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802.11 – Introduction, Updates and Business cases/applications Presented by Ashutosh Dutta Contents Introduction to 802.11 Spectrum View with respect to Unlicensed Band Network Topology of 802.11 802.11 Layers Description (PHY and MAC Layers) Features of the standard Update Standard Bodies/Forums/Alliance (3GPP, MWIF, WECA) Industry Business cases and Applications INTRODUCTION to 802.11 Spectrum View (Unlicensed Band) Spectrum View Unlicensed Bands Spectrum Typical Applications ISM: Industry Science and Medicine 902 - 928 MHz, 234.5 MHz Cordless Phones, 2.4 - 2.4835 GHz 83.5 MHz Wireless LANs (WLAN) 5.725 - 5.85 GHz 125 MHz and Wireless PBXs (WPBX) UPCS: Unlicensed PCS Asynchronous:1910-1920, 2390-2400 MHz 20 MHz WLAN Isochronous: 1920-1930 MHz 10 MHz WPBX UNII: Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure UNII (5.15-5.25 GHz) 100 MHz Indoor applications WLAN,WPBX UNII (5.25-5.35 GHz) 100 MHz Short outdoor links, campus applications UNII (5.725-5.825 GHz) 100 MHz Long outdoor links, Point-To-Point links Millimeter Wave (59-64 GHz) 5 GHz Home networking applications Unlicensed Band and Types of 802.11 Stds Unlicensed Band It is free, Huge and Nationwide Spectrum without License from FCC Any device can transmit in this band, with some rules like power limits It can be used for: Fixed and mobile services, WLANs, Wireless Private Branch Exchange, Spectrum Sharing, Experimentation and innovation Types of IEEE 802.11 standard IEEE 802.11a:-Operate in unlicensed 5GHz band, supports 6-54 Mbps speed IEEE 802.11b (also called WiFi):- Operates in unlicensed 2.4GHz band, supports up to 11Mbps (Oddly enough, the latter came before the former) IEEE 802.11d - LAN/MAN standard IEEE 802.11e - Working on QoS (quality of service) issue in LANs IEEE 802.11g - Objective is to double the speed of 802.11b (22 Mbps in 2.4 GHz band. Still not approved as of mid 2001. IEEE 802.16 - A draft Wireless LAN standard for Metro Area Networks based on OFDM and using IEEE 802.11a as a foundation Network Topology of 802.11 (1/2) Standard defines two Configurations Cellular and Ad-hoc Cellular System is sub-divided into cells (A cell called Basic Service Set BSS) Each cell is controlled by a base station (called Access Point or AP) APs are connected through some kind of backbone called distributed System (DS), typically Ethernet and in some cases wireless itself The whole interconnected wireless LAN including different cells, their respective access points and the distribution system is called ESS. Distribution System AP AP ESS is seen to the upper layer of BSS BSS OSI model, as a single NW ESS = Extended Service Set Network Topology of 802.11 (2/2) Generally WLAN may consist of single or collection of cells 10-30 stations per AP can be supported (depends on NW traffic) Typical coverage is 200-1000 ft (Depends on type of walls, height of ceiling, physical obstruction Distribution System AP AP BSS BSS ESS = Extended Service Set AP AP BSS BSS Standard also defines the Concept of Portal It is a device that interconnects two different 802.11 LANS Even though standard does not requests so, typical installation will have AP and the portal on a single physical entity Physical Layer (1/3) Multiple Physical Layers supported by MAC layer Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum in 2.4 GHz Band Frequency Hopping (FH) Spread Spectrum in 2.4 GHz Band Infrared in 850-to-950nM PHYSICAL LAYER Convergence Protocol (PLCP) Supports common PHY SAP Provides Clear Channel Assessment signal (carrier sense) 802.2 Data Link Layer 802.11 MAC FH DS IR Phy layer Modulation: DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying Channel Bandwidth Channel bandwidth is about 20 MHz for DSSS systems Thus ISM band accommodates up to three non-overlapping channels It is Regardless of data rate (1, 2, 5.5, or 11 Mbps) Physical Layer (2/3) Principle of DSSS DSSS receivers employ different PN codes PN sequence spreads transmitted bandwidth & reduces peak power Upon reception, the signal is correlated with the same PN sequence to recover the original binary data This technique reduces the effect of narrowband interference Spreading architecture of 802.11 is slightly different from cellular CDMA DSSS Mode Supports three data rates 1, 2 & 11 Mbps Physical Layer (3/3) Principle of FHSS Receivers employ different FH patterns, governed by certain codes There are 22 hop patterns to choose from The frequency hops across 2.4GHz band covering 79 channels Each channel occupies 1Mhz of bandwidth Minimum hop rate for a channel is specified by regulatory bodies For USA it is 2.5 hops per second Transmitter applies the same code to retrieve the signal FHSS supports two data rates 1 & 2 Mbps Infrared Operates in the 850-to-950nM band with peak power of 2 W. Modulation is either 4 or 16-level pulse-positioning modulation. Supports two data rates; 1 and 2Mbps. MAC Layer (Functions) Beyond standard functions usually performed by MAC layers, 802.11 MAC performs some typically upper layer functions I.e. Fragmentation Packet Retransmission Acknowledgments MAC LAYER - Regular Functions Provides Basic access mechanism Performs Encryption MAC LAYER - Management Functions Performs Synchronization Performs Power management 802.2 Data Link Layer Supports Roaming 802.11 MAC FH DS IR Phy layer Each BSS has a unique 48 bit address Each ESS has a variable length address MAC Layer (Access Methods) MAC Layer defines two different access methods Distribution Coordination Function Point Coordination function Distribution Coordination Function (DCF) It is A basic Access Method It is based on CSMA/CA (Carrier Sensed Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance) Note: Ethernet is based on CSMA/CD (Collision Detection) Point Coordination function (PCF) It is an optional function It may be used to implement time bounded services like voice or video Distinguishing Feature of PCF over DCF This function gives AP higher priority AP gains high priority because it uses Smaller IFS (inter frame space) By using this function, AP issues polling requests to the stations for data transmission. Thus it controls the medium access CSMA Principle of CSMA Protocol A station desiring to transmit senses the medium, If the medium busy it defers its transmission to later time If the medium free then it transmits Efficiency of CSMA It is very efficient when the medium is not heavily loaded as it allows stations to transmit with a minimum delay But there is always a chance of COLLISION, if two station happen to sense simultaneously, find the medium free and transmit together How CSMA efficiency can be improved? Through Collision Detection (CSMA-CD) mechanism If collision is detected and MAC retransmits the packet by itself (without involving upper layers) that would reduce significant delay In Wired LAN collision can be detected by a transmitting station, using some algorithm (Exponential Random Backoff to resolve contention) What about CSMA-CD in WIRELESS? Would it work? CSMA CD and Wireless LAN In Wireless LAN Collision Detection can not be used because: CD scheme is based on the assumption that:: "All the Stations Can Hear Each Other" but in Wireless it can not be assumed because: If the area around the transmitting station is free, it doesn't necessarily mean that the area around the receiver is free as well. One way to overcome the problem could be: To use full duplex radio capable of transmitting & receiving at once. But it would increase the price significantly How to overcome these problem? 802.11 overcomes these problems by a mechanism called: COLLISION AVOIDANCE (CA) with POSITIVE ACKNOWLEDGMENT CSMA-CA has two steps Step-1:-Physical Carrier Sensing (PCS) Step-2:- Virtual Carrier Sensing (VCS) CSMA/CA Mechanism With PCS Transmitting Station Senses the Medium. If the medium busy, it defers If the medium free, for a Specified Time, it transmits. (Specified time is called DIFS, Distributed Inter Frame Space, in the standard), Receiving Station Receives the packet, Checks its CRC, & Sends an Acknowledgment to the Transmitting Station Transmitting Station waits for the Acknowledgement: If it is receives ACK, it means no collision occurred, If Not, it keeps on retransmitting until Either it gets the ACK Or thrown away after a given number of trials But in this process, how the probability of collisions is avoided? Lets look at Step-2: Virtual Carrier Sensing (VCS) mechanism CSMA/CA Mechanism With VCS VCS is based on the fact that wireless stations can"t hear each other, Transmitting/Source Station First transmits a short control packet RTS Request To Send RTS includes source, destination & duration of the following transaction Receiving/Destination station If medium free, responds with response control packet CTS Clear To Send CTS includes the same Duration information All other Stations receiving either RTS or CTS will Set their VCS indicator "NAV", Network Allocation Vector, for a given duration & Use this information (NAV) together with Physical carrier sense when sensing medium SIFS:- Short Inter frame Space PIFS:- Point coordinated IFS G1 G1 G1 G1= SIFS G3 RTS G3 DIFS:- Distributed IFS Source Data G3= DIFS EIFS:- Extended IFS Dest CTS Ack Next MPDU others NAV (RTS) NAV (CTS) Backoff after Defer Defer Access CSMA/CA Mechanism This mechanism reduces probability of collision On Receiver Area because it will hear CTS & reserve the medium as busy until the end of the transaction On Transmitter Area because of the the contained duration information One more advantage RTS/CTS being short frames also reduce the overhead of collisions since these are recognized faster (compared to big data packet) NOTE:- Standard allows transmission of packets smaller than RTS, without RTS/CTS transaction. It is controlled per station by a parameter RTS Threshold. Fragmentation and Reassembly Wired LANS handle packets of several