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A receiver interpolates finer intensity levels in critical areas of a dither-quantized TV picture that is sent (or recorded) with very few intensity levels. This improves picture rendition and reduces the visibility of stipple dots. One embodiment, for video quantized with multiphase ordered dither, substitutes the mean of several successive frames at all picture elements that are not changing with time. Another embodiment averages spatially on the frame in areas devoid of high-resolution detail. Both versions use a simple test for activity that permits instant pel-to-pel switching between averaged samples and input samples. The two embodiments can be combined.
1. A method for modifying a dither-quantized video signal comprising steps of:
a) providing a dither-quantized video signal represented by a series of video samples restricted to a specific number of sample amplitudes;
b) corresponding to a particular video sample, providing an other video sample having amplitude equivalent to an arithmetic mean amplitude of a plurality of video samples of said series;
c) comparing the amplitudes of said particular and said other video samples; and
d) substituting said other video sample for said particular video sample whenever their respective amplitudes differ by less than a predetermined amount.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said particular video sample and said plurality of video samples correspond to a particular element of the television raster as scanned during different frames.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said particular sample and said plurality of samples correspond to picture elements arranged in specified configuration on a television frame.
4. Apparatus for interpolating additional intensity levels in a television picture corresponding to a dither-quantized video signal, said signal represented by a stream of samples characterized by a fixed number of sample amplitudes, said means including:
a) means for comparing the amplitude of a particular one of said samples with an arithmetic mean amplitude of a plurality of said samples; and
b) means for changing the amplitude of said particular sample to said arithmetic mean amplitude when the difference therebetween does not exceed a predetermined amount.
5. The means of claim 4 wherein the predetermined amount of amplitude difference is substantially equal to the difference between consecutive values of the fixed number of sample amplitudes.
6. The means of claim 4 further including means for displaying said television picture after change in the amplitude of said particular sample.
7. The means of claim 4 wherein said means for comparing includes means for delaying different samples by different amounts.
8. The means of claim 4 further including means for storing said stream of samples on a recording medium and means for comparing stored samples.
9. A receiver for a television signal, said signal embodying a first temporal series comprising coarser video samples dither-quantized according to N discrete amplitude levels corresponding to N levels of luminous intensity, N an integer larger than unity, said receiver including:
means for providing, in synchronism with the coarser samples of said first series, a series of finer video samples quantized according to more than N discrete amplitude levels, the amplitude of a particular finer sample being the arithmetic mean amplitude of K coarser samples in predetermined temporal relations thereto, K an integer larger than unity; and
means for displaying a television picture with more than N levels of luminous intensity.
10. The television receiver of claim 9 arranged to receive coarser video samples dither-quantized with a self-interpolating multiphase dither, and having the integer K such that finer samples corresponding to a particular area of the televised image wherein luminous intensity is constant have amplitudes limited to two successive amplitude levels.
11. The television receiver of claim 9 further including:
means for choosing between a larger number of luminous intensity levels, corresponding to a larger number of coarser samples, and a smaller number of luminance levels, corresponding to a smaller number of coarser samples, to be displayed at an element of said television picture;
said means including means for comparing the luminous intensities realizable from said larger and said smaller numbers of intensity levels and for electing the smaller number of levels when said intensities differ by more than a predetermined amount.
12. A television system comprising:
a) camera means for generating a video signal suitable for television;
b) means for dither-quantizing said video signal to produce a first stream comprising coarser samples quantized according to N discrete values, N an integer larger than unity;
c) means for obtaining a second stream comprising finer samples quantized according to more than N discrete values, the value of a particular finer sample being the arithmetic mean value of K coarser samples of said first stream, said K samples having predetermined temporal relations to said particular finer sample, K an integer larger than unity; and
d) means for displaying a television image corresponding to said second stream of samples.
13. The television system of claim 12 further including transmitter means arranged to send said first stream to a receiver and means of the receiver arranged to obtain said second stream.
14. The television system of claim 12 further including:
a) means for comparing a coarser sample of said first stream with a corresponding finer sample of said second stream;
b) means for producing a compound stream of samples incorporating a finer sample when it differs from its corresponding coarser sample by less than a predetermined amount and incorporating the coarser sample otherwise; and
c) means for displaying a television image corresponding to said compound stream of samples.
15. The television system of claim 12 further including:
a) means for producing a third stream comprising still-finer samples, each corresponding in value to the arithmetic mean of more than K coarser samples selected from said first stream;
c) means whereby the coarser sample compared with a corresponding finer sample is additionally compared with a corresponding still-finer sample;
d) means for producing a compound stream of samples incorporating said still-finer sample unless it differs from its corresponding coarser sample by more than a predetermined amount, otherwise incorporating the corresponding finer sample unless it differs from said coarser sample by more than a predetermined amount, and incorporating said coarser sample when neither the finer nor the still-finer sample is incorporated; and
e) means for displaying a television image corresponding to said compound stream of samples.
16. The television system of claim 12
wherein said dither-quantizing means employs a self-interpolating multiphase dither; and
wherein the value of said integer K is such that samples from said second stream relating to a particular area of the televised image wherein luminous intensity is constant are confined to two amplitudes corresponding to a successive pair of discrete values.
17. The television system of claim 16 wherein samples representing a picture element on successive frames have at most two successive discrete values in picture areas having insignificant movement or change.
18. The television system of claim 12
wherein said dither-quantizing means employs a self-interpolating multiphase dither; and
wherein the value of said integer K is such that finer samples from said second stream relating to one picture element during successive television frames are confined to two amplitude values corresponding to a successive pair of discrete values, provided that said element pertains to a part of the televised scene free from significant movement or change.
19. A receiver for color television comprising:
means for acquiring a set of signals representing video components corresponding to color components of a televised scene, including a dither-quantized video component represented by a first series of signal samples comprising coarser samples restricted to N discrete amplitude levels, N an integer larger than unity;
means for providing, in synchronism with said first series, a second series of signal samples comprising finer samples with more than N discrete amplitude levels, the amplitude of a particular finer sample being the arithmetic mean amplitude of K coarser samples characterized by predetermined temporal relations to said particular finer sample, K an integer larger than unity; and
means for displaying a colored television picture corresponding to video components, including a video component represented by said second series of signal samples.
20. The television system of claim 19 wherein said K coarser samples are selected from a group and occurring periodically in said first series at the field frequency in said video signal.
21. The television receiver of claim 19 wherein samples of said first series are quantized according to a self-interpolating multiphase dither;
said receiver being further characterized by a value for the integer K such that the amplitudes of those finer samples of said second series relating to a particular area of the televised scene are confined to two successive discrete amplitude levels when the corresponding color component has constant intensity throughout said area.
22. The receiver of claim 19 wherein said particular finer sample and said K coarser samples are synchronous with the scanning of a specific element of the television raster during various frames.
23. The television receiver of claim 19 having N larger than two and further including:
means for choosing between a coarser sample and the corresponding finer sample to define the color displayed at an element of said television picture, including means for comparing the discrete amplitudes pertaining to said coarser and finer samples, and for electing the coarser sample when the amplitudes differ by more than a predetermined amount.
24. The television receiver of claim 23 further including means for displaying a colored television picture wherein samples for a video component are elected by said means for choosing.
This application is a continuation-in-part of the following: Application Ser. No. 07/461,009, filed Jan. 4, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,148,273,
application Ser. No. 07/282,471, filed Dec. 9, 1988, now abandoned,
application Ser. No. 07/180,344, filed Apr. 11, 1988, now abandoned,
application Ser. No. 06/779,254, filed Sep. 23, 1985, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,893.
The application also relates to matter of my U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,758,893 and 4,654,704 and earlier patents referenced therein.
The invention disclosed herein improves certain TV systems transmitting coarsely quantized samples of the combination of a conventional video signal with a suitable dithering signal (called a dither). If the stream of dither-quantized samples is transmitted over an analog channel, similar to those used for conventional analog television, the samples can be regenerated to remove significant amounts of noise and interference; and if the samples are sent in digital form over a digital channel, the number of bits per sample is reduced, with corresponding reduction in the required channel bandwidth.
An undithered luminance or chrominance component of TV loses pictorial information when the signal amplitudes are restricted to a few quantum levels; the fewer the levels, the more visibly distorted is the image. Dithering in accordance with prior art superimposes dots of stipple on the quantized picture and the latter transmit perceptible information that would otherwise be lost. Efficient dithering patterns of prior art tend to maximize the amount of information transmitted in overlaid stipple while minimizing the visibility of the dots. Preferred TV dithers include the multiphase ordered dithers of the copending application Ser. No. 07/461,009 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,148,273, especially those called self-interpolating.
Stipple dots produced on, say, the luminance component are intensity increments added to single pels. In accordance with prior art, the relation between dithering signal amplitude and the number of quantum levels insures that said increments (i.e. dot amplitudes) are fixed at one quantum step while the population density of dots varies locally on the TV raster. With multiphase dithering (sometimes called cinematic dithering), the pattern of dots changes from frame to frame, of the picture, and low-pass spatio-temporal filtering by the human psychophysical system reduces visibility of stipple dots per se relative to the pictorial information that their population distribution transmits.
