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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Military history Military history Warfare Ranks Command and control Staff Intelligence Education and training Logistics Technology and equipment Materiel Supply chain management Lists Battles Commanders Operations Sieges Writers Wars War crimes Weapons Portal Military history is a humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity, and its impact on the societies, their cultures, economies and changing intra and international relationships. A conflict may range from a melee between two tribal groups to conflicts between national militaries, and a world war of coalitions affecting the majority of the global human population. Military historians record and analyse the events of military history, the product of which forms an important part of how societies and their leaders formulate future plans and policies for societal development.[1] While human conflict has been a constant factor in the process of human social evolution over thousands of years, its historical recording only spans six millennia. There is much disagreement about when it began.[2] Some believe it has always been with us, derived from conflicts with other species; others stress the lack of clear evidence for it in our prehistoric past, and the fact that many peaceful, non-aggressive societies have, and still do exist (See Otterbein, Fry and Kelly in bibliography below). In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley,[3] says that approximately 90-95% of known societies Military history Eras Prehistoric Ancient Medieval Gunpowder Industrial Modern Battlespace Air Information Land Sea Space Weapons Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Tactics Attrition warfare Guerrilla warfare Maneuver warfare Siege Total war Trench warfare Conventional warfare Unconventional warfare Asymmetric warfare Counter-insurgency Network-centric warfare Strategy Economic Grand Operational Organization 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many fought constantly.[4] The essential subjects of military history study are the decision making processes of the belligerents, the society's willingness and ability to economically support war, the methods, strategic, operational and tactical used by the armed forces to achieve goals, and how these changed through the past 5,000 years of recorded history. Through the study of history, the military command seeks to not repeat past mistakes, and improve upon its current performance by instilling an ability in commanders to perceive historical parallels during a battle, so as to capitalize on the lessons learned from the past. The main areas military history includes past conflicts, their sustainment, military command, application of doctrine known as military art art and science, and the application of technology in specific military services. The discipline of military history is dynamic, changing with development as much of the subject area as the societies and organisations that make use of it.[5] The dynamic nature of the discipline of military history is largely related to the rapidity of change the military forces, and the art and science of managing them, as well as the frenetic pace of technological development that had taken place during the period known as the Industrial Revolution, and more recently in the nuclear and information ages. How the change is studied, has as much to do with methods used by military historians, as the influence on these methods which are often biased towards being primarily European and technological,[6] revolutionising how warfare is understood when compared to the previous history. This process has necessitated a periodisation of history to highlight the short spans of dramatic change between increasingly shorter periods of relative stability in development of military forces. Military history battles by leaders may be unreliable due to the inclination to minimize mention of failures, and exaggerate when boasting of successes when viewed at a later time. This is the reason for historiographical analysis, to allow an unbiased, contemporary view of records as the participants would have perceived the events.[7] One military historian, Jeremy Black in a recent work raised a number of issues 21st century military historians face as an inheritance of their predecessors: Eurocentricity, a technological bias, and fascination with technology, a focus on leading military powers and dominant military systems, the separation of land from sea, and more recently air conflicts, the focus on state-to-state conflict, a lack of focus on political "tasking" in how forces are used.[6] If the above challenges were not sufficient for the military historians, the limitations of current methodological approaches are further complicated by the lacking of record either destroyed, or never recorded for its value as a military secret that may prevent some salient facts from being reported at all; scholars still do not know the nature of Greek fire for instance. Despite these limitations, wars are some of the most studied and detailed periods of human history. The documentation of military history begins with the confrontation between Sumer (current Iraq) and Elam (current Iran) c.2700 BCE near the modern Basra, and includes such enduring records as the Hebrew Bible. Other prominent records in military history are the Trojan War in Homer's Iliad, its historicity challenged, The Histories by Herodotus (484 BC - 425 BC) who, along with Thucydides (460 BC - 395 BC), are often called "father of history".,[8] the later being regarded as the first scientific historian due to his dismissing the notions of deities taking active part in history. His impartiality despite being an Athenian, allowed him to take advantage of his exile to research the war from different perspectives by carefully examining documents, and interviewing eyewitnesses.[9] The approach centered around the analysis of a leader was taken by Xenophon (430 BC 355 BC) in Anabasis, recording the expedition of Cyrus the Younger into Turkey. A comparative approach is made possible by the records of Julius Caesar (100 BC - 44 BC), for campaigns such as Commentarii de Bello Gallico and Commentarii de Bello Civili. Historiography Historiography is the study of the record of military conflict to gain an accurate assessment of past conflicts that may prove difficult because of bias, even in ancient times, and systematic propaganda in more modern times. For this reason military history is periodised, creating overlaying boundaries of study and analysis in which descriptions of 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Some other more recent prominent military historians include Hans Delbrück (1848-1929), Charles Oman (1860-1946), Basil Liddell Hart (1895-1970), Martin van Creveld, John Keegan, William Ledyard Rodgers, Lynn Montross, Cornelius Ryan, R. Ernest & Trevor N. Dupuy (1916-1995), George F.G. Stanley (1907-2002), John Terraine (1921-2003), Victor Davis Hanson and Jeremy Black to name a few. Military history Some of the military unit types and technologies which were developed in the ancient world are: • Slinger • Hoplite • Auxiliaries • Infantry • Crossbowmen • Chariots • Cavalry For settled agrarian civilizations, the infantry would become the core of military action. The infantry started as opposing armed groups of soldiers underneath commanders. The Greeks used rigid, heavily-armed phalanxes, but the Romans used mobile legions that were easily maneuverable. Cavalry would become an important tool. In the Sicilian Expedition, led by Athens in an attempt to subdue Syracuse, the well-trained Syracusan cavalry became crucial to the success of the Syracusans. Macedonian Alexander the Great effectively deployed his cavalry forces to secure victories. In later battles, like the Battle of Cannae of the Second Punic War, the importance of the cavalry would be repeated. Hannibal was able to surround the Romans on three sides and encircled them by sending the cavalry to the rear of the army. There were also horse archers, who had the ability to shoot on horseback- the Mongols were especially fearsome with this tactic. In the Middle Ages, armored cataphracts continued to fight on horseback. Even in the First World War, cavalry was still considered important; the British mobilized 165,000 horses, the Austrians 600,000, the Germans 715,000, and the Russians more than a million.[10] The early Indo-Iranians developed the use of chariots in warfare. The scythed chariot was later invented in India and soon adopted by the Persian Empire. War elephants were often deployed for fighting in ancient warfare. They were first used in India and later adopted by both the Persians and Alexander the Great against one another. War elephants were also used in the Battle of the Hydaspes River, and by Hannibal in the Second Punic War against the Romans.(The effectiveness of war elephants in a battle is a matter of debate) There were also organizational changes, made possible by better training and intercommunication. Combined arms was the concept of using infantry, cavalry, and Technological evolution Relief of Ramses II located in Abu Simbel fighting at the Battle of Kadesh on a chariot. New weapons development can dramatically alter the face of war. In prehistoric times, fighting occurred by usage of clubs and spears, as early as 35,000 BC. Arrows, maces, and slings were developed around 12,000 BC. Chariots, pulled by animals like the onager, ox, donkey, and later the horse, originated around 2,000 BC. The chariot was an effective weapon for speed; while one man controlled the maneuvering of the chariot, a second bowman could shoot arrows at enemy soldiers. These became crucial to the maintenance of several governments, including the New Egyptian Kingdom and the Shang dynasty. 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia artillery in a coordinated way. The Romans, Swiss, and others made advances with this, which arguably led to them being unbeatable for centuries. Military history materials. Romans used rectangular fortresses built out of wood and stone. As long as there have been fortifications, there have been contraptions to break in, dating back to the times of Romans and earlier. Siege warfare is often necessary to capture forts. Some of the military unit types and technologies which were used in the medieval period are: • Artillery • Cataphract • Condottieri • Fyrd • Janissary • Knight (see also: Chivalry) • Crossbow • Pikeman • Samurai • Sipahi Bows and arrows were often used by combatants. Egyptians shot arrows from chariots effectively. The crossbow was developed around 500 BC in China, and was used a lot in the Middle Ages.[13] The English/Welsh longbow from the 12th century also became important in the Middle Ages. It helped to give the English a large early advantage in the Hundred Years' War, even though the English were eventually defeated. It dominated battlefields for over a century. A Greek trireme Naval warfare was often crucial to military success. Early navies used sailing ships without cannons; often the goal was to ram the enemy ships and cause them to sink. There was human oar power, often using slaves, built up to ramming speed. Galleys were used in the 3rd millennium BC by the Cretans. The Greeks later advanced these ships. In 1210 BC, the first recorded naval battle was fought between Suppiluliuma II, king of the Hittites, and Cyprus, which was defeated. In the Persian Wars, the navy became of increasing importance. Triremes were involved in more complicated sea-land operations. Themistocles helped to build up a stronger Greek navy, composed of 310 ships, and defeated the Persians at the Battle of Salamis, ending the Persian invasion of Greece.