hundreds of bytes (e.g. Ethernet longest packet could be 1518 bytes long) WLANs do not prefer to handle long packets because of: Higher Bit Error Rate of radio link is responsible for packet corruption Packet corruption probability increases with packet size In case of Packet corruption (either because of noise or collision), the smallest the packet, the less overhead it causes to retransmit it. Thus fragmentation and reassembly is performed This is done at MAC layer It is considered as a better solution to deal big packets MSDU MAC HDR Frame body CRC MAC HDR Frame body CRC MAC HDR Frame body CRC Steps to Access the AP Access: Station Can Access BSS When it Powers Up When it awakes from the Sleep Mode When it Just enters the BSS area Synchronization: Station can synchronize to AP either. By Passive Scanning Station waits to receive a Beacon Frame from AP. It is a periodic frame sent by the AP with synchronization information OR By Active Scanning Station Sends Probe Request Frames and waits for Probe Response Either can be chosen according to Performance & Power Consumption tradeoff Beacon Frames These frames contain value of AP"s clock on the moment of transmission. The Receiving stations check the value of their clock and correct it accordingly Stations need to keep Synchronization To keep hopping synchronized and to Save power during sleep mode Security Security Holds paramount importance to prevent intruders from Accessing the network resources (Authentication) Hijack the WLAN traffic (Eavesdropping) Authentication Process (performed after synchronization) Each (TX & RX) Proves the knowledge of a given password WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Security Data security is accomplished by a complex encryption technique called WEP WEP shared key is based on RC4 algorithm It protects transmitted data over the air using 64-bit seed key & RC4 algorithm. WEP only protects the data packet information and not the physical layer header so that other stations on the network can listen to the control data needed to manage the network. However, the other stations cannot decrypt the data portions of the packet Association Process (performed after authentication) Each communicates their capabilities Power Saving – Sleep Mode Stations In this mode a station sleeps to save its power Stations inform AP before entering sleep mode Access Point Maintains the updated record of the sleeping terminals Buffers the packet addressed to them Sends periodically (as apart of its Beacon Frames) indication about waiting messages Stations Also Wake up periodically to check these Frames If they find any indication of waiting /buffered frame, then they stay awake and send a pole message to AP Multicast and broadcasts are stored by the AP and transmitted at pre known time (DTIM), where all sleeping station (who wish to receive this kind of information) should be awake. Roaming Moving from one cell to another without loosing the connection WLAN roaming is easier than Cellular roaming because: Transition from cell to cell may be performed during packet transmission (In cellular it is during the conversation) WLAN Roaming is more difficult than Cellular roaming because: On voice a temporary disconnection is not noticeable, but in WLAN Performance is effected as upper layer protocols initiate retransmission 802.11doesn"t define roaming but basic tools/message formats only I.e. 1. Active Scanning, 2. Passive Scanning and 3. Re-association Process Everything else is left up to network vendors Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP) IAPP was jointly developed when everything else was left to vendors. IAPP was developed by Aironet, Lucent & Digital Ocean. IAPP extends multi-vendor interoperability to the roaming function. It addresses roaming within a single ESS, between 2/or more ESSs Ad-Hoc Networking What is Ad-hoc Network? It is a LAN without an Access Point How does it work? Part of AP"s functionality is performed by the end-user stations Like Beacon Generation Synchronization Functions supported by 802.11 ad-hoc Mode of operation? File transfer between two notebooks users Coworkers meeting outside the office Functions not supported by 802.11 ad-hoc Mode of operation? Frame-relaying between two stations not in range Power Saving features etc UPDATES WECA (Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance) Mission To provide certification of compliance with the IEEE 802.11 Standard To ensure cross vendor interoperability WECA & Security The most recent concern about WLAN are related to its SECURITY Several security solutions including 802.1x, VPNs and RADIUS have been examined. (Report commissioned by IBM 19th October "01) NextComm also announced key hopping technique using MD-5 algorithm (Sept "01) Companies like ORiNOCO and Agere have deployed some new security techniques using DIAMETER, VPN and RADIUS A latest survey about 802.11 adoption in corporations 40% have already implemented & 30% will do so within 18 months BT usage is negligible today, expected to raise to 17 % in 18 months 3GPP Evolution Workshop (17-18 October 2001) Telia, Nortel, DoCoMo, AT&T Wireless, and Nokia, presented different proposals Nortel Presented the Stand alone data cell concept based on 802.11 NOKIA said that make AN fully independent to make complementary access systems (802.11, HiperLAN 2, BT, ADSL) as a part of 3GPP Other companies stressed on the interworking of UMTS and WLANS Decision was that 3GPP will focus on completion of existing releases. 3GPP Plenary Meeting (September 2001) Approved a work item on interworking of UMTS and Hiperlan, and agreed to send a liaison to IEEE 802.11 and Home link for the same HiperLAN (European version of 802.11) developed by ETSI The general features High-speed transmission (54 Mbit/s) through OFDM Automatic frequency allocation Quality-of-Service (QoS) support, Security support, Mobility support Network & application independence Power saving features 3GPP2 3GPP2 It seems that no activity is going-on on this issue. However 3GPP2 All IP requirement document includes support for inter-technology hand-off (3G-WLAN) MWIF WG-4 will develop architectural requirements to support 802.11, cdma2000 and WCDMA interoperability Industry Nokia achieved WLAN roaming for Sonera (Finnish GSM operator) No GSM infrastructure is used as a part of the wireless access Carrier will setup hotspot in a public areas with std WLAN equipment 802.11b APs & gateways Users would use their SIM card in WLAN card to access hotspot Lucent has also announced the solution for 802.11 interworking with cellular systems cdma2000, WCDMA, GPRS The architecture introduces a protocol gateway It will translate various protocols into a single common protocol Thus various networks will maintain/use single subscriber profile Wayport successfully tested Windows XP in conjunction with 802.11 BUSINESS CASES & APPLICATIONS WLAN Applications/Business Cases 802.11 will be the 1st generation of standard for WLANs It will set the pace for the next generation standard, addressing The demands for higher performance The demand for higher data rates The demand for higher frequency bands Interoperability between products is another important factor These products will be implemented on ISA, or PCMCIA cards for use in handheld PCs, PDAs, laptops or desktop applications. WLAN applications Are currently mostly in vertical markets Many horizontal applications will follow as 802.11 infrastructure is installed It will become more competitive & economical for virtually all applications requiring wireless connectivity On the horizon, is a need for wireless connectivity at 10Mbps & higher High speed & interoperability will give birth to numerous applications WLAN Applications/Business Cases General Applications Streaming video, rapid images transfer, Internet/intranet terminals, customer self-scanning services, presentations, high-bandwidth, immediate communications for data-intensive applications, and Various applications providing Mobility to the users. Cost Saving Cost saving in wiring offices, factories, educational campuses Mobile computing solutions Can be provided in Hospitals, Factories, Restaurants, Goods Distribution in warehouses, Stock Exchanges, Retail Business Tracking Monitoring Cards carried by students and Scanner at the bus door can allow parent to track school buses on Web site to see if their child headed home from school. Student identification number, scanned could be transmitted to some cite via WLAN Fleet Management If used for Public Buses, passengers can find the location/waiting time of the bus on their handheld WLAN Applications/Business Cases Cost Saving in T1-Connection WLAN bridging to connect a school, a medical building and a distributor to an ISP, bypassing T-1 connection In the same way Networking Schools for Distance Learning Graphic from Aironet site Can Bluetooth compete with WLAN BT is a Cable replacement technology not network technology. It Holds limited ability to do handoffs. (Some vendors are trying to achieve this ability) It faces interoperability issues on PHY and application layer. (only few profiles agreed upon between some vendors) Communication flow could potentially go directly through the laptop without going through AP & corporate firewall, necessitating an increased need for "personal firewalls" residing on Laptop. Its Security protocols only authenticate the device, not the user. Thus additional application level security is needed It gives a max speed of 721kbps for data, compared to 11Mbps for 802.11b predict a move to 5GHz by 2004 and further higher. Thus not desirable for streaming video, or downloading big files from the Internet to a laptop or PDA From these arguments it can be inferred that it can not compete with WLAN
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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Universities, do they work?
