text:
Main IndexesCablesKeyboard Cables
Here are some of our top Serial/Parallel Switchboxes products:
4-Port USB 2.0 Printer Sharing Switch
By Tripp Lite
Share one printer between up to four computers - Supports data transfer rates to 480Mbps - Backward compatible to USB 1.1 - Icon task bar indicates switch status - Active LED indicator displays which computer is active - No external power needed - One touch switching via push-button, mouse, or keyboard hot-key - ...
2-Port CAT5 RJ45 Premium Manual Dataswitch
By QVS
Two PC's share one RJ45 device such as ISDN, high speed internet cable & DSL modem connection, or vice versa. It has CAT5 internal wiring and is fully-wired to support all RJ45 datacomm applications and is guaranteed up to 10,000 switching cycles. It approved by the Pentagon's DSAWG for LAN Switches. ...
AS251S RS232 Serial Auto Switch (2 to 1)
By ATEN
What's in the box - 1x Serial auto Switch - 1x User Manual - ...
More Top Products: Serial/Parallel Switchboxes
2-Port USB 2.0 Printer Auto Sharing Switch
4-Port CAT5 RJ45 Premium Manual Dataswitch
High Isolation AB Switch
2-Port USB 2.0 Automatic Printer Switch
P2CIM-SER Paragon/KX Cim for Serial ASCII Device
4-Port USB 2.0 Automatic Printer Switch
High Isolation ABC Switch
4-Port DB25 Manual Switch Box
D2CIM-Power Dominion KX2 Power Cim for Remote Power Strip
P2CIM-AUSB-B USB Cim Paragon II for IBM Bladecenter Supports Auto S
Bulk Pack of 64 DCIM-VUSB Supports Virtual Media
Bulk Pack of 32 DCIM-VUSB Supports Virtual Media
Related Configurators


text:
Possible Answer
Departments. Canal Boat Operations; Finance Department; Fire Department; Income Tax Department; Parks and Recreation Department; Planning and Zoning Department - read more
Content to come. ... Receive community safety alerts instantly by text message and email! Registration is quick, easy and secure. - read more
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subset: commoncrawl


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Biology of halophytesElsevier Science 2012; US$ 72.95
Biology of Halophytes is a monograph on the biological aspects of halophytes and their behavior under saline conditions. It explores the physioecological characteristics of halophytes, such as reproduction, growth, metabolism, water relations, mineral nutrition, salt transport, salt secretion, and salt resistance. It also provides ecological information... more...
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A study of the relationship between judicial activism and government lawyers. more...
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Protocols that remain zero-knowledge when many instances are executed concurrently are called concurrent zero-knowledge. Devoted to their study, this book presents constructions of concurrent zero-knowledge protocols, along with proofs. It also shows why "traditional" proof techniques are not suitable for establishing the protocol's property. more...


text:
HTC did a great job with the camera tech on the HTC One (M8), but what else can be done? HTC wants you to answer that question, as they have released the initial SDK preview for the Dual Lens API for all third party developers.
HTC gives third-party developers control of the One (M8)'s dual camera. What would you build?
by Jonathan Feist 11 months ago


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April 1, 2014 | Writers Tope Folarin, Dinaw Mengestu, and Eileen Myles in conversation. Moderated by Professor Mark McMorris.
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Robert Guerra Executive Vice PresidentGuerra Kiviat
The work: Sharing his insight into the federal IT market with companies so they can better target their efforts to meeting the government's needs.
The impact: As a respected consultant, Guerra was a key player in several companies' contract wins.
The nuts and bolts: Guerra helped small clients team up with other companies that were competing for large contracts and helped large clients find small companies to partner with. He also served as chairman of AFCEA International's gala fundraiser for the National Institutes of Health's Children's Inn, which offers a home-like place for seriously ill children and their families while they are receiving treatment for life-threatening diseases at NIH.
Read more about the 2012 Federal 100 award winners.
About the Author
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Unisys Federal Systems' Venkatapathi Puvvada, this year's Eagle award winner for industry, stresses the importance of community.
Experts tell committee that business models, not technology, are the main obstacle to better sharing across systems.
Protests have delayed SEWP V, but industry experts say the contract vehicle offers agencies service and value that are hard to find.
The power of the individual informs FCW's coverage each and every day, but with the Federal 100, we take time to really spotlight and celebrate it. Get to know each of this year's winners.