[11] In the First Punic War, the war between Carthage and Rome started with an advantage to Carthage because of their naval experience. A Roman fleet was built in 261 BC, with the addition of the corvus that allowed Roman soldiers onboard the ships to board the enemy ships. The bridge would prove effective at the Battle of Mylae, resulting in a Roman victory. The Vikings, in the 8th century AD, invented a ship propelled by oars with a dragon decorating the prow, hence called the Drakkar. The 12th century CE Song Dynasty invented ships with watertight bulk head compartments while the 2nd century BCE Han Dynasty invented rudders and sculled oars for their warships. Fortifications are important in warfare. Early hill-forts were used to protect inhabitants in the Iron Age. They were primitive forts surrounded by ditches filled with water.[12] Forts were then built out of mud bricks, stones, wood, and other available A small English Civil War-era cannon In the 10th century, the invention of gunpowder led to many new weapons that were improved over time. Blackpowder was used in China since the 4th century, but it was not used as a weapon until the 11th century. Until the mid-15th century, guns were held in one hand, while the explosive charge was ignited by the other hand. Then came the matchlock, which was used widely until around the 1720s. Leonardo da Vinci made drawings of the wheel lock which made its own sparks. Eventually, the matchlock was replaced by the flintlock. Cannons were first used in Europe in the early 14th century, and played a vital role in the Hundred Years' 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia War. The first cannons were simply welded metal bars in the form of a cylinder, and the first cannonballs were made of stone. By 1346, at the battle of Crécy, the cannon had been used; at the Battle of Agincourt they would be used again.[14] At the beginning of the 16th century, the first European fire ships were used. Ships were filled with flammable materials, set on fire, and sent to enemy lines. This tactic was successfully used by Francis Drake to scatter the Spanish Armada at the Battle of Gravelines,[15] and would later be used by the Chinese, Russians, Greeks, and several other countries in naval battles. Naval mines were invented in the 17th century, though they were not used in great numbers until the American Civil War. They were used heavily in the First World War and Second World War. The first model of submarine was invented in 1624 by Cornelius Drebbel, which could go to depth of 15 feet (5 m). However, the first war submarine as we presently think of it was constructed in 1885 by Isaac Peral. The Turtle was developed by David Bushnell during the American Revolution. Robert Fulton then improved the submarine design by creating the Nautilus (submarine).[16] Military history continued to be used in modern wars like the Invasion of Iraq. Balloons were first used in warfare at the end of the 18th century. It was first introduced in Paris of 1783; the first balloon traveled over 5 miles (8 km). Previously military scouts could only see from high points on the ground, or from the mast of a ship. Now they could be high in the sky, signalling to troops on the ground. This made it much more difficult for troop movements to go unobserved. At the end of the 18th century, iron-cased rockets were successfully used militarily in India against the British by Tipu Sultan of the Kingdom of Mysore during the Anglo-Mysore Wars. Rockets were generally inaccurate at that time, though William Hale, in 1844, was able to develop a better rocket. The new rocket no longer needed the rocket stick, and had a higher accuracy. In the 1860s there were a series of advancements in rifles. The first repeating rifle was designed in 1860 by a company bought out by Winchester, which made new and improved versions. Springfield rifles arrived in the mid-19th century also. Machine guns arrived in the middle of the 19th century. Automatic rifles and light machine guns first arrived at the beginning of the 20th century. Also in the 1860s came the first boats that would later be known as torpedo boats. These were first used in the American Civil War, but generally were not successful. Several Confederates used spar torpedoes, which were bombs on long poles designed to attach to boats. In the later part of the 19th century, the self-propelled torpedo was developed. The HNoMS Rap At the start of the World Wars, various nations had developed weapons that were a surprise to their adversaries, leading to a need to learn from this, and alter how to combat them. Flame throwers were first used in the first world war. The French were the first to introduce the armored car in 1902. Then in 1918, the British produced the first armored troop carrier. Many early tanks were proof of concept but impractical until further development. In World War I, the British and French held a crucial advantage due to their superiority in tanks; the Germans had only a few dozen A7V tanks, as well as 170 captured tanks. The British and French both had over several hundred each. The French tanks included the 13 ton Schnedier-Creusot, with a A 155 mm M198 howitzer firing a shell. The Howitzer, a type of field artillery, was developed in 17th century to fire high trajectory explosive shells at targets that could not be reached by flat trajectory projectiles. Bayonets also became of wide usage to infantry soldiers. Bayonet is named after Bayonne, France where it was first manufactured in the 16th century. It is used often in infantry charges to fight in hand-to-hand combat. General Jean Martinet introduced the bayonet to the French army. They were used a lot in the American Civil War, and 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 75 mm gun, and the British had the Mark IV and Mark V tanks.[17] On December 17, 1903, the Wright Brothers performed the first controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flight; it went 39 meters (120 ft). In 1907, the first helicopter flew, but it wasn't practical for usage. Aviation became important in World War I, in which several aces gained fame. In 1911 an aircraft took off from a warship for the first time. It was a cruiser. Take-offs were soon perfected, but deck landings on a cruiser were another matter. This led to the development of an aircraft carrier with a decent unobstructed flight deck. Chemical warfare exploded into the public consciousness in World War I but may have been used in earlier wars without as much human attention. The Germans used gasfilled shells at the Battle of Bolimov on January 3, 1915. These were not lethal, however. In April 1915, the Germans developed a chlorine gas that was highly lethal, and used it to great effect at Second Battle of Ypres.[18] World War II gave rise to even more technology. The worth of the aircraft carrier was proved in the battles between the United States and Japan like the Battle of Midway. Radar was independently invented by the Allies and Axis powers. It used radio waves to detect nearby objects. Molotov cocktails were invented by the Finns in 1939, during the Winter War. The atomic bomb was developed by the Manhattan Project and launched at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, ultimately ending World War II. During the Cold War, even though fighting did not actually occur, the superpowers- the United States and Russia- engaged in a race to develop and increase the level of technology available for military purposes. In the space race, both nations attempted to launch human beings into space to the moon. Other technological advances centered around intelligence (like the spy satellite) and missiles (ballistic missiles, cruise missiles). Nuclear submarine, invented in 1955. This meant submarines no longer had to surface as often, and could run more quietly. They evolved into becoming underwater missile platforms. Cruise missiles were invented in Nazi Germany during World War II in the form of the V-1. Military history Periods of military history The influence of technology on military history, and evident Eurocentrism are nowhere more pronounced then in the attempt by the military historians to divide their subject area into more manageable periods of analysis. While general discipline of history subdivides history into Ancient history (Classical antiquity), Middle Ages (Europe, 4th century 15th century), Early modern period (Europe, 14th century - 18th century), Modern era (Europe, 18th century - 20th century), and the Post-Modern (USA, 1949 - Present), the periodisation below stresses technological change in its emphasis, particularly the crucial dramatic change during the Gunpowder warfare period. Periodisation is not uniformly applied through time and space, affirming the claims of Eurocentrism from regional historians. For example what might be described as ancient warfare is still practised in a number of parts of the world. Other eras that are distinct in European history, such as the era of Medieval warfare, may have little relevance in East Asia. Prehistoric warfare For more details on this topic, see Prehistoric warfare. The beginning of prehistoric wars is a disputed issue between anthropologists and historians. In the earliest societies, such as hunter-gatherer societies, there were no social roles or divisions of labor (with the exception of age or sex differences), so every able person contributed to any raids or defense of territory. In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, calculates that 87% of tribal societies were at war more than once per year, and some 65% of them were fighting continuously. The attrition rate of numerous closequarter clashes, which characterize warfare in tribal warrior society, produces casualty rates of up to 60%. The introduction of agriculture brought large differences between farm workers' societies and hunter-gatherer groups. Probably, during periods of famine, hunters started to massively attack the villages of countrymen, leading to the beginning of organized warfare. In relatively advanced agricultural 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia societies a major differentiation of roles was possible; consequently the figure of professional soldiers or militaries as distinct, organized units was born. Military history being a central element in a fictional work. Lastly, as nation-states evolved and empires grew, the increased need for order and efficiency lead to an increase in the number of records and writings. Officials and armies would have good reason for keeping detailed records and accounts involving any and all things concerning a matter such as warfare that in the words of Sun Tzu was "a matter of vital importance to the state". For all these reasons, military history comprises a large part of ancient history. Notable militaries in the ancient world included the Egyptians, Babylonians, Persians, Ancient Greeks (notably the Spartans and Macedonians), Indians (notably the Magadhas, Gangaridais and Gandharas), Early Imperial Chinese (notably the Qin and Han Dynasties), Xiongnu Confederation, Ancient Romans, and Carthaginians. The fertile crescent of Mesopotamia was the center of several prehistoric conquests. Mesopotamia was conquered by the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Persians. Iranians were the first nation who introduced cavalry into their army.