Across the world, universities are more numerous than they have ever been, yet at the same time there is unprecedented confusion about their purpose and skepticism about their value. What Are Universities For? offers a spirited and compelling argument for completely rethinking the way we see our universities, and why we need them.
Stefan Collini challenges the...
Published on 10 Dec. 2012 by tariqmuda
2 of 5 people found the following review helpful
3.0 out of 5 stars What's a university for? Stefan Collini knows but can't tell you.
Universities Collini style, are for smart people. This book is an amusing, well written but poorly argued survey of the state of universities in modern Britain. Collini describes the university landscape in particular the huge growth in the past couple of generations (from one in twenty to one in two of the school-leaving cohort) in university attendance, and the...
Published on 14 Dec. 2012 by T. J. Jones
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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Universities, do they work?,
Across the world, universities are more numerous than they have ever been, yet at the same time there is unprecedented confusion about their purpose and skepticism about their value. What Are Universities For? offers a spirited and compelling argument for completely rethinking the way we see our universities, and why we need them.
Stefan Collini challenges the common claim that universities need to show that they help to make money in order to justify getting more money. Instead, he argues that we must reflect on the different types of institution and the distinctive roles they play. In particular we must recognize that attempting to extend human understanding, which is at the heart of disciplined intellectual enquiry, can never be wholly harnessed to immediate social purposes - particularly in the case of the humanities, which both attract and puzzle many people and are therefore the most difficult subjects to justify.
At a time when the future of higher education lies in the balance, What Are Universities For? offers all of us a better, deeper and more enlightened understanding of why universities matter, to everyone.
4.0 out of 5 stars A bit of a bumpy ride - if only it was all like the second part.,
Andrew Dalby "ardalby" (oxford) - See all my reviews
Often people skip the introduction to books especially if it has latin numerals as this usually means that it does not form a part of the main text of the book and possibly it would have been better if I had. The problem is that the author shows his bias and his excess protectionism of the humanities against the charge of being useless compared to useful. So he disparages the sciences in the introduction and as a scientist this already put me in a position of wanting to reject his arguments.
The first half of the book is very academic and dry. Some of the arguments especially those looking specifically at the humanities I found very frustrating, arrogant or impenetrable. He says that a lay person should not be able to understand a paper in the humanities just as they cannot understand modern science. I am an editor of a science journal and I believe strongly in making science accessible and cutting through the arcane language. If the work cannot be understood by non-experts then there is no chance of inter-disciplinary cross-fertilisation and this is bad for all academics. So on that point we fundamentally disagree. As for usefulness PPE seems to have provided half of the current cabinet and I do not think there are many science graduates in government.
Where the author comes into his own is the second part which is a series of previously published articles that were responses to changes in government policy. As these are written for a less academic audience they are much easier to read and also much more convincing. His attacks on bibliometrics and the assurance of quality in both research and teaching are brilliant and witty. I especially like the section talking about the cutting of all funding of humanities imagining that the opposite had happened and that it had actually happened to sciences. As he points out scientists (except for the greedy, political, grant hoarding ones) also feel the need to support colleagues in the humanities and see a common goal of universities. So I feel he did not need to take the excessively defensive and anti-science position that sometimes appears in the first part. So I think there is enough in the second part to swing my opinion from 2-stars to 4-stars but if you skip the first half it would be a 5-star book.
4.0 out of 5 stars Universities: who calls the tune?,
Collini is saying essentially that the purpose of universities is all the things that they may reasonably choose to undertake. Underlying this are: that the life of the mind is a key element in humanity; that, even when usefulness to society may weigh in consideration of what should most receive support and funding, prediction of effectiveness is very hard; that universities are generally staffed by(highly) intelligent and conscientious people who will reach good decisions. The backgound to his efort in this book is what many see as increasingly instrumentalist approaches by governments determined to push university endeavour towards the potentially economically useful: in pursuit of which aim they insist on the application of mechanistic measurement, which is often misleading and always effort-consuming. While Collini is concerned particularly with work in the humanities, the argument runs wider.
We are in deep waters here: communication between author and lay reader is not easily achieved. And many will continue determined not to listen let alone engage in argument. But Collini does well by any anyone willing to give time and attention to working thru what he carefully expounds and discusses.
18 of 22 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Begging an unanswerable question...,
Dr. G. SPORTON "groggery1" (Birmingham UK) - See all my reviews
Collini's book is not a serious attempt to answer the question he poses. It is more an assertion of the value of the University as a public good, and an invitation to join the cause (though a paragraph on p 56 comes very close). His task is made more problematic by the fact that universities are a heterogeneous bunch that lack internal consistency as individual institutions, let alone as a sector, and that we live in a moment that thinks all public policy is about economic growth at the exclusion of everything else. He is strong on disposing of some of the more traditional defences of university privilege, despatching Newman and his ilk, and contextualising the argument about instrumentalism that currently rages across the piece, demonstrating less of an affinity with the past and more concern about the future of higher education once purged of its uselessness. For Collini, the idea of leaving the fate of the sector in the hands of the nation's 18 year-olds is anathema. Working in an HEI, I can't help but agree with him: it is an abrogation of responsibility to the emerging generation by politicians and civil servants who are always looking to shift responsibility from their own shoulders.
His problem is the same as everyone else who has tried to deal with these issues: whilst his argument for support remains one that is generalised and abstracted, the flat-footed, practical types that dictate policy (and he cruelly exposes their intellectual limitations in the analyses of their White Papers and so on) point gruffly at the absence of utility to the failed economy and ask why universities should be indulged. His intellectual sneering is funny, but also indicates the extent to which the bureaucrats of varying sorts cannot formulate another argument, or respond effectively to ones like Collini's. We are gazing across a gulf of mutual incomprehensibility. Collini's case centres around the role of the Humanities, in a manner reminiscent of Carey's defence of literature in another polemical book (What Good are the Arts?). Yet, despite agreeing with much of his analysis, and greatly amused by much of his writing, it is hard to believe universities are the great Corinthian institutions Collini claims them to be. Between chronically wasteful and talentless management, droves of second-rate, monster-fee-paying international students whose pass marks are financially underwritten, recalcitrant colleagues who refuse to change 'on principle', and ludicrous quality assurance regimes, one could almost embrace the Browne Review as the beginning of the end. This is not solely the fault of Browne (though surely his 'reforms' will be disastrous), but of our own lack of care at what are universities have become through the inability of the sector itself (especially its leaders) to properly articulate its value in the public domain.
3 of 4 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Beautifully written, subtly argued, passionate and wickedly funny case for re-thinking the debate about Universities,
Julian Le Vay (Oxford) - See all my reviews
This beautifully written, subtly argued and passionate book is an intense pleasure to read, and needs to be widely read.
It's starting point is that the terms of public debate have become so degraded that we have lost any real understanding of what universities are really about and for, and why they matter. This book is an attempt to restore that understanding.
The first half consists of a potted history of the evolution of universities and an exposition of what they are, what goes on in them and why they matter. Collini cautions against nostalgia for some golden period, sketching successive changes that have transformed universities, the way they are funded and their perceived role in society. He argues against a false duality between 'arts' or 'humanities' and 'science', and tries to suggest how both have in common the notion of academic inquiry as an open ended but disciplined (and shared) pursuit. He argues that university education is a good in its own right, both for the students and for society, not as an instrument towards employment or citizenship or whatever. It is a measure of this book that he manages in passing to connect this to an essentially humanist idea of what life itself is about, and for.
The second half consists of series of reprinted essays attacking various policies introduced over the past 25 years - the obsession with measuring 'impact', the false dichotomy between 'research' and 'teaching' as a complete taxonomy of academic activity, the invasion of business-speak and the catastrophic mistake of 'marketisation' of higher education. It should shame anyone on the Left that this ghastly chronicle of destruction has progressed with no perceptible difference between Labour and Tory Governments (predictably, Blunkett's intervention proving especially and gratuitously harmful).
