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Service applications at one or more service providers are bundled through a server thereby creating new services. The server comprises service agents, each of which corresponds to one or more service applications and proxies for its application(s) to perform service bundling. When a subscriber interacts with a service application and affects service specific data, the application sends this data along with the subscriber's intent with respect to this data to the server. The server next identifies a primary service agent, which is the agent proxying for the application. This agent determines a peer group of service agents, wherein each peer agent corresponds to a service application that together define a bundled service. The principal and peer agents subsequently negotiate/coordinate with respect to the service data. As a result, the agents may communicate with their respective service applications to determine a subscriber's current service data configurations and/or to update these configurations.
1. A system for bundling one or more service applications to create bundled services wherein the service applications are located within one or more service provider domains, said system comprising:
a plurality of service agents wherein each service agent corresponds to one or more service applications and wherein the service agents autonomously intercommunicate in order to perform service bundling on behalf of the service applications,
a service bus agent for routing messages between the service applications and service agents, and
a user preference and profile agent for maintaining one or more peer groups wherein each peer group identifies an associated set of service agents that together define a bundled service,
wherein a given service application generates a service event to the service bus agent, wherein the service bus agent determines a primary service agent from among the plurality of service agents that corresponds to the given service application and forwards the service event to the primary service agent, wherein the primary service agent communicates with the user preference and profile agent to obtain a peer group of service agents, and wherein the primary service agent and peer group service agents intercommunicate to bundle the service applications corresponding to the primary service agent and peer group service agents.
2. The system of
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/447,200, filed Feb. 13, 2003, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Our invention relates generally to application service integration. More particularly, our invention relates to methods and systems for integrating/bundling service applications through the use of autonomous service agents that cooperate on behalf of the applications to perform the integration/bundling.
In the world of Next Generation Networks (NGNs) (e.g. high speed IP-based networks), network operators and service providers are increasingly faced with the challenge of determining which new services can be marketed and made profitable, and then rapidly deploying these new services. Traditionally, service providers have independently developed and delivered new services themselves. However, this intra-provider service delivery paradigm involves a lengthy cycle of creating a service from scratch, deploying and provisioning the service into the network, and operating the service accordingly. As can be seen, a fundamental deficiency in this paradigm is that a service provider needs to go through all phases in the delivery lifecycle in order to generate new revenue. For a service provider, there are inherent delays and costs between service-inception and service operation, whether the service is developed internally or outsourced by a third party. In addition, there is no guarantee that the service will be accepted by the market or generate the necessary revenue to sustain it once operational. Overall, this approach requires that service providers make substantial upfront investments in new services and take on considerable risk when deploying new services.
Nonetheless, there are many service providers today, each with their own administrative domains, providing many different services to the subscribers of that domain. As a result, service providers are adopting a new business model for delivering new and value- added services to subscribers that has the potential to substantially reduce the time to market and risk associated with introducing such services themselves.
Specifically, subscribers today may have multiple service providers and/or multiple services within and across these providers but see no consistency and aggregation among the services. As a result, service providers are providing new services by bundling multiple distributed services both within and across service provider domains. When a service provider bundles a third party's already operational and profitable or popular service with its own, the provider decreases time to market and increases its probability of market acceptance. This approach also minimizes risk from erroneous analysis of service marketability, and how to deploy, operate, and maintain new services for profitability.
However, while this new model is proving successful, the current methods for bundling/combining services are highly customized and achieved through point-to-point software integration that tends to require laboriously crafted arrangements between the providers. The result is new services that require extensive bi-lateral negotiation and integration, resulting in the tight coupling of existing services.
For example, one existing service integration technique, called the generic application integration approach, requires two applications/systems/enterprises to message through a queued integration framework. Specifically, messages from a first service application are transmitted to the framework, queued, transformed multiple times, and eventually forwarded to the receiving service application in a format that the receiving application readily understands. In a second approach, called the API approach, two applications/systems/enterprises communicate through well-defined and controlled programmatic interfaces that specify all parameters and formats. In this approach, transformation is not generally required since the receiving application simply enforces formatting through the interface it offers to other systems. However, a shortcoming of this approach is that if the interface semantics or syntax changes, all calling systems will also be affected, causing a costly cascade of modifications.
As can be seen, these existing techniques essentially require expensive point-to-point integrations resulting in �n�n� interfaces (assuming there are �n� service applications). In addition, the bundled services typically lack any type of coordination and control between each other. Furthermore, the central control logic of each service application typically has to be customized for each interconnection, creating tightly coupled systems. In addition, because each of the bundled services is expected to function both as a standalone application and as a single component of an integrated application, and because the integration affects the central control logic, the nature of integration is constrained to the actual �workflow� engine of these applications. These drawbacks also limit the number of service applications that can be bundled.
For NGN service providers, service integration approaches such as these are not ideal. Although the approaches create an environment for creating new services, these new services are comprised of tightly coupled existing services making these new services inflexible and making the deployment of these new services difficult to change. In the NGN service provider world, which is characterized by the rapid introduction and removal of dynamic services, this is not acceptable.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide methods and systems that overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and bundle service applications without having to actually modify the application service logic. In accordance with our invention, service applications both within and between service providers are bundled through a server (referred to as the �service peering aggregation server� (SPAS server)), thereby creating new services. Importantly, the SPAS server bundles service applications through the applications' service specific data, rather than through the service applications' service logic. In other words, from the standpoint of our invention, when a subscriber interacts with a service and affects service specific data, a �service event� has occurred. When a service application detects such an event from a subscriber, it forwards this event to the SPAS server, which operates on this event/data to perform service integration.
Specifically, the SPAS server comprises a service bus agent, a plurality of service agents, and a user preference and profile agent (UPPA). The service bus agent acts as a communications interface between the external service applications that are to bundled and the SPAS server, performing protocol translations and routing message between the SPAS server components and these applications.
The service agents perform the actual service integration for the SPAS server. Each agent proxies for one or more service applications and performs the service integration for its corresponding application(s). In particular, each agent understands a set of fundamental communication patterns and also understands sufficient information about the specifics of the service application(s) it represents. Through these basic communication patterns and understanding of the service applications, the service agents autonomously communicate/coordinate with one another with respect to a particular service event in order to perform service integration.
The UPPA, through the use of a database, provides two main functions. First, the SPAS server uses the notion of �peer groups� to define bundled services of external service applications. Each peer group defines a logical association between service agents and thereby an association of service applications. Importantly, rather than maintaining these associations within the service agents themselves, the UPPA maintains these associations within a database. The second function the UPPA performs is to maintain preference and profile information for each subscriber who subscribes to a bundles service, for example, it will maintain conflict resolution information. Specifically, when service agents are coordinating with respect to a service event, they may have conflicting service data. The UPPA will maintain subscriber preferences and priorities between applications that can be used by the service agents to resolve such conflicts.
Accordingly, when a service application detects a service event for a given subscriber, the service application will forward a message to the service bus agent wherein the message comprises the service event along with the subscriber's intent with respect to this service event. When the service bus agent receives this service event, it determines the service agent that proxies for the service application (which agent is referred to as the primary service agent because it receives the initial notification) and then forwards the event to this agent.
When the principal service agent receives a service event from its corresponding service application, the service agent will contact the UPPA to determine a peer group of associated service agents (and thereby external service applications to which a subscriber subscribes) that may care about the service event in question. This service agent may also query the UPPA to determine the preferences of the subscriber that generated the service event so that these preferences can be taken into account during service integration. Based on this information, the principal service agent and peer service agents subsequently coordinate and negotiate with respect to the service event in question using a set of well defined interaction patterns. As a result of these interactions, one or more of the service agents may communicate with their corresponding service applications to determine a subscribers current service information. In the end, the service agents may communicate with their corresponding service applications to configure/update service information, thereby achieving the integration.
Significantly, a service application's behavior is characterized by its service logic (i.e., control logic) and service specific data. Accordingly, service application behavior for integration purposes can be affected by altering the service control execution, which is how the prior art systems perform integration, or by altering the service/configuration data. We have observed, however, that changing and/or configuring this service specific data can directly affect most service application behaviors. As such, service integration in accordance with our invention is directed at integrating service applications from the perspective of their service specific data rather than directly integrating their control logic.
As such, from the standpoint of our invention, when a subscriber of a service interacts with that service and affects service specific data, a �service event� has occurred. When a service application detects an event from a subscriber, it forwards this event to the SPAS server. Importantly, it is the decision of the developer of the service application and/or service provider to decide which aspects of an application are open for integration. Accordingly, not all events that can be classified as �service events� need necessarily been sent to the SPAS server.
Assuming the application is designed to report the event, the application sends a message to the SPAS server identifying itself (i.e., the specific service), the subscriber, service specific data surrounding the service event, and some action primitive effectively informing the SPAS server of the intent of the service event. For example, assume a subscriber subscribes to a calendar service and enters a new appointment. This is a service event. The calendar service may send a message to the SPAS server identifying the service, the subscriber, the new appointment, and a �create� command, indicating that the subscriber wishes to enter the new appointment (these concepts are further explained below).