[19] Egypt began growing as an ancient power, but eventually fell to the Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Arabs. The earliest recorded battle in India was the Battle of the Ten Kings. The Indian epics Mahabharata and Ramayana are centred around conflicts and refer to military formations, theories of warfare and esoteric weaponry. Chanakya's Arthashastra contains a detailed study on ancient warfare, including topics on espionage and war elephants. Alexander the Great invaded Northwestern India and defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes River. The same region was soon conquered by Chandragupta Maurya after defeating the Macedonians and Seleucids. He also went on to conquer the Nanda Empire and unify Northern India. Most of Southern Asia was unified under his grandson Ashoka the Great after the Kalinga War, though the empire collapsed not long after his reign. In China, the Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty had risen and collapsed. This led to a Warring States Period, in which several states continued to fight with each other over territory. Philosopher-strategists such as Confucius and Sun Tzu wrote various manuscripts on ancient warfare (as well as international diplomacy). The Warring States Ancient warfare For more details on this topic, see Ancient warfare. The first archaeological record, though disputed, of a prehistoric battle is about 14,000 years old, and is located on the Nile in Sudan, in an area known as Cemetery 117. A large number of bodies, many with arrowheads embedded in their skeletons, indicates that they may have been the casualties of a battle. Much of what we know of ancient history is the history of militaries: their conquests, their movements, and their technological innovations. There are many reasons for this. Kingdoms and empires, the central units of control in the ancient world, could only be maintained through military force. Due to limited agricultural ability, there were relatively few areas that could support large communities, so fighting was common. Weapons and armor, designed to be sturdy, tended to last longer than other artifacts, and thus a great deal of surviving artifacts recovered tend to fall in this category as they are more likely to survive. Weapons and armor were also mass-produced to a scale that makes them quite plentiful throughout history, and thus more likely to be found in archaeological digs. Such items were also considered signs of posterity or virtue, and thus were likely to placed in tombs and monuments to prominent warriors. And writing, when it existed, was often used for kings to boast of military conquests or victories. Writing, when used by the common man, also tended to record such events, as major battles and conquests constituted major events that many would have considered worthy of recording either in an epic such as the Homeric writings pertaining to the Trojan War, or even personal writings. Indeed the earliest stories center around warfare, as war was both a common and dramatic aspect of life; the witnessing of a major battle involving many thousands of soldiers would be quite a spectacle, even today, and thus considered worthy both of being recorded in song and art, but also in realistic histories, as well as 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia era philosopher Mozi (Micius) and his Mohist followers invented various siege weapons and siege crafts, including the Cloud Ladder (a four-wheeled, protractable ramp) to scale fortified walls during a siege of an enemy city. The warring states were first unified by Qin Shi Huang after a series of military conquests, creating the first empire in 'China.' His empire was succeeded by the Han Dynasty, which expanded into Central Asia, Northern China/Manchuria, Southern China, and present day Korea and Vietnam. The Han came into conflict with settled people such as the proto-Korean Gojoseons, and proto-Vietnamese Nanyue. They also came into conflict with the Xiongnu (Huns), Yuezhi, and other steppe civilizations. The Han defeated and drove the Xiongnus west, securing the citystates along the silk route that continued into the Parthian Empire. After the decline of central imperial authority, the Han Dynasty collapsed into an era of civil war and continuous warfare during the Three Kingdoms period in the 3rd century CE. The Achaemenid Persian Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great after conquering the Median Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire, Lydia and Asia Minor. His successor Cambyses went onto conquer the Egyptian Empire, much of Central Asia, and parts of Greece, India and Libya. The empire later fell to Alexander the Great after defeating Darius III. After being ruled by the Seleucid dynasty, the Persian Empire was subsequently ruled by the Parthian and Sassanid dynasties, which were the Roman Empire's greatest rivals during the Roman-Persian Wars. In Greece, several city-states emerged to power, including Athens and Sparta. The Greeks successfully stopped two Persian invasions, the first at the Battle of Marathon, where the Persians were led by Darius the Great, and the second at the Battle of Salamis, a naval battle where the Greek ships were deployed by orders of Themistocles and the Persians were under Xerxes I, and the land engagement of the Battle of Plataea. The Peloponnesian War then erupted between the two Greek powers Athens and Sparta. Athens built a long wall to protect its inhabitants, but the wall helped to facilitate the spread of a plague that killed about 30,000 Atheninans, including Pericles. After a disastrous campaign against Syracuse, the Athenian navy was decisively defeated by Lysander at the Battle of Aegospotami. Military history The Macedonians, underneath Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great, invaded Persia and won several major victories, establishing Macedonia as a major power. However, following Alexander's death at an early age, the empire quickly fell apart. Meanwhile, Rome was gaining power, following a rebellion against the Etruscans. At the three Punic Wars, the Romans defeated the neighboring power of Carthage. The First Punic War centered around naval warfare. The Second Punic War started with Hannibal's invasion of Italy by crossing the Alps. He famously won the encirclement at the Battle of Cannae. However, after Scipio invaded Carthage, Hannibal was forced to follow and was defeated at the Battle of Zama, ending the role of Carthage as a power. After defeating Carthage the Romans went on to become the Mediterranean's dominant power, successfully campaigning in Greece. (Aemilius Paulus decisive victory over Macedonia at the Battle of Pydna), in the Middle East (Lucius Licinius Lucullus, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus), in Gaul (Gaius Julius Caesar) and defeating several Germanic tribes (Gaius Marius, Germanicus). While Roman armies suffered several major losses, their large population and ability (and will) to replace battlefield casualties, their training, organization, tactical and technical superiority enabled Rome to stay a predominant military force for several centuries, utilizing well trained and maneuverable armies to routinely overcome the much bigger "tribal" armies of their foes (see Battles of Aqua Sextiae, Vercellae, Tigranocerta, Alesia). In 54 BCE the Roman triumvir Marcus Licinius Crassus took the offensive against the Parthian Empire in the east. In a decisive battle at Carrhae Romans were defeated and the golden Aquila (legionary battle standards) was taken as trophy to Ctesiphon. The result was one of the worst defeats suffered by the Roman Republic in its entire history. Romans, whose armies consisted mainly of heavy infantry and only smaller cavalry contingents until then, after this defeat learnt the importance of cavalry from Iranians and eventually introduced it into their army, just as nearly a thousand year earlier the first Iranian to reached the Iranian Plateau introduced the Assyrians to a similar reform.[19] However, the improvement of the quality of their cavalry coincided with a decline in the quality of their infantry. During the decline of 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia the empire, the Romans relied on "barbarians" to serve in their military as federates, as well as independent "barbarian" kingdoms and their armies to defeat invaders such as the Huns. While successfully dealing with foreign opponents, Rome experienced numerous civil wars, notably the power struggles of Roman generals such as Marius and Sulla during the end of the Republic. Caesar was also notable for his role in the civil war against the other member of the Triumvirate (Pompey) and against the Roman Senate. The successors of Caesar - Octavian and Mark Anthony, also fought a civil war with Caesar's assassins (Senators Brutus, Crassus, etc). Octavian and Mark Anthony eventually fought another civil war between themselves to determine the sole ruler of the Rome. Octavian emerged victorious and Rome was turned into an empire with a huge standing army of professional soldiers. By the time of Marcus Aurelius, the Romans had expanded from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to Mesopotamia in the east and controlled Northern Africa and Central Europe up to the Black Sea. However, Aurelius marked the end of the Five Good Emperors, and Rome quickly fell to decline. The Huns, Goths, and other barbaric groups invaded Rome, which continued to suffer from inflation and other internal strifes. Despite the attempts of Diocletian, Constantine I, and Theodosius I, western Rome collapsed and was eventually conquered in 476. The Byzantine empire continued to prosper, however. Military history have stretched into the nineteenth century. In Africa along the Sahel and Sudan states like the Kingdom of Sennar and Fulani Empire employed Medieval tactics and weapons well after they had been supplanted in Europe. In the Medieval period, feudalism was firmly implanted, and there existed many landlords in Europe. Landlords often owned castles to protect their territory. The Islamic Arab Empire began rapidly expanding throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia, initially led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, and later under the Umayyads, expanded to the Iberian Peninsula in the west and the Indus Valley in the east. The Abassids then took over the Arab Empire, though the Umayyads remained in control of Islamic Spain. At the Battle of Tours, the Franks under Charles Martel stopped short a Muslim invasion. The Abassids defeated the Tang Chinese army at the Battle of Talas, but were later defeated by the Seljuk Turks and the Mongols centuries later, until the Arab Empire eventually came to an end after the Battle of Baghdad in 1258. In China, the Sui Dynasty had risen and conquered the Chen Dynasty of the south. They invaded Vietnam (northern Vietnam had been in Chinese control since the Han Dynasty), fighting the troops of Champa, who had cavalry mounted on elephants. After decades of economic turmoil and a failed invasion of Korea, the Sui collapsed and was followed by the Tang Dynasty, who fought with various Turkic groups, the Tibetans of Lhasa, the Tanguts, the Khitans, and collapsed due to political fragmentation of powerful regional military governors (jiedushi). The innovative Song Dynasty followed next, inventing new weapons of war that employed the use of Greek Fire and gunpowder (see section below) against enemies such as the Jurchens. The Mongols under Genghis Khan, Ogedei Khan, Mongke Khan, and finally Kublai Khan later invaded and eventually defeated the Chinese Song Dynasty by 1279. The Mongol Empire continued to expand throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe, but following the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol expansion halted and the empire was divided among his successors. In New Zealand, prior to European discovery, oral histories, legends and whakapapa include many stories of battles and wars. Maori warriors were held in high esteem. Medieval warfare For more details on this topic, see Medieval warfare. When stirrups came into use some time during the dark age militaries were forever changed. This invention coupled with technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character of warfare from antiquity, changing military tactics and the role of cavalry and artillery. Similar patterns of warfare existed in other parts of the world. In China around the fifth century armies moved from massed infantry to cavalry based forces, copying the steppe nomads. The Middle East and North Africa used similar, if often more advanced, technologies than Europe. In Japan the Medieval warfare period is considered by many to 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia One group of Polynesians migrated to the Chatham Islands, where they developed the largely pacifist Moriori culture. Their pacifism left the Moriori unable to defend themselves when the islands were invaded by mainland Māori in the 1830s. They proceeded to massacre the Moriori and enslave the survivors.