A TV transmitter sends a stream of video samples that are coarsely quantized with multiphase ordered dithering. A novel receiver generates another stream wherein, each input sample is replaced by a more finely quantized sample having the mean amplitude of selected samples. This interpolates additional intensity levels into the TV display and attenuates the amplitude of stipple dots in regions where they are most visible. However, many embodiments of the invention retain some coarse input samples in dynamically changing picture areas in order to prevent blurring of moving image detail.
FIG. 1 exemplifies various dither-quantized TV systems of prior art to which the invention pertains.
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing a general method of processing in the receiver, including retention of coarse samples in active picture areas.
FIG. 3 shows a portion of a television receiver arranged to process an incoming dither-quantized video component according to one invention embodiment.
FIG. 4 shows a portion of a television receiver arranged to process an incoming dither-quantized video component according to another invention embodiment.
FIG. 5 represents constituent means that may be substituted for corresponding constituent means of FIG. 4 to provide a third embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 shows the pattern of pels compared on one TV frame in the embodiment of FIG. 4.
FIG. 7 shows the pattern of pels compared on two successive frames for the embodiment of FIG. 5.
FIG. 8 represents constituent means that may be substituted for corresponding constituent means of FIG. 3, whereby the receiver processes a dither-quantized video component stored on a recording medium.
Various prior art systems to which the invention pertains are exemplified by FIG. 1 (the same as FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,652,905). Luminance component Y', and chrominance components I' and Q' from matrix 2 are dither-quantized in quantizers 3, 4 and 5 before transmission by communications means 7 (which may be a record) to be decoded and displayed in a receiver. CLY, CLI and CLQ are clock signals.
According to the invention, dithers DY, DI and DQ to quantizers 3, 4 and 5 are preferably, but not necessarily, dithers of my copending application, Ser. No. 07/461,009 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,148,2. Furthermore, a novel receiver modifies at least one of the dither-quantized signals Y, I and Q from means 7 before they go to picture tube 15 and matrix 9 (or are relayed to another receiver). Since novel processing of I and Q is similar to that of Y, embodiments of the receiver will be described in terms of the luminance component Y, and the manner of processing chrominance will be obvious to those having normal skill in the art.
FIG. 2 is a simplified flow diagram outlining methodology common to various receiver embodiments. In step 20, an input signal Y is a stream of Nyquist samples corresponding to successively scanned luminance pels. The samples are coarsely dither-quantized to have L levels, designated 0 to L-1 in units of a quantum step.
In step 21, n reference samples designated Y1 to Yn, and a sample designated S, are continuously extracted in parallel from the stream of Y samples. Sample S may optionally be one of the reference samples.
Step 22 adds amplitudes of concurrent reference samples (in units of the quantum step) and puts out a stream 27 of Z samples corresponding to the sums. Note that any integer number of units from 0 and n(L-1), inclusive, is possible in a sum.
Step 23 of FIG. 2 continually recalculates the absolute amplitude difference between the current S sample and the current value of Z/n. A difference due solely to stipple is limited to less than one quantum step. In any case, if the difference is indeed less (steps 25 and 26), Z/n is transmitted in the output stream Y"; it has nL-n+1 possible levels, corresponding to n(L-1) quantum steps. Otherwise (steps 24 and 26), 9 is transmitted with L levels.
Prior-art systems exemplified by FIG. 1 send a dither-quantized video component from transmitter to receiver. Receivers of the invention include novel means to modify such a video component before the picture is displayed. Whereas the following disclosures of novel receiver embodiments describe processing of only the luminance component Y, it will be understood that I and Q chrominance components (or their equivalents) can be modified in like fashion.
Unless indicated otherwise, descriptions herein assume that Y is an analog signal comprising 4-level Nyquist samples and that it is transmitted in a composite TV signal such as that of the NTSC system. However, persons skilled in the art will perceive that the invention also applies to diverse other analog and digital TV systems dither-quantizing a video component.
FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing disclosing a first embodiment of the invention. Decoder 30 decomposes the composite signal received at a TV receiver input and obtains Y, I and Q components, also line-sync H and frame-sync V. A/d converter 31 generates a stream of 2-bit binary samples corresponding to the 4-level Nyquist samples of the Y component. Means 32 is a tapped delay line of prior art, such as a tandem array of frame stores arranged so that successive frames can be entered and read out in synchronism. (The frame stores are labelled F to indicate one-frame delay). A stream of 2-bit numbers representing reference samples Y1 from the a/d converter enters the delay line and also goes to digital adder 33. Also going to the adder in synchronism with the Y1 samples are stream of numbers representing the following: reference samples Y2, delayed one frame-time interval, reference samples Y3, delayed two frames and reference samples Y4, delayed three frames. Adder 33 adds four concurrent 2-bit numbers from the four streams and delivers stream 39 of 4-bit numbers corresponding to the sum Z. Since each of the four adder inputs is 0, 1, 2 or 3, the sum Z has thirteen possible values, ranging from 0 to 12 inclusive.
Concurrent S numbers and Z numbers enter arithmetic unit 40 and the latter computes the algebraic sign of the quantity
assigning the negative sign to zero. The result is negative when the absolute difference between S and Z/4 does not exceed unity and positive otherwise. Positive output from unit 40 enables transmission of the 2-bit S sample through gating unit 41; negative output enables transmission of the 4-bit Z sample through gating unit 42.
Between gating unit 41 or 42 and d/a converter 45 (but not elsewhere on the drawing) a separate connecting line is drawn for each bit of a transmitted binary number. It is assumed that a disabled gate transmits all 0's. Since S numbers have two bits and Z numbers four, the more significant S bit and the most significant Z bit are presented to OR gate 43 while the less significant S bit and the second-most-significant Z bit go to OR gate 44. The remaining two Z bits (collectively labelled 49) and the two OR gate outputs go to 4-bit d/a converter 45 as shown in the drawing, the output from 43 being the most significant bit.
The output Y" from a/d converter 45 is sufficient for display of the luminance picture on a suitable monitor when accompanied by line- and frame-sync signals H and V. Whenever the output from 40 is positive, the amplitude of a Y" sample is, like the input Y, quantized with 0, 1, 2 or 3 units; and when the output is negative, new intensity levels are interpolated so that Y" can have amplitudes 0.00, 0.25, . . , etc., up to 2.75 and 3.00 input units.
Even though unit 40 recalculates at the real-time sampling rate, its output may be delayed relative to the S and Z inputs. Delay units 37 and 38 for S and Z, and 47 and 48 for the line-sync and frame-sync, may therefore be provided to compensate for such delay. It is not necessary to compensate the line-sync and frame-sync for delay of Y2, Y3 and Y4, since each is delayed an integral numbers of frame times,
Clock signal generator 46 is phase-locked to the line-sync signal or otherwise synchronized according to prior art. Although clocking inputs have been omitted to simplify the drawing, persons skilled in the art will understand that digital and other units receive clock pulses from unit 46 as required.
To examine the effect of the FIG. 3 embodiment, assume that the camera scans an unchanging scene and that background noise is negligible. In unquantized signal Y' of FIG. 1, the samples that correspond to a particular element (pel) of the scanning raster do not change from frame to frame, and the corresponding samples put out by dithered quantizer 3, can only oscillate from frame to frame between two adjacent quantum levels when DY is multiphase dither. Therefore, samples of one raster element on successive frames do not differ from each other--or from their mean value--by more than one step of quantizer 3 wherever the picture is stationary.
During reception of the TV picture, the apparatus of FIG. 3 continually compares S (a copy of the received signal Y) with Z/4 (the mean from four successive frames) and computes their difference. If the magnitude of the difference is less than a quantizer step, Z/4 is transmitted for display; this is equivalent to showing the mean image of four successive frames in areas where image detail does not change. An averaged image is displayed with thirteen, instead of four, luminance levels without significant effect on spatial resolution.
Moving objects seen by the camera may be blurred in an averaged image; therefore, the 2-bit sample S (corresponding to a single frame), not the 4-bit sample Z/4 (corresponding to a time-average), is displayed wherever on the raster the difference between S and Z/4 exceeds one step of quantizer 3. It is well known that the human psychophysical system has increased tolerance for artifacts in picture details that are moving or otherwise changing with time.
It should be clear that the number of input levels, number of reference samples, choice of S, etc., are exemplary in FIG. 3 and that I may choose other parameters and arrangements within the spirit of the invention.
Although the invention also benefits video signals dither-quantized with various other kinds of time-varying dithers, certain multiphase ordered dithers disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 07/461,009 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,148,273 are preferred.
In particular, FIGS. 3 and 5 show ordered dithers having 16 phases and 16 dither sizes that are also self-interpolating. For video signals quantized with such dithers, averaging over four frames produces ideal low-amplitude stipple in the picture--i.e. stipple that oscillates within adjacent pairs of the fine quantum levels, just as if the original quantizer had more steps. Averaging over eight frames and certain other specific numbers of frames also produces ideal stipple with dithers of the self-interpolating class disclosed in the copending application.