For each service application that is bundled through the SPAS server 100, there is a corresponding service agent 120 at the server that proxies for the application. Each service agent for a given service application runs autonomously from the other agents and embodies the service integration logic, which logic is directed at performing service integration from the perspective of service events. When the SPAS server receives a service event, it identifies the specific service agent that is proxying for this service application, which service agent is referred to as the principal agent here because it receives the initial notification. The SPAS server also embodies the notion of �peer groups�, which is a logical association between service agents. In other words, each service agent in a peer group corresponds to an external service application and together, comprise a set of bundled integrated services. From the standpoint of our invention, these peer groups are defined by service providers (who indicate which services should or should not be bundled) and subscribers (who indicate which of the services they subscribe to should be bundled). As an example, peer groups can be subscriber-driven. For each subscriber who subscribes to service bundling through the SPAS server, there is a corresponding peer group of service agent members each of which corresponds to an external application service that a subscriber wants bundled.
Accordingly, when the principal service agent is notified of a service event, it identifies the other service agents, called peer service agents, through the peer groups. Again, these service agents represent services that the subscriber also subscribes to and to whom this service event is relevant. The principal service agent then forwards the event to these peer service agents, and subsequently, the principal and peer service agents coordinate, negotiate, and interact based on some service logic directed at the service event. As a result of these interactions, the principal and/or peer service agents may in turn communicate back with their corresponding service application(s) at the service provider(s) and affect service data for the subscriber. For example, one of the peer service agents may determine through interactions with itsa corresponding service application that there is a conflicting appointment due to the new appointment and instruct the application to remove the conflicting appointment. Similarly, the principal service agent for the calendar service may determine from its interactions with the peer agents that the subscriber cannot make the new appointment. As such, the principal service agent may report back to the calendar service that that the new appointment needs to be �denied.� Importantly, note that unlike the prior art, the interaction here is between the service agents and the real service data, and not between the service logic within the service applications themselves.
Significantly, contrary to prior methods for bundling services, the SPAS server reduces the current many-to-many integration approach to a many-to-one integration paradigm and in particular, moves the service integration logic from the bundled service applications to the multiple distributed service agents thereby minimizing/avoiding having to modify the logic of the existing service applications and allowing the aggregation of services not explicitly designed to interoperate. As a result, service applications are loosely coupled, simplifying the bundling and unbundling process and allowing for greater numbers of applications to be simultaneously bundled. In addition, because the integration service logic is removed and separate from the bundled application, arbitrarily complex integration logic can be developed that is beyond the �workflow� engines of the service applications themselves. Alternatively, a pre-defined set of templates (logic) can be instantiated to rapidly add new services to a bundle without extensive customization. In addition, it should be further noted that the addition and/or removal of the SPAS server 100 does not fundamentally change the independent behavior of the existing services. If the SPAS server were to fail, a service application's interaction with the server will simply time-out and the application will proceed to execute as normal.
An example bundled service realized through our invention will help further show how we integrate services, which example is shown in
Assume a subscriber 210 subscribes to all four services and to a bundled service that manages presence information. Assume further that the SPAS server is configured such that all four services constitute a peer group with respect to the subscriber. First, assume the subscriber picks up the VoIP phone to make a call (step 220). The CM service 204 propagates the off-hook event (i.e., service event) to the SPAS server 100, which forwards the event to the service agent 214 proxying for the CM service (step 222). In this case, the integrated service is such that the off-hook event is interpreted by the SPAS server (via subscriber or system preferences) that the subscriber 210 does not want to be disturbed, which translates to a �busy� event for the CAL service 206, a �busy� event for the wireless service 202, and an �unavailable� event for the IM service 208. Accordingly, the CM service agent 214 informs the service agent 218 proxying for the IM service about the �busy� event from the CM service (step 224). The IM service agent in turn communicates with the IM service 208 to change the IM status of the subscriber to unavailable (step 226). Next, the CM service agent 214 informs the service agent 216 proxying for the CAL service 206 about the �busy� event from the CM service 204 (step 228). The CAL service agent 216 in turn communicates with the CAL service 206 to schedule a �busy� note, accordingly (step 230). Finally, the CM service agent 214 informs the service agent 212 proxying for the wireless service (202) about the �busy� event from the CM service (step 232). The wireless service agent in turn communicates with the wireless service 202 to schedule a �busy� event (step 234), which in turn causes the activation of the call forwarding service.
We turn now to a detailed description of our invention.
The service bus agent 306 in conjunction with the agent directory 312, serves as an information bus bridging the communications between the external service applications 320 and the service agents 318. More specifically, the service bus agent performs several functions. First, the service bus agent (through an EIA module 308) manages the specific communications interface for the SPAS server between each service application over network 322 and in particular, conforms to the network and transport layer protocols each application may be using to communicate with the SPAS server 100.
Second, the service bus agent performs protocol-mapping functions. Specifically, as a service application generates service events, it sends service event data to the SPAS server. As further describer below, we define a preferred protocol and format for defining these events; however, others can be used. Nonetheless, this preferred protocol and format are also used within the SPAS server. Accordingly, the service bus agent (through an EIA module) maps the format used by the service application to define service events to the well-defined format understood by the SPAS components. In addition, as service agents communicate back to their service applications, the service bus agent again will perform the necessary mapping functions.
Third, in conjunction with the agent directory 312, the service bus agent performs message routing. Specifically, the agent directory provides a naming function for relating/mapping between external service applications and the service agents. As such, as the service bus agent receives a service event message from a service application, it uses the agent directory to map the message to a corresponding service agent to which the message is intended and then routes the message accordingly. Similarly, as service agents generate messages for the external service applications, the service bus agent may use the agent directory to locate an EIA module 308 that will allow the service agent to communicate with the external service. Finally, as the service bus agent performs these routing functions, it also queues the messages as they await reception/transmission (through the message queuing/routing� module 310).
The UPPA 314 in conjunction with the �profile and subscription� database 316 acts as repository of user and service related information for all subscribers of SPAS aggregated services. In particular, the UPPA oversees the management of the database and acts as an interface to this database. The UPPA provides two essential functions. First, the UPPA maintains service subscription information. As described earlier, the SPAS server uses the notion of �peer groups�, which are logical associations between service agents to define bundled services of external service applications. Rather than maintaining this notion within the service agents themselves, the UPPA maintains these associations within the database. Accordingly, as a service agent (i.e., the primary service agent) receives a service event from its corresponding service application, the service agent will contact the UPPA to determine a peer group of associated service agents (and thereby external service applications to which a subscriber subscribes) that may care about the service event in question. Once knowing the peer group, the primary service agent will communicate with the other service agents in the group.
The second function the UPPA 314 performs is to maintain preference and profile information for each subscriber who subscribes to a bundles service. Specifically, each subscriber to a bundled service may have particular preferences. In addition, it is possible for conflicts to arise between bundled service applications (e.g., two calendar type applications each shows an appointment for a given subscriber for the same time/date). The UPPA will maintain priorities between applications, again, based on a subscriber's preference, that can be used to resolves such conflicts. Accordingly, service agents will access this preference/profile information from the UPPA and use this information when negotiating over a particular service event. As an aside, it should be noted that by accessing the UPPA (e.g., through a Web interface), subscribers and service providers can configure the SPAS services. Specifically, by modifying the UPPA, subscribers can customize which service applications should be bundled and can customize their profile. Similarly, the service provider of an application can determine which applications may or may not be part of bundled services.
Turning to the service agents 318 a-c, as indicated, each proxies for or shadows an external service application 320 a-b and performs service integration on behalf of its application. As further described below, each service agent understands a set of fundamental communication patterns and also understands sufficient information about the specifics of the service application each represents. These basic communication patterns and understanding of the service applications allows the service agents to autonomously communicate in order to bundle services.
As indicated, when a service event enters the service bus agent 306, the service bus agent routes the message to an initial service agent, which is called the primary service agent. This service agent will communicate with the UPPA 314 to determine peer service agents and may also query the UPPA to determine the preferences of the subscriber that generated the service event so that these preferences can be taken into account. Based on this information, the principal service agent and peer service agents will coordinate and negotiate to bundle the services. As part of this operation, one or more of the service agents 318 may communicate with their corresponding service applications 320 to determine and/or configure service information.
Having described the basic interaction of the SPAS components, we next turn to the communication protocols of the system. The SPAS server essentially consists of two categories of communication interfaces, the interface between the service applications and the SPAS server and the interfaces between the components of the SPAS server. With respect to the first interface, service applications will generate messages to the SPAS server reporting service events and will receive messages from the SPAS server regarding service events (i.e., either events locally generated by the application or events generated by remote applications within a service bundle). With respect to the second interface, service agents will generate messages between themselves and the infrastructure components in order to perform service aggregation.
To achieve unification across diverse services and providers, it is necessary for all entities to share an understanding of message formatting and semantics. Accordingly, we utilize a layered protocol approach. Specifically, we define an application layer protocol stack consisting of two protocols: the �Service Data Description Protocol� (SDDP) and the �Service Negotiation and Control Protocol� (SNCP). SDDP is a format and protocol for encapsulating/describing service events and for describing the intent of a service event. SDDP is the preferred protocol for conveying service events between the SPAS components, although other protocols/formats can be used (regardless, a consistent protocol is required). Preferably, service applications also use SDDP when communicating with the SPAS server. However, as indicated above, each service application may use a different protocol in which case, the service bus agent performs a mapping function to/from SDDP. The remainder of this discussion assumes that both service applications and the SPAS server use SDDP.
SNCP is a protocol that describes the possible interaction behaviors of the SPAS components, and enables the service agents to perform basic negotiation, to control service events, and to behave in an autonomous fashion. The payload of SNCP messages is typically the SDDP message format. Advantageously, this layered approach to SDDP/SNCP separates the syntax and semantics of the two key concerns: service specific descriptions, and service agent interaction patterns.
