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Enid Burns | July 18, 2005 | Comments
Spam up, viruses down as summer begins.
|Click on graphic to view chart
A report from Lyris claims to explain why less spam is actually delivered into inboxes; filtering is improving. Since its last deliverability report, ISPs (define) came to Lyris for recommendations. "Some of them were not using such sophisticated methods," said Shannon Coulter, senior marketing manager at Lyris. "We made some recommendations and saw a lot of improvement."
The report looked at both European and U.S. ISPs and identified European providers as more effective. This could be a result of more stringent spam laws. "With every single European ISP we monitored, [we found" their deliverability rates were higher," said Coulter. "When you unsubscribe people in an immediate and clean way, your lists are cleaner and stronger."
Lyris also conducted a study on phishing (define), learning most people can't discern between a legitimate email and a phishing attempt. An overwhelming 72 percent of study participants thought a legitimate email was spam because it rendered improperly. Eleven percent identified text emails from legitimate brands as suspicious, and 10 percent correctly classified phishing messages as most suspect. "More people identified text emails as untrustworthy, which is a turnaround from the past," observed Coulter.
E-mail recipients must learn to identify phishing; the category is on the rise according to Postini. Delivery of phishing emails in June rose 71 percent over May's volume. Prior to June's spike, phishing experienced a two-month decline.
Postini also reports a decrease in the number of virus-infected email messages in June. The number of directory harvest attacks (DHA) against corporate networks decreased by 23 percent last month.
|Top Ten Viruses, June 2005
|Virus Name
|Quantity Detected
|Source: Postini, 2005
Virus-laden email declined in June. FrontBridge said it rejected or quarantined 36 million messages last month, compared to 319 million in May. The company said there was no coordinated attack such as that of the Sober.S worm.
The virus most prevalent in June was Mytob, according to Kapersky Lab. Win32.Mytob.c accounted for 19 percent of total viral activity, followed by Win32.NetSky.q with 11 percent of the traffic. The Zafi.d jumped from ninth to third place, the second largest increase in June. A new variant of Mytob, the Mytob.be, took fourth place for the month.
Kaperaky noted the Lovegate worm has continued to inch through the Web, saying it's mostly due to infections in China, where users lack adequate anti-virus protection.
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Win A Copy of Miley Cyrus' "Bangerz Tour" DVD!
Rixton Play Truth or Dare (Part 2)
Mekhi Phifer Talks Insurgent, 8 Mile, & Kissing Beyonce
Pentatonix's Kevin Olusola Talks Solo EP, Beatboxing & Plays The Backwards Pop Song Challenge!
5 of Tyler Oakley's Best Celeb Collabs (PLUS 5 Celebs He Should Collab With In The Future)
Vin Diesel Names New Daughter After Paul Walker
The 10 Best Lines From Season 1 of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
ANDPOP's 10 Favourite TV Feminists
Win Front of the Line Passes The Big Sean Meet & Greet In Toronto & A Prize Pack!
Must Follow Monday: Archer's Own Sterling Archer
Justin Bieber Performs With Ariana Grande & Dances With Skrillex & Diplo At Ultra Music Festival
pin it
When I was a child I was left alone in the wilderness and raised by wolves... Now I'm the king of the jungle. Or, is that Tarzan?
Mar 30, 2015
stalk us
Me & Fifth Harmony thanks @andpop http://t.co/NGXkLSZEhT
@andpop yeah this band has lost a seriously important member, SAD
"@andpop: No Kim Kardashian ugly cry GIF can express how shaken and sad we are over this news." http://t.co/lySvXjrcBC
And every single teenage girl in the world has just passed out. RT @andpop BREAKING: Zayn Malik has apparently quit the band. News to follow
Be the first to know when somethin' POPs!


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Stephen Cooper
OLB | (6-1, 235, 4.7) | Maine
By Pro Football WeeklyNotes: Redshirted in 1998 and has started the past four years. Leading tackler in 2000 and All-Atlantic 10 and co-conference Defensive Player of the Year in '01. Had 74 tackles, 10 for loss, five sacks, six passes broken up and two picks in 1999; 84-10-51-2-0 in 2000; and 95-18-5-2-2 in '01. Pleaded guilty to steroid possession in December '02 but was named the A-10 Defensive Player of the Year for the second straight season. Had 121 tackles, 21 tackles for loss, 91 sacks and three interceptions.Positives: Captain, team leader and one of the best defensive players in I-AA over the last two years. Very active with good instincts. Makes plays. Can look fluid and athletic. Negatives: Legal trouble is a red flag, if not concern enough to move down the board on draft day. Has a tendency to play too upright and lose leverage at the point of attack. Needs to do a better job of meeting and shedding blocks. Is not as tough as scouts would like. Fails to maintain a good pad level. May need to get stronger.Summary: Cooper has some talent and may draw interest in the sixth and seventh rounds, but only if teams are willing to overlook character concerns.* Player biographies are provided by Pro Football Weekly.


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WVU settles suit, to join Big 12 in July
Updated: February 15, 2012, 5:54 PM ETBy Andrea Adelson | ESPN.com
West Virginia will join the Big 12 for the 2012 season after a lawsuit settlement was reached with the Big East, the school and league announced Tuesday.
The Big East Conference board of directors voted to terminate West Virginia's membership, effective June 30. The vote is conditioned upon WVU fulfilling its obligations under an agreement that resolves the lawsuits between both parties.
West Virginia accepted an invitation in October 2011 to join the Big 12, and sued ...
Read full story
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Perez gives first interview at McLaren
Formula One driver Sergio Perez has been officially unveiled by his new team McLaren ahead of the start of the 2013 season.
(01:22) | January 11, 2013
More Formula One Video Videos More »
Play Video
'Alonso risk is close to zero' - Best
Formula One Video: Leading professor of sports medicine, Dr. Thomas Best, says Fernando Alonso is at no medical greater risk than any other driver.
(02:03) | Mar 28, 2015
Play Video
Rosberg climbs Petronas towers ahead of Malaysian Grand Prix
Formula One Video: Mercedes Formula One driver Nico Rosberg ran to the top of the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
(01:05) | Mar 24, 2015
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Red Bull threaten exit over 'boring' rules
Formula One Video: Red Bull have threatened to quit Formula One unless changes are made to the sport's current regulations.
(01:18) | Mar 17, 2015
Latest Video & Audio More »
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Low: Germany will start with Schweinsteiger
International Football: Germany head coach Joachim Low says Bayern Munich midfielder Bastian Schweinsteiger will start Sunday's Euro 2016 qualifier against Georgia.
(01:23) | Mar 28, 2015
Play Video
Highlights: New England 2-1 San Jose
MLS: A brace from Kelyn Rowe gave New England their first win of the 2015 MLS campaign.
(01:26) | Mar 28, 2015
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Robinho happy to be back in Brazil fold
International Football: After being left out of Brazil's 2014 World Cup campaign, Robinho is quite pleased to have returned to the side in hopes of reinvigorating his international career.
(01:19) | Mar 28, 2015
Play Video
Nicol: Bale still in top form
International Football: ESPN FC's Stevie Nicol says Gareth Bale is putting Wales in prime position to qualify for the 2016 European Championships.
(00:43) | Mar 28, 2015
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O'Neill wary of Lewandowski threat
International Football: Ireland manager Martin O'Neill discussed the importance of gaining maximum points in their European Qualifier against Poland, but remains wary of striker Robert Lewandowski.
(01:41) | Mar 28, 2015
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Italy doctor clears up Marchisio injury confusion
International Football: Italy's team doctor has shed light on Claudio Marchisio's injury after conflicting reports on the amount of time he will be sidelined for.
(01:10) | Mar 28, 2015
Formula One
I'm growing up now, says HamiltonLewis Hamilton believes he has now reached a level of maturity that will start to show through in his performances this year
Formula One
I'm growing up now, says HamiltonLewis Hamilton believes he has now reached a level of maturity that will start to show through in his performances this year
Monaco Grand Prix Preview
Mastering MonacoA preview of the Monaco Grand Prix, looking at what's in store for the drivers at the crown jewel of the Formula One calendar
Spanish Grand Prix
Hamilton second as Vettel reigns in BarcelonaSebastian Vettel took his fourth win of the season as he held off Lewis Hamilton to win an enthralling Spanish Grand Prix.
Spanish Grand Prix - Qualifying
Webber claims first pole of season in SpainMark Webber will start from pole position at the Spanish Grand Prix after pipping his Red Bull team-mate to the top spot in qualifying for the first time this season
Lewis Hamilton celebrates in style ... with beans on toast
Having just become a double world champion, one could forgive Lewis Hamilton for waking up the next morning with a hangover to match
Quote Unquote
"I had three poached eggs, some baked beans and a couple of pieces of toast"
On This Day
Tough at the top
Who has driven in the most GPs before taking pole position?
Home front
Who was the first Briton to win the British Grand Prix?
Home favourites
How many F1 drivers have had one win, but done it at their home Grand Prix?
Pointless drivers
Where does Anthony Davidson's record of 24 Grands Prix without a point rank him?
Heikki's slice of history
Who was the 100th man to win a world championship Grand Prix?


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Cuba underwent a bicycle revolution in the 1990s during its five year 'Special Period'. Oil was scarce as a result of tough economic constraints, and throughout those years of austerity, bicycles where introduced as an alternative mode of transport. Thousands of Cubans used bicycles on a regular basis, as pedalling became the norm on the island.
Years later, the transportation crisis subsided and motorised vehicles returned, and the country's bicycle culture took a hit. Now, new bikes are difficult to come by and parts are not readily available, yet many Cubans still use bicycles daily and, despite the limited resources, a handful of mechanics provide a service to those who rely on their bikes in their everyday lives.