[20][21] Warrior culture also developed in the isolated Hawaiian Islands. During the 1780s and 1790s the chiefs and alii were constantly fighting for power. After a series of battles the Hawaiian Islands were united for the first time under a single ruler who would become known as Kamehameha I. Military history Industrial warfare For more details on this topic, see Industrial warfare. As weapons—particularly small arms—became easier to use, countries began to abandon a complete reliance on professional soldiers in favor of conscription. Technological advances became increasingly important; while the armies of the previous period had usually had similar weapons, the industrial age saw encounters such as the Battle of Sadowa, in which possession of a more advanced technology played a decisive role in the outcome. Conscription was employed in industrial warfare to increase the amount of soldiers that were available for combat. This was used by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Napoleonic Wars. Total war was used in industrial warfare, the objective being to prevent the opposing nation to engage in war. William Tecumseh Sherman's "March to the Sea" and Philip Sheridan's burning of the Shenandoah Valley are examples of total warfare. Gunpowder warfare For more details on this topic, see Gunpowder warfare. After Gunpowder weapons were first developed in Song Dynasty China (see also Technology of Song Dynasty), the technology later spread west to the Ottoman Empire, from where it spread to the Safavid Empire of Persia and the Mughal Empire of India. The arquebus was later adopted by European armies during the Italian Wars of the early 16th century. This all brought an end to the dominance of armored cavalry on the battlefield. The simultaneous decline of the feudal system — and the absorption of the medieval city-states into larger states — allowed the creation of professional standing armies to replace the feudal levies and mercenaries that had been the standard military component of the Middle Ages. The period spanning between the 1648 Peace of Westphalia and the 1789 French Revolution is also known as Kabinettskriege (Princes' warfare) as wars were mainly carried out by imperial or monarchics states, decided by cabinets and limited in scope and in their aims. They also involved quickly shifting alliances, and mainly used mercenaries. Over the period of The long 19th century all military Arms and Services underwent significant developments that included a more mobile Field artillery, the transition from use of Battalion Infantry drill in close order to open order formations and the transfer of emphasis from the use of bayonets to the rifle that replaced the Musket, and virtual replacement of all types of cavalry with the universal Dragoons, or mounted infantry. Modern warfare For more details on this topic, see Modern warfare. In modern times, war has evolved from an activity steeped in tradition to a scientific enterprise where success is valued above methods. The notion of total war is the extreme of this trend. Militaries have developed technological advances rivalling the scientific accomplishments of any other field of study. However, it should be noted that modern militaries benefit in the development of these technologies under the funding of the public, the leadership of national governments, and often in cooperation with large civilian groups, such as the General Dynamics and Lockheed Martin corporations, in the United States. And as for "total war," it may be argued that it is not an exclusive practice of modern militaries, but in the tradition of genocidal conflict that marks even tribal warfare to this day. What distinguishes modern military organizations from those previous is not their willingness to prevail in conflict by any method, but rather the technological variety of tools and methods available to modern battlefield commanders, from submarines to satellites, from knives to nuclear warheads. 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Some of the military unit types and technologies which were developed in modern times are: • Ammunition • Armory • Conscription • Grenadier • Sappers and Miners • Marine • Aviation • Rifleman • Special Forces • Naval Combatant • Global Information Grid • Active Electronically Scanned Array • Network-centric warfare • Supercomputer • Space warfare • Cyberwar World War I was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, leading to the mobilization of Austria and Serbia. The Germans joined the Austrians to form the Central powers; the French, British, and Russia formed the Allied powers. Following the Battle of the Marne and the outflanking attempt of both nations in the "Race to the Sea", trench warfare ensued, leaving the war in a great deadlock. Major operations by the Germans at the Battle of Verdun and by the British and the French at the Battle of the Somme were carried out, and new technology like tanks and chlorine gas were used. Following the USA's entrance into the war, the Germans and their allies were eventually defeated. World War II ensued after Germany's invasion of Poland, forcing Britain and France to declare war. Germany quickly defeated France and Belgium, later aided by Italy. A hasty evacuation occurred at Dunkirk to save the Allied army from complete disaster. The Germans then attacked USSR and marched to take over the Soviet resources, but were thwarted. Meanwhile, Japan, who had already been at war with the Chinese since 1937, had launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, leading the United States to join the Allied powers. In Europe, the Allies opened three fronts: in the west, after securing Normandy; in the east, aiding the Soviet Union; and in the south, through Italy. Germany eventually surrendered, upon which the Allies turned and focused troops to do island hopping. The dropping of the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to the Military history surrender of Japan and the end of the Second World War. Worsening relationships between wartime Allies developed into the Cold War, reaching a climax during the Cuban Missile Crisis at the same time as the Sino-Indian War. Hostilities never actually occurred, though the USbacked UN forces did engage against the communist states in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. See also • War • Ancient • Military Greek science warfare • Military • Roman historiography warfare • Military history of ancient Rome • Military history of the Soviet Union • Manuel de Landa's War in the Age of Intelligent Machines • Historical reenactment • Militaria • Wargaming References and footnotes [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] Morillo, Pevkovic, pp.3-4 Otterbein, pp.22-38 a professor at the University of Illinois Review: War Before Civilization Cowley, Parker, p.xiii ^ Black, p.ix Morillo, Pevkovic, pp.4-5 Herodotus: the father of history, Warburton [9] Farah, Karls, pp. 137-138 [10] Keegan, p.73 [11] Moerbeek, Martijn (January 21, 1998). The battle of Salamis, 480 BC. Accessed May 16, 2006. [12] The Medieval Castle. Accessed May 16, 2006. [13] Selby, Stephen (2001). A Crossbow Mechanism with Some Unique Features from Shandong, China. Accessed on May 17, 2006. [14] Calvert, J.B. (February 19, 2006) Cannons and Gunpowder. Accessed on May 18, 2006. [15] Jorge. The "Invincible" Armada. Accessed on May 18, 2006. 11 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [16] Early Underwater Warfare. California Center for Military History. Accessed on May 18, 2006. [17] Keegan, p.410 [18] Keegan, pp.197-199 [19] ^ Suren-Pahlav S., General Surena; The Hero of Carrhae [20] Moriori - The impact of new arrivals - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand [21] New Zealand A to Z | Chatham Islands Military history History. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 9780745633909. • Otterbein, Keith (2004). How War Began. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1585443301. Recommended reading • Fry, Douglas P., 2005, The Human Potential for Peace: An Anthropological Challenge to Assumptions about War and Violence, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195181784 • Kelly, Raymond C., 2000, Warless Societies and the Origin of War, University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472067381 • Antiquity, Volume 70, Number 270, pp. 934–939, M. A. Littauer, and J. H. Crouwel, The origin of the true chariot, Antiquity Publications Ltd, 1996 Sources • Black, Jeremy (2004). Rethinking Military History. Routledge. ISBN 0415275334. • Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey (1996). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Society for Military History (U.S.). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0618127429. • Farah, Mounir A; Karls, Andrea Berens et al. (1999). World History: The Human Experience. United States: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-02-821576-1. • Keegan, John (1999). The First World War (9th ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-40052-4. • Morillo, Stephen; Pevkovic, Michael F (2006). What is Military History. What is External links • Why Study War?, by Victor Davis Hanson, City Journal, Summer 2007 • Military History Encyclopedia • Military History Wiki Military history of continents Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history" Categories: Military history, Military science, War This page was last modified on 23 May 2009, at 19:58 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 12
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Tasty n Sons
Known for stellar tapas at Toro Bravo, chef Jason Gorham also runs this brunch-focused restaurant in a long warehouse space in North Portland. The egg-heavy menu (even at dinner) jumps around the globe with dishes like a bold-flavored Burmese pork stew and Moroccan chicken hash with harissa cream—both topped with an over-easy egg.
Congratulations to Mei Lin, winner of Top Chef Season 12.

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The Brothers of John the Steadfast
Mailing Address: 306 Westbury Ct, Naperville, Il 60565
Telephone: 630/355-2198 ext. 230
at Bethany Lutheran, Naperville, Illinois
Pastor Rossow
Pastor Joshua Scheer (Associate Editor)
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Meir Panim delivers warmth, special care to families in need.
The North American and English aliyah organization Nefesh B'Nefesh, the Jewish Agency, and the Jewish National Fund have teamed up with the Ort Braude Academic College of Engineering in Karmiel to feature the artwork of immigrants from English-speaking countries to northern Israel.
The exhibit, called "From There to Here", showcases the work of 15 immigrant artists to northern Israel, including photography, paintings, crewel work and installations.
The exhibit opened January 5th at the Lady Roslyn Lyons Galler on the Ort Braude Academic College campus. It will remain open through February 25 from 10am to 2pm Monday through Thursday and from 11am to 2pm on Shabbat.
About the Author: Malkah Fleisher is a graduate of Cardozo Law School in New York City. She is an editor/staff writer at JewishPress.com and co-hosts a weekly Israeli FM radio show. Malkah lives with her husband and two children on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem.
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Talks are likely to extend beyond Obama's self-imposed deadline that he had said he won't change.