Hence, a service event from an external service application is propagated to the SPAS server in SDDP format. This message captures specifics of the service event, the intent of the service event from the perspective of the application, the subscriber identification, etc. As the SPAS server receives this message, it parses it, generates an SNCP message with the service event (in SDDP message format) as payload, and relays the SNCP message to an internal service agent. This agent then communicates with other service agents and SPAS components using SNCP messages.
Note that the semantics of SNCP capture communicative intent between the SPAS components and enables the agents to perform high-level interaction patterns to, for example, query one-another and negotiate with one another. The subject matter of these interaction patterns is the SNCP payload itself, which as just described, is an SDDP message containing a service event and an intent of this service event from the perspective of the sender of the message. Accordingly, service agents will analyze the SDDP portion of the message and in particular, will analyze the service event and the intent of this service event from the perspective of the sender. As such and depending on how the service agents are programmed, the service agents may simply propagate an initially received SDDP message, and/or may actually modify and create new SDDP messages during their discourse in order to further specify a service event and an intent from the perspective of the sending agent. Regardless of the actual interaction, as service agents reach a resolution on a given service event, they generate outgoing SDDP responses to one or more of the aggregated services. Note that SNCP is relevant only within the SPAS server whereas SDDP is understood by external calling services and between the SPAS components.
More specifically, SDDP is preferably an XML-based representation for service data. The SDDP message is divided into two main parts: header metadata and service specific data (i.e., the service event details�for example, if the service event corresponds to a calendar appointment, then the service specific data may include the appointment's starting time, duration, and description). The header metadata currently defined includes: (i) event operation type, (ii) subscriber identification, (iii) requested-by identification, (iv) service provider identification, (v) service identification, (vi) request priority, (vii) response type indicator, (viii) response message, and (ix) timestamp. Note that not all of these metadata are required in an implementation and similarly, new metadata can be added if the need arises when introducing new services. As for the service specific data, again, standardized forms (again, preferably XML-based representations) are needed such that the service applications and service agents can logically communicate. Accordingly, information models are used to capture service specific data. (Again, the exact models are not specific to our invention.) However, because service events can be one of many types, the service specific data portion of the SDDP message is not restricted to a single schema. Instead, any one of a set of service-type-specific schemata may be instantiated. As can be seen, the SDDP message format provides two functions. First, through the service specific data field, the message conveys service events between service applications and the SPAS server and between service agents. Second, through the �event operation type� metadata, the message specifies an action primitive concerning a data operation applicable to the service event indicated in the service specific data field. As such and as described above, a service application will use SDDP messages to reflect service events (i.e., service specific data) and a subscriber's intent with respect to this service event. A service agent may use the SDDP message to also specify service events/service data and the agent's intent with respect to this data (e.g., the agent may use it to invoke a desired reaction upon another agent).
Table 1 is a list of event operation types and response types we have currently defined and in particular, the possible response types for each event operation. Note that new operations can be added and existing ones removed/redefined depending on the implementation needs.
Turning to the SNCP protocol, it provides the communicative context to individual SDDP messages, which are typically the payload of SNCP messages. The SNCP part of the SPAS stack is also preferably an XML application but borrows, in principle and syntax, from the FIPA ACL (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents, Agent Communication Language). (Note that our invention is not specific to the SNCP protocol and other communication protocols that embody the concepts behind SNCP can be used). ACL is a language that is used in many agent systems to enable inter-agent, inter-platform communications. It achieves this by enforcing a particular message format, using a small set of fundamental communicative primitives, and by treating message payloads as black boxes, putting the onus on the receiver to parse the payload if it is capable. The content of an SNCP message (i.e. data interchanged between agents within the SPAS server) is normally formulated as either a query or an informational message. As described above, when an SNCP message is conveying a service event, the payload of the message is preferably captured using the SDDP format. It should also be noted that service agents will use SNCP messages to communicate with the UPPA, for example. Here, either the SDDP format can be used or some other well structured protocol.
SPAS service agents implement the following FIPA communicative acts: INFORM, REFUSE, QUERY-IF, NOT-UNDERSTOOD, and FAILURE. Using these FIPA communicate acts, allowable communicative patterns (and therefore protocols) can be composed. Participants in the patterns must have a common understanding of the individual messages as well as the larger pattern. As such, using these communicative acts, possible interaction patterns and thereby possible behaviors of SPAS entities can be defined. For example, SPAS entities can be programmed to understand patterns such as: process the incoming service event (this would be a message pattern between the service bus agent and a principal service agent), query the UPPA for user preferences, query the UPPA for a peer group, complete/commit coordination and inform the subscriber. Table 2 summarizes the high level SNCP concepts, and the interpretation of the communicative act in the context of our invention.
The SNCP message is divided into two main parts: a header metadata for incorporating various communicative acts, and the data payload, which is the SDDP message in XML format or some other structured protocol. The header metadata essentially consists of: (i) the communicative act, (ii) the identity of the SPAS component sending the message, and (iii) a list of SPAS components that are to receive the message.
As can be seen from the SDDP and SNCP protocols, we have adopted an agent programming paradigm. As such, it is also preferable, although not necessary, that the SPAS server be supported by an agent platform, such as the Java Agent Development Environment available through Jade, for example. Such a platform facilitates, among other things, a message passing paradigm for moving these messages between SPAS components. If such a platform is not used, custom implementation of such functionality is needed.
The following example illustrates the interaction and operation of the SDDP and SNCP protocols. Assume a subscriber of a calendar service (CAL) enters a new appointment. Based on this service event, the calendar service application will generate an SDDP message with the event type set to �CREATE� and with the service specific data describing the service event. When this message arrives at the SPAS server, the service bus agent 306 captures it, determines through the agent directory 312 the principal service agent 318 proxying for the CAL service, forms an �INFORM� SNCP message (with the SDDP �CREATE� message and service specific data as the payload), and forwards this message to the principal service agent.
The principal service agent may need to determine the other service agents in the peer group for this bundled service and as such, will use a predefined communicative pattern of SNCP messages to communicate with the UPPA server to obtain this information (i.e., send a �QUERY-IF� SNCP message to the UPPA server with the payload of the SNCP message indicating the specific information desired). Once knowing the peers, the principal service agent proceeds to interact with the peer service agents on behalf of the subscriber to, for example, have these peer agents ascertain from their corresponding service applications a current status on the subscriber. To do this, the principal service agent uses a predefined communicative pattern of SNCP messages, here the �QUERY-IF� message (included in this message will be an SDDP message with the service event type set to �QUERY�).
Upon receiving this message, each peer service agent will need to communicate with its corresponding external service application to determine current service specific data for the subscriber. Here, each service agent will create a �QUERY-IF� SNCP message with an embedded SDDP message, which has the event type filed set to �QUERY�. This message is sent to the service bus agent, which removes the SNCP message wrapper, uses the agent directory to determine the exact service application, and then forwards the SDDP message to this application. The service application may respond with service specific data, which would be sent as an SDDP message with the response type set to �OK�.
When this message arrives at the SPAS server, the service bus agent captures it, determines through the agent directory the service agent proxying for the service, forms an �INFORM� SNCP message (with the SDDP �OK� message as the payload), and forwards this message to the service agent. This service agent in turn will provide this information back to the principal service agent using an �INFORM� SNCP message. After this �gathering� phase, the principal service agent determines the resulting action or, if no suitable result is reachable at this point and negotiation preferences are enabled in the subscriber's preferences, it modifies the event and re-queries the peer service agents (i.e., iterates). When the resulting action is finally determined the principal service agent uses the �INFORM� SNCP message with an SDDP operation set to �COMMIT� to tell the peer service agents and corresponding service applications to make the changes it requests permanently.
We turn now to the specific operation of the SPAS components. As indicated, the service bus agent 306 in conjunction with the agent directory 312, serves as the communications interface between the SPAS server 100 and the external service applications 320, and as a routing module for the SPAS server. The service bus agent uses the plurality of event interface and adaptation modules (EIA) 308 a-b and the message queuing/routing module 310 to perform these functions.
Specifically for each service application 320 interfacing the SPAS server, there is a corresponding EIA module 308 that manages the actual interface between the server and application and shields the server 100 from the specifics of the service application. In particular, each service application may use a different network and transport layer protocols to communicate with the SPAS server. More importantly however, each service application may use different application layer protocols to communicate with the SPAS server. As indicated, the SPAS components preferably use the SDDP protocol when communicating and preferably the service applications also use the SDDP protocol when generating and receiving messages related to service events. However, service applications can use other application layer protocols to describe service events so long as they capture the semantics of service events. As such, the EIA module is responsible for mapping between the specific interface protocol and the SDDP protocol when conveying messages between the SPAS server and its corresponding application, thereby further shielding the server from the specifics of an application.
With respect to the SPAS server itself, each EIA module interfaces with the message queuing/routing module 310. As the name indicates, this module performs a routing and message queuing function for the server. Specifically, as a message enters the SPAS server through an EIA module, the module passes an SDDP form of the message to the message queuing/routing module for routing to an internal service agent. Similarly, as a service agent generates a message for an external service application, the message comes to the message queuing/routing module, which routes it to an appropriate EIA module for forwarding to a service application.
More specifically, external service applications have no knowledge of their corresponding service agents in the SPAS server. This is true whether an application is generating an initial service event or whether an application is responding to a query message from a service agent. As such, as SDDP messages enter an EIA module and are forwarded to the message queuing/routing module for routing, the module must first determine which service agent proxies for the application. The module uses the agent directory 312 to perform this function. Entries from an exemplary agent directory are shown in Table 3. As shown by the first three columns, this directory maintains a mapping between a service provider ID and service ID (both of which are metadata within the SDDP header) to a SPAS service agent ID to allow an association between external service applications and internal service agents for the purpose of routing external messages to the appropriate service agents. As such, as the message queuing/routing module receives an SDDP message, it queries the agent directory and determines the service agent. Once knowing the intended service agent, the message queuing/routing module wraps the SDDP message in an SNCP message and forwards the SNCP to the agent (possibly queuing the message also).