Plenty of cyclists roam the streets of Havana and the rest of Cuba. Ángel, a typical bike riding Habanero, provides a brief insight into Cuban bicycle culture and the importance of bike mechanics in the capital as we come across both riders and repairmen.
*Music by VOLT HEIST: voltheist.com
Read the feature story: diegovivanco.es/portfolio-item/havana-bikes-feature-story/
SWISSMAN Xtreme Triathlon is a unique triathlon adventure over the Irondistance with a total ascent of 5400 m. The journey begins in southern ambience at the lowest point of Switzerland at 196 m above sea level, crosses the Alps with three major hills and reaches its summit with the stunning scenery at the finish line just below the top of Europe at 2061 m.
Film produced by ARKTIS design: www.arktis-design.com
Ironman Austria: Linsey Corbin Race Video 2014
by Linsey Corbin
A timelapse view of professional triathlete Linsey Corbin setting a new course record and American record at Ironman Austria.
Music: Tom Ingleby
Camera: Go Pro Hero 3 Black
Video: CorbinBrands


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This is a great spot for a quick bite to eat. They have beer and margaritas as well as sodas. The tacos are my favorite as well as the nachos. They do have specials each night.
First time there. Service was quick. I had the steak Burrito in a bowl and my wife had the chicken burrito in a bowl. It was BIG and filling. Priced very nicely as well. They have gained a new fan!
Fresh burritos are all the rage right now, with some places executing much better than others. Dos Amigos understands that you cant just make an infant-sized rollup full of unseasoned mush and call it a burrito. They're ingredients are fresh, flavorful and balanced, staff is friendly and service is quick. This is a must try for a quick, flavorful, fun...
We read about the Dos Amigos online while traveling up to the lake region and decided to phone in an order to go. The man taking the order read it back and seemed to be well intentioned. When we arrived 30 minutes later they were still putting the order for a family of 4 together. The staff seemed more intent...
We had the chicken burrito, quesadilla and nachos with cheese all three were fabulous! And the portions were generous. Its a half an hour drive for us and we will be going back again and bringing the kids too!
A cozy place that is full of flavor and passion. Portions were great, options were plenty for tacos, nachos, and burritos, lots of fillings and toppings.This place was a happening place on a Saturday evening. Though there is not a ton of seating inside they also do pickup orders as well. We will be back!
Being a vegetarian if can be hard to find good food go the go, but dos amigos solved that problem! They have fresh wonderful food. The concord location is my favorite the staff is friendly and helpfully and always ready with suggestions. I would recommend this place to everyone and I do!
I am a bit of a burrito snob but this place really impressed me. Standard menu selection for this style restaurant but they really put forth the effort when it comes to the foods freshness and flavor. REALLY REALLY Good I highly recommend this place to any burrito aficionados. Have yet to try their nachos, etc so I cant comment...
Happened upon Dos Amigos on a one-night stay in Concord, and am happy that I did. It happened to be on "Taco Tuesday", when freshly-made tacos were nicely inexpensive, and definitely tasty. Let's be clear: Dos Amigos has no illusions of being a Yucatan transplant into deepest, palest New England. It is simply a place that serves appetizing Mexican food...
I do love their Nachos (extra Jalepenos for me!!). I always get some extra Guacamole and I dig their Quesadillas too! The staff is always really nice at the Concord Location!
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Unfriendly Climate Greets Gore At Apple Meeting 572
from the inconvenient-shareholders dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
Al Gore must melt the glaciers to retain his position on Apple's board
Sounds about as relevant as this news article.
Hey wait, there's a whale in trouble, I've gotta get out of here and save her!
Leave your mother out of this.
You're practically begging the denialists to come out and play.
Also, the Christian god wouldn't allow the earth to become uninhabitable.
I've known one AGW denier to use that argument.
I think Al Gore is a pretty cool guy. He saves the environment and doesn't afraid of anything.
over-estimating people on Slashdot is a hobby of mine. It occasionally wakes up the low uids.
And yet they'll at the same time start complaining about how they're being oppressed by moderation, even though they'll easily be dominating in the mod count. Mark my words.
It's really ridiculous. What ever happened to modding based on how reasonably a person is debating rather than whether the person matches your political ideology?
Of course, they're not taking BSD into account...
Apple probably figures the fundamentalists will take care of BSD, what with their mascot being a daemon and all . . .
it is currently a which hunt on both sides.
Well, man, don't leave me hanging! Which hunt is it?
Well, man, don't leave me hanging! Which hunt is it?
Why not check to see witch one floats.
The real news is that, according to the article, Steve Jobs is planning on using Apple's $40 billion in cash to throw a toga party!
Besides the environment, many homed in on the theme of just what Apple plans on doing with all that cash it has sitting around--approximately $40 billion in reserve, Apple reported last quarter. One shareholder asked if Apple might consider investing in electric-car maker Tesla. To that, Jobs replied he was planning on throwing "a toga party" with the money instead.
kdawson dug too greedily and too deep. You know what they awoke in the darkness of slashdot
Holy shit, with that happening to my reply, I really must be!
A good headline would be, "Half of Apple's Shareholders Are Dead Wrong But Vehemently Certain They Are Correct".
Doesn't have to specify which side is which
Seeing as they're probably mostly Apple users, both halves of them are.
"Now this is a totally brain damaged algorithm. Gag me with a smurfette." -- P. Buhr, Computer Science 354


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Jason Brough
Ovechkin going to the KHL if there's a lockout
Sep 7, 2012, 3:20 PM EDT
Caps captain especially motivated to fight owners.
Devils notes — owner reaches deal to keep team, players getting healthy
Sep 7, 2012, 2:09 PM EDTComments Off
Good news all around.
At least they're talking — NHL, NHLPA wrap morning meeting
Sep 7, 2012, 1:39 PM EDT
"It's always good to have dialogue," says Gary Bettman.
Marchand signs with B's through 2016-17
Sep 7, 2012, 1:08 PM EDT
He's not the most popular player in the NHL, but they sure do love him in Boston.
One year later, remembering the tragic Lokomotiv plane crash
Sep 7, 2012, 11:41 AM EDT
Links to three stories marking the anniversary of a dark day in hockey.
NHL, NHLPA holding informal meetings
Sep 7, 2012, 11:02 AM EDT
No set agenda, but hopefully some progress.
Coyotes hire new ad agency
Sep 5, 2012, 4:36 PM EDT
Some new creative to go with a new owner?
Confirmed: Weber's contract doesn't have a no-trade clause
Sep 5, 2012, 3:28 PM EDT
Let the speculation begin!
Hurricanes sign Dwyer through 2014-15
Sep 5, 2012, 2:50 PM EDTComments Off
Carolina locks up the speedy forward from Spokane.
Sens sign Smith to four-year extension
Sep 5, 2012, 2:29 PM EDTComments Off
The 24-year-old becomes Ottawa property through 2016-17.
Don't blame owners for trying to win
Sep 5, 2012, 1:46 PM EDT
Unless you think Leafs fans are lucky.
Report: NHL wants total control over realignment, scheduling and playoff format
Sep 5, 2012, 1:44 PM EDT
No more of this unreasonably withholding consent from the union.
Report: Jamison has funds together for Coyotes purchase
Sep 5, 2012, 10:59 AM EDT
But guess what? There are hurdles remaining.
Report: NHL has lost $240 million the past two seasons
Sep 4, 2012, 5:05 PM EDT
And there you have it — the reason the owners want the players to take a pay cut.
Ovechkin rips owners for CBA demands
Sep 4, 2012, 4:11 PM EDT
"Why they sign us to long-term deals and that kind of money and when the CBA is done they want to cut our salary?"
Luongo wants to be traded to the Panthers, but willing to explore alternatives
Sep 4, 2012, 2:43 PM EDT
"[Florida] is a preferred location for obvious reasons but I'm not shutting the door on other possibilities if it comes up."
Landeskog named youngest captain in NHL history
Sep 4, 2012, 1:48 PM EDT
Colorado pins the "C" on a teenager.
Hey look, Ovi's got a new lid
Sep 4, 2012, 1:05 PM EDT
Sadly, this is the top story of the day.
Eagleson shunned from '72 Summit Series celebrations
Sep 4, 2012, 12:26 PM EDT
The former head of the NHLPA remains a controversial figure.
No CBA talks today…and none planned for the future
Sep 4, 2012, 11:07 AM EDT
Sept. 15 remains scheduled for…Sept. 15.
You can kick the puck in now in Sweden
Sep 1, 2012, 4:50 PM EDT
So kick away.
Martinook signs three-year, entry-level contract with Coyotes
Sep 1, 2012, 3:50 PM EDT
Good stuff.
Seattle investor has all the land he needs to build a new arena
Sep 1, 2012, 2:25 PM EDT
An arena that one day may house an NHL team.
Reaching a new CBA is a negotiation, not an exercise in fairness
Sep 1, 2012, 12:59 PM EDT
Frustrating, but true.
The Predators and Avalanche need to find a new ride
Sep 1, 2012, 11:21 AM EDT
Their previous charter airline is in a bit of a financial bind.