The Iranian regime is hard up for propaganda, but maybe it is prophesying the future.
The Arabs rolled burning tires and three rocks at soldiers at the central Gaza security fence.
The Histadrut national labor union and the Federation of Israeli Employers have agreed to raise the minimum wage to 5,300 shekels ($1,334) by 2017, approximately half the average salary in Israel. The employers and the union previously agreed to a three-stage hike in the minimum wage. The latest agreement adds a fourth stage whole pegging […]
The clowns are back in town while ringmaster Netanyahu tries to tame the beasts.
A Reuters poll shows that America is increasingly polarized, especially about President Obama.
Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu continued to lash out at a possible "bad deal" with Iran Monday and said, "The agreement being formulated in Lausanne sends a message that there is no price for aggression and on the contrary – that Iran's aggression is to be rewarded." Netanyahu said in a statement: The moderate and responsible […]
Release of a gag order reveals that the Israeli citizen and a friend traveled to Syria last year.
Lausanne has become the center stage of act that would put the world's best novelist or Broadway producer to shame.
Inspections of Iranian nuclear sites won't uncover possible nuclear activity in North Korea, or even China.
Colel Chabad and IFCJ have made sure thousands of Israelis will celebrate Passover with good food this year.
Former Secy of State Hillary Clinton says she wants to see US-Israeli relations on a "constructive footing" and Israel negotiating with the PA.
A rocket launched from Gaza landed in the Sinai, in the Egyptian half of the town of Rafiach (Rafah).
Rami Levi's operating and net profit suffered from a 12% increase in the costs of selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses.
Matzah baking isn't all just hard work. Sometimes it can be fun too.
Today on the Hebrew calendar is the 10th of Nisan – the day the People of Israel crossed into their new Land.
A green bell pepper affectionately dubbed "Godzilla" by the children of Moshav Ein Yahav in the northern Arava desert has won a place in the Guinness Book of World Records.
Though the permissibility of watching hired sports players go to battle in a large stadium is a source of controversy amongst Torah observant Jews, the food being served at the upcoming Super Bowl games in New Orleans is not.
Rabbi Yitzchok Moully, youth director at the Chabad Jewish Center in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, will be introducing a new art installation in honor of Tu B'Shevat, the Jewish New Year of Trees, inspired by the destruction of Hurricane Sandy.
More than 2,000 people have made contributions in memory of the young victims of the school shooting in Newtown, Connecticut to plant a grove of trees in Israel.
Shoshana Hebshi, a half-Jewish, half-Arab woman from Ohio is suing Frontier Airlines, the FBI, TSA and other governmental agencies after she says she was forced off a flight, strip-searched, and imprisoned on the tenth anniversary of the World Trade Center attacks.
Women may enter military combat in the United States, following the lift of a military ban on women in combat by defense secretary Leon Panetta.
The Jewish National Fund will reconsider a plan to forest parts of the Arava desert, following the request of environmental organizations to consider the impact of trying to alter the native ecosystem.
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov warned Israel and western countries not to attempt to stop Iran's nuclear program through military means.
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American Airlines
American Airlines To Join S&P 500
S&P Dow Jones Indices says that American Airlines Group will soon be joining the S&P 500 index.
US Airways Flier Program To Merge With American's In 30 Days
American Airlines says it will combine its frequent-flier program with that of US Airways within the next 30 days.
American Airlines Reports Lower Traffic In February
American Airlines says traffic is down slightly from a year ago, but the airline trimmed capacity so there are fewer empty seats.
American Airlines Center And ParkHub Partner For 'Prime' Parking Experience
The American Airlines Center has announced its partnership with the parking website, ParkHub.com.
American Airlines Mechanic Dies After Fall From DFW Airport Jet Bridge
Sources have confirmed to CBS 11 News that an employee with American Airlines died after falling from a jet bridge. The incident happened just after 10:00 o'clock Monday morning.
Passenger Blames American Airlines For Wife's Death
A Canadian man is suing American Airlines blaming the Fort Worth-based company for the death of his wife.
Winter Storm Cancels More DFW Flights
About 225 flights have been canceled at DFW Airport and Dallas Love Field, a day after a North Texas winter storm left behind freezing temperatures and icy conditions.
AA Flight Slides Off Taxiway At D-FW Airport
An American Airlines flight slid off the runway into the grass at DFW International Airport Monday night.
FAA Says American 'May Have' Violated Maintenance Rules
They are continuing to investigate a union group's allegations that mechanics were pressured to clear planes for flying before it was safe.
Airlines Cancel Flights Amid Winter Storms
Hundreds of flights have been canceled over the long Presidents Day weekend, as a winter storm rolled through parts of the Midwest and Northeast on Sunday and Monday.
Dallas Flight To Korea Diverts To Seattle Over Pregnancy Issue
An American Airlines flight from Dallas to Korea made an unscheduled stop in Seattle Friday because a passenger was having pregnancy complications.
Outbound DFW Plane Evacuated After Making Emergency Landing
An American Eagle jet was evacuated after it made an emergency landing at Tulsa International Airport following a report of fumes in the cockpit.


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Originally written on Busted Coverage | Last updated 11/8/14
Here we go again with round two of Jay Cutler and Kristin Cavallari's wedding registry. Back in 2011, BC bought the lovely couple a lemon reamer. It was eventually shipped back after the wedding was called off. Cuts and Cavs are back with a July 13 wedding date and $14,500 in wedding registry wants. There's the Crate & Barrel registry featuring a $39.95 Shindig Tray. On the Williams-Sonoma registry we find a $49.95 rice cooker. According to TheKnot.com: Their registry is totaled at nearly $14,500 — which sounds like a lot compared to the average U.S. couple's $5,158 registry. Kristin and Jay are part of the 12% of U.S's couples that registry's add up to more than $10,000! … Other interesting tidbits about their registry: it includes 4 different cake platters, cooking books, a double patty burger press, an apple slicer and a special fish spatula. Those are all very nice gifts, but to keep with tradition, we splurged on a $9.95 wooden lemon reamer. It seems like something Jay can use to make lemonade after a rough day at the office. Filed under: Football
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Halle Berry at Golden Globes 2011 2011-01-16 17:29:40
2011 Golden Globe Awards: Halle Berry
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Halle Berry is just one of those women that will always look stunning — no matter where she is or what her age. She stepped onto the red carpet oozing her usual Halle glamour — smoky eyes, megalashes, and pale pink lips — and as always, her skin was flawless. What do you think of Halle's red-carpet look?
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text: CCM 604 DUAL SPORT (1998-2002) Review Published: 23 November 2006 Sections: MCN Review Owners' Reviews Photo Gallery Facts & Figures History & Versions "Still a good, cheap motorcycle providing you look after it" "Still a good, cheap motorcycle providing you look after it" At a glance 598cc - 52 bhp 40 mpg - 120 miles range Insurance group: 11 of 17 Compare insurance quotes now High seat height (860mm) Overall Rating 3 out of 5 CCM'S 604 came in a wide variety of styles; from supermoto to green laner to roadster. But mechanically each one was essentially the same hardy Rotax motor and quality suspension propelling an oil-in-the-frame chassis. Although they made way for the Suzuki-engined 644 in 2003 the older 604 is still a good, cheap motorcycle providing you look after it. Ride Quality & Brakes 3 out of 5 The CCM 604's WP shock and 46mm Paioli forks are excellent; supple and sophisticated enough to cope with on and off-road with little need to twiddle. The Dual Sport (DS) has taller suspension than the Supermoto and Roadster variants to facilitate the use of off-road wheels. The Brembo brakes are excellent and have no problems hauling down the 604's 132 kilos. Engine 4 out of 5 The SOHC, oil and air-cooled Rotax motor of the CCM 604 is generally very reliable, with wide service intervals. It's surprisingly smooth for a single cylinder and servce intervals are an easy 3000 miles apart (more hardcore supermotos often need oil changes after every 150-500 miles of use…). There's plenty of scope for tuning, too, with over 60bhp easily available. Build Quality & Reliability 3 out of 5 Although the CCM 604's Rotax motor is intrinsically reliable there have been a few odd issues with the cambelts and cam pulleys, most should have been solved by now, though. A more common fault is the sprag clutch – which identifies itself as knackered with an unpleasant noise when turning over, or mechanical 'clanks' when off. Check exhaust lugs for breaks and lock stops for damage. Insurance, running costs & value 4 out of 5 These days good condition CCM 604s can be bought for well under £2000, making them a good buy, especially if you're mechanically minded. Find a CCM 604 for sale.Insurance group: 11 of 17 – compare motorcycle insurance quotes now. Equipment 1 out of 5 The CCM 604 is