The latest version of the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act purportedly protects companies from liability and individuals from government intrusion.
Popular CIO is headed for the private sector.
The Census Bureau hasn't established a time frame for its cloud computing plans, including testing for scalability, security, and privacy protection, as well as determining a budget for cloud services.
President Obama's proposal to boost government coordination with the private sector got a warm welcome in the House Homeland Security Committee.
The spy agency wants to better integrate cybersecurity into its traditional human intelligence operations.
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Chippewa Banks
Bob Morton 5 hours ago
That is Thursday April 2nd
Bob Morton 5 hours ago
Dub league starts April 2nd @ 5:30. $5 buy in with $2 optional ace pool. Hope to see everyone there.
Jeff Coates February 8 at 8:40am
Our foursome lost two discs on 13 in midland yesterday. Wiped blue boss, outta state number and name, right side at the gap. Yellow destroyer on the left corner. Please let me know if you find either.
Travis Moulton January 18 at 12:12pm
Lost a white star destroyer hole 12. Thanks to the snow.
Reid ott January 5 at 7:44am
Lost a green firebird on hole 10 sunday, has my name and number on it! Would really like it back, Reward if returned!
Grant McMullen October 22 at 5:17pm
Anybody find a esp zone, with rick Littles name on it. If so please call number on back
I've got it! Text me 989 245 4070
Grant - I can get it from Reid if he doesn't ship it.
Yes! Favorite disc iv ever had, cant believe i left it, If its not a problem you can get it from him Jeff then we can figure something out, I really appreciate it
Thanks Reid!
Reid you going to the midland league party on saturday? if not I live in midland and can meet up some time.
Yes I'm going to try to be at the league party I have a breast cancer walk at 10 am so I'm going to try to make it to midland!
And no problem rick!
Sounds good, my cell is in my profile. I'll get a hold of you.
Good morning disc heads! I'm looking for one more partner for Jeff Smith & me for the Trash Bash at Garbage Hill on Saturday. If you are interested, please text or call my cell at 2318836322.
Disc is back on its way to TC. Thanks Reid!
Jeff Coates September 30 at 1:05pm
Let the city of Midland know how much we enjoy the park and how we could use another course!
Chris Blackhurst September 5 at 4:13pm
Lost a gstar teebird3 on 16 it it is a redish orange there isn't a name or number but if it gets returned I will give out a reward
Chris Blackhurst August 31 at 9:57am
Heading out there at around 1030 to go throw if anyone would like to join
Chris Blackhurst August 24 at 9:00am
Found a yellow disc out was thrown on either 5 or 6 tell me the type of Plastic and type of disc and I will return it
Chris Blackhurst August 17 at 1:42pm
Going to head out at around 3 to go there off anyone would like to throw a round let me know
Chris Blackhurst August 16 at 8:45am
Lost a yellowish green disc. Hole 14 left side. The stamp on it is a j bird discs reward if returned no name or number on back. Really would love to have it back
John Hansen August 12 at 11:16am
Playing here now, join if you feel so inclined!
Chris Blackhurst August 8 at 10:02am
Heading out there early this afternoon around 1 if anyone would like to join in let me know
John Hansen August 7 at 6:22pm
I know leagues are going on right now but I plan to head out there at about 8 to film a little. If anyone wants to stick around after leagues and go for some ace runs feel free to join me.
Craig Clingan August 5 at 9:52am
Just lost a dark blue (i know, right?) Gstar Valk on Hole 9. Pretty good distance on the drive, then a big skip right. Would like to get it back just so I can lose it again. Thanks!
playing there tomorrow morning so I'll take a look
Thanks Craig!
Nick C July 29 at 9:20pm
Lost a red Boss and a purple Champion Valkyrie on hole 15 a while back. Name and number were in both.
David Harrington July 25 at 3:33pm
Buddy lost a green D4 to the right side of hole 14. There is a white golf is dead stamp on it. Would really like this one back if found.
Chris Blackhurst July 22 at 8:45am
Someone left a gps and binoculars at the course. Someone was nice enough to put it on picnic table at 1 but someone relieved themselves on it
Chris Blackhurst July 19 at 7:13pm
Going out in the morning to play a round or two if anyone would like to join in let me know


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Not surprisingly, what with that $132 million dollar opening (not bad for a film that was delayed over half-a-year, and with all the talk online of emergency reshoots, had some "suits" worried for a while!) for "G.J Joe : Retaliation", Paramount has decided to move swiftly on a third "G.I Joe" movie.