I'd have to think long and hard for an example of public policy described with such clarity and yet such subtlety. Collini's chapter on Newman's 'The idea of a university', lovingly describing this towering edifice while quietly demonstrating that it has no foundations, is worth the cover price alone. His description of what universities actually do - the wrong-headiness of breaking it down into exclusive categories like 'research' and 'teaching', the (as he puts it) 'illimitable' nature of academic inquiry, the inherently cooperative nature of academic work that makes 'competition' as particularly doltish way of trying to run it - are profound and necessary insights. A particularly powerful device he uses is to accept the principles and aims of current policy as given, and then demonstrate how they must inevitably defeat themselves.
I doubt many books on education policy make one laugh out loud, as I often did with this one. For one of Collini's strengths is to control and channel the passion, indeed deep anger, that he so clearly feels, and one way he does so is through satire. His deception of 'that strange animal, the tax payer', or of how Socrates would undoubtedly have failed an Athenian Research Assessment Exercise, are among many such passages.
A sign of the power of this book is that Collini's arguments continue to detonate like time bombs in one's mind long after one has finished it. So often, books on public policy leave one thinking, OK, I agree with points A, B and C, not with D or E, job done . This is different: one has not only learned to think in a different way about the subject, but is provoked to go on thinking about it for oneself. The book wonderfully illustrating its own thesis.
Another sign is that it has resonances way beyond the immediate subject. As a civil servant whose career was made on the Thatcherite New Managerialism, including performance measurement, competition and the like in another sector, I was brought to reflect on whether the new (and to my mind - here I differ from Collini - immensely necessary) understanding which that created may not also have done violence to other values, other ways of looking at and describing public services, indeed public life.
The book is open to the criticism (which Collini to his credit himself articulates): OK, you've had your fun, so what do you propose? And there is no answer here. Indeed, while Collini cautions against mere reaction, it is pretty implicit from the analysis that what we really need to do his row back to c 1980 - and spend a lot more public money - even though he acknowledges that that is never going to happen.
But his purpose is not to set out yet another blue print for reform, but to enable discussion of the future of universities to take place on the basis of a much richer and more accurate understanding of what they do and why it is worth it than the current obsession with employment and financial gain, or with fees and equality of access. In this he succeeds quite brilliantly, and we should all be grateful to him for it.
3 of 4 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars The author's been to university!,
Phil (London) - See all my reviews
This book is vital fodder for parents of university students, the students themselves or anyone interested in the question - how much should universities be funded by the taxpayer? So that's pretty much all of us! Irrespective of whether you agree with the author's conclusions he directs us to the problems and, crucially, demonstrates the core skill I think universities are for, namely the ability to analyse issues, construct powerful arguments and to evaluate issues critically. The underlying problem is that there is no simple answer to the question of what universities are for, nor how (much) to fund them. The author's writing is clever and extremely witty at the same time. He occasionally writes sentences that require more concentration than others, but that strikes me as a good thing!
Reading this book prompted me to read The Trouble with Higher Education: A Critical Examination of our Universities. This (previously written) book looks drier on the face of it, but is an interesting perspective alongside that of Collini. Whilst it goes deeper into issues that may be more of interest to those in academia, it still raises questions I think students would find useful in order to understand the perspective of universities and the consequences of certain choices such as modular based degree courses. Again it demonstrates the skill of analysis and critique. I recommend the Hussey & Smith book as well.
4.0 out of 5 stars Made a convincing case,
This book was clear and concise and made the case well that universities are not only there for economic reasons but for cultural ones as well. I guess he was preaching to the converted in that sense as it is something I feel passionately about. Definitely worth a read if you are interested in the arguments around the purpose of higher education.
4.0 out of 5 stars Excellent,
This review is from: What are Universities For? (Kindle Edition)
A very enlightening view into the mind of a humanities lecturer at a traditional University. He provides convincing arguments, from this perspective. Balanced? Well I teach in a Business School, so wouldn't be qualified to comment.
5.0 out of 5 stars Very good,
Murray (Manchester UK) - See all my reviews
This review is from: What are Universities For? (Kindle Edition)
Much-needed analysis of the current crisis in university funding - should be required reading for every politician.
5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars,
Dr. Eric Blaire - See all my reviews
Important book for my work with Philosophy for Educational Renewal
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What are Universities For? by Stefan Collini

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1940 N Monroe St
Tallahassee, FL32399-6506
(850) 487-1395
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Broward County Governmental Offices 115 S. Andrews Ave.
Fort Lauderdale, FL33301-1818
(954) 357-7235
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Contact InformationPrincipal: Mr. Scott Rist (Manager of Operaqtions)Mr. Don Rist (Service Solutions Manager)
Business Category
Air Conditioning Contractors & Systems, Duct & Duct Fittings, Heating & Air Conditioning


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2000 GMC Sierra 2500 User Reviews
Average Ratings from 1 reviews
- Performance:
- Appearance:
- Build Quality:
- Overall:
User Reviews
Nicholas writes:
2000 GMC Sierra 2500 3 Dr SL 4WD Extended Cab LB HD Review
its a gm, and a long box
its got a gas engine
Looking for a Used Sierra 2500 in your area?
CarGurus has 177 nationwide Sierra 2500 listings starting at $6,500.
Reviews From Other Years
1990 GMC Sierra 2500 Reviews
It is very very solid truck, we never had to change the transmission, we put a new motor in it 2007 spring, doesnt use a drop of oil, not the best on gas, the breaks are ok. Its a TOUGH truck, it wh... Read More
404000 km and still running, great truck build solid, sucked gass but was still better then my audi with the same size tank. great work truck no good for off roading but great for burn outs with the... Read More
1992 GMC Sierra 2500 Reviews
Powerfull Work Horse
If you want to spend a lot of money in fuel but want to carry lots of weight or haul your house, this is the one! Read More
1993 GMC Sierra 2500 Reviews
Its Great I Dont Expect Anything Outta This Truck It Cant Handle And Delievers On Anything I Ask
she'll do 0-60 in as fast as u can jam the gears lol 3/4 ton good for hauling/hauling ass shes an oil burner for those of u who arent car savy means its a diesel 6.5L TURBO ! 5 speed standard i like ... Read More
1994 GMC Sierra 2500 Reviews
I like the truck. Its older so you gotta be mechanically inclined because you dont want to be takin somethin like this to the repair shop. Might get expensive. But to me it sounds cool and it makes me... Read More
1995 GMC Sierra 2500 Reviews
Gmc Sierra Slt Turbo Diesel 3/4 Ton
Its a ass kicker in the mud and offroad. Its acceleration is downed due to the overall weight of the truck, but it has the turbo that kicks in at three thousand rpm. Has alot of clearence for those tr... Read More


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There's No Beer at the Dogfish Inn
Ironic? Yes. But that doesn't mean you can't make your way down the road to the Dogfish brewpub for some suds, or head in the opposite direction to the Dogfish Head Craft Brewery for some Bocce, and brews to bring back to the inn. Thoughtfully designed by Studio Tack in Brooklyn, the Dogfish Inn is a 16 room escape on the quiet coast of Delaware, home to some of the cleanest beaches in America. Rates start at $250 / night
Harvey Wallbanger
The character (and drink) that helped introduce Galliano to the American market in the 1970s.
2 oz vodka
6 oz fresh orange juice
1/2 oz Galliano
Pour vodka and orange juice into a highball glass, add ice & stir. Float Galliano on top.
Monday, the T-Shirt
from LimoLand
A Goal Worthy Cocktail
Clockwork Oranje
1.5 oz. Ketel One Oranje
.75 oz. fresh lemon juice
1 oz. white crème de cacao
Add all ingredients to a Collins glass. Fill the glass with crushed ice. Use a swizzle stick to stir and blend ingredients. Garnish with an orange wedge.
The Most Confused of Them All
Brazilians of German descent in Blumenau, Brazil's 'German' city—and host to the world's second largest Oktoberfest—couldn't figure out who to root for in the day's earlier slaughter… so they shrugged and drank more beer.
A Chill Drink for a Relaxing Weekend
Dry Artesian
2 oz. Brugal Extra Dry
.5oz Simple Syrup
2oz Soda Water
2 slices of cucumber (cubed)
2 slices of lemon (cubed)
4 Basil leaves
Muddle cucumber, Lemon, Basil and Simple Syrup. Add Brugal Extra Dry, Shake and Top with Soda Water.
Morning Dose of Rufus the Hawk
The fiercest member of Wimbledon's security team.
