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43 year old woman | Harkers Island, NC, USA | Seeking men 41-45 within 50 miles
It's Never to Late for Happily Ever After
;I am very family oriented, funny, laid back...I enjoy the simple things and like many I have been through my share of bad relationships... not looking to rush into anything to quickly, patience is a virtue worth while!!! I am looking for someone who is confident, laid back, funny and a Gentleman.... a foundation based on friendship, and mutual respect has to be there first!!!! I have children they are my life, they are a part of me that I will share more about with someone who I am more sure about and who I have gotten to know!!!
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing cards , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Baseball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I like Cats, Dogs, Horses
No friendly critters at this time, but I Love animals.....especially doggums:-)
Middle of the Road
I Love Love Love the beach.....not much into the nightclub thing, but going dancing with someone special would be nice..Going out to dinner and a walk on the waterfront would be a nice evening out...... But I am up for new places & things
I listen to a variety of music... mainly country, but I like dance, rock, jazz: I enjoy tv shows like House, Castle, NCIS,Person of Interest, Law & Order, Bones, Two and a Half Men (w/ Charlie Sheen) and many more:I love pizza, italian, mexi & sushi
Spending time w/ my family.. I love going to the beach, being out on the water is always a good thing! I love the Dallas Cowboys, cross-stitching, playing pool, movies, and yes I do like shopping (but I am def not a shopaholic.. lol!
I am corrently readiing "How to Understand the Bible in 30 Days"
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|5'5" (165cms)
|5'11" (180cms) to 6'1" (185cms)
|Body type:
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|Blue, Brown, Green, Hazel
|Dark brown
|Dark brown, Salt and pepper
|No Way
|No Way
|Retail / Food services
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Have kids:
|I'll tell you later
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home
|Wants kids:
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
Cherokee indian, French, Welch, Irish and English
|Christian / Other
|Christian / Other
|Some college
|Some college, Associates degree


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Alan Roche
Leicester, United Kingdom
Submitted by grass-hopper on March 5, 2014 at 4:21 AM.
I've decided to build a "Saltwater/Marine - Mini Reef Aquarium". I've got some interesting idea's and will eventually build a custom 'hang-on' eco filter, which will maintain the water quality in the most natural way....Read more »
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It goes without saying, I like to play chess - mostly on my HTC. I started playing chess 5 years ago when I joined chess.com
I'm a bit of a chancer, and will oven play risky moves if I think it will make the game more enjoyable. I prioritise fun over winning! I enjoy complicated, difficult games that put me to the test! I don't study chess. I am self taught and have no real chess theory, so have to work everything out as I go along. (I am very bad at bullet & blitz! but still have a try now & again)
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UNIT IV: Nitrogen Metabolism Conversion of Amino Acids to Specialized Products I. Overview • In addition to serving as building blocks for proteins, amino acids are precursors of many nitrogen-containing compounds that have important physiologic functions (Figure 21.1). • These molecules include porphyrins, neurotransmitters, hormones, purines, and pyrimidines. • Figure 21.1 Amino acids as precursors of nitrogen-containing compounds. II. Porphyrin Metabolism • Porphyrins are cyclic compounds that readily bind metal ions—usually Fe2+ or Fe3+. • The most prevalent metalloporphyrin in humans is heme, which consists of one ferrous (Fe2+) iron ion coordinated in the center of the tetrapyrrole ring of protoporphyrin IX. • Heme is the prosthetic group for hemoglobin, myoglobin, the cytochromes, catalase, and tryptophan pyrrolase. • These hemeproteins are rapidly synthesized and degraded. For example, 6 to 7 g of hemoglobin are synthesized each day to replace heme lost through the normal turnover of erythrocytes. • Coordinated with the turnover of hemeproteins is the simultaneous synthesis and degradation of the associated porphyrins, and recycling of the bound iron ions. A. Structure of porphyrins • Porphyrins are cyclic molecules formed by the linkage of four pyrrole rings through methenyl bridges (Figure 21.2). Three structural features of these molecules are relevant to understanding their medical significance. Side chains: • Different porphyrins vary in the nature of the side chains that are attached to each of the four pyrrole rings. • Uroporphyrin contains acetate (–CH2–COO-) and propionate (–CH2–CH2–COO-) side chains, • coproporphyrin contains methyl (–CH3) and propionate groups, and • protoporphyrin IX (and heme) contains vinyl (–CH=CH2), methyl, and propionate groups. • [Note: The methyl and vinyl groups are produced by decarboxylation of acetate and propionate side chains, respectively.] Figure 21.2 Structures of uroporphyrin I and uroporphyrin III. A = acetate and P = propionate. 2. Distribution of side chains: • The side chains of porphyrins can be ordered around the tetrapyrrole nucleus in four different ways, designated by Roman numerals I to IV. • Only Type III porphyrins, which contain an asymmetric substitution on ring D (see Figure 21.2), are physiologically important in humans. • [Note: Protoporphyrin IX is a member of the Type III series.] 3. Porphyrinogens: • These porphyrin precursors (for example, uroporphyrinogen) exist in a chemically reduced, colorless form, and serve as intermediates between porphobilinogen and the oxidized, colored protoporphyrins in heme biosynthesis. B. Biosynthesis of heme • The major sites of heme biosynthesis are the liver, which synthesizes a number of heme proteins (particularly cytochrome P450), and the erythrocyte- producing cells of the bone marrow, which are active in hemoglobin synthesis. • In the liver, the rate of heme synthesis is highly variable, responding to alterations in the cellular heme pool caused by fluctuating demands for heme proteins. • In contrast, heme synthesis in erythroid cells is relatively constant, and is matched to the rate of globin synthesis. • The initial reaction and the last three steps in the formation of porphyrins occur in mitochondria, whereas the intermediate steps of the biosynthetic pathway occur in the cytosol. • [Note: Mature red blood cells lack mitochondria and are unable to synthesize heme.] 1. Formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA): • All the carbon and nitrogen atoms of the porphyrin molecule are provided by two simple building blocks: glycine (a nonessential amino acid) and succinyl coenzyme A CoA (an intermediate in the citric acid cycle). • Glycine and succinyl CoA condense to form ALA in a reaction catalyzed by ALA synthase. • This reaction requires pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme, and is the committed and rate- controlling step in hepatic porphyrin biosynthesis. a. End-product inhibition by hemin: • When porphyrin production exceeds the availability of globin (or other apoproteins), heme accumulates and is converted to hemin by the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+. • Hemin decreases the activity of hepatic ALA synthase by causing decreased synthesis of the enzyme, through inhibition of mRNA synthesis and use (heme decreases stability of the mRNA). • [Note: In erythroid cells, heme synthesis is under the control of erythropoietin and the availability of intracellular iron.] Figure 21.3 Pathway of porphyrin synthesis: Formation of porphobilinogen. (Continued in Figures 21.4 and 21.5.) Figure 21.4 Pathway of porphyrin synthesis: Formation of protoporphyrin IX. (Continued from Figure 21.3.) b. Effect of drugs on ALA synthase activity: • Administration of any of a large number of drugs, such as griseofulvin (an antifungal agent), hydantoins and phenobarbital (anticonvulsants used to treat epilepsy), results in a significant increase in hepatic ALA synthase activity. • These drugs are metabolized by the microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system—a hemeprotein oxidase system found in the liver (see p. 149). • In response to these drugs, the synthesis of cytochrome P450 proteins increases, leading to an enhanced consumption of heme—a component of cytochrome P450 proteins. • This, in turn, causes a decrease in the concentration of heme in liver cells. The lower intracellular heme concentration leads to an increase in the synthesis of ALA synthase (derepression), and prompts a corresponding increase in ALA synthesis. 2. Formation of porphobilinogen: • The condensation of two molecules of ALA to form porphobilinogen by ALA dehydratase is extremely sensitive to inhibition by heavy metal ions (see Figure 21.3). • This inhibition is, in part, responsible for the elevation in ALA and the anemia seen in lead poisoning. 3. Formation of uroporphyrinogen: • The condensation of four porphobilinogens produces the linear tetrapyrrole, hydroxymethylbilane, which is isomerized and cyclized by uroporphyrinogen III synthase to produce the asymmetric uroporphyrinogen III. • This cyclic tetrapyrrole undergoes decarboxylation of its acetate groups, generating coproporphyrinogen III (Figure 21.4). • These reactions occur in the cytosol. 4. Formation of heme: • Coproporphyrinogen III enters the mitochondrion, and two propionate side chains are decarboxylated to vinyl groups generating protoporphyrinogen IX, which is oxidized to protoporphyrin IX. • The introduction of iron (as Fe+2) into protoporphyrin IX occurs spontaneously, but the rate is enhanced by ferrochelatase, an enzyme that, like ALA dehydratase, is inhibited by lead (Figure 21.5). • Figure 21.5 Pathway of porphyrin synthesis: Formation of heme. (Continued from Figures 21.3 and 21.4) C. Porphyrias • Porphyrias are rare, inherited (or occasionally acquired) defects in heme synthesis, resulting in the accumulation and increased excretion of porphyrins or porphyrin precursors (see Figure 21.8). • [Note: With the exception of congenital erythropoietic porphyria, which is a genetically recessive disease, all porphyrias are inherited as autosomal dominant disorders.] • The mutations that cause the porphyrias are heterogenous (not all are at the same DNA locus), and nearly every affected family has its own mutation. • Each porphyria results in the accumulation of a unique pattern of intermediates caused by the deficiency of an enzyme in the heme synthetic pathway. • [Note: ―Porphyria‖ refers to the purple color caused by pigment-like porphyrins in the urine of some patients with defects in heme synthesis.] 