A Variety staffer revealed the news in a tweet. 140 characters didn't allow him to expand on his scoop. At this stage one can only assume Dwayne Johnson (who is probably the sole reason for "Retaliation" for doing so well) and Bruce Willis, who is always a big draw-card when it comes to action, will be back to reprise their roles as Roadblock and 'Joe', respectively.
One thing the Variety staffer is certain of, this time the powers-that-be will design "G.I Joe 3″ as a 3D movie from the get-go, rather than convert it into post after shooting.
You can read Clint's review of "G.I Joe : Retaliation" here.
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- First look at The Revenant starring Leonardo DiCaprio - January 25, 2015
- Julia Roberts bringing Batkid to the big screen - January 24, 2015
- Eli Roth releases Knock Knock teaser - January 24, 2015


text:
Filmmaker Charles Lanceplaine and a handful of skateboarders trekked to the oasis of Ordos, deep in the sands of Inner Mongolia, to skate the smooth planes of a modern city built for millions, but home to only a few thousand.
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A staple from hockey's book of stock explanations: When a glorious scoring chance goes unexploited, the player must absolutely, positively "bear down'' the next time he is afforded ample opportunity.
Time for the Seawolves to unleash their inner grizzly.
UAA's 4-2 loss to No. 15-ranked Denver on Friday night, which marked its sixth straight setback, had nothing to do with lack of scoring chances, but plenty to do with lack of scoring.
That, and some defensive lapses the Pioneers seized upon at Sullivan Arena to earn their fourth straight victory and take the opener of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association series.
Denver (14-8-3, 9-5-3 WCHA) moved into a tie for fourth place in the 12-team league entering tonight's series finale. UAA (6-15-2, 3-15-1 WCHA) remained in last place.
The Seawolves outshot the Pioneers, 32-26, and that was the most shots they have unlimbered in their last 13 games. But the combination of stinginess on the part of Denver junior goaltender Adam Murray of Anchorage, who snuffed 30 shots, and wasted chances on the part of the Seawolves left them with their second six-game, WCHA losing streak this season.
"The last three or four games, all the chances have been equal on Grade A chances,'' said UAA coach Dave Shyiak. "We're not scoring, and when we have a breakdown, it seems it's an easy goal for (opponents) and the goaltender doesn't have a chance.''
Case in point: The Denver goal that furnished it a 2-0 lead in the second period.
The Pioneers were on the power play when a scramble ensued in the crease of UAA goalie Rob Gunderson (22 saves). As UAA's four penalty killers fished for the puck against two Pioneers, Denver's Jason Zucker retrieved it and made a quick back-pass to the left post, where Nick Shore was left with a tap-in.
UAA, meanwhile, squandered chances aplenty. Curtis Leinweber and Daniel Naslund each had Murray at their mercy from point-blank range, but neither could elevate the puck above his pads. Sam Mellor enjoyed an excellent chance from the right wing on a 3-on-2 rush, but Murray gloved that bid. Quinn Sproule had many square feet of net in front of him for his one-timer from the slot, but fired wide right.
So many chances.
"You can't even count how many,'' Leinweber lamented. "The guy made some big saves, but at the same time we've got to score there. I thought if I got the puck a foot and a half up or higher, it's in. But I just couldn't get the puck in.''
The only time the Seawolves cracked Murray in the first two periods came on Matt Bailey's backhander late in the first period to cut the Pioneers' lead to 2-1.
Murray, whose club never trailed, got off to painful start. Just 58 seconds into the game, a collision at his net resulted in the cage getting tipped forward and striking him in the back of the head, where a goaltender's helmet has practically nothing in the way of padding or protection.
"Just my skull,'' Murray mused.
Undamaged and undaunted, he produced a strong performance as the Seawolves battled to get back in the game.
"After the first period, they really brought on the heat,'' Murray said.
But Denver leading scorer Drew Shore scored on a backhander in tight on Gunderson 89 seconds into the second period and Luke Salazar converted later in the period when he was left all alone in the low slot. That furnished Denver a 4-1 cushion.
