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As he was praying in a certain place
(εν τω εινα αυτον εν τοπω τιν προσευχομενον). Characteristically Lukan idiom: εν with articular periphrastic infinitive (εινα
προσευχομενον) with accusative of general reference (αυτον).
At midnight
(μεσονυκτιου). Genitive of time.
To set before him
(ο παραθησω αυτω).
And he
(κακεινος). Emphatic.
(ε κα). Κα ε would be "Even if," a different idea.
17151715 Shall be opened (ανοιγησετα). Second future passive third singular of ανοιγνυμ and the later ανοιγω.
Of which of you that is a father
(τινα δε εξ υμων τον πατερα). There is a decided anacoluthon here. The MSS. differ a great deal. The text of Westcott and
Hort makes τον πατερα (the father) in apposition with τινα (of whom) and in the accusative the object of αιτησε (shall ask)
which has also another accusative (both person and thing) "a loaf." So far so good. But the rest of the sentence is,
17171717 Know how to give (οιδατε διδονα). See on Mt 7:11 for this same saying. Only here Jesus adds the Holy Spirit (πνευμα αγιον) as the great gift (the summum bonum) that the Father is ready to bestow. Jesus is fond of "how much more" (ποσω μαλλον, by how much more, instrumental case).
17181718 When (του δαιμονιου εξελθοντος). Genitive absolute ana asyndeton between κα εγενετο and ελαλησεν as often in Luke (no οτ or κα).
(κωφον). See on Mt 9:32
Tempting him
(πειραζοντες). These "others" (ετερο) apparently realized the futility of the charge of being in league with Beelzebub. Hence
they put up to Jesus the demand for "a sign from heaven" just as had been done in Galilee (Mt 12:38
). By "sign" (σημειον) they meant a great spectacular display of heavenly power such as they expected the Messiah to give
and such as the devil suggested to Jesus on the pinnacle of the temple.
But he
(αυτος δε). In contrast with them.
17221722 Because ye say (οτ λεγετε). Jesus here repeats in indirect discourse (accusative and infinitive) the charge made against him in verse 15. The condition is of the first class, determined as fulfilled.
17231723 And if I by Beelzebub (ε δε εγω εν Βεεζεβουλ). Also a condition of the first class, determined as fulfilled. A Greek condition deals only with the statement, not with the actual facts. For sake of argument, Jesus here assumes that he casts out demons by Beelzebub. The conclusion is a reductio ad absurdum. The Jewish exorcists practiced incantations against demons (Ac 19:13 ).
By the finger of God
(εν δακτυλω θεου). In distinction from the Jewish exorcists. Mt 12:28
has "by the Spirit of God."
Fully armed
(καθωπλισμενος). Perfect passive participle of καθοπλιζω, an old verb, but here only in the N.T. Note perfective use of κατα
in composition with οπλιζω, to arm (from οπλα, arms). Note indefinite temporal clause (οταν and present subjunctive φυλασση).
But when
(επαν δε). Note οταν in verse
17271727 He that is not with me (ο μη ων μετ' εμου). This verse is just like Mt 12:30 .
And finding none
(κα μη ευρισκον). Here Mt 12:43
has κα ουχ ευρισκε (present active indicative instead of present active participle). Lu 11:24-26
is almost verbatim like Mt 12:43-45
, which see. Instead of just "taketh" (παραλαμβανε) in verse
26, Matthew has "taketh with himself" (παραλαμβανε μεθ' εαυτου). And Luke omits: "Even so shall it be also unto this evil
generation" of Mt 12:45
17291729 As he said these things (εν τω λεγειν αυτον). Luke's common idiom, εν with articular infinitive. Verses 27,28 are peculiar to Luke. His Gospel in a special sense is the Gospel of Woman. This woman "speaks well, but womanly" (Bengel). Her beatitude (μακαρια) reminds us of Elisabeth's words (Lu 1:42 , ευλογημενη). She is fulfilling Mary's own prophecy in 1:48 (μακαριουσιν με, shall call me happy).
17301730 But he said (αυτος δε ειπεν). Jesus in contrast turns attention to others and gives them a beatitude (μακαριο). "The originality of Christ's reply guarantees its historical character. Such a comment is beyond the reach of an inventor" (Plummer).
Were gathering together unto him
(επαθροιζομενων). Genitive absolute present middle participle of επαθροιζω, a rare verb, Plutarch and here only in the N.T.,
from επ and αθροιζω (a common enough verb). It means to throng together (αθροος, in throngs). Vivid picture of the crowds
around Jesus.
17321732 With the men of this generation (μετα των ανδρων της γενεας ταυτης). Here Mt 12:42 has simply "with this generation," which see.
At the preaching of Jonah
(εις το κηρυγμα Ιωνα). Note this use of εις as in Mt 10:41; 12:41
. Luke inserts the words about the Queen of the South (31) in between the discussion of Jonah (verses 29f., 32
). Both Σολομωνος (31) and Ιωνα (verse
32) are in the ablative case after the comparative πλειον (more,
17341734 In a cellar (εις κρυπτην). A crypt (same word) or hidden place from κρυπτω, to hide. Late and rare word and here only in the N.T. These other words (lamp, λυχνον, bushel, μοδιον, stand, λυχνιαν) have all been discussed previously (Mt 5:15 ). Lu 11:33 is like Mt 6:22f. , which see for details.
17351735 Whether not (μη). This use of μη in an indirect question is good Greek (Robertson, Grammar, p. 1045). It is a pitiful situation if the very light is darkness. This happens when the eye of the soul is too diseased to see the light of Christ.
17361736 With its bright shining (τη αστραπη). Instrumental case, as if by a flash of lightning the light is revealed in him. See on 10:18.
Now as he spake
(εν δε τω λαλησα). Luke's common idiom, εν with the articular infinitive (aorist active infinitive) but it does not mean
"after he had spoken" as Plummer argues, but simply "in the speaking," no time in the aorist infinitive. See
3:21 for similar use of aorist infinitive with εν.
17381738 That he had not first washed before dinner (οτ ου πρωτον εβαπτισθη προ του αριστου). The verb is first aorist passive indicative of βαπτιζω, to dip or to immerse. Here it is applied to the hands. It was the Jewish custom to dip the hands in water before eating and often between courses for ceremonial purification. In Galilee the Pharisees and scribes had sharply criticized the disciples for eating with unwashed hands (Mr 7:1-23; Mt 15:1-20 ) when Jesus had defended their liberty and had opposed making a necessity of such a custom (tradition) in opposition to the command of God. Apparently Jesus on this occasion had himself reclined at the breakfast (not dinner) without this ceremonial dipping of the hands in water. The Greek has "first before" (πρωτον προ), a tautology not preserved in the translation.
The Lord
(ο κυριος). The Lord Jesus plainly and in the narrative portion of Luke.
(πλην). See Lu 6:24
. Instead of devoting so much attention to the outside.
(αποδεκατουτε). Late verb for the more common δεκατευω. So in Mt 23:23
. Take a tenth off (απο-). Rue (πηγανον). Botanical term in late writers from πηγνυμ, to make fast because of its thick leaves.
Here Mt 23:23
has "anise."
17421742 The chief seats in the synagogues (την πρωτοκαθεδριαν εν ταις συναγωγαις). Singular here, plural in Mt 23:6 . This semi-circular bench faced the congregation. Mt 23:6 has also the chief place at feasts given by Luke also in that discourse (20:46) as well as in 14:7, a marked characteristic of the Pharisees.
The tombs which appear not
(τα μνηνεια τα αδηλα). These hidden graves would give ceremonial defilement for seven days (Nu 19:16
). Hence they were usually whitewashed as a warning. So in Mt 23:27
the Pharisees are called "whited sepulchres." Men do not know how rotten they are. The word αδηλος (α privative and δηλος,
apparent or plain) occurs in the N.T. only here and 1Co 14:8
, though an old and common word.
17441744 Thou reproachest us also (κα ημας υβριζεις). Because the lawyers (scribes) were usually Pharisees. The verb υβριζω is an old one and common for outrageous treatment, a positive insult (so Lu 18:32; Mt 22:6; Ac 14;5; 1Th 2:2 ). So Jesus proceeds to give the lawyers three woes as he had done to the Pharisees.
17451745 Grievous to be borne (δυσβαστακτα). A late word in LXX and Plutarch (δυς and βασταζω). Here alone in text of Westcott and Hort who reject it in Mt 23:4 where we have "heavy burdens" (φορτια βαρεα). In Gal 6:2 we have βαρη with a distinction drawn. Here we have φορτιζετε (here only in the N.T. and Mt 11:28 ) for "lade," φορτια as cognate accusative and then φορτιοις (dative after ου προσψαυετε, touch not). It is a fierce indictment of scribes (lawyers) for their pettifogging interpretations of the written law in their oral teaching (later written down as Mishna and then as Gemarah), a terrible load which these lawyers did not pretend to carry themselves, not even "with one of their fingers" to "touch" (προσψαυω, old verb but only here in the N.T.), touch with the view to remove. Mt 23:4 has κινησα, to move. A physician would understand the meaning of προσπαυω for feeling gently a sore spot or the pulse.