1. Clinical manifestations: • The porphyrias are classified as erythropoietic or hepatic, depending on whether the enzyme deficiency occurs in the erythropoietic cells of the bone marrow or in the liver. • Hepatic porphyrias can be further classified as acute or chronic. • Individuals with an enzyme defect leading to the accumulation of tetrapyrrole intermediates show photosensitivity—that is, their skin itches and burns (pruritis) when exposed to visible light. Note: These symptoms are thought to be a result of the porphyrin-mediated formation of superoxide radicals from oxygen. • These reactive oxygen species can oxidatively damage membranes, and cause the release of destructive enzymes from lysosomes. • Destruction of cellular components leads to the photosensitivity. a. Chronic porphyria: • Porphyria cutanea tarda, the most common porphyria, is a chronic disease of the liver and erythroid tissues. • The disease is associated with a deficiency in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, but clinical expression of the enzyme deficiency is influenced by various factors, such as hepatic iron overload, exposure to sunlight, and the presence of hepatitis B or C, or HIV infections. • Clinical onset is typically during the fourth or fifth decade of life. Porphyrin accumulation leads to cutaneous symptoms (Figure 21.6), and urine that is red to brown in natural light (Figure 21.7), and pink to red in fluorescent light. • Figure 21.6 Skin eruptions in a patient with porphyria cutanea tarda. Figure 21.7 Urine from a patient with porphyria cutanea tarda (right) and from a patient with normal porphyrin excretion (left). b. Acute hepatic porphyrias: • Acute hepatic porphyrias (acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria, and variegate porphyria) are characterized by acute attacks of gastrointestinal, neurologic/psychiatric, and cardiovascular symptoms. • Porphyrias leading to accumulation of ALA and porphobilinogen, such as acute intermittent porphyria, cause abdominal pain and neuropsychiatric disturbances. • Symptoms of the acute hepatic porphyrias are often precipitated by administration of drugs such as barbiturates and ethanol, which induce the synthesis of the heme-containing cytochrome P450 microsomal drug oxidation system. • This further decreases the amount of available heme, which, in turn, promotes the increased synthesis of ALA synthase. c. Erythropoietic porphyrias: • The erythropoietic porphyrias (congenital erythropoietic porphyria and erythropoietic protoporphyria) are characterized by skin rashes and blisters that appear in early childhood. • The diseases are complicated by cholestatic liver cirrhosis and progressive hepatic failure. 2. Increased ALA synthase activity: • One common feature of the porphyrias is a decreased synthesis of heme. • In the liver, heme normally functions as a repressor of ALA synthase. • Therefore, the absence of this end product results in an increase in the synthesis of ALA synthase (derepression). • This causes an increased synthesis of intermediates that occur prior to the genetic block. • The accumulation of these toxic intermediates is the major pathophysiology of the porphyrias. 3. Treatment: • During acute porphyria attacks, patients require medical support, particularly treatment for pain and vomiting. • The severity of symptoms of the porphyrias can be diminished by intravenous injection of hemin, which decreases the synthesis of ALA synthase. • Avoidance of sunlight and ingestion of β- carotene (a free-radical scavenger) are also helpful. D. Degradation of heme. • After approximately 120 days in the circulation, red blood cells are taken up and degraded by the reticuloendothelial system, particularly in the liver and spleen (Figure 21.9). • Approximately 85% of heme destined for degradation comes from red blood cells, and 15% is from turnover of immature red blood cells and cytochromes from extraerythroid tissues. Bilirubin, unique to mammals, appears to function as an antioxidant. In this role, it is oxidized to biliverdin, which is then reduced by biliverdin reductase, regenerating bilirubin. 1. Formation of bilirubin: • The first step in the degradation of heme is catalyzed by the microsomal heme oxygenase system of the reticuloendothelial cells. • In the presence of NADPH and O2, the enzyme adds a hydroxyl group to the methenyl bridge between two pyrrole rings, with a concomitant oxidation of ferrous iron to Fe3+. • A second oxidation by the same enzyme system results in cleavage of the porphyrin ring. • The green pigment biliverdin is produced as ferric iron and CO are released (see Figure 21.9). • [Note: The CO has biologic function, acting as a signaling molecule and vasodilator.] • Biliverdin is reduced, forming the red-orange bilirubin. • Bilirubin and its derivatives are collectively termed bile pigments. • [Note: The changing colors of a bruise reflect the varying pattern of intermediates that occur during heme degradation.] 2. Uptake of bilirubin by the liver: • Bilirubin is only slightly soluble in plasma and, therefore, is transported to the liver by binding non-covalently to albumin. • [Note: Certain anionic drugs, such as salicylates and sulfonamides, can displace bilirubin from albumin, permitting bilirubin to enter the central nervous system. This causes the potential for neural damage in infants.] • Bilirubin dissociates from the carrier albumin molecule and enters a hepatocyte, where it binds to intracellular proteins, particularly the protein ligandin. 3. Formation of bilirubin diglucuronide: • In the hepatocyte, the solubility of bilirubin is increased by the addition of two molecules of glucuronic acid. • [Note: This process is referred to as conjugation.] • The reaction is catalyzed by microsomal bilirubin glucuronyltransferase using uridine diphosphate- glucuronic acid as the glucuronate donor. • [Note: Varying degrees of deficiency of this enzyme result in Crigler-Najjar I and II and Gilbert syndrome, with Crigler-Najjar I being the most severe deficiency.] 4. Secretion of bilirubin into bile: • Bilirubin diglucuronide (conjugated bilirubin) is actively transported against a concentration gradient into the bile canaliculi and then into the bile. • This energy-dependent, rate-limiting step is susceptible to impairment in liver disease. • [Note: A deficiency in the protein required for transport of conjugated bilirubin out of the liver results in Dubin-Johnson syndrome.] • Unconjugated bilirubin is normally not secreted. 5. Formation of urobilins in the intestine: • Bilirubin diglucuronide is hydrolyzed and reduced by bacteria in the gut to yield urobilinogen, a colorless compound. • Most of the urobilinogen is oxidized by intestinal bacteria to stercobilin, which gives feces the characteristic brown color. • However, some of the urobilinogen is reabsorbed from the gut and enters the portal blood. • A portion of this urobilinogen participates in the enterohepatic urobilinogen cycle in which it is taken up by the liver, and then resecreted into the bile. • The remainder of the urobilinogen is transported by the blood to the kidney, where it is converted to yellow urobilin and excreted, giving urine its characteristic color. • The metabolism of bilirubin is summarized in Figure 21.10. E. Jaundice • Jaundice (also called icterus) refers to the yellow color of skin, nail beds, and sclerae (whites of the eyes) caused by deposition of bilirubin, secondary to increased bilirubin levels in the blood (hyper- bilirubinemia, Figure 21.11). • Although not a disease, jaundice is usually a symptom of an underlying disorder. 1. Types of jaundice: • Jaundice can be classified into three major forms described below. • However, in clinical practice, jaundice is often more complex than indicated in this simple classification. • For example, the accumulation of bilirubin may be a result of defects at more than one step in its metabolism. Figure 21.11 Jaundiced patient, with the sclerae of his eyes appearing yellow. a. Hemolytic jaundice: • The liver has the capacity to conjugate and excrete over 3,000 mg of bilirubin per day, whereas the normal production of bilirubin is only 300 mg/day. • This excess capacity allows the liver to respond to increased heme degradation with a corresponding increase in conjugation and secretion of bilirubin diglucuronide. • However, massive lysis of red blood cells (for example, in patients with sickle cell anemia, pyruvate kinase or glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency) may produce bilirubin faster than it can be conjugated. • More bilirubin is excreted into the bile, the amount of urobilinogen entering the enterohepatic circulation is increased, and urinary urobilinogen is increased. • Unconjugated bilirubin levels become elevated in the blood, causing jaundice (Figure 21.12A). b. Hepatocellular jaundice: • Damage to liver cells (for example, in patients with cirrhosis or hepatitis) can cause unconjugated bilirubin levels to increase in the blood as a result of decreased conjugation. • The bilirubin that is conjugated is not efficiently secreted into the bile, but instead diffuses (―leaks‖) into the blood. • Urobilinogen is increased in the urine because hepatic damage decreases the enterohepatic circulation of this compound, allowing more to enter the blood, from which it is filtered into the urine. • The urine thus becomes dark, whereas stools are a pale, clay color. • Plasma levels of AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT, see p. 251) are elevated, and the patient experiences nausea and anorexia. c. Obstructive jaundice: • In this instance, jaundice is not caused by overproduction of bilirubin or decreased conjugation, but instead results from obstruction of the bile duct. • For example, the presence of a hepatic tumor or bile stones may block the bile ducts, preventing passage of bilirubin into the intestine. • Patients with obstructive jaundice experience gastrointestinal pain and nausea, and produce stools that are a pale, clay color, and urine that darkens upon standing. • The liver ―regurgitates‖ conjugated bilirubin into the blood (hyperbilirubinemia). • The compound is eventually excreted in the urine. • [Note: Prolonged obstruction of the bile duct can lead to liver damage and a subsequent rise in unconjugated bilirubin.] Figure 21.12 Alterations in the metabolism of heme. A. Hemolytic jaundice. B. Neonatal jaundice. BG = bilirubin glucuronide; B = bilirubin; U = urobilinogen; S = stercobilin. 