If sixteen samples are used--so that the number of dither sizes, dither phases and averaged frames are all equal--stipple is absent from the finely quantized output. More generally, given a video signal quantized with any n-phase ordered dither that has n dither sizes (n an integer larger than unity), the FIG. 3 system provides stipple-free images in areas of no change when it averages all n phases. I may, for example, modify the dither of FIG. 5 of the copending application so that both the number of sizes and number of phases are reduced to eight, then employ a delay line with eight taps. Furthermore, dithers of a type called "one-cycle" in U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,893 always have n sizes and n phases and would be suitable when constructed with frame patterns that are efficient for the intended application.
I may make various other modifications to the FIG. 3 example without departing from the spirit of the invention. For example:
I may substitute equivalent analog means and processing for some of all of the digital means disclosed.
I may use another reference stream for S, instead of Y2 as shown; in fact, S could be obtained one or more frames later than Y4 (or earlier than Y1) so as to anticipate (or to delay) the switching between coarse and fine modes.
If the scanning raster is line-interlaced, I may arrange the FIG. 3 embodiment to sample either frames, as shown, or fields.
I may subtract the absolute difference in means 40 from a constant other than exactly unity in order to enhance or diminish sensitivity to image change, or to obtain artistic or other special effects.
I may employ one set of reference samples to obtain a first average from a larger number of frames and another set of samples to obtain a second average from a smaller number of frames. I may then arrange to quantize with at least three degrees of fineness, transmitting finest samples when the first average is within one step of S, medium-fine samples when only the second average meets this criterion, and coarse input samples when the criterion is not met at all.
FIG. 8 shows a video record and playback means arranged to furnish signals Y1 -Y4 to adder 33, line- and frame-sync signals H and V to display means, and the clock signal; they replace decoder 30, a/d converter 31 and delay line 32 of FIG. 3.
We assume for convenience that the recording medium is a magnetic tape 300 and that Y, I and Q video components are recorded as digital signals on tracks 307, 308 and 309, respectively; equivalent means using other media and other recording formats will be obvious to persons skilled in the art. Tape 300 of FIG. 8 has recorded thereon video and timing signals, the Y video component being recorded with two bits per Nyquist sample on track 307. Playback heads 301-304 are displaced from each other such that, as the tape moves to the right (as indicated by arrow), they read Y samples from four successive frames and deliver Y1 -Y4 samples like those of FIG. 3 to adder 33. Track 306 is a timing track from which reading head 305 extracts clock signals and the requisite H and V sync signals. Reference samples Y1 -Y4 and the sync and clock signals are therefore utilized in the overall system in the same manner as the correspondingly labelled signals in FIG. 3. Dither-quantized chrominance components that may be recorded on tracks 308 and 309 can be processed like the luminance signal Y, making allowance for differences in sampling rate, number of input levels and number of reference samples, if necessary.
In the embodiment of the invention exemplified by FIG. 4, reference samples to be compared are extracted from a small area on one frame of the TV picture. This particular embodiment is therefore capable of operating on Y inputs dither-quantized with single-phase, as well as multiphase, dithers.
FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing arranged like FIG. 3. Decoder 30, a/d converter 31, gating means 41, OR gates 43 and 44 and clock 46 are substantially as in FIG. 3. Tapped delay line 132 has total delay slightly more than two line intervals and may be a shift register, acoustic delay line, or equivalent means of prior art. The letter P on the delay-line representation signifies delay of one pels period and L signifies delay of one line period.
Nine samples, labelled S and Y1 to Y8 inclusive, are extracted from tapped delay 132. FIG. 6 shows the corresponding arrangement of nine pels on a frame, assuming non-interlaced scanning. In relation to S, shown In the center, Y4 is one pel to the left and Y5 is one pel to the right; Y2 is immediately above S with Y1 to its left and Y3 to its right; and Y6, Y7 and Y8 are disposed likewise on the scanning line immediately below.
Returning to FIG. 4, decoder 30 obtains Y, I and Q components and H and V sync signals. A/d converter 31 generates a stream of 2-bit binary samples. Reference samples Y1 to Y8, inclusive, go to digital adder 133 which adds together eight concurrent binary numbers and delivers stream 139. The latter comprises Z samples corresponding to the sums. Inasmuch as each of the eight inputs to the adder has amplitude of 0, 1, 2 or 3, a Z sample has 25 possible values, ranging from 0 to 24 inclusive, and is therefore represented by eight bits.
The stream of S samples and the stream of Z samples enter arithmetic unit 140 which computes the algebraic sign of the quantity
The sign is negative when the absolute difference between concurrent values of S and Z/8 is less than unity and positive otherwise. A positive output from unit 140 enables transmission of the current S sample through gating unit 41 and a negative output enables transmission of the Z sample through gating unit 142.
Between gating units 41 or 142 and d/a converter 145, a separate connecting line is drawn for each bit of a transmitted binary number. Since S samples have two bits and Z samples eight bits, the more significant S bit and the most significant Z bit are presented to OR gate 43 while the less significant S bit and the second-most-significant Z bit go to OR gate 44. The remaining six Z bits, collectively labelled 149, and the two OR gate outputs go to 8-bit d/a converter 145 as shown in the drawing, the output from 43 being the most significant bit. When the output from 140 is positive, the amplitude of a Y" sample from d/a converter 145 is quantized to levels of 0, 1, 2 or 3 units and when it is negative, Y" amplitudes range from 0.000, 0.125, . . . , etc., up to 2.875 and 3.000, in the same units. In effect, seven new levels are interpolated within each input step.
It may be necessary to provide delay units 137 and 138 for S and Z to compensate for delay between input and output of unit 140. Delay units 147 and 148 compensate the timing of H and V sync signals for the delay between S and the Y input from unit 30.
The operation of the means of FIG. 4 can be explained as follows: At the moment when the pel corresponding to S is being scanned, tapped delay line 132 provides samples corresponding to the eight pels immediately surrounding S. Addition of eight amplitudes in adder 133 produces the sum Z and Z/8 represents the mean luminance of the eight pels, in the same units as S.
Suppose that the picture is such that the unquantized input Y' of FIG. 1 remains constant in value throughout an area defined by the eight reference samples: then an amplitude difference between the dither-quantized S sample and the mean of the eight dither-quantized reference samples must be due to stipple. Such a difference does not exceed one quantum step in absolute value and results in a negative output from computation means 140. Small variations among the reference samples due to gradual picture shading may still allow a negative output.
When means 140 of FIG. 4 delivers a negative signal, gating unit 142 and OR gates 43 and 44 provide to d/a converter 145 an 8-bit sample corresponding to Z/8, the mean of the reference samples. This mean can reproduce gradual shading but cannot follow the pel-to-pel amplitude variations needed to preserve spatial resolution in picture edges and similar image detail. However, wherever the difference between Z/8 and S exceeds a quantum step when such detail is being scanned, unit 140 delivers a positive signal so that S, not Z/8, is transmitted to the d/a converter.
Modifications of FIG. 4 for interlaced scanning will be obvious to persons having reasonable skill in the art. It will also be clear that the sampling arrangement depicted in FIG. 6 is only one example of various suitable arrangements, not necessarily restricted to nine samples as shown. Sample S could be included among those transmitted to adder 133 in FIG. 4, provided that the sum were then divided by 9 so that the mean were Z/9 instead of Z/8.
Other embodiments of the invention combine frame-to-frame comparison and averaging as in FIG. 3 with within-frame comparison and averaging as in FIG. 4. I may, for example, modify the system of FIG. 4 by substituting tapped delay means 232, shown in FIG. 5, for means 132 of FIG. 4. Lettering between taps of 232 indicate the various amount of delay: P means one pel period and L one line-scan period while F indicates a frame period. Reference sample Y5 is used for the S sample.
Again assuming non-interlaced scanning, FIG. 7 shows the arrangement of pels corresponding to the eight reference samples obtained from unit 232. It should be understood that Y1 -Y4 correspond to four pels of a first frame and Y5 -Y8 correspond to the congruent set of four pels on the next frame,
Samples Y1 -Y8 go to adder 133 of FIG. 4. Y5 also goes to 137 and 140 in the role of S. Otherwise, the system operates like the embodiment of FIG. 4. Use of Y5 for S obviates the need for large delay in sync-compensating units 147 and 148.
The time-domain embodiment of the invention of FIG. 3 reduces stipple amplitudes in uniform picture areas of each TV frame without broadening or smearing the dots or reducing spatial resolution. The space-domain embodiment of FIG. 4, on the other hand, reduces the spatial resolution in the detail that stipple adds in uniform picture areas, and reduces stipple dot amplitudes, except at picture edges or other spatial detail. In either case, additional Intensity levels are interpolated in those regions of the picture wherein artifacts are most critical.
When a TV transmitter employing self-interpolating dither and quantizing coarsely is used in conjunction with a TV receiver (exemplified by FIG. 3) that operates in the time domain and takes the mean of a suitable number of frames, the displayed TV picture corresponds, at least in stationary areas, to one quantized much more finely in the transmitter and displayed on a receiver not improved according to the present invention; specifically, a TV signal sent with L-level samples and averaged over n frames is displayed as if nL-n+1 levels had been transmitted.