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text:
|This article contains too many or too-lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry. (March 2015)
A bust of Socrates in the Louvre
Deme Alopece, Athens
|399 BC (age approx. 71)
|Ancient philosophy
|Western philosophy
|Classical Greek
Main interests
|Epistemology, ethics
Notable ideas
|Socratic method, Socratic irony
Socrates (/ˈsɒkrətiːz/;[2] Greek: Σωκράτης [sɔːkrátɛːs], Sōkrátēs; 470/469 – 399 BC)[1] was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher. He is stated to have in part (together with Plato and Aristotle), or exclusively, laid the foundations of Western philosophy.[3][4][5] He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity, though it is unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is "hidden behind his 'best disciple', Plato".[6]
- 1 Biography
- 2 Philosophy
- 3 Prose sources
- 4 Legacy
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
As Socrates did not write philosophical texts, the knowledge of the man, his life, and his philosophy is entirely based on writings by his students and contemporaries. Foremost among them is Plato. Works by Xenophon (an Athenian soldier and historian [7]), Aristotle, and Aristophanes al so provide important insights.[8] According to the D.Nails writing at the Stanford University, (being one of the world's leading teaching and research universities [9]) internet source, Aristophanes (c.450 (approximately) to 386 (approximately)) was alive during the time of the early years of the life of Socrates. Plato and Xenophon were about 45 years younger than Socrates,[10] (Plato - 42 to 43 years younger, Xenophon - 40 years,[11][12][13][14] according to the online the Encyclopedia Britannica sources).
Plato is frequently viewed as the most informative source about Socrates' life and philosophy.[15] Plato' Socrates shows a consistent personality, [16][17] but Plato's intentions were not biographical. [17] He is within all of Plato's twenty five works, except The Seventh Letter and Laws.[18][19] Although the Seventh letter does include the story of Socrates' refusal (to obey the direction of the government) to arrest a man and bring him forth to execute.[20][21]
Memorabilia and Oeconomicus are the two works that include Socrates.[22]
so pious towards the gods...so just towards men...so temperate and chaste...so prudent...so able to discourse upon and define with the greatest accuracy, not only those points of which we have been speaking, but likewise of any other, and looking, as it were, into the minds of men, discover the very moment for reprehending vice or stimulating to the love of virtue; experiencing, as I have done, all these excellencies in Socrates, I can never cease considering him as the most virtuous and the most happy of all mankind—Xen.Mem.B.i.v.c.8 (1831)[23]
(....Is any man wiser than Socrates? ) ... mædena sophoteron einai
Details about Socrates can be derived from three contemporary sources: the dialogues of Plato and Xenophon (both devotees of Socrates), and the plays of Aristophanes. He has been depicted by some scholars, including Eric Havelock and Walter Ong, as a champion of oral modes of communication, standing up at the dawn of writing against its haphazard diffusion.[28]
Socrates belonged to Alopece, a village near Athens.[29] Socrates' father was Sophroniscus,[30] a sculptor,[31] and his mother Phaenarete,[32] a midwife. Socrates married Xanthippe,[33] who was much younger than he and was characterized as undesirable in temperament. She bore for him three sons,[34] Lamprocles, Sophroniscus and Menexenus. His friend Crito of Alopece criticized him for abandoning his sons when he refused to try to escape before his execution.[35]
Socrates had a friend named Chaerephon early on in his life (Ahbel-Rappe, Kamteka state this,as shown in Plato - Apology).[36][37]
Socrates initially earned his living as a master stonecutter. According to Timon of Phlius and later sources, Socrates took over the profession of stonemasonry from his father who cut stone for the Parthenon. There was a tradition in antiquity, not credited by modern scholarship, that Socrates crafted the statues of the Three Graces, which stood near the Acropolis until the 2nd century AD.[38] Ancient texts seem to indicate that Socrates did not work at stonecutting after retiring. In Xenophon's Symposium, Socrates is reported as saying he devotes himself only to what he regards as the most important art or occupation: discussing philosophy. In The Clouds Aristophanes portrays Socrates as accepting payment for teaching and running a sophist school with Chaerephon, while in Plato's Apology and Symposium and in Xenophon's accounts, Socrates explicitly denies accepting payment for teaching. More specifically, in the Apology Socrates cites his poverty as proof he is not a teacher.[citation needed]
Several of Plato's dialogues refer to Socrates' military service. Socrates says he served in the Athenian army during three campaigns: at Potidaea, Amphipolis, and Delium. In the Symposium Alcibiades describes Socrates' valour in the battles of Potidaea and Delium, recounting how Socrates saved his life in the former battle (219e-221b). Socrates' exceptional service at Delium is also mentioned in the Laches by the General after whom the dialogue is named (181b). In the Apology, Socrates compares his military service to his courtroom troubles, and says anyone on the jury who thinks he ought to retreat from philosophy must also think soldiers should retreat when it seems likely that they will be killed in battle.[39]
In 406, he was a member of the Boule, and his tribe the Antiochis held the Prytany on the day the Generals of the Battle of Arginusae, who abandoned the slain and the survivors of foundered ships to pursue the defeated Spartan navy, were discussed. Socrates was the Epistates and resisted the unconstitutional demand for a collective trial to establish the guilt of all eight Generals, proposed by Callixeinus. Eventually, Socrates refused to be cowed by threats of impeachment and imprisonment and blocked the vote until his Prytany ended the next day, whereupon the six Generals who had returned to Athens were condemned to death.[citation needed]
In 404, the Thirty Tyrants sought to ensure the loyalty of those opposed to them by making them complicit in their activities. Socrates and four others were ordered to bring a certain Leon of Salamis from his home for unjust execution. Socrates quietly refused, his death averted only by the overthrow of the Tyrants soon afterwards.[40]
Trial and death
Socrates is guilty of crime in refusing to recognise the gods acknowledged by the state, and importing strange divinities of his own; he is further guilty of corrupting the young—Xenophon - Book I of THE MEMORABILIA or Recollections of Socrates [41]
In the Harward translation of The Seventh Letter, Plato recounts how a revolution had occurred and the new government, being unsettled in it's seat of power, brought forward harsh charges against political opponents, this he mentions particularly in regards to the charge of Socrates.[42]
Socrates lived during the time of the transition from the height of the Athenian hegemony to its decline with the defeat by Sparta and its allies in the Peloponnesian War. At a time when Athens sought to stabilize and recover from its humiliating defeat, the Athenian public may have been entertaining doubts about democracy as an efficient form of government. Socrates appears to have been a critic of democracy,[43] and some scholars interpret his trial as an expression of political infighting.[44] Claiming loyalty to his city, Socrates clashed with the current course of Athenian politics and society.[45] He praises Sparta, archrival to Athens, directly and indirectly in various dialogues. One of Socrates' purported offenses to the city was his position as a social and moral critic. Rather than upholding a status quo and accepting the development of what he perceived as immorality within his region, Socrates questioned the collective notion of "might makes right" that he felt was common in Greece during this period. Plato refers to Socrates as the "gadfly" of the state (as the gadfly stings the horse into action, so Socrates stung various Athenians), insofar as he irritated some people with considerations of justice and the pursuit of goodness.[46] His attempts to improve the Athenians' sense of justice may have been the cause of his execution.[citation needed]
According to Plato's Apology, Socrates' life as the "gadfly" of Athens began when his friend Chaerephon asked the oracle at Delphi if anyone were wiser than Socrates; the Oracle responded that no-one was wiser. Socrates believed the Oracle's response was a paradox, because he believed he possessed no wisdom whatsoever. He proceeded to test the riddle by approaching men considered wise by the people of Athens—statesmen, poets, and artisans—in order to refute the Oracle's pronouncement. Questioning them, however, Socrates concluded: while each man thought he knew a great deal and was wise, in fact they knew very little and were not wise at all. Socrates realized the Oracle was correct; while so-called wise men thought themselves wise and yet were not, he himself knew he was not wise at all, which, paradoxically, made him the wiser one since he was the only person aware of his own ignorance. Socrates' paradoxical wisdom made the prominent Athenians he publicly questioned look foolish, turning them against him and leading to accusations of wrongdoing. Socrates defended his role as a gadfly until the end: at his trial, when Socrates was asked to propose his own punishment, he suggested a wage paid by the government and free dinners for the rest of his life instead, to finance the time he spent as Athens' benefactor.[47] He was, nevertheless, found guilty of both corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens and of impiety ("not believing in the gods of the state"),[48] and subsequently sentenced to death by drinking a mixture containing poison hemlock.[49][50][51][52]
According to Xenophon's story, Socrates purposefully gave a defiant defense to the jury because "he believed he would be better off dead". Xenophon goes on to describe a defense by Socrates that explains the rigors of old age, and how Socrates would be glad to circumvent them by being sentenced to death. It is also understood that Socrates also wished to die because he "actually believed the right time had come for him to die."[citation needed]
Xenophon and Plato agree that Socrates had an opportunity to escape, as his followers were able to bribe the prison guards. There have been several suggestions offered as reasons why he chose to stay:
- He believed such a flight would indicate a fear of death, which he believed no true philosopher has.
- If he fled Athens his teaching would fare no better in another country, as he would continue questioning all he met and undoubtedly incur their displeasure.
- Having knowingly agreed to live under the city's laws, he implicitly subjected himself to the possibility of being accused of crimes by its citizens and judged guilty by its jury. To do otherwise would have caused him to break his "social contract" with the state, and so harm the state, an unprincipled act.
- If he escaped at the instigation of his friends, then his friends would become liable in law.[53]
The full reasoning behind his refusal to flee is the main subject of the Crito.[54]
Socrates' death is described at the end of Plato's Phaedo. Socrates turned down Crito's pleas to attempt an escape from prison. After drinking the poison, he was instructed to walk around until his legs felt numb. After he lay down, the man who administered the poison pinched his foot; Socrates could no longer feel his legs. The numbness slowly crept up his body until it reached his heart. Shortly before his death, Socrates speaks his last words to Crito: "Crito, we owe a rooster to Asclepius. Please, don't forget to pay the debt."