17461746 Consent (συνευδοκειτε). Double compound (συν, ευ, δοκεω), to think well along with others, to give full approval. A late verb, several times in the N.T., in Ac 8:1 of Saul's consenting to and agreeing to Stephen's death. It is a somewhat subtle, but just, argument made here. Outwardly the lawyers build tombs for the prophets whom their fathers (forefathers) killed as if they disapproved what their fathers did. But in reality they neglect and oppose what the prophets teach just as their fathers did. So they are "witnesses" (μαρτυρες) against themselves (Mt 23:31 ).
The wisdom of God
(η σοφια του θεου). In Mt 23:34
Jesus uses "I send" (εγω αποστελλω) without this phrase "the wisdom of God." There is no book to which it can refer. Jesus
is the wisdom of God as Paul shows (1Co 1:30
), but it is hardly likely that he so describes himself here. Probably he means that God in his wisdom said, but even so "Jesus
here speaks with confident knowledge of the Divine counsels" (Plummer). See Lu 10:22; 15:7,10
. Here the future tense occurs, "I will send" (αποστελω).
That ... may be required
(ινα ... εκζητηθη). Divinely ordered sequence, first aorist passive subjunctive of εκζητεω, a late and rare verb outside
of LXX and N.T., requiring as a debt the blood of the prophets.
From the blood of Abel to the blood of Zachariah
(απο αιματος Αβελ εως αιματος Ζαχαριου). The blood of Abel is the first shed in the Old Testament (Ge 4:10
), that of Zacharias the last in the O.T. canon which ended with Chronicles (2Ch 24:22
). Chronologically the murder of Uriah by Jehoiakim was later (Jer 26:23
), but this climax is from Genesis to II Chronicles (the last book in the canon). See on Mt 23:35
for discussion of Zachariah as "the son of Barachiah" rather than "the son of Jehoiada."
17501750 Ye took away the key of knowledge (ηρατε την κλειδα της γνωσεως). First aorist active indicative of αιρω, common verb. But this is a flat charge of obscurantism on the part of these scribes (lawyers), the teachers (rabbis) of the people. They themselves (αυτο) refused to go into the house of knowledge (beautiful figure) and learn. They then locked the door and hid the key to the house of knowledge and hindered (εκωλυσατε, effective aorist active) those who were trying to enter (τους εισερχομενους, present participle, conative action). It is the most pitiful picture imaginable of blind ecclesiastics trying to keep others as blind as they were, blind leaders of the blind, both falling into the pit.
From thence
(κ'ακειθεν). Out of the Pharisee's house. What became of the breakfast we are not told, but the rage of both Pharisees and
lawyers knew no bounds.
Laying wait for him
(ενεδρευοντες αυτον). An old verb from εν and εδρα, a seat, so to lie in ambush for one. Here only and Ac 23:21
in the N.T. Vivid picture of the anger of these rabbis who were treating Jesus as if he were a beast of prey.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Ana Ortiz
Marisol Duarte on Devious Maids
1/25/1971, New York City, USA
- Credits
Star (5)
Recurring Role (2)
Guest Star (25)
Marry MeHailey
Covert AffairsKaren Coughlin
Black-ishAngelica Rodriguez
Good Morning AmericaHerself
RevengeBizzy Preston
The Joy Behar ShowHerself
The Morning Show with Mike and JulietHerself
Live! with Kelly and MichaelHerself
Army WivesSandy
Star JonesHerself
Best Week EverHerself
The New Adventures of Old ChristineBelinda
Boston LegalA.D.A. Holly Raines
Commander in ChiefIsabelle Rios
Over ThereAnna
Blind JusticeLetitia Barreras
North ShoreAnna Green
Greetings from TucsonAngela
Do OverMrs. Rice
Strong MedicineElena Cruz
NYPD BlueLuisa Lopez
Everybody Loves RaymondNatasha Leonetti
NYPD BlueMaria Alvarez
- Biography
Born in New York City, Ortiz is the daughter of the first Puerto Rican city councilman in Philadelphia and was the first Latino elected to Philadelphia's City Council in 1984. He served for 19 years. A mother who works in Manhattan with autistic children and runs a soup kitchen. As a child, Ortiz dreamed of becoming a ballerina, and she studied ballet for eight years, until the pain of dancing en pointes forced her to pursue a different artistic discipline. Switching to singing, Ortiz attended the La Guardia High School of the Performing Arts (of "Fame" fame) to study voice. She then attended the University of Arts in Philadelphia before making her professional stage debut in a regional theater production of "Dangerous Liaisons." Her additional stage credits include portraying Chrissy in a European touring production of "Hair," regional theater productions such as "Dog Lady and the Cuban Swimmer" and in the South Coast Repertory Theater's production of "References to Salvador Dali Make Me Hot." After joining LAByrinth Theatre Company, she appeared off-Broadway in "In Arabia, We'd All Be Kings," directed by Philip Seymour Hoffman ("Almost Famous") and named one of the 10-best plays of 1999 by the magazine Time Out New York. Ortiz has guest-starred on the series "NYPD Blue" and "Dr. Quinn: Medicine Woman," and her feature-film credits include "King of L.A." and "Tortilla Heaven." As of 2007, Ortiz resides in Manhattan, where she enjoys hiking, horseback riding, softball and water sports in her spare time. Her birthday is January 25.moreless
Ana Ortiz
New York City, USA
Ana Ortiz
- Photos (25)
- Trivia & Quotes
Quotes (11)
Ana: I want to make sure that I have at least three kids. Even if I don't give birth to all of them. Adoption, natural -– everything is up in the air!
Ana: (On Ugly Betty's Golden Globe for Outstanding Comedy win in 2007) The producers had a separate party aside from all of the regular parties. We had to be at work at 6:30 the next morning, so we went back to work right away. It was funny to see all of us on the set the next day completely dazed. Most of us had lost our voices from screaming so much. I think we're still relishing it, it's sort of coming in waves.
Ana: (To the fans of Ugly Betty) Thank you so much for proving that taking a risk with TV programming is worth it and that the heroine of a show doesn't have to be this cookie-cutter stick figure. The people have really proved to all of the executives that people are ready to be moved and touched and real and honest. Thank you because without people watching the show, we would be nowhere.
Ana: What's so funny about America [Ferrera] is that it's not really practical jokes, it's that we get so into it, half the time the scene will be over, but we'll continue on in our own sort of improv. We've grown extremely close, really having that sisterly relationship. I think everyone does that and it's wonderful when you don't have a director who will yell cut because they're able to find all this other stuff. She'll spring something on you that's not in the scene and you can either go with that or not. Luckily, everyone I've seen goes with it.
Ana: (On her audition for Ugly Betty) The audition called for her to be married, pregnant, not living with the family and looking for a minivan. She was a completely, completely different character. I went in there sassy, I had these hot pink shoes on - this was how I saw Hilda. I wasn't going to do in there with a pregnant suit on, so I just did my thing and then it turned out that Hilda developed into a different character with the same essence of family, family, family. I can't get over how well this show is cast, from top to bottom. Everyone sits so well in their parts. It's so wonderful to be a part of it. We're all just flinging for the fences, the bar is raised so high by America [Ferrera].
Trivia (20)
In January 2009, Ana announced she was pregnant with her first child with husband Noah Lebenzon.
In 2008, Ana won a ALMA Award along with her Ugly Betty castmates Tony Plana, American Fererra and Mark Indelicato, for Outstanding Latin Led Ensemble.
Ana says the best piece of advice she has ever been given is to keep doing what you love.
Ana has said that if she was not an actress, she would work with kids. She spent many summers as a camp counselor and her mother also worked as group therapist for autistic children.
Ana is a supporter of the charity Eva's Heroes, which assists people with developmental disabilities. Other supporters include Eva Longoria, Kyle MacLachlan and Mario Lopez.


text:
Thanks to the television revolution, new shows now spring up throughout the calendar year -- but no matter how many premieres occur during the other seasons, the fall is still when most programming kicks into full swing. The Indiewire TV team is here to help you wade through the sea of fall TV, bala...Read More »
Indiewire editors discuss the best and worst news from NBC and FOX at Monday's upfront presentations.Read More »
Well, NBC is putting together its fall schedule and, right on cue, a trailer for one of their new shows has recently been made available online. Given the "prime" timeslot of… Fridays at 10pm… "Constantine" continues network television's growing interest in adapting comic books into TV series. It wa...Read More »
As comic book movies are proving to be a big deal at the box office, it's no surprise that the television world is hoping to lure the same audience. Developing steadily over the past few months, Deadline reports that NBC has now found a director for their "Constantine" pilot: Neil Marshall.Read More »
While the adventures of John Constantine failed to capture the popular imagination on the big screen in the 2005 movie starring Keanu Reeves, DC Comics is giving it another whirl on the small screen. Last fall, Warner Bros. TV entrusted David Goyer with producing the potential series along with Dani...Read More »


text:
Pour caramel topping in bottom of a 9-inch round glass or microwave plastic cake pan.
Sprinkle nuts over topping.
Place butter in a custard cup.