A great animal profile from Stella Artois and the Perfectionists.
The King Kong Cocktail
While traditionally involving a 50/50 mix of Crown Royal and Banana Liquer, this rendition of the King Kong—concocted by the 1976 marketing departments at Jim Beam, Ripley's, and Paramount—is nice enough to get you through a monstrously humid afternoon.
King Kong Cocktail
1 oz. Jim Beam Bourbon
3/4 oz Grenadine
Orange Juice
1 Wedge of Lime
Start with 1 oz. Jim Beam over ice in a tall glass, add 3/4 oz. grenadine, fill with Orange juice, add wedge of lime and your friends will go ape over your "King Kong Cocktail!"
Recommendation: Double the booze, lessen the grenadine, and top with club soda.
Norman "Sailor Jerry" Collins Used to Host a radio talk show in Hawaii called "Old Ironsides."
Here's a cocktail inspired by the talk show that covered everything from women to politics
Old Ironsides
2 parts Sailor Jerry Spiced Rum
4 parts fresh pineapple juice
Soda water
Build in a rocks-filled highball glass.
Top with soda water and garnish with a lemon wedge.
Get to talking… and drinking.
Drinking These All Day Will Leave You Warm, Full, and Fuzzy (Not To Mention Hungover)
Cruzan's Better Than A Necktie
1 part Cruzan Single Barrel Rum
1/2 part DeKuyper Vanilla Liqueur
1/4 part Fresh Lime Juice
IPA Beer
Add the Rum, Vanilla and Fresh Lime Juice to a pint glass. Slowly pour IPA to combine.
A Beer For Bicyclists
With a light nod to Radlermass, Franz Xaver Kugler's 1922 invention of a 50-50 beer & lemon soda drink for bicyclists that passed by his tavern, RAD is a new offering from Sixpoint that features a blend of fruit juices balanced by a smooth wheat beer base and very low ABV. Perfect for day-long sessions.
Foraged Cocktails
Because sometimes you have to work extra hard for your drinks
The SoCal Cactus
created by Cocktail Consultant Matt Biancaniello in Los Angeles
2 oz. cactus infused Caorunn Gin (2 pieces of 5 inch tall cactus raw sliced up in one bottle of Caorunn for 1 1/2 weeks)
3/4 oz. lemon juice
3/4 oz. agave syrup (1:1 ratio of water to agave)
3 Meiwa Kumquats
1 oz. pickling liquid
Garnish: 2 Meiwa Kumquats sliced and one piece of cactus, pinch of Berbere Spice
Add everything except infused gin into tin and muddle and then add cactus infused Caorunn into shaker with ice. Shake and strain into collins glass with ice. Garnish with kumquats, cactus and Berbere Spice on top.
Drinking in a World of Excess…
The Menu Beer Foamer by Norm Architects allows you to add a draught-like foam to your beer.
Lunchtime Laughter
TJ Miller – Erryday
If You Feel Obligated to Have a Mexican-Themed Drink Today
Paloma, the working man's margarita.
Photo by James Ransom
Home Brewing for the Highly Organized
The HopBox is a home brewing kit contained in a handcrafted pine and aromatic cedar wood box. Complete with a drawer and compartments for all the equipment, the HopBox enables you to brew at home and contain the mess that occurs when you try to channel your inner-booze chemist.
Dead Rise OLD BAY Summer Ale
Anyone who has ever spent a joyous, long afternoon picking crabs and drinking beer has an idea of how this seasonal beer from Flying Dog tastes. Brewers spent 6 months with the spice experts at OLD BAY developing this summer treat. On shelves Memorial Day through Labor Day in Maryland, DC, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and North Carolina.
Can't Wait Until Kids Try to Snort This…
The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau recently approved a new powdered alcohol not-so-cleverly named "Palcohol." Coming in seven flavors, from "Margarita" to "Kamikaze", the powdered mixes will be available in the fall, just in time for the start of tailgate season.


text: Articles Deschutes jail inmate's cellmate: 'They let him die' OSP IDs driver killed in Hwy. 97 crash S. of Bend Family plans lawsuits over Bend inmate's death Germanwings co-pilot kept 'illness secret' Oregon's marijuana director confirms he's been fired No OLCC citations to Redmond bar in wake of teen's death As growth returns, can Deschutes County keep up? San Francisco inmates forced into fight club


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Our special coverage of the closest race for years
Explore the personal stories of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
26 Feb 2010 23:37 GMT
In a separate development on Friday a further 18 soldiers were detained over the plot, in the second wave of arrests after 49 military officers were taken in on Tuesday.
The action over the alleged plot, known as Operation Sledgehammer, has seen Turkey's largest-ever crackdown on the military.
Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Turkey's prime minister, said on Friday that no one should consider themselves "above the law", in what was seen as a warning to the army. "Those who make plans behind closed doors to crush the people's will must see that from now on they will face justice," he told a gathering of his Justice and Development Party (AKP)."No one is above law, no one has impunity," he said.
Senior figures released
The latest developments come as Turkish prosecutors prepare to question Cetin Dogan, a retired four-star general accused of leading the purported 2003 plan to topple the government.
It follows a decision late on Thursday to release the three most senior figures questioned so far - Ozden Ornek, an ex-navy chief, Ibrahim Furtina, a former air force commander and Ergin Saygun, the former number two of the general staff.
A prosecutor handling the probe said Ozden and Firtina were released because there was no risk they would flee. Saygun was ordered to regularly report to police.
Timeline: Evolution of Turkey's 'deep state'
The trio walked free following crisis talks in Ankara between Erdogan, Abdullah Gul, Turkey's president and Ilker Basbug, Turkey's army chief.
The leaders sought to ease tensions between the government and the military over the investigation, saying that the "problems will be resolved within the constitutional order".
"The public must be assured that matters will be handled in line with the law and everyone should act responsibly not to damage institutions," Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the Turkish prime minister, Abdullah Gul, the president and General Ilker Basbug said in a joint statement.
Anita McNaught, Al Jazeera's correspondent in Istanbul, said despite the talks questions still remain over whether the army will co-operate with the investigation.
"What everyone has been saying from the moment this started is 'what will the army put up with?
"The army is known for being able to draw a stern line in Turkey when it feels it needs to. There are a number of areas in which the Turkish army might object, might object to the jurisdiction of the Turkish courts for example."
"Only recently serving members of the military did not get tried in civilian courts - now that process is evolving," she said.Separate plots
Operation Sledgehammer is said to have been drawn up and discussed in 2003 within the Istanbul-based First Army, shortly after the Justice and Development (AK) party came to power.
It was not known whether the suspects made any move to activate the plan, first reported in January by the Taraf newspaper.
The arrests have fuelled political strains and unsettled financial markets in the country, adding to tensions generated by a clash between the ruling AK Party and the secularist army and judiciary.The suspects have reportedly denied the allegations, which include plotting to blow up mosques and kill some non-Muslim figures to foment chaos and trigger a military takeover.Other senior military officers have been indicted on charges of planning a separate plot by a far-right group known as "Ergenekon" to overthrow the government.
That trial is ongoing. Critics of the government say the Ergenekon case has been used to target political opponents.The AK party, with its roots in political Islam, is accused by some nationalists of having secret plans to turn Turkey into an Islamic state.The government rejects those claims, saying its intention is to modernise Turkey and move it closer to EU membership.In 2008, the AK party narrowly escaped being banned for violating Turkey's secular system.The armed forces have ousted four governments since 1960 and such an operation against them would have been unimaginable until recent years.
Source: Agencies
About 50 military officers questioned over alleged attempt to destabilise country.
More than 40 people, including former heads of military, arrested over alleged plot.
Activists in the Czech Republic demand that a pig farm built over a former Nazi concentration camp be shut down.
Politics, War & Conflict, Human Rights
In religiously conservative Brazil, women risk jail time and their lives to undergo the procedure that is illegal but commonplace.
Health, Human Rights, Latin America
Trash is a fast-growing import in the Scandinavian country, which turns it into heat for people's homes.
Environment, Europe, Sweden
Critics say the UK's home secretary is using Muslims as a 'political punchbag' in a bid to shore up right-wing support.
Human Rights, Politics, Racism
It is a source of sustenance but also of tension and new political realities are now increasing uncertainty.
Egypt, Sudan, Middle East
A media post-mortem into the UK's surveillance report. Plus, why five years on in Argentina the media looks so familiar.
Media, Edward Snowden, Security
The untold story of how the Lebanese community overcame the odds and found their place in multicultural Australia.
Asia Pacific, Australia, Lebanon
How to keep a telenovela profitable and demanding sponsors happy while inspiring the production team to stay passionate.
Arts & Culture, Mexico, Latin America


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Granville is a populated place LOCATED WITHIN the City of Milwaukee. In turn, the City of Milwaukee is located within Milwaukee County.
Granville is located at latitude 43.178 and longitude -88.044. The elevation of Granville is 738 feet above mean sea level.
Since Granville is located within the City of Milwaukee, all of the census and demographic data for residents of Granville are included as part of the information reported for City of Milwaukee in the "Data" tab above.
In similar fashion, ALL OF THE NAVIGATION TABS ABOVE ARE FOR THE City of Milwaukee Community Profile.
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This sterling silver heart-shaped locket is suspended from a lobster claw clasp designed to precisely fit our charm bracelets. Engrave this locket with an initial or name for a personalized touch.
View our education section to learn more about our jewelry.
very beautiful, nicely built, made the bracelet very personal.
Angel, Roslindale, MA – February 2015
very pretty. nice and light-weight for wrist. engraving is perfect.
Anonymous, Bel Air, MD – May 2013
love it. bought as part of a bridal shower gift.
Joyce, WILDOMAR, CA – April 2013


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Happy Holiday/White Christmas
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Happy Holiday/White Christmas composed by Irving Berlin. Arranged by Ed Lojeski. For Choral, Rhythm (ShowTrax CD). Pop Choral Series. CD only. Hal Leonard #W20044.58. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.8222300).
ISBN 1423469526. 5x5 inches.
Two of the all-time favorite Christmas selections combined in a fresh, creative setting! Ideal for any age level choral performance. The CD accompaniment adds a very special pizzazz to these perennial favorites. Available: SATB, SAB, SSA, 2-Part, ShowTrax CD. Rhythm parts available digitally (gtr, b, dm). Duration: ca. 3:05.
- Happy Holiday
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Happy Holiday/White Christmas
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No, Paige Turner isn't my real name, but you don't see Batman or Catwoman go around giving their names away! But you can call me Paige If you want a description of me take a look at 'Stacy's Story' and it's pretty much me! I can't and won't upload pictures on this or any site, I'm in a sort of open relationship and it's not right of me to display myself. I know this might lead to doubt about what I really look like but I guess you'll just have to fill in the blanks yourself. I love girls most but I will talk to/message/reply to guys if they are respectful and don't expect dirty talk. Although I do enjoy a little naughtiness on here with girlies I don't want it rammed down my throat all the time....literally heheOne more thing, don't just send me a friend request without a message, if all I get is a request with no words they normally get deleted or ignored. If you want to be my friend I have to like you lol
No favourite stories listed.
Not following any authors
I'm just curious, if it were possible would guys suck their own cock? Would girls lick their own pussy?I know that I would! hehe
Thanks for your input, I guess a person would be less likely to read something that says Chapter 2 or 3, I've written a 15,000 word story to finish off my "Stacy" series and I would rather keep it as Stacy's Story 3 rather than adding a Chapter 4. Alsso I wouldnn't want to do Stacy's Story Chapter 3 Part 1 of 2 because that's just wrong. I wont be able to make them both stand alone stories of course because it's two halves of the same story.God knows what I'll do with the other 40,000 word story I've written.I put a lot of effort into my chapters and they get better and longer as they progress, which is why I'd hate to put people off by having too many chapters!
I'm currently writing a story that is very long, about 30,000 words and 59 pages on MS Word. I uploaded it to another site a couple of years ago and hardly anyone rated or voted for it. It is a good story though and I'm wondering if the sheer length put people off. As it's one of my stories there are some soppy bits in it and they might have been too bored to continue.So, here is my question. Would you rather read a big long story from beggining to end? Or woulld you be drawn to a story that has several chapters relesed incremently? I guess each chapter would kind of be like a stand-alone short story.Does anyone have any opinions on this? Thanks for looking :)
I tend to write slow and soppy stories filled with lust and tension, but is that what you want?I wonder sometimes if people come on the site for some quick wank material or to read about genuine situations.In short I want to ask this. Do people on here prefer flat out porn with girls squealing obscenitys and men with huge cocks and seemmingly limitless supplies of cum? Or Do you prefer the slow burn, lust, tension and erotica you might find in a softcore movie? (Think Shannon Tweed, but in a good film!)
I guess I was a little too eager, I posted my stories on another website before but this site is a lot classier and I'm hoping to entertain as many people as possible, I'll go nice and slow from now on lol
Right ok, I wrote these stories a while ago so I just put them straight up. Thank you for the advice :) x
I've written and published 3 stories, there's a link on my profile as with all others that says 'all stories' but when I click on it it only shows one story. It's annoying because I want people to be able to see all of the stories I've done. Does anyone have any help or advice please?
Kelly's Awakening – Part Four Once again, as with the previous parts, I'd recommend reading the first few stories so that this one makes more sense to you! For those of you that just want to read one story, or if you're returning to this series, here's a quick recap from the last story. Enjoy! [After seven months Jennifer, Kelly's girlfriend, had ended their relationship because...
Added 15 Sep 2012 | Category Lesbian
| Votes 22 | Avg Score 4.95
| Views 3,440
| 9 Comments
Kelly's Awakening – Part Two [This story directly continues from the first, picking up from about seven months before the split up, shortly after Kelly and Jennifer became lovers,] In a very short time Kelly had realized exactly what Jennifer was like; she was highly sexual and very possessive. She took Kelly to meet her two sisters once, Amy and Bianca, and she'd asked her new...
Added 21 Jul 2012 | Category Lesbian
| Votes 11 | Avg Score 4.82
| Views 4,187
| 2 Comments
Kelly's Awakening – Part One Kelly Richmond was having a very bad day. It had been about 20 minutes since she had hung up the phone and she was still in shock. Jennifer, her girlfriend for the last 9 months, had ended their relationship with a phone call! Not only that, but Jennifer had admitted that she had been having an affair with a man ! To rub a little more salt into...
Added 17 Jul 2012 | Category Lesbian
| Votes 15 | Avg Score 4.73
| Views 9,895
| 4 Comments
The Babysitter She gave a light tap on the door, knowing that there was a baby in the house probably trying to sleep. The tapping was loud enough to alert the child's mother who was sat in her living room. The house had been silent so the sound startled the young mother who, up to now, had been playing through the infinite possibilities of the night ahead in her mind. The more she...
Added 15 Jun 2012 | Category Lesbian
| Votes 156 | Avg Score 4.98
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We are people who are committed to living a Christ-centered life, while focusing on spreading God's love to those around us…our families, our communities and our brothers and sisters all over the world. There is a place for you and your family here. We are a thriving church community and we hope you will become part of it. There's room for you here as God keeps growing us. We have two campuses but we are one family, one church. When you pass by our main campus in New Providence, you'll see cars in the parking lot and our lights are on everyday, anytime of the week…because church doesn't just happen on Sundays. Our New Community campus was formed in 2012 to accommodate a growing group of people from the Westfield, Scotch Plains and Cranford areas, and it is adding new ministry opportunities every month.We would love for you to stop by and see how you and your family can get plugged in!
We offer a variety of worship services and times at our New Providence campus…there is something for everyone!
* The Service of Wholeness is a powerful worship experience that uses music, scripture, multi-media, communion, prayer, testimony and teaching to help us center our lives on who Christ is and His power to heal and restore.
Our New Community campus brings our church to the Garwood, Westfield, Fanwood, Scotch Plains and Rahway area!
New Providence Campus
7:30pm Contemporary Service, Sanctuary
8:00am Easter Breakfast, Parish Hall
9:00am Traditional Service with choir, handbells and brass, Sanctuary
9:00am Contemporary Service, Ministry Center
11:00am Two Contemporary Services, Sanctuary and Ministry Center
Garwood Campus
Our NCC children will sing during our Easter Sunday Worship Service. In addition, we will have Nursery (for babies 2 and under) and Children's Sunday School including a craft, Egg Hunt and Puppet Show (for all ages up through 6th grade).
Our Preschool & Kindergarten is known for outstanding staff with backgrounds in Early Childhood Education, Elementary Education, Special Education, Health and Nursing.
Learn more about the history of how our New Community campus came to be and how it compliments our mission to grow God's church and reach as many people as we can.
We invite people to express their talents as acts of worship. We offer gatherings for all kinds of artists, from writers to painters, singers to builders, composers and designers.