Similarly, as indicated, service agents will communicate messages back to their corresponding service applications, which messages also pass through the message queuing/routing module. However, here again the service agents have no specific knowledge of their corresponding service applications from a communications standpoint. As such, as these messages enter the message queuing/routing module, it must determine how to communicate with these applications, including determining which EIA module is responsible for the application. Accordingly, as a message enters the message queuing/routing module 310, the module first removes the SNCP wrapper to reveal the SDDP message and then determines the appropriate EIA module 308. Again, the message queuing/routing module uses the agent directory 312 for this purpose.
As shown by the last three columns in Table 3, the agent directory also maintains for each service application the actual server address of the server that is responsible for the interaction with the SPAS server, the protocols used for communications between the SPAS server and the service application, and the types and identification of the EAI module used for interfacing with the service. Accordingly, the message queuing/routing module routes the message to the appropriate EAI module, which then forwards it to the service application.
Turning to the UPPA 314, as discussed, through the profile and subscription database 316, it maintains the notion of peer groups for the determination of which services comprise a bundled service and maintains reference and profile information for each subscriber who subscribes to a bundled service. Service agents will query the UPPA (using SNCP messages) for this information and the UPPA will respond if it understands the query. Recall that both subscribers and service providers can access the UPPA to change their preferences and system information.
Beginning with peer groups, recall that they are simply a logical association between instances of service agents and are used to describe a set of service applications that are bundled. A service agent may belong to zero or more groups, which can be formed based on any number of affinities. For example, one way to form groups is based on subscribers. In other words, a group corresponds to all service agents representing services subscribed to by a given subscriber (e.g. subscriber-driven). Other ways to create groups include grouping service agents based on service applications of the same �type� (e.g. service-driven) and grouping service agents based on service data types (i.e., the corresponding service applications manipulate service data of the same type).
Using the subscriber-driven approach as an example, there would exist a group for each subscriber to SPAS service bundling, and the service agent members of this group would correspond to the external services that are to be bundled for the subscriber. Table 4 shows example entries of the profile and subscription database from which peer groups can be derived using the subscriber-driven approach. The entries show bundled services from possibly different providers subscribed to by a subscriber. Here, there are two peer groups, each designated through the SPAS subscriber IDs: �SPAS User 1� and �SPAS User 2� (i.e. there is an association between a SPAS subscriber (using a unique SPAS Subscriber ID) and a subscribed service (using the Service ID) and a provider (Using the Provider ID)). By querying the profile and subscription database, a principal service agent can determine the service applications in its peer group. (Note that there is also service specific information here (i.e., the subscriber ID), which a peer service agent may need to know in order to communicate with its corresponding service application). Then, using the agent directory 312, the principal service agent can determine the service agents proxying for these services. Note that by this (and other) definitions the members of a group may change dynamically, and the group itself may be dynamically destroyed (e.g. subscriber opts out of SPAS) or created (e.g. subscriber joins SPAS).
Turning to the preference information of the UPPA 314, this information is maintained for each subscriber and is used by the service agents when performing service bundling. In particular, when service agents are acting upon a service event or two or more service agents encounter a conflict with respect to a particular event, the service agents will use this information to process the event according to a subscriber's preference. Table 5 shows exemplary entries from the profile and subscription database for subscriber preference information. In this example, the database maintains the �update preference� of a subscriber based on permission and based on the ranking of services. With respect to permission, �User 1� disallows any update to the CM (Call Management) service by other services. For instance, if subscriber sets the AOL IM service to busy, the service agents will update the status of the other services the �User 1� subscriber subscribes to except for the CM service, which will remain unaffected. Alternatively, in the ranking based update, the lower priority services (higher ranking number) are not allowed to update higher level priority services (lower ranking number). In this example, any update request from the Enterprise calendar service (CAL) is not allowed to update other services in the peer group. However, an update request from the CM service is allowed to affect all other services except the IM service from AOL. Of course these preferences (i.e., permission or ranking) could also be used for other purposes as long as it does not create inconsistency as perceived by the subscriber.
Finally, turning to the service agents 318, as indicated they are proxies for external service applications and perform the service integration. Through the service bus agent 306 and agent directory 312, each service agent has a relationship to at least one EIA module 308 and uses this module for communicating with the service application 320 for which it proxies.
A service agent's role changes over time between the two possible roles: a principal service agent and a peer service agent. The agent will contain logic for both roles. In particular, as a principal service agent, the agent is the first to receive an initial service event from a service application. In this role, the service agent becomes the main instigator in the subsequent SNCP interactions. Here, the service agent will determine the peer agents, query these agents for subscriber status, and based on these queries determine a resolution and possibly instruct the peer agents to commit a new status. Recall that the peer service agents are the set of service agents that are members of the same peer group as the principal service agent. In the peer role, the service agent receives SNCP queries from service agents in the principal service agent role. Based on these queries, the agent will, for example, communicate with its service application to determine subscriber status. The agent may also receive commit commands from the principal service agent, instructing the agent to again communicate with its service application to commit a new status.
As described, in order to make decisions during SNCP interactions with peers, service agents may query the UPPA to take the preferences of the subscriber or service provider into account. As further discussed below, the service agent may also put the decision into a �pending� status and await user response for resolution if direct user interaction with SPAS server is available.
It should be noted that service agents can be programmed generically, such that a given set of logic is used across several service agents. Such a configuration may be applicable when the type of service data in question is the same across the applications (e.g., each application is concerned with time).
It should be further noted that thus far, we have essentially indicated that there is a one-to-one mapping between service agents and service applications. While this is one possible deployment of SPAS, this is not the only deployment. More specifically, a given instantiation of a service agent can also map to multiple service applications. In other words, each service application has a corresponding service agent within the SPAS server as described above; however, more than one application may map to a give service agent. (Here, there is an EIA module for each service application and these modules each communicate with the given service agent). Importantly, it should be noted that when using this configuration, the service applications that map to the single service agent may be within the same service provider or across service providers. In addition, the service applications may be of the same type (e.g., all instant messaging applications) or of different types. Such a configuration is applicable when the type of service data in question is the same across the applications (e.g., each application is concerned with time).
It should also be noted that as described above, the SPAS server provides integration for service applications both within and between service providers. More specifically, our invention lends itself to one of several possible functional deployments, as shown in
Reference will now be made to a second embodiment of our invention where the SPAS server further comprises a �user agent�, which allows any given service agent of a bundled service to interact with a subscriber, particularly when the service agent requires user intervention before completing a service. An example of such an intervention is in a situation where conflicts cannot be resolved automatically with pre-defined user preferences (via UPPA), such as overlapping time schedules that may occur amongst a set of bundled services. The types of user interaction may range from a pure notification about conflicts, offline actions that need to be taken by a subscriber, or real-time interaction with a subscriber. The exact subscriber interaction undertaken by the user agent can range from a simple notification message, such as email, to a real-time interactive response, such as Web interfaces on a cell phone.
More specifically, the user agent acts as the intermediary between service agents of the SPAS server and subscribers, allowing a service agent to query a subscriber for input that can subsequently be used by the service agent to make decisions. Accordingly, the user agent also maintains the �state� of interactions (e.g. has subscriber responded to a previous notification initiated by the user agent on behalf of a service agent) between subscribers and their bundled services on the SPAS server. Lastly, the user agent also has the specific ability to locate and �reach� a subscriber, which information can be maintained by the UPPA in the subscriber and preference database.
As such, when a service agent needs subscriber input, it will use a generic SNCP query pattern with the user agent. More specifically, the service agent will send the user agent an SNCP �QUERY-IF� message instructing the user agent to notify the subscriber of an event. The user agent can then wait for a response from the subscriber (such as through a web interface on a cell phone or PDA), providing that response back to the service agent. If no response is timely received, the user agent can timeout, notifying the service agent that the query failed. Similarly, the user agent can simply notify the subscriber of an event and not wait for a response. Here, the subscriber may respond by directly interacting with the appropriate services, which in turn interact with the service agents through SDDP messages as described above. As such, as described, the user agent will maintain the state of interaction with the subscriber.
The above-described embodiments of our invention are intended to be illustrative only. Numerous other embodiments may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of our invention.
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FC Dallas
FC Dallas Beats Chivas USA 1-0
Tesho Akindele scored in the 49th minute as FC Dallas got a 1-0 victory over Chivas USA on Sunday night. Fabian Castillo set up the goal, passing to Akindele for the easy tap-in.
FC Dallas Trades Jacobson To Expansion New York
FC Dallas has traded midfielder Andrew Jacobson to expansion New York City FC for a third-round pick in the 2016 MLS SuperDraft.
FC Dallas' Thomas Out For Year After Knee Surgery
FC Dallas midfielder Hendry Thomas will miss the rest of the season after undergoing surgery for a torn ligament in his left knee.
FC Dallas Extends New England's Losing Streak
Andres Escobar and Tesho Akindele each scored as FC Dallas handed the Revolution their seventh consecutive loss by a score of 2-0 on Saturday night in Frisco.
MLS Suspends Fabian Castillo For 4 Games
FC Dallas forward Fabian Castillo has been suspended four games by the MLS disciplinary committee and fined for making contact with an official last month.
Fan Hospitalized After Lightning Strike At FC Dallas Match In Ohio
Lightning struck outside a soccer stadium before an MLS game, sending an off-duty firefighter who went into cardiac arrest to the hospital and forcing the postponement of the Columbus Crew's game against FC Dallas.
7 World Cup Questions You've Always Wanted To Ask
Since the World Cup kicked off on Thursday, June 12, there's been a noticeable spike in soccer interest across the country.
USA Vs. Germany Results In "WorldCupititus"
FC Dallas and the U.S. men's national soccer team have taken to Twitter to help fans get out of work for tomorrow's match against Germany in a crunch World Cup 2014.
FC Dallas Transfers Keeper To Mexican Club Tigres
FC Dallas has transferred goalkeeper Richard Sanchez to the Mexican club Tigres UANL.
Timbers Rally For 2-2 Draw With FC Dallas
Pa Modou Kah scored in stoppage time, and the Timbers rallied for a 2-2 draw with FC Dallas on Wednesday night in the last scheduled game before MLS takes a World Cup break.
Pierazzi Lifts Earthquakes Past FC Dallas 2-1
Jean-Baptiste Pierazzi broke a tie in the 45th minute and the San Jose Earthquakes beat FC Dallas 2-1 on Saturday night for its first road victory of the season.
Keane Leads Galaxy Past FC Dallas 2-1
Robbie Keane scored a spectacular goal as the Galaxy beat FC Dallas 2-1 on Wednesday night. FC Dallas is now winless in their last six games.