2. Jaundice in newborns: • Newborn infants, particularly if premature, often accumulate bilirubin, because the activity of hepatic bilirubin glucuronyltransferase is low at birth—it reaches adult levels in about four weeks (Figures 21.12B and 21.13). • Elevated bilirubin, in excess of the binding capacity of albumin, can diffuse into the basal ganglia and cause toxic encephalopathy (kernicterus). • Thus, newborns with significantly elevated bilirubin levels are treated with blue fluorescent light (Figure 21.14), which converts bilirubin to more polar and, hence, water- soluble isomers. • These photoisomers can be excreted into the bile without conjugation to glucuronic acid. Figure 21.13 Neonatal jaundice. GT = glucuronyl- transferase. Figure 21.14 Phototherapy in neonatal jaudice 3. Determination of bilirubin concentration: • Bilirubin is most commonly determined by the van den Bergh reaction, in which diazotized sulfanilic acid reacts with bilirubin to form red azodipyrroles that are measured colorimetrically. • In aqueous solution, the water-soluble, conjugated bilirubin reacts rapidly with the reagent (within one minute), and is said to be ―direct-reacting.‖ • The unconjugated bilirubin, which is much less soluble in aqueous solution, reacts more slowly. • However, when the reaction is carried out in methanol, both conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin are soluble and react with the reagent, providing the total bilirubin value. • The ―indirect-reacting‖ bilirubin, which corresponds to the unconjugated bilirubin, is obtained by subtracting the direct-reacting bilirubin from the total bilirubin. • [Note: In normal plasma, only about four percent of the total bilirubin is conjugated or direct reading, because most is secreted into bile.] III. Other Nitrogen-Containing Compounds A. Catecholamines • Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are biologically active (biogenic) amines that are collectively termed catecholamines. • Dopamine and norepinephrine function as neurotransmitters in the brain and the autonomic nervous system. • Norepinephrine and epinephrine are also synthesized in the adrenal medulla. 1. Function: • Outside the nervous system, norepinephrine and its methylated derivative, epinephrine, act as regulators of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. • Norepinephrine and epinephrine are released from storage vesicles in the adrenal medulla in response to fright, exercise, cold, and low levels of blood glucose. • They increase the degradation of glycogen and triacylglycerol, as well as increase blood pressure and the output of the heart. • These effects are part of a coordinated response to prepare the individual for emergencies, and are often called the ―fight-or-flight‖ reactions. 2. Synthesis of catecholamines: • The catecholamines are synthesized from tyrosine, as shown in Figure 21.15. • Tyrosine is first hydroxylated by tyrosine hydroxylase to form 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in a reaction analogous to that described for the hydroxylation of phenylalanine. • The tetrahydrobiopterin-requiring enzyme is abundant in the central nervous system, the sympathetic ganglia, and the adrenal medulla, and is the rate-limiting step of the pathway. • DOPA is decarboxylated in a reaction requiring pyridoxal phosphate to form dopamine, which is hydroxylated by the copper-containing dopamine β-hydroxylase to yield norepinephrine. • Epinephrine is formed from norepinephrine by an N- methylation reaction using S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. Figure 21.15 Synthesis of catecholamines Figure 21.16 Metabolism of the catecholamines by catechol-O-methyltranferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO). 3. Degradation of catecholamines: • The catecholamines are inactivated by oxidative deamination catalyzed by monoamine oxidase (MAO), and by O-methylation carried out by catechol-O-methyltransferase (Figure 21.16). • The two reactions can occur in either order. • The aldehyde products of the MAO reaction are oxidized to the corresponding acids. • The metabolic products of these reactions are excreted in the urine as vanillylmandelic acid from epinephrine and norepinephrine, and homovanillic acid from dopamine 4. MAO inhibitors: • MAO is found in neural and other tissues, such as the gut and liver. • In the neuron, this enzyme functions as a ―safety valve‖ to oxidatively deaminate and inactivate any excess neurotransmitter molecules (norepinephrine, dopamine, or serotonin) that may leak out of synaptic vesicles when the neuron is at rest. • The MAO inhibitors may irreversibly or reversibly inactivate the enzyme, permitting neurotransmitter molecules to escape degradation and, therefore, to both accumulate within the presynaptic neuron and to leak into the synaptic space. • This causes activation of norepinephrine and serotonin receptors, and may be responsible for the antidepressant action of these drugs. Parkinson disease, a neurodegenerative movement disorder, is due to insufficient dopamine production as a result of the idiopathic loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain. Administration of L-DOPA (levodopa) is the most common treatment. B. Histamine • Histamine is a chemical messenger that mediates a wide range of cellular responses, including allergic and inflammatory reactions, gastric acid secretion, and possibly neurotransmission in parts of the brain. • A powerful vasodilator, histamine is formed by decarboxylation of histidine in a reaction requiring pyridoxal phosphate (Figure 21.17). • It is secreted by mast cells as a result of allergic reactions or trauma. • Histamine has no clinical applications, but agents that interfere with the action of histamine have important therapeutic applications. 21.17 Biosynthesis of histamine. C. Serotonin • Serotonin, also called 5-hydroxytryptamine, is synthesized and stored at several sites in the body (Figure 21.18). • By far the largest amount of serotonin is found in cells of the intestinal mucosa. • Smaller amounts occur in the central nervous system, where it functions as a neurotransmitter, and in platelets. • Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan, which is hydroxylated in a reaction analogous to that catalyzed by phenylalanine hydroxylase. • The product, 5-hydroxytryptophan, is decarboxylated to serotonin, which is also degraded by MAO. • Serotonin has multiple physiologic roles, including pain perception, affective disorders, and regulation of sleep, temperature, and blood pressure. Synthesis of serotonin D. Creatine • Creatine phosphate (also called phosphocreatine), the phosphorylated derivative of creatine found in muscle, is a high-energy compound that can reversibly donate a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate to form ATP (Figure 21.19). • Creatine phosphate provides a small but rapidly mobilized reserve of high-energy phosphates that can be used to maintain the intracellular level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during the first few minutes of intense muscular contraction. • [Note: The amount of creatine phosphate in the body is proportional to the muscle mass.] 1. Synthesis: • Creatine is synthesized from glycine and the guanidino group of arginine, plus a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (see Figure 21.19). • Creatine is reversibly phosphorylated to creatine phosphate by creatine kinase, using ATP as the phosphate donor. • [Note: The presence of creatine kinase in the plasma is indicative of tissue damage, and is used in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction] 2. Degradation: • Creatine and creatine phosphate spontaneously cyclize at a slow but constant rate to form creatinine, which is excreted in the urine. • The amount of creatinine excreted is proportional to the total creatine phosphate content of the body, and thus can be used to estimate muscle mass. • When muscle mass decreases for any reason (for example, from paralysis or muscular dystrophy), the creatinine content of the urine falls. • In addition, any rise in blood creatinine is a sensitive indicator of kidney malfunction, because creatinine normally is rapidly removed from the blood and excreted. • A typical adult male excretes about 15 mmol of creatinine per day. Figure 21.18 Synthesis of creatine E. Melanin • Melanin is a pigment that occurs in several tissues, particularly the eye, hair, and skin. • It is synthesized from tyrosine in the epidermis by pigment-forming cells called melanocytes. • Its function is to protect underlying cells from the harmful effects of sunlight. • [Note: A defect in melanin production results in albinism, the most common form being due to defects in copper-containing tyrosinase.] IV. Chapter Summary • Amino acids are precursors of many nitrogen-containing compounds including porphyrins, which, in combination with ferrous (Fe2+) iron, form heme. • The major sites of heme biosynthesis are the liver, which synthesizes a number of heme proteins (particularly cytochrome P450), and the erythrocyte-producing cells of the bone marrow, which are active in hemoglobin synthesis. • In the liver, the rate of heme synthesis is highly variable, responding to alterations in the cellular heme pool caused by fluctuating demands for hemeproteins. • In contrast, heme synthesis in erythroid cells is relatively constant, and is matched to the rate of globin synthesis. • Porphyrin synthesis start with glycine and succinyl CoA. • The committed step in heme synthesis is the formation of δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). • This reaction is catalyzed by ALA synthase, and inhibited by hemin (the oxidized form of heme that accumulates in the cell when it is being underutilized). • Porphyrias are caused by inherited defects in heme synthesis, resulting in the accumulation and increased excretion of porphyrins or porphyrin precursors. • With the exception of congenital erythropoietic porphyria, which is a genetically recessive disease, other porphyrias are inherited as autosomal dominant disorders. • Degradation of hemeproteins occurs in the reticuloendothelial system, particularly in the liver and spleen. • The first step in the degradation of heme is the production of the green pigment biliverdin, which is subsequently reduced to bilirubin. • Bilirubin is transported to the liver, where its solubility is increased by the addition of two molecules of glucuronic acid. • Bilirubin diglucuronide is transported into the bile canaliculi, where it is first hydrolyzed and reduced by bacteria in the gut to yield urobilinogen, then oxidized by intestinal bacteria to stercobilin. • Jaundice refers to the yellow color of the skin, nail beds, and sclerae that is caused by deposition of bilirubin, secondary to increased bilirubin levels in the blood. • Three commonly encountered type of jaundice are hemolytic jaundice, obstructive jaundice, and hepatocellular jaundice. • Other important N-containing compounds derived from amino acids include the catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine), creatine, histamine, serotonin, and melanin.