Asclepius was the Greek god for curing illness, and it is likely Socrates' last words meant that death is the cure—and freedom, of the soul from the body. Additionally, in Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths, Robin Waterfield adds another interpretation of Socrates' last words. He suggests that Socrates was a voluntary scapegoat; his death was the purifying remedy for Athens' misfortunes. In this view, the token of appreciation for Asclepius would represent a cure for Athens' ailments.[46]
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The arguments of Socrates
These are open to interpretation by modern readers:[55]
Socrates argument seem ridiculous the first time you listen -
Interpretations might be formed by recourse to the logical content of the arguments and pragmatics [56] of the text.[57]
Socratic method
An interpretation of the dialectic is that it is a method for direct perception of the Form of the Good. Philosopher Karl Popper describes the dialectic as "the art of intellectual intuition, of visualising the divine originals, the Forms or Ideas, of unveiling the Great Mystery behind the common man's everyday world of appearances."[58] In a similar vein, French philosopher Pierre Hadot suggests that the dialogues are a type of spiritual exercise. "Furthermore," writes Hadot, "in Plato's view, every dialectical exercise, precisely because it is an exercise of pure thought, subject to the demands of the Logos, turns the soul away from the sensible world, and allows it to convert itself towards the Good."[59]
Philosophical beliefs
The beliefs of Socrates, as distinct from those of Plato, are difficult to discern. Little in the way of concrete evidence exists to demarcate the two. The lengthy presentation of ideas given in most of the dialogues may be deformed by Plato, and some scholars think Plato so adapted the Socratic style as to make the literary character and the philosopher himself impossible to distinguish. Others argue that he did have his own theories and beliefs.[60] However, there is much controversy over what these might have been, owing to the difficulty of separating Socrates from Plato and the difficulty of interpreting even the dramatic writings concerning Socrates. Consequently, distinguishing the philosophical beliefs of Socrates from those of Plato and Xenophon is not easy and it must be remembered that what is attributed to Socrates might more closely reflect the specific concerns of these thinkers.[citation needed]
The matter is complicated because the historical Socrates seems to have been notorious for asking questions but not answering, claiming to lack wisdom concerning the subjects about which he questioned others.[61]
Also, according to A. A. Long, "There should be no doubt that, despite his claim to know only that he knew nothing, Socrates had strong beliefs about the divine", and, citing Xenophon's Memorabilia, 1.4, 4.3,:
According to Xenophon, he was a teleologist who held that god arranges everything for the best.[62]
Socrates frequently says his ideas are not his own, but his teachers'. He mentions several influences: Prodicus the rhetor and Anaxagoras the philosopher. Perhaps surprisingly, Socrates claims to have been deeply influenced by two women besides his mother: he says that Diotima, a witch and priestess from Mantinea, taught him all he knows about eros, or love.[citation needed]
The writing Menexenus shows Aspasia the mistress of Pericles instructed him in the art of rhetoric.[63][64] John Burnet argued that his principal teacher was the Anaxagorean Archelaus but his ideas were as Plato described them; Eric A. Havelock, on the other hand, considered Socrates' association with the Anaxagoreans to be evidence of Plato's philosophical separation from Socrates.[citation needed]
Socratic paradoxes
Many of the beliefs traditionally attributed to the historical Socrates have been characterized as "paradoxical" because they seem to conflict with common sense. The following are among the so-called Socratic paradoxes:[65]
- No one desires evil.
- No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly.
- Virtue—all virtue—is knowledge.
- Virtue is sufficient for happiness.
The term, "Socratic paradox" can also refer to a self-referential paradox, originating in Socrates' utterance, "what I do not know I do not think I know",[66] often paraphrased as "I know that I know nothing."[citation needed]
In Plato's Theaetetus (150a), Socrates compares himself to a true matchmaker (προμνηστικός promnestikós), as distinguished from a panderer (προᾰγωγός proagogos). This distinction is echoed in Xenophon's Symposium (3.20), when Socrates jokes about his certainty of being able to make a fortune, if he chose to practice the art of pandering. For his part as a philosophical interlocutor, he leads his respondent to a clearer conception of wisdom, although he claims he is not himself a teacher (Apology). His role, he claims, is more properly to be understood as analogous to a midwife (μαῖα maia). Socrates explains that he is himself barren of theories, but knows how to bring the theories of others to birth and determine whether they are worthy or mere "wind eggs" (ἀνεμιαῖον anemiaion). He points out that midwives are barren due to age, and women who have never given birth are unable to become midwives; they would have no experience or knowledge of birth and would be unable to separate the worthy infants from those that should be left on the hillside to be exposed.[citation needed]
Socrates believed the best way for people to live was to focus on the pursuit of virtue rather than the pursuit, for instance, of material wealth.[67] He always invited others to try to concentrate more on friendships and a sense of true community, for Socrates felt this was the best way for people to grow together as a populace.[68] Socrates accepted his death sentence when most thought he would simply leave Athens, as he felt he could not run away from or go against the will of his community; as mentioned above, his reputation for valor on the battlefield was without reproach.
The idea that there are certain virtues formed a common thread in Socrates' teachings. These virtues represented the most important qualities for a person to have, foremost of which were the philosophical or intellectual virtues. Socrates stressed that "the unexamined life is not worth living [and] ethical virtue is the only thing that matters."[69]
Socrates commended self-control (έγκρύτεια).[70]
In Plato's dialogue the Republic, Socrates openly objected to the democracy that ran Athens during his adult life.
Socrates' opposition to democracy is often denied, and the question is one of the biggest philosophical debates when trying to determine exactly what Socrates believed. The strongest argument of those who claim Socrates did not actually believe in the idea of philosopher kings is that the view is expressed no earlier than Plato's Republic, which is widely considered one of Plato's "Middle" dialogues and not representative of the historical Socrates' views. Furthermore, according to Plato's Apology of Socrates, an "early" dialogue, Socrates refused to pursue conventional politics; he often stated he could not look into other's matters or tell people how to live their lives when he did not yet understand how to live his own. He believed he was a philosopher engaged in the pursuit of Truth, and did not claim to know it fully. Socrates' acceptance of his death sentence after his conviction can also be seen to support this view. It is often claimed much of the anti-democratic leanings are from Plato, who was never able to overcome his disgust at what was done to his teacher. In any case, it is clear Socrates thought the rule of the Thirty Tyrants was also objectionable; when called before them to assist in the arrest of a fellow Athenian, Socrates refused and narrowly escaped death before the Tyrants were overthrown. He did, however, fulfill his duty to serve as Prytanis when a trial of a group of Generals who presided over a disastrous naval campaign were judged; even then, he maintained an uncompromising attitude, being one of those who refused to proceed in a manner not supported by the laws, despite intense pressure.[71] Judging by his actions, he considered the rule of the Thirty Tyrants less legitimate than the Democratic Senate that sentenced him to death.
Socrates' apparent respect for democracy is one of the themes emphasized in the 2008 play Socrates on Trial by Andrew David Irvine. Irvine argues that it was because of his loyalty to Athenian democracy that Socrates was willing to accept the verdict of his fellow citizens. As Irvine puts it, "During a time of war and great social and intellectual upheaval, Socrates felt compelled to express his views openly, regardless of the consequences. As a result, he is remembered today, not only for his sharp wit and high ethical standards, but also for his loyalty to the view that in a democracy the best way for a man to serve himself, his friends, and his city – even during times of war – is by being loyal to, and by speaking publicly about, the truth."[72]
...Someone may wonder why I go about in private, giving advice and busying myself with the concerns of others, but do not venture to come forward in public and advise the state. I will tell you the reason of this. You have often heard me speak of an oracle or sign which comes to me, and is the divinity which Meletus ridicules in the indictment. This sign I have had ever since I was a child. The sign is a voice which comes to me and always forbids me to do something which I am going to do, but never commands me to do anything, and this is what stands in the way of my being a politician... - Plato APOLOGY [73][74]
Perhaps the most well known factor of Socrates' life in respect to his own actual religion is his statements of having a sign or voice, daimonion ti (meaning divine something) (ref. p. 9).[75] Plato and Xenophon writings don't refer much to the divine sign. When Socrates refers to the divine sign he states it influences his daily life, usually to stop him from doing something.[76] Plato's writings in Apology state that Socrates thinks that to believe in daimones is to believe in gods.[77]
Perhaps the most interesting facet of this is Socrates' reliance on what the Greeks called his "daimonic sign", an averting (ἀποτρεπτικός apotreptikos) inner voice Socrates heard only when he was about to make a mistake. It was this sign that prevented Socrates from entering into politics. In the Phaedrus, we are told Socrates considered this to be a form of "divine madness", a gift from the gods and gives us poetry, mysticism, love, and even philosophy itself. Alternately, the sign is often taken to be what we would call "intuition"; however, Socrates' characterization of the phenomenon as "daimonic" may suggest that its origin is divine, mysterious, and independent of his own thoughts. Today, such a voice might be classified under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as a command hallucination.[78]
According to one definition, daimonion is an "evil spirit, daemon; heathen deity".[79] Another definition, in reference to Socrates, does not refer to evilness, daeominicalness or deities of a heathen nature at all, showing daimones to mean spirit, and daimonion to be a mysterious voice.[80]
The philosophers, Hegel and Kierkegaard consider Socrates' daimon to represent in Socrates his general negative relation to the established order (this being the order of ancient Athens).[81]
In the Dialogues of Plato, though Socrates sometimes seems to advocate a mystical view, discussing reincarnation and the mystery religions, this is generally attributed to Plato himself.[82]
... music and gymnastics for the service of the high-spirited principle and the love of knowledge ...—Glaucon (- The Republic)[83]
For the Platonic Socrates,[84] to benefit the soul (i.e. the animus [85][86]), gynmnastics is the counterpart to music, is necessary for the correct development of the individual, as gymnastics hardens music softens, providing potentially the correct balance within the soul of hardness and softness.[87][88] As exercise provides courage and advances the nature of the spirit, so though also a parallel causation of too harsh a character, unless tempered by gentleness penetrating the soul from the experience of music.[89]
An education in music is ordered into three types, logos (λόγος [90]) the content of speeches, lexis (λεχις [91]) the form of speaking, and music in its conventional sense.[92]
Plato's Socrates (in The Republic) states, gymnastics as an activity has as its main goal the training of the soul.[93][94]
According to Xenophon, Socrates thought that "health and sickness themselves, when they are the causes of any good, will be good, and when they are the causes of any evil, will be evil."[95][96]
Prose sources
The Socratic dialogues
The Socratic Dialogues are a series of dialogues written by Plato and Xenophon in the form of discussions between Socrates and other persons of his time, or as discussions between Socrates' followers over his concepts. Plato's Phaedo is an example of this latter category. Although his Apology is a monologue delivered by Socrates, it is usually grouped with the Dialogues.