Television systems of the disclosed invention have no need for motion-compensation apparatus if constructed to include steps 23 and 24 of FIG. 2.
Although self-interpolating multiphase dithers are preferred, video signals dither-quantized with other time-varying dithers also benefit from the invention, and even stationary dithers may benefit from the embodiment exemplified in FIG. 4.
I may make various other modifications to the invention as disclosed herein without departing from its spirit. For example:
I may substitute equivalent analog means and processing for some of all of the digital means disclosed.
I may use other reference samples for S, instead of as shown in the various drawings,
I may use any plural number of reference samples for the mean.
Corresponding to the test in step 23 of FIG. 2, I may take the absolute difference between a sample S and the mean of a set of reference samples and compare the difference with a constant value other than the value of one quantum step.
I may provide several reference sets having unequal numbers of reference samples, make plural comparisons corresponding to step 23 of FIG. 2, and arrange to transmit the mean of the largest set of reference samples meeting the criterion of step 23, FIG. 2.
While I have disclosed the invention in terms of specific embodiments, other equivalent embodiments will no doubt be obvious to persons having normal skill in the art and it is intended that the invention be construed to include all such equivalent modifications.
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GRIN Germplasm Resources Information Network's Need Help!
So... now that I have some free time after the big seed giveaway I decided to do some research...
Curious about the authenticity of the Carolina reaper I checked with GRIN and there is no listing for seed for research.. why?
I checked it under both names: Carolina reaper and hp22b with no results..
Can anyone please explain?
For those of you who are not familar with GRIN ( Germplasm Resources Information Network) they are a branch of USDA that provides seeds to anyone for reaserch purposes.
If Carolina reaper is registered and trade marked then shouldn't they have seeds available for research?
Now I'm starting to doubt if anyone owns the rights to the renowned reaper at all???
i have personally spoken with Bob at "GRIN" and have sent them a few wilds i have that they did not, From my understanding from our conversation they are more interested in rare and native species not a hybrid
As far as the rights to the Carolina reaper it was trade marked but as Smokin Eds Carolina reaper not just carolina reaper and this leads me to believe that for it to of taken so long to actually get recognized that there might of been a bait and switch take place and that the one that actually got the worlds record was not the same as the seeds that where sold
I know of another pepper that i have been told is going after the record and is being claimed to of been created by this person was not. He actually received seeds from a mutual friend that had been unknowingly cross pollinated, The pepper world is full of liars and thieves trying to become KING
Thanks for the info ausome.
I attached a link for red Savina. This is where I'm getting some confusion.
Here is a link that might be useful: Plant Variety Protection Act
yes see they applied for a pvp which they tradmarked and copyrighted the plant itself not just the name with a pvp # they can actually come after you for growing it with out getting seeds directly from them I ran into this with one of the tomatoes i grow the ( Kumato ) which is actually and old spanish heirloom but a company got ahold of it renamed it and got a pvp# lol right back to the liars and thieves comment again once i found this out about this instance i just started calling it by its rightful name
Just like with PI 497974 same pepper but how many different names does it have?
Check with Ed Currie at Puckerbutt, he developed the Carolina Reaper.His Puckerbutt company,& Mike & Jenn McDermotts Buckeye Pepper Company sell seeds I personally know both Ed & the McDermotts, Ed won't come after anyone growing Reapers with seeds from another source, only problems arise marketing them under the name Carolina Reapers from other seed sources.Check with Ed, he is a great guy, will answer any questions.

subset: commoncrawl


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Front Squat Harness World Record Announcements
All time top 10 Front Squat / Zercher Harness lifts
1. James Pitbull Searcy (USA)B/W 339lbs Weight 600 Lbs Date 2/10/2011 video confirmation
2. Steve Lousich (New Zealand)B/W 242 lbs Weight 507 lbs Date 10/8/2008 video confirmation
3. Steve Kelly (New Zealand)B/W 359lbs Weight 507 lbs Date 31/8/2014 video confirmation
4. Bjørn Andreas Bull-Hansen (Norway) B/W 230.78 lbs Weight 456.5 lbs Date 18/08/2012 video confirmation
5. Jesse Kellum (USA) B/W 213lbs Weight 455 lbs Date: 01/05/2012 video video confirmation
6. Ray Owen (Australia) B/W 204lbs Weight 440.9 lbs Date 18/7/2014 video confirmation
7. Jono Macfarlane (New Zealand) B/W Weight 440 lbs Date 6/7/2008 video confirmation
8. Bjørn Andreas Bull-Hansen (Norway) B/W 228 lbs Weight 424.39 lbs Date 27/07/2012 video Confirmation
9. Ben Puccio (USA) B/W 190lbs Weight 405 lbs Date: 23/03/2012 video confirmation
10. Peter Gray (Australia) B/W 203.9lbs Weight 374.7 lbs Date: 17/07/2014 video confirmation
When competing for a World Record Front Squat Harness attempt the rules are as follows.
Master 40+: from 1 January in the calendar year he reaches 40 years and throughout the full calendar year in which he reaches 49 years.
Master 50+: from 1 January in the calendar year he reaches 50 years and upwards.
What do i do after the record attempt?
Please send both your photo, video's and your bio to Getstrength.com. A waist-up photo of you is preferred. For your bio, please include a profile head shot, your age, weight, and height, where you live, what your work and interests are, some information about your training and goals! Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Return your required materials to Getstrength.com within 7 days of your attempt.
Upon receiving your completed paperwork and video's we will announce our decision on Getstrength.com blog and your name will be added to the exclusive Front Squat Harness World Record Board.
We'll also announce your accomplishment in the next Getstrength.com Newsletter; and we'll send you an official World Record Certificate,
Plus a Getstrength VIP Card that gets you 10% off all products online for life at Getstrength.com Store.
All customers of frontsquat.com and Getstrength International accept that they enter into activity with the equipment supplied by frontsquat.com and getstrength.com entirely at their own risk and hold frontsquat.com and getstrength.com personnel or equipment blameless for any damage, or injury to property or person whilst using the frontsquat.com and getstrength.com equipment or information supplied. Always consult your doctor before beginning any exercise program.
Recommended for all records attempts the Front Squat Zercher Harness
Front Squat Harness Training Programs
Front Squat Harness Training Articles
Front Squat Harness 12 Week Cycle
Front Squat Harness Cycle Program - 5-3-1 program calculator
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AWESOME COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITY TO BUY NEAR KERR LAKE! Great LOCATION!!!! Previously a church. Additional rooms/space in rear. Circular driveway and parking. Highly visible for LAKE TRAFFIC to Satterwhite Point STATE PARK! NEWER ROOF!Directions: From I-85, take Exit 217 Satterwhite Point Rd. Turn LEFT. Building on LEFT going towards Lake.Legal Description: DB 1167, PG 746
Excellent business opportunity in Williamsboro near Kerr Lake. Former restaurant for sale. Kitchen setup with fixtures and equipment still in place with seating capacity over 100. Plenty of parking. Easy commute to I-85, I-540, and RTP. Take advantage of this unique property. Property could be used for several other businesses as well.Directions: From I-85 head north on NC Hwy 39, property on right in Williamsboro just before Thomas Road.Legal Description: Highway # 39 Lot A
Property had extensive remodeling work done approximately 5 years ago. Currently being used for a Nail Salon Business but could be used for a number of other businesses with excellent exposure on busy Dabney Drive. There is an additional building at the rear of this property that can be rented. It has 3 rooms with a 1/2 bath and has separate utilities from the main building.Directions: From I-85 North take the Dabney Drive Exit 213. At top of ramp turn right on Dabney Drive. Property will be on your left just past the Golden Skillet. Look for sign.Legal Description: Deed Book 1063, Page 218
Great location in the center of everything. Ring Study available showing very good demographics. 5 separate offices, reception area, storage in basement. Would make a wonderful Bank Site with Entry and Exit on 2 streets.Directions: From I 85, Exit 213 towards Henderson property app 2 miles on LeftLegal Description: Vance County Registry Book 1209, pg 445
This is the former W.L Stark & Company CPA firm office. Corner lot centrally & conveniently located just south of downtown Henderson near the post office and Bank of America. Exceptionally well maintained building with 11 offices, a reception area, copy/mail room, library, double conference room, kitchen, 2 full & 2 half bathrooms, partial basement, and parking garage for owners. This building is priced to sell and won't last long. Call to schedule an appointment today.Directions: From I-85 take exit 213 (Dabney Dr.) & head toward town SE on Dabney Dr. to a left on Garnett St. Continue down Garnett St. to the intersection with Burwell Ave. Property will be on your left.Legal Description: DB 781; PG 207
Commercial warehouse and retail space. Showroom and offices. Mutiliple use possibiities. App. 6000 sq.ft, of office/showroom with heat and AC. Remainder is warehouse. Property just 4 blocks from railroad and downtown Henderson. Last use was a drop-ship warehouse for Lab Supply products.Directions: From I-85, take Exit 214 (Hwy 39); From US 1 Bypass, take Hwy 39 Exit. Proceed to Garnett Street. Go west on Garnett. Take a left onto Montgomery Street. Cross over William St. Property on right at corner of College Street.Legal Description: DB 997, page 512
Vey nice updated commercial building currently being used for Teacher Store retail site on main floor with two (2) updated apartments rented on second floor with Apt. # 1 rented @$500/month & #2 @ $525/month. Teacher Store space has potential tenant at rate of $700/month.Directions: Located in downtown Henderson on Garnett Street between Montgomery Street and Winder Street.Legal Description: DB 1203, pg 479
Prime Commercial Lot at the corner of Raleigh Road and Bear Pond Roads near two US 1 exits. Chain link fence surrounds the property and there are two metal buildings on the site, one with a 12x10 roll-up door and the other currently set up for offices and showroom. Well on the property, but also can connect to public water and sewer. Both buildings have metal sheds.Directions: From Henderson, Raleigh Road South to Bearpond Road. Lot on Corner near US 1 Exit.Legal Description: Lot and two metal buildings and sheds
AFFORDABLE BUSINESS LOCATION. Extra large, wide city lot on high-traffic street. Would make great office for accountant, photographer, home-health provider, etc. Excellent business visibility within walking distance to other stores, etc. This great Dabney Drive location is sure to make someone stop in!Directions: I-85 North to Henderson exit 213 (Dabney Drive) right off exit ramp onto Dabney Drive continue to property on left.Legal Description: V pg 23 lots 29 30 31 32 33 34
Excellent commercial property. Perfect for free standing store or small strip mall. Paved road frontage front and back make accessible for drive through. Many options.! Refer to mls 1963795Directions: I85 to Dabney Drive - National Guard Armory property
Options galore for this commercial property that is zoned B-2. Hwy. Commercial District. The adjoining property, 1847 North Garnett Street, mls # 1960017 is also available. The list price is $49,900 and it is zoned B-2 also. A great buy on both!Directions: Facing Norwood Street on the left just off of US 1 Business/North Garnett Street.Legal Description: Bk. 1069 Pg. 726
Great farming area.....Great pricing for you to decide your business or leisure!Directions: I85-N to Exit 214.Merge onto W Andrews Ave/NC-39 toward Henderson/BUS STATION. 241 W ANDREWS AVE is on the right.Legal Description: 241/243 ANDREWS AVE.