minimalistic at best. The lights are poor, there's no tacho, not even any handguards as standard. On the plus side you do get an electric start and all the plastics are cheap to replace should you drop it. By MCN Staff Owners' Reviews 2 owners have reviewed their CCM 604 DUAL SPORT (1998-2002) and rated it in a number of areas. Read what they have to say and what they like and dislike about the bike below. We're currently improving the way this section works, which means we've had to suspend the submission of new owners' reviews for a short period. Please check back soon. Summary of Owners' Reviews Overall Rating 4.5 out of 5 Ride Quality & Brakes 4 out of 5 Engine 3.5 out of 5 Build Quality & Reliability 3.5 out of 5 Value & Running Costs 4 out of 5 Equipment 2.5 out of 5 4 out of 5 Its a good laugh 18 May 2007 by dazzawra I bought my 2001 6000mile 604DS as a winter hack. What a laugh. Its so light and really is the best in traffic bike I`ve ever ridden. You can`t help riding like a bit of a loon, and its excellent in the wet. You find grip where no-one else can and... Read more show up sports bikes. Downsides are its crap on a straight road and over a long distance. Reliability has been poor. New piston rings at 7000 miles, electrics have failed twice......but do I care! What a laugh, but I`m glad I`ve also got a proper bike. Overall Rating 4 out of 5 Ride Quality & Brakes 4 out of 5 Engine 3 out of 5 Build Quality & Reliability 2 out of 5 Value & Running Costs 3 out of 5 Equipment 1 out of 5 5 out of 5 CCM's Kick Ass - can make a few big sports bike owners face turn a funny colour. 29 April 2006 by kwack636 Always owned big sports bikes...R1, Hayabusa, ZX12r, ZX636r. Got fed up with owning bikes that can only be used when the weather man says so. Sold my R1 and spent half the money made on a CCM 604e in grey. Came fully loaded with all extras. Fairly... Read more happy with bike and only changed tyres from O.E dragons for pair of Continental CONTI-TWISTS, much better tyres. Exhaust not the most neighbour freindly, but what the hell, they would moan if I owned a milk float. With a bit of clutch snapping you can wrench the front wheel into the clouds in second gear, and hold it there for hours. Anyone out there thinking of getting a CCM should borrow one, take it out to the most twisty part of the country they can find, and jam the throttle wide open... You will be hooked!!!! Strengths: Looks, funfactor, sheer growl under load, cornering and lifting the front wheel. Weaknesses: Can be bit noisy, tyres can be bit pricy and would not want to travel europe on one. Overall Rating 5 out of 5 Ride Quality & Brakes 4 out of 5 Engine 4 out of 5 Build Quality & Reliability 5 out of 5 Value & Running Costs 5 out of 5 Equipment 4 out of 5 Read all 2 owners' reviews in full Facts & Figures Model info Year introduced 1998 Year discontinued 2002 Original price - Warranty term (when new) Two year unlimited mileage Running costs Insurance group 11 of 17 Annual road tax £58 Annual service cost - Performance Max power 52 bhp Max torque 36 ft-lb Top speed 105 mph 1/4-mile acceleration 14.8 secs Average fuel consumption 40 mpg Tank range 120 miles Specification Engine size 598cc Engine type 4v single, 5 gears Frame type Tubular steel cradle Fuel capacity 13.5 litres Seat height 860mm Bike weight 132kg Front suspension Preload, compression, rebound Rear suspension Preload, compression, rebound Front brake Single 320mm disc Rear brake 220mm disc Front tyre size 120/60 x 17 Rear tyre size 150/60 x 17 History & Versions Model history 1998: CCM 604E DS (Dual Sport) introduced – two sets of wheels, one off-road, plus one pair of 17-inchers to convert it to a supermoto.2002: CCM 604 discontinued. Other versions CCM 604 E Supermoto: Introduced at the same time as the DS and very similar bar lower, dedicated, road suspension.CCM 604 RS: Mechincally identical to the Supermoto but with strange, swoopy bodywork similar to BMW's F650CS. Photo Gallery CCM 604 motorcycle review - Riding CCM 604 motorcycle review - Side view CCM 604 motorcycle review - Riding CCM 604 motorcycle review - Brakes CCM 604 motorcycle review - Riding CCM 604 motorcycle review - Riding CCM 604 motorcycle review - Riding CCM 604 motorcycle review - Rear view CCM 604 motorcycle review - Side view CCM 604 motorcycle review - Riding CCM 604 motorcycle review - Riding CCM 604 motorcycle review - Brakes CCM 604 motorcycle review - Engine CCM 604 motorcycle review - Side view CCM 604 motorcycle review - Side view


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Compact utility knife features lightweight plastic handle, adjustable cutting depth and a retractable/reversible blade. Use utility knife for fast cutting of paper, cartons, packages, cloth, cord, twine and envelopes..
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Shania Glenz had a double-double with 18 points and 10 rebounds and Sarah Moenkedick netted 18 points Thursday in leading Verndale to a 54-43 victory over Henning. Elyssa Kern added 10 points in the victory. The Pirates won the game in the first half with a 29-17 scoring edge. They kept pace with the Hornets in the second half to win the season series 2-0. In their first meeting with Henning this season on Dec.
The New York Mills Eagles shot an amazing 51 free throws Friday in a 68-60 Park Region Conference win at Verndale. The Pirates found themselves holding a 38-36 lead at halftime but Jordan Hinkle's crew, which was still without the services of guard Mitchell Blaha, was held to 22 second half points. Chance Pettow netted 22 points, Zach Bauck scored 20 and Ted Hendrickx collected 11 as the Eagles made 32 of their free throws for a 63 percent clip. Bauck cracked the 1,000-point career scoring mark in the win. James Kveton canned 19 points or the Pirates while Jordan Brownlow scored 11.
Hannah Zimmerman and Bella Abear iced two goals each as the Northern Lakes Lightning piled up a 7-1 win Saturday over Long Prairie-Grey Eagle/Wadena-Deer Creek. The Section 6A playoff loss at the Breezy Point Ice Arena ended the season for the Blue Devils at 10-16. The Blue Devils scored just five goals in losing the final five games.
The Wadena-Deer Creek Wolverines forfeited at seven weights Thursday in a 63-17 loss to the Barnesville Trojans. The Trojans grabbed a 15-0 lead in the dual meet before Tristin Godel notched WDC's first victory of the night in the 126 point weight class by pinning Jeremy Riley in 51 seconds. The Wolverines were back-to-back winners at 160 and 170. Blaine Snyder won by technical fall over Xavier Kadrmas 20-5. Steven Erkenbrack followed that victory with an overtime pin of Alex Peppel at the 6:56 mark. Barnesville 63, WDC 17 106 Caleb Stetz (B) dec.
Mason Hanson and Taylor Kenfield cashed in on power play opportunities and Bailey Schmitz kicked out 18 shots Saturday afternoon as Red Lake Falls nipped Wadena-Deer Creek 2-1. Hanson's goal at the 8:19 mark was assisted by Parker Knaack and Judd Wilson. Kenfield scored 11:32 into the period with assists from Chase Schmitz and Alex Erickson. Jarrett Pettit brought the Wolverines to within one goal of tying the game 14:05 into the final period.
A streaking Breckenridge Cowboys team threw a loop around the Wadena-Deer Creek Wolverines Saturday and posted a decisive 83-54 win at the Fargo Civic Center. Stevin Lipp led a scoring assault by 14 Breck cagers with 14 points. Erik Manning chalked up nine. The victory was Breck's fourth in a row and their 10th in the last 12 games. The Cowboys are 12-6 overall. "Breck has good size and are very athletic," WDC head coach Jason Mielke said.
The Wadena-Deer Creek Wolverines have been seeded ninth in the Section 6A boys' hockey tournament and will face No. 8 Northern Lakes Saturday in a 1 p.m. playoff game at...
Lights have recently been added to Elmer Becker Park in Deer Creek. Poles and fixtures were put up at the baseball field Jan. 28-29 by an Iowa-based company. The ballpark is the home of the Wadena-Deer Creek Shockers amateur baseball team. The Shockers would like to see the park also host regional baseball games.
Holt Truax and Dillon Card won their weight classes Saturday as Bertha-Hewitt/Verndale's Raiders took third in the Park Region Conference Tournament at Underwood. Truax pinned Underwood's Noah Thompson at the 1:53 mark in the 170-pound championship match. Card, who has missed the major portion of the wrestling season with a hand injury, notched a 9-1 major decision over West Central Area's Buzz Miller at 220. Card returned to the mat just in time to claim his fourth PRC title. Runner-up finishers for the Raiders included Anthony Kern at 120 and Ethan Kimber at 160.
Hannah VanHale, Rumor Stokes and Taylor Shamp had double figure scoring nights Friday as Bertha-Hewitt nipped Verndale 66-65 in a Park Region Conference tilt. The Pirates, who had won four straight games, were led by Shania Glenz who had a game-high 39 points along with 13 rebounds. The Pirates put themselves in position for a last second game-winning shot but failed to convert. The Pirates shot 36 percent from the field and made only one of their 10 three-point attempts.


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Holiday Inn Express-Crestwood
The Holiday Inn Express, Crestwood, is conveniently located just south of Interstate 294 and surrounded by a variety of restaurants & shopping. We are located only a few miles from Midway Airport & close to downtown Chicago.
Starway Inn - Lansing
Furnished with micro-fridge, wireless Internet, Cable TV, three minutes away from shopping malls and movie theaters. Semi-truck parking available.
New Relax Inn
This property has 31 guest rooms and 1 suite. Amenities include free parking, WiFi, microwave & refriferator availability, non-smoking rooms and rollaway beds.
Southland Inn & Suites - Markham
Treat yourself to one of our deluxe whirlpool suites. Then start your morning off right with our deluxe complimentary breakfast bar. Smoking rooms are available upon request.