1307 Springfield Avenue, New Providence, NJ 07974


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Legislation would expand ability of midwives to work in North Carolina
Three bills coming before the General Assembly this session would expand the ability of midwives to care for women during pregnancy and childbirth in North Carolina, where infant mortality and maternal death rates are some of the highest in the country.
All three bills are expected to face opposition from the N.C. Medical Society, whose representatives have spoken out against previous moves to lessen restrictions on certified nurse midwives, who are required to have a supervisory agreement with a board-certified physician in order to practice under current law.
A bill to be introduced this week by Sen. Fletcher Hartsell, a Republican from Concord, and four House members would remove that requirement, saying it creates an unnecessary restriction and reduces the ability of CNMs to care for patients in rural areas.
"That provision has become an obstacle to care, especially in rural areas that have no practicing obstetricians," said Alex Miller, spokesman and lobbyist for the N.C. College of Nurse-Midwives.
About 30 rural counties in North Carolina have no local obstetricians, and 78 out of the 100 counties are considered medically underserved, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Miller said about 300 CNMs are practicing in the state, and 80 others are licensed but not practicing. He said the regulation requiring a supervising physician sets no specific geographic limits, but certified nurse midwives have been stopped from practicing by the state medical board on grounds that their supervisor worked a county or two away.
Liability insurance has also become a problem, with some insurance companies requiring physicians to carry liability coverage for the midwives they supervise, a cost-prohibitive requirement for most.
North Carolina ranks 44th highest in the nation for infant deaths and 37th highest for deaths to women during childbirth, factors that the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists links to shortages of physicians and other health care providers, mostly in rural areas. Women who receive no prenatal care are three to four times more likely to die of pregnancy-related complications than women who do, according to the American Congress of OB-GYNs.
Both the national American Congress of OB-GYNs and the Institute of Medicine, a part of the National Academy of Sciences, have opposed restrictions on CNMs, including supervisory agreements with obstetricians, a requirement now used only in North Carolina and five other states.
Previous bills to eliminate the requirement have been opposed by the N.C. Medical Society. Society spokeswoman Elaine Ellis Stone was not available to comment on Hartsell's bill Monday.
Last week, however, Stone said her group opposes two separate bills sponsored by Sen. Thom Goolsby, a Republican from Wilmington, that would allow non-nurse midwives to practice legally in the state. One bill would establish a licensing procedure for certified professional midwives in North Carolina and the other would remove criminal penalties for non-nurse midwives who serve patients.
Stone said the medical society is primarily concerned about patient safety.
"Certified professional midwives do not have anywhere near the educational background of a nurse midwife or doctor," she said. "If something were to happen, we question whether they would have the skill to handle an emergency."
North Carolina has about 33 certified professional midwives, about a third of whom are practicing, said Lisa Fawcett, a member of the N.C. Midwives Alliance, an advocacy group. She said they are well trained in pregnancy and childbirth issues and will refer patients to physicians or hospitals if a medical emergency arises.
"About 10 percent of the time families who are planning a home birth will for some reason need to go to the hospital for a medical reason or for pain relief," Fawcett said. "The passage of these laws will make that a lot safer, because midwives will be a part of the care system, and it will be easier to pass along information."
CPMs practiced legally in North Carolina until the early 1980s and are still credentialed to work in 26 other states, including South Carolina and Virginia, she said.
"Home birth is legal in all 50 states – every woman has the right to choose where she has her baby and who will be her provider," said Fawcett, who along with about 50 other home-birth proponents visited Raleigh last week to show support for Goolsby's bills.
Goolsby said about 1 percent of childbirths are home births in North Carolina. He said he and his wife chose home births for their two children.
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Bicycling, sightseeing, sea adventures
There are so many activities to do on the Embarcadero it is unbelievable! Everything! The Acquarium of The Bay is fascinating. You go down under to the sea life there and you walk along the ocean floor in a glass tube! The jelly fish are amazing.
There are bicycles to rent on the Wharf as well as Jet Boat rides, unique shopping like no where else in the world, ferry boat tours to Alcatraz Island the famous Federal Penetentiary prison that housed the gangster Al Capone. Sometimes if you are lucky enough, when you reach the island and take the tour you get to meet a real live inmate who was in Alcatraz long ago. They usually have written a book about their experiences and they are more than happy to sign your copy if you purchase.
The seafood on the Embarcadero is exquisite. The clam chowder bowls are the best.
- Aquarium
- Hiking and Walking
Parks, Shopping, Dining, Jogging and More
the Embarcadero area of San Francisco is a thin but wide area near the sea front in the North Eastern edge of the city that is famous for a lot of things like Shopping, Dining, Walking Activities, Ferries, Historical Areas and more. The District Starts neat the AT & T Park (hooray giants!) and ends at the Pier 45 area. The area also has the Rincon Park located at the Bay front near the Oakland Bay Bridge (hello Tony Bennett!) plus the district includes the famous and tourist trap of Pier 39 and other architectures like the Ferry Building, Fisherman's Wharf, the Embarcadero Center and tons and tons of restaurants and bars and sidewalk cafes, for a more detailed tips, please see my separate tips of the areas around the Embarcadero.
- Hiking and Walking
- Architecture
- Food and Dining
Arts and Architecture in the Financial District
The Embarcadero Center is a huge commercial complex made up of four office towers and two hotels. It sits at the middle of the financial district, starting at the Justin Herman Plaza and ending at Battery St. The first tower was completed in 1971, while the other three towers were completed in 1974, 1977 and 1982.
Besides the Center's many shops and restaurants, one thing that is definitely worth checking out when you're in the area is the lobby of the Hyatt Regency Hotel. The 17-story atrium was beautifully designed, and its focal point is a magnificient sculpture by Charles Perry, called "Eclipse". Not so magnificient but still worth checking out, if only out of curiosity, is the Vaillancourt Fountain (also known as "Quebec libre!"). This avant-garde style fountain, made out of a series of concrete blocks, was created in 1971 by Armand Vaillancourt, a Quebec sculptor. It's not very pretty to begin with, and it is often allowed to run dry in times of drought, which makes it even worst. I was happy to see something from Quebec in San Francisco, but to be honest I kinda wish it could have been something else!
- Architecture
The Embarcadero
The Embarcadero is the name given to the city's old waterfront, a nice promenade along the bay. It links Fisherman's Wharf to +/- Bay Bridge.
Again, the walk recalls the maritime past of the City on the Bay, although most of the former port activities have been transferred to other spots.
Waterfront & the Piers
This area includes the Ferry Building with its distinctive clock tower, up Embarcadero to Pier 39 and Fisherman's Wharf as well as south of the Ferry Building to AT&T Park. This area is lined with parks, jogging trails, public transportation, bay views, ferries and ocean life.
The F-Line Muni runs north on Embarcadero covering the northern stretch of piers to Fisherman's Wharf while the E-Line follows the waterfront south to AT&T Park (SF Giants' Stadium).
The Embarcadero Center
The Embarcadero buildings, located on the shore of the Bay, near the Port of SF are 3 high rise buildings with lots of services inside.
Beside being an office complex, the Embaradero Center contains lots of shops, restaurants, movie theatres and other services as well.
And it's also possible to go up too the top of one of the buildings offering a great view on the city and also on the Bay.
The Waterfront
The Embarcadero is a great place for a stroll and from here you can get a great view of the Ferry Building, one of the few survivors from the 1906 earthquake. Incidentally, the view of the building was greatly improved as a result of the damage from the 1989 earthquake done to the freeway in front of it. After clearing the rubble, city planners decided to replace the obstructive freeway with a low tree-lined boulevard. Good idea!
Walk along Embarcadero
Take a stroll from the Tram stop at the end of Maket to the waterfront in front of Ghirardelli Square, then from there continue via the fort through the park for some great views and some good exercise.
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AMBA has compiled a list of bloggers, you might like to read these blogs to find out about life with twins and triplets. You can read amazing stories from a dad's perspective on mental health, family budgets, organisation techniques all the way through to some great craft activities to do with your children.
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A barge transporting containers of palm oil from a cargo ship reportedly ran aground close to the shore causing spillage into the sea.
After getting the impact of the spillage washed ashore tested, the district administration assured that no harm would be caused to marine life.
The administration undertook remedial works to clear the spillage using earth movers. The operation was supervised by the Collector T. Munusamy, Captain Mansha, Port Officer of Maritime Board, Nagapattinam Port, V.Nalina, District Environmental Engineer, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and senior naval officials.