Great farming area.....Great pricing for you to decide your business or leisure!Directions: I-85 N, Take the NC-39 exit, EXIT 214. Merge onto W Andrews Ave/NC-39 toward Henderson/BUS STATION. Lots are on the right.
8700 Sq. Ft. Building plus 5700 sq. ft. basement, for storage. Across street from court house. Will lease for $1,350 including city taxes. Owner financing with 20 % down payment.Directions: From I85, take Hwy 39S to right on Chestnut St. property on right, From Hwy 1 to Hwy 39 N, then left on Chestnut St. property on right. From Dabney Drive to Garnett St, then left on Corbett Rd to right on Chestnut St., property on left.Legal Description: Part Of 335N Chestnut St. Henderson N.C.
Reduced below appraised value. Downtown Henderson, this former high volume print operation has it all, large rooms, easy access, plenty of storage, corner lot for easy access, fenced back & side yard, front lot parkingDirections: US #1 to Hwy 39 exit, north on Hwy 39 into town, left on Willliams St just before the tracks, corner of Trumam & S.William; From I-85 to exit 214, south on Hwy 39, into town, after crossing Garnett St, right on Williams St, corner of TrumanLegal Description: Deed Book 1113, page 396
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TownePlace Suites by Marriott San Antonio Downtown, San Antonio
Situated in the heart of San Antonio, TownePlace Suites by Marriott San Antonio Downtown, a family-friendly hotel, is steps from Buckhorn Saloon and Museum, Ripley's Haunted Adventure, and Texas Adventure. Also nearby are Rivercenter Mall and La Villita.
Hotel Features.
TownePlace Suites by Marriott San Antonio Downtown has an outdoor pool, an indoor pool, and a 24-hour fitness center. Complimentary wireless and wired high-speed Internet access is available in public areas and a computer station is located on site. Business amenities include a 24-hour business center and a meeting room. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. Additional amenities include multilingual staff, a grocery/convenience store, and laundry facilities. Guest parking is available for a surcharge. This is a smoke-free property.
The 117 air-conditioned guestrooms at TownePlace Suites by Marriott San Antonio Downtown include iPod docking stations and complimentary newspapers. Guests can use the in-room complimentary wireless and wired high-speed Internet access. 37-inch LCD TVs are equipped with premium cable channels. All accommodations provide desks and phones; free local calls are offered (restrictions may apply). Bathrooms offer shower/tub combinations, hair dryers, and complimentary toiletries. All units have kitchens with stovetops, microwaves, refrigerators, and dishwashers. Additional amenities include coffee/tea makers and irons/ironing boards. Housekeeping is offered daily.
great service, great location, clean large room, and having a kitchenette was great with…
We would definitely stay here again. Proximity to the Alamo and Riverwalk were good. The…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $130
- Studio, 2 Queen Beds
- City View King Suite
- Studio, 1 Queen Bed
- Studio, 1 King Bed with Sofabed
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At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 117 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 6 floors
- Check-in time starts at 4 PM
- Check-out time is noon
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Pets allowed *
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Valet parking *
- Accessible parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Two Star San Antonio hotels
In the hotel
- Free hot/cold buffet breakfast daily
- Coffee/tea in the lobby
- Indoor pool
- Outdoor pool
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- 24-hour business center
- Conference space size (feet) - 715
- Conference space size (meters) - 64
- One meeting room
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 2010
- Elevator/lift
- ATM/banking
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Designated smoking areas (fines apply)
- Television in lobby
- Disabled parking
- Accessible path of travel
- Braille or raised signage
- Accessibility equipment for the deaf
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Sofa bed
- Sofa bed size double
- Private bathroom
- Shower/tub combination
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 37-inch LCD TV
- Premium TV channels
- IPod docking station
- Desk
- Free newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Kitchen
- Stovetop
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Dishwasher
- Daily housekeeping
Top San Antonio hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in San Antonio
- Holiday Inn San Antonio Nw - Seaworld AreaFrom
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- Hyatt Place San Antonio - RiverwalkFrom
- TownePlace Suites by Marriott San Antonio NorthwestFrom
"The room was great-clean, comfortable and quiet. The hotel is located near gas stations/convenience stores, restaurants and major roadways. Front desk staff and other employees…"Mar 8, 2015
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TownePlace Suites by Marriott San Antonio Downtown, San Antonio's small print
Also known as
- TownePlace Suites by Marriott San Antonio Downtown
- TownePlace Suites by Marriott San Antonio Downtown San Antonio
This property's policy is to refuse certain bookings for the purpose of group events or parties, including pre-wedding stag/bachelor and hen/bachelorette parties.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
Children under 16 years old are not allowed in the swimming pool or fitness facility without adult supervision.
The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
Mandatory fees
Deposit: USD 100-250 per stay
Breakage deposit: USD 249.95 per stay
Optional extras
Late check-out can be arranged for an extra charge of USD 99.00
Valet parking costs USD 25 per day with in/out privileges
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of USD 100 per accommodation, per stay
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Simply Vera Collection at Kohl's
Vera Wang simply ripped the runway in New York. Those designs won't hit racks until the spring, but find some of her fall season looks at Kohl's as part of her Simply Vera Vera Wang collection. The collection includes such on-trend pieces as gold embellishments, oversized jewelry, art inspired... Kohl's, Baltimore


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Jefferson Hospital
Jefferson Hospital
565 Coal Valley Rd
Jefferson Hills, PA 15025
Health & Wellness
At Jefferson Hospital, we encourage our patients to learn about their medical condition so they can take an active, educated role in their own recovery. We are committed to providing you access to current and reliable health care information so you can discuss it with your doctor, and together make better decisions about your health.
We offer a variety of Health and Wellness programs that are designed to help you improve your overall health or get access to the resources you need to improve your health condition.
Wellness and Lifestyle Modification Programs
Classes & Events
Registration Types
03/31/20156:00 pm - 9:00 pm Newborn Basics
04/01/201510:00 am - 1:00 pm Stroke Survivor Support Group
04/02/20156:00 pm - 8:00 pm Take Control of Your Diabetes
04/06/20151:00 pm - 3:00 pm Take Control of Your Diabetes
04/07/20159:00 am - 1:00 pm AARP - Smart Drivers Program


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|Main | About Us | Employment | Memberships | Hours of Operation | Contact Us
|Aquatics | Fitness | Informal Recreation | Intramural Sports | Outdoor Adventures | Special Events | Sport Clubs
|Bike Share | Challenge Course | Educational Clinics | Gear Rental | Outdoor Trips
Important Links
Bike Share
The Towson University Bike Share program is a free bike rental program administered by Campus Recreation Outdoor Adventures.
Program Information
The Bike Share program is only available for currently enrolled Towson University students. Bikes are rented for the fall, spring and summer terms. All participants must sign a rental agreement in order to receive a bike.
RegistrationSpring 2015 Bike Share registration will be available at the end of February. Check back soon for more details.
|TU Home | Student Affairs | NIRSA
Copyright ©Towson University 2005, All Rights Reserved.


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Let's not sacrifice PE for the sake of other subjects in our schools.
Annual event would fill Twin Cities hotels and restaurants with out-of-towners.
Photo from NATO summit appears to catch Obama getting a couple of winks.
This summer wasn't 'disappointing, discouraging or disagreeable,' but delightful.
To save the greater sage grouse, preserve habitat and limit oil and gas drilling and mining.
Cigarettes do minimal damage when compared with cars, factories and power plants.
Minnesota Lynx team members can hold their heads high and look forward to next year.
The head injury he suffered 29 years ago still haunts him.
We see subtle bias in photo selection all too often in the news pages.
I tried it with pickles in the early 1970s. And they sold.
The Opinion section is produced by the Editorial Department to foster discussion about key issues. The Editorial Board represents the institutional voice of the Star Tribune and operates independently of the newsroom.


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Thanks for allowing my "penny in the ear" analogy to gracefully whoosh over your head. I wasn't making comparisons to the kid in the story. Maybe you'll figure it out now.<quoted text>
Right, because the boy screaming in pain and freaking at the sight of blood could have been an illusion. All of that pain equates to his dad fooling him like pulling a penny out of his ear.
Haha. Whatever. You say 1 witness is enough, then try your best to discount 3 witnesses.
Proof, evidence, whatever you want to call it, it is convincing enough to me, as it would be to any one of you that had this happen to a close friend of yours that you have always trusted as an honest person, as well as their spouse.
You all claim that miracles aren't possible because they are always a coincidence. I give you a good example of one that could not be coincidence, and you all treat me as if I am a fool. Thanks for fulfilling scripture.
Also, it's highly insulting to act as though others would have the same low standard of proof as you do. There is literally no way that I would believe such garbage. Believe me, I have been told more than one thing that is of this magnitude, and I believed none of it. I totally believed that the other person believed what they were telling me, though.
I will note that it must be convenient to be able to say "thanks for fulfilling scripture" and think you "got" somebody. Too bad you apparently don't realize that much of scripture was written to combat skepticism and logic.
Understanding the Bible means not believing it.Being educated means understanding the bible too.
Thank you.<quoted text>
I'm enjoying your posts. Keep it up!
They are being totally honest in this context. It should be VERY clear to you that nobody is talking about science here.<quoted text>an apologist is anyone who defends something. try being honest in the future.
What a pile of trash you are. That is the product of FEWER being "indoctrinated" into your hateful religion, and others like it, and MORE being allowed to see that all people should be afforded the same rights. Now that's progress and an improvement to our society.<quoted text>"According to Gallup, the acceptance of homosexual relationships as normal is over 54% now. Among the younger generation, born in 2000 or after, it is way over 70% or 80%."
Now That's "Indoctrination"!
Why don't you understand evolution? And why don't you understand the difference between evolution and diet/medicine/environmental contaminants.<quoted text>
What is the purpose of us growing taller today? Basketball? To reach things on the tallest shelf?
Yours is not a good question. The process is NO different. The only difference is what causes more frequent transmittal of certain traits. In natural selection it is the environment. Here it is people. Not difficult.<quoted text>
Good question. Why have some wolves "evolved" to chihuahua's while others have not. Chinese bonsai methods would not be applicable, as human intervention would not constitute natural evolution.
So your answer is?
I can't tell if you're trolling. Really.Prefers the sons going to schools, where there's some actual beneficial educational diversity in instruction happening, for future societal well being.
It helps when it comes to reading books, like the Bible, and whatever other books may be essential in future developement of intelligence and characters of decency.


text:
Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
1 f Umted Stat Takahashi et al.
[ METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING SOLID SUBSTANCES CONTAINED IN LIQUID [75] Inventors: Toshio Takahashi, Honjo; Ryosaku Tagaya, lsezaki; Toshiyasu Ehara, all of Japan [73] Assignee: Eisai Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan [22] Filed: Oct. 25, 1973 [21] App]. No.: 409,368
[30] Foreign Application Priority Data Oct. 31, 1972 Japan..... 47-108524 May 29, 1973 Japan 48-59379 [52] U.S. Cl. 356/208; 356/103; 356/197;
'[51] Int. Cl. GOln 21/06; GOln 21/24 [58] Field of Search 356/197, 196, 208, 102,
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,279,305 10/1968 Muta et a1. 356/208 [451 Aug. 19, 1975 Primary Examiner-Ronald J. Stern Assistant ExaminerPaul K. Godwin Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack [5 7 ABSTRACT Method and apparatus for detecting and measuring solid alien substance(s), which may adversely exist in a liquid contained in a transparent container, are provided. Light is applied to the container as it is rapidly rotated and then suddenly stopped to cause floating or suspending the solid substance(s) in the liquid. The light passed through the liquid or the passed through light and also the light reflected from the solid substance(s) are separately captured and their individual intensities are measured by means of photometry. The method and apparatus may be utilized for sorting out the transparent liquid from that contaminated with solid impurity, depending upon the intensity(s) of the captured light or lights.
3 Claims, 5 Drawing Figures PATENTED AUG 1 91975 SHZU 1 BF 3 rue-.1
PATENTEBAUG 1 ems SE'EET 2 OF FIG.3
PATENTED AUBI 9|975 S'HLU 3 BF 3 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING SOLID SUBSTANCES CONTAINED IN LIQUID This invention relates to a novel method and apparatus for detecting and measuring solid alien substance(s) that may exist in admixture in a liquid contained in a transparent container.
For checking and selecting out the solid substances that may exist in admixture, for example, in medical liquids, liquid foods, liquid chemicals, chemical reagents, etc., contained in ampoules, bottles or other kinds of containers, there are known and used, besides the macroscopic inspection method, various types of effective and automatic liquid inspecting methods and apparatus utilizing a photoelectric element.
According to these known automatic inspection methods, light is projected onto a liquid container such as, for example, an ampoule and the scattered light rays that are reflected from the alien substances in the liquid are received by the photoelectric element. In this case, if no alien substance exists, the photoelectric element receives only the scattered light reflected from the liquid alone in the container such as an ampoule, whereas if any alien substance is present, said element receives the scattered light rays reflected from both the liquid and alien substance so that the amount of light received by the photoelectric element is increased. Therefore, it is possible to photoelectrically determine the quantity of the alien substance present in the liquid through comparative measurement of the amounts of light received.
However, the intensity or quantity of scattered light reflected from the alien substance mingled in the liquid is not only proportional to the reflection area of the alien substance but is also greatly affected by the shape of the substance or its light reflectibility. For example, a black-colored material generally has a smaller reflectibility than a white material. Accordingly, if the quantity of light reflected from a small-sized white material and that from a large-sized black material are measured separately, there would be a case where it is erroneously judged that these two materials are the same size or are present in the same quantity. The essential function of the inspecting apparatus is to detect the alien substances having the sizes in excess of a certain preset standard value and to remain such oversized substances. Therefore, if an inspection standard is set on the basis of reflectibility which is not always proportional to the size of the substance, the result of the measurements may prove incorrect and lead to erroneous results.
Now, we have found, as one of the aspects of this invention that accuracy of measurement can be remarkably improved by using a method in which, instead of measuring the intensity of light reflected from the alien matters as in the conventional methods, the light rays that have passed through the liquid are received on a plurality of small light-receiving faces and the corresponding electric outputs from these respective lightreceiving regions are scanned and made into a single output. This method is based on the fact that as each of the plurality of light-receiving faces is equal in area to the projected image of the smallest one of the alien substances that are to be checked, the light-receiving faces are perfectly shaded by the alien substances. There is thus produced an extremely large difference in the amount of light-received on said light-receiving faces between the cases where alien substances exist in the liquid and where alien substances do not exist.
Thus, according to the abovementioned aspect of this invention, there is proposed a method in which, instead of measuring the scattered light rays reflected from the alien matters, shading of the direct light rays by the alien matters is taken into account in making the inspection. The mechanism of the present invention is such that an output is given by the photoelectric element only when the size of the alien matter exceeds a certain preset level. According to this method, it has been found that inspection for alien matters in a liquid to be examined can be accomplished with far higher accuracy than that obtained with any of the conventional methods. If anything, however, it may be said that the result obtained by carrying out this method is more or less affected by light permeability of the alien matters. For instance, a white slender and elongated solid matter, such as a filament-like substance, has a pale pro jected image and hence has lower sensitivity than a black matter of the same shape and size.
Such shortcomings as aforementioned can, however, be overcome by the second aspect of this invention, wherein the abovementioned method according to the first aspect of this invention is combined with a known method by which the existence of solid alien matters is determined by measuring the reflected light from said solid matters.
With reference to the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a diagramatic, nieu of an apparatus embodying the first aspect of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view showing the construction of a known optical fiber system scanning device which can be used as the scanning unit constituting a part of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a plan view of the essential component parts in a preferred embodiment of the second aspect of this invention.