subset: commoncrawl


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Nomi Prins's new book traces America's propping up of banks since the robber barons.
The case for breaking our parochial American reading habits.
Three expert takes on Capital in the Twenty-First Century, French economist Thomas Piketty's data-driven magnum opus on inequality.
Careless People takes us into the cultural hurly-burly—tabloid affairs and murders—that were likely on F. Scott Fitzgerald's mind while writing The Great Gatsby.
A new literary memoir is proof that sometimes, you really can love George Eliot too much.
March Madness now brings in more cash than the Super Bowl, but its star players won't see a dime.


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Jaroslav Halak
Recap – Canadiens vs Senators: A Loss to a Non-Playoff Team, Who Do You Blame?
Game 57, Away Game 27 | Wednesday February 18, 2015 Canadian Tire Centre, Kanata, ON. CANADIENS Montreal 2-4 SENATORS Ottawa � � Lineup scratches: Manny Malhotra, Mike Weaver, Sergei Gonchar (upper-body) Game Notes: Another Canadiens loss to a non-playoff team. The … Continue reading
Recap – Islanders vs Canadiens: Plekanec Leads Habs With Four Point Night
Game 44, Home Game 21 | Saturday January 17, 2015 Bell Centre, Montreal, QC. CANADIENS Montreal 6-4 ISLANDERS New York Lineup scratches: Tom Gilbert, Carey Price (upper-body) Game Notes: The Myth. Islanders goaltender Jaroslav Halak is treated like a Greek God in … Continue reading
Game Day: Islanders vs Canadiens Preview, Lineups, Puck's Prediction
On this day in hockey history… 1996 – Detroit's Steve Yzerman became the 22nd player in NHL history to score 500 career goals as the Red Wings won 3-2 over the Avalanche, at Joe Louis Arena. Matchup Bell Centre, Montreal, QC. | … Continue reading
Game Day: Canadiens vs Islanders Preview, Lineups
On this day in hockey history… 2000 – Nashville's David Legwand (current Ottawa Senator) scored the first overtime penalty shot goal in NHL history leading the Predators to a 3-2 win against the Rangers at New York. Matchup Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, … Continue reading
Habs Outsider: What's Your Favourite Hockey Moment
� MONTREAL, QC. — Geoff Crawley is a Flyers fan and the All Habs Outsider. Last week he talked about how his passion for hockey began and shared with you some of his favorite players, including John Leclair and P.K. Subban. If … Continue reading
30 NHL Teams in 30 Days: Singing the Praises of the Blues
By Antoine Mathieu, Staff Writer, All Habs Hockey Magazine QUEBEC CITY, QC. — Another day has passed by my fellow readers, it's time to reveal my fourth team for the Western Conference predictions! Here's the link if you missed the … Continue reading
30 NHL Teams in 30 Days: A Transitional Year for the Islanders
By Antoine Mathieu, Staff Writer, All Habs Hockey Magazine QUEBEC CITY, QC. — As a fan of Game of Thrones, you know nothing Jon Garth Snow! 2014-15 EASTERN CONFERENCE predicted standings Tampa Bay Lightning Columbus Blue Jackets Boston Bruins Pittsburgh … Continue reading
30 NHL Teams in 30 Days: There's A New Sheriff in the Capital
By Antoine Mathieu, Staff Writer, All Habs Hockey Magazine QUEBEC CITY, QC. — In today's article, I'm revealing the final playoff team for my predictions. The team I have chosen is the Washington Capitals! 2014-15 EASTERN CONFERENCE predicted standings Tampa Bay … Continue reading
Habs Sign Forward Lars Eller to Four-year Contract
Reportedly it is a 4 year, $14 million deal for Lars Eller, with a $3.5M annual average value. It breaks down to $2.5M, $2.5M, $4.25M and $4.75M over the four years of the term. Canadiens agree to terms on a … Continue reading
It's Time for Lars Eller to Answer the Bell
by Ryan Skilton, Staff Writer, All Habs Hockey Magazine PHILADELPHIA, PA. — Just months after leading the Montreal Canadiens to the Eastern Conference Finals in 2010, Jaroslav Halak was involved in a deal that sent shockwaves coursing through the city. The Slovakian goaltender … Continue reading