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Matt Every Wins Arnold Palmer Invitational For Second Straight Year
James_Thomas_Photo/Thinkstock(ORLANDO, Fla.) -- Matt Every rolled in an 18-foot birdie putt on the 18th hole to edge Henrik Stenson by a stroke and win the Arnold Palmer Invitational for the second year in a row on Sunday.
Every will now have an automatic bid to The Masters and was happy to knock down the last shot in the fashion he did.
"You watch tournaments on TV and guys make a 20-footer on the last and everybody goes nuts," Every said. "It's cool to close one out like that."
Every came from three shots back this time to win after rally from a four-shot deficit last year.
"It feels great," Every said about his return to Augusta National. "When Henrik missed that putt, that was the No. 1 thing on my mind: 'You're already in. Miss it -- I need to get in.' "
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Brandt Snedeker Wins Again At Pebble Beach
Harry How/Getty Images(PEBBLE BEACH Calif.) -- Brandt Snedeker picked up his seventh victory of his TOUR career at the AT&T National Pebble Beach Pro-Am on Sunday and clinched a Masters berth.
Snedeker finished five under in the final round for a total of 22 under for the weekend to hold off Nick Watney, who finished three shots back.
"I knew where my game was coming into here," Snedeker said. "I don't think anybody else believed me or understood how good I thought I was playing."
Snedeker made 23 birdies and just one bogey this week and did the best he could on the course.
"Greens were very hard to read," Snedeker said. "I did a great job of staying patient. It was not by any means a picture perfect ground. I made a lot of mistakes."
"I did a good job at putting the ball where you're supposed to," he continued.
Snedeker won last year at Pebble Beach as well and the victory moved him to No. 31 in the world, which should put him in all the World Golf Championship events.
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Jason Day Survives Four-Man Playoff to Win Farmers Insurance Open
iStockphoto/Thinkstock(SAN DIEGO) -- Jason Day came out on top of a four-man playoff to win the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines on Sunday.After saving par on the par-5 18th, Day waited with Scott Stallings for J.B. Holmes and Harris English to finish out their rounds. The four then headed into a playoff. On the first hole, Holmes and Day made birdie while Stallings and English parred the hole, resulting in their elimination. On the second hole, Day hit his first shot 15 feet from the pin while Holmes sent his over the green. Holmes then chipped his ball 15 feet from the cup but missed his par putt. Day 2-putted for par to earn his third PGA tour victory."It's an amazing feeling," Day said. "I've been working so hard for this. I was visualizing myself holding the trophy, just like I did at the Match Play. I'm really proud of myself to hang in there and grind it out."The PGA Tour heads to Pebble Beach on Thursday for the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am.
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Woods Withdraws from Farmers Insurance Open
Chris Merritt/Getty Images(SAN DIEGO) -- Tiger Woods withdrew from the Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines Thursday due to a back injury.Woods played 11 holes but had to quit after making it to the green on the 12th hole.Woods dealt with back problems all of last year.
During Thursday's tourney, he said his back started to tighten up on him after having to wait out a fog delay that caused him to start his round more than two hours past his scheduled tee time."It's frustrating that it started shutting down like that,'' Woods said. "I was ready to go. I had a good warm-up session the first time around. Then we stood out here and I got cold, and everything started deactivating again. And it's frustrating that I just can't stay activated. That's just kind of the way it is.''Woods finishes two over for the day. It's the third time in his last nine tournaments that Woods has had to withdraw due to a back injury.
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Tiger Shoots Worst Round of Career, Misses Cut
Jason Merritt/Getty Images(SCOTTSDALE, Ariz.) -- Tiger Woods shot a professional worst 82 during second round play at the Waste Management Phoenix Open on Friday.Woods missed the cut and failed to break 80 for just the second time in his professional career."We all have days like this," Woods. "Unfortunately, mine was in a public forum, a public setting. We all have days like this. We take the good with the bad, and the thing is even on bad days like this, just keep fighting, because on the good days you've got to keep fighting, as well."Woods had six bogeys, two double bogeys and a triple bogey Friday. This was Woods' first event of 2015. He is expected to play at next week's Farmers Insurance Open at Torrey Pines.
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Jordan Spieth Breaks Tigers' Record at Hero World Challenge
Scott Halleran/Getty Images(WINDERMERE, Fla.) -- Jordan Spieth broke two records as he cruised to victory in the Hero World Challenge on Sunday. The second-year pro shot a 6-under 66 in the final round to finish 10 strokes better than second place Henrik Stenson.
"Whether my emotions showed it or not I'm not sure, but inside we were really very pleased with the year and how it came to a close," Spieth said. "This caps off the best golfing year that I've ever had."
Already holding a seven-stroke lead, Spieth converted three straight birdies to open his round and led by 11 after the first nine holes.
He finished the tournament at 26-under par 262, breaking the tournament record of 266 set by Tiger Woods in 2007 and Davis Love III in 2000. His 10-stroke win broke another tournament record, largest margin of victory, also previously held by Woods.
"He's playing some pretty special golf right now," said Woods, who hosted the 18-man tournament.
Spieth moved into the Top-10 in the world rankings, sitting ninth, as he picked up his second win of the season.
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Tiger Excited to Return to Golf
Jason Merritt/Getty Images(NEW YORK) -- Tiger Woods, winner of 14 Majors, says he is excited and ready to return to competitive play in 2015.
"I feel great," Woods said Monday during an appearance on SiriusXM PGA Tour Radio. "I feel really, really good. It's great to be back out here competing again. I've missed it quite a bit."
Woods has been recovering from back injuries that kept him off the course since August. He played just eight times in 2014, missing both the Masters and U.S. Open due to surgery, before completely shutting it down after he missed the cut at the PGA Championship.
The 38-year-old announced two weeks ago that Chris Como has been working with him on his swing as he prepares for the Hero World Challenge this week.
"I can finally log in the time, log in the minutes, and really delve into a good practice session and really get a lot out of it," he said. "And that's something that I hadn't been able to do in quite some time."
Woods has not won a Major tournament since the 2008 U.S. Open. The Hero World Challenge is an 18-man field of top-50 players that helps raise funds for the Tiger Woods Foundation.
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Watson Rebounds to Win HSBC Champions in Shanghai
ThinkStock(SHANGHAI) -- After blowing a two-shot lead with three holes to play, Bubba Watson holed a 60-yard bunker shot for eagle on the 18th and then knocked off Tim Clark in the first hole of a playoff to win the HSBC Champions Sunday.Watson's bunker shot on the 18th was remarkable. It looked like the two-time Masters champion was just playing out his round but instead he smashed the ball out of the bunker and then watched it roll about 25 feet before dropping in the cup, sending him into a playoff. Watson immediately began to scream."You always joke about holing it," Watson said. "And then it actually went in. I didn't know how to react and so I just kind of screamed, and I lost my voice a little bit. It was one of those shots, a one-in-a-lifetime kind of shot. And so it was pretty neat."Watson earned his first World Golf Championship on the first hole of the playoff when he drilled a 20-foot putt to beat Clark.Watson is now the 14th player to have won a major and a World Golf Championship event.
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Rory McIlroy Wins PGA Player of the Year
Stuary Franklin/Getty Images(NEW YORK) -- Fresh off a Ryder Cup victory, Rory McIlroy was voted the PGA Player of the Year on Wednesday.
McIlroy finished the 2014 campaign with three victories, including the Open Championship and PGA Championship.
''Being voted player of the year by your peers is something that's important,'' he said. ''They are the guys that you play week in and week out, and the guys you are trying to beat week in and week out. And if they appreciate what you've done over the year, and see the hard work you've put in, and golf you've played, and think that's been the best of the season, that's something that means a lot to me.''
With the three wins, as well as 12 finishes in the top 10 and never finishing lower than 25th, McIlroy reasserted himself as the No. 1 golfer in the world.
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Europeans Win Ryder Cup
James_Thomas_Photo/Thinkstock(GLENEAGLES, Scotland) -- Europe continued its dominance as it won a third consecutive Ryder Cup behind the charge of Rory McIlroy and rookie Jamie Donaldson on Sunday.
McIlroy started the round strong with a score of six under par on the first six holes.
Donaldson sealed the day with a powerful drive on the 15th hole that placed the ball within two feet of the cup.
The Europeans finshed the Ryder cup with a final score of 16 1/2 to 11 1/2 over the Americans.
The event was not without controversy for the Americans as Phil Mickelson rode the bench for the final two days of the event and was quick to criticize captain Tom Watson.
"We had a great formula in '08, and I don't know why we strayed from it," Mickelson said. "What Zinger did was really a good format. Maybe we should relive that."
The Europeans can celebrate with the Ryder cup for another two years until the rivalry renews at Hazeltine outside Minneapolis.
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Scoreboard Roundup – 9/21/14
Hemera/Getty Images(NEW YORK) -- NFL: New York Giants 30 (1-2) - Houston Texans 17 (2-1)
Philadelphia Eagles 37 (3-0) - Washington Redskins 34 (1-2)
Dallas Cowboys 34 (2-1) - St. Louis Rams 31 (1-2)
Baltimore Ravens 23 (2-1) - Cleveland Browns 21 (1-2)
Cincinnati Bengals 33 (3-0) - Tennessee Titans 7 (1-2)
Indianapolis Colts 44 (1-2) - Jacksonville Jaguars 17 (0-3)
New England Patriots 16 (2-1) - Oakland Raiders 9 (0-3)
San Diego Chargers 22 (2-1) - Buffalo Bills 10 (2-1)
Detroit Lions 19 (2-1) Green Bay Packers 7 (1-2)
New Orleans Saints 20 (1-2) - Minnesota Vikings 9 (1-2)
Kansas City Chiefs 34 (1-2) - Miami Dolphins 15 (1-2)
Arizona Cardinals 23 (3-0) - San Francisco 49ers 14 (1-2)
Seattle Seahawks 26 (2-1) - Denver Broncos 20 (2-1) - Overtime
Pittsburgh Steelers 37 (2-1) - Carolina Panthers 19 (2-1)
MLB: New York Mets 10 (76-80) - Atlanta Braves 2 (76-79)
New York Yankees 5 (80-75) - Toronto Blue Jays 2 (78-77)
Boston Red Sox 3 (68-88) - Baltimore Orioles 2 (93-62)
Washington Nationals 2 (91-64) - Miami Marlins 1 (74-81)
Chicago White Sox 10 (70-84) - Tampa Bay Rays 5 (75-80)
Pittsburgh Pirates 1 (84-71) - Milwaukee Brewers 0 (80-76)
Kansas City Royals 5 (83-70) - Detroit Tigers 2 (86-68)
Cleveland Indians 7 (80-74) - Minnesota Twins 2 (68-88)
Houston Astros 8 (68-87) - Seattle Mariners 3 (83-71)
San Diego Padres 8 (74-81) - San Francisco 2 (84-71)
Los Angeles Dodgers 8 (89-67) - Chicago Cubs 5 (69-87)
Texas Rangers 2 (62-93) - Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 1 (96-60)
Oakland Athletics 8 (85-70) - Philadelphia Phillies 6 (71-85)
Colorado Rockies 8 (65-91) - Arizona Diamondbacks 3 (62-94)
Cincinnati Reds 7 (72-84) - St. Louis Cardinals 2 (87-69)
NASCAR: Joey Logano won at New Hampshire Motor Speedway.
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Tiger Woods Says He's Feeling Better
James_Thomas_Photo/Thinkstock(WINDEMERE, FLA.) -- Tiger Woods says his strength has returned but he has yet to hit a golf ball after being sidelined for five weeks.
The 14-time major champion hasn't played a round of golf since missing the cut at the PGA Championship on August 8. He withdrew from consideration to play on the U.S. team in this month's Ryder Cup tournament after doctors and trainers advised him that his back muscles needed to be rehabilitated and need to heal.
Woods is also still in search of a new swing coach, after he parted ways with Sean Foley. He is planning to return to the links on December 4 for his tournament, the World Challenge in Orlando, Florida.
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Billy Horschel Wins FedExCup
ThinkStock(ATLANTA) -- Billy Horschel won his second consecutive FedExCup Playoffs event, the TOUR Championship, to take home the title and $10 million bonus at East Lake on Sunday.
Horschel shot a 2-under 68 and finished 11 under to hold off Rory McIlroy and Jim Furyk by three shots.
"It's surreal, it really is," Horschel said. "It hits me a little bit, but it still doesn't hit me. I woke up this morning and I just had this sense of calm over me, which is a little unusual."
"Just kept playing solid. The back-nine could of been a little cleaner, but it was good enough to get the job done," Horschel continued.
Horschel is expecting a baby any day and his wife watched from home as he drilled his tee shot onto the green for a two-putt par to finish at 11-under 269.
"Hopefully, she's not going into labor right now," Horschel said.
McIlroy struggled on Sunday, but looks forward to playing at the Ryder Cup.
"I just got really frustrated and just couldn't muster the energy to try and get something going again," McIlroy said.
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Greg Norman Injured in Chainsaw Incident
ThinkStock(NEW YORK) -- Professional golfer Greg Norman was rushed to the hospital on Saturday after being injured by a chainsaw. The news came via a post to his Instagram account that showed the 59-year-old in a hospital bed.
"Working with a chainsaw ALWAYS be respectful of the unexpected," the post said, accompanying the photo. "I was one lucky man today. Damaged, but not down & out. Still have left hand."
Norman has previously posted pictures of him using a chainsaw to trim trees on his property. According to the Sydney Morning Herald, the Australian native is recovering in a U.S. hospital.
Affectionately called "the Shark", Norman owns 20 PGA Tour victories, including a pair of majors.
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Watson Makes Ryder Cup Captain's Picks
Michael Cohen/Getty Images(NEW YORK) -- The 2014 U.S. Ryder Cup team is set. U.S. captain Tom Watson selected Keegan Bradley, Webb Simpson, and Hunter Mahan Tuesday to round out the team of 12.Bradley, who hasn't won a tournament in two years, was close to qualifying for the team on his own. He played in the 2012 Ryder Cup and went 3-0 in matches with Phil Mickelson. "Keegan has the ability to hit the ball a long way," Watson said. "Now, Keegan, he can go real low. He certainly teamed up great with Phil Mickelson. There are a lot of great pluses about Keegan, but the most important thing he brings to it is his unbridled passion to play on the Ryder Cup team."Simpson went 2-2 during the American's heartbreaking loss in 2012, when the U.S. blew a 10-6 lead on the final day.Mahan, who won the Barclays a few weeks ago, was on the last American team to win the Ryder Cup in 2008.Phil Mickelson, Bubba Watson, Rickie Fowler, Jim Furyk, Jimmy Walker, Matt Kuchar, Jordan Spieth, Patrick Reed, and Zach Johnson will also represent the U.S. against Europe in the tournament, which begins Sept. 26 at Gleneagles in Scotland.
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Tiger Woods Fires Coach Sean Foley
Scott Halleran/Getty Images(NEW YORK) -- Tiger Woods has parted ways with swing coach Sean Foley.
"I'd like to thank Sean for his help as my coach and for his friendship," Woods said on his website. "Sean is one of the outstanding coaches in golf today, and I know he will continue to be successful with the players working with him. With my next tournament not until my World Challenge event at Isleworth in Orlando [in December], this is the right time to end our professional relationship."
The 14-time major champion said that there is no timetable for hiring a new coach.
Woods suffered severe back pain throughout the 2014 PGA season and withdrew from the final round of the WGC-Bridgestone classic before failing to make the cut at the PGA Championship.
Woods is aiming for a Dec. 4 return for his tournament, the World Challenge in Orlando, Florida.
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Mahan Wins at The Barclays
Matt Sullivan/Getty Images(RIDGEFIELD, N.J.) -- Hunter Mahan's drought is finally over. After more than 30 months and 48 tournaments, Mahan shot a 6-under 65 on Sunday to claim The Barclays Championship at Ridgefield Country Club.
His performance was capped off by three straight birdies down the stretch, finishing with a 20-foot putt on 17 that allowed him to bogey the 18th and still win by two strokes over Cameron Tringale.
"This game is all about winning," Mahan said. "You can have a great year and if you don't win, it just feels like you missed out on something. So to get a win, and do it in a tournament like this in this kind of fashion with a 65 on Sunday, feels great."
The 32-year-old took over the lead for good after sinking a 10-foot birdie putt on 15, and then expanded the lead with birdies on each of the next two holes. Despite driving his final tee shot into the trees, Mahan was able to pitch back on to the fairway and eventually knock in an 8-foot bogey putt.
Mahan has never missed a FedEx Cup playoff event and has now put himself in contention for a spot on the United States Ryder Cup team. This victory catapults Mahan to the top of the FedEx Cup points standings after the first tournament of the PGA's playoff system. The top 100 players in the standings advance to the Duetsche Bank Championship next week in Boston.
World number one, Rory McIlroy, who had won his last three tournaments, shot a final round 70 and tied for 22nd.
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Tiger Woods Withdraws From Consideration For Ryder Cup
ThinkStock(NEW YORK) -- Tiger Woods has pulled himself out of the running for a spot on this year's U.S. Ryder Cup team.
"I've been told by my doctors and trainer that my back muscles need to be rehabilitated and healed," Woods said in a statement released on his website Wednesday. "They've advised me not to play or practice now. I was fortunate that my recent back injury was not related to my surgery and was muscular only. "
The 14-time major champion missed the cut in this past weekend's PGA Championship after shooting a 74 in the first two rounds.
Woods says he plans to return to the links on Dec. 4 for his tournament, the World Challenge in Orlando, Florida.
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Tom Watson: Tiger Must Be Healthy for Ryder Cup
Michael Cohen/Getty Images(LOUISVILLE, Ky.) -- Ryder Cup captain Tom Watson isn't ruling Tiger Woods out next month.
Woods failed to make the cut at the PGA Championship following severe back pains at the WGC Bridgestone Classic and Watson said on Monday he's not ruling him out yet.
"I think it directly comes from Tiger," Watson said. "How he assesses himself. He has a directness to him. I'm direct and he's direct. The main thing is I can't assess his medical condition. And I really can't assess how he is playing. It's really going to have to come from him."
Nine players qualified for the team after the PGA Championship ended on Sunday.
"I don't make this comment loosely," Watson said. "He is Tiger Woods and he brings a lot to the team if he has the ability to play and he is healthy. He brings a lot to the team. And I would be a fool not to consider him."
The United States last won the Ryder Cup in 1999, but Watson believes that the American's are catching up to the European players and said that they'll be a threat to win the Ryder Cup.
"I think the European team is the stronger of the teams right now, on paper," Watson said. "But I have extreme confidence in the players that we have on our team and their motivation to go out and win the cup back. It doesn't leave me any question that we're capable of winning the cup."
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Rory McIlroy Wins the PGA Championship
Stuary Franklin/Getty Images(LOUISVILLE, Kentucky) -- Rory McIlory continued his dominance on Sunday as he won the PGA Championship in a dramatic four-man race that came down to the wire.
McIlory finished 3-under 68 and become just the fourth player in the last century to win four majors at age 25 or younger. The others are Tiger Woods, Jack Nicklaus, and Bobby Jones.
"I didn't think in my wildest dreams I'd have a summer like this," said McIlroy, only the seventh player to win the last two majors of the year. "I played the best golf of my life. I really gutted it out today."
The 18th and final round was finished just in time as the golfers were battling darkness. The just managed to finish the tournament, which was good news for McIlory.
Phil Mickelson finished just one stroke behind McIlory in the tournament, followed by Henrik Stenson and Rickie Fowler.
Fowler's tough luck continued this weekend, he became the first player in history to finish in the top five at all four majors without winning one.
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Here's our "Fast Money" Final Trade. Our gang gives you tomorrow's best trades, right now.
Brian Stutland is a buyer of Cirrus Logic .
Guy Adami is a buyer of Apache .
Here's our "Fast Money" Final Trade. Our gang gives you tomorrow's best trades, right now.
Brian Stutland is a buyer of Cirrus Logic .
Guy Adami is a buyer of Apache .
Keith McCullough is a buyer of natural gas .
Karen Finerman is a buyer of Target .
Brian Kelly is a buyer of iPath Dow Jones UBS Grains Total Return Sub-Index ETN.
Click here to see other Final Trade posts.
Trader disclosure: On Nov. 27, 2012, the following stocks and commodities mentioned or intended to be mentioned on CNBC's "Fast Money" were owned by the "Fast Money" traders: Terranova is long VRTS, VZ, XOM, DELL, GLW, SWN, AAPL, TJX; Weiss is long BAC; Najarian has long call spreads on AAPL, JPM, WMT, FB, DE, DDS; Najarian is long GLUU, CME, CBOE; Najarian owns short puts on GLD, SLV, AGQ; Kinahan is long BAC, C, WFC, CSCO, YHOO, SBUX, FB, MSFT.
Got something to say? Send us an e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com and your comment might be posted on the Rapid Recap! Prefer to keep it between us? You can still send questions and comments to email@example.com.
On CNBC's "Fast Money," as part of their Madness challenge, the traders debate Intel vs. NVIDIA.
The traders debate 16 top technology stocks in an action-picked tourney to determine the No. 1 trade. Get exclusive analysis here.
"Fast Money" traders looked at how to play Yahoo, Sandisk and other technology names that made headlines on Thursday.
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With cricket the prime love of most Indians, it has always been difficult for other sports to get instant attention. And it is definitely tougher when you are a woman. (Women's cricket is a ready instance). But the lady golfers who assembled at the inaugural ceremony of the 39th Ladies' Northern Indian Golf Championship at Delhi Golf Club this past week did not seem bothered about being a woman and putting. Siddarth Sriram of the Siddarth Sriram Group of Companies, who inaugurated the event, said, "Ladies' golf has been undernourished and not supported." He said that is why he chose to support golf for the last 18 years over other sports. "This championship has prospered over the years and has nurtured talents," he added.
Young golfers
With more than 100 entries and 95 women golfers participating, the Championship, which ends this coming Friday, has indeed made significant progress. "Now golf has become available to more people. Enthusiasm is there. Many youngsters are coming forward. But there is still a lack of sponsorships and encouragement of the game," pointed out Gaby Juneja, ex-captain, Delhi Ladies Golf Club.Among others, the championship has seen some very young and talented golfers like 17-year-old Meghna Bal, the winner of the All India Junior 2004, 16-year-old Vaishnavi Sinha, a sub junior champion, and 13-year-old Laverry Kumar. Most of these players have already represented India in various international championships. Excited about the Championship, Mehar, yet another young participant, said, "It would be nice if it keeps going." Well putted!


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The view looking northeast from the top of Allred's Restaurant.
Altitude: 10,535 feet
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The view from the base of Village Express (Lift 4), looking southeast towards lower Misty Maiden and the Hoot Brown Intermediate Terrain Park.
Altitude: 9,540 feet
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The snow shelf provides an unofficial measure of snow since 4pm the day before. Snow is cleared from the shelf at 4pm each day. The camera is located near the bottom of Gold Hill Express (Lift 14) in Prospect Bowl.
Altitude: 10,937 feet
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text: Very good value for the all inclusive trip we went on last summer. There is a LOT of uphill walking to and from the apartments, especially if you live in one of the further ones on your stay! All apartments are air conditioned and very clean! Friendly staff and beautiful food!


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By MGROSS
from COLUMBUS. OHIO
About Me Budget Shopper
Comments about Geranium Bush:
Bottom LineYes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
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Loved my Geranium Bushes
By Too Much Shade
from Castana, Iowa
I stuck 4 of these geraniums in the window boxes on my garage with some real geraniums that are planted there. Because of an overhang, they don't get much sun, so this product kept my other plants look beautiful and real all summer. I put 4 more in some railing planters on my front porch, where the sun is also blocked by big trees. I have some ivy growing in there, and everybody thought they were real--even up close. Love this product!
Dont waste your money
By Mag
from Rochester PA
About Me Midrange Shopper
I had to re-do this & put 2 together for presentable display in cemetery vase. Quite disappointed with the quality & price of this product
Bottom LineNo, I would not recommend this to a friend
geranium bush
By Di
from Arvada Co.
looks good in our big planter pots in bac yard
By OLD BLONDIE
from Niles MI
I was disappointed...I ordered the first ones and they were okay but the second order looked like real geraniums that were about ready to die...I should have sent them back but didn't want to pay the shipping back on them...but I will not order them again.
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Vibrant Colors
By Pat
from Houston, Tex
I love the fact that it looks so real and yet requires not much care to keep it looking great.
I would buy this product again and again
By Blondie
from Cedar Hill, TN
No watering required. You can't kill them.


text:
Our divine valley view rooms have breathtaking views, set in lush tropical gardens, leading down to a jungle pool overlooking the famous Campuhan valley. Located just outside Ubud, walk to spas, a delectable variety of cuisine, art galleries, cafes.
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Continuous access in the listing
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
In the building, free or for a fee
Continuous access in the listing
Breakfast is provided.
The listing can accommodate a gathering of 25 or more attendees
Easy access to the building and listing for guests in wheelchairs
Private or Shared
Free, in the building or nearby
Posted emergency information and resources
The Space
Frangipani 3 offers sublime views of the Campuhan valley from your own small private garden. It has its own terrace entrance, large equiped kitchen and huge stone indoor outdoor en suite. Air con and netted bed.
Stone, marble and teak finishes and handcrafted furnishings, generous room proportions.
Water lilies and exotic flowers bloom from the carefully maintained ponds that meander down the hillside.
Relax on your private terrace and take in the fresh mountain air, the bounty of nature around you.
This room is on the ground floor of a three-story villa building called Frangipani.
Sunrise Villas is a quiet, hideaway with breathtaking views of the Campuhan valley.
In the recent past it was a dedicated ashram, devoted to healing, yoga, love and we believe that peaceful, meditative energy has lingered. Refurbished, but still maintaining an old world Bali charm, each room is uniquely designed and individually appointed.
Guest Access
Breakfast Included for 2 pp
1 x double netted Bed
1 x single netted day bed, 3 arm chairs and cafe table on Private terrace with vista valley views
En suite with stone bath & outdoor shower
Room Serviced Daily
Air con
Ceiling Fans
Kitchen with gas stove top, fridge and appliances
Water Dispenser
Infinity jungle pool, shared.
Friendly, helpful staff.
Breakfast of fresh fruit, eggs or pancakes, tea or coffee served on your private balcony.
Scooter rental
Traditional Bali healers tour
Comfortably suitable for single or couples.
Steps down to the pool and breakfast room are steep, so we cannot offer access for disability.
If you are bringing children, you will need to keep a close eye on them due to the nature of this hillside retreat.
Interaction with Guests
Sunrise Villa Bali is a large family run property, one of our friendly staff will be happy to help with anything you need.
Our front office is open 7 days a week 9am - 5pm.
I live on the property and have my art studio here. I am around some days but also travel quite regularly.
The Neighborhood
We are located 5 minutes drive, 20 minutes walk out of the hustle and bustle of Ubud's thriving town centre, rich in culture and tradition. A quiet hideaway with breathtaking views, just a few doors up from the world renowned Indus Restaurant, one of the many sumptuous restaurants, warungs and cafes available to satisfy all dining requirements all within walking distance. If you are an art enthusiast, stroll the many neighbouring antique, artefact, art galleries and designer outlets. Skip to a selection of spas offering healing massages, facials and beauty treatments, Yoga and meditation classes, fresh juices, what more could you want! There is really so much to inspire you!
Getting around
There is plenty to see and do right on your doorstep, but if you want to take a trip into the centre of the spiritual arts culture that is Ubud, we can help you with a driver for a quick trip or all day tours or we can help you to rent a motorbike. Our friendly, easy going staff are more than happy to help.
Other Things to Note
We would appreciate an estimated arrival time. Please let me know if you would like airport pick up, charge is 350,000 rupiah for this service. You will need to give me your flight details and arrival times and you can pay our friendly and safe driver directly.
Sunrise Villa is a quiet, peaceful getaway, we kindly ask you to respect the beautiful tranquil vibes and refrain from anything that may disturb the peace.
No smoking in the rooms, but on your balcony is fine.
We loved staying at Sunrise Villas! It is beautiful, spacious and peaceful accommodation and we would definitely stay again when in Ubud. The views are incredible and the staff are very friendly and helpful. The villas are located a good fifteen minute walk from the centre of town, which we didn't mind as we like walking (although the walk is not as peaceful as the villas). However if you don't want to walk you can easily get a taxi from outside.
Highly recommended! Thanks for the great stay, Eva & Mike.
The room was wonderful. Really nicely decorated and which a huge terrace and a pretty open bathroom. As the name "Sunrise Villa" already implied, every morning we woke up to a beautiful sunrise!
We loved the nicely prepared breakfast which came with a different surprise of exotic juice every morning. Also the staff were very friendly!
There were some troubles with communications, though. breakfast always came 15 to 30 minutes late, which was quite annoying if you made arrangement for a trip. Also we had some laundry we wanted to have washed and asked specifically how long it would take and if its possible to have it back at 7 am due to our early departure. They reassured us to be on time (because of the breakfast incident we wanted to be certain so we asked several times, if they understand).
In the End the laundry came 45 minutes late and we nearly missed our transportation to the Gili Islands. Most probably it wasn't entirely the fault of the staff at sunrise villa due to the laundry service at another place, but if we would have known that it wouldn't be on time, we just would have kept our laundry and washed it elsewhere.
The location was a little out of the center but you could easily rent a scooter next door for a good price. (make sure there is gasoline in the tank! ;) )
All in all the stay was lovely. Maybe the communication, especially regarding information and the time management could be improved.
The villa was exactly the way it was pictured- beautiful and serene.
The location is great- not too close to the main area of Ubud but completely accessible by scooter.
It was one of the loveliest places we have ever stayed at.
La villa est très impressionnante. La vue est à couper le souffle et les installations très belles. Le staff est très gentil et accueillant. Pour profiter pleinement de votre séjour, nous vous suggérons de louer un scooter. Ubud est à 5 minutes en scooter, très facile d'accès. La piscine est superbe et tranquille. Nous avons eu quelques problèmes d'électricité, mais ils ont été réparés aussitôt par le personnel. Tout a disposition des invités pour assurer leur confort.
The location of the house is good and there are nice restaurants around.
The pool is one for all the 10 villas in the complex.
The room is spacious with a nice terrace but a bit of a challenge for us because of big ants and cockroaches in the kitchen.
The service was ok but I have to say we met friendlier staff in other places in Bali.
Bed is comfortable and I would recommend to take ear plugs if sensitive to noise (mostly cause animals around).
They couldn't provide us with too much information and if you want to rent a scooter it's better to go downtown as it is way cheaper there.
Overall we think the place is a bit overpriced for what you get.
Breakfast is good but you need to order the day before...
Place is safe but you cannot close the doors properly and no safe to put your valuable stuffs
beautiful and amazing are 2 words that spring to mind when thinking about our 5 days in ubud , the villa was perfect , just out of town and nice and peaceful , the staff where fantastic and very patient with me and my partner sleeping in alot , great stay thanks guys n girls
This host has 101 reviews for other properties.View Other Reviews
I am an artist and I manage, book rooms, organise retreats and live at Sunrise Villa Bali.
We have a total of 11 rooms on a property that meanders down the valley to a jungle infinity pool, they vary in prices and style.
Until July 2014, the place was an ashram for the last twelve years, you can really feel that on arrival, its peaceful and with the traditional spacious houses with a feel of old Bali and bounty of nature all around, you can't help but to be inspired.
I love Ubud, the people, culture, art, spirit. It inspires me.
Sunrise Villa Bali is a natural, peaceful place.
I am passionate, dedicated, enthusiastic about the place and the staff that work here.
Bali is so good for me, because it makes me slow down and enjoy the moment!
I also like to practice yoga and meditation and learn alternative healing modalities.
We create our own reality, so lets make it beautiful!
If you want to check out my art (website hidden) www.donnatownend
and our website for Sunrise Villa Bali www.sunrisevillabali


text: World Holbrooke: U.S., Pakistan Collaboration Working February 19, 2010 In the first official remarks on the capture of Taliban Military Chief Mullah Baradar, White House regional representative Richard Holbrooke called the arrest of the Taliban No. 2 "a high water mark in Pakistani-American collaboration." He said cooperation and intelligence between the two allies have materially improved over the last year with military offensives and recent successes against the Taliban as proof. Listen Loading… 4:06 Download Playlist


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IZ1HVD Danilo Boatanchors & QRP Enthusiast
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Editorial cartoons and political cartoons of the week on the number one conservative news leader, Townhall.com. Our political humor, jokes, and pictures on current news events in American politics comes from the leading satirical political cartoonists including Michael Ramirez, Glenn McCoy, Henry Payne and many others.
Latest: Germanwings Co-Pilot Suffered From "Illness," Ripped Up "Sick Notes" Day of Crash | Daniel Doherty


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Houses to let in Shafto Road, Ipswich IP1 - 1 bedroom
£460 pcm (£106 pw)
Spring Road, East Ipswich IP4Block of flats to rent - 1 bedrooms
This is 1 Bed ground floor apartment located on Spring Road, Ipswich, Suffolk. The property post code is IP4 2RS. Would suit single person. The property offers a good sized kitchen leading to a shower room and separate WC. The property features a ... More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Derby Road (Ipswich) (0.7 miles)
- Ipswich (1.2 miles)
Marketed by Lynden House, IP1. Call 01473 679423£475 pcm (£110 pw)
Yew Tree Rise, Pinewood, Ipswich IP8Terraced house to rent - 1 bedrooms
Belvoir Ipswich offers this great Modern One Bedroom Terraced House in Yew Tree Rise, in the Pinewood development, south west Ipswich, with easy access to A12/A14. More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
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Marketed by BELVOIR!, IP1. Call 01473 558483


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Environment/Energy · Featured · Science
The Period Of No Global Warming Will Soon Be Longer Than the Period of Actual Global Warming
The actual, observed science of global warming does not justify the costs of reordering the world's economies.
Environment/Energy · Featured · Science
The actual, observed science of global warming does not justify the costs of reordering the world's economies.
Environment/Energy · Regulation
As I noted in this recent blog post, global temperatures stopped rising in 1997. I haven't seen much reporting of this in the American media — there's an election coming up[…]
Environment/Energy · Media · Podcast
From today's Daily Mail (Once again, you have to go to certain outlets of the British press to get decent reporting on this topic): The world stopped getting warmer almost[…]
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Agricultural Safety and Health
Program Spotlight
The National Safe Tractor and Machinery Operation Program (NSTMOP) is a project of Hazardous Occupations Safety Training in Agriculture (HOSTA) for youth ages 14 and 15.
Agricultural Safety and Health News
March 19, 2015Wednesday, March 18th was National Ag Day
Farmers should implement, develop a Farm Emergency Plan
February 12, 2015Do you have a farm emergency plan? A plan can be extremely valuable in the event of an emergency in regards to reducing property damage, decreasing loss of equipment, and saving lives. A farm emergency plan can provide critical information to emergency responders who may not be familiar with the complexities of agricultural emergencies. Examples of information for responders include a map of the property that outline key areas such as chemical storage and electrical shutoffs; contact information for owners/operators; location of animals; etc. Take time during the off-season to get a plan in place for your farm operation.
February 12, 2015One of the main objectives of the SAY Project is to provide agricultural educators with teaching resources that align with the Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources (AFNR) Career Cluster Content Standards.
January 28, 2015Does it affect you? New requirements will go into effect on January 1, 2015 for workplaces under Federal OSHA jurisdiction.
2015 Farm Show Quiz Bowl Results Announced
January 16, 2015Four FFA teams and four 4-H teams from across the commonwealth displayed a wealth of knowledge during the Pennsylvania State University Farm Safety and Health Quiz Bowl, held at the 2015 PA Farm Show on Wednesday, January 14.
- 2013 PA Farm Fatal Injury Summary
- AgSafety4u: Online Ag Safety Course
- Confined-Space Manure Pit Ventilation Design Tool
- eXtension - Farm Safety and Health
- Organizing and Conducting a Safe Tractor Operation Workshop (also available in Spanish)
- Safety Programs and Projects
- The Pennsylvania ROPS Retrofit Campaign
Upcoming Events
Biological Pest Control for Greenhouse Growers
March 27, 2015
Pesticide Core Credit Recertification Meetings
April 29, 2015
Pesticide Core Credit Recertification Meetings
April 29, 2015


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Jordan Pacheco
2015 Free Agent Tracker
Dec 25, 2014, 1:23 PM EDT
Your one-stop shop for all of the offseason signings.
The Nationals extend their winning streak to 10 games with another walk-off victory
Aug 21, 2014, 7:30 PM EDT
Here's hoping Nationals manager Matt Williams has been practicing his Babe Ruth home run trot, because he has a promise to fulfill.
Diamondbacks claim Jordan Pacheco off waivers from Rockies
Jun 12, 2014, 2:46 PM EDT
Arizona has claimed catcher/infielder Jordan Pacheco off waivers after he was designated for assignment by Colorado last week.
Wilin Rosario lands on disabled list with viral infection
May 4, 2014, 1:54 PM EDT
Patrick Saunders, lead beat writer at the Denver Post, reports that the Rockies placed catcher Wilin Rosario on the 15-day disabled list Sunday morning because of a viral infection. Rosario has also been battling some left hand soreness, so that probably played a factor in the decision to shelve him.
Fun with roster construction, starring the Colorado Rockies
Mar 29, 2014, 10:35 PM EDT
The Rockies may have the most interesting and unintentionally hilarious roster going into Opening Day. They'll carry 14 pitchers, including two that are injured (Jhoulys Chacin and Boone Logan, who don't count against the 25-man limit), as well as two catchers, only five infielders, and six (six!) outfielders. The rotation will include Jorge De La…
Play of the Day: Nolan Arenado makes a nifty snag
Jun 15, 2013, 10:05 PM EDT
Rockies third baseman Nolan Arenado made a heck of a play on a Jonathan Pettibone grounder in the second inning of today's game against the Phillies. Pettibone chopped the ball down the third base line. Arenado, who was playing in and off the line, dove to his right and snagged the ball when it was…
Troy Tulowitzki out 4-6 weeks with broken rib
Jun 13, 2013, 10:33 PM EDT
UPDATE: Thomas Harding of MLB.com reports that Tulowitzki is expected to miss 4-6 weeks. The Rockies will likely recall Josh Rutledge to replace him on the active roster, but it's going to tough to hang around in the playoff race without him. 9:39 PM: Terrible news for the Rockies. Troy Renck of the Denver Post…
Troy Tulowitzki says he wasn't accusing Madison Bumgarner of cheating
May 18, 2013, 6:05 PM EDT
In a season that has already endured the drama of one cheating allegation, another was set to boil last night when Rockies shortstop Troy Tulowitzki asked umpire Tim McClelland to inspect the baseball Giants starter Madison Bumgarner was gripping. McClelland gave it a once-over, then tossed the ball out of play. Bumgarner said something to…
And That Happened: Tuesday's scores and highlights
Apr 17, 2013, 6:49 AM EDT
Braves 6, Royals 3: I suppose the Braves will lose again at some point. I just don't know when that point is. The team has 25 homers in 13 games. Yankees 4, Diamondbacks 2: I wasn't watching this, but as I was going to bed people on Twitter were noting that Mariano Rivera was coming…
Todd Helton ready to play what will likely be his final season
Jan 10, 2013, 11:31 PM EDT
Todd Helton is under contract for $5 million in 2013, but there was some uncertainty whether he'd come back following hip and knee surgeries. However, the 39-year-old first baseman told Troy E. Renck of the Denver Post today that he's ready to return for what will likely be his final season in the majors. "I…
Rockies acquire reliever Wilton Lopez from Astros
Dec 4, 2012, 11:14 PM EDT
As the Denver Post's Troy Renck first reported, the Rockies have acquired reliever Wilton Lopez from the Astros for right-handers Alex White and Alex Gillingham. Lopez was nearly traded to the Phillies for right-hander Tyler Cloyd and catcher Sebastian Valle last week, but the deal fell apart, reportedly because the Phillies' physical brought up red flags.…
Rockies hit 96 losses for first time in franchise history
Sep 30, 2012, 10:34 AM EDT
With a punchless lineup that featured Jordan Pacheco hitting third and rookie catcher Wilin Rosario batting cleanup, the Rockies fell 3-0 to the Dodgers on Saturday night in Los Angeles. Rockies starter Tyler Chatwood yielded only two earned runs but was pulled after needing 76 pitches to get through four innings. The bullpen fared better…
Matt Kemp crashes into center field fence; suffers knee contusion, sent for X-rays on jaw
Aug 28, 2012, 10:40 PM EDT
UPDATE: The Dodgers just announced that Kemp left the game with a right knee contusion and was taken for precautionary X-rays on his jaw. He doesn't have any concussion symptoms, so it sounds like he won't have to miss much time. 9:54 PM: Matt Kemp crashed into the center field fence at Coors Field last…
Jim Tracy, Rockies players visit the Aurora shooting victims
Jul 27, 2012, 8:51 AM EDT
The Rockies did a good thing: After playing a game in Phoenix on Wednesday night, the Rockies arrived in Denver at about 3 a.m. Thursday. On the message board inside the clubhouse, a notice was posted asking for volunteers to meet with victims at the hospital. Jim Tracy and 11 players showed up to visit…
Drew Pomeranz added to Rockies' starting rotation
Apr 15, 2012, 3:57 PM EDT
Rockies left-hander Drew Pomeranz, the 30th-ranked prospect in the sport according to Baseball America, was officially recalled from the Double-A level on Sunday morning and is on the mound this afternoon against the Diamondbacks for his first major league start of the 2012 regular season. Jordan Pacheco was demoted to Triple-A Colorado Springs in a…
Rockies release veteran third baseman Casey Blake
Mar 27, 2012, 5:17 PM EDT
Casey Blake talked about possibly retiring following September neck surgery, but instead signed a non-guaranteed one-year deal with the Rockies and entered spring training atop the third base depth chart. Today the Rockies released Blake after the 37-year-old went just 3-for-20 with seven strikeouts while showing signs of not being fully healthy. This may be…
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