Microwave at HIGH 30 seconds to melt.
Dip biscuits in melted butter to coat all sides.
Arrange biscuits in a ring against sides of pan holding caramel topping.
Cover with waxed paper.
Microwave at HIGH 2 1/2 to 3 minutes or until biscuits are not doughy on top.
Turn upside down on a serving plate.
Let stand for sauce to drain down over biscuits.


text:
The dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm
Arabic Text, English Translation, Study and Glossaries
(If any tax is payable it will be calculated and shown at checkout.)
Preview (read now) Add to my own site Give this ebook to a friend Add to my wishlist Author's page Publisher's page
moreThis book offers a critical Arabic edition, annotated English translation, introductory study, and two-way glossaries of the famous dispensatory composed around the middle of the 12th century CE by the Nestorian physician Ibn at-Tilm. The dispensatory, recognized as a masterpiece already by mediaeval contemporaries, soon after its appearance became the pharmacological standard work in the hospitals and apothecs of Baghdad and the wider Arab East, replacing, after almost 300 years, the vademecum of Sbr ibn Sahl. The dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilmi marks the apogee and the conclusion of centuries of medico-pharmacological development in the Arab world, and it is therefore absolutely essential for a critical understanding of mediaeval Arabic medicine and pharmacy in particular, and premodern science in general. less
BRILL; January 2007
359 pages; ISBN 9789047419044
Read online, or download in secure PDF format
Title: The dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm
Author: Oliver Kahl
359 pages; ISBN 9789047419044
Read online, or download in secure PDF format
Title: The dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm
Author: Oliver Kahl
Buy, download and read The dispensatory of Ibn at-Tilm (eBook) by Oliver Kahl today!
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text:
Guest Cottage (GC6)
|Base Rate *
|Click here to view the activities rates
* The Base Rate amount is charged for any number of guests occupying a unit not exceeding the base number for that activity type (in this case 0)}. Any additional Adults and Children exceeding the base capacity are charged in addition to the base rate amount per persons up to the amount of beds or guests allowed in the unit.
- 2 bedrooms, each with 2 single beds
- Double sleeper couch in lounge
- Fan
- Kitchen
- No electric points
- No restaurant facilities available in this camp
- No Smoking
- Wc and bath
- Wc and shower


text:
I have wanted a vintage chalkboard globe for quite a few school years. Unfortunately, I could never afford one and they are hard to come by. Even these beautiful reproductions are pricey! Today I'm sharing a quick and cheap way to get the look with out the hunt or the price! — Halligan
CLICK HERE for the full how-to after the jump!
- chalkboard paint, one or two colors
- 1″ paint brush
- thin liner paint brush
- outline paint color of your choice
- chalk
- globe (you can find them at thrift stores, eBay, or you can order a cheap one here or here)
Step 1: Paint all the water around the continents. You don't have to get too close and perfect. Vintage globes like this aren't precise! You will need at least two coats of chalkboard paint.
Step 2: Paint all continents with your other chalkboard paint color. If you are using the same color, leave a thin line separating the land from the sea so you will know where to line out the continents.
Step 3: Use your thin brush to outline all continents.
You're done!
I love this! What a great idea!
I love all things globe-such a fun project!
This is why I read designsponge!
Wow, what a great update to an otherwise forgetful globe…
this is really cute and i'm sure guests would love drawing all over the globe!
for those of us with less steady painting hands, a paint pen would probably be a good substitute for outlining the continents :-)
I love this so very, very much!! I think there's an old globe collecting dust at my parents' house that I'm going to have to steal…
What a wonderful idea. So very cool.
How fabulous is this?!
I adore chalkboard paint, but after seeing it on so many walls, I was craving a more unique application.
Super cool!
This is wonderful and I'm adding it to my list of projects!
oh wow, this is great! and there are so many color options with those smaller tubs of chalkboard paint at the craft store, i've been looking for a reason to try them out!
My husband is into maps and globes so I'm definitely going to try this ~ Thanks!
I love this! I definetly need one of these globes :)
love it! I'm making it!
I can't wait to make one for myself!
THANK YOU for this! I have been looking for a tutorial of a chalkboard globe with the continents forever! THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU!!
I was just about to throw out an old globe that we have in our garage, but this little repurporsing DIY project will make the perfect gift for my hubby!
OMG – need to show this to my bf! We have been looking at globe for forever for our desk. This would be a very cool but cheap 'dressing' for a cheapy globe. thx!
Thank you! I always wanted one of these, and now I can make my own!
thanks so much!! what a fun project – i guess i know what i'm doing this weekend! :)
I just got my first can of chalkboard paint for my 30th bday, can't wait to explore with it using fun project ideas like this!
We homeschool our four kids and I am always pulling out the maps – "See where this says, France? well, at this time it was called Gaul.." With this project I could draw the countries as they were at any point in history… What a wonderful idea!
I have one of those vintage chalk pull down classroom maps that I LOVE (and hangs as the centerpiece in my livingroom). This is a great idea for a globe!!!
I am a major, long time stalker and first time commentor; love your blog.
thanks so much regina :)
What a great idea! Looks super neat!
FANTASTIC!!! I love it. I think it would be uber cool in a kids playroom or bedroom.
wow. super duper idea. i love chalk board paint and my husband loves globes. finally a project we can agree on!
wooww, its very cool, great idea ! Good Job…
this is so sweet. I love it.
WOW this is so cool, my 5 year old som has an old globe but its an antique so not sure I should be doing this to it.!!
Great idea though, just shows how old things can be bought back to life with a new twist.
I have a wall in my garden that I painted in chalkboard paint for the kids to draw on (and the adults) best thing is the rain washes it off, so no cleaning up.
I grabbed up a globe at an estate sell thinking it was vintage, only to discover a website address on the bottom! LOL!
Thanks so much for this! Now I have something to do with it!
Oops! Sale, not sell…
It's still early! I must need more coffee!
Chalkboard paint and globes go together like chocolate and raspberries – awesome idea! Thank you!
This project is absolute perfect for our library/botanical/Harry Potter themed living room! I've been passing up globes at the thrift store left and right lately- hope there are still one or two in my future!
Love love love this project. I've never seen a chalk board globe before – but now I'm obsessed with them!
THis is so unique and lovely….
Design Sponge…you never cease to amaze me! Not to mention make my mornings so much sweeter!
Mark, I love your idea of painting an outdoor space with chalkboard paint!
I bet it's safer than have kids play and draw on the driveway, not to mention it's probably better for curb appeal too ;)
Oh my goodness, I love this, what a wonderful idea! Thanks for sharing.
I LOVE this idea. How cute! I definitely want to make this for my office!
This is fun! I have to admit, I don't think I've seen a vintage chalkboard globe, but it would be fun to have one or at least, make a 'reproduction.'
wow, what a great idea! i love it!!
What an awesome project for me and my 10 year old daughter to do ! She'll love learning about the world , especially if she makes it {; )
Amy and Ellie
Dragged an old globe out of the garage this weekend and totally did this project. Turned out wonderfully! I love you design sponge.
awesome! good for you, kara :)
How creative! This would be a great conversation piece at parties where everyone could mark what countries they've been to and share their stories.
The very day that I read this post, I quick stopped at a garage sale on my way home and picked one up for $1! SO excited to do this!
my globe has a bit of texture to it, for mountain ranges and such. do y'all think this will still work well for it?
Helpful blog, bookmarked the website with hopes to read more!
the ultimate in awesome!
Great idea…looking for a globe!
I love this, now I'm off to Goodwill.
omgosh I love this ty!
Thank you, thank you, thank you!! I took a very circuitous route to your blog today, but you have given me the perfect inspiration for a homemade gift for my husband for Christmas. I promise to blog about it once it's in his hands and link back to you.
where do u get the green and white chalk board paint
I LOVE this! Made it for a friend as a housewarming gift. I found that silver acrylic paint that I used wouldn't cover the paint correctly so I used a paint pen instead.
I made this for my husband for Valentine's day and he loved it! Thanks for the great idea and instructions.
I love this!! I'm thinking this will be my project over spring break!
Wonderful. I always want to buy the globes I see at thrift stores but never had the vision to paint them — it seems so obvious now! I'll be on the hunt this afternoon. This weekend is "makeover my room" weekend!
WOW, I love this. I just saw a globe yesterday and wish I would have picked it up!!!
Lovely, hope to see you at My Dream Canvas!
I love this idea! I'm going to feature your tutorial on my blog. Thank you for sharing your creative talents with us!
LOVE the idea!!! Congrats!
So inspiring….
Kisses and blessings.
from Brazil
I LOVE the idea!!! Congrats!
So inspiring….
Kisses and blessings.
from Brazil
Low price to make, high value for those who receive it. And fun to make, I bet.
Chalkboards are losing ground to electronic "smartboards" and so forth. It is time they got their well deserved renaissance (comeback), and this time into our homes.
Having a "Wall" in your home, encourages people to use it. The non-permanence of the medium invites everyone to contribute. And: No batteries required. :D
Think I will make my own colored chalkboard paint and then make this. What fun!
Cool project. I saw this on another blog and saw "Lydia" written in your globe so I clicked on it. I figured anything with that written on it had to be awesome :p
~ Lydia


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Taking Back Sunday is an American rock band from Long Island, New York. The band was formed by guitarist Eddie Reyes in 1999.The band's members are Adam Lazzara (lead vocals), John Nolan (rhythm guitar, vocals), Eddie Reyes (lead guitar), Shaun Cooper (bass guitar, backing vocals) and Mark O'Connell (drums).
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We were very lucky to have found this tiny restaurant on Soquel Ave, just outside downtown Santa Cruz! It is very much worth driving up here to taste the excellent Italian cuisine! We had the aspergus and artichoke soup as a starter and the gnocchi and risotto as a main; all which were amazing! Service was very friendly and informal and the place was filled with locals (people were waiting to be seated, on a weekday), which is a good sign! This place deserves its popularity.
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I believe a lot of people are continuing to pay the inflated price for monthly service after their contract is up, not realizing it was built into their fees.
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Life in the Fairway: What Golf Teaches Us About Integrity - eBook
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Football has Tim Tebow and Drew Brees, basketball has Jeremy Lin, and the PGA Tour Leaderboard has Ben Crane, Webb Simpson, Jonathan Byrd, and Stewart Cink.
Chad Bonham, author of Life in the Fairway presents in-depth biographies including the testimonies of these highly ranked golf pros and more. Draw courage from their relentless desire to achieve excellence on and off the course.
"The pursuit of integrity as a father and a husband always boils down to trust." - Jonathan Byrd
Golf is a game of integrity. Players are their own referees. They make dozens of moral choices in each round. Draw inspiration from these leaders to live a life of unashamed integrity. Step into their family lives and close the book encouraged by their chiseled commitment to living for an audience of One, our Lord Jesus Christ.
Reading Life in the Fairway can be a life-changing event for all who participate in the game. The full-color book is an excellent gift for any golfer, sports enthusiast, leader, or mens Bible study group.
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Chad Bonham has been working in mass media for over 20 years, authoring or co-authoring ten books, writing for publications such as Relevant, CCM, and Sports Spectrum, as well as being a columnist for Beliefnet.com. A graduate of the University of Tulsa, Chad and his wife Amy live in Broken Arrow, OK with sons Lance and Cole.
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Beautiful Balinese Shiva Lingam 52" Item # 56ls13
Price: $3500
Please take a minute and click here to tell us about your experience with Lotus Sculpture, our customer service and how you like your statue. We appreciate your feedback!
I bought a unique, one-of-a-kind statue from Lotus Sculpture which depict Krishna sitting sideways on a cow and playing his flute, while the cow has twisted her neck around so she can gaze up at him with loving eyes. It depicts a very touching moment. The cow's posture shows such love and devotion. I've never seen anything like it. The artistic balance between Krishna and the cow is wonderful, and Krishna is very well done, with a slight smile on his face as he plays his flute. It's the most remarkable statue of Krishna I've ever seen. In addition, the shipment was extremely prompt and a proper statement of value accompanied the statue. This has been a very good experience with Lotus Sculpture. --Maris WhitakerReviewer:Maris Whitaker (Boulder, Colorado, US)
Purchased a 19" painted Ganesha. It arrived last week and it is better than expected. It was very well packed. The colors are vibrant and the hues are perfect. I was afraid they might be garish in hand, but those fears were completely unfounded. Beautiful color palette. The carving is well detailed. It is a very handsome piece. I couldn't be happier with it In fact, I was so happy that I just finished purchasing a 36" painted Garuda. Once I saw the quality of the Ganesh I felt confident in purchasing a more expensive piece. And eagerly awaiting its arrival. Had I the money and the room, I would be in trouble.Reviewer:mark drazak (Cromwell, Connecticut, US)
A wonderful, efficient streamlined purchasing system at Lotus Sculpture. The sculpture purchased is in perfect condition and is quite beautiful.Reviewer:Madhurika (, Herts, GB)
This is the first time I bought a statue from Lotus Sculpture. It arrived the next day. Well packaged. It is a beautiful Ganesh hand made wooden statue. Suggestion: it would be nice if you could list on your website if the statues you get from India involve fair trade and fair labor. I am already looking on the website for my next purchase. Thank you for the great experience and importantly for making these beautiful pieces of art available for purchase in the US.Reviewer:Varun Khanna (Los Angeles, CA, US)
I've known about Lotus Sculpture from Hinduism Today magazine and from the testimonies of friends. His site is first rate and exhaustively documented with beautiful photographs, dimensions and descriptions. I appreciate the breadth of sculptures available be they of museum quality, bronzes or brasses, or as in my case, resin volcanic stone suitable for extreme weather and a more modest budget. It was a relief to know that I was going to be pleased when I opened the box to see professional grade rigid foam packing surrounding a thing of beauty.Reviewer:Nandi (oysterville, wa, US)
Excellent arrival time, packaging, quality of statue.Reviewer:Jennifer Metzger (Hatfield, MA, US)
I recieved my stone resin Buddha and I am pleased with the product. Its much heavier and more solid than what I thought it would be. I wasnt wanting a flimsy, easily breakable statue. Thanks.Reviewer:Rob (sheridan, wy, US)
I love the Nataraja . LOOKING FOR DIFFERENT POSE STATUES OF LORD SHIVA .Please let me know.Reviewer:Manjula (Ellicott City, MD, US)
the mouse is great says my daughter in little rock Arkansas for whom it was a birthday present. 4 stars instead of 5 because it did not arrive on the 24 feb as expected but on the 26. probably due to the bad weather in Arkansas, but still it was a bit of a disappointment. but I certainly will trade with you again! thanks janeReviewer:jane wolfe (woodstock, Vermont, US)
- Materials: Indonesian Lava Stone, Hand Carved in Bali
- Total Height Including Base: 41 inches
- Widest Point: 52 inches
- Base Width & Depth: 29 x 29 inches
- Weight: Approximately 1400 pounds
- A stunning Balinese style Shiva Lingam!
- The yoni collects all liquids which are then collected to be poured out the spout in the front of the sculpture. A great design!
- Beautiful carvings adorn the sculpture including a face of a yali below the yoni
- The Shiva Lingam ships directly from our California showroom
This one of a kind Shiva Lingam is hand carved by the artists of Bali. The sculpture pictured is the only sculpture Lotus Sculpture has like this in our store. When you order this piece you will receive this exact sculpture. It is truly one of a kind as there is only one made exactly like this!
A beautiful Shiva Lingam perfect for performing abhisheka. Abhisheka, also called abhishekam, is performed by pouring libations on the image of the deity being worshiped during puja. The large Lingam has a beautiful yoni that captures any liquid poured onto the stone and funnels it towards the tip of the yoni where there is a spout to catch the liquid. There are beautiful designs carved into the yoni including a stunning carving beneath the yoni of an animal.
The Lingam is carved in two pieces, the actual Lingam and the Yoni. The Shiva Lingam can be pulled out of the Yoni. The lingam consists of three separate stages, top, middle and bottom each represents one of the gods of the Trimurthi. The upper most portion of the Lingam is round. This represents Shiva. The middle portion is a octagonal and carved with beautiful designs and represents Vishnu. The bottom portion is square and represents Brahma. Each section comprises 1/3 of the total height.
The Story of the Shiva Lingam: Shiva saw not sense in the transitory pleasures of life, so he rejected samsara, smeared his body with ash, closed his eyes and performed austerities. Shiva's tapas generated so much heat that his body transformed into a pillar of fire - a blazing Lingam that threatened to destroy the whole world. The gods did not know how to control Shiva's fire. Suddenly there appeared a Yoni - the divine vessel of the mother-goddess. It caught the fiery Lingam and contained its heat, thus saving the cosmos from untimely destruction.
About Shiva
Shiva was originally known as Rudra, a minor deity addressed only three times in the Rig Veda. He gained importance after absorbing some of the characteristics of an earlier fertility god and became Shiva, part of the trinity, or trimurti, with Vishnu and Brahma.
Shiva wears a snake coiled around his upper arms and neck symbolizing the power he has over the most deadly of creatures. Snakes are also used to symbolize the Hindu dogma of reincarnation. Their natural process of molting or shedding their skin is symbolic of the human soul's transmigration of bodies from one life to another.
Shiva's female consort and wife is Parvati; because of his generosity and reverence towards Parvati, Shiva is considered an ideal role model for a husband. The divine couple together with their sons - the six-headed Skanda and the elephant headed Ganesh - reside on Mount Kailasa in the Himalayas.
His guardian is Nandi (the white bull), whose statue can often be seen watching over the main shrine. The bull is said to embody sexual energy, fertility. Riding on its back, Shiva is in control of these impulses.
He often holds a trident, which represents the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu. It is also said to represent the threefold qualities of nature: creation, preservation and destruction, although preservation is usually attributed to Vishnu.
As the destroyer, Shiva is dark and terrible, encircled with serpents and a crown of skulls.
Shiva often wears sacred Rudaksha beads, perhaps a reference to his earlier name Rudra.
The crescent moon Shiva wears on his crown, besides being a symbol of Kama the goddess of nightly love, also represents the bull, Nandi, a fertility symbol.
Shiva holds a skull that represents samsara, the cycle of life, death and rebirth. Samsara is a central belief in Hinduism. Shiva himself also represents this complete cycle because he is Mahakala, the Lord of Time, destroying and creating all things.
Shiva is represented in a variety of forms. One such form is as a lingam. The ovoid shape is a representation of the absolute perfection of Lord Shiva - if that which is beyond form had to be given form, the lingam would be the closest form to the mystical experience of the absolute perfection of Shiva. Shiva is often pictured in a pacific mood with his consort Parvati, as the cosmic dancer Nataraja, as a naked ascetic, as a mendicant beggar, as a yogi, and as the androgynous union of Shiva and Parvati in one body (Ardhanarisvara).
Another example of Shiva's apparent synthesis of male and female attributes is seen in his earrings. He wears one earring in the style of a man and the other as a female.
Shiva's third eye is a symbol of higher consciousness. It is also a weapon he uses to destroy his enemies by emitting a fire missile which has the power to incinerate the three worlds. He can also kill all the gods and other creatures during the periodic destruction of the universe. Shiva's third eye first appeared when Parvati, his wife, playfully covered his other two eyes, so Shiva opened his third eye emitting his destructive missile endangering the three worlds.
Lava stone statues from Bali do not need much maintenance. The best way to maintain the statue is to simply dust the piece periodically to keep any dirt from accumulating. They can be used for both indoor and outdoor use.
go over the statue to remove any dust or dirt buildup."
Soap and warm water is the best way to maintain the statue. You can use a small brush to get into the small crevices of the statue like the hands and hair.
Lava stone's durability makes it perfect for cold winters and hot summers of any climate. The stone can stand up to the harshest conditions of heat and bitter cold. We suggest you bathe the sculpture at least once a year so that dirt does not collect on the sculpture. This will maintain the sculpture for your grandchildren and then their grandchildren!
If you have any questions concerning your lava stone statue please email us at [email protected] or call us at 1(760) 994-4455.
USA Shipping
This sculpture is in our Oceanside, California store and ready for immediate packing. Shipping is calculated from Oceanside, California after the purchase. This piece is too heavy to ship via UPS ground and will be shipped using R&L Freight Carriers. Approximately 3 working days are needed to pack the sculpture in its own custom wood crate. If you place your order online shipping will show in the order as $0. Shipping will be calculated based on the weight of the sculpture and the distance from Oceanside, CA to determine the shipping price. Shipping will then be added to the total after the order is placed. Please call 760-994-4455 or email us firstname.lastname@example.com for a shipping quote.
International Shipping
This sculpture is in our Oceanside, California store and ready for immediate packing. Shipping is calculated from Oceanside, California after the purchase. This piece is too heavy to ship via UPS ground and will be shipped using an international freight service. Typically we use TNT Special Services as they give the most competitive rates. Approximately 3 working days are needed to pack the sculpture in its own custom wood crate. If you place your order online shipping will show in the order as $0. Shipping will be calculated based on the weight of the sculpture and the distance from Oceanside, CA to determine the shipping price. The shipping quote will be emailed to you and no charge will be made without your approval. Shipping will then be added to the total after the order is placed. Please call 760-994-4455 or email us firstname.lastname@example.com for a shipping quote.
Shipping quote for Beautiful Balinese Shiva Lingam 52"
This statue weighs too much to be shipped using UPS or any of our international carriers and will have to be shipped by a freight carrier. We will get you a freight shipping quote for this statue.
Or you can call us directly at 1 (760) 994-4455.


text:
Page 1
Do Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) Make Counterproductive
Choices Because They Are Sensitive to Human Ostensive
Sarah Marshall-Pescini1*, Chiara Passalacqua1, Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini1, Paola Valsecchi2,
Emanuela Prato-Previde1
1Psychology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 2Department of Evolutionary and Functional Biology, University of
Parma, Parma, Italy
Dogs appear to be sensitive to human ostensive communicative cues in a variety of situations, however there is still a
measure of controversy as to the way in which these cues influence human-dog interactions. There is evidence for instance
that dogs can be led into making evaluation errors in a quantity discrimination task, for example losing their preference for
a larger food quantity if a human shows a preference for a smaller one, yet there is, so far, no explanation for this
phenomenon. Using a modified version of this task, in the current study we investigated whether non-social, social or
communicative cues (alone or in combination) cause dogs to go against their preference for the larger food quantity.
Results show that dogs' evaluation errors are indeed caused by a social bias, but, somewhat contrary to previous studies,
they highlight the potent effect of stimulus enhancement (handling the target) in influencing the dogs' response. A mild
influence on the dog's behaviour was found only when different ostensive cues (and no handling of the target) were used in
combination, suggesting their cumulative effect. The discussion addresses possible motives for discrepancies with previous
studies suggesting that both the intentionality and the directionality of the action may be important in causing dogs' social
Citation: Marshall-Pescini S, Passalacqua C, Miletto Petrazzini ME, Valsecchi P, Prato-Previde E (2012) Do Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) Make Counterproductive
Choices Because They Are Sensitive to Human Ostensive Cues? PLoS ONE 7(4): e35437. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035437
Editor: Attila Szolnoki, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
Received July 13, 2011; Accepted March 16, 2012; Published April 25, 2012
Copyright: ? 2012 Marshall-Pescini et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This research was supported by a doctoral and post-doctoral grant from Milan University to Chiara Passalacqua and Sarah Marshall-Pescini. The funders
had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
* E-mail: email@example.com
Recent research in the infant literature has shown the power of
specific 'ostensive signals' i.e. cues such as direct gazing, motherese
and use of the child's name and body orientation in assisting social
learning ([1–3] and [4] for a recent review). The demonstrator's
ostensive cues and/or actions perceived as 'intentional' have also
been shown to lead to inefficient choices in young children. For
example children 'over-imitate', i.e. copy redundant actions [2–6]
and carry out 'obvious' errors in their decision making process [7],
when ostensive cues are being used, showing that reliance on social
information may not always be the most adaptive strategy [8,9].
It has been proposed that dogs, potentially uniquely amongst
non-human species, also respond to human ostensive cues in
similar contexts and support has been gathering from various
studies. For example, dogs were shown to be faster at socially
learning a detour task when the demonstrator talked and looked at
them during the demonstration [10]; furthermore, ostensive cues
are thought to have played a role in dogs' selective imitation of a
conspecific's action ([11] but see [12] for an alternative
explanation of the imitative effect). However, more recent studies
have been less consistent, with one study showing no preferential
imitation of bodily actions in a communicative context [13] and
another finding a hindering effect of communicative signals in the
social acquisition of an object manipulation task [14].
Like in children, also in dogs there is some indication of various
kinds of evaluation errors caused by a greater reliance on socially
acquired rather than individually available information. In one
study [15] dogs were found to rely more on a human pointing
gesture than on their own olfactory abilities when attempting to
obtain hidden food, whereas another study found that dogs would
select a visibly non-baited container more after a communicative
than a non-communicative demonstration by the experimenter, if
the experimenter then stayed in the dog's presence [16]. Finally,
dogs that preferentially choose the larger of two food quantities
when alone, can be induced to lose that preference when their
owner (or a stranger [17]) vocally and behaviourally shows an
interest for the smaller food quantity [18]. In the latter studies the
owner and stranger used ostensive cues, such as gaze-alternation
and a high pitched voice, to express their interest for the smaller
food quantity, suggesting that these behaviours may have been
responsible for the dogs' evaluation errors.
Ostensive cues have also been used in the classic A-not-B
paradigm, where infants and dogs have to choose between two
locations after observing the demonstrator hiding a toy behind one
of them. Dogs, like infants, have been shown to be sensitive to the
use of ostensive signals (voice, gaze alternation and movement), in
PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org1April 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 4 | e35437
Page 2
that more perseverative errors were carried out when such signals
were observed (social-communicative trials) than when they were
not (non-communicative trials) [19]. However, this point is still a
matter of debate since in this particular study it was difficult to
disentangle the effects of enhancing a stimulus through non-social
(e.g. movement/sound of the target alone) vs. social (presence of a
person) vs. communicative (the person manifests specific cues)
means [20,21]. Furthermore, a combination of communicative
cues (calling the dogs' name and looking at it whilst holding up the
ball) were presented against a single non-social cue (holding the
ball and making it squeak), hence it was not possible to disentangle
whether it was the communicative nature of the stimuli or the
intensity of the combined behaviours which attracted the dogs'
attention more and hence affected their subsequent choice.
In a number of previous studies, it appeared difficult to tease
apart the influence of communicative cues and other social
mechanisms such as stimulus and local enhancement. Stimulus
enhancement occurs when an animal directs its behaviour towards
an object [22,23], while local enhancement occurs when an animal
directs its behaviours towards the place in which it witnessed
another individual act [24,25]. Together these mechanisms can be
considered simple forms of social enhancement, which have been
shown to be widespread and potentially very powerful in many
animal species [25,26].
Hence in the current study we used the experimental paradigm
adopted in Prato-Previde et al. [18] to: 1. ascertain whether the
evaluation error (i.e. loss of preference for the larger food quantity
when the experimenter shows interest in the smaller one) observed
in previous studies was due to social enhancement, 2. whether it
would be elicited only with the presentation of ostensive
communicative cues and 3. if so which communicative cues alone
or in combination would influence dogs more strongly.
potentially play an important role in influencing the dogs'
behaviour, i.e. the presence/absence of a model approaching the
the use of voice and gaze alternation; and the combination of
elementsoutlined above.Accordingly, dogswereallocatedtooneof
nine groups differing in the presence/absence of specific social and
communicative cues: 1. Independent choice- dogs were presented
with a discrimination task between large and small quantity of food
with no human intervention; this group formed the baseline against
which all other groups could be compared; 2. Non-social
enhancement- the target stimulus was enhanced in a non-social
manner (by lifting remotely); 3. Local enhancement- the (human)
model approached the target stimulus; 4. Stimulus enhancement-
the model approached and picked the target stimulus up bringing it
to the mouth (hand-food contact); 5. Ostensive enhancement- the
model approached the target picking the food up, gaze alternating
and talking to the dog; 6. Voice- the model approached the target
and talked with a high-pitched tone of voice without looking at the
dog; 7. Gaze alternation- the model approached the target and
approached the target moved the hand from target to mouth but
without making contact with the food.
Prato-Previde et al.'s experimental paradigm is particularly well
suited for testing the relative weight of social vs. ostensive cues
because in the crucial condition it places dogs in a visibly
conflicting situation, where a valuable resource (the large food
quantity) is placed in direct opposition with the social/communi-
cative behaviours exhibited by the person choosing the less
valuable resource (small food quantity).
If dogs are not affected by the cues presented to them, we expect
either an improvement (due to learning/practice) or no change in
the preference for the larger food quantity from the trials in which
dogs choose independently (no influence condition) to trials with a
demonstration (counterproductive influence condition), whereas, if
the cues presented influence the dogs' choices we expect a drop in
the preference for the larger food quantity, as observed in previous
studies [17,18]. Thus, following the person comes at a cost. The
more powerful the cues exhibited the more willing the dogs should
be to ignore their own independent source of information and go
with the social information instead.
If, as has been suggested, ostensive cues are particularly salient
for domestic dogs, then we would expect dogs in the communi-
cative cues groups (Voice, Gaze, Voice+Gaze and Ostensive
enhancement) to lose their preference for the larger food quantity
in the crucial counterproductive condition more than dogs in our
independent choice group. If however the evaluation error shown
by dogs is due to a simpler social enhancement effect then we
would expect dogs in the stimulus enhancement and local
enhancement group to also show a loss of preference compared
to the independent choice group. Finally, if the effect is not linked
to social factors at all, but any kind of attention-getting cues (e.g.
the food swinging and falling on the plate with an audible plop) are
enough to confuse dogs and make them loose their preference for
the large food quantity, then we would expect a loss of preference
for the large food quantity also in the non-social enhancement
Ethics Statement
No special permission for use of animals (dogs) in such socio-
is the Ethical Committee of the Universita ` degli Studi di Milano.
149 dog-owner dyads were recruited through personal contacts,
advertisements in parks and veterinary surgeons. The dog sample
consisted of 60 males and 89 females whose ages ranged from 1 to
10 years (mean=4.4 years, SD=3.3). One hundred and two dogs
were pure-breed (see Text S1) and 47 mixed-breed. All the dogs
were kept for companionship, lived within the human household
and had either no or only basic training experience. A number of
dogs had participated in other studies by our group but not in
studies using the experimental paradigm adopted here. Dogs were
semi-randomly allocated to one of nine groups, counterbalancing
as much as possible for age, sex and participation in other studies.
All testing took place in a relatively bare testing room at the
'Canis sapiens' laboratory of the University of Milan. The behaviour
of the dog and its owner during testing was video-recorded using a
wide-angle video camera positioned on a tripod located in one
corner of the testing area (Figure 1).
Prior to testing the owner was asked to enter with his/her dog
into the testing room and the dog was allowed to freely explore the
environment whilst the experimenter described the procedure to
the owner. In order to be sure that the dogs would be sufficiently
motivated to perform the food choice task the owners were asked
not to feed their dogs at least four hours prior to testing. In
addition, the palatability of the food used was always evaluated by
offering the dog a few pieces prior to testing.
The food was presented in two plastic dishes (22 cm in
diameter62 cm). Two different quantities of food were used:
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small, consisting of a single piece of food, and large, consisting of
six pieces of food evenly spread out on the plate.
The procedure consisted of three conditions: Condition 1-
Neutral influence: the choice between the two equally small
quantities (one piece of food in each plate) with the demonstrator
showing an interest for either one or the other; Condition 2- No
influence: dogs can choose between the large and small food
quantity with no person influence (this condition was identical for
all groups); and Condition 3- Counterproductive influence:
the choice between the large and small food quantity with the
demonstrator showing an interest for the small one.
Dogs received a total of 18 trials, i.e. six trials in each condition.
The position of the large and small food quantity was counterbal-
anced both in Condition 2 and Condition 3. To avoid the
development of a side preference the same food quantity was never
the position of the demonstrator was counterbalanced in the same
manner. In all conditions the dogs were on a leash held by their
seated owners1.5 mfromtheaxisonwhichtheplateswereset.The
plates were set 1 m apart equally distant from the dog (Figure 1).
In most conditions (apart from the non-social enhancement
group- see below) the experimenter started the procedure by
taking two steps towards the dog, crouching and simultaneously
placing the plates on the ground in their specified positions. After
exhibiting the communicative signals appropriate to the group
condition (see below) the experimenter took two steps back
reaching a central position between the plates and with her back
turned to the dog. Once in position the experimenter told the
owner to drop the leash, allowing the dog to make its choice. After
the dog had chosen one of the two plates, the other was quickly
removed by the experimenter.
Dogs were allocated to one of the following groups (see Movie
S1 for demonstrations of procedures for each group):
plates on the ground the experimenter took up the neutral back-
turned position between the two plates. Thus, dogs were presented
with the large and small quantity with no interference from the
experimenter, for a total of 12 trials. This group allows us to assess
between the first six vs. latter six trials.
Group 2- Non-social enhancement (no person visible).
person hidden behind a 126678 cm screen manipulated the
presentation of the plates (sliding them simultaneously in front of
the dog from behind the panel) and the enhancement of the target
piece of food which was lifted and then dropped with an audible
'plop' on the plate by using a 'fishing rod'. Thus throughout this
condition dogs never saw the person although the timing of the
presentation was the same as for other groups.
Group 3- Local enhancement (approach only).
placed the plates on the ground the experimenter stood up, took a
the food for 5 seconds. She then stood up again and took up the
neutral back-turned position between the two plates.
Group 4- Stimulus enhancement (approach+ +hand-food
Having placed the plates on the ground the
experimenter stood up, took a step towards one of the plates, and
up the food bringing it level to the mouth and holding it there for
5 seconds. She then placed the food back down, stood and took up
the neutral back-turned position between the two plates.
Group 5- Ostensive enhancement (approach+ +hand-food
contact+ +voice+ +gaze-alternation).
to her mouth and looking intently first at the food then at the dog
then at the food again, said with a friendly tone of voice ''Oh wow,
thisisgood,thisissogood!''(forthetotaldurationof5 seconds).She
two plates.
Group 6- Voice (approach+ +voice).
the plates, and crouched down looking intently at the food for
5 seconds whilst saying in a friendly tone of voice ''Oh wow, this is
good,this issogood!''.Shethenstood andtookuptheneutral back-
turned position between the two plates.
Group 7-Gaze alternation
Having placed the plates on the ground the
experimenter stood up, took a step towards one of the plates, and
at the food again, for the duration of 5 seconds. She then stood and
took up the neutral back-turned position between the two plates.
Group 8- Voice+ +Gaze alternation (approach+ +voice+ +gaze-
Having placed the plates on the ground the
experimenter stood up, took a step towards one of the plates, and
at the food again whilst saying in a friendly tone of voice ''Oh wow,
this is good, this is so good!'' (total duration being 5 seconds). She
two plates.
Having placed the plates on the ground the
experimenter stood up, took a step towards one of the plates, and
crouched down again looking intently at the food for 5 seconds
whilst heropen and visibly empty hand moved from the plate to her
Having placed the plates on
Having placed the plates
(approach+ +gaze-
(approach+ +hand-to-mouth
Figure 1. Schematic depiction of the experimental setup.
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between the two plates.
Data analysis
The dogs' choices were scored from video. Only dogs that were
placed in a central position between the plates and had looked at
both plates before being released were included in the analysis. We
recorded the number of times a dog chose the large food quantity
in Condition 2 and 3 and the number of times it followed the
demonstrator's indication in Condition 1 (i.e., dogs scored 0 to 6 in
each condition).
Furthermore, the dog's gazing behaviour whilst being held by
the owner and prior to making a choice was coded using the
Solomon (beta 091110, Copyright 2006–2008 by Andra ´s Pe ´ter)
program. In Condition 1 and 3, whilst the experimenter was
expressing her choice of plates we recorded the time spent by the
dog looking at 1. the plate chosen by the experimenter, 2. the
other (non-chosen) plate and 3. elsewhere. The dog's looking time
was recorded from the moment the person placed the plates on the
ground, to the moment the dog was released. A looking index was
computed with (time spent looking at the target plate)/(time spent
looking at the target plate+the other plate)*100, over the 6 trials in
each condition.
For both the gazing behaviour and the dogs choice 20% of the
data was coded by a second observer. Reliability for choice was
100%; reliability for the duration of gazing were all above a=0.76
(Cronbach's alpha).
To assess whether dogs in each group showed a preference for
the larger food quantity in the no influence condition (Condition 2)
a One-sample Wilcoxon test was used. A Generalized Linear
model (Poisson distribution) was run to compare groups in
Condition 1 (Neutral influence), with number of times the dogs
followed the person as the dependent variable and group as the
factor. Furthermore, a Generalized Estimating Equation and post-
hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction were used to
assess the between and within group differences in the dogs'
preference for the larger quantity in Condition 2 (No influence)
and Condition 3 (Counterproductive influence). The dependent
variable was the number of times dogs chose the larger food
quantity; the 'independent choice' group was set as the control
group; factors were group and condition and both main effects and
interactions were calculated.
Finally, a Generalized Estimating Equation (with Linear
distribution) and post-hoc comparisons with Bonferroni correction
were also used to assess the between and within group differences
in the dog's looking time to the target/person's plate in the neutral
influence (Condition 1) and counterproductive influence (Condi-
tion 3). The dependent variable was the looking time index, the
factors were group and condition and both main effects and
interactions were calculated.
Statistical tests were two-tailed, the a value was set at 0.05 and
the statistical package SPSS version 19 was used.
Twelve of the 149 dogs tested were removed from analysis
either because over the 18 trials they revealed a 100% side bias or
because they did not complete all 18 trials. All dogs looked at both
plates prior to choice. This resulted in the following group
composition: Group 1- Independent choice: 14 dogs (7 F, 7 M);
Group 2- Non-social enhancement: 15 dogs (10 F, 5 M); Group 3-
Local enhancement: 15 dogs (9 F, 6 M); Group 4- Stimulus
enhancement 14 dogs (9 F, 5 M); Group 5- Ostensive enhance-
ment: 15 dogs (9 F, 6 M); Group 6- Voice: 17 dogs (11 F, 6 M);
Group 7- Gaze alternation: 17 dogs (9 F, 8 M); Group 8-
Voice+Gaze alternation: 15 dogs (8 F, 7 M); Group 9- Empty
hand-pick: 15 dogs (11 F, 4 M). Looking time was analysed only
for dogs who had witnessed a demonstration (thus excluding the
independent choice group): however, due to video malfunction
only 116 of the 123 dogs could be analysed for looking time, thus
results are based on this data.
Figure 2. Dogs' choice of the large food quantity. Mean choice (and SEM) of the large food quantity in the no influence and counterproductive
influence condition for each group (significant differences are shown for within group comparison *P,0.01). In the counterproductive influence
condition dogs in the Ostensive enhancement and Stimulus enhancement group chose the larger quantity significantly less than dogs in the
Independent choice group.
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Overall, in Condition 2 (no influence) 100 (73%) dogs chose the
larger food quantity more often (i.e. on either four or more trials
out of the total six); 31 (23%) dogs chose at random (i.e. chose the
larger food quantity on three out of six trials), 6 (4%) dogs chose
the larger food quantity twice or less. Thus overall, dogs
significantly preferred choosing the larger food quantity (One-
sample Wilcoxon: Group 1: z=2.63, p=0.02; Group 2: z=3.43,
p,0.001; Group 3: z=2.97, p=0.001; Group 4: z=2.62,
p=0.02; Group 5: z=2.38, p,0.01; Group 6: z=3.64,
p,0.001; Group 7: z=3.63, p,0.001; Group 8: z=3.45,
p,0.001; Group 9: z=3.43, p,0.001).
Nodifferences betweengroupsemergedinthedogs'choiceofthe
target plate in Condition 1 (Neutral influence) (Wald=7.75; df=7,
p=0.35).However,thegeneralizedestimatingequation comparing
food quantity as dependent variable, revealed main effects for both
group (Wald=37.8, df=8, p,0.001) and condition (Wald=3.8,
df=1,p=0.051)aswellasasignificant interactionbetweenthe two
(Wald=84.8, df=8, p,0.001), with the Ostensive, Stimulus
enhancement and Voice+Gaze group, showing a significantly
different performance from the baseline independent choice group
in Condition 3 (Ostensive p,0.001; Stimulus p,0.001; Voice+-
Gaze p=0.01) but not in Condition 2 (Ostensive p=0.99; Stimulus
p=0.47; Voice+Gaze p=0.65) (Figure 2).
Post-hoc analyses were also carried out to assess the change in
preference for the large food quantity between Condition 2 (No
influence) and Condition 3 (Counterproductive influence) in each
group. A significant difference emerged in the Independent choice
(p=0.007), Local enhancement (p=0.003), Stimulus enhancement
two groups showing an improvement in performance from
Condition 2 to Condition 3, and dogs in the latter two groups
showing a drop in their preference for the larger food quantity
(Figure 2).
As regards looking time, a main effect of both group
(Wald=113.96, df=7, p,0.001) and condition (Wald=78.22,
df=7, p,0.001) emerged as well as an interaction between the
two factors (Wald=17.66, df=7, p=0.01). Post-hoc analyses
showed that dogs looked at the person/target plate more in the
Neutral than in the Counterproductive condition in the Non-social
enhancement (p=0.04), Local enhancement (p=0.003), Voice
(p=0.001) and Hand-to-mouth group (p=0.02), whereas no such
difference emerged in the Stimulus enhancement (p=0.14),
Ostensive enhancement (p=1), Gaze (p=1) and Voice+Gaze
(p=1) group. Furthermore, in Condition 1 dogs in the Ostensive,
Stimulus enhancement and Hand-to mouth group looked at the
person/target plate more than dogs in most other groups (Table 1
and Figure 3). In the Counterproductive condition however, dogs
in the Ostensive group continued to look at the person as much as
dogs in the Stimulus enhancement and Hand-to-mouth group, but
whereas dogs in the Ostensive group differed from all other
groups, dogs in the Stimulus and Hand-to-mouth group continued
to look more at the person than dogs only in the Non-social and
Local enhancement groups (Table 2 and Figure 3).
There is currently some debate as to the extent of dog's
sensitivity to ostensive cues, the mechanisms behind this
phenomenon and its function in the dog-human relationship. At
present it is not clear whether ostensive cues influence the dogs'
learning process above and beyond simply attracting the dog's
attention more to the demonstrated actions, in fact in a recent
study, dogs were shown to learn a detour task as efficiently from a
partial demonstration from an inanimate object than from a
human demonstrating the action whilst calling the dog [27].
In the current study, by placing dogs in a conflict situation we
were able to assess the relative weight of each communicative cue
both in attracting the dog's attention (looking time) during the
demonstration, and in influencing the dog's choice behaviour. The
results from the looking time data show that even in the condition
where a conflict between larger food quantity and demonstration
exists (Counterproductive influence) dogs in all groups looked at
the demonstrator for more than 57% of the trial time (with the
remaining time spent looking at the other plate). However,
differences between demonstrations emerged clearly: the most
powerful attention-getting behaviours were not the communicative
cues (neither alone nor combined), but rather the Hand-to-mouth
action with our without food-contact. Yet, although dogs in the
Hand-to-mouth group looked at the demonstration to the same
extent as dogs in the Stimulus and Ostensive enhancement group,
their choices were not affected in the same way since dogs in the
hand-to-mouth group did not go against their preference for the
larger food quantity. Interestingly, this shows that although human
cues can strongly influence both aspects of the dogs' behaviour
they may not necessarily do so in parallel.
In terms of the dogs' choices in the current study we investigated
whether dogs would choose against their preference in a food
quantity discrimination task according to the type of non-social,
social and communicative cues presented.
With no interference from the demonstrator (i.e. No influence
condition) dogs in all groups showed an overall preference for the
larger food quantity and dogs that were allowed to continue
choosing with no interference for 12 trials (Independent choice
group) showed an improvement across the first and last six trials.
Thus dogs, overall, prefer the larger food quantity and with
practice become better at discriminating between the two.
Given that dogs in the absence of interference prefer a larger
food quantity the central question is under which conditions they
would choose against their preference. The same pattern of
improvement in quantity discrimination found in the Independent
choice group was replicated also in the Local enhancement group,
thus dogs who witnessed a person approaching and squatting
down next to the plate but showing no communicative cues and no
handling of the food, were able to improve their choice of the
larger food quantity across trials. Contrary to this pattern, dogs in
the Stimulus enhancement and Ostensive enhancement groups
(presented with the demonstrator either handling the food or both
handling the food and looking and talking to them) started
choosing against their preference more often giving up the larger
food quantity to follow the model's choice of the smaller one. Dogs
in the other groups (Non-social enhancement, Voice, Gaze, Hand-
to-mouth, Voice+Gaze) showed neither a significant improvement
nor a significant drop in performance.
Predictably (given results from the within group comparisons),
when compared to the Independent choice group dogs in the
Stimulus and Ostensive group showed a significantly lower
preference for the larger food quantity in the counterproductive
influence condition, however the same pattern of results emerged
also for the Voice+Gaze group, suggesting that dogs in this group
are also, to a certain extent, affected by the demonstration.
Given dogs did not go against their preference if they saw food
being lifted and falling with no human intervention (the Non-social
enhancement group) we can conclude that the evaluation error
observed in the current study was caused by a social bias, which
could be induced either by a highly salient social cue such as
handling the food (Stimulus enhancement group) or, to a lesser
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Page 6
extent, by using a combination of communicative cues such as
talking inafriendlyvoiceand gazealternation(Voice+Gazegroup).
Current results highlight the potent effect of stimulus enhance-
ment (in this case handling the food) as a social influencing/
learning mechanism and are somewhat at odds with other
published work where stimulus enhancement unaccompanied by
communicative cues did not
[16,19,21]. It is perhaps interesting to note however, that in both
the Topal et al. studies [19,21] and the Kupan et al. study [16]
toys were used as the target object, whereas in our own study food
was the source of interest. The discrepancy in results may thus be
linked to the use of these different stimuli. It may be that dogs
considered picking up the food (with no other signal) as a
communicative cue directed at them (showing them 'their' food),
but did not view manipulation of an object (with no other cue) as
influence the dogs'choices
an invitation to interact with it. Dogs may be used to seeing us
manipulate objects that are of no concern to them, but
manipulating food from the ground may be more easily considered
an explicit invitation even with no further communicative cue
present. This may be supported by the fact that when the
demonstrator did not pick the food up (thus only local
enhancement was used) dogs were able to totally ignore the
experimenter's behaviour.
Another possibility is that the perception of the other's action as
intentional may be in some cases sufficient to produce a social bias
even when no communicative cue indicates to whom the action is
directed to. Infants of a very young age have been shown to
perceive grasping an object as an intentional action [28,29] and
evidence from mirror neuron studies in macaques also suggest that
grasping is perceived as goal-directed [30]. Furthermore, a recent
Figure 3. Looking index. Mean (and SEM) durations (in percentage) of looking to the target/experimenter plate in the neutral choice and
counterproductive influence condition for each group (significant differences are shown for within group comparison *P,0.05, **P,0.01; see Tables 1
and 2 for between group results).
Table 1. Looking at the target/person plate in the Neutral condition (Condition 1) for dogs in each group.
non-soc enhlocal enh stim enh ost enh voicegazevoice+ +gaze
mean in %69.5974.7488.3187.3175.9577.6679.3788.76
non-soc enh1
local enh10.0010.0071110.001
stimulus enh
,0.0010.00110.0030.03 0.21
ostensive enh
,0.0010.00710.03 0.2 0.91
voice11 0.0030.03110.004
gaze11 0.031110.03
voice+ +gaze0.111 0.2 0.9211 0.2
,0.001 0.001110.0040.030.2
Results (p-values) of the between group post-hoc comparisons (with Bonferroni corrections).
Effect of Ostensive Communication on Dogs' Choices
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Page 7
study showed that children's 'over-imitation' (copying obviously
useless actions) is linked to the perceived intentionality of the
demonstrator's actions [6]. In our study the same hand movement
(hand-to-mouth) with or without the grasping of the target,
produced similar levels of looking/attention but very different
effects on the dogs' behaviour. Only in the latter case did dogs go
against their preference. It is thus possible that whereas both
demonstrations attracted the dogs' attention only the grasping
motion was perceived as intentional and that this may play a role
in causing the observed social bias. This would be in line with
results showing that the intentionality of a pointing gesture can be
discerned and may be sufficient to affect dogs' choices in a classic
two-choice task [31].
Thus, what seems to emerge from previous studies and our own
is that the dog's social bias may be influenced by a combination of
the perception of the intentionality behind the action and the
communicative framework within which it is placed. In line with
other studies [31] we found that the latter appears to be perceived
the strongest when communicative cues are used in combination
(voice+gaze) rather than singularly, most probably since this
reflects the naturalistic interactions between dogs and humans. A
further element, which may be important in the emergence of a
social bias is the dog's motivation to interact with the stimuli (i.e.
the potential differences of food vs. toys). Future studies will need
to consider these aspects separately to tease apart the relative
importance of each.
Finally, current results have interesting implication for the
hypothesis that social learning may in some cases be maladaptive.
A recent review [9] highlighted the need for studies which would
address the potential occurrence of ''informational cascades'',
where suboptimal methods may spread rapidly across a population
because social information comes to outweigh personal experi-
ence, however very few studies have explored under what
conditions an animal will choose to rely on private vs. social
information [8,9,32–36]. The current study adds to a small but
growing literature showing that social learning is not necessarily
always the best strategy [34–39] and provides an experimental
paradigm which may potentially be used to explore when an
animal will rely on private vs. social information.
Supporting Information
Movie S1
dogs in each group.
Videos of the demonstrations witnessed by
Text S1
Breeds of participating dogs.
We would like to thank all the owners and dogs that participated as
volunteers, Isabella Merola for invaluable aid in data collection, Stefano
Leonardi from Parma University and Nicola Ferrari from Milan University
for help with statistical analyses, and two anonymous referees for insightful
suggestions on a previous version of this manuscript.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SMP PV EPP. Performed the
experiments: SMP CP MEMP. Analyzed the data: SMP CP MEMP.
Wrote the paper: SMP PV EPP.
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Effect of Ostensive Communication on Dogs' Choices
PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org8April 2012 | Volume 7 | Issue 4 | e35437


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Elizabethtown City Council on Monday approved roughly $520,000 worth of equipment purchases for Elizabethtown Sports Park with more equipment requests expected.
The purchases are part of a sizable list of maintenance items needed for upkeep of the park and its fields once the park opens this summer.
Seth Breitner, park director, said Monday's purchases are big-ticket, specialty mowing and field equipment needed to properly maintain, trim and fertilize sports fields and differ from normal mowing equipment.
Just as beer sales surpassed expectations in the first weeks, the first liquor outlets in Hardin County are reporting brisk business.
The day after the Kentucky Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control announced license recipients Feb. 21, Best Buy Liquor Outlet arrived at Radcliff City Hall to pay for its $1,500 local license.
Harry Patel, who operated a convenience store on Rogersville Road near its intersection with South Wilson Road, quickly cleared shelves to make room for liquor and wine supplies at Best Buy Liquor Outlet.
Nelle Thomas' hope to find a new home for Kids Café by spring has materialized.
The agency's name has changed to Mission Hope for Kids, but the mission to improve the lives of Hardin County's youth remains, said Thomas, who serves as executive director.
A head-on collision Sunday night near the 101-mile marker of Interstate 65 left two women and a 9-year-old child injured.
Shelly Thrasher, 30, of Louisville was driving north on I-65 in a 2006 Toyota Corolla, according to Kentucky State Police. For unknown reasons, the Corolla drifted right and struck the guardrail, causing her to veer left, crossing the northbound lanes and median and into the path of southbound traffic.
Elizabethtown Police Department responded to an injury wreck involving a motorcycle Monday morning on West Dixie Avenue.
David K. Curry, 42, of Elizabethtown, was riding a blue 2006 Yamaha motorcycle, police say. Curry had just turned from North Mantle Avenue and was northbound on Dixie when the cycle collided with the left side of a silver 2005 GMC driven by Willis E. Rich Jr., 76, of Elizabethtown.
Rich was leaving the McDonald's parking lot to pull onto the road when the wreck occurred just after 7:30 a.m., according to an EPD news release.
A number of community agencies will come together this week to assist new and expectant mothers in Hardin County.
Local organizations are hosting a community baby shower from 9:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Tuesday at Pritchard Community Center in Elizabethtown. The shower will offer baby gifts and information on having a healthy baby and the local resources to make that possible.
The event is sponsored by Communicare, Family Resource Centers of local school districts, Hardin County Schools Cradle School and the Lincoln Trail District Health Department.
Change is constant.
It's actually the only thing in life that is. Just as a routine begins and life seems to settle, there's a bump in the road and everything is thrown off course.
Joyce Mercer of Vine Grove never thought when she retired that she would continue working for no pay.
She decided she wanted to give back to the community after she and her husband sold their dry cleaning business in Vine Grove in 1990.
Mercer began volunteering at the greeter's desk at Hardin Memorial Hospital, where she has pitched in for more than 25 years.
In 1968, when law enforcement officers discovered the first methamphetamine lab in California, it was just that — a laboratory. Those manufacturing it truly were chemists.
Today, the majority of methamphetamine production takes place in a portable lab, but it's not really a lab. It's a plastic soda bottle, Sgt. Billy Edwards told Elizabethtown Police Department's citizen police academy last Monday.
Copyright © 2015
The News-Enterprise is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Elizabethtown, KY, Hardin County and the surrounding area.


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