation of either the oil or the oil-depleted vegetable matter. Applicants have discovered that there is an advantage in using particular vaporized solvents which are capable of forming a weak chemical bond or association with the oil to be extracted. Such solvents permit more rapid oil extraction under milder extraction conditions. This weak bonding or association permits the solvent molecule and the oil molecule to act as one unit for purposes of removing the oil from the grain material, vegetable matter or grain-based flood product; however, since the bond or association is weak, the solvent can be subsequently separated from the oil using distillation techniques which make sufficient energy available for breaking the weak bond or association.
The vegetable matter from which oil is to be extracted is fed to an extractor where it is moved along a perforated conveyor belt while the vaporized extraction solvent is passed upwardly through the vegetable matter in the first stage. Preferably, the vaporized solvent is carried upwardly by a pressure drop across the bed of vegetable matter on the belt. For example, the vaporized solvent can be passed from a source beneath the perforated conveyor belt, up through the grain material or grain-based food product and toward a condenser located above the grain material. At least a portion of the vaporized solvent condenses upon contact with the grain material, thereby wetting the grain material and initiating oil extraction without channeling through the bed of solvent. A portion of the solvent vapor that does not condense upon contact with the grain material condenses on the condenser and drops back onto and through the grain material. In addition to the condensed solvent, additional liquid solvent is subsequently sprayed onto the vegetable matter in the second stage of the extractor. A substantial portion of the liquid miscella formed by extracted oil and solvent drains downward by gravity or differential pressure through the perforated belt and is collected below the conveyor belt for further treatment.
A small proportion of the miscella typically remains in the bed of vegetable matter due to surface tension. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, this miscella is separated from the remaining solid material, or marc, in the third stage of the extractor, by causing a dry inert gas, such as nitrogen, to flow downward through the horizontally moving bed of the marcmiscella mixture carded on the belt. The gas flow is produced by a pressure differential across the bed, provided by pressure above the bed, vacuum below it, or a combination of pressure and vacuum. The temperature and pressure differential are controlled so as to blow substantially all of the remaining miscella through the perforated belt. It should be noted that while this description is based on a single extractor, two extractors in series can be used to separate the three stages of the extractor, i.e., extraction in the first extractor and gas displacement in the second.
The extracted vegetable matter may be processed to remove residual solvent using techniques known in the art such as steam heated rotary drum drying and/or vacuum assisted solvent removal techniques. The extracted vegetable matter typically is processed by exposure to heat and/or vacuum, depending on the fragility of the product. The oil/solvent miscella collected may be stored prior to further processing.
The miscella is separated by processing in a specially developed separation process. Typically its oil/solvent composition ranges from about 10 percent oil with 90 percent solvent to about 70 percent oil with 30 percent solvent, on a weight to weight basis, and the preferred apparatus for separation comprises two flash towers, a stripper and a dehydrator.
Extraction of oil according to this invention is much faster than conventional liquid hexane extraction, and requires only a fraction of the amount of solvent. The process operates at much lower temperatures than are common in hexane extraction, so that proteins are not denatured, and so that most of the water is not removed from the marc. Azeotropes are not formed with the solvent except when extreme conditions are used. The vegetable matter does not have to be cooked or mechanically prepared before processing. The energy requirements for the method are much less than for conventional extraction methods. Not only are edible oils produced from the process of the present invention, but numerous products comprising the marc are of special interest as valuable food and feed products.
A blend of extracted amaranth marc with extracted, stabilized rice bran marc provides a specific outstanding feed product which has the amino acid equivalent of soy bean meal. The preferred blend typically ranges from about 80:20 to about 60:40, rice bran marc: amaranth marc, on a weight to weight basis. The blend of rice bran marc with amaranth marc typically has a total oil content ranging from about 0.5 percent to about 10 percent by weight oil. Additives can be combined with the marc blend if desired for a particular application. A particularly preferred animal and poultry feed product obtainable using the extraction process of the present invention is a blend of the stabilized rice bran marc with whole amaranth. The preferred blend comprises a ratio of rice bran marc to whole amaranth ranging from about 75:25 to about 60:40, on a weight to weight basis. The blend of rice bran marc with whole amaranth typically has a total oil content ranging from about 2 percent to about 14 percent by weight oil. As previously described, other additives can be combined with the blend if desired.
Another outstanding feed product which can be generated from marc obtained using the process of the present invention comprises rapeseed marc and another component selected from the group consisting of rice bran marc, amaranth marc, whole amaranth, or mixtures thereof, wherein the weight to weight ratio of rapeseed marc to the component selected ranges from about 30:70 to about 50:50. This feed product typically has a total oil content ranging from about 0.05 percent by weight to about 14 percent by weight oil.
The grain-based food products such as crackers, noodles and chips which are processed using the oil extraction process of the present invention contain significantly less oil (typically 2-10% by weight) than similar grain-based food products currently marketed.
For a detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a preferred embodiment of the extraction system and apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a simplified cut-away view of the extractor shown in FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3A-C are cross-sectional views of the extractor shown in FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a preferred embodiment of the recovery system and apparatus of the present invention.
The following description is in terms of using the invention for the extraction of rice oil from rice bran, although the apparatus and method, with minor modifications dictated by characteristics of the particular material, have application to a wide range of oleaginous vegetable materials, including brans from other cereal grains, seed grains such as amaranth, rapeseed and soy beans, other oleaginous vegetables such as corn, cacao beans and peanuts, and vegetable products such as chips, noodles, crackers and the like. All such materials are included herein within the term "vegetable matter".
Rice bran and wheat mill feed can be extracted without previous treatment. Rice bran results from milling dehulled brown rice grains to abrade away the brown covering, producing polished white rice grains with the bran as a by-product consisting of small flaky particles. The rice bran, due to enzymatic action and its oil content, is highly susceptible to lipolytic rancidity within a few hours if it is not stabilized shortly after milling. To obtain oil which is low in off-flavors, it is therefore desirable to process the bran shortly after milling. When desirable, the rice bran can be stabilized from degradation and prepared for oil extraction by, for example, the method described in our copending U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 07/901,350, filed Jun. 19, 1992, and Ser. No. 08/012,118, filed Feb. 1, 1993, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. However, it is sometimes desirable to allow the enzymatic action to continue for a few days, if the products resulting from such action are desired.
Although oil can be extracted in accordance with this invention from rice bran and some other brans and chips without any preparatory processing, it will be necessary to prepare some of the vegetable materials, depending upon their oil content and particle size. Vegetable sources which contain a significant amount of oil, such as corn, rapeseed, flaxseed, soybeans, cottonseed, olives, cacao and amaranth may be extracted after grinding or other pulverization which renders the oil content more accessible. Such vegetable sources which have been processed by mechanical pressing techniques, as is the long-standing practice, still contain a significant amount of oil, and more oil may be extracted from the remaining pulp by the present invention.
Referring initially to FIG. 1, the grain to be extracted is initially stored in silo 50. From storage silo 50, grain is fed to a surge bin 52 and from surge bin 52 into extractor 60. Extractor 60, as described in greater detail below, comprises an apparatus for moving the grain horizontally through a series of solvent extracting treatments.