Motel 6 - Lansing
Whirlpool suite, no pets, HBO, ESPN, CNN. River Oaks Shopping Mall and numerous restaurants nearby. 30 Minutes to Midway Airport and Purdue University Calumet is only 5 miles away. Downtown Chicago in 25 minutes.
Plaza Inn - Calumet Park
Very accessible to downtown Chicago. Located immediately on Interstate 57. Fast food restaurant and auto service adjacent to hotel. Quiet and fireproof brick hotel.
CITY:Calumet Park
Miami Motel - Oak Lawn
New look, low rates, friendly service, great location! Lots of restaurants in the surrounding area.
CITY:Oak Lawn
SpringHill Suites Burr Ridge
128-room, all-suite hotel. Complimentary hi-speed wireless Internet, breakfast, laundry facility, indoor heated pool, fitness center, business center, dataport telephones. Free shuttle service. Conveniently located at I-55 & County Line Road.
CITY:Burr Ridge
Super 8 - East Hazel Crest
It's Super 8 Motel, located on 172nd & Halsted. We provide shuttle service, fridge, microwave, coffee 24/7, wifi, breakfast every morning and a business center.
CITY:East Hazel Crest
Days Inn - Harvey
Featuring our King Executive Suites which include fridge-microwave and coffee makers. Also, King Jacuzzi Suites with kitchenettes.
Clayton Motel
This property has 18 guest rooms and 1 suite. Other amenities include free parking, Wi-Fi access, microwave availability, non-smoking rooms, and rollaway beds.
Motel 6 - Harvey
This 22-room property is conveniently located near the I-94 exit, offering clean & comfortable rooms. Free parking is offered during your stay.
The Star Motel
This 27-room property offers budget lodging conveniently located near many restaurants, a laundry center, gas stations, grocery stores and a wide variety of shops. Free parking is offered during your stay.
CITY:Chicago Heights
Cloud 9 Motel
This 22-room property has whirlpool suites available and free cable TV. Conviently located in the South Suburbs, this motel makes it easy to get to all area attractions via the highway. This is a great property for corporate guests and families.
Matteson Motel
This property has 43 guest rooms and 3 suites. Other amenities include free parking, handicapped accessibility, a laundry facility, non-smoking rooms and refrigerator availability.
Clover Leaf Motel
This 22-room property is conveniently located near the I-94 exit, offering clean & comfortable rooms. Free parking is offered during your stay.
CITY:South Holland
Quality Inn & Suites - Harvey
Newly renovated property, featuring luxury suites, indoor pool, fitness center and a complimentary deluxe continental breakfast. Suites are furnished with microwaves, refrigerators, hair dryers, coffee makers, data-ports and desk area. Internet access.


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Kievits Kroon Country Estate & Spa, Pretoria
The following facilities are closed on Christmas Day (25 December), Christmas Eve (24 December), New Year's Day (1 January), and New Year's Eve (31 December):
- Bar/lounge
- Business center
- Dining venue
- Front desk
- Meeting facilities
- Sauna
- Spa tub
- Swimming pool
This information supersedes all other information in this property's description that relates to these amenities.
Kievits Kroon Country Estate & Spa is situated in Pretoria and area attractions include Sable Hills Recreation Area. Additional regional attractions include University of Pretoria and UNISA.
Hotel Features.
Kievits Kroon Country Estate & Spa has 7 spa tubs, an outdoor pool, an indoor pool, and a steam room. Complimentary wireless and wired high-speed Internet access is available in public areas and a computer station is located on site. This 4-star hotel features business amenities including a business center, meeting rooms, and limo/town car service. The hotel offers 2 restaurants along with 2 bars/lounges and a poolside bar. Additional amenities include spa services, a sauna, and a terrace. For a surcharge, guests receive transportation including a roundtrip airport shuttle (available 24 hours) and a train station pick-up service. Self parking is complimentary. The property has designated areas for smoking.
Rooms open to balconies or patios. The 142 guestrooms at Kievits Kroon Country Estate & Spa include laptop-compatible safes and minibars. Complimentary wireless and wired high-speed Internet access is provided. 32-inch flat-screen TVs are equipped with premium satellite channels. All accommodations provide desks and phones. Bathrooms offer bathtubs or showers with rainfall showerheads, bathrobes, designer toiletries, and hair dryers. In-room refrigerators and complimentary bottled water are provided. Additional amenities include slippers and complimentary toiletries. Turndown service is offered nightly and housekeeping is available daily.
Schedule ahead for spa treatment. They found a way to fit us in but wasn't sure. Massage…
Lovely property, comfortable rooms, good food. Service was sometimes a bit slow and…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $102
- Luxury Room
- Bungalow (Zulu)
- Executive Room
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 142 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 1 floor
- Check-in time 2 PM-midnight
- Check-out time is 10 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum guest age is 15
- Minimum check-in age is 15
Travelling with others
- Pets not allowed (service dogs only)
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Airport shuttle (available 24 hours) *
- Train station pickup *
- Free self parking
- Accessible parking
- Free RV/bus/truck parking
Other information
- Caters to adults only
Nearby Four Star Pretoria hotels
In the hotel
- Full breakfast daily (surcharge)
- 2 restaurants
- 2 bars/lounges
- Poolside bar
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Coffee/tea in the lobby
- Indoor pool
- Outdoor pool
- Spa services on site
- Number of spa tubs - 7
- Pool sun loungers
- Steam room
- Beach/pool umbrellas
- Sauna
- Business center
- Number of meeting rooms - 18
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms
- Conference space size (feet) - 16786
- Conference space size (meters) - 1560
- Conference center
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 40
- Year Built 1997
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Designated smoking areas
- Garden
- Picnic area
- Terrace
- Library
- Fireplace in lobby
- Disabled parking
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- Climate control
- Minibar
- Bathrobes
- Slippers
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Turndown service
- Premium bedding
- Balcony or patio
- Private bathroom
- Bathtub or shower
- Rainfall showerhead
- Designer toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 32-inch flat-screen TV
- Premium TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe (laptop compatible)
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Top Pretoria hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Pretoria
- Bohemian HouseFrom
"Travelling around ZA weren't too sure about staying in Pretoria but glad we found this place which is near a lot of the worldwide embassies so is a very safe place. Welcomed by…"Jan 31, 2015
- Protea Hotel HatfieldFrom
"The staff were great. Good location. The bar on the third floor was good."Nov 20, 2014
- Adagio Guest HouseFrom
"This guest house was the perfect place to land after a long flight from California. It was in a quiet part of Pretoria so very relaxing (though maybe not a lot to do in the area…"Oct 24, 2014
- City Lodge Hotel HatfieldFrom
"The hotel itself is very serviceable with staff eager to please. The breakfast was very good with large variety and made-to-order egg dishes and attentive service. Dinner was…"Oct 6, 2014
Nearby hotels
Special features
DiningGranita - Overlooking the pool and garden, this fine-dining restaurant serves lunch and dinner. Reservations are required.
Kingsleys Restaurant - Overlooking the pool, this buffet restaurant specializes in African cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy alfresco dining (weather permitting).
41 Library Bar - Onsite bar.
Kievits Kroon Country Estate & Spa, Pretoria's small print
Also known as
- Kievits Kroon Country Estate & Spa Johannesburg Gauteng
- Kievits Kroon Country Estate & Spa
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Guests under 14 years old are not allowed in the spa.
This property does not have elevators.
For transfers, guests must contact the property 72 hours prior to arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments and can be made by contacting the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of ZAR 565
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Get Your Chix Fix!
- RT @TourdeBlue: Join us for 2015 @TourdeBlue. 13,48,76,107 mile options. $35 til Jan 12 for longer 3 rides. bit.ly/1FeaCPt #ridemc3 2 months ago
- RT @TourdeBlue: @KimhCross @RideMC3 Join us for 2015 @TourdeBlue. 13,48,76,107 mile options. $35 until Jan 12 for longer 3 rides. http://t.… 2 months ago
- Great day to demo bikes! @TrekBikes and @GiantBicycles demo trucks will be at Oak Mt State Park 10-4 today. #ridemc3 4 months ago
Monthly Archives: October 2011
MC3 in Magic City Post
See today's great write-up on MC3 by Mandy Shunnarah in the Magic City Post. Check it out!
Posted in Need to Know 1 Comment
Take a Kid Mountain Biking Day
Yesterday was Take a Kid Mountain Biking Day, a national event supported by local communities. Our event, hosted by Bike Link at Oak Mountain State Park, drew thirty-something kids from age three to the tweens. MC3 and BUMP put on … Continue reading
Posted in Events, For the Fat-Tire Femmes, Group Rides Leave a comment
Our Chix in B Metro
Check out B Metro for the recent essay and portrait series by Edward Badham, a Birmingham-based photographer and mountain biker. His fantastic piece, photographed in our own Oak Mountain State Park, really captures the spirit of mountain biking. Need … Continue reading
Posted in For the Fat-Tire Femmes Leave a comment


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Gallery: The Metromorph Concept Car Parks Itself–As Your Apartment Balc...
The Metromorph concept car from designer Roman Mistiuk solves several sustainable transportation problems all at once in a really creative way. Get this – the unique concept car doubles as an elevator to quickly transport you from the street to your high-rise apartment, but it also parks itself to double as your balcony when it gets there! That wall-climbing function takes the car off the street, clears up the issue of limited urban parking, and creates an extra efficient living space as well. Now you don't have to schlep groceries on the subway, or even drag them from your car to your apartment. Anything you place in your car while out and about will be conveniently and safely stored on your balcony when you get home.