The Apology professes to be a record of the actual speech Socrates delivered in his own defense at the trial. In the Athenian jury system, an "apology" is composed of three parts: a speech, followed by a counter-assessment, then some final words. "Apology" is a transliteration, not a translation, of the Greek apologia, meaning "defense"; in this sense it is not apologetic according to our contemporary use of the term.
Plato generally does not place his own ideas in the mouth of a specific speaker; he lets ideas emerge via the Socratic Method, under the guidance of Socrates. Most of the dialogues present Socrates applying this method to some extent, but nowhere as completely as in the Euthyphro. In this dialogue, Socrates and Euthyphro go through several iterations of refining the answer to Socrates' question, "...What is the pious, and what the impious?"
In Plato's Dialogues, learning appears as a process of remembering. The soul, before its incarnation in the body, was in the realm of Ideas (very similar to the Platonic "Forms"). There, it saw things the way they truly are, rather than the pale shadows or copies we experience on earth. By a process of questioning, the soul can be brought to remember the ideas in their pure form, thus bringing wisdom.[97]
Especially for Plato's writings referring to Socrates, it is not always clear which ideas brought forward by Socrates (or his friends) actually belonged to Socrates and which of these may have been new additions or elaborations by Plato – this is known as the Socratic Problem. Generally, the early works of Plato are considered to be close to the spirit of Socrates, whereas the later works – including Phaedo and Republic – are considered to be possibly products of Plato's elaborations.[98]
Immediate influence
Immediately, the students of Socrates set to work both on exercising their perceptions of his teachings in politics and also on developing many new philosophical schools of thought. Some of Athens' controversial and anti-democratic tyrants, such as Alcibiades and Critias, were contemporary or posthumous students of Socrates. Critias' cousin Plato would go on to found the Academy in 385 BC, which gained so much renown that "Academy" became the standard word for educational institutions in later European languages such as English, French, and Italian.[99] Aristotle, Plato's protegé, and another important figure of the Classical era, went on to tutor Alexander the Great and also to found his own school in 335 BC — the Lyceum — whose name also now means an educational institution.[100]
While "Socrates dealt with moral matters and took no notice at all of nature in general",[101] in his Dialogues, Plato would emphasize mathematics with metaphysical overtones mirroring that of Pythagoras. Plato would dominate Western thought well into the Renaissance. Aristotle himself was as much of a philosopher as he was a scientist with extensive work in the fields of biology and physics.
Socratic thought, which challenged conventions, especially in stressing a simplistic way of living, became divorced from Plato's more detached and philosophical pursuits. This idea was inherited by one of Socrates' older students, Antisthenes, who became the originator of another philosophy in the years after Socrates' death: Cynicism. The idea of asceticism, which emphasized an ethical life or one with piety, ignored by Plato and Aristotle but somewhat dealt with by the Cynics, formed the core of Stoicism, in which Zeno of Citium would discover Socrates' works and then learn from Crates, a Cynic philosopher.[102]
Later historical influence
While some of the later contributions of Socrates to Hellenistic Era culture and philosophy as well as the Roman Era have been lost to time, his teachings began a resurgence in both medieval Europe and the Islamic Middle East alongside those of Aristotle and Stoicism. Socrates is mentioned in the dialogue Kuzari by Jewish philosopher and rabbi Yehuda Halevi in which a Jew instructs the Khazar king about Judaism.[103] Al-Kindi, a well-known Arabic philosopher, introduced and tried to reconcile Socrates and Hellenistic philosophy to an Islamic audience,[104] referring to him by the name 'Suqrat'.
Socrates' stature in Western philosophy returned in full force with the Renaissance and the Age of Reason in Europe when political theory began to resurface under those like Locke and Hobbes.[105] Voltaire even went so far as to write a satirical play about the Trial of Socrates. There were a number of paintings about his life including Socrates Tears Alcibiades from the Embrace of Sensual Pleasure by Jean-Baptiste Regnault and The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David in the later 18th century.
To this day, the Socratic Method is still used in classroom and law school discourse to expose underlying issues in both subject and the speaker. He has been recognized with accolades ranging from frequent mentions in pop culture (such as the movie Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure and a Greek rock band called Socrates Drank the Conium) to numerous busts in academic institutions in recognition of his contribution to education.
Over the past century, numerous plays about Socrates have also focused on Socrates' life and influence. One of the most recent has been Socrates on Trial, a play based on Aristophanes' Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo, all adapted for modern performance.[who?]
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Evaluation of and reaction to Socrates has been undertaken by both historians and philosophers from the time of his death to the present day with a multitude of conclusions and perspectives. Although he was not directly prosecuted for his connection to Critias, leader of the Spartan-backed Thirty Tyrants, and "showed considerable personal courage in refusing to submit to [them]", he was seen by some as a figure who mentored oligarchs who became abusive tyrants, and undermined Athenian democracy. The Sophistic movement that he railed at in life survived him, but by the 3rd century BC, was rapidly overtaken by the many philosophical schools of thought that Socrates influenced.[106]
Socrates' death is considered iconic and his status as a martyr of philosophy overshadows most contemporary and posthumous criticism. However, Xenophon mentions Socrates' "arrogance" and that he was "an expert in the art of pimping" or "self-presentation". [107] Direct criticism of Socrates the man almost disappears after this time, but there is a noticeable preference for Plato or Aristotle over the elements of Socratic philosophy distinct from those of his students, even into the Middle Ages.
Some modern scholarship holds that, with so much of his own thought obscured and possibly altered by Plato, it is impossible to gain a clear picture of Socrates amidst all the contradictory evidence. That both Cynicism and Stoicism, which carried heavy influence from Socratic thought, were unlike or even contrary to Platonism further illustrates this. The ambiguity and lack of reliability serves as the modern basis of criticism—that it is nearly impossible to know the real Socrates. Some controversy also exists about Socrates' attitude towards homosexuality[108] and as to whether or not he believed in the Olympian gods, was monotheistic, or held some other religious viewpoint.[109] However, it is still commonly taught and held with little exception that Socrates is the progenitor of subsequent Western philosophy, to the point that philosophers before him are referred to as pre-Socratic.[citation needed]
Modern review
For Martin Cohen, Plato offers "an idol, a master figure, for philosophy. A Saint, a prophet of the 'Sun-God', a teacher condemned for his teachings as a heretic."[110][111]
In literature
- Socrates is a major character in Mary Renault's historical novel The Last of the Wine. The book's protagonists, Alexias and Lysis, study under him in Athens.[112]
- A humorous version of the deceased Socrates appears in John Kendrick Bangs's comic novel A House-Boat on the Styx and its sequels.[113]
See also
- Codex Vaticanus Graecus 64
- List of speakers in Plato's dialogues
- Xanthippe (wife of Socrates)
- Myrto (second wife of Socrates, according to some accounts)
- Brun, Jean (1978). Socrate (sixth edition). Presses universitaires de France. pp. 39–40. ISBN 2-13-035620-6. (French)
- May, Hope (2000). On Socrates. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-57604-4.
- Ong, Walter (2002). Orality and Literacy. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28129-6.
- Kagan, Donald. The Fall of the Athenian Empire. First. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1987.
- Pausanias, Description of Greece. W. H. S. Jones (translator). Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). Vol. 1. Books I–II: ISBN 0-674-99104-4. Vol. 4. Books VIII.22–X: ISBN 0-674-99328-4.
- Thucydides; The Peloponnesian War. London, J. M. Dent; New York, E. P. Dutton. 1910.
- Vlastos, Gregory (1991). Socrates, Ironist and Moral Philosopher. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9787-6.
- Bernas, Richard, cond. Socrate. By Erik Satie. LTM/Boutique, 2006
- Bruell, C. (1994). "On Plato's Political Philosophy", Review of Politics, 56: 261–82.
- Bruell, C. (1999). On the Socratic Education: An Introduction to the Shorter Platonic Dialogues, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
- Grube, G.M.A.(2002). "Plato, Five Dialogues". Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
- Hanson, V.D. (2001). "Socrates Dies at Delium, 424 B.C.", What If? 2, Robert Cowley, editor, G.P. Putnam's Sons, NY.
- Irvine, Andrew David (2008). Socrates on Trial: A play based on Aristophanes' Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo, adapted for modern performance. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9783-5 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-8020-9538-1 (paper); ISBN 978-1-4426-9254-1 (e-pub)
- Kamtekar, Rachana (2004). Plato's Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito: Critical Essays. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-3325-5.
- Kierkegaard, Søren (1968). The Concept of Irony: with Constant Reference to Socrates. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20111-9.
- Levinson, Paul (2007). The Plot to Save Socrates. New York: Tor Books. ISBN 0-7653-1197-6.
- Luce, J.V. (1992). An Introduction to Greek Philosophy, Thames & Hudson, NY.
- Maritain, J. (1930, 1991). Introduction to Philosophy, Christian Classics, Inc., Westminster, MD.
- Robinson, R (1953). Plato's Earlier Dialectic. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-824777-7. Ch. 2: "Elenchus", Ch. 3: "Elenchus: Direct and Indirect"
- Taylor, C.C.W., Hare, R.M. & Barnes, J. (1998). Greek Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, Oxford University Press, NY.
- Taylor, C.C.W. (2001). Socrates: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ward, R.D'A. (2013) Sokrátis : Soul Scientist, York, UK : Aretí Publications.
- ^ a b "Socrates". 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1911. Retrieved 2012-09-13.
- ^ Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter, James Hartman and Jane Setter, eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary. 17th edition. Cambridge UP, 2006.
- ^ The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates A&C Black, 3 Jan 2013 (edited by J Bussanich - Professor of Philosophy at the University of New Mexico, USA, & ND. Smith) ISBN 1441112847 [Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ Targowski, A (2010) Ph.D., is a professor of Business Information Systems at Western Michigan University. He has published many papers and 22 books on information technology, business, philosophy, and civilization in English and Polish. He is a pioneer of business computing and inventor of INFOSTRADA (Poland 1972), which triggered the Information Superhighway wave in the U.S. in the 1990s. He investigates the role of information and wisdom in organizations and civilization. He was Chairman of the Advisory Council of Information Resource Management Society (1996-2003) and is President of the International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations (2007-) - Cognitive Informatics and Wisdom Development: Interdisciplinary Approaches: Interdisciplinary Approaches (p.42) IGI Global, 31 Dec 2010 [Retrieved 2015-3-24] (ed. the review shows "Cognitive Informatics and Wisdom Development: Interdisciplinary Approaches argues that wise civilization cannot function without wise people and vice versa,..."
- ^ TFX. Noble ( Ph.D. from Michigan State University), B Strauss - (Ph.D. from Yale), D Osheim (Professor of History at the University of Virginia), K Neuschel, E Accampo (professor of history at the University of Southern California) ([c.f. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nv30_V6WdRIC&dq=Socrates+founder+of+western+philosophy&source=gbs_navlinks_s Authors]) - Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume I: To 1715, Volume 1 (p.85 , right column , 1st paragraph) Cengage Learning, 12 Jan 2007 [Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ Sarah Kofman (1998). Socrates: Fictions of a Philosopher. p. 34. ISBN 0-8014-3551-X.
Nietzsche indeed manages to trace a utilitarian Socrates in Plato's dialogues, a Socrates who is more or less hidden behind his 'best disciple', Plato: ...
- ^ D Sacks, O Murray - Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World (p.319) Infobase Publishing, 1 Jan 2009 ISBN 1438110200 [Retrieved 2015-3-26](ed. Google books info inc. < Contributor - LR.Brody .... associate curator of ancient art at the Yale University Art Gallery>
- ^ Many other writers added to the fashion of Socratic dialogues (called Sőkratikoi logoi) at the time. In addition to Plato and Xenophon, each of the following is credited by some source as having added to the genre: Aeschines of Sphettus, Antisthenes, Aristippus, Bryson, Cebes, Crito, Euclid of Megara, and Phaedo. It is unlikely Plato was the first in this field (Vlastos, p. 52).
- ^ Stanford University - about[Retrieved 2015-3-23]
- ^ Nails, D "Socrates", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) - SECTION 2:1 (PARAGRAPH 2) [Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ CC. Meinwald (one time Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Illinois, Chicago) - - Plato The Encyclopedia Brittanica [Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ R Kraut (Charles and Emma Morrison Professor in the Humanities, Northwestern University) - - Socrates The Encyclopedia Brittanica [Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ CJ. Tuplin (one time Professor of Ancient History, University of Liverpool, England) - - Xenophon The Encyclopedia Brittanica [Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ V. Ehrenberg - From Solon to Socrates: Greek History and Civilization During the 6th and 5th Centuries BC (p.373) Routledge, 22 May 2014 ISBN 1136783946 [Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ May, H. (2000). On Socrates. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning,. p. 20.
- ^ JA. Arieti (Graves H. Thompson Professor of Classics and chair of the department at Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia c.2005) - Philosophy in the Ancient World: An Introduction (p.132) Rowman & Littlefield, 1 Jan 2005 ISBN 0742533298 [Retrieved 2015-3-30](ed. < Plato's Socrates > (instead of Plato' info about Socrates), and < personality >)
- ^ Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Works by Plato[Retrieved 2015-3-27]
- ^ George Burges (Trinity College Cambridge) - (& Henry Cary, Rev. Henry Davis M.A.) - The Works of Plato: The laws - viii Bohn's classical library Volume 5 of The Works of Plato: A New and Literal Version, Chiefly from the Text of Stallbaum H.G. Bohn, 1852 [Retrieved 2015-3-27](ed. < ... the persons of the dialogue, Clinias the Cretan, and Megillus the Lacedæmonian...)
- ^ Plato (translated by J. Harward) The Seventh Letter (3rd paragraph)[Retrieved 2015-3-27]
- ^ Johann Georg Zimmermann - Solitude, Volume 1 Holmes & Charles, 1804 [Retrieved 2015-3-27](ed. open p.14 prior to edit but used nothing of it for inclusion here)
- ^ catalogue of Harvard University Press - Xenophon Volume IV[Retrieved 2015-3-26]
- ^ John Philips Potter - The religion of Socrates Publication:1831 (Original from Oxford University) [Retrieved 2015-3-27]
- ^ Oregon State University edu[Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ L Gray (founder of Socratic Parenting LLC and an adjunct professor of criminal sciences at Indiana Tech University) - Just Myrto (p.35) Luminis Books, Inc., 2014 [Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ The Rosen Publishing Group, 2006 description of Jun Lim - Socrates: The Public Conscience of Golden Age Athens[Retrieved 2015-3-24](ed. 1st source showing indication of the words of the Oracle at Delphi, but these actually aren't actually verbatim in this source)
- ^ H.S. Thayer (NOVEMBER 24, 1988) on I.F. Stone - Socrates (in The New York Review of Books)[Retrieved 2015-3-24] (ed. source of < mædena sophoteron einai >)
- ^ Ong, pp. 78–79.
- ^ ... < born in a a bourg of Athens known as Alopece > - JG Cooper - The Life of Socrates R. Dodsley, 1750-[Retrieved - 2015-3-21]..... < was born at Alopece, a village near Athens > - Plato, Immanuel Bekker, Marsilio Ficino, Charles Stuart Stanford - Plato's Apology of Socrates, Crito, and Phaedo: from the text of Bekker (p.301) Printed at the University Press, for William Curry, 1834-[Retrieved 2015-3-27] (ed. Modern sources which corroborate <Socrates of Alopece> - [1] [2] [3]-[Retrieved 2015-3-22]
- ^ Plato, Laches 180d, Euthydemus 297e,Hippias Major 298c
- ^ G.W.F. Hegel (trans. Frances H. Simon), Lectures on History of Philosophy
- ^ Plato, Theaetetus 149a, Alcibiades 1 131e
- ^ "Xenophon, ''Symposium'' 2.10". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
- ^ "Plato, ''Phaedo'' 116b". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
- ^ "Plato, ''Crito'' 45c-45e". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
- ^ edited by S Ahbel-Rappe, R Kamteka - 2009 Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Arizona. A Companion to Socrates (p.7). John Wiley & Sons, 11 May 2009 ISBN 1405192607. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
- ^ Plato - APOLOGY Translated by Benjamin Jowett [Retrieved 2015-3-24](6th paragraph of Apology (not Introduction) - .... For the word which I will speak is not mine. I will refer you to a witness who is worthy of credit; that witness shall be the God of Delphi—he will tell you about my wisdom, if I have any, and of what sort it is. You must have known Chaerephon; he was early a friend of mine, and also a friend of yours, for he shared in the recent exile of the people, and returned with you. Well, Chaerephon, as you know, was very impetuous in all his doings, and he went to Delphi and boldly asked the oracle to tell him whether—as I was saying, I must beg you not to interrupt—he asked the oracle to tell him whether anyone was wiser than I was, and the Pythian prophetess answered, that there was no man wiser. Chaerephon is dead himself; but his brother, who is in court, will confirm the truth of what I am saying....)
- ^ The ancient tradition is attested in Pausanias, 1.22.8; for a modern denial, see Kleine Pauly, "Sokrates" 7; the tradition is a confusion with the sculptor, Socrates of Thebes, mentioned in Pausanias 9.25.3, a contemporary of Pindar.
- ^ Iain King details Socrates' military service, including how it may have affected his ideas, in Socrates at War (article), accessed 2014-03-21.
- ^ Encylopaedia Britannica, Socrates.
- ^ Xenophon (Translated by H. G. Dakyns) THE MEMORABILIA or Recollections of Socrates Book I Release Date: August 24, 2008 Project Gutenburg (Produced by J Bickers, and D Widger) [Retrieved 2015-3-22]
- ^ Plato - The Seventh Letter (4th paragraph)[Retrieved 2015-3-27]
- ^ Smith, W. (1852). The Apology of Socrates, the Crito, and Part of the Phaedo: With Notes from Stallbaum, Schleiermacher's Introductions, A Life of Socrates, and Schleiermacher's Essay on the Worth of Socrates as a Philosopher. Taylor Walton and Maberly. p. ciii note 1.
- ^ Wilson, Emily R. (2007). The Death of Socrates. Harvard University Press. p. 55.
- ^ Here it is telling to refer to Thucydides (3.82.8): "Reckless audacity came to be considered the courage of a loyal ally; prudent hesitation, specious cowardice; moderation was held to be a cloak for unmanliness; ability to see all sides of a question inaptness to act on any. Frantic violence, became the attribute of manliness; cautious plotting, a justifiable means of self-defense. The advocate of extreme measures was always trustworthy; his opponent a man to be suspected."