Similarly, solvent entering the system of the present invention is stored initially in tank 70, from which it is passed into surge drum 72. From surge drum 72, solvent flows through a heat exchanger 74, in which it is preheated, and then into extractor 60, where it is passed through extractor coils 76 to gain additional preheat. From extractor coils 76, the solvent stream leaves extractor 60 and is divided into two streams 78, 79. Stream 79, comprising preheated liquid solvent, reenters the second stage of extractor 60 and is sprayed onto the grain as described in detail below. Stream 78 is passed through a pair of additional heat exchangers 80, 82 wherein it is vaporized and superheated by thermal contact with steam in stream 86. The superheated vapor stream 78 is fed directly into the bottom of the first stage of extractor 60, as described below. It will be understood that the ratio of the volume of stream 78 to 79 can be varied as desired by use of flow ratio controller 89. Likewise, the vapor superheat temperature is controlled at heat exchanger 82 by a temperature controller 88, and can be varied as required. According to a preferred embodiment, the solvent, which is preferably ethyl acetate, is superheated to about 175� F. to 180� F. The boiling point of ethyl acetate, at one atmosphere pressure is 171� F. Higher superheat temperatures can be used, but are limited at the upper end by the temperature at which the vegetable and/or the oil therein begins to degrade. Depending upon the solvent used and the vegetable matter processed, an optimum superheat temperature can be easily established for a given vacuum applied.
A simplified view of the extractor 60 of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3A-C. According to the preferred embodiment of this invention, oil is separated from the vegetable matter in three stages. Apparatus 60 comprises a vapor contact section 100, a liquid contact section 200, and a liquid removal and recovery section 300. In extractor 60, vegetable matter is substantially continuously deposited from an inlet 62 onto a moving, porous conveyor belt 112, and is spread to a substantially uniform depth by a plow 111. Conveyor belt 112 preferably moves horizontally at a pre-selected constant speed, being driven by a drive pulley 113, which in turn is driven by a motor 115. Belt 112 is carried over an idler pulley 117 at the opposite end of the apparatus.
The depth of the grain bed on the conveyor belt 112 in the extractor may be from 3 to 10 inches, but is preferably 4 to 8 inches for rice bran. A depth of 4 to 5 inches has been found to work best for rice bran. Different vegetable matter will require different depths for maximum efficiency, depending on the porosity of the bed and the rate of extraction of the oil from the vegetable matter. The most desirable depth of vegetable matter can be determined by trial and error with minimal experimentation. The porosity of the belt must be such as to allow flow of vapor through it, preferably without significantly restricting the flow of the solvent, while allowing no more than a minor amount of the vegetable matter to fall through. For rice bran, a 60 to 120 mesh, preferably about 80 mesh, polyethylene belt has been found to give good results. In some applications, a porous membrane, rather than a perforated be it, may allow sufficient flow of the solvent.
The depth of the bed is preferably maintained by the rate of flow of the vegetable matter onto the belt, by the plow 111, by a plurality of upstanding transverse ribs 134 spaced along the length of the belt 112, and by side walls 136 engaging each longitudinal side of the belt.
According to a preferred embodiment, vaporized solvent enters the first stage vapor chamber 114 below porous belt 112, from vapor inlet conduits 115, and flows upwardly through the belt 112 and through the bed of vegetable matter conveyed on the surface of the belt, while the belt carries the bed of vegetable matter substantially horizontally to the left, as shown in the drawing. The flow of solvent vapor is assisted by a pressure differential across the bed, which is produced by the combination of positive pressure at which the solvent vapor is generated, and by a vacuum above the bed created by vacuum pump (555 of FIG. 1), which reduces the pressure in flues 119, and by coil 76, and exchanger 74, on which solvent vapor that passes through the vegetable bed condenses. Other means for creating a suitable pressure differential, such as a fan, steam jets, aspirators, etc. may also be used. The greater the pressure differential across belt 112, the greater will be the rate of movement of the vapor through the bed. The overall pressure in the first stage of extractor 60 is maintained at slightly less the atmospheric pressure, so that solvent vapor is in intimate dentact with the rice bran for the maximum possible time.
The vapor contact step is preferably carried out at a relatively low temperature, ranging from about 100� F. to about 210� F., and most preferably from about 175� F. to about 200� F. for rice bran, under a partial vacuum which is determined by the mount of vacuum required to cause adequate flow and distribution of the vaporized solvent through the bed of vegetable matter. Lower temperatures may be used, if so required by varying the vacuum applied in the first stage. The temperature used in such applications will depend on the boiling point of the solvent at the pressure within the extractor and the upper limit required to avoid degradation of the oil. In some applications of the process, a substantially higher temperature may be used, as when the vapor is superheated to create a substantial pressure for extracting the oil from the vegetable matter. Alternatively, lower temperatures may be used, if so required, by varying the vacuum applied in the first stage. It will be understood that, in order for the vapor contact step to be effective, sufficient solvent vapor must condense to wet the vegetable matter. Thus, the vegetable matter entering the extractor 60 must be at a temperature that is at least somewhat lower than the dew point of the solvent vapor. The solvent superheat temperature will depend on the need to prevent oil and/or vegetable-matter degradation, and the temprature of the vegetable matter being fed. If the temperature of the vegetable matter is too close to the dew point of the solvent vapor, the vapor will condense too quickly, i.e., before it can fully penetrate the bed. Superheating the vapor avoids this problem.
With the extractor of this invention, working with rice bran, a vacuum above the bed of 10 to 40 inches of water, with the solvent vapor below the bed at substantially atmospheric pressure, has been found to be adequate to induce flow of the solvent vapor. The vacuum required will be established by the efficiency in contacting the vaporized solvent in the bed of vegetable matter with a fixed depth of vegetable matter on the belt. Too much differential pressure across the bed of vegetable matter will result in high vapor velocity which will carry vegetable matter, particularly light brans, upwardly into the flue. Suitable temperatures and vacuums can be readily determined by experimentation for each vegetable source.
Solvent vapors contact and penetrate the oil-beating particles in the bed, the solvent molecules condensing and forming a weak bond with the oil molecules so as to separate the oil from the solid material. Depending upon the heat balance desired, a portion of the solvent will pass through the bed of vegetable matter in vapor form; the remaining solvent and extracted oil will form a miscella that permeates the bed of vegetable matter. The solvent vapor which passes through the bed condenses on coils 76 and in condenser 74 and falls back onto the vegetable matter as a liquid, further contributing to the formation of miscella. In vapor contact section 100, the miscella will be substantially prevented from draining out through the perforations in belt 112 by the upwardly moving stream of vaporized solvent. Any liquid that seeps through belt 112 is collected in a collection drain 110.
Still referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, in liquid contact section 200 (second stage), liquid solvent from stream 79 enters the top of the extractor and is placed in contact with the moving vegetable matter by a spray applicator 202. According to a preferred embodiment, the applicator 202 comprises a plurality of sprayer heads 204, however, other methods for applying the liquid solvent to the vegetable matter could be used, such as allowing the solvent to flow onto the bed in the form of a liquid curtain. The miscella that forms as the liquid solvent soaks into the bed of vegetable matter and extracts oil therefrom drains through belt 112 into chambers 210, 212, 214, where it is collected in liquid drains 220, 222, 224. In some applications of this invention, flow of miscella through the belt may be assisted by pressure differential, such as by the use of a vacuum below the belt.
The liquid solvent applied by sprayers 204 extracts oil from the vegetable matter as it flows through the belt. The added solvent, in combination with the liquid solvent produced by condensing the solvent vapor at coils 76 and condenser 74 provide an enhanced extraction efficiency not achievable by use of vapor or liquid solvent alone.
The present combination of vapor and liquid extraction results in greater extraction yields by the following distinct actions.