UAA closed the gap to 4-2 on Eric Scheid's turnaround shot from the left circle with just under four minutes to go in the game. Less than a minute later, though, UAA took its second penalty of the game for too many men on the ice.
Bailey's line -- he centered wingers Naslund and Mitch Bruijsten - played exceptionally well, time and again sustaining possession deep in the Denver zone.
"I thought they were the best line on the ice,'' Shyiak said. "They dominated for 60 minutes. It was good to see them rewarded. Now, we need other lines to step up.''
Leinweber said the Seawolves grind their way out of their funk with another hockey staple -- work, work, work.
"We've got to definitely stay positive in the room and in ourselves, and believe we can turn things around,'' Leinweber said.
Seawolves notes
Shyiak said the Seawolves need to clean up their play in their own zone.
"We had great urgency and desperation in the offensive zone,'' Shyiak said. "We have to have that same urgency and desperation in the D zone.''
Bruijsten's assist on Bailey's goal was his 12th point of the season, tying Leinweber for the team lead.
Denver's power-play goal snapped UAA's streak of 17 consecutive penalty kills over four-plus games. That also marked the seventh straight game the Pioneers have scored at least one power-play goal.
Denver's Loney extended his point streak to six games -- the freshman wing owns 5-5--10 totals in that stretch. Pioneers freshman defenseman Joey LaLeggia had two assists to give him 3-10--13 totals in his seven-game point streak. Salazar added two assists for a three-point night.
Drew Shore's two-point game marked his ninth multiple-point game this season and the 25th of the junior's career.
Find Doyle Woody's blog at adn.com/hockey or call him at 257-4335.
First Period -- 1, DU, Loney 6 (Salazar, Ryder), 8:13; 2, DU, N. Shore 6 (Zucker, Mayfield), 16:16; 3, UAA, Bailey 4 (Naslund, Bruijsten), 17:52. Penalties -- UAA bench minor, served by Pettitt (too many men), 13:02; Bruijsten, UAA (kneeing), 15:09; Gellert, UAA (unsportsmanlike conduct), 18:35; Didier, DU (slashing), 18:35; Ryder, DU (unsportsmanlike conduct), 18:35.
Second Period -- 4, DU, D. Shore 16 (LaLeggia, Salazar), 1:29; 5, DU, Salazar 6 (D. Shore, LaLeggia), 12:52. Penalties - Ryder, DU (tripping), 5:32; Bailey, UAA (interference), 19:17.
Third Period -- 6, UAA, Scheid 3 (Roy, Warner), 16:13. Penalties - Gorham, UAA (roughing), 7:43; Dewhurst, DU (roughing), 7:43; LaLeggia, DU (hooking), 14:09; UAA bench minor, served by Mellor (too many men), 17:10.
Shots on goal -- DU 11-9-6--26. UAA 13-9-10--32.
Power-play Opportunities -- DU 1 of 4. UAA 0 of 3.
Goalies -- DU, Murray, 8-2-1 (32 shots-30 saves). UAA, Gunderson, 3-6-2 (26 shots-22 saves).
Referees -- Brian Thul, Matt Ulwelling. Assistant referees -- Carl Saden, Brent Johnson.Blog: Woody on Hockey
By DOYLE WOODY
Anchorage Daily News


text:
We thank Dr. Markus Döbbelin for performing preliminary experiments. This work was supported by the European Commission through the Marie-Curie ITN GENIUS (grant number PITN-GA-2010-264694), the Graphene Flagship (grant number GA-604391), the NMP-CP HYMEC (project number 263073), and the FET project UPGRADE (project number 309056), the ESF-EuroGRAPHENE project GOSPEL, the ANR through the LabEx project NIE and the International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC). We acknowledge Profs. M.-W. Hosseini and S. Ferlay (UdS) for the access to the thermogravimetric analyses. P. May is acknowledged for assistance with the Raman measurements.