According to a press release, the barge ran aground at a distance of 100 m from the shore due to sudden wave movements, while being hauled by boats.
Keywords: Oil spillage


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Please, raise my taxes
I am part of the 1 percent of the 1 percent. By that I mean that I am fortunate to be a wealthy American and I say, "It's okay to raise my taxes."
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Business Briefs
Bethesda hires fitness club director
WILLMAR -- Melissa Neal has been hired as the director of Club Bethesda located in the Wellness Center at Bethesda Health and Housing, 901 Willmar Ave. S.E., in Willmar.
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|By PlatformPCPS3Xbox 360Wii U3DSPS VitaAndroidiPhoneiPadOther HardwareEditor's Choiceby Author
|By LatestThe best and worst s : May Returns Pillars of Eternity
8.5Jump'N'Shoot Attack
7.0of Thrones: A Telltale Series:...
8.0Life is Strange: Out of Time
6.5Fossil Fighters: Frontier
9.0Frozen Cortex
7.0Bladestorm: Nightmare
7.0Resident Evil Revelations 2:...
9.0Tales from the Borderlands: Atlas...
8.0More reviews
|By GenreActionAdventureFightersFree-to-playMMOMusicPlatformShootersSportsRPGStrategyMore genres
It seems like we were just posting about Portal mods the other day, doesn't it? Well, we've got another one for you to look at today, but there's a quite a bit more going on under the surface of this stel...
|Rob Morrow
What if Valve made their own Super Smash Bros. game, but with characters from Dota 2, Half-Life, Portal, Counter-Strike, and Left 4 Dead? What if?!
|Hamza CTZ Aziz
Hey, have you played Portal before? It's supposed to be pretty neat. I won't spoil anything for you, but there's a lady that's really funny and she talks about a cake. On the off-chance that you have played it, do you wa...
|Brett Makedonski
Is GlaDOS killing everyone really a spoiler? Anyway, this live action Portal short is fairly well done. Some nice lighting. A scientist gets exaggeratedly bumped into so he can spill papers off a walkway so the floating papers can be shot from underneath all art-like. It all checks out. Little portal use, though.
|Steven Hansen
I'm a sucker for a good infographic. You can take something ordinary and uninteresting, like a list of all 50 actors who have provided voice work for Valve's 174 characters, and make something magical. It becomes an adventure...
|Steven Hansen
People often love Valve because they're the company that keeps on giving. Today, you'll be able to bottle some of that love in the form of free Portal 2 DLC, exclusively for the PS3 version of the game. The DLC is said to be...
|Chris Carter
At the NeuroGaming 2013 Conference and Expo this month, Valve's Mike Ambinder spoke about biofeedback experiments that the company has been working on, reports GamesBeat. Most notably, he mentioned that Valve put together a s...
|Jordan Devore
The Frankenturret, as they're officially called, are the Portal 2 turrets merged with a weighted storage cube. Wheatley had fun creating them in the game, and I'm sure artist corroder666 had fun making the Frakenturret in re...
|Hamza CTZ Aziz
ThreeA toys showed off their Portal 2 Atlas and P-Body concepts nearly a year ago, and since then we haven't heard a thing about them. That was until at the ThreeA event held at Beast Kingdom Toys in Taiwan recently. Personal...
|Hamza CTZ Aziz
Telltale Games has a teaser site running right now referring to a "key party," and showing an image of a dish which has seen the addition of various sets of keys over the last few days, with the promise that all will be revea...
|Conrad Zimmerman
I've listened to plenty of videogame musical covers in the seven years I've worked at Destructoid. Yet, this is the first time I've heard of a musical cover montage with a Middle-Eastern twist to them. There's even some games covered here I'd never expect, like Alley Cat. [Via The Awesomer]
|Hamza CTZ Aziz
Leading up the possible PlayStation 4 announcement on February 20, I've been looking into some paradigm shifts we've seen over the past generation. This is stuff that will likely be with us for a while; these are things that I think will continue on for at least a decade to come.
So far, we've taken looks at motion controls, consoles becoming more like all-in-one media centers, and eSports. Today I want to briefly talk about achievements and gamification.
Valentine's Day isn't always about getting taken out to dinner and receiving fancy treats and trinkets. Okay, well maybe it is, but who's to say that you can't get a little gaming on the side?
Consider spending some quality time with your boyfriend by reeling him into the following co-op games. If he resists, consider your future with him wisely...view full story + comments
There are many things that make me proud to be a gamer, and one of them is the homebrew/fangame community. To me, there's almost nothing better than a group of passionate fans getting together and creating something ...
|Chris Carter
What a bunch of wacky news today about the video games! There's the ongoing Rayman Legends debacle, with it being delayed for a multi-platform release, causeing devs and fans to speak out. Meanwhile, J.J. Abrahms a...
|Max Scoville
With today's somewhat startling revelation that J.J Abrams and Valve intend to collaborate on Half-Life and Portal movies comes speculation as to how these movies are actually going to work. Specifically, the notion that Abrams may have a difficult time staying true to the source material with regard to the protagonists.
While the Half-Life world will make for a fascinating setting for Hollywood to explore, Valve has made a habit of defining their main characters with one particular inaccessible character trait that wouldn't lend itself all that well to the big screen.view full story + comments


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Almost every commuter on a long-distance train would have undergone the ordeal of forcing down poor quality food supplied by the Railways.
This may soon be a thing of the past as the Railway budget presented on Tuesday has promised the supply of quality food that can also be ordered online. Railway minister D.V. Sadananda Gowda said there are plans to introduce ready-to-eat meals of reputed brands in a phased manner.
Food courts at major stations will soon start serving regional cuisine, which can be booked through email, SMS and smartphones, onboard trains. The Railways will also introduce a quality assurance mechanism through a third party audit carried out by agencies certified by the National Accreditation Board for Certification Bodies.
A system of collecting feedback from commuters on the quality of food served, through an IVRS mechanism, will be launched shortly. Severe action, including cancellation of the contract, will be initiated against vendors if the quality does not meet standards.
Meanwhile, V. Santhanam, president of Chromepet Railway Users Forum, said the food should be subsidised. "The State government can be provided space to start Amma Canteens at railway stations," he said.


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The General is a pleasure to play. You need to play from the correct tees so that you can maximize your golfing experience. It is a must play on anyone's list.
Beautiful course that challenges your best shots. Long tee shots are required. Bring plenty of extra balls, if you miss the fairway, you are going to lose a few. This is an expensive course to play and unfortunately the staff doesn't always use best judgement in setting tee times and controlling flow on the course. Maybe try playing early morning...
We took our 12 year old here and she loved it. Beautiful town and the history in it is great. A must see if you are at all interested in Civil War history.
General golf course is closed every time I try to make a reservation, needs to be open and available to play. Eagle package is overpriced, should be more reasonably priced for our group to go. Fall rated should start earlier for more play.
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1st tee time out was booked as a five-some. Held up the entire course on every shot. Ruined the golfing experience for us. When we complained, the complaints were ignored. No one ever addressed them in any way. Very disappointing.
My husband played here for the first time and absolutely loved it. He said its a beautiful course. The grounds are very well maintained
Items very expensive in this store. $1 tree items costing triple. But, guess if one needs something, they can get it.
By far one of the most picturesque golf courses one will ever play. It was BEAUTIFUL! Now for the suggestions. Number 1 Please get reflectors on the pins so players can get yardage from there Laser Link guns. Really they have been out since 1999 why don't you have them. It makes the walking from the 100, 150 markers unnecessary...
Spent 3 days golfing and on three different courses. Not wait times and very friendly staff. Would consider renting a home for a week next time. This is a great place to take young golfers to learn and spend time with the families. Especially the East course
I Truly enjoy playing the General, But the best time to play is twilight! Not having to dish out major cash for a day in mid sun. Instead relax don't be hurried and enjoy your game with the sun gently going down. I've played it where I have seen the deer almost like watching my game. (it's not good) to...
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THQ revealed today that the PC release of the popular action strategy game Full Spectrum Warrior will feature two new missions not included in June's Xbox version. The note was included in a statement that set the UK release date for October. Full Spectrum Warrior will be released in North America for the PC in September.
Originally developed as a military training simulator, the game is a unique mix of tactical action and strategy. Players will never fire a weapon themselves as they lead a team of US soldiers through an urban campaign. In addition to the two bonus missions, the PC version will also include online cooperative play for two persons.
Check out GameSpot's review of the Xbox version of the game for more information on Full Spectrum Warrior.