1. The vapor, in combination with the optionally reduced pressure, expands the bed, heats the grain and flees the oil for subsequent extraction;
2. The vapor penetrates the bed more uniformly and with a better degree of dispersement than if only liquid solvent were used. This allows more efficient contact between solvent and oil and results in the greater extraction of oil by the solvent;
3. The heat released by vapor condensation helps release the oil in the grain to further improve extraction of oil by subsequent contact with liquid solvent;
4. Any solvent vapor passing through the bed is condensed and falls back onto the bed, thereby contacting the grain in both vapor and liquid phases in the first stage. Effectively, this hybrid vapor/liquid extraction process results in a higher degree of solvent saturation in the bed and yields a higher oil extraction efficiency than using only liquid solvent.
The oil-depleted marc, along with some miscella, is carried on belt 112 into liquid removal section 300, where the miscella is separated from the marc by blowing an inert gas through the bed, using a partial vacuum supplied beneath the porous conveyor belt or pressure above the belt, or both. The gas from a feed stream 302 is preferably introduced to the upper portion of liquid removal apparatus 300 through a distributor 304. An inert gas is used when the presence of oxygen would alter the oil product obtained or create a risk of fire or explosion. The gas and miscella move downward through the bed into chamber 306 below the bed and are collected in drain 308. A partial vacuum may be induced by a vacuum pump 555, through vents in chamber 306, and this draws off the inert gas/solvent stream 678.
Because of the pressure differential across the bed, the gas expands as it passes through the bed, and some of the solvent evaporates. The expansion and the absorption, of the heat of vaporization cools the bed and the extracted liquid. If it is necessary to warm the bed, the inert gas may be preheated or heat exchanger tubes (not shown), carrying hot water, may be placed in the space above the belt to heat the incoming gas. If desired, heat exchanger return tubes may be placed in the lower part of chamber 306. As a result, the water in the return tubes may be chilled by the cooled gas for further use in heat exchangers elsewhere in the process.
The amount of pressure differential required to remove the liquid from the marc will vary depending upon the flow rate and the particular solvent and vegetable matter being processed. For rice bran, with the incoming gas at atmospheric pressure, a vacuum as low as about three inches of mercury gauge has been found sufficient to vaporize enough solvent to provide substantial cooling and to assist in forcing substantially all of the remaining miscella from the bed. It is more expensive to attain higher vacuums, but in some applications a vacuum as high as 27 inches of mercury gauge will be found to be desirable. Minimal experimentation will be required to determine the most effective pressure differential for particular materials.
The oil-depleted marc is carried by the belt into dryer 500. In dryer 500, the marc is passed over heating coils 510, which heat the marc to a temperature sufficient to evaporate any remaining solvent therefrom. Heating coils 510 comprise tubes through which stem is passed. A stream of preheated inert gas 512 from heat exchanger 610 enters dryer 500 and is used as the conveying medium to remove the vapor formed by evaporation. Heating the marc may also cause some water to evaporate from the marc. Evaporated solvent and water removed from the marc in dryer 500 are removed by the inert gas steam via line 520. As noted in more detail below, the inert gas system is a closed loop system. Other residual solvent removal procedures that may be used include such removal processes as are well known in the food processing industry.
According to a preferred embodiment, the dried marc is then conveyed by a conveyor 588 to a cooler surge bin 602, from where it is fed to a cooling chamber 600, where it is cooled to ambient temperature using air from a blower 502. The cooled marc is next conveyed by a conveyor 608 to a storage bin 680, where it is held as a finished product. Warm air exits the cooler via stream 660, passes through a cyclone 662, and is discharged to the atmosphere.
Oil-containing solvent, or miscella, is produced in each of the first three extraction stages 100, 200 and 300. This miscella leaves extractor 60 via drains 110, 220, 222 and 308 and is manifolded into a single miscella stream 135. According to a preferred embodiment, a vessel 137 provides the necessary holdup for a level controller 138 to regulate a pump 139, which pumps the miscella to a settling drum 140. In settling drum 140, any fine grains which were entrained in the miscella settle out and any water in the miscella separates. Both fine particles and water can be removed from settling drum 140 periodically.
A closed circuit inert gas nitrogen loop is associated with the present apparatus. Nitrogen is the preferred inert gas and is compressed in a compressor 690 and heated by passage through a heat exchanger 810. The flow of steam through heat exchanger 810 is controlled by a temperature control loop 812. From heat exchanger 810, the nitrogen flows to dryer 500. As discussed above, in dryer 500, the nitrogen passes through the marc, picking up solvent vapor and water that have been evaporated by the absorption of heat from steam in coils 510, and also by mass transfer mechanism. The flow rate of steam through coils 510 is controlled by controller 814.
As stated above, solvent laden saturated nitrogen passes out of dryer 500, via line 520. Line 520 is passed through a cyclone 530 and then is cooled by passage through a pair of chilled water heat exchangers 640 and 642 and enters the recovered solvent drum 644. In drum 644, the condensed solvent is separated from the nitrogen, which is returned to compressor 690. The recovered solvent is pumped back to solvent surge drum 72 by means of a pump 648. A level control loop 652 controls the solvent return stream, while a pressure control loop 654 controls the nitrogen recycle and makeup streams. Any nitrogen losses in the closed loop are made up in stream 520 by means of a nitrogen makeup stream 650, and any excess pressure is released by controller 654 via stream 677, to condenser 170 at the vacuum pump. The water that condenses out of the nitrogen as a result of processing the marc in dryer 500 is accumulated in drum 644 and is periodically withdrawn to the sewer via stream 656.
The marc leaving dryer 500 is fed into cooling chamber 600 via conveyor 588 and surge drum 602. In cooling chamber 600, air from a blower 502 is passed over the marc to achieve the desired cooling.
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 4, the miscella from drum 140 is fed to the recovery section by pump 145, under flow control 147. The purpose of the recovery section is to separate the miscella solution into its components, namely oil and solvent, plus a small quantity of water. The oil is the product of the plant, whereas the solvent is recycled to the extraction section for reuse. Any small amount of water that is recovered is discharged to the process sewer. An inline filter 144 is provided downstream of pump 145 to remove any fine grain solid from the miscella before it reaches the recovery section. The miscella is heated and a portion of the solvent is vaporized prior to the stream entering a low pressure (LP) flash tower 750. The heating and vaporization is accomplished in three heat exchangers in series: a miscella/LP vapor exchanger 700, a miscella/HP vapor exchanger 710, and a miscella vaporizer 720. In flash tower 700, the vaporized solvent passes overhead and transfers its heat. It is condensed in miscella/LP vapor exchanger 700 and is further cooled in a low pressure flash overhead cooler 730 prior to flowing to the solvent surge drum 72 via stream 732. Preferably at least two trays and a drawoff tray are provided in 750 for reflux contact, to insure that no oil is entrained overhead and to allow for good heat transfer.
The bottom stream 752 of flash tower 750, containing the oil plus remaining solvent and water, is pumped by pump 754, under level control 756, through the low pressure bottoms heater 755, and into a high pressure (HP) flash tower 760. The bulk of the remaining solvent and water is heated and vaporized by steam under temperature control and is flashed in flash tower 760. In the tower, the vapors contact reflux solvent on two trays (similar to tower 750) to effect separation. The vapors pass out overhead via stream 762, exchange heat and are condensed in miscella/HP vapor exchanger 710. The vapors are further cooled in a HP vapor overhead cooler 770. The solvent recovered from cooler 770, plus some water, then flows to solvent surge drum 72 by pressure control 764. Level control of 750 is maintained by a level control on the trap out tray of 760, wherein a high level of liquid on this tray is reduced by the level controller 753 passing the liquid back to the 750 tower for additional processing through the circuit. This insures that if there is insufficient flashing and recovery of solvent in flash tower 750, resulting in excess solvent liquid in flash tower 760, the liquid solvent will be recycled back through the vaporizer 755 for subsequent recovery. The bottom liquid level of 760 is controlled by a level controller 756 which feeds the accumulated oil, plus a residual amount of residual solvent and water to the oil stripper 800.