Harnessing the Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Graphene Using Aliphatic Compounds: A Supramolecular Approach†
Article first published online: 15 JUL 2014
DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402696
© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Angewandte Chemie
Volume 126, Issue 39, pages 10523–10529, September 22, 2014
Additional Information
How to Cite
Ciesielski, A., Haar, S., El Gemayel, M., Yang, H., Clough, J., Melinte, G., Gobbi, M., Orgiu, E., Nardi, M. V., Ligorio, G., Palermo, V., Koch, N., Ersen, O., Casiraghi, C. and Samorì, P. (2014), Harnessing the Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Graphene Using Aliphatic Compounds: A Supramolecular Approach. Angew. Chem., 126: 10523–10529. doi: 10.1002/ange.201402696
- †
Publication History
- Issue published online: 17 SEP 2014
- Article first published online: 15 JUL 2014
- Manuscript Revised: 7 MAY 2014
- Manuscript Received: 22 FEB 2014
Funded by
- European Commission. Grant Number: PITN-GA-2010-264694
- Graphene Flagship. Grant Number: GA-604391
- NMP-CP HYMEC. Grant Number: 263073
- FET. Grant Number: 309056
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Pie Bear Model
MissRDCModel Female Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/rdcxo
Mayhem # 3069970
About MeHi,
My name is Rosey, and I would like to tell you a little about myself. I joined model mayhem because I would like to expand on my modeling career, due to the fact that I am constantly approached on a regular basis as to why I haven't pursued it yet. I have always found myself attractive, but never considered modeling, due to my height. Though now I am aware of all the other opportunities for me in this profession and I would like to give it a shot.
The fact being since now I am 21, and I have grown and am far more comfortable with myself and physique. I know I am capable of great things. My main interest is in editorial, and glamour but I would love the opportunity to experience other forms of modeling as well. I may not possess a diverse portfolio, due to the fact that I have had other obligations in the past, but now I am confident and know that I could really excel in this profession. I have a diverse look, which photographers would admire. Many aren't too sure of my nationality half the time; I am of Portuguese, Angolan, and Indian descent.
I am very charismatic, and am in pursuit of a successful modeling career long term. I hope you will consider me, for I know that I would do a great job.
Thank you for your time,
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text:
Outdoor help for patio setting....
I got a FREE porch swing off CL & tried to keep the seat cushion & neck roll neutral. I did the upholstery myself in Sunbrella. The house is dark brown, the brick patio is dark brown....I could maybe use colorful pillows? or a very cool coffee table? Suggestions?
Here's a closeup of the existing fabric.
Fabric for pillows?:
This post was edited by nicole__ on Thu, Jun 19, 14 at 21:45
You did a great job with the find and with the refurbishing!
The fabrics above are all too similar in pattern to the fabric on the swing. You can go for a solid, or if you want to mix patterns then you want to look at bolder stripes, floral, or small geometrics....something different in scale and in pattern so they play nicely and don't clash.
I agree that orange would look nice....or a red...or a turquoise/teal/aqua. Or a mix of a few of them. Maybe get a floral and pull some colors out of it for other pillows. Or turquoise and orange look great together...lots of options as the background is so neutral. Live it up and go purple!
I have a "few" patios & decks. So these are cushions I already own off other benches. I also have left over fabric off the chaise lounge cushions I recovered, with birds. I don't think any of them work.
I need a more intense brighter orange perhaps? (the striped pillows are orange & grey striped)
I'm definitely not painting the swing a bright color....:0) Altho it could be done....
A BIG piece of wrought iron grating on the wall would be a thought....I love iron work!
Intense color....right?
What do you have on the other patios and decks in the way of furniture and colors? Perhaps you could use some of the colors and tie them all together.
The stonework lower deck has 2 chasie lounges & 2 chairs. This deck hangs over a canyon.
The redwood wrap around deck(700 sq ft) has all black iron furniture and rust cushions, terra cotta pots.
The front porch has wrought iron scroll work chairs, green cushions. Which need recovering.....and updating.
Note: The house is in a mountainous canyon, red rock area. I went for durable, neutral...earth tones. None of the decks can be seen from each other. Cushions can be changed to get a different look @ any time.
The brick patio is off to the side of the house.... off the dinningroom.
And then there's a flagstone patio.....we never use on a lower level....
I'm just working on the "swing" right at the moment....
This post was edited by nicole__ on Fri, Jun 20, 14 at 11:37
Really lovely areas for respite and the winding path is sensational. If the notion strikes you, might want to spray paint all the hard surfaces the same color to keep it consistent and do a similar or identical grouping of fabrics. Of course, you can save that project for another day.
Oh, I didn't mean matchy-matchy. I meant using the pieces you have which are all disparate but the one paint color would make them work together and using fabrics of a color represented throughout but not necessarily the same would make them not at all matchy-matchy but blend.
Maