text:
Page 1
Current Constraints and Future Directions
in Estimating Coextinction
∗School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
†Western Australian Department of Environment & Conservation, P.O. Box 10173, Kalgoorlie, WA 6430, Australia
‡NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 1967, Hurstville, NSW 2220, Australia
§Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
losses to global biodiversity through the loss of dependent species when hosts go extinct. There are critical gaps
in coextinction theory, and we outline these in a framework to direct future research toward more accurate
estimates of coextinction rates. Specifically, the most critical priorities include acquisition of more accurate
host data, including the threat status of host species; acquisition of data on the use of hosts by dependent
species across a wide array of localities, habitats, and breadth of both hosts and dependents; development
of models that incorporate correlates of nonrandom host and dependent extinctions, such as phylogeny and
traits that increase extinction-proneness; and determination of whether dependents are being lost before their
hosts and adjusting models accordingly. Without synergistic development of better empirical data and more
realistic models to estimate the number of cothreatened species and coextinction rates, the contribution of
coextinction to global declines in biodiversity will remain unknown and unmanaged.
Coextinction is a poorly quantified phenomenon, but results of recent modeling suggest high
Keywords: extinction risk, host specificity, host switching, insects, invertebrates, plant–insect interactions,
parasites, species loss
Restricciones Actuales y Directrices Futuras en la Estimaci´ on de la Coextinci´ on
sugieren grandes p´ erdidas de biodiversidad local mediante la p´ erdida de especies dependientes cuando los
hospederos se extinguen. Hay vac´ ıos cr´ ıticos en la teor´ ıa de coextinc´ ı´ on, y los delineamos en un marco de
referencia para dirigir la investigaci´ on futura hacia estimaciones m´ as precisas de las tasas de coextinci´ on.
Espec´ ıficamente, las prioridades m´ as cr´ ıticas incluyen la obtenci´ on de datos m´ as precisos de los hospederos,
incluyendo el estatus de amenaza de las especie hospedera; obtenci´ on de datos sobre el uso de hospederos
por especies dependientes en una amplia gama de localidades, h´ abitats y amplitud tanto de hospederos como
dependientes; desarrollo de modelos que incorporen correlaciones de extinciones no aleatorias de hospederos
y dependientes, como la filogenia y atributos que incrementan la susceptibilidad a la extinci´ on; y determinar
s´ ı los dependientes se pierden antes que sus hospederos y consecuentemente ajustar los modelos. Sin el
desarrollo sin´ ergico de mejores datos emp´ ıricos y modelos m´ as realistas para estimar el n´ umero de especies
coamenazadas y las tasas de coextinci´ on, la contribuci´ on de coextinci´ on a las declinaciones globales de
biodiversidad permanecer´ a desconocida y no podr´ a ser manejada.
La coextinci´ on es un fen´ omeno poco cuantificado, pero los resultados de modelos recientes
Palabras Clave: alternancia de hospedero, especificidad de hospedero, insectos, interacciones planta-insecto,
invertebrados, par´ asitos, p´ erdida de especies, riesgo de extinci´ on
††email firstname.lastname@example.com
Paper submitted April 6, 2009; revised manuscript accepted August 17, 2009.
Conservation Biology, Volume 24, No. 3, 682–690
C ?2010 Society for Conservation Biology
DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01398.x
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Moir et al.
The loss of species through extinction is the only truly
irreversible global environmental change occurring to-
day (Dirzo & Raven 2003). Of the many mechanisms of
species extinction, the least understood is coextinction.
Coextinction occurs when species go extinct because
the host on which they depend becomes extinct (Pimm
1986), or at least undergoes significant decline. Our def-
inition of coextinction is the loss of dependent species
due to a change in their host population, such as reduced
host abundance or removal of individual hosts from the
host-induced extinction, however, should be recognized
as a form of coextinction because it requires the same
management measures as extinction of both host and
dependent simultaneously to maintain a viable host pop-
ulation accessible to the dependent species.
The degree of species specialization "is arguably the
most fundamental concept in the history of thought
on extinction risk" (McKinney 1997). Host specificity is
therefore a crucial factor in coextinction. Every animal
species may host a range of external and internal para-
sites, including mites, lice, fleas, and nematodes. Many of
these dependent species have restricted or unique host
relationships and hence face coextinction if their hosts
become extinct (Nunn et al. 2004; Hughes & Page 2007;
to at least one host-specific herbivorous species of insect
(Strong et al. 1984). Approximately 22,100 (7.4%) of the
world's 300,000 plant species are considered threatened
(Smith et al. 1993; Myers et al. 2000), so the potential for
coextinction of numerous host-dependent insect species
is high (Koh et al. 2004a). Despite the critical implica-
tions of coextinction for global biodiversity, the topic is
poorly studied. More generally, species interactions are
usually ignored when the extinction risks of species are
assessed (Sabo 2008).
Current conservation strategies overlook most inverte-
brates and microorganisms, including pathogens (many
of which depend on hosts). Inefficient use of scarce con-
servation resources and unforeseen extinctions may re-
and other taxa reliant on trophic processes in which de-
pendent species are involved (the latter are often termed
extinction cascades; Diamond 1989). Some conservation
for their dependent species either directly (actively re-
moving the dependent species from hosts [e.g., Bevill et
al. 1999]) or indirectly (removal of the host from the wild
[e.g., Gompper & Williams 1998]). Although the loss of a
dependent species, such as a parasite or herbivore, may
be expected to benefit the short-term survival of a threat-
ened host (Bevill et al. 1999), unexpected consequences
other parasites or herbivores (Gonz´ alez-Meg´ ıas & G´ omez
2003). Insects with parasitic larval stages that depend
on plants or animals may also perform important ecosys-
tem functions, for example as pollinators, during other
stages of their life cycle (Hudson et al. 2006). In some
circumstances, conservation of dependent species may
benefit the host species because parasites can increase
the genetic diversity of hosts (Nunn et al. 2004; Poulin
& Morand 2004; Duffy et al. 2008) and thereby reduce
susceptibility of host populations to extinction through
epidemics of novel pathogens (e.g., Altizer et al. 2003).
Thus, dependent species, themselves a large and impor-
tant component of biodiversity, should be conserved to
sustain an even wider array of species and ecological
Because coextinction rates must be estimated with
models of dependent species and their hosts, here we
first examine current models. Second, we propose fu-
ture directions for empirical studies that are needed to
structure and parameterize realistic models of coextinc-
Linear versus Nonlinear Relationships in Models
Estimating Coextinction
most of them are undescribed (Hammond 1995). Thus,
estimating coextinction rates for invertebrates will re-
quire modeling to supplement available data and direct
further data collection (Koh et al. 2004a). There is no
standard model for estimating the potential loss of de-
pendent species through coextinction of their hosts. The
simplest approach assumes a linear extrapolation of ex-
tinction in which the number of threatened dependents
reflects the number of hosts that are threatened (Stork &
Lyal 1993; Poulin & Morand 2004; Thacker et al. 2006).
The linear approach assumes unique host dependency
(monophagy), and departure from this assumption ad-
versely affects the accuracy of estimates of threatened
For most species the linear approach to estimating co-
extinction risk is overly simplistic for several reasons.
First, dependent species may require several different
hosts during their life cycle; thus, their extinction risk
is compounded if any one host is threatened. For ex-
ample, the endangered butterfly Maculinea arion de-
pends on a host plant and a tending ant species, but
extinction probability of the butterfly greatly increases
if either the host–plant cover falls below 5% or host–ant
density is <500 nests/ha (Griebeler & Seitz 2002). The
assumption of a linear relationship between host and
dependent extinctions is therefore likely to underesti-
mate extinction rates of dependents because dependents
with more complex life histories are likely to have higher
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Volume 24, No. 3, 2010
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Coextinction: Constraints and Directions
Figure 1. Hypothetical examples
of the proportion of dependent
species expected to be extin-
guished through coextinction
with increasing proportions of
host extinctions derived from a
probabilistic model approach
(sensu Koh et al. 2004a) (line a);
dependent species having a 1:1
ratio with hosts (i.e., monophagy)
or a linear relationship (line b);
and dependent species becoming
extinct before hosts (line c).
coextinction rates (Koh et al. 2004a). Second, a depen-
dent species may be capable of using several alternative
host species, only one of which may be threatened. In
this case linear extrapolation of coextinction risks over-
estimating the threat (Dobson et al. 2008). Moreover,
alternative hosts may vary in suitability, such that de-
pendent populations may have different rates of survival,
growth, and reproduction on different host species. For
example, if the endangered butterfly Maculinea rebeli is
tended by ant species other than Myrmica schencki, it
has 29 times higher larval mortality (Steiner et al. 2003).
Such relationships suggest a departure from simple linear
To move beyond simple linear assumptions of
dependent–host relationships, Koh et al. (2004a) esti-
mated coextinction risks for a range of invertebrates and
their hosts with probabilistic and nomographic models
derived from host–dependent matrices that incorporated
different levels of host specificity. They found that as
the number of host extinctions increases, the number of
dependent species being extinguished increases at an ac-
celerating rate (Fig. 1). The exceptions were assemblages
in which all dependent species were host specific to a
single host species, which produced a linear relationship
(e.g., primates and their nematodes; Fig. 1). From these
models Koh et al. (2004a) estimated that on the basis
of threat status of host taxa (Hilton-Taylor 2000), 4672
beetles, 598 fish parasites, 446 lice, 193 bird mites, 142
butterflies, 20 primate nematodes, nine primate fungi,
and eight fig wasps were threatened globally with coex-
tinction. They suggest that this mechanism of extinction
has most likely already caused the loss of over 200 depen-
dent species since 1500 AD and will become increasingly
important as more host species are extinguished.
Current Gaps in Coextinction Theory
Despite recent advances in estimating potential coextinc-
specificity (Koh et al. 2004a; Dobson et al. 2008), further
refinements are required to improve the empirical basis
date inevitable uncertainties that remain in relationships
between dependents and their hosts. Coextinction esti-
mates are influenced by the host data, dependent data,
and the interactions between these two components
(Fig. 2). Several (often interrelated) factors may alter
hosts, dependents, or their interaction. For hosts these
factors include the accuracy of the threat status of hosts
(Fig. 2a), the breadth of host species examined (Fig. 2b),
and the correlated pattern of host extinctions (Fig. 2c).
For dependents, important factors are breadth of the de-
pendent species assessed (Fig. 2d) and host specificity
of the dependents (Fig. 2e). Important considerations
influencing interactions between hosts and dependent
species include differences in host–dependent interac-
tions across regions (Fig. 2f) and whether hosts or their
dependents go extinct first (Fig. 2g). We discuss each
factor below in further detail.
Estimating Extinction Risks of Hosts
Estimating extinction risks of host taxa is crucial for es-
timating extinction risks of their dependents. Koh et al.
(2004a) used data from the IUCN (International Union
for Conservation of Nature) Red List (Hilton-Taylor 2000)
to estimate the number of threatened species in various
taxonomic groups of hosts. Coextinction is not listed
as a threatening process by the IUCN (IUCN 2008);
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Moir et al.
Figure 2. A conceptual framework for the components influencing coextinction estimates. Coextinction is
primarily influenced by hosts, dependent species, and their interactions. These variables are in turn influenced by
several factors. See text for an explanation of factors a through g.
many species are threatened by coextinction. The IUCN
assessments of threat reflect relative extinction risks of
mammals and birds well in 70–80% of cases (Keith et al.
2004), but assessments of plant and many other inverte-
brate hosts are notoriously incomplete, at least relative to
mammals, birds, amphibians, and corals, for which there
are recent global assessments. Because red lists underes-
timate the total number of threatened taxa for particular
host groups (Cuar´ on 1993; Smith et al. 1993), coextinc-
tion rates derived from red-list data will also be severely
underestimated. A more reliable method of determining
the regional number of threatened taxa (both host and
dependent species) is to use local sources (Rodriguez et
al. 2000) such as government and nongovernment orga-
nizations, published literature, and experts (field ecolo-
gists and taxonomists) in the particular taxa of interest.
In addition, such local sources may provide further crit-
ical information about threatened hosts and their associ-
ated dependents for models. For example, a host-specific
species of plant louse (Psyllidae) has been recorded from
only one of six populations of its threatened host and
is therefore at greater risk of extinction than the host
(Taylor & Moir 2009). Combining information from such
a wide range of sources lends itself to Bayesian analysis
(Clark 2007; McCarthy 2007) of the extinction risk of
hosts and their dependents. Undoubtedly, use of more
accurate data on the threat status of host species will
increase the overall number of dependents regarded as
being cothreatened.
Sampling Variation across Hosts
Estimates of coextinction rates have often been made
across relatively few hosts. To gain insight into which
hosts are more likely to be associated with high co-
extinction rates, the numbers of specialist dependents
need to be examined across a wide range of host taxa.
Koh et al. (2004a) initiated this research by compiling
hosts. Further detailed examination is now required to
determine how coextinction risks vary across functional
and taxonomic groups of hosts. Thacker et al. (2006)
found the global risk of coextinction for aphids and scale
insects on trees to be low. Nevertheless, there could be
gaard (2000), for example, found more monophagous
beetles on lianas than trees. Furthermore, host species
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Volume 24, No. 3, 2010
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Coextinction: Constraints and Directions
from monospecific genera may have more monophagous
dependents than hosts from more speciose genera or
families because the dependents are isolated from po-
tential hosts (Ødegaard et al. 2000; Dobson et al. 2008).
These comparisons are vital because host extinction is
not random and identifying the host taxa with higher
proportions of host-specific dependents will help deter-
mine conservation priorities.
Correlated Host Extinctions
Extinction risks are not distributed randomly across host
are more prone to extinction than others because of
shared phylogeny, life-history characters, habitat depen-
dencies, and geographic distributions (McKinney 1997).
Likewise, dependent species are often clustered on re-
lated hosts (Ødegaard et al. 2005; Poulin et al. 2006;
Mouillot et al. 2008), with host occupancy further con-
strained by host life history, habitat, and distribution.
Therefore, even if dependent taxa are associated with
several alternative but related hosts, extinctions of re-
lated hosts may cause a cascade of coextinctions of re-
lated dependents (Rezende et al. 2007). For example, 62
bird species in New Zealand and 79 birds of the Hawaiian
Islands became extinct after the arrival of humans (Dun-
can & Blackburn 2004; Boyer 2008). The birds most vul-
nerable to extinction were closely related; all species in
the order Dinornithiformes went extinct in New Zealand
(Duncan & Blackburn 2004). Bird parasites, especially ec-
toparasites, such as lice, can often use several bird hosts
Hawaii this characteristic would not have saved the de-
pendent species from coextinction, because the cascade
of related bird extinctions would have resulted in loss of
oligophagous or even polyphagous dependent species.
Thus, the rates of coextinction will increase greatly with
the loss of related hosts and will not be restricted to the
monophagous dependents, a factor overlooked in linear
approaches to modeling coextinction.
Correlated extinctions of host species will also be
expected when groups of hosts are exposed to the
same threatening processes. Examples include predator-
related extinctions of mammals within particular weight
ranges (Chisholm & Taylor 2007) and fire-driven extinc-
tions of shrubs with certain life histories (Keith 1996).
such as body size (Duncan & Blackburn 2004; Chisholm
& Taylor 2007; Boyer 2008), growth form or life his-
tory (Keith 1996; Vamosi & Vamosi 2005), geographic
distribution (McClean et al. 2005; Thuiller et al. 2005;
Boyer 2008), and degree of specialization (Boyer 2008).
Although phylogenetic relationships and other correlates
of extinction risk are well-studied (e.g., Boyer 2008; Va-
Rezende et al. 2007). Future work should consider the
potential for hosts to be extinguished in a nonrandom
way and identify those dependents most prone to coex-
tinction. This may, in turn, reveal particular groups of
dependents that are more prone to coextinction, regard-
less of whether they are monophagous, oligophagous, or
Sampling Variation across Dependents
To determine the coextinction proneness of dependents,
a wide range of taxa must be examined because extinc-
tion risks may vary within and across a range of depen-
dent taxa. These taxa must include even those depen-
dents that rely on hosts that are themselves dependent
on another organism, such as the parasitic nematodes of
gall-inducing flies on plants (Taylor & Davies 2008). Fur-
thermore, the distinctions between invertebrate species
are commonly cryptic and only identifiable from exami-
nation of genitalia or molecular analysis, which typically
uncovers more host-specific-dependent species within
an assemblage (Poulin & Keeney 2008). Therefore, sys-
tematists are essential for accurate estimation of host-
specific fauna. Other issues of sampling variation across
dependent species are analogous to those described for
Measuring Host Specificity
Accurate measures of the host specificity of depen-
dents are crucial for determining coextinction rates.
to coextinction than their oligophagous or polyphagous
relatives (Thacker et al. 2006). The high specificity of Ly-
are considered one of the most extinction-prone families
databases often contain many dependent species with
ambiguous feeding preferences, host specificity indices
need to incorporate uncertainty when assigning depen-
dent species to hosts.
Although Koh et al. (2004a) substantially improved
estimates of coextinction by incorporating variation in
specificity of dependent species on their hosts, data sets
representing entire assemblages of invertebrates solely
from threatened hosts (distinct from, and in addition to,
nonthreatened host data sets) are lacking. Although mu-
seum collections provide the most readily available host
data for construction of host–dependent matrices, these
fore unlikely to support accurate inferences about host
specificity. Direct inventories of dependent assemblages
on selected hosts offer a more reliable, rapid, and cost-
effective basis for inferring host specificity. If sampling is
suitably structured, probability distributions can be cal-
culated for the number of hosts associated with each
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Moir et al.
dependent (i.e., degree of polyphagy). Direct invento-
ries are especially needed in regions where the inverte-
brate fauna is speciose and poorly described (e.g., Aus-
tralia, Austin et al. 2004; Panama, Ødegaard 2003; New
Zealand, Poulin 2004). Because dependent rarity is often
correlated with rarity of its host (Hopkins et al. 2002),
direct inventories of dependent assemblages on threat-
ened hosts will provide crucial data for estimating how
many dependent species are potentially cothreatened
(e.g., Thacker et al. 2006). Nevertheless, direct inven-
tories will be limited when the host is already extinct or
has too few individuals remaining to support destructive
sampling. Because sampling effort will largely determine
the proportion of the dependent assemblage uncovered
(Poulin 1998), we recommend appropriate sampling de-
signs (e.g., collecting methods, number of individuals)
with subsequent tests of inventory completeness (e.g.,
species accumulation curves).
Data sets from threatened hosts are important be-
cause invertebrate assemblages on common hosts may
not be characteristic of those on threatened host species.
Evolutionary, phenotypic, or behavioral changes that
reduce dependence on a single host can allow de-
pendent species to avoid coextinction (Nosil 2002;
Poulin et al. 2006). Thus, the assemblage on a threat-
ened host species may contain a higher proportion of
oligophagous and polyphagous species as some orig-
inally monophagous species adapt to their shrinking
food resource or become extinct. For example, native
have wider host ranges in regions where the trees have
gone locally extinct (Austin et al. 2004). In such cases,
the models of Koh et al. (2004a) would overestimate
But how likely is it that dependent species have
avoided coextinction through mechanisms such as host
switching or, alternatively, have already gone extinct
as their host population shrank? Host switching may
involve phenotypic plasticity or evolutionary mecha-
nisms and is most likely when the dependent can al-
ready feed (albeit perhaps suboptimally) on a closely re-
lated host species or if the dependent species is already
polyphagous. Host switching will be less likely where
there are no closely related hosts within the dependent's
geographical range (e.g., on species-poor host genera
or families [Vamosi & Wilson 2008]) and with strictly
monophagous dependent species. In a historical con-
text, slower extinctions from events such as past climate
change may have allowed invertebrates to avoid coex-
tinction through host switching. Nevertheless, because
current host extinctions occur more rapidly in response
fragmentation, anthropogenic climate change) (Williams
et al. 2007; Brook et al. 2008), the potential for mass
coextinction of invertebrates may now be substantially
Biogeographical Implications
Biogeographical factors influence the accuracy of coex-
tinction estimates in several respects, although princi-
pally through host specificity. Host specificity of depen-
dents may rely on the biotic context in which the organ-
isms occur and can vary between different ecosystems.
The specificity of parasites on fishes, for example, varies
between oceans, lakes, and streams (Dobson et al. 2008).
Host specificity may also vary between tropical and tem-
perate zones and result in over- or underestimation when
dependent and host matrices are extrapolated globally
from few localities. Justine (2007) points out that Koh
et al. (2004a) may have underestimated the global num-
ber of cothreatened monogenean ectoparasites (593 taxa
from 746 threatened fish hosts listed by IUCN) because
the Canadian database of fish parasites from which their
host–dependent matrix was derived failed to account for
large numbers of coral fish species which, on average,
are each hosts to more than 10 species of monogeneans.
This discrepancy highlights how biogeographic variation
and knowledge gaps in dependent species biodiversity
(McKinney 1999; Poulin 2004; Justine 2007) may lead
to biased estimates of coextinction risk (Windsor 1998;
Dobson et al. 2008). Therefore, it is vital that global es-
timates of coextinction be based on host-specificity data
stratified across a range of biomes.
Biogeographical issues other than host specificity also
need to be assessed to provide more accurate global rates
of coextinction. For example, degree of host specificity
of tropical Lycaenidae butterflies (Koh et al. 2004b), but
is this the case in temperate zones where other factors
such as dispersal potential may be more important (e.g.,
Hanski et al. 2006)? Greater host ranges often equate
to a higher species richness of dependents. For exam-
ple, due to their larger geographic ranges and popu-
lation sizes, albatrosses and petrels have higher diver-
sities of louse compared with other seabirds, possibly
because the lice have access to greater numbers of sym-
range size may also play a role in determining the num-
ber of specialist-dependent species. Furthermore, within
the range of a single host species there may be more
specialist-dependent species in different geographical lo-
calities (i.e., Sobhian & Zw¨ olfer 1985). Alternatively, the
host specificity of a single dependent species may vary
within its own range, as has been shown for some flea
species (Krasnov et al. 2004).
Contrasts of the host specificity of the same depen-
dent groups (e.g., within all herbivorous beetles) across
different biomes, ecosystems, habitats, and host species
are specifically required to provide more accurate gen-
eralizations of global coextinction rates. Higher host
specificity values in different habitats or across differ-
ent host taxa would result in hotspots of coextinction
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Coextinction: Constraints and Directions
Order of Extinction of Host and Dependent Species
Current models (linear, probabilistic, and nomographic
models) assume dependent taxa are extinguished when,
evidence that dependents may go extinct before their
host, including the extinction of insects before their host
plants (Biedermann 2000; Le´ on-Cort´ es et al. 2003; Koh
et al. 2004c); limpets before their seagrass hosts (Carl-
ton et al. 1991); and microbial pathogens before their
vertebrate hosts (de Castro & Bolker 2005). This early
extinction of a dependent occurs when the host popu-
lation becomes too small to sustain a viable population
of dependents. The level at which an organism will go
extinct due to a change in some required variable (e.g.,
number of habitat patches) has been termed the extinc-
their dependent species remain unexplored for entire de-
pendent species assemblages because few population vi-
ability models have addressed multispecies interactions
(Sabo 2008). More empirical data are needed to address
this deficiency (Benton 2003), and this may illuminate a
need for coextinction models to incorporate declines (as
well as extinctions) in host populations.
els of coextinction may have profound effects on the
shape of curves predicting the rate at which dependents
are lost as their hosts are extinguished. It is possible that
by Koh et al. (2004a) (curve c on Fig. 1, rather than curve
a). This new model would be consistent with predictions
that extinction rates of terrestrial invertebrate species are
high (e.g., between 7 and 30 species lost globally every
week) (Mawdsley & Stork 1995). If Fig. 1c is correct in
some situations, invertebrates may be facing higher ex-
tinction rates than plants or vertebrates (Thomas et al.
2004; Dunn 2005; Dobson et al. 2008). The concept that
coextinction rates are higher for dependents than hosts
urgently requires testing with empirical data.
Understanding and predicting global rates of coextinc-
tion are formidable but crucial challenges if the rate of
extinction is to be slowed. Insufficient taxonomic and
basic ecological knowledge of invertebrate species has
inhibited documentation of extinctions and necessitated
highly speculative estimates by extrapolation, which are
very sensitive to the empirical data used and modeling
assumptions. Therefore, it is critical that there be a rapid
and synergistic development of empirical studies and
modeling approaches to obtain more accurate estimates
of coextinction. The most urgent challenges ahead are to
(1) acquire more accurate host data including the threat
status of host species, (2) acquire host–dependent matri-
ces through targeted sampling (e.g., direct inventories)
across a wide array of localities, habitats, and breadth of
hosts and dependents, (3) develop models that incorpo-
rate correlates of nonrandom host and dependent extinc-
tions, such as phylogeny, biogeographical, and species
traits that increase extinction proneness, and (4) deter-
mine whether dependents are being lost before the hosts
and adjust models accordingly.
Meeting the above challenges requires investment of
key species, host specificity studies, and modeling of de-
pendent population responses to changes in host popula-
tions resulting from anthropogenic actions. Understand-
ing the process of coextinction will allow proactive con-
servation, rather than the often reactive and piecemeal
methods thus far employed.
(DP0772057), Australia & Pacific Science Founda-
tion (APSF 07/3), University of Melbourne Botany
Foundation, Commonwealth
Facility (Applied Environmental Decision Analysis hub),
and New South Wales National Parks & Wildlife Service
supported this work. We thank three anonymous
reviewers and the editors for their valuable suggestions
that substantially improved this paper.
fromtheAustralianResearch Council
Environment Research
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Coextinction: Constraints and Directions
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text:
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MercyMe Returns from USO Tour to Middle East
ARLINGTON, VA. (Oct. 11, 2011) – Award-winning band MercyMe recently set out on their first USO/ Armed Force Entertainment tour. The six-member band delivered a touch of home to troops in the Middle East, staged three one-of-a-kind concerts, signed autographs and uplifted the spirits of service men and women. Details: This was the first USO tour for the band. AsRead More


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From the Publisher"Resounding International Relations abounds with insightful moments of critical interpretation. Moving international studies 'from noun to verb,' it displaces the clichés of neo-realism with stimulating improvisations and dislodges theory from its long-standing attachment to anachronistic, geopolitical cartographies."
—Michael J. Shapiro, University of Hawai'i
"Music is an international language but for too long students of international politics have ignored it. This rich and diverse set of essays begins to set the record straight. In the hybridization of hip hop in West Africa and the political appropriation of Verdi, the global political economy of the music industry and the lessons for IR scholars in the lyrics of the Clash, the dynamic intersections between music, culture and global politics emerge loud and clear. Just when you thought you'd heard it all before, Resounding International Relations challenges received ideas about what counts as international politics, and what it sounds like."
—Jutta Weldes, University of Bristol
"Resounding International Relations: On Music, Culture and Politics pulls together a collection of vivid essays from critical international relations scholars in a stimulating analysis of music and culture. The book uses music and sound as a primary source of investigation to unpack political and cultural themes in a contemporary global world. This is a challenging and thought-provoking book; it refuses to accept music as a passive, unimportant cultural pursuit—rather the book positions music as a cultural force that reveals insights and aspects of cultural politics and cultural interaction. The sounds, technologies and genres of music open up ways of thinking about international relations, revealing clusters of intensity, emotional expression and cultural change in different situations and cases. This book is a 'must-read' for anyone interested in finding out more about the interdisciplinary ground of music, politics, human expression, desire and contemporary cultural movements."
—Dr. David Lines, University of Auckland


text:
New & Off The Plan Apartments For Sale in Melbourne
Parkville Apartment | Melbourne
1, 2 & 3 bedroom from $335,000
Parkville is 4km's from Melbourne's CBD. Pre-Release opportunity for our clients. A striking 15 storey development is defined by its absolute function and intelligent appointments to present a parkside address with a contemporary edge.
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Edgewater Maribyrnong is set amongst 400 acres of natural parkland, incorporating riverways and a golf course and is yet only 7km from Melbourne's CBD. Lifestyle amenities don't come much better than shopping centres, cinemas, cafes, gyms, aquatic centre, and golf courses and all within easy walking distance.
Richmond Apartments | Melbourne
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This is an exciting new development located in the heart and soul of Richmond. Melbourne's CBD is a mere 2.5kms away and is easily accessible via tram, pedal-power or foot. From here Southbank, Crown Casino, The National Gallery and Federation Square are only metres apart.
Footscray Apartments | Melbourne
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Just 5 minutes drive from the CBD, the streets of Melbourne's newest urban hot spot pulsate to a rhythm all of their own. Footscray is a suburb like no other a veritable melting pot of multiculturalism,
Carlton Apartments | Melbourne
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2.7km to Melbourne CBD. New Boutique Carlton Apartments on Swanston street (right opposite Melbourne University). Only 45 apartments over 4 levels. Reside in Carlton the best of Melbourne is on your doorstep.
CBD Apartments | Melbourne
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An iconic 43 storey residential apartment tower containing a total of 307 residential apartments over the top 33 floor levels of the building. The apartment tower surmounts a 12 storey "jewel box" podium building which contains ground level retail and cafe spaces.
Hawthorn East Apartments | Melbourne
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Hawthorn apartments are central to every enriching Hawthorn experience – from the appeal of stylish shopping srips like Auburn village to teh bustling Swinburn university campus and the cool cafes on nearby Glenferrie road. Hawthorn is within walking distance of Auburn Railway station and has easy access by tram or train to the City.


text: Quick View Essential Acting: A Practical Handbook for Actors… by Panet, Brigid March 1, 2009 | Kobo Edition (eBook) Available for download from $38.53 HOW DO ACTORS FUSE THOUGHT, EMOTION and ACTION WITHIN THEIR CREATIVE PROCESS? Essential Acting is an inspired and reliable toolbox for actors and teachers in the classroom, the rehearsal room and the workshop. RADA's Brigid Panet has distilled 50 years of acting, directing and actor training into… See Details $38.53 was $38.53


text:
There is joy and sadness in this announcement... I have sold Precious Entertainment/Precious Strippers. It was one of my first ''start up'' enterprises and it is sad to see it go but for me, it is time to move on.
I will still be around working for the new owner as a dancer but will no longer have a say in the running of the business. The company has been in the adult entertainment business for a good number of years and is located back east. I have been ask not to disclose their name until they publish a formal announcement and establish an office in Southern California.
For those of you who want to book me or another stripper or entertainer they will be maintaining the same number 909-349-7643 so there will be no interruption in service. A big thanks and kiss to all of you who help grow my business and made it attractive to investors.
Modern Comstockery
Nikki Phoenix Appearance
RockNSeXXXy Welcomes Billy Blair
Karaoke XXX Needs New Location
Jane & Ward Hosting XRCO
SashaBrabuster's XXX Comeback
Control ~ Reviewer Rated
XRCO 2015 Nominees
A Leaner Message
50 Shades of Grey ~ Cinema Seen
XRCO 2015 Hall of Fame
Interview with Ela Darling
Derrick Pierce Interview
The News Rack: Naked Swingers
Interview of Holly Heart
ED Expo to Big Easy
Hof on Phoenix Hooker Bust
I Know You
Cal/OSHA vs Evil Angel
Layla Price at Foxxx Booth
Star.XXX Blasts Off
Puma Swede on Jukeboxx Live
Nikki Phoenix Party
Viva Las Vicki
Freedom Acres Open House
Kendra Lust in Detroit
Starr Sisters in Houston
Nikki Phoenix Update
MWA: 10th Anniversary Column
Vegas Heat Party
XBIZ Rooftop Party
Welcome 2015!
Canadian Foot Porn
Actress as an Artist
Pushed Into the Corner
Tod Hunter Press Releases
Global Adult Industry Association
Pornography Feminism
Merry XXXmas, Happy Xanukkah
Rock'N'Sexxxy 12/10/2014
Karlie Montana Interview
Deep Vision ThunderRama
Hackin Jack vs Chainsaw Chick
BBW Eliza Allure Interview
Tara Lynn Foxx Retires
Treacherous ~ Reviewer Rated
Bright Lights, Lonely Nights
Taormino Speaks at Goucher
Cumisha Amado at Sagebrush
Vivid Radio 1st Anniversary
The Gardener ~ Reviewer Rated
BoodiGo: Privacy & Porn
Shades of Scarlet ~ Reviewer Rated
AINews: Skow Among Best
Heaven & Hell Halloween Party
These Things We Do ~ Reviewer Rated
Farrah Abraham at Hustler Hollywood
Sex Workshop Hustler San Diego
Halloween Art Show
O Awards Pre-Noms Open
Trophy Girl Casting Call
Cum in Me Baby 4 ~ Reviewer Rated
More Phoenix Mainstream
BoodiGo Partners PornGuardian
BoodiGo Supports ASACP
BoodiGo Blocks Child Porn
Boodigo Adult Search Engine
AVN Show Discounts End Today
Inside The Industry 10/08/2014
Amber Lynn at Wasteland
Nikki's Fit as Phoenix
Vivid Extends Patrick Hosting
Fake Test Results
Angelyne on Amber Lynn's RNSU
Red Cardinal Wraps Betrothed
Siri Wins Round 2
J.Lo Doc Johnson Offer
Stripclub Microbrewery on CNN
Father's Day ~ Reviewer Rated
Our Father ~ Reviewer Rated
Nikki Phoenix Album Released
Passport to Hustler Event
Fox News Wasteland
Asianmodelpalooza 14
Nikki Phoenix Appearances
Nikki Phoenix Karaoke XXX
Nina Elle Retains Star Factory
Tasha Reign Grads UCLA
Tera Patrick Hosts Vivid Radio
It's Just Work
Traci Bryant Goes Legal
CET Free Panel Month
Miss LA Karaoke XXX
Freedom Acres Location
Summer Lovers
Nikki Delano at Centerfolds
Karen Summer Returns
Advertise on AINews
Cytherea Auctions Fan Scene
Entertainment is Entertainment is Entertainment
She's Judas & Available
Camming Con Moves Dates
Exquisite Distributes DDF
Cherie Deville Returns
Roxanne Rae Available
Cherie Deville Available
Maryjean Available in LA
Alicia Silver Productions Content
Thomas Bagley Outed Belle Knox
Casting Call for 'Operation: Outdoors'
Mission Control Open House
Cherie Deville in LA
PASS Holiday Schedule
Santa Susana Pass Location
Sure Fuck Clothing Line
Nadia Night With Lucky Devil
Richelle Ryan Available
LATATA Responds to FSC
FSC Burdens Performers
Online Dating Summit Curacao
Tanya Tate Action Figure
Cam Studio Rental Rates
Sportsheets ILS Blitz
Fantasy Lingerie Storerotica Noms
New Networking Event
Crowdfunding for Adult Entertainment
Jack Hammer Coming Back
Jodie Stacks Available
TES Early Bird Price
XBIZ Executive Awards
June SCCC Mixer
Von James Hires Rub
Entertainment Equipment Floaters
AEE/ANE Seminar Schedule
Mia Gold Available
Topco StorErotica Nom
NS Novelties Storerotica Noms
Baci Announces New Distributor
Sliquid Fifty Shades Collection
Zolo StorErotica Nom
ECN StorErotica Noms
Sliquid StorErotica Noms
Obamacare Expert Randy Limbeck
SLS at Mister Leather
Barcelona Trade Show
Sensuva StorErotica Nom
SLS StorErotica Nom
Angel Del Rey New Pictures
Kira Lake New Pictures
RingO Ranglers Nominated
CB-X Nommed For 2
PHS Nommed StorErotica Awards
Good News From Lallasa
May is Masturbation Month
Kira Lake Available
OCM Rub Valentine
Sin City Chamber April Event
Crystal Delights Creates Trophies
AINews New Look
Business News Section Index


text:
Heroes Banned From Driving For Posting Speed Traps On Facebook
A French court has imposed a one-month driving suspension on 15 drivers after they were convicted of posting the locations of speed traps and cameras to a Facebook group.
A French court has imposed a one-month driving suspension on 15 drivers after they were convicted of posting the locations of speed traps and cameras to a Facebook group.
» 12/04/14 5:40pm 12/04/14 5:40pm
It seems like everyone speeds, but it doesn't seem like everyone knows what happens when they get caught—especially in an unfamiliar state. Did you know that most states have open reckless driving laws that can lead to days or even months of jail time? Just ask Patrick George about that. » 8/06/14 10:48am 8/06/14 10:48am
"Asset forfeiture" is a legal term meaning "when police take all the valuable shit in your car and keep because you may or may not have been exceeding the speed limit." These programs are at last coming under a wee bit of scrutiny. » 3/17/14 11:52am 3/17/14 11:52am
Remember the woman who got a ticket for wearing Google Glass while driving? Well, her citation's been dismissed by a San Diego court commissioner, who said he found no proof the device was operating at the time. » 1/17/14 2:56pm 1/17/14 2:56pm
If you're excited at the prospect of wearing Google Glass while you do absolutely everything—from riding the subway to having sex—then you can at least strike driving off the list. Because, as Cecilia Abadie recently found out, you might end up getting a ticket. » 10/30/13 10:51am 10/30/13 10:51am
When encountering a tricky problem, it always pays to play to your strengths. Like a scientist from UCSD who was issued with a traffic ticket for failing to completely stop at a stop sign. His response? A four-page paper describing how the ticket defied the laws of physics. » 4/16/12 9:15am 4/16/12 9:15am
Anyone who travels regularly wants to believe that federal air marshals are friendly heroes who are aboard every single flight. (C'mon, it's possible). But the reality, unfortunately, is not so sunny. According to a new government report, air marshals might be fine to share a three-hour flight with, but they don't… » 2/08/12 12:05pm 2/08/12 12:05pm
Google announced today that the Wi-Fi snooping its Street View vans were engaged in was even worse than previously acknowledged. The company announced today that entire URLs, emails, and passwords were collected as well. And they still have it. » 10/23/10 12:11pm 10/23/10 12:11pm
Al Qaeda and the Taliban haven't been able to bring down the CIA's Predator drones. But a new lawsuit alleging parts of their targeting software are pirated (and faulty) could. » 10/18/10 9:32pm 10/18/10 9:32pm
In what the British media is calling a "guerrilla ad campaign," Nissan recently stickered a handful of its fleet cars with "kill" graphics signifying motorsport wins. The targets? Porsche, BMW, and Audi. Guess which one couldn't take a joke. » 7/19/10 3:00pm 7/19/10 3:00pm
Once that bleeding-heart liberal Richard Nixon signed the Clean Air Act in 1970, the writing was on the wall for 11:1 compression hydrocarbon-spewing chrome chariots. Malaise Era, coming up! Still, it's now possible to breathe the air in Los Angeles. » 3/13/10 6:00pm 3/13/10 6:00pm
The infamous Truck Nutz have now been deemed illegal in Florida and are punishable with a measly $60 fine. If you remember, Virginia was working on enacting a similar bill that would make displaying the genitals a misdemeanor punishable with a $250 fine. What makes this even funnier is what some of Florida's senators… » 4/21/08 4:40pm 4/21/08 4:40pm
Despite how ridiculous it sounds, the above headline is absolutely true. A bill is being introduced in Congress that will establish some kind of safety standards to protect the walking blind from hybrids. Hybrids and other electric cars pose risks to the blind because they are too quiet. The blind listen for cars when… » 4/10/08 1:00pm 4/10/08 1:00pm
As of October 1st, anyone caught doing 30mph over the speed limit in Florida faces vehicle confiscation, five to ten years in prison and a ten-year license suspension. Bill HB 137, which was signed into law earlier today, was originally targeted at motorcyclists, but was amended at the last minute to include all… » 3/17/08 4:00pm 3/17/08 4:00pm
[Knowing your rights as a motorist is as important as knowing which pedal to hit when a tree looms. In a new, weekly feature called "Rules of the Road," Jalopnik's own political and legal wonk Matt Hardigree will cover the auto-related statutes that govern operation, registration and ownership of our cars. Read it. In… » 11/09/07 3:45pm 11/09/07 3:45pm
Since the 1970s, the
fascist overlords civic-minded city fathers of Coral Gables, Florida, have prohibited pickup trucks from parking overnight on streets, driveways, or anywhere else they might be seen. It's all about property values, you see; nice people don't have pickup trucks parked in plain view, apparently.… » 9/04/07 8:00am 9/04/07 8:00am
Speaking, as we were, of good ol' ThnderBlt, we noticed that one of his classmates from his rather chichi and exclusive high school made the news recently when she got all hepped up on a booze/Aleve cocktail and stole an ambulance on the Stanford campus. Two paramedics had a drunken student on a stretcher when law… » 6/11/07 7:30pm 6/11/07 7:30pm
The Morley family has a released a statement of facts regarding the Macedonian trial of Nicholas Morley, which seems to jibe with what we've sussed ourselves about what went down the day before the 2007 Gumball 3000 came apart at the seams. According to the original accident investigator on the scene, as well as an… » 6/11/07 12:45pm 6/11/07 12:45pm


text:
Wu Jiani
|This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2010)
|Wu Jiani
|— Gymnast —
|Country represented
|Women's artistic gymnastics
Medal record
Wu Jiani (Chinese: 吴佳妮; 1966 - ) is a former female Chinese gymnast.[1]
Wu was born in Shanghai. She started gymnastic training in 1973, and was admitted into Shanghai gymnastic team in 1976, and Chinese national team in 1977.
Wu competed at 1984 Olympic Games, and won a bronze medal in Women's Team competition. She was a five-time Chinese National Champion and a World Championship bronze medalist on beam in 1981.
Her husband is Li Yuejiu, also a famed gymnast and an Olympic medalist. One of their daughters is Anna Li, who competed for the UCLA Bruins gymnastics team during the 2007 through 2010 seasons and at the same Pauley Pavilion where her parents won the Olympic medals.[2] Following the Visa Championships and two selection camps at the Karolyi Ranch in New Waverly, Texas, Anna Li was named to the gold medal winning U.S. 2011 World Championship Team. An injury kept her from competing. In 2012 she was named an alternate to the 2012 Olympic Games.
Along with their daughter, Wu and Li have been the coaches for several elite athletes, including the Caquatto sisters: World Silver Medalist Mackenzie Caquatto and Pan American Games triple Gold Medalist Bridgette Caquatto.
In April 2009, they opened Legacy Gymnastics in Aurora, Illinois together to train local gymnasts.[3]
- ^ Chinese Athletes Database: Wu Jiani, Chinese Olympic Committee
- ^ Player Bio: Anna Li, UCLABruins.com, April 2010
- ^ Chicago Tribune: Families bend over backwards for gymnasts, Chicago Tribune, December 2010
|This article about a Chinese Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This biographical article related to Chinese artistic gymnastics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
It is not completely true what is written above. All victims of the crash will be transported to The Netherlands where the identification process has started. It is not known if the people flown in on Wednesday are actually Dutch. They could have been of any other nationality as well. The next days the Australians and Dutch will fly in the next series of victims. RIP
PHOTOS: Coffins of First MH17 Victims Arrive in the Netherlands
From Around the Web


text:
Holiday House Hamptons
The 2014 Holiday House Hamptons is closed. We look forward to the Summer of 2015!
Iris Dankner
Iris Dankner, Christopher Hyland
Honorary Design Chair
Steven Gambrel
Event Chairs
Thom Filicia
Mary McDonald
Vicente Wolf
Office: 212.472.3313
Spring AwakeningMarch 19, 2015To say it has been a long winter would be an understatement. The weather forecast for the first day of Spring even includes snow flurries, but all those daffodil leaves bravely poking through the ground give us hope that beautiful weather is just around the corner. To get us in the mood, we are celebrating the Spring Equinox… Continue reading → More ››
Interior Design Magazine announces the 2014 Holiday House Hamptons
Holiday House Hamptons unveils designers at FENDI Casa
Fourteen top interior designers and architects will be participating in the second-annual Holiday House Hamptons this summer with HC&G (Hamptons Cottages and Gardens) taking place June 29 through August 10 in Sag Harbor, NY.
The participating designers include: Brady Design, Campion Platt, Elizabeth Dow Home, Elsa Soyars, Dale Cohen Studio, Bjornen Design, Huniford Design Studio, Milly de Cabrol and Ani Antreasyan, Scott Formby, Studio MRS, Tamara Magel, Thom Filicia, Vicente Wolf, and West Chin...


text:
Okay so... just bought both Dragon Age games on PC since I got both for the low low price of $12 on Amazon. Anyways...was wondering if there were any texture replacement mods to make the world look....well... better. DA:O is one of my favorite games of all time but its sure not really that pretty of a game. I'd love some suggestions.
Any good texture replacement mods?
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Restaurants in Albuquerque, Santa Fe and Northern New Mexico, searchable by cuisine and location, with ratings and reviews. Get educated before you eat!
Today's Events
The Life, Blood and Rhythm of Randy Castillo [SOLD OUT] at KiMo Theatre
Documentary tells the story of the late, legendary drummer who played with Ozzy Osbourne, Mötley Crüe and more.
Throw the Temple • Nomada • rock, alternative • Dead City Radio • Chris Ravin at Uptown Sports Bar & Grill
Educators Night: Only in Albuquerque at Albuquerque Museum of Art and HistoryMore Recommented Events ››
LowLife presents! • 4.8.2015
home | feature | news | film | music | art | food | classifieds | personals | staff | lo-fi | search
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text: You are watching Filme porno cu femei isterice porn video uploaded to Amateur porn category. Free Filme porno cu femei isterice sex movie was added 11 days ago together with more porno videos. Find more porno, isterice, femei, filme amateur porn on our biggest collection of free sex videos. Your daily source of free porn


text:
TrekBBS Contest: Name the Twitter Bird!
View Single Post
August 22 2009, 06:33 PM
Vice Admiral
Location: Sakrysta
Re: TrekBBS Contest: Name the Twitter Bird!
Thor Damar wrote:
^ Darn, I was gonna say Bob. (in hounor of
Instead I shall dub him Trevor the Twit.
Thanks, now I've got
Magical Trevor
running through my head.
RoJoHen wrote:
Mr. Laser Beam wrote:
Tweet Caroline.
I love this. It should also sing anytime you rollover it with the mouse!
Tweeeeeeet Caroline! Buh-buh-buh!
Posting never felt so good! (so good! so good!)
This is really perfect.
Plecostomus wrote:
How about
As is this.
J. Allen wrote:
Nominated for most accurate.
Gonna go try the Greasemonkey thing now.
Edit: The script is awesome. For those like me who might not have ever done a script before, it might help to explain that they need to copy the code and paste it into notepad, then save it with your filename. I kept looking for a download link on that page until I realized what I should do.
This is our small proof, not only that things can be done differently in this business, but that the greatest expression of rebellion is joy.
- Joss Whedon, in his Emmy acceptance speech for
Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog
View Public Profile
Send a private message to Sakrysta
Find More Posts by Sakrysta


text:
Blown SRT10 Ram Whoops up on a Lightning14March
I stumbled across this video of a supercharged Dodge Ram SRT10 regular cab racing a modified Ford Lightning F150 on YouTube today and while it is an older video – it is a good one. The production quality isn't the greatest as the videographer hasn't figured out how to stay out of the reflection of …
by Patrick Rall
The 2012 Dodge Avenger is available with two engines: the 173 horsepower 4-cylinder and the 283 horsepower Pentastar V6. Getting the 3.6L Pentastar V6 has typically meant picking one of the more expensive trimlines but that has changed with yesterday's introduced of the 2012 Dodge Avenger SE V6 – an entry level Avenger packing Pentastar …
Team Dodge Struggles in Las Vegas13March
The third stop on the 2012 NASCAR tour brought the teams to Las Vegas Motor Speedway and as was the case in Daytona, the majority of the Dodge drivers would rather forget about the trip to Sin City. Chevrolet driver Tony Stewart won the race while two other Chevys and two Fords made up the …
by Patrick Rall
The 2013 Dodge Dart is expected to be a major player in the compact sedan segment and Chrysler has big hopes–enough so that company CEO Sergio Marchionne is reportedly considering postponing the expected start of production past the planned date of April 1st to "avoid being jinxed". Marchionne made this comment last week at the …
by Patrick Rall
This past weekend, SRT Motorsports (formerly Dodge Motorsports) used the NASCAR stop in Las Vegas to unveil the 2013 Dodge Charger Sprint Cup car. Thanks to the lighter restrictions on race car body design by NASCAR, the SRT team was able to design a Sprint Cup car that actually looks like the gorgeous 2012 Charger …


text:
News in Brief: ECHO Songwriting Prize, The Ex, Imaginational Anthem, Go! Music Festival
By Tom Breihan on September 9, 2010 at 1:00 p.m. EDT
-- The ECHO Songwriting Prize is an award that the Society of Composers, Authors, and Music Publishers of Canada (SOCAN) give out to celebrate Canada's independent songwriters. This year's nominees include Caribou's "Odessa", Crystal Castles' "Celestica", and the Besnard Lakes' "Albatross". The winner gets $5000, and you can hear the songs and vote here.
-- Catch My Shoe, the new album from Dutch punk legends the Ex, is out now on the band's own Ex Records. It's their first album with new singer Arnold de Boer after the departure of longtime frontman G.W. Sok. Steve Albini recorded the band in Chicago.
-- The fourth volume of Imaginational Anthem, Tompkins Square's series of compilations of avant-garde acoustic guitar music, is out September 21. Imaginational Anthem Volume 4: New Possibilities includes contributions from Band of Horses' Tyler Ramsey and Lambchop's William Tyler, among others.
-- The Go! Music Festival comes to Singapore's Marina Bay Sands Resort & Casino September 23-24. The show's lineup includes the Chemical Brothers, Santigold, Major Lazer, Empire of the Sun, and, uh, Flo Rida.
Most Read News
Jack White and Robert Plant Cover Led Zeppelin's "The Lemon Song" at Lollapalooza Argentina
March 22, 2015 at 10:33 a.m. EDT
Arctic Monkeys' Alex Turner and Topless Women Star in Mini Mansions' "Vertigo" Video
March 23, 2015 at 10:30 a.m. EDT
Rihanna Drops "Bitch Better Have My Money"
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Godspeed You! Black Emperor Stream Asunder, Sweet and Other Distress
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March 25, 2015 at 4:11 p.m. EDT
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February 11, 2015 at 11:24 a.m. EST
Kendrick Lamar Shares Latest To Pimp A Butterfly Track "King Kunta"
March 13, 2015 at 8:19 p.m. EDT


text:
Intersection Between Slavery and the Military in Haiti: Justice and Peace Are the Right Balance of Power
iUniverse, Sep 24, 2009 - Body, Mind & Spirit
Since living in peace is a way to freedom. We all would need to be willing to follow rules, regulations and laws in order to enjoy our life. We all need an environment that is free of violence and crime where all of us can really enjoy the earth with all it splendor.
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.


text: SCSU Athletics [ Wayne State Defeats St. Cloud State Women's Basketball 75-67 By Dan DeBaun February 1, 2014 The Wayne State Wildcats took advantage of 22 Husky turnovers, beating St. Cloud State 75-67 on Friday night. Read More|Comment Category: Sports Tags: College Basketball, Huskies, SCSU, Wayne State, Women's basketball Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


text:
Analyzing Ranges
Neil dissects some hands in depth analyzing opponents ranges and how to play each scenario optimally...
Neil's 100NL HH Review (2)
Neil reviews a few 100NL hands to discuss creating a plan vs. fish.
WhirleyMob's August All-in Review
Neil reviews all of the biggest pots he played during the month of August.
Neil's Session Review: 2-tabling 50NL (2)
Neil continues with his 2-table 50nl session review.
WhirleyMob's 4-table 50NL Live Session
Neil plays a live session of 50NL.
Neil's 50nl Replayer
Neil reviews a selection of 50nl hands!
Neil's Full 50NL Session
Neil reviews an entire session in 1 video.
WhirleyMob's 4-table 50NL Live Session (2)
Neil slows down the action and reviews the second part of his recent 50NL session.
Neil's HH Review
Neil reviews all of the medium and big pots played by replaying some HHs from a recent session.
Neil's Planning a Hand (2)
Neil continues to discusses what to consider when planning for a hand and the different strategies t...


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Without your own knowledge you have created the best trick ever: "Lightspeed Delivery." From MJM Magic to Germany only 4 days, that's a new...Read More ->
I use to have a list of about 10 of the best online magic stores, in which I can easily switch and compare prices.
I don't even have to do that...Read More ->


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Candy Doodle
By Shoe the Goose
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
If you have a sweet tooth, but your personal trainer wants you to cut back on the snacks, this is the app for you!
Candy Doodle lets you make several mouth watering confections from scratch. Shake, twist, and tilt your iPhone, iTouch, or iPad to add ingredients. Watch as the ingredients boil, pop, and cook.
After making the candy, add whipped cream, sprinkles, or other toppings. Send your creations to others by e-mail, or save them in your photo album to drool over later.
Sixteen Different candies to make from start to finish:
* Old-fashioned swirl lollipop
* Rock candy
* Candy Sushi
* Candy Pizza
* Candy Apples
* Cotton Candy
* Chocolate Truffles
* Peppermint Bark
* Caramel Corn
* Rocky Road Candy
* Honeycomb Candy
* Chocolate Fudge
* Maple Nut Fudge
* Cranberry Walnut Fudge
* Peanut Brittle
* Peanut Butter Balls
What's New in Version 1.03
Added support for taller iPhone 5 screen
**** News: We have a new app - Cupcake Doodle ****
- 0,99 €
- Category: Games
- Updated: 18 September 2013
- Version: 1.03
- Size: 20.1 MB
- Language: English
- Developer: Shoe the Goose
- Copyright © 2011 Shoe the Goose, LLC
Compatibility: Requires iOS 4.3 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. This app is optimised for iPhone 5.


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By Melanie Baker
Soccer By Any Other Name
| Soccer
About The Author
Melanie Baker
Melanie Baker hopes her aura is purple, and maintains a strict sushi diet. Big fan of mini-horses, Spotify, and pretending to be fluent in Spanish. She has 19 siblings and counting.
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Properties in Barnard Castle, Durham between £400,000 and £425,000
Properties in Barnard Castle, Durham
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£425,000 Under Offer 4 Bedrooms Cotherstone, Barnard Castle, County Durham
Burnholme is an extensive four bedroom property offering delightfully positioned family accommodation within this popular Teesdale village. The property offers spacious accommodation including four reception rooms, conservatory and four first floor
GSC Grays - Barnard Castle
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Local businesses here to help you:
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Terms & Conditions.
Price matching does not apply to this or any promotion. Offer is valid through 3/29/15 at 11:59 pm PST. May not be combined with any other offer/discount (unless specified), including invitation credits, promotional gift cards and/or special discount links. Discount applied upon checkout. Log in to your account to see your savings.
Clean lines and intricate detailing characterize the alluring—and enduring—designs of the Far East. Antique Revival aims to bring breathtaking and precise Chinese artistry to your own interior with this wood riser, crafted from solid elm and featuring an ornately carved underside.
New production; vintage-inspired.
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Ask the Megling
Senior Member
....................Are you making a move on Vik?
Ask the Herald
ಠ_ಠ ಠ_ಠ ಠ_ಠ ಠ_ಠ ಠ_ಠ
((Mundo army.))
Vice Emargo
(( (¬‿¬) Heh, heh, dirty, dirty, dirty...))
© 2015 Riot Games, Inc. All rights reserved. Riot Games, League of Legends and PvP.net are trademarks, services marks, or registered trademarks of Riot Games, Inc.


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Advanced Search
Information, news and features for the education sector IT professionals
The physical location of data will become "increasingly irrelevant" over the next several years and will be replaced by other notions of location at most organizations by 2020, according to a new report, "The Snowden Effect: Data Location Matters," by market research firm Gartner.
CTL has introduced its new CTL Education Chromebook, a lightweight and rugged 11.6-inch laptop based on Intel Education's reference design.
Tech research firm IDC reported that worldwide integrated infrastructure and platforms accounted for a massive "653.8 petabytes of new storage capacity shipments" in the first quarter of 2014 alone. That represents 72.3 percent growth over the same period last year.
Kajeet reported that its 4G access points, designed to provide underprivileged students with access to the Internet at home, are now available for Title I funding. The company also released a Title I funding resource in conjunction with the Consortium for School Networking and the National Title I Association.
The world's hunger for hardcopies is far from abating, despite some recent slides in peripheral shipments. The worldwide printer and multifunction printer market grew by double digits in the first quarter of 2014, reaching 37.65 million units — up 32.1 percent from the same period last year.
As part of a broad expansion of its public sector efforts, VMware reported it's beefing up its education offerings, with a particular emphasis on security to support online high-stakes assessments for K-12 within its virtualization and cloud infrastructure.
Miami-Dade County Public Schools has completed phase two of its 1-to-1 computing initiative, providing every student in elementary, seventh and ninth grades with Microsoft Windows 8 devices.
Dallas Independent School District (ISD) is home to 220 schools serving nearly 160,000 students and employing nearly 20,000 teachers and staff. Managing network accounts for so many people is a daunting task.
The National Center for Women & Information Technology is scaling up its NCWIT AspireIT initiative, which enlists technical high school or college women in designing and leading computing programs for younger girls, to engage 10,000 middle school girls in learning computing concepts.
Mark MacCarthy from SIIA and Thomas C. Murray from the Alliance for Excellent Education both highlighted the educational benefits of student data and urged Congress to be cautious in considering any new legislation.
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Paul VI Catholic School wanted to develop a laptop program that would equip its students and teachers with the right tools to increase classroom learning, prepare their students for college, and to develop the 21st Century skill sets required by today's employers. Download this White Paper to learn about their comprehensive selection process and how they are using their new laptops to revolutionize the learning process.
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#87 of 297
Seeley Lake, MT
Comment, Like, Favorite
Expert Printing and Assembly
Shipping Within 2 - 3 Business Days
Millions of Satisfied Customers
A Twist Of Fate
Janie Johnson
Photograph - Photography/ Digital Art
A panoramic view of Lake Alva with a twist of color and some added dreamlike features. After trying several times to decide what I wanted from this image, it came to me spontaneously out of the blue. Lake Alva is another one of the six lakes surrounding my area.
July 26th, 2012
Viewed 546 Times - Last Visitor from Beverly Hills, CA on 03/25/2015 at 8:06 AM
Sales Sheet
More from Janie Johnson
Seeley Lake, MT - United States
thank you so much Mick for that wonderful comment!!
Grants Pass, OR - United States
Gorgeous effects! And a beautiful lake, too :) F/V
Palmetto, FL - United States
Very nice!
Thank you!!
Seeley Lake, MT - United States
Thank you Beto! I truly appreciate your nice comment :) and f/v
Campo Grande, Ma - Brazil
THis is almost a painting, so beautiful!!! F/V!
Berlin, NJ - United States
Wow! Love this!!! vf
Thank you so much John!! It is wonderful to receive your comment, I love a lot of your work too!!
Rome, La - Italy
Wonderful and magic :)
Thank you Alessandro!! I am glad you like it!
Seeley Lake, MT - United States
Thank you so much Lenore for the wonderful comment and v/f
Pueblo, CO - United States
Love your treatment of the colors and the sense of mood here! Beautiful job. v/f
Seeley Lake, MT - United States
Thank you so much Paul and Stephen for the truly wonderful comments!! It really means a lot to me!!
Salt Lake City, UT - United States
Janie, this is fast becoming one of your headliners. I think this one really defines you and your style.
Sudbury, ON - Canada
I can see why you have many comments on this, just gorgeous and I want to be there on a dock just watching the sunset for hours. Great work Janie, and you are multi-talented with both digital and photography..!! FV
Seeley Lake, MT - United States
Thank you so much Roy for the great comment!
Co.Antrim, No - United Kingdom
Beautiful work Janie!
Lake Worth, FL - United States
A beautiful mountain scene with soft pretty tones and dark drama! We Voted Janie! Celebrate life, Debra and Dave
Thank you so much Debra and Dave!
Seeley Lake, MT - United States
Thank you Barry!! :)
Nesbit, MS - United States
Great image Janie! v/f
Seeley Lake, MT - United States
Thank you so much Thomas for the comment :)
Cowen, WV - United States
Great image.
Seeley Lake, MT - United States
Thank you Sandra!
Espinho, Es - Portugal
Beautiful photo!!! V/F
Storybrooke, ME - United States
Wow this landscape is incredible! V/F
Thank you again so much Bob!!
Seeley Lake, MT - United States
Thank you so much Matt! I really appreciate your comment and vote!
Bury, Ma - United Kingdom
I love the dreamy feel of theis beautiful landscape. Voted.
Seeley Lake, MT - United States
Thanks Al!! :D
Cuenca, Az - Ecuador
Seeley Lake, MT - United States
Thank you very much Mark! I appreciate the comment :)
New Castle, IN - United States
Beautiful capture!
Bothell, WA - United States
Pretty! I like what you've done here Miss Janie! Lots of passion and vibrance .... dreamy is a good word. Vote/Fave!
Seth, thank you very much as always and thank you for noticing intent :)
Pahrump, NV - United States
Janie, you know I like your work but this is the best one yet! This is very serene. The toning has my eyes transfixed on this place. Depth of field is so defined that I can virtually see forever past the horizon. v/f/g and however else I can share this.
Thank you so very much Stephen! I appreciate your words very much!
Capitola, CA - United States
well done,good jobwell done,good job
Thank you so much Chris!
Please Wait...
Beverly Hills, CA (United States)
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