In oil stripper 800, the oil is subjected to steam contacting and solvent refluxing on eighteen trays, to achieve final removal of residual solvent and water. Any possible color bodies present in the oil are also removed by the stripping action to produce a product oil which is then pumped by pump 820, under level control 822 to a dehydrator tower 900, for final processing. The overhead vapors from the oil stripper are condensed in an oil stripper condenser 810, and the condensed liquid flows to the solvent surge drum 72, under level control 812.
The final processing of the oil product consists of passing it down dehydrator tower 900. Dehydrator 900 is a packed column operating at a slight vacuum produced by a single stage steam jet 910. The processing operation will remove last traces of water from the oil, passing it through the jet nozzle. The steam and water vapor removed are condensed in the jet condenser unit of the steam jet and a barometric leg to a hot well 920 is provided to permit the condensate to flow to the process sewer. The product oil is withdrawn from dehydrator 900 under level control 930 and is pumped by 932, through an oil product cooler 940, to an oil storage tank 950. There it is retained for subsequent sale as a product of the plant.
The preferred solvent for this process is an acetate such as, for example, methyl acetate or ethyl acetate, although other solvents such as alcohols or other organic solvents capable of forming weak chemical bonds can be used. The most preferred solvents are food grade solvents, such as ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, heptyl alcohol, or dectyl alcohol, either alone or in various combinations. Solvents having 6 or fewer carbon atoms are preferred, particularly when the extracted marc is to be used as a food product, since higher carbon solvents tend to leave an unpleasant taste in the marc. One skilled in the art can, with minimum experimentation, determine which solvent is optimum for use in combination with a particular vegetable material. Applicants have determined that ethyl acetate works particularly well with rice bran, for example.
The contacting of prepared vegetable matter with a volatilized extraction solvent is carried out at a volumetric ratio of solvent to vegetable matter that depends on the solubility of the particular oil to the solvent used, and the percentage of oil in the vegetable matter. In extraction of rice bran, the amount of solvent utilized to extract the oil from the vegetable matter ranges from about 0.7:1 to about 5:1 on a weight of solvent to weight of vegetable matter basis. With rice bran, a solvent/oil ratio of 1.5 to 2:1 by weight has been found to give, good results.
In the processing of vegetable matter according to this invention, in many cases it will be desirable to extract substantially all of the oil. However, the mount of oil to be extracted from particular vegetable matter depends on the products to be produced. In the extraction of oil from cooked potato chips, it has been found that about 40% of the oil can be extracted by the process and apparatus of this invention. If the extracted vegetable matter, marc, is subsequently processed into food and feed products, in some cases it may be desirable to leave a particular minimum oil content in the marc. Applicants have easily reduced the oil content of rice bran from about 20 percent by weight to less than 1 percent by weight in a laboratory apparatus. The amount of oil extracted depends on the contact time between the vegetable matter and the solvent, the concentration of oil in the vegetable matter, the temperature, and the pressure during the solvent extraction operation. Minimal experimentation will establish the most efficient conditions of operation.
Conventional temperature, pressure and flow controls may be used to insure that optimum temperatures, pressures and flow rates are maintained at all stages of the process.
The critical features of the extraction process of this invention are: 1) that the vegetable matter provide sufficient extraction surface from which the oil can be remove; 2) that the proper solvent be used and that at least the initial contact between vegetable matter and solvent be made with the solvent in vapor form; 3) that an additional amount of liquid solvent be applied to the vegetable matter along with the condensed solvent vapor that drops from the vapor condenser; 4) that the temperature during the solvent extraction be maintained as low as possible (typically less than 210� F.) to avoid degradation of the oils and proteins within the vegetable matter; and 5) that in view of these factors, the contact time between the solvent vapors and the vegetable matter be sufficient to permit the desired amount of extraction of oil from the vegetable matter.
Temperatures and pressures discussed in the foregoing description are by way of example only, and are not intended to be limiting. Various temperatures and pressures may be found to be desirable, depending upon the particular vegetable matter being processed, and other conditions of operation. For example, in the processing of chips and other cooked foods to reduce the content of oil absorbed during cooking, higher temperatures and/or greater pressure differential may be used to carry the oil out of the extraction bed with the vaporized solvent, so that no liquid miscella remains in the bed. Such higher temperatures and/or greater pressure differentials are also useful for oil extraction from other vegetable matter. For other materials and solvents, higher or lower vacuums may be desirable, or it may be desirable to operate with a pressurized system rather than with a vacuum. Higher pressure differentials, and higher pressures or greater vacuums, are achieved, however, only at a greater cost for equipment and operating expense, and this cost must be balanced against the cost of separating the liquid miscella from the marc as described herein.
Example 1 below provides a detailed description of the extraction of an oil from rice bran.
This example discloses the results of using a preferred embodiment of the method of extracting the oil contained in rice bran, using an ethyl acetate solvent. 3019 g of bran comprising 18.30 percent fat were changed to a bench scale extractor. According to the present invention, solvent contacted the bran in both vapor, and liquid phases. Approximately 4800 g of solvent vapor and 1334 g of liquid solvent were supplied. After removing the liquid from the marc as disclosed above, the products of the extractor were as follows: 2375 g miscella, 3964 g marc (containing some residual solvent and water), and 2814 g free solvent. The miscella was analyzed and found to contain 453 g oil, or just over 80% of the oil contained in the original bran feed. Analysis of the marc indicated that it contained 2.7% oil, 35.8% solvent, and 61.5% other (carbohydrates, fiber, ash, minerals, vitamins, amino acids and water). After the marc was dried to remove residual solvent and water, the marc contained 4.1% oil and 95.9% other. Thus, the percent oil in the bran feed was reduced from 18.3 to 4.1 through the combined application of solvent vapor and liquid solvent according to the present invention.
Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, many variations thereof will be suggested by this description to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments, but extends to all variations which may be included within the scope of the appended claims, and equivalents thereof.
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It's a show on Netflix with Kevin Spacey, watched the first 4 episodes tonight and it's really good. If you need a new show to watch check it out.
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House of Cards
Started by The Playmaker, Feb 10 2013 03:07 AM
Posted 10 February 2013 - 03:07 AM
Posted 10 February 2013 - 06:34 AM
Have to admit it looks pretty good, seems to be well acted and some intriguing realism drama with the political twist. I enjoy movies like this, but I can see myself getting bored with a long running series.
May have to check it out.
May have to check it out.
Posted 10 February 2013 - 08:06 AM
I got far enough in to get interested the other day. I like how he turns to the camera and let's us in on his schemes. It's enough to get you to feel sorry for him, yet you can see where his plans will run into snags and backfire. I will watch some more of it.
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Reader comments are listed below. Comments are currently closed and new comments are no longer being accepted.
@Fahrettin Tahir:
Fahrettin, my dear! Though I very often don't agree with your point of view, at least I can recognize that you are more intelligent and educated person than most of the propagandists of the Turkish nationalism on this thread.
This crap - "Medieval Bulgaria was a state of Turks and Slavs. The original Bulgars spoke Turkish" - is not at all like you. You can much better.
The proto-Bulgars' origins are not established with sufficient clarity. What's clear, is that they did not speak Turkish, but a (and I emphasize "a") Turkic language.
Turkic languages are/were spoken by Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyzs, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauzs, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Nogais, Kumans, Kipchaks, Avars, Turgeshs, Seljuks, Khazars, Ottomans, Mamluks, Timurids, and possibly the Xiongnu and Huns.
So proto-Bulgars could be off-shoot of any of these, but most probably of the Khazars.
What is relevant to this discussion, they were definitely not Moslems.
Actually, Khazars and the Crimean Karaites were of the Jewish faith... so what? Should Israel claim Bulgaria as their own on this flimsy ground?
When Bulgaria falls under the Ottoman yoke in 1396, it has already been Christian for half millennium; and there is no distinctive minority of proto-Bulgars among the country's population, just some very weak Turkic (not Turkish) traces in the language.
So please, and I mean ple-e-e-e-ase, don't peddle such primitive BS, there is no one to buy it here.
Just like Nasser pan-Arab nationalism has gone the way of the Dodo with the rise of Islamic brotherhood, the Kemal's secular state is destined to be heading the same direction, thanks to the friendly Zionist push and interferences with Turkish internal politics. Serbia and Turkey are surely strange bedfella after some nasty treatments at the hand of the Hegemon.
Turkey Is Popping Up On My Radar.
The boarding of a Turkish ship by Israeli commandos and the international brouhaha that it sparked has thrown a searing spotlight on that emerging nation. Several hedge fund friends and now a few readers of this newsletter in Istanbul have urged me to explore this intriguing nation further. So I thought I would use this otherwise slow news day to do exactly that.
I first trod the magnificent hand woven carpets of the Aga Sophia in the late sixties while on my way to visit the rubble of Troy and what remained of the trenches at Gallipoli, a bloody WWI battlefield. Remember the cult film, Midnight Express? If it weren't for the nonstop traffic jam of vintage fifties Chevy's on the one main road along the Bosporus, I might as well have stepped into the Arabian Nights. They were still using the sewer system built by the Romans.
Four decades later, and I find Turkey among a handful of emerging nations on the cusp of joining the economic big league. Q1 GDP grew at a blazing 11.4% annualized rate, second only to China, exports are on a tear, and the cost of credit default swaps for its debt is plunging. Prime Minister Erdogan, whose AKP party took control in 2002, implemented a series of painful economic reform measures and banking controls which have proven hugely successful. Since the beginning of this year, Turkey's ETF (TUR) has outperformed BRIC poster boy China's ETF (FXI) by a whopping 11.8%.
Foreign multinationals like general Electric, Ford, and Vodafone, have poured into the country, attracted by a decent low waged work force and a rapidly rising middle class. The Turkish Lira has long been a hedge fund favorite, attracted by high interest rates. With 72 million, the country ranks 18th in terms of population and 17th in terms of GDP, some $615 billion. It has a near perfect population pyramid; with young consumers greatly outnumbering expensive retirees (click here for more depth in my "Special Demographic Issue").
Still, Turkey is not without its problems. It does battle with Kurdish separatists in the east, and has suffered its share of horrific terrorist attacks. Inflation at 8% is a worry. The play here long has been to buy ahead of membership in the European Community, which it has been denied for four decades. Suddenly, that outsider status has morphed from a problem to an advantage.
Growing economic power brings political influence with it. The last year has seen Turkey broker settlements in the Balkans and facilitate the Iranian uranium swap with Russia. Some analysts claim this new flexing of diplomatic muscle has a pronounced Islamic, anti American bent. Remember, Turkey refused transit rights to US forces during the invasion of Iraq.
The way to play here is with an ETF heavily weighted in banks and telecommunications companies, classic emerging market growth industries (TUR). You also always want to own the local cell phone company in countries like this, which in Turkey is Turkcell (TKC). Turkey is not a riskless trade, but is well worth keeping on your radar.
The Mad Hedge Fund Trader
Fanatics made Turkey 99% Muslim, they shoot journalists in the street and harass scholars and writers.
It is this dark force as Erdogan himself puts it that makes Turkey a dangerous country.
We are guilty of your beings fanatics?
If the occupation of the Balkans had no been no cruel on the Christians then maybe they would of allowed the Muslim minority to stay. Could you live with a people that had been pushing you around for hundreds of years and taking every 5th young boy for the army never to be seen again?
The fact there are many times more Muslims in the Balkans than Christians in Turkey is testament of their tolerance.
BL and Freethinking
You logic for Ottoman Europe is because they were Christian areas before Islam came, the Christians, who had become a minority because most people were rather Moslems, had a right to murder as many of them as they liked.
We can not share such a logic.
To BenLondon and Freethinking
What about this?
Le Figaro 1/25-26/1964
"I saw in bathroom the bodies of a mother and three infant children murdered because their father was a Turkish officer"
Or this
Daily Express 12/28/1963
"We went into the sedaled-off Turkish ouarter of Nicosia in which 200 to 300 people slaughtered in the last five days.We were the first western reporters there and we have seen sights to frightful to be described in print.Horrors so extreme that the people seemed stunned beyond tears and reduced to a hysterical and mirthless giggle that is more terrible than tears."
This is the way you behave.
To Benlondon:
Then you should go to a grave yard to find any but ooups I am sorry they dont even have that.
How dare those nations become free from centuries of Ottoman rule and how dare they kick out those same Turks that had been pushing them around for hundreds of years and taking their boys for army and conversion! The audacity of them!
One day you will get an apology, we in Britain are still waiting for the Indians apology!
In the 1920s new Turkey chose a version of history, stamped it on people's minds and marched forward. It is now scholars are looking back and realising what they had been told was of course complete nonsense.
The Kemalist's response to this challenge is to insult and try to personally discredit those scholars.
The killing off of 35,000 Kurds in recent years in turkish Kurdistan does not consitute a genocide by Turkey (and of Moslems too)?
How easily my friend uses the term genocide when no such evidence exists, but for the Armenian Genocide it is claimed that the evidence is not conclusive!!!
The audacity of these christian "minorities" to rebel in their own lands against a powerful empire and "manage" to kill off the "majority" ruling moslems who were in charge of administration and army in those regions!!!!!!!
I have to keep repeating:
The areas Bulgarians Greeks and Serbs were demanding were Moslem majority areas.
Medieval Bulgaria was a state of Turks and Slavs. The original Bulgars spoke Turkish.
Turkiey could not as no state will secede territories where the majority population wwere loyal subjects.
In the end the Bulgarians Serbs and Greeks got the areas they were demanding with Russian help.
The majority population was reduced by genocide.
How that is done we have seen on Cyprus and Bosnia.
Only in Eastern Turkey where the Armenian minority of 20% set out to exterminate the 80 % did the policy of genocide fail.
And later on Cyprus.
Oups, it's of course GET RID, not 'get read'.
Sorry for the typo.
@ Fahrettin Tahir:
"The Raya kept Turkey in a state of civil war for around 150 years. For development peace was needed and that was not to be had with the Raya".
I'll just repeat in more tender words what I've already told you in my deleted comment: Ottomans could very easily get read of the negative influence of the Christian Raya just getting out of the Christian lands in the Balkans.
No need of civil war, just a withdrawal... like Israel from Gaza.
I think we can agree, that Bulgarians, Greeks, Serbs etc. wouldn't lob rotten pumpkins over the border with Turkey proper as substitute for Qassams, can we?
@ gercek:
"IMHO, this is the way of PROPAGANDA: Claim something (e.g., genocide) and repeat it as often as possible!!!"
Well, THE FACT of several organized by Turkey genocides, including the one which led to the creation of the term itself, is indeed repeated quite often - in every decent history textbook.
Which obviously excludes Turkish ones.
The Annan Plan in favour of Greekcypriots? Are you sure you read all 10,000 pages of it?
This Plan was proTurkey (gave it intervention rights, right to keep its settlers and army, 6 years to withdraw and refugees not to return in their entirety, among others), proBritish (allowed them not only to maintain their colonial-era Bases but also gave the Bases territorial waters and exclusive economic zone - for oil drilling - how thoughtful of the "UN"?) and anti-Cyprus (both Greek and Turkishcypriots).
It's obvious that you rely purely on Turkish propaganda otherwise you would have known that there is no connection between Cyprus joining the EU and the "Annan" plan (we call it the Haney plan from the British diplomat that acted behind the scenes); Cyprus' accession to the EU was approved in 1996 when Turkey was allowed to proceed further on the proviso that Cyprus could join with Poland etc, especially after Rauf denktash rejected the Hague talks in 2001-2002.
As to the Armenians they are dead almost 100 years, maybe it IS time to move on as many others have.
But, if you want to see prejudice ask a Serb about Germany, an Indian about Pakistan, an Israeli about Palestine, and finally yes finally ask a Greek about
Turkey...funny enough all of these people listed hate people whom are actually close enough geographically to be brothers and/or sisters...
Get over it...money just sits there, waiting to be made, lives lived and all one hears is hate, hate, hate, repeated often enough it could be imagined that most of these posts have been written repeatedly over and over again til they have no meaning other than memory aids.
No offense, Peace to all y'all people having fun hating each other.
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What really doesn't make sence is that this is a Japanese made game, so why do they even make Latin alphabet Unowns? Japanese uses hiragana and katakana, so why aren't the Unowns made from those alphabets?


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This Rug is beautiful and of excellent quality. It is thick and the orange is vibrant. Makes my living room spectacular!!!Read More
This is EVERYTHING I wanted but I just didn't know what I wanted! I'm beyond pleased with this purchase and I absolutely love the colors!! Beautiful, quality rug for a phenomenal price! Thanks Overstock!!Read More
eye catching
love this rug. It is the perfect choice for my office. The colors were true from the picture. Excellent quality at a great price. Shipping was extraordinarily fast and especially since I ordered the rug during the peak holiday period.Read More
Very good!
Looks and feels amazing in our nursery! love it! Thank you!Read More
Gorgeous, Gorgeous, Gorgeous
This rug is absolutely beautiful. It has a deep luscious pile that is soft under your feet. I bought the orange one and it is vibrant, fun and luxurious all at the same time.Read More
Great rug!
I love the rug in my living room. The colors are vibrant and it makes a nice statement piece, bringing a more modern feel to the room. I highly recommend this rug - it's soft on the feet, doesn't shed and withstands the wear and tear of little feet running back and forth over it every day!Read More
Excellent Quality Rug for this price.
This is an excellent quality rug for a very reasonable price. However, due to the color variation I am not 100% satisfied. This is more like an off white and orange rug than white and orange. I still love it in my living room as it added a lot of orange to it :)Read More
Fast Delivery and Good Quality
I was very pleased with the speed of delivery. The rug arrived in just a couple of days. It is nice and thick, which makes it feel more expensive than it was. The design is true to the photo, however, the orange is a little more red than it appeared online and that is why I gave it 4 instead of 5. Despite that, I'm still very pleased with the purchase and would recommend.Read More
Great product at a great price!
It took me a very long time to find the right rug. I was looking for orange color rug of modern design. This hit the stop. The description provided on the site is accurate. I love the way it looks in my living room. The only small bad part about the rug that is sheds, but just a bit. I've had it for about two weeks, and not sure if that's because it is still new or what. It doesn't bother me much though (hopefully it won't go bold, lol). I would recommend this product for sure!Read More
If you want a area rug that makes a statement :o)
I find the orange is a bit of a rusty orange than a bright orange.....Sure makes a statement.....it is not everyones syle but I love it!!!Read More
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Yes, this rug can be placed on carpet. If used on smooth surfaces the use of a non-skid pad is recommended.
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How to Size Your Room For an Area Rug
A rug in the right size can complement the whole room, accent furnishings, bring life to a dull room, or make a subtle statement. However, if it's too big or too small, it may leave the impression of an unfinished or poorly decorated room. Before you start shopping for area rugs, you'll want to size the room. This guide will help you to select the right size rug in any room.
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Area rugs establish the style and color in a room, add warmth and texture, muffle sounds, and help to divide, identify, and conquer space. Area rugs also feel soothing under tired feet, keep high-traffic areas cleaner, and protect fine flooring. With all of the qualities, you'll want to start shopping for them immediately. But before you begin, be sure to read these ideas and simple rules of placement, so you can buy the right rugs and make the most of them.
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Your wedding registry is designed for your guests to help you prepare for your new home together. It lets them know exactly what gifts you want and can also help them get an idea of your tastes. Use this checklist to cover all the basics when you're setting up your registry. You can register for these items all at one store or combine registries from multiple stores. Make sure you register several months before your wedding date to allow guests time to choose gifts, especially if you plan on having bridal showers before the wedding.
Top 5 Easy Things to Examine with Microscopes
Are you looking for a fun way to get your kids excited about science? Kids' microscopes offer an educational way to have fun and expand a child's knowledge of the natural world. If you're planning to give a microscope to a kid, be ready with a few ideas of what to look at with it. These are the best things for an amateur scientist to examine under a kids' microscope.
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Details: 20% Off on Orders of Holiday Cards, Personalized Gifts & More
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1 coupon code for justlikemedesigns.com. Little Ladybug Designs offer custom announcements, invitations, stationery, cards, and keepsakes for any occasion. With a wide variety of designs and products, you will surely find what you're looking for. Check out the website and choose from a selection of holiday photo cards, DVD photo montages, favors, and more.
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Roy Keane admitted that Ipswich's failed to do enough to score against Reading in Tuesday's challenge. He admitted he was not sure is his team deserved to win.
As both sides were reduced to ten men, Simon Church scored the winner for Reading in his first minute on the pitch after coming off the bench.
Speaking about the defeat Keane said: 'I am not sure we deserved to win. Anyone who knows anything about football knows that if you don't put the ball in the back of the net then trust me you are going nowhere fast.
'We didn't play bad but if you don't get goals you will not win. Our leading scorer got eight goals last season and if that happens again we are in trouble.
'I do think our strikers need a little more to work from as well. It's a team game and we all have to do better.
'I have been in enough games where it's nip and tuck at the end and with five minutes to go the home team win.
'We should have done better against the set piece that led to the goal and we were slow to get out.
'I thought our red card was coming. The referee was quite quick to send him off but I have no complaints.
'The back four have done well because Reading are good going forward. We now have a couple of suspensions but don't worry, we can get 11 out for the next game.'
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Swiss Chard Patties–The Recipe
Yep, been to the Farmer's Market again. Too many yummy things. I really have to fight the urge to buy some of everything. This time I went with a menu plan. I got corn (incredible). Also little cukes, a melon, a few tomatoes and some Swiss chard. Tonight I am making patties. I've decided it is time to share this Grandma Mary recipe with the world.
Swiss chard–2 bunches…about 2#'s. Wash, steam, drain, chop, drain some more, cool. I leave the stems on and I like the old fashioned plain green variety. Save the magenta color for salad or something. Grandma used to put the steamed chopped chard in a dish towel and wring the heck out of it. I usually give it a good squeeze, but can't stand to watch that dark liquid go down the drain, so I reserve it for a quick shot of iron and vitamins as soon as it's cool enough to drink.