FIG. 4 shows a mechanism for supporting an ampoule filled with liquid, for example, for examination.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the known reflecting mechanism of the projected light, which may be used as the part of the arrangement for the embodiment of FIG. 3 according to the second aspect of this invention.
The method of this invention will be hereinafter described by way of an embodiment as applied to an ampoule filled with a liquid such as liquid medicine.
In the first aspect of this invention, parallel light rays, as is later explained more in detail, with reference to accompanying FIGS. 1 and 2, are applied to an ampoule by directing light too a light source through a lens, the ampoule being secured to a revolvable support block where said ampoule will be rotated at a high speed and then stopped suddenly. Behind said ampoule is provided a focussing lens whereby the projected image of the ampoule is formed on a plane behind said lens. The light-receiving faces of a photoelectric converter provided with a scanning unit are provided on said plane. In case some solid alien substance exists in the liquid held in the ampoule, the direct light projected to the light-receiving faces from the light source is shaded by the solid alien substance so that the amount of light received by the shaded light-receiving faces is greatly decreased. This condition is converted into an electric signal by means of a scanning type photoelectric converting element. Thus, whether the am poule contains any alien substance therein content or not can be determined by the presence or absence of said signal.
In a preferable scanning unit, there are arranged on a straight vertical line a plurality of small lightreceiving faces each of which has an area equivalent to at least the smallest regulated size of alien substances to be detected. Such light-receiving faces may, for instance, be provided by a bundle of optical fibers used in an optical fiber type scanner as shown in FIG. 2 or by a scanning type photo-diode array, and the mechanism is arranged such that these small light-receiving faces will be scanned one after the other successively.
As an example thereof, a rotary scanner using optical fibers is discussed with reference to FIG. 2 where such scanner is shown in an enlarged perspective view. This optical fiber type scanning unit consists ofa plurality of optical fibers 6 each of which is as fine as 100 u in size, a rotary scanning element 8, a photoelectric element 9 and an amplifier l0. Said plurality of optical fibers are arranged at one end in a straight vertical line to form a rectilinear end while the other ends are arranged circularly to form a circular end 7 (straight line-circle converter system). The rotary scanning element 8 made of optical fiber is adapted such that its one end will rotatatively scan along said circular end 7 of the optical fiber bundle 5, the other end of said scanning element 8 being optically connected to the light receiving faces of the photoelectric element 9. The light rays from a light source I are projected through an ampoule 3 (which has just been brought into a suddenly stopped condition from a high-speed rotating condition) onto the light-receiving faces each having a small section along the rectilinearly arranged end 5' of the optical fibers 6 and hence said light-receiving faces are illuminated with a certain brightness. However, if any alien substance exists in the liquid in the ampoule, the projected image of such alien substance (which continues moving rotatively in suspension in the liquid even after the rotation of the ampoule has been stopped suddenly) momentarily crosses said rectilinear end 5' so that the direct light rays from the light source to said light-receiving faces are shaded during such period of crossing to darken said faces. As such bright and shaded conditions at the linear end 5' are transmitted continuously to the circular end 7 through the optical fibers 6, the revolving scanning element 8 picks up such bright and shade condition for every optical fiber at the circular end 7 and the picked up conditions are immediately converted into a strong or weak current by the photoelectric element 9 and the amplifier l0, and the measurement and selection of the inspected pieces are carried out by a suitable known method according to the electric signal produced by said conversion.
In the above-described embodiment of the present invention, the shading of light effected by the alien sub stance on the light-receiving faces of the optical fibers is utilized in making the measuremnt, so that in case the alien substance has a low light reflectibility, there can be obtained a signal with high S-N ratio, ensuring a high degree of accuracy of measurement. Also, since the projected image with the same size as the diameter of one piece of optical fiber is equal to the minimum size of the alien substance deleted, it is possible to optionally change the smallest size of the detectible alien substance by adjusting the magnification of the focussing lens.
As described above, if an ampoule is rotated at a high speed and then stopped suddenly, the content liquid therein continues to move in a whirling motion by inertia even after stoppage of the ampoule rotation, and hence the alien substance, if any, present in the liquid also continues to rotate in a floating condition together with the liquid. According to the present invention, light rays are projected on the solid alien substance in that condition.
A typical embodiment of the above will be illustrated in a more concrete manner with reference to FIG. I.
The illumination lamp 1 is lighted to form parallel light rays through a condensing lens 2 disposed in front of said lamp, and the light rays are passed through an ampoule 3 to be inspected which is fixed on a revolvable block or rest 17 as shown in FIG. 4. Said block is first rotated at a high speed and then stopped suddenly, whereby the alien solid substance present in the liquid of the ampoule is caused to move in a whirling motion in the ampoule together with the liquid. The projected image of this alien substance is formed on the rectilinear end 5 of the optical fibers 6 of the scanning unit by a focussing lens 4, whereby the direct light from the lamp 1 is shaded, that is, prevented from being projected onto the light-receiving faces of the optical fibers. The darkened state created by this shading of the projected light is communicated to the circular end 7 through the optical fibers 6, and the condition of the circular end 7 is picked up successively by the revolving scanning element 8 and transmitted to the lightreceiving faces of the photoelectric element 9 to be converted into an electric pulse signal, which is then further amplified with an amplifier 10 to produce an amplified signal. In this way, existance of alien substance, if any, is detected and converted into an electric pulse signal so that it is possible to know that solid impurities are present in the ampoule and to perform sorting out of the ampoule according to such electric signal.
The above-described optical fiber system scanning unit can be replaced by a known scanning type photodiode array.
Turning to the second aspect of this invention, it should be emphasized that the result of the observation is not affected much at all by the shape or kind of the alien substances such as aforementioned and that it is possible to detect with high accuracy the alien matters having areas or sizes greater than a certain preset standard. An embodiment thereof will be explained with reference to FIGS. 3, 4 and 5. Although there is shown in FIG. 3 an embodiment of the apparatus in which the reflected light is detected in the first step, and in the next step the transmitted light is separately captured, it is also possible to reverse the order of these two steps, and/or to provide an arrangement which will indepependently detect both the transmitted and reflected light with a single mechanism, or to provide plural reflected light capturing means and/or plural transmitted light capturing means for groups of a series of test pieces which are fed successively, so as to accomplish the same optical inspection over a plural number of test pieces at one and the same time. All of these modifications are within the scope of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 3, the apparatus shown in plan view consists essentially of the following four sections:
(a) a section where, the ampoules (the objects to be examined) are successively supplied; (b) a section where the mechanism for examining the ampoule content with reflected light is located, (c) a section where the mechanism for examining the ampoule content with transmitted light is positioned, and (d) a section where the examined ampoules are sorted out and retrieved.
The ampoule supply section (a) consists of an ampoule feeding hopper 11, a net conveyor 12, a hopper guide 13, a feeding star wheel 14, and a star wheel guide 15. The bottom of the feeding hopper 11 is slanted toward the center, having a conical shape so that the ampoules supplied into said feeding hopper 11 are guided down in a row through the hopper guide 13 due to their own weight and with the aid of the net conveyor l2 spread at the end of the cone-shaped bottom portion of the hopper.
The ampoules thus fed in a row are then carried by the star wheel 14 one by one intermittently onto one of the revolving ampoule rests 17 on a first turret 16 at an intermittent pitch of one-quarter turn of said turret 16. (In case four revolving ampoule rests 17 are provided on said turret, each piece, as shown in FIG. 4, is
adapted to uprightly sustain an ampoule while rotating it therewith.)
Each of the four ampoules positioned vertically at the peripheral edge of the first turret 16 is retained at the center of each revolving ampoule rest by said star wheel and guide 15. As the turret turns, each said ampoule is held by a guide 18 and moved to the ampoule rotating means A. During this movement, an upper cap 19 (see FIG. 4) descends to hold the ampoule with spring force so that the ampoule wont slip on its rest 17. The up-and-down movement of said upper cap 19 is effected through a cylindrical cam 20 which is secured by a fixed shaft 21 disposed at the center of the turret. The ampoule thus delivered to the ampoule rotating section A is rotated at high speed by the rest 17 and then suddenly stopped by the operation of a motor 22, brake 23 and clutch 24. Thereafter, by a turn of the turret, the ampoule is moved to the examining section B where the ampoule content is examined with reflected light.
In this examining section B, as shown in FIG. 5, a slitshaped light beam formed by a light source 25 and a lens 26 is projected to a side of the ampoule 3, and the scattered light reflected from the alien matters whirled up in the central portion of the ampoule liquid by the afore-said high speed rotation and ensuing sudden stoppage is captured by means of a focussing lens 27 and a photoelectric element 28 (which may be a photomultiplier tube) which are disposed at a certain angle relative to the slit shaped beam, and the captured reflected light is immediately converted into an electric signal. This electric signal discriminates the good ampoules from the bad ones according to a preset pulse level, and the reject signals, if any, are memorized by a memory element.