- ^ a b Waterfield, Robin (2009). Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
- ^ Brun (1978).
- ^ Plato. Apology, 24–27.
- ^ Fallon, Warren J. (2001). "Socratic suicide." PubMed. PMID: 19681231. US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. 121:91–106. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ Linder, Doug (2002). "The Trial of Socrates". University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ "Socrates (Greek philosopher)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ R. G. Frey (January 1978). Did Socrates Commit Suicide?. Philosophy, Volume 53, Issue 203, pp 106–108. University of Liverpool. doi:10.1017/S0031819100016375.
- ^ Allen, RE. (1981). Socrates and Legal Obligation. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 65–96.
- ^ Weiss, R. (1998). Socrates Dissatisfied: An Analysis of Plato's Crito. Oxford University Press. p. 85.
- ^ a b G Rudebusch - Professor of Philosophy at Northern Arizona University 2011. Socrates. John Wiley & Sons, 13 Sep 2011 ISBN 1444358707. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
- ^ Oxford Dictionaries - pragmatics Oxford University press [Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ The Bloomsbury Companion to Socrates (p.66) A&C Black, 3 Jan 2013 (edited by J Bussanich - Professor of Philosophy at the University of New Mexico, USA, & ND. Smith) ISBN 1441112847 [Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ Popper, K. (1962) The Open Society and its Enemies, Volume 1 Plato, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, p133.
- ^ Hadot, P. (1995) Philosophy as a Way of Life, Oxford, Blackwells, p93.
- ^ Cohn, Dorrit (2001). "Does Socrates Speak for Plato? Reflections on an Open Question". New Literary History 32 (3): 485–500. doi:10.1353/nlh.2001.0030. ISSN 1080-661X.
- ^ Plato, Republic 336c & 337a, Theaetetus 150c, Apology 23a; Xenophon, Memorabilia 4.4.9; Aristotle, Sophistical Refutations 183b7.
- ^ Long, AA., in Ahbel-Rappe, S. and Kamtekar, R. (2009). A Companion to Socrates. John Wiley & Sons. p. 59.
- ^ Plato, Menexenus 235e
- ^ Benjamin Jowett - APPENDIX I (MENEXENUS by Plato)[Retrieved 2015-3-30]
- ^ p. 14, Terence Irwin, The Development of Ethics, vol. 1, Oxford University Press 2007; p. 147, Gerasimos Santas, "The Socratic Paradoxes", Philosophical Review 73 (1964), pp. 147–64.
- ^ Apology of Socrates 21d.
- ^ Brickhouse, TC. and Smith, ND. (1990). Socrates on Trial. Oxford University Press. p. 165.
- ^ Nichols, MP. (1987). Socrates and the Political Community: An Ancient Debate. SUNY Press. p. 67.
- ^ Duignan, B. (2009). The 100 Most Influential Philosophers of All Time. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 33.
- ^ Xenophon, with Notes by R.D.C.Robbins (Librarian,Andover Theological Seminary) - Xenophon's Memorabilia of Socrates: With English Notes, Critical and Explanatory, the Prolegomena of Kühner, Wiggers' Life of Socrates, Etc (c.f. CHAPTER V - p.29) Harper & brothers, 1848 [Retrieved 2015-3-27]
- ^ Kagen (1978).
- ^ Irvine, Andrew D. "Introduction," Socrates on Trial, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008, p. 19.
- ^ Translated by Benjamin Jowett Plato - APOLOGY[Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ C. D. C. Reeve c.f also bio - Socrates in the Apology: An Essay on Plato's Apology of Socrates (p.68) Hackett Publishing, 1989 ISBN 0872200884 [Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ edited by ND Smith JF Miller Professor of Humanities Lewis and Clark College, P Woodruff Thompson Professor in the Humanities University of Texas at Austin. Reason and Religion in Socratic Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 23 Oct 2000 ISBN 0195350928. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
- ^ F Renaud - Socrates' Divine Sign: From the Alcibiades to Olympiodorus (in) Alcibiades and the Socratic Lover-Educator (p.191) (edited by H Tarrant, M Johnson)[Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ FE. Peters (Professor of Middle Eastern Studies, Hebrew and Judaic Studies, and History at New York University) - Greek Philosophical Terms: A Historical Lexicon (p.33 - last sentence of 1st paragraph) NYU Press, 1967 ISBN 0814765521 (Length 234 pages) [Retrieved 2015-3-24]
- ^ Leudar, I. and Thomas, P. (2013). "1". Voices of Reason, Voices of Insanity: Studies of Verbal Hallucinations. Routledge.
- ^ Strong's Concordance - biblehub.com[Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ Hare, J - Religion and Morality The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)[Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ Søren Kierkegaard, Volume 1 (p.232) Volume 1 of Søren Kierkegaard: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers (edited by DW. Conway, K.E. Gover) Taylor & Francis, 2002 ISBN 0415235871 (Length 330 pages)[Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ McPherran, ML. (1998). The Religion of Socrates. Penn State Press. p. 268.
- ^ Plato, Republic 3 411- e (translated by Paul Shorey. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1969.) Perseus Tufts University [Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ Heinrich Ritter, translated from the German by Alexander James William Morrison [Retrieved 2015-3-27] (ed. source of < Platonic Socrates > here, - p.435
- ^ L.D.Reynolds, M.T.Griffin, E.Fantham - The Oxford Classical Dictionary Oxford University Press, 29 Mar 2012 (edited by S Hornblower, A Spawforth, E Eidinow) ISBN 0199545561 [Retrieved 2015-3-14](ed. via de tranquillitate animi)
- ^ Perseus Digital Library - Tufts University Search Tools - Latin Word Study Tool (for expanded definitions see page under Lewis & Short) [Retrieved 2015-3-14]
- ^ MP. Nichols (Visiting Scholar for Honors Education at the University of Delaware c.1987) - Socrates and the Political Community: An Ancient Debate (p.83) SUNY Press, 1 Jan 1987 ISBN 0887063950 [Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ Plato, Republic 3 410 (translated by Paul Shorey. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1969.) - c,d,e, 411 - a,b,c,d,e Perseus Tufts University [Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ Heinrich Ritter, translated from the German by Alexander James William Morrison (Trinity College Cambridge)- The history of ancient philosophy, Volume 2 (436) D. A. Talboys, 1838 [Retrieved 2015-3-27]
- ^ Perseus Tufts University - Latin Word Study Tool - logos[Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ Perseus Tufts University - Latin Word Study Tool - lexis[Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ S Benardete (c.1992 professor of classics at New York University) - Socrates' Second Sailing: On Plato's Republic (c.f. p.58 - this link links to p.59) University of Chicago Press, 15 Oct 1992 ISBN 0226042448 (Length 238 pages) [Retrieved 2015-3-25](ed. also from this source located title for this section i.e. -Education- c.f. p.58)
- ^ S Rosen , 2008 Borden Parker Bowne Professor of Philosophy and University Professor at Boston University - Plato's Republic: A Study (p.160) Yale University Press, 2008 ISBN 0300126921 (Length 423 pages)[Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ DN. McNeill , Lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Essex in England - An Image of the Soul in Speech: Plato and the Problem of Socrates (p.73) Literature and Philosophy Penn State Press, 1 Jan 2009 ISBN 0271035862 (Length 360 pages)[Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ Xenophon (of Athens.) - The Anabasis, or expedition of Cyrus, and the Memorabilia of Socrates. Literally tr., by J.S. Watson (p.479) published 1854 [Retrieved 2015-3-25]
- ^ NHS - history[Retrieved 2015-3-26](ed. 1st source of word < Health > )
- ^ Khan, CH. (1998). Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Morrison, DR. (2011). "1". The Cambridge Companion to Socrates. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Ahbel-Rappe, S. and Kamtekar, R. (2009). A Companion to Socrates. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 306–309.
- ^ Magee, B (2000). The Great Philosophers: An Introduction to Western Philosophy. Oxford University Press. p. 34.
- ^ Carruccio, E. (2006). Mathematics And Logic in History And in Contemporary Thought. Transaction Publishers. p. 44.
- ^ Long, AA. (1996). Stoic Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32.
- ^ Hughes, B (2011). The Hemlock Cup: Socrates, Athens and the Search for the Good Life. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
- ^ von Dehsen, C. (2013). Philosophers and Religious Leaders. Routledge.
- ^ Ahbel-Rappe, S, and Kamtekar, R (2009). A Companion to Socrates. John Wiley & Sons. pp. xix–xx.
- ^ Wilson, ER. (2007). The Death of Socrates: Hero, Villain, Chatterbox, Saint. Profile Books. pp. 61–62.
- ^ Danzig, G. (2010). Apologizing for Socrates: How Plato and Xenophon Created Our Socrates. Lexington Books. pp. 66–67.
- ^ W. K. C. Guthrie, Socrates, Cambridge University Press, 1971, p. 70.
- ^ A.A. Long "How Does Socrates' Divine Sign Communicate with Him?", Chapter 5 in: A Companion to Socrates, John Wiley & Sons, 2009, p. 63.
- ^ Martin Cohen, Philosophical Tales (2008) ISBN 1-4051-4037-2
- ^ See also R.D'A.Ward, Sokrátis : Soul Scientist, York : Aretí Publications, 2013
- ^ Gomez, Alex (July 10, 2010). "Mary Renault's 'The Last of the Wine' Reviewed". Banderas News. Retrieved 2014-10-14.
- ^ Bangs, John Kendrick (1901). A House-Boat on the Styx. Harper & Bros. pp. 164–170. Retrieved 2014-10-14.