Eggs–2 large
Bread crumbs–about 1 cup. This amount is going to depend on how wrung out the chard is. Add more or less to get the consistency of hamburger after the cheese is added. I used seasoned Italian. If you have plain crumbs, throw in some oregano, basil, garlic, ground fennel, etc.
Cheese–Romano and/or Parmesan, grated fine, about 1 cup.
Salt and pepper to taste
Olive oil
Heat oven to 300°-ish
Into the prepared chard, add remaining ingredients except oil. Mix well. This should be about the consistency of ground beef. Wet enough to hold together, but not soggy and not so dry that they fall apart. Heat the oil in a nice heavy skillet. I prefer cast iron. Make a patty as you would a hamburger. I like them thin so they get crispy (about 1/4 inch thick). Brown on both sides. Put into the oven to keep warm and continue cooking while you brown the remaining patties. Makes about 12.
I have used wheat germ in place of some bread crumbs. Also mashed garbanzo beans for extra nutrition. Try sunflower seeds or…use your imagination.
Serve hot as a side dish, on a bun like a burger with melted provolone or mozzarella, these are incredible and actually elegant with hollandaise sauce or cold the next morning for breakfast…if there are any left. ;)
- Worry is Wasteful
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7 thoughts on "Swiss Chard Patties–The Recipe"
Martha VanLandingham
OMG. I'm drooling. The pics are almost too good. I wonder if Minda is watching. I think I'll email Loretta and link her to this. Luv u m
Thanks for the recipe! I made a ton of them for dinner. We added crab and a wee splash of truffle oil. We put'em on buns with ketchup for the kids they all ate them. Yeah veggies snuck in once again. Keep the recipes coming. What are we making tomorrow.
Veggie primavera/pasta! Gotta use Zuccs!
We Have to make these again Auntie Gina! These pictures are making me hungry for some Swiss Chard Patties!
Love You! Cec
I made them with the red chard variety and they were delicious. Realized after we had eaten them that I forgot the parmesan cheese and they were still great. I used one of those heavy duty breads with nuts and seeds for the fresh bread crumbs and served them with homemade mustard. Thank you..


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War & Disaster Profiteering
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News Articles : Displaying 68-78 of 78
US: Halliburton Lobby Costs Drop
by Maud S. Beelman
Boston Globe
March 27th, 2004
Halliburton, the oil and construction conglomerate formerly headed by Vice President Dick Cheney, dramatically reduced what it spent on lobbying Congress and the federal government after the Bush-Cheney administration took office in January 2001.
US: Report Finds Halliburton Violated Contracting Rules
by Seth Borenstein
Knight Ridder
March 11th, 2004
Halliburton, the big contractor that's won the lion's share of government contracts to rebuild Iraq, significantly and systematically violated federal contracting rules by providing inaccurate and incomplete information about its own costs, according to a special report by Defense Department auditors.
US: Pentagon Asks Justice to Join Halliburton Probe
by Neil King Jr. and Glenn R. Simpson
Wall Street Journal
March 10th, 2004
The Pentagon has asked the Justice Department to join an inquiry into alleged fuel overcharging by Halliburton Co. in Iraq, indicating that Pentagon officials see possible grounds for criminal charges or civil penalties.
US: Lawmakers seek Halliburton internal documents
by David Ivanovich
Houston Chronicle
February 27th, 2004
Two key Democratic lawmakers want Halliburton to turn over internal documents that reportedly identified significant deficiencies in the company's cost controls.
US: Ex-Halliburton Workers Allege Rampant Waste
by T. Christian Miller
Los Angeles Times
February 13th, 2004
Halliburton has systematically wasted U.S. taxpayer dollars in its operations in Iraq and Kuwait, according to two of the company's former employees who have spoken to congressional investigators.
US: Halliburton Ceated Raised Prices of Gas
by Farhad Manjoo
October 16th, 2003
Why is getting gasoline to oil-rich Iraq costing Americans so much money? The congressmen have a one-word, obvious answer: Halliburton.
Iraq: Nation Builders for Hire
by Dan Baum
New York Times magazine
June 22nd, 2003
When Dwight Eisenhower warned in 1961 of the ''military-industrial complex,'' he never imagined the regimental descendants of Monty's boys at El Alamein tenting in the desert to baby-sit corporadoes earning $10,000 tax-free a month. This, however, is modern might. The military has become the industrial, and vice versa.
Cheney, Halliburton and the Spoils of War
by Lee Drutman and Charlie Cray
Citizen Works
April 4th, 2003
Why Dick Cheney's wartime conflicts of interest are among the most troubling in Washington.
Iraq: Oil Companies Aid Military Planners, Industry Avoids Publicity About Its Role in Teaching Troops to Operate Iraq Wells
by Chip Cummins
Wall Street Journal
March 27th, 2003
The oil industry has gone to great lengths to distance itself from any planning related to the potential post-war opening of Iraq's massive fields, now partly in U.S. and British hands. But it is becoming clear that a number of companies played significant advisory roles in military operations taking place on those fields, underscoring an unusual partnership between the military and private companies in the Iraq campaign.
Iraq: US begins secret talks to secure Iraq's oilfields for fear that wells will be torched if regime falls
by Nick Paton, Julian Borger, Terry Macalister and Ewen MacAskill
January 23rd, 2003
The US military has drawn up detailed plans to secure and protect Iraq's oilfields to prevent a repeat of 1991 when President Saddam set Kuwait's wells ablaze.
US: In Tough Times, a Company Finds Profits in Terror War
by Jeff Gerth and Don Van Natta Jr.
New York Times
July 12th, 2002
The Halliburton Company, the Dallas oil services company bedeviled lately by an array of accounting and business issues, is benefiting very directly from the United States efforts to combat terrorism.From building cells for detainees at Guantnamo Bay in Cuba to feeding American troops in Uzbekistan, the Pentagon is increasingly relying on a unit of Halliburton called KBR, sometimes referred to as Kellogg Brown & Root.
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Hi-Lo Peplum
Style # 222037
So this is what love looks like. Faux leather hi-lo peplum top with mesh lace detail that slims you down while sexing you up. They'll be staring while you walk away in your skinny jeans and ankle booties.
- 88% polyester, 12% spandex
- Hand wash
- Center back to hem: 23"
- Model is 5'10" and wears a US size S`
Rated 0 out of 5
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More stories on: square enix
Final Fantasy XIII-2 gets a PC-specific trailer
Final Fantasy XIII-2 has got a trailer just for the PC port, although you'll be hard-pressed to notice too many differences.
Triad Wars hijacks a shipment of new screens
A bunch of new screens have been released for Sleeping Dogs' online follow-up Triad Wars.
Final Fantasy XIII-2 on PC will actually manage 1080p
Square Enix may be learning from their poorly received PC port of Final Fantasy XIII, because Final Fantasy XIII-2 will at least come with 1080p support.
Just Cause 3 microtransaction image leaks continue
Two more screenshots purporting to be taken from an Xbox One debug build of Just Cause 3 have shown up, watermarked with the same source as before.
Final Fantasy XIII PC Port Impressions
To the surprise of no-one who read the comments on my recent "Holy shit, Final Fantasy XIII on PC is gargantuan" news post, the PC version is a bit rubbish.
Final Fantasy XIII PC resolution fix in GeDoSaTo Beta 0.14
When Tim finishes downloading the gargantuan 50GB required for Final Fantasy XIII on PC, he'll apparently find that Square decided to lock the resolution at 720p.
Sleeping Dogs: Definitive Edition PC Impressions
Good grief, but we're doing a lot of these impressions pieces at the moment.