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Simon pushing for more community college grads
Daily Herald
January 20, 2012
By Larissa Chinwah
A report released Thursday by Lt. Gov. Sheila Simon implores education leaders to find a way to increase the number of community college students who graduate with a degree or certificate.
The report, "
Illinois Community Colleges: Focus on the Finish
," explores how the state's 48 community colleges are educating students and preparing them for the workforce.
In the report, Simon noted that community colleges reach more students — but graduate fewer — than other higher education institutions. Simon said four out of five recent high school graduates who enter community college do not complete a degree or certificate within three years.
"We're doing a good job of getting all types of students into the doors of community colleges," Simon said in a news release. "But now we need to do a better job of moving them across the stage at graduation with a certificate or degree that leads to a good paying job here in Illinois."
As the point person on education reform for Gov. Pat Quinn, Simon toured every one of the state's community colleges during 2011.
An area of particular focus, Simon said in an address to the City Club of Chicago Thursday, is math.
"Across the community college system, more than one in three recent high school grads needed at least one remedial math course, though it is as high as 80 or 90 percent at some schools," Simon said in her speech.
"Students are spending time and money — both their own money and taxpayer money — relearning material in courses that don't count toward a degree," she said.
Simon urged educators and community colleges to build an effective system to ensure students make a smooth transition from high school to community college and from community college to 4-year universities.
An effective example of a community college "blurring the lines between college and high school," is Harper College, Simon said. The Palatine-based community college works closely with three high schools to encourage students to enroll in a fourth year of math, a requirement at the state level that Simon proposed for graduation.
"It feels like we are making progress," Harper College President Kenneth Ender said. "It is good to be used as an example for good partnerships."
The report also highlighted some key programs at Elgin Community College, College of Lake County, College of DuPage, Waubonsee Community College in Sugar Grove and Oakton Community College in Des Plaines.
The Alliance for College Readiness at Elgin Community College also was highlighted in the report. The program, which provides a summer bridge course for students deemed "almost college ready" in writing, math or both, has seen success in reducing a student's need for remedial classes.
ECC President David Sam said the report gives the college a challenge to build on the areas in which it is doing well, and also provides guidance on where it needs improvement.
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text: Repositório Colecção: http://hdl.handle.net/10362/1049 2015-03-31T15:34:15Z Characterization of novel heme-containing sensor proteins from Geobacter sulfurreducens http://hdl.handle.net/10362/14390 Título: Characterization of novel heme-containing sensor proteins from Geobacter sulfurreducens Autor: Silva, Marta Alexandra Fernandes Resumo: The focus of this Thesis was the study of the sensor domains of two heme-containing methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCP) from Geobacter sulfurreducens: GSU0582 and GSU0935. These domains contain one c-type heme, form swapped dimers with a PAS-like fold and are the first examples of a new class of heme sensors. NMR spectroscopy was used to assign the heme and polypeptide signals in both sensors, as a first step to probe conformational changes in the vicinity of the hemes. However, the presence of two conformations in solution impaired the confident assignment of the polypeptide signals. To understand how conformational changes and swapped dimerization mechanism can effectively modulate the function of the two sensor domains and their signal transduction process, the sensor domains folding and stability were studied by circular dichroism and UV-visible spectroscopy. The results showed differences in the thermodynamic stability of the sensors, with GSU0582 displaying higher structural stability. These studies also demonstrated that the heme moiety undergoes conformational changes matching those occurring at the global protein structure and that the content of intrinsically disordered segments within these proteins (25% for GSU0935; 13% for GSU0582) correlates with the stability differences observed. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the sensor domains were determined at different pH and ionic strength by visible spectroscopy and stopped-flow techniques. Despite the remarkably similar spectroscopic and structural features of the two sensor domains, the results showed that their properties are quite distinct. Sensor domain GSU0935 displayed more negative reduction potentials and smaller reduction rate constants, which were more affected by pH and ionic strength. The available structures were used to rationalize these differences. Overall, the results described in this Thesis indicate that the two G. sulfurreducens MCP sensor domains are designed to function in different working potential ranges, allowing this bacterium to trigger an adequate cellular response in distinct anoxic subsurface environments. 2014-10-01T00:00:00Z Novel ready-to-eat mango product using gellan gum as gelling agent: physico-chemical, microbial and sensory characteristics http://hdl.handle.net/10362/14388 Título: Novel ready-to-eat mango product using gellan gum as gelling agent: physico-chemical, microbial and sensory characteristics Autor: Danalache, Florina Andreea Resumo: The development of novel food products designed to maximise both the health benefits and enjoyment of the consumer's eating experience is an important area of research nowadays. Fruits and vegetables are also increasingly recognized as important components of a healthy diet. Within this context, the work in this thesis aimed the development of a novel convenient food product – fresh like mango bars - based on mango (Mangifera indica L) and gellan gum, designed to have sensory quality similar to that of fresh mango, to be of easy consumption and to have an extended shelf-life. The influence of gellan concentration and of the ratio of L (low acyl)/H (high acyl) gellan on the rheological and microstructural properties of mango/gellan gels was studied. This allowed optimising the concentration of gellan. The effect of the L/H ratio on texture, microstructure, syneresis and sensory acceptance was evaluated. Results separated bars into two sets: one showing a higher hardness and lower syneresis (only L gellan and L/H in the ratios of 75/25 and 50/50); and the other with bars having a higher proportion of H, with a softer structure with higher cohesiveness and syneresis (L/H25/75 and only H gellan). Through sensory analysis the bar with L/H 25/75 was identified as the preferred one. An edible coating was developed to improve the characteristics of the product. Its optimization was performed by the use of experimental design and mathematical modelling. Results showed that the coating improved appearance and firmness of bars, and reduced syneresis and volatiles loss during storage. Thermal and high hydrostatic pressure preservation treatments were applied on packaged products. Both treatments had similar performance considering microbial content and aroma release. Thermally treated bars were stored at 5 °C during 21 days, without changing significantly their texture, colour, microbial loading and sensory attributes. Overall results show that the process allows producing a stable ready-to-eat mango bar product appreciated by the sensory panellists. Descrição: Este trabalho foi efectuado com o apoio da Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Agronomia com o Centro de Engenharia dos Biossistemas (CEER 2014-12-01T00:00:00Z The effect of key process operational conditions on enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater http://hdl.handle.net/10362/14295 Título: The effect of key process operational conditions on enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater Autor: Carvalheira, Mónica Isabel Gonçalves Resumo: Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is the most economic and sustainable option used in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for phosphorus removal. In this process it is important to control the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs), since EBPR deterioration or failure can be related with the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs. This thesis is focused on the effect of operational conditions (volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and organic carbon loading) on PAO and GAO metabolism. The knowledge about the effect of these operational conditions on EBPR metabolism is very important, since they represent key factors that impact WWTPs performance and sustainability. Substrate competition between the anaerobic uptake of acetate and propionate (the main VFAs present in WWTPs) was shown in this work to be a relevant factor affecting PAO metabolism, and a metabolic model was developed that successfully describes this effect. Interestingly, the aerobic metabolism of PAOs was not affected by different VFA compositions, since the aerobic kinetic parameters for phosphorus uptake, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) degradation and glycogen production were relatively independent of acetate or propionate concentration. This is very relevant for WWTPs, since it will simplify the calibration procedure for metabolic models, facilitating their use for full-scale systems. The DO concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affected the PAO-GAO competition, where low DO levels or lower aerobic HRT was more favourable for PAOs than GAOs. Indeed, the oxygen affinity coefficient was significantly higher for GAOs than PAOs, showing that PAOs were far superior at scavenging for the often limited oxygen levels in WWTPs. The operation of WWTPs with low aeration is of high importance for full-scale systems, since it decreases the energetic costs and can potentially improve WWTP sustainability. Extended periods of low organic carbon load, which are the most common conditions that exist in full-scale WWTPs, also had an impact on PAO and GAO activity. GAOs exhibited a substantially higher biomass decay rate as compared to PAOs under these conditions, which revealed a higher survival capacity for PAOs, representing an advantage for PAOs in EBPR processes. This superior survival capacity of PAOs under conditions more closely resembling a full-scale environment was linked with their ability to maintain a residual level of PHA reserves for longer than GAOs, providing them with an effective energy source for aerobic maintenance processes. Overall, this work shows that each of these key operational conditions play an important role in the PAO-GAO competition and should be considered in WWTP models in order to improve EBPR processes. 2014-12-01T00:00:00Z Aplicação de nanopartículas em têxteis para obter super-hidrofobicidade e proteção eletromagnética http://hdl.handle.net/10362/14146 Título: Aplicação de nanopartículas em têxteis para obter super-hidrofobicidade e proteção eletromagnética Autor: Osório, Inês Correia de Oliveira Vaz 2014-09-01T00:00:00Z


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Saving right before Cynthia in Platinum with my team on low health and being really low on healing items.
Saving right before Cynthia in Platinum with my team on low health and being really low on healing items.
The moment a few seconds ago when I realised that the pink thing is Poliwag's mouth, and not its nose...
I am a Christian, and not ashamed to admit it! Copy and paste this if you are too.
"For God so loveth the world, that he hath given his only son, that none that believe in him, should perish: but should have everlasting life." (John 3:16)
My Animelist
I actually lol'd at all the posts replying to this one, especially cricket's post xD [no offense! lol] A lot of people surprisingly don't seem to realize that, however either way it is a good way to grind some levels in a nuzlocke without fighting random wild Pokemon.
That is just sad bro. Volcarona is one of my all-time fav Pokes, set up on Spiritomb with Quiver Dance next time!Originally Posted by TouyaBlack
Lets see, another fail of mine?
I am not sure if this would classify as a 'fail,' but ever since D/P I always got sorta worried of getting lost in the huge cities in the games. IE Jubilife City and Castelia City. When I saw the promotional videos and pictures of those cities, I'm always like "Ohmahgawd, I hope I don't get lost in that helluva big city!!" Well, I don't actually talk like that, but you get the point lol. Then once I actually play through those cities in the actual games, I realize they aren't so big and confusing after all... (Thank you GameFreak for not making Pokemon game maps as big as Xenoblade maps!) Tbh I was more actually worried about Jubilife City, cuz I was younger and had never played a 3-dimensional game before, so yeah... Once I mastered D/P/Pt though, I wasn't really too worried about Castelia City, though I was still a little hesitant about how big it would be... Weird right? lolz
Currently semi-active until Early-Mid January 2013 due to being busy as a Programmer and all. If you would like to speak to me before that time, send me a PM VM or email. Until then... "Smell ya later !" ~Gary Oak
Thought Sunkern was awesome when I was little, now I know it isn't
Currently semi-active until Early-Mid January 2013 due to being busy as a Programmer and all. If you would like to speak to me before that time, send me a PM VM or email. Until then... "Smell ya later !" ~Gary Oak
5 years ago, when I was only 10, Pokemon Diamond was all I played. Piplup, later my Empoleon, was my first Pokemon ever, as well as my first level 100 Pokemon. After about 300 hours and 15 minutes of play time, I restarted my Diamond game, knowing that Empoleon would be gone forever. I should have NEVER done that. xP
Currently traveling through the Kalos region in Pokemon X!
One of my biggest epic fails would be the time I spent 1 hour trying to hit a gengar in Blue version..
Also, I thought that Sentret was the BEST.
Mine was the B/W Legendary fight.
I don't know if I would call this a epic fail moment but it was definitely a epic stupid moment. So I was playing white version trying to level up my minchino. It was battling an audino and got attracted by it, then the audino got attracted by my minchino's cute charm. After that my severly stupid minchino failed to attack 8 times in a row DXXXXXXXXX
Pokemon fan girl since 1999 =D
Raichu is #1 Forever!!!
3DS XL FC for Pokemon Y 2595-0724-5772 IGN SmeargleRocks
Shiny Number 1268
I can offer gen6 cloning services, I will only clone what I don't have as glitch cloning can take awhile and be stressful
Self caught shinies on Y 24
first successfull (and accidental) MM Shelmet timid 31/1/19/31/31/31 4:25 pm EST 4/14/14
Shiny XD Gale of Darkness Zubat caught September 17th 2012 @ 4:24 pm EST cave PokeSpot
ALL Gen6 6IV Event pokemon are hacked
The most 'fail' like moment I ever experienced was trying to glitch myself a shiny Mew in Yellow using the Mimic-Transform glitch like I'd normally do for a shiny Ditto (requires a shiny with Mimic from GSC). The idea for the Ditto is to have the Red Gyarados from GSC, teach it TM 31: Mimic in Yellow, and have it battle Ditto. Use Mimic to take Transform. The Ditto Transforms into Gyarados. Gyarados uses Transform and the Ditto does the same thing. Then catch it, send it over to GSC, and the Ditto will be shiny.
So, using that, I used a couple of glitches to encounter a level 13 Mew (has Pound + Transform) in the 'classic' area between Saffron and Lavender. With the Red Gyarados from my Gold, I did all the stuff requried to make the Mew shiny. Took a while because that thing was determined to use Pound 'till death. But eventually, it used Transform, then my Gyarados used Transform, and Mew had no choice but to use Transform again. Then I caught it using Missingno.-duplicated Master Balls, and the WRONG MESSAGE occurred. "GOTCHA! DITTO WAS CAUGHT!"
Huh? As it turns out, anything that uses Transform in the wild in Yellow is considered to be a Ditto since it's the only thing with Transform that you encounter through normal methods. So I ended up catching a level 13 Ditto with like... 35/25 HP or something (it had Mew's HP. Base 100 (Mew) is greater than 48 of Ditto, after all) that was shiny. I tried several more times and I ended up with 4 shiny Dittos and 0 Mews.
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I bought the Mercyful Fate album "Dead Again" the other day. I used to have a copy of it, but a friend of mine moved out of state with it after I lent it to her. The whore.
Man, this thing kicks more ass than I remember. And I remember it kicking a lot of ass. :P


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Mar 23, 2014; Detroit, MI, USA; Minnesota Wild right wing Jason Pominville (right) receives congratulations from teammates after scoring in the second period against the Detroit Red Wings at Joe Louis Arena. Mandatory Credit: Rick Osentoski-USA TODAY Sports
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1500 ESPN Twin Cities is giving away the ultimate Chicago Pro Draft experience.
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A cozy reading and relaxation space boasts picturesque views of Lake Hamilton and tells the story of Blog Cabin's charming lakeside design approach.
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A reclaimed wood bench snuggles in between two custom-built chestnut drawers. The seat cushion and decorative pillow dress the room with a touch of blue and white.
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Tool expert Chris Grundy highlights the transformation from beginning to end.
Interior designer Alison Victoria surprises shoppers and creates fabulous new kitchens.
Licensed contractor Matt Muenster shares amazing bathroom design tips.
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McCrone Microscopes & Accessories is a national dealer for Olympus polarized light microscopes, Linkam heating/cooling stages, the JEOL NeoScope benchtop SEM, HiROX Digital Microscope Systems, digital imaging systems, and a range of laboratory supplies.
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Thanks for taking the time to report this user.
Your participation helps keep Airbnb a safe and trusted
community, and it doesn't go unnoticed!
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Jermone. We did the best for you and your friend.
Jermone was an excellent guest, very kind and frienly. it was a pleasure to have him at my apartment.
Con Jermone hubo un mal entendido porque el llego al apto anted de tener confirmación de parte de airbnb tengo pendiente el reintegro
Buen huesped, Excelente!! 100% recomendado, esperamos que haya disfrutado de esta hermosa ciudad y del carnaval de barranquilla.
Jermone is a great person and was my pleasure to have him in my apartment. He is more then welcome.
Jermone and his friends were very easy going, nice and friendly! They kept my place clean and tidy. communicate with them was very easy too. They respect all my house rules and neighborhood, update the situation of my home. it's so comfortable to let them stay in my apartment!! recommend to all host in airbnb and welcome back anytime for sure! ^^


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Covering AC units
My AC units (2 of them) are in a wet shady area. I would like some suggestions on covering them up with non-deciduous shrubbery, flowering preferably. At this point I have cannas planted around, and in summer it looks good. But in winter and spring - it's all bare. Vincas are taking over, and looks like weeds-weeds-weeds. I would like something more substantial and attractive.
Thank you so much!
It's never advisable to plant around your AC units. They need proper air circulation to perform at their optimum. Planting around them can actually increase the workload on them and raise your electric bill. Worse case scenario is that the unit can overheat due to lack of adequate air circulation.
In Texas we are mostly trying to shade our AC units from blistering afternoon sun, so some have put up a lattice screen around theirs that allows for air circulation but does disguise them for the most part. Don't put it too close to the unit, and be sure to build it in a way to allow access for maintenance.
I planted dwarf boxwood around mine, taking care to place them where there would still be room for airflow around the unit and between the boxwoods, even when the shrubs reached their mature size. Also, the boxwood can be clipped back in case I made a calculation mistake. I don't think the shrubs will ever hide the unit, but it does move the eye from the unit to the greenery.
I really like the look of neatly cut boxwood - reminds me of a formal english garden. At this point there is tall hosta and cannas doing their temporary job that will be history in a winter time. I would like to have "bones" there, that distruct attention from the metal all year long.
Thanks for the idea!
I love this forum - wish I could have all of you guys over for tea/coffee, garden conversation and company of mind-like friends.
I have put two trellis at an angle to each other to hide the AC. There is some small space between the two trellis and I put them far enough away from the AC as to not to block air flow.
I covered one trellis with Clematis and the other with vineing Nastursium. In the winter the AC is buried by the snow.
Snow is a great cover up for AC units. We get snow here in GA infrequently. I grew up with tons of snow in winter and miss it.
I like the idea of trellis - allows the air to circulate.
Nasturtiums are such happy flowers. This is a first year that I am growing them, and they get so tall to my surprise. Don't know if they are climbers, will see. So far they look very bright and healthy despite of the drought.
Thanks Bud_wi!


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Rearend Slack
Hi, I have an 06 RAM 4X4 3500 LWB, seems to have a lot of slack in the Ring and Pinion, how do I fix this little problem?
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i just got one of the retail charge cradles for my Gear 2 Neo on ebay and it works awesome. I wish these had been around when i bought my watch.
i found it on ebay, just do a search and you will see them. they are selling in black and a white one too.
just passing it on for others that have been looking for these.


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The adaptation will also star actors Paul Dano and Lily James. It's being directed by Tom Harper of 'Peaky Blinders.'
'Tidying Up,' which gives readers a one-time solution to de-cluttering their home, has been a mainstay on bestseller lists since its publication.
Here are 10 young adult books for readers of all ages who like to learn.
UNESCO has called the destruction of libraries and books in Mosul 'one of the most devastating acts of destruction of library collections in human history.'
In 36 nonfiction essays, Pakistani novelist Mohsin Hamid offers readers a chance to 'hang out' and deepen their relationship with him.
Monitor readers share their favorite book picks.
Can you guess which literary work goes with each final line? Take our quiz and find out if you're an expert in literary endings!
What's selling best at independent bookstores across America.
'Fun' writer James Andrew Miller is reportedly adapting the book for the screen and 'The Place Beyond the Pines' helmer Derek Cianfrance is expected to direct.
Some critics have found the book to be 'difficult to forget' and 'lyrical ... beguiling,' but others called the writing to be 'tedious' and 'flat-footed.'
Did Arthur Conan Doyle write a long-forgotten Sherlock Holmes tale for charity?
Hornby travels to the 1960s with a novel that explores the purpose of popular entertainment.
Monitor readers share their favorite book picks.
Oscar-winning films that were based on books include 'The Theory of Everything,' 'Still Alice,' and 'The Imitation Game.'
In what do you trust? Do you believe in God? Why or why not? Editor Victoria Zackheim explains why she posed these questions to some of her favorite authors.
Kristin Hannah's 'Nightingale' follows two sisters living in World War II-era France.
From colonialism to the present day, academic Carrie Gibson traces the history of the Caribbean in a highly detailed and very readable narrative.
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'Pastoral' is based on the book of the same name by Philip Roth. This will be McGregor's debut as a director for a feature film.
'ABLES' is appearing on Barnes & Noble and Amazon bestseller lists already but isn't being published until May. It follows teenager Phillip, who attends a school for those with special powers.


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Find an Internship or Volunteer in Irvington, New York ( NY )
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We've got plenty of intern and volunteer work in Irvington, New York. Check out the list of employers below who have positions in Irvington. Remember to check back with Groovejob.com on a regular basis. We add new internships and volunteer jobs listings to our database every week, so you'll find new opportunities every time you check back with us.
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Sports Running Club - Summer Internship - Graphic Design Intern
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*Work with the marketing department with updating project information and other data entry *Assist in organizational and*Provide Graphic...
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Job# 453279735 The project will include opportunities for the intern to exercise autonomy in developing and implementing a plan for...
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I'd like to run a simple
tar command to backup my website directory. It will run through cron, but I want to be able to put the time at which the backup was made as the filename. I don't really mind what format it's in, but something vaguely readable would be good. I'm just looking for a generic command; a way of putting the date in the filename - I can do the rest of the tar stuff.
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I'd like to run a simple


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Man accused of stabbing 2 with screwdriver found guilty but mentally ill
After close to three hours of deliberation, the verdict decided was guilty but mentally ill.
After close to three hours of deliberation, the verdict decided was guilty but mentally ill.
Teen Works is accepting applications for 6 weeks of paid employment in June and July.
Dozens of students and teachers are showing symptoms including fever, diahrrea and vomiting.
Construction for the "Bicentennial Plaza" might start as early as September, if it's approved by the Indiana General Assembly.
The actor best known for his role as Spock in the original Star Trek series has died.
A staffing agency is hoping to find 500 new workers for Toyota's Gibson County plant at an event next week in Evansville.
Preseason games will not be open to the public, except for March 6 at Indiana University.
Danny Pfleider and Heather Deckard, along with two other adults and five children were staying in the Leghorn Tharp family cabin when Pfleid…
A man who admitted to shooting and killing a tobacco store owner in April 2014 was sentenced to 60 years in prison on Friday.
Lickliter was head men's basketball coach at Marian for the past three seasons, after working as basketball coach at Butler University and U…
The hit list contained the names of teachers and students.
Nimoy's son, Adam, says the actor died Friday morning in Los Angeles of end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. He was 83.
Billy Joe Rowe, 41, of Clio, who police say confessed to the child porn, never was charged and — because of mistakes made by Michigan State …
This announcement marks the 22nd city in Indiana that Metronet will serve in this capacity.


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Hi Everyone! Thanks for visiting my page. My site is currently being reconstructed so this temporary page will be around. Please refer to the links on the left-hand side if you need to get in touch with me. Sorry for the delays and I'll be back online soon enough.
However, you can still access the older version of my site here if you like more information.
Sevan x


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Mail: Clarity on the post office debacle
Davis at the Legislature: Rain, brand fees, state aid to schools
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Registration open for UNL ranch practicum
Governor appoints new District 4 representative to Nebraska Wheat Board
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Click Here for theHOTTEST SHEETS!
Someone beat up the fixtures in the restroom at Brady's village park over the weekend.
The subjects entered the restrooms and destroyed several sinks and toilets, possibly with a bats or hammers, the Lincoln County Sheriff's office said.
Also, unknown suspects smashed several mailboxes with a bat or a similar object in the village.
The damage was done between late Friday and the early morning hours Saturday, according to a sheriff's statement.
Deputies have received a description of the suspects and their vehicle, but are asking for more help in rounding up the suspects.
If you have information, contact the sheriff's office at (308) 535-9599 or anonymously at Lincoln County Crime Stoppers (308) 534-8400.
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Garlic harvested late
anniBJuly 23, 2013
I harvested my garlic late and have no skins on them. Is there anything i can do to preserve it?
seysonn(8a WA/HZ 1)
That is the consequence of harvesting garlics TOO late ; the wraps(skin) will be busted out and the cloves will be separated. There is nothing wrong with them but they wont store for a long time. That is why gralics should be harvested whet it has about 4 to 6 green leaves. The wraps will be the continuation of those green leaves.


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"Amazing bag! I am so glad to have found a quality bag that holds the soccer ball. " (E30396)
"This is my 2nd pair so I pretty much knew what I was getting. For the money, this shinguard is impeccable." (E669)
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Soccer Innovations Soccer Cone King Pickup/Rack [E75277]


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Chennai: Squash ace Joshna Chinappa failed to cross the final hurdle once again. After storming into the final in the NSC Tour I tournament, a $12,000 WISPA event in Kuala Lumpur, the Indian went down to the top seed Jaclyn Hawkes of New Zealand in straight games in the title round on Wednesday.
The sixth-seeded Joshna did put up a fight, but it came quite late after she was down by two games in this 30-minute encounter. Jaclyn won 9-4, 9-2, 10-8.
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