External links
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- Socrates at DMOZ
- Socrates entry by Debra Nails in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Socrates entry by James M. Ambury in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Socrates at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
- Socrates on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- Greek Philosophy: Socrates
- Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Socrates, translated by Robert Drew Hicks (1925).
- Paul Shorey (1905). "Socrates". New International Encyclopedia.
- Original Fresque of Socrates in Archaeological Museum of Ephesus
- Socrates Narrates Plato's The Republic
- Project Gutenberg e-texts on Socrates, amongst others:
- The Dialogues of Plato (see also Wikipedia articles on Dialogues by Plato)
- The writings of Xenophon, such as the Memorablia and Hellenica.
- The satirical plays by Aristophanes
- Aristotle's writings
- Voltaire's Socrates
- A free audiobook of the Socratic dialogue Euthyphro at LibriVox
- Socrates
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- 5th-century BC philosophers
- People executed by Ancient Athens
- Critics of religions


text:
'Glory' will be published by Orion on April 10 in this, the centenary year of the landing of allied troops on Gallipoli.
My grandfather died at Suvla Bay, Gallipoli on August 21st 1915. He led his men across a dried salt lake towards a well-armed, well led enemy who held all the upper ground, including Scimitar Hill where my grandfather was killed. His body was never found and my grandmother who had six young children, continued to believe that he would emerge from a Turkish hospital or prison camp. Most probably he was burned, dead or alive, in the fires all around.
I was born during the Second World War and grew up in its aftermath and later lived in New York during the Vietnam War. War was always an important part of my consciousness. But this family loss in the First World War is the inspiration for my new novel, 'Glory'. I have archive letters and diaries to bring the events alive. But when I travelled to Gallipoli and walked the jagged cliffs and gullies for myself, I soon realised that my grandfather's experience was a very small part of that tragic and pointless campaign.
In 'Glory', as well as basing the older soldier on my grandfather's military history, I have created other characters, young soldiers who endured all the misery and horror of the campaign. It has taken me from Gallipoli to England where wives and lovers have their own struggles, and to Egypt and Malta where men were held in reserve or lay in hastily commandeered hospitals.
The dream of snatching Constantinople and opening the gateway to Russia was a powerful one. But as I continued to research and write the story, I became more and more clear that it really had been only a fantastical dream, hatched up by politicians in London with no real understanding of the enormous difficulties. Unfortunately, it had to be fought by brave men like my grandfather, Brigadier-General Thomas, Earl of Longford, who gave their lives out of duty or patriotism. If there is any glory, it is all theirs. Sometimes I find the waste of lives almost unbearable.
Other Writing
- The Wild Cherry Tree
- The cuckoo loved with true passion the Cherry tree's silky pink-purplish trunk, its cascade of wedding-white fl… Read more
- Dancemoon
- 'We're dancing to the moon,' said Arthur, moving, it has to be admitted, a little stiffly like the old man… Read more
- The Man who tried to Kill his Wife with a Goose
- Christmas Eve started early for Lawrence. Daisy, given special permission to club till midnight, arrived ba… Read more
- Friendship
- It can start in all sorts of strange places: in a pram, up a climbing frame, over a desk, in hospital, unde… Read more
- A Year in My Life
- Can I have really made so many decisions in one year? Looking back, it seems almost impossible. In April I l… Read more
I spent some time finding an appropriate poem to precede the fifth and final section of my novel, 'Glory'– A Story of Gallipoli'. There are so many heart-stopping poems written about World War 1. Many of the best known poets such as Edmund Blunden, Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon fought as soldiers and wrote out of their own experience. The picture painted is often bleak and sometimes angry. Only Rupert Brooke who died of a septicaemia before he could fight, looked on war as an exciting challenge - not the sort of glory I am looking for. But, although my story is filled with horror and tragedy, it does not end without hope. There is a future and perhaps even for the better for those who survive. So I was looking for a poem that allowed for a modicum of light in the darkness.
Possibly, the search is a ridiculous or even disrespectful one. I hope not. Sassoon and others wrote exquisitely about the beauty of the countryside behind the trenches on the Western Front or even around them in the early part of the war before mud and shellfire destroyed everything. Here is the first verse of "Before the Battle";
"Music of whispering trees
Hushed by the broad-winged breeze
Where shaken water gleams
And evening radiance falling
O bear me safe through dark, you low-voiced streams…"
I also particularly like "Returning, we hear the larks" by Isaac Rosenberg, who was killed in 1918.
" Sombre the night is.
And though we have our lives, we know
What sinister threat lurks there.
Dragging these anguished limbs, we only know
This poison-blasted track opens on our camp –
On a little safe sleep.
But hark! – joy –strange joy. Lo!
Heights of night ringing with unseen larks. Music showering on our upturned list'ning faces…"
But neither Rosenberg nor Sassoon were ever on Gallipoli and their descriptions are of a landscape quite different from the cliffs and gulleys, the blue seas and the steep plateaux of the Turkish peninsular. When I complained to a friend of my dilemma, he suggested the ecstatic poem by Sassoon, "Everyone Sang".
".. Everyone's voice was suddenly lifted;
And beauty came like the setting sun;
My heart was shaken with tears: and horror
Drifted away…O, but Everyone
Was a bird; and the song was wordless; the singing will never be done."
Remarkably, Sassoon described in his memoir, "Siegfried's Journey", how he wrote the poem at home one evening when he was feeling particularly dull and that the words came as if he was 'remembering not thinking.' The trouble is that my novel or rather my characters, Arthur, Fred and Sylvia, would not see their lives reflected in that poem.
Sometimes I was reminded of searching for a fossil in a field. Something I'm good at. My policy is to walk normally until I feel a strong pull to look down and there, sure enough, if I stare long and carefully enough, will be a fossil, not necessarily large but carrying all the charisma of its 200 million years.
In the end, I did choose a poem. It is by Lawrence Binyon called "The Unreturning Spring".I felt that,despite the "days rolled in blood", it allows for a more general sense of consolation through the repetition and renewal of nature.
"A leaf on the grey sand-path
Fallen and fair with rime!
A yellow leaf, a scarlet leaf,
And a green leaf ere its time
Days rolled in blood, days torn,
Days innocent, days burnt black,
What is it the wind is sighing
As the leaves float, swift or slack?…"
- Feb 18
Balloon Debate
Rachel joins Kate Adie and Lord Fellowes in a 'Balloon Debate' at Melbury House, Dorset in aid of RABI on Saturday February 18 at 6.0pm.
- April 10
Glory- A Story of Gallipoli
Publication by Orion Books of 'Glory'- A Story of Gallipoli'.
Rachel is Guest of Honour at the 2015 Sherborne Literary Lunch to be held at Leweston School at 1.0 pm


text:
The National ME/FM Action Network in Canada is competing for $100,000 for biomedical research of ME and FM in the Aviva Community Fund contest. With thanks to all who helped, they made it through the first round of voting into the Semi-Finals.
Discuss the article on the Forums.
Amoxicillin-Clavulanate, Before a Meal May Improve Small Bowel Motility
Discussion in 'Other Health News and Research' started by Waverunner, May 1, 2012.


text:
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Bedrooms: 2
Bathrooms: 1
Sleeps: 6
Type: Apt. / Condo001MAST A2 Prvi kat(4+2) - Mastrinka
Description from the manager
BASIC INFORMATION: Type of property: apartments. Number of apartments and their capacity is A(2+2), 2x A(4+2). Check in: 14:00 Check out: 10:00
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT: free parking within the property, free garage, common terrace for all guest in the property, garden.
ADDITIONAL SERVICES: outdoor shower, free use of barbecue.
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DISTANCES: The distance to the closest beach is 100 meter. The distance to the sea is 100 metar. The distance to the town center is 2000 metar. Grocery store - 150 m. Closest restaurant - 1000 m. Closest infirmary/hospital - 2500 m. Closest public ...Read more
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001MAST A2 Prvi kat(4+2) - Mastrinka
Mastrinka, Dalmatia, Croatia
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Dining in Portland at The Benson Hotel
While staying at our downtown Portland hotel take a night off and dine onsite. We offer a variety of dining options bound to satisfy!
Easter Brunch
Join us for Easter Brunch!
Celebrate Easter with brunch in The London Grill.
Enjoy a delicious array of food, sparkling wine, entertainment and photos with the Easter bunny. Bring the whole family… there is something for everyone.
Sunday, April 5
9:30am – 2:00pm
Last seating at 2:00pm
Adults/Youths – $49
Children 5 – 12 – $25
Children Under 5 Years – Free
For reservations, call 503.228.2000
The Benson Hotel Room Services
Planning a relaxing evening in or are you an early bird ready to start the day before the sun is up? No matter, at The Benson hotel breakfast, lunch, and dinner are just a call away. Enjoy 24 hour room service with a limited overnight menu anytime. So relax the night away and eat when you are ready to, or let us help you greet the day in Portland!
The Palm Court
Planning a family night in but still want to get out of the room, or are you looking for an easy dinner for two nearby? Join us at The Palm Court, our gorgeous Restaurant & Lounge located in the Benson Hotel lobby. Marvel at the architectural genius that enhances the natural daylight that flows throughout the area giving it a warm cozy atmosphere for enjoying drinks, food, and conversations with a friendly and experienced waiting staff!
El Gaucho, Award-Winning Steakhouse and Cigar Room
While staying at The Benson Hotel come experience El Gaucho, an award-winning steakhouse and cigar room in downtown Portland. Let El Gaucho take you back in time with mouthwatering steaks, wine lists, happy hour and live music nightly. If you are looking for a more intimate experience, El Gaucho also features an intimate lounge, a dramatic cigar lounge and beautiful private dining rooms for larger affairs adjacent to The Benson Hotel.