Final Fantasy XIII's PC release is unbelievably huge
We've been doing a lot of PC impressions of ports recently, but the Final Fantasy XIII one might take a little time.
Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris dev diary discusses four-player co-op
The first dev diary for Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris discusses exactly how the four player co-op works, and how it impacts the game.
Additional Triad Wars details revealed by Reddit AMA session
A trio of employees from United Front Games took to Reddit today, with the intent to answer some questions about Triad Wars.
Final Fantasy XIII comes to Steam on 9 October
Yesterday's indications of a PC release for the Final Fantasy XIII trilogy are now confirmed, as the first game has appeared on Steam with a 9 October release date.
Final Fantasy IV journeys onto Steam
I had no idea this was even planned, but Final Fantasy IV has just hit Steam.
Rise of the Tomb Raider FAQ offers vague answers about exclusivity
The Rise of the Tomb Raider exclusivity deal mystery train rumbles on, as Crystal Dynamics publish an FAQ that doesn't really answer all that much.
Final Fantasy XIV anniversary celebrations include free log-ins
Lapsed Final Fantasy XIV players can spend the next week reintroducing themselves to addiction thanks to the anniversary celebrations.
Rise of the Tomb Raider is indeed a timed exclusive
Microsoft have revealed that Rise of the Tomb Raider's exclusivity on Xbox is, as we speculated, a limited time thing.
Is Rise of the Tomb Raider really an Xbox exclusive?
I'll hold my hands up and admit it: I naturally assumed, as I think most people did, that Rise of the Tomb Raider would be coming to PC.
Rise of the Tomb Raider PC release still uncertain (Updated)
Rise of the Tomb Raider has had another little mention at Gamescom's Xbox conference, but there's still no mention of a PC version.
Thief patch improves Mantle support
The latest Thief patch has improved the game's Mantle support. That's AMD Mantle, not mantling.


text: Colorado State University's Information Science & Technology Center is a university-wide organization for promoting, facilitating, and enhancing CSU's research, education, and outreach activities pertaining to the design and innovative application of computer, communication, and information systems. Activities/Events Educational and research activities and events for CSU and PSD high school faculty, staff and students, including lectures, workshops, competitions, scholarships, and an IS&T minor Committees Committee descriptions, members, meeting schedules, minutes and activities About ISTeC Documents and presentations, news, visitor and contact information, and search Distinguished Lectures David Hung-Chang Du Qwest Chair Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at University of Minnesota, Minneapolis "Intelligent Storage in Big Data Era" Monday, March 23, 2015 Morgan Library Event Hall Distinguished Lectures Ahmed Louri High Performance Computing Architectures and Technologies Laboratory, University of Arizona "Power-Efficient and Reliable Multicore Architectures" Monday, April 6, 2015 Morgan Library Event Hall Special Seminar Dr. Peter Suber Director of the Harvard Office for Scholarly Communication, Director of the Harvard Open Access Project, etc. "How Could CSU Embrace Open Access?" Monday, April 6, 2015 Behavioral Sciences Building Rm 131 Talk with Tara Tara Bunch VP of AppleCare "My thoughts on Women in Technology" Friday, April 24, 2015 Morgan Library Event Hall FutureVisions 2020 Key trends emerging in information and communication technology in the near-term future Friday, April 24, 2015 Register for FutureVisions Support FutureVisions


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Section wrestling results
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(KEY: ACGC (Atwater-Cosmos-Grove City, BBE (Belgrade-Brooten-Elrosa), BEV (Browerville/Eagle Valley), Hol (Holdingford), HLWW (Howard Lake-Waverly-Winsted), Kim (Kimball), LPGE (Long Prairie-Grey Eagle), Min (Minnewaska), Osk (Osakis), Pay (Paynesville).
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What are Antijokes? Anti Jokes (or Anti Humor) is a type of comedy in which the uses is set up to expect a typical joke setup however the joke ends with such anticlimax that it becomes funny in its own right. The lack of punchline is the punchline.
We've just released huge update to the iOS app! Now, access all your favorite text and photo sites like Anti-Joke, DIYLOL! A few things didn't make the original cut (like comments) but they'll be back soon. Best of all, the app is now FREE! Get it here.
Want more? You might be interested in…
"I thought you were cute, so the voices told me to come say hi.."
via: Anti-Pickup Line
"And, it's made in Britain! Which is another way of saying the door is going to fall off.."
via: Clarksonisms
via: Pointless Inventions
"The power to shit bombs that only go off when bitten by you.."
"turn on my reading light when I get in bed just to check if there's a monster.."
"YES!! its mostly at night (4am) though. i thought i was the only one. ill click a page, then a white screen. reload, reload, reload,...."
via: ethugtxt
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Graham Shelton (Jr.) performing "Funny" from City of Angels
MTSU's Music Theatre Class will present a showcase of some of their work from this semester on Tuesday, Dec. 6 at 7:30 p.m. in the Black Box/Studio Theatre in the BDA. There is no charge.
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Convert a VGA/PC video signal into a Composite or S-Video signal for use with a CRT or flat panel display.
The ideal solution for synchronizing monitors with television displays etc., the VGA to Composite/S-Video Converter offers selectable NTSC or PAL format operating modes to ensure compatibility with virtually any configuration.
I've just purchased and put to use the VGA to Composite/S-Video Converter and it worked as advertised, simple, quick, and with a very nice picture. I've tried (2) other VGA to Composite/S-Video Converters from different vendors and I like this one best. Inclusion of the power supply and not a power cord to USB port is a definate plus. MCM delivered very fast and the process was easy.
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30-2425 - HDTV 60 Mile Fringe Bowtie Television Antenna
Quad Bay Outdoor UHF/HDTV Bowtie Antenna
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555-15481 - 2U Universal Rack Shelf - 14.6 Inch Depth
2U Universal Rack Shelf
Black powder coated rack shelf is 3.5" (2U) high and 14.6" deep. Multiple mounting holes and slots are provided to facilitate securing of a wide variety of components including wireless mic receivers, preamplifiers, couplers and similar it...
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Things to see and do - Hanoi
Leaving for Vietnam
Nearby hotels
Hang My Hotel from25 $Book
Golden Sun Palace Hotel from32 $Book
Green Mango Hotel from44 $Book
Things to do nearby
Ho Chi Minh's Hanoi Small Group Adventure Tour
- 28 €
- Book
Halong Bay Overnight Junk Boat Cruise
- 222 €
- Book
Halong Bay 3-Day Junk Boat Cruise
- 396 €
- Book
New Vision Hotel :
Nearby tourist sites
New Vision Hotel
New Vision Hotel
Address : 68C - 70 Hang Bo Street VN - Hanoi
from : 13.50 USDBook
Located in central Hanoi, New Vision Hotel is a 3-minute walk from Hoan Kiem Lake. It offers a restaurant and non-smoking rooms with a flat-screen TV. Free Wi-Fi and parking are provided. Modern interiors and wooden flooring feature throughout rooms at New Vision. All are fitted with a minbar and bathroom with shower facilities. Bathrobes and slippers are provided. Available for all-day dining, New Vision Restaurant serves a variety of local and Western dishes. Room service is also available upon request. With a 24-hour front desk, the hotel provides bicycle and car rental services. Ticketing and travel bookings can be made at the tour desk. Hotel New Vision is a 5-minute walk from the lively Dong Xuan Market. The Temple of Literature and One Pillar Pagoda are 1.7 km from the hotel.
Useful Information
- Address : 68C - 70 Hang Bo Street VN - HanoiHanoi