The ampoule which has thus been examined in the examining section B is now moved to the discharge section C of the first turret 16. During this movement, the upper cap 19 ascends. Upon arriving at the discharge section C, the ampoule is pushed upwardly by a pushup rod which projects up through a hole provided in the center of the base of the support block 17. Then, the ampoule is caught and held by a guide 30 and discharged from the first turret 16 by the intermittent turning of a transfer star wheel 31 (turning at an intermittent one-third turn pitch), whereby to deliver the ampoule to a second turret 32 where the content is further examined with the transmitted light. Thus, the ampoule is transferred by said star wheel 31 onto the second turret 32 in the same way as it was delivered to the first turret l6 and here again the ampoule is given a high speed rotating motion and guided to the examining section E of the second turret 32 where the ampoule is examined by transmitted light.
In this examining section E, the parallel light rays created by a light source 1 and a lens 2, as shown in FIG. 1, are projected through each ampoule so that its projected image will be formed on a plane behind a focussing lens 4 disposed behind the ampoule, said plane being of a known optical fiber assembly 5 having a scanning portion at the other end. The projected image screened by the alien matters whirled up in the central portion of the ampoule liquid is scanned by an optical fiber type scanner 8 and converted into an electric signal by a photoelectric element 9 and an amplifier 10 and further processed by an electronic mechanism, whereby the good and bad ampoules are discriminated according to a preset pulse level, with the reject signals being memorized by a memory element. After having been thus examined in the examining section E, the ampoule is then moved to the discharge section F of the second turret 32. In the discharge section F, the ampoule is discharged by means of a discharging star wheel 33 and a discharging star guide 34 in the same way as in the discharge section C of the first turret 16. The discharging star wheel 33 is provided with means 35 for sorting out the good ampoules and bad (nonconforming) ampoules. That is, the reject signals memorized in the examining section B and/or the reject signals memorized in the examining section E all indicate as non-conforming ampoules, and the conforming ampoules are sorted out by means of a shutter operated by a rotary solenoid.
The thus sorted good ampoules are guided in order into a hopper 36 therefor and the bad ampoules into a hopper 37 therefor for further processing.
As is well known, all of the known automatic liquid inspecting methods necessitate to repeat the examination several times in order to increase accuracy and reliability of the inspection. However, no matter how many times the liquid inspecting method with the definite defect is repeated, it is impossible to overcome the inherent defective operating characteristics related to the kind and shape of the alien matters.
In contradistinction to the above, with the method of examining liquid according to the second aspect of this invention, wherein the reflected light and also the transmitted light are successively utilized in any order, it is possible to remove the defects inherent in these methods while making use of their advantageous effects. It thereby makes it possible to realize a method and an apparatus which are capable of detecting the solid alien matters in a liquid and sorting out from the conforming articles the non-conforming ones with extremely high probability that has never been possible with any of the conventional methods.
What is claimed is:
l. A method for detecting foreign solid matter that might exist as an impurity in a transparent liquid en closed in a sealed transparent vessel by measuring in- 2. An apparatus for detecting solid foreign matter that might exist as an impurity in a transparent liquid enclosed in a sealed transparent vessel, comprising, in combination, a driven block for supporting a sealed transparent vessel and adapted for rotating and then suddenly stopping the rotation of the vessel supported thereon; a condensing lens adjacent the position of a vessel on said driven block; alight source for projecting a light onto said vessel through said condensing lens; a foeussing lens for receiving the light passing through the liquid. the light having a reduced intensity when there is present in the vessel of any solid matter; a linescanning photometric element provided with multiple minute areas extending from one end of the vessel to the other for receiving the said focussed transmitted light; and means for scanning the multiple areas for the light received thereby; and an element coupled to said photometric element for measuring the intensity of the light in the respective minute areas.
3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 wherein the line-scanning photometric element is a line-scanner of optical fibers.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Properties in Leyburn, North Yorkshire between £30,000 and £2,000,000
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Properties in Leyburn, North Yorkshire
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To provide you with the best possible service we only show properties for which estate agents have provided full and valid postcodes. You may find more properties in our List or Gallery views.
£242,500 5 Bedrooms St Marys Mount, Leyburn
9 St Marys Mount is a substantial, south facing property set over four floors with front and rear gardens and off-road parking. The current owners have converted the second floor to create two double bedrooms and a shower room whilst retaining
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£255,000 5 Bedrooms 2 St. Matthew's Terrace, Leyburn DL8 5JB
A beautiful period property with far reaching views over the Yorkshire Dales. Presently occupied as a three bedroom house on the ground floor and first floor with a self-contained flat on the second floor, however it could easily be returned to a 5 bedroo
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£275,000 5 Bedrooms The Mount, Leyburn
Yew Lea is a stone built, mid-terrace period property in the busy town of Leyburn, within walking distance of the market square, With views to the front across to Harmby Moor, the property benefits from front and rear gardens, off-road parking, and a
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£349,950 Under Offer 5 Bedrooms Grassgill, West Witton, Leyburn
Garth Heads is an extensive, stone built family property boasting five bedrooms, two reception rooms and a large kitchen diner. Set well away from the main road on a quiet lane, the property has reaching views to the front and rear with the garden
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£385,000 5 Bedrooms Horsehouse, Carlton In Coverdale, Leyburn
Arundel Grange is in a private and secluded position in picturesque Coverdale, in the heart of the Yorkshire Dales National Park. With wonderful views, the property sits within its own extensive grounds and has a wealth of period and traditional features
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£480,000 6 Bedrooms Market Place, Middleham
This Grade II Listed property is set over four floors with business accommodation currently comprising a gift shop, 4 letting rooms (3 with en-suite) and a guest lounge/dining room. The private accommodation includes 2 lounges, 2 bedrooms, a bathroom and
GSC Grays - Leyburn
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F2P Klingon Play Feedback (per F2P blog post #17)
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Lt. Commander
Join Date: Dec 2007
Posts: 120
# 4
Originally Posted by
If Cryptic wants more Klingon feedback, it might help to ungate some of the mission content, so players who do the DOFF system aren't at the level cap by the time they get around to doing most of the episodes. Otherwise, there's not much incentive to do the same old missions unless you're a serious bug hunter. Casual testers are going to work toward their testing-related freebies promised for Holo for the various rank and DOFF accomplishments.
Really, I get the feeling more and more that they might as well have made the Klingon faction unlockable only by level 51 Federation characters, because all the mission level changes really did was effectively push most of it to the endgame.
If it's going to be another several months to a year or more before we get new content, why should anyone bother? Speaking of, what ever happened to the featured series that were originally planned for this year? Have they been delayed until after F2P launch? (I probably just missed an announcement.)
Heck I been trying to story line but while i completed the romulan series I can not not Start the breen.
And I tried coping my Holodeck kdf since open more transfer but I get i message that I have no slots open. Never mind when I log in it say I had one open. So i delete one i create on tribble and I still get the message.


text:
How to Make a Swagged Valance
Create a custom look with ribbons, complementary fabrics, and these step-by-step instructions.
A fabric panel bordered with a coordinating pattern makes for a great-looking valance, especially when it's tied with ribbons that add a soft swag to the bottom edge. Here's how to do it:
Materials and Tools:
fabric (two coordinating patterns)
measuring guide
1x4-inch mounting board
staple gun
ribbon (optional)
sewing machine or sewing needle
1. Cut the fabric to the necessary width to cover the window, or split an additional panel and sew it to the sides of the main fabric piece to gain the necessary measurement. Generally, the width required is the exact width of the finished treatment plus side seams and returns, while the length is the length of the window plus how high above the window you're planning to mount it, which is usually about 4 inches. Be sure to add a top and bottom seam and the width of the mounting board, which is usually 3½ inches, to the length measurement. Cut or sew a piece of lining to the same measurements.
2. Cut three trim pieces 4½ inches wide and as long as is needed to cover the width and length of the topper, making sure to add an additional 4 inches to the side trim pieces and 8 inches to the bottom one to allow for mitered corners. The finished bands will be 3½ inches wide (the same width as the mounting board, which gives the finished treatment a neater look).
3. Pin the bottom trim strip with right sides together to the topper, making sure to leave 4 inches projecting over the edge at both ends. Sew the trim piece on, stopping ½-inch from each end of the main fabric piece. Add the trim pieces to the sides (leaving 4 inches extra at the bottom), again stopping ½-inch from the bottom corners. Be sure to stitch the side trim pieces to the main panel only, not to the bottom trim piece, in order to miter where the two pieces come together.
4. To create the miter, fold the entire panel as needed to create a triangle, with the overlapping trims forming a point. Follow the fold with a pencil and mark the stitching line on the back side of the trim. Pin the trim in place and stitch along the line. Repeat on the other bottom corner.
5. Repeat the process by adding trim pieces in the same coordinating fabric to the lining, and then iron all the seams toward the trim pieces after mitering the bottom corners.
6. Pin the face and lining panels with right sides together and sew all the way around, leaving about a 12-inch opening at the top. Turn the panel right side out. Carefully work around the valance to iron the edge seams as flat and straight as possible. Sew the seam closed at the top and staple the topper to a fabric-wrapped mounting board, wrapping the corners as neatly as possible.
7. Use coordinating ribbons or ties made out of the trim fabric to tie the sides up.
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