We imagine larger families would have more than one vehicle hooked up to their apartments to ensure no one gets stuck at home when the car is away. The video illustrates how the vehicle detaches itself from an apartment and navigates its way to street level and through a city. It isn't the best animation we've seen, but it clearly illustrates new ideas about the way cars could serve us in a sustainable and urban future. What do you think of the Metromorph concept? Is it far out, or is it in our sustainable transportation future? Check out our gallery for more pics. We especially love the rendering of the car with doors open, folded over the body like insect wings.
Via Automotto
2 Comments
dabean August 29, 2011 at 5:21 am
I don't see cars as part of our future, unless they run sustainably on some green energy. This metromorph feels like its simply something out of a futuristic sci fi movie scene rather than something that we would really contemplate using. I hope you won't be trying to sell the flying car concept out of blade runner next, no thanks mate. Not the kind of world I envision living in.
msyin August 19, 2011 at 12:44 pm
This got my attention, but then it raised plenty of new questions. In our future, will we still create or redevelop cities around cars? Is that the way forward or more of the same? Secondly, this car only works the way it is designed by you living in a building that can use its elevator capability which goes into the way housing and cities are organized and built for urban development. As to it being sustainable, I think that is a bit of a stretch, since living, working and shopping are now built using the concept of mixed spaces. Urban farming ( if it is developed) would greatly reduce our Co2 and our need for cars with the continued expansion of green trains, trams, bicycle lanes and generally things being in easy access for the city dweller. Other than that, it looks very cool.
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Yuka YonedaWINDOWHOP It's easy to get depressed when your work schedule has you getting less sun than Edward Cullen (you've got the sickly pallor to match and it's not nearly as sexy on you). If you're lucky enough to at least have a window in your workspace, openREAD MORE >
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text: One thing Braum's is famous for is their ice cream but don't forget the fresh made burgers, and breakfasts. Service is always good but is usually busy, fresh cooked burger are worth the wait. You can substitute your drink with a small upcharge for a shake made fresh with real ice cream. We always... read more


text:
Take-Two Interactive Software's strategy is to place solid bets on big, entertaining titles. Those bets appear to be paying off. The company, whose shares have risen more than 65% in the past year, reports earnings after the closing bell. Here are a few things to watch. Read More »
Oct 29, 2013


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Board of Trustees
CMSRU researcher receives NIH Grant to study impact of carbon dioxide following cardiac arrest | More
Lehrman named dean of Rowanâs Rohrer College of Business | More
College of Engineering among U.S. schools committed to educating 20,000 students to meet âGrand Challengesâ | More
Rowan teaches the world | More
It's a Match! | More
Tentative Agenda
The next regularly scheduled Board of Trustees meeting will be held on April 8, 2015 at 4:00 pm (open session) in the Eynon Ballroom in the Chamberlain Student Center in Glassboro, NJ. If you have any questions, please contact the Office of the President at (856) 256-4100.


text:
I am sooo thankful for beautiful friendsThere is a special lady, she knows just who she is,That these words are meant for, she's an ab fab wiz.Now I know I can't join the words, just the way she can,For God gave me a different gift, and I spread it when I can.~~~~~~~~~~~~~It's not a gift of writing, or for mending broken cars,I'd never be a doctor, or one who looks for stars.No, God told me to spread my gift, of laughter and fun,And to be very sure to pass it on, to everyone.~~~~~~~~~~~~~So here I am a Bubbler, uploading lots of art,(But first I just went alooking at others for a start).Then this lovely lady, gave me lots of praise,It was so great for me, my ego got a raise. :-) :-)~~~~~~~~~~~~~So then I went to look at hers, and liked what I read,It seemed as though she'd got, right inside my head.She joined her words, with art from her friend;It was done so beautifully, and I don't want it to end.~~~~~~~~~~~~~So you just keep writng friend, I love your every word,And I'll send my corny wit, the likes you've never heard. :-)You know just who you are, on our line there are no bugs,You keep writing lovely words and I'll send lots of ((( hugs ))).~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Love the little accompanying poem!
A Christian friend once prayed a hug over the phone for me – by telling me to climb into His arms.
Ohhhhh! So sweet!
Thank you Amanda and Olga. I don't know what I'd do without my many hugs from all my friends. I am usually not a poem writer. I think this would be about number 5 in my entire life lol
Absolutely Beautiful Julie.
Thankyou Pat. My daughter first sent these words to me when she was away at schook. She was missing her mum. The one she sent me was about 3 X 2 inch, hand made, fridge magnet. I treasure it.
This is so goooooooooooood!!!! I love it! …You are a smile to my face…I always look forward to whatever you post Julie…I know I'm gonna be grininnnnn! Never change…we need your gift of humor~~~~


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Rapid Bottleneck Identification - A Better Way to do Load Testing
Free registration required
Executive Summary
Rapid bottleneck identification (RBI) is a new testing methodology that allows quality assurance (QA) professionals to very quickly uncover Web application performance limitations and determine the impact of those limitations on the end user experience. Developed through years of testing engagements across all types of platforms, the RBI methodology dramatically reduces load testing cycles while allowing more?and more thorough?testing.
- Format: Webcast
- Size: 0 KB


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Wings & Rings coming to Dickinson
Visitors and residents will soon have a new eatery to choose from.
Buffalo Wings & Rings announced Thursday morning it will soon open a location in Dickinson, along with the efforts of resident and franchisee Bill Patel.
Kamal Patel, Bill's wife, said while a specific opening date has yet to be determined, construction should begin soon.
Get the full story
Subscribe or Log In
Are you a newspaper subscriber but you don't have a Digital Access account yet? Activate your account.
You will need your subscription account number and phone number. Not sure if you have an account? Call (701) 225-8111 and we can help you.


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Book your room at Hotel Laumon
Double RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Double Room (1 or 2 beds + extra bed)Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)
Double room for single useMax Occupancy: 1 guest
Family-friendly Barcelona hotel with a restaurant
This family-friendly hotel is located in Barcelona, close to Hospital de Sant Pau, Mercat dels Encants Vells, and La Maquinista. Also nearby are Diagonal Mar Shopping Mall and Sagrada Familia.
Hotel Features
In addition to a restaurant, Hotel Laumon features a bar/lounge. Other amenities include a coffee shop/café and complimentary wireless Internet access.
Room Amenities
LCD televisions come with digital channels. Guestrooms also feature complimentary wireless Internet access, air conditioning, and safes.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Dining options at the hotel include a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This family-friendly hotel also offers tour/ticket assistance, multilingual staff, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Parking is available onsite for a surcharge.
Hotel Laumon is a smoke-free property.
- Free WiFi
- Multilingual staff
- Smoke-free property
- Number of floors - 5
- Total number of rooms - 26
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Coffee shop or café
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Luggage storage
- 24-hour front desk
- Bar/lounge
- Elevator/lift
- Restaurant
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Self parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Free WiFi
- Phone
- Air conditioning
- In-room safe
- Desk
- Digital TV service
- Free cribs/infant beds
Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge.
Onsite venue - This restaurant specializes in Mediterranean cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Bicycle rentals on site
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No pets or service animals allowed
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 0.72 per person, per night, up to 7 nights. This tax does not apply to children under 18 years of age.
- Fee for buffet breakfast: EUR 8 per person (approximately)
- Self parking fee: EUR 15 per day
We should mention
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation. Children 8 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.


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Head over to Facebook and 'like' our page for weekly specials& discounts!!
Simply click on the Facebook logo to take you there...
This weeks special offer: 10% off our bulk river pebbles. 20mm, 60/20 or 200/65.
Open 7 days
Mon - Sat 7.30am - 5pm
Sunday 9am - 4pm
Delivery 7 days a week!
Courtesy trailers available!
We are a family owned company and have been operating in Glen Eden since 1999. We pride ourselves on high quality customer service, supplying the best landscape and gardening products and with a prompt delivery service. We invite you to browse through our extensive product range and our very competitive price list.


text:
CISP ReviewsCISP 8
Recommend to a friend
Approve of CEO
Jeffrey Klingshirn
6 Ratings
1 person found this helpful
"Big changes in management in 2012, who knows what happens next! "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at CISP full-time (more than 8 years)Pros
If you work hard, you can stay as long as you can afford it.Cons
Tension can be greater than the adrenaline rush during busy times.
CISP Interviews
Interview Experience
Interview Experience
Getting an Interview
Getting an Interview
Interview Difficulty
- Application Details
I applied online. The process took a day – interviewed at CISP.Interview Details
Interview with non-CISP employeeInterview Questions
Negotiation DetailsVery rushed!Accepted OfferNegative ExperienceAverage Interview
- They will rush you to accept the position. The CEO was a car salesmen and runs the hiring process the same way, like a car salesmen. Answer Question
CISP Awards & Accolades
Let us know if we're missing any workplace or industry recognition – Add an award
Additional InfoUnlock Profile
Website www.cisp.com
Headquarters Toledo, OH
Size 16 to 50 Employees
Founded Unknown
Type Company - Private
Industry Telecommunications
Revenue $1 to $5 million (USD) per year
Competitors Unknown
Work at CISP? Share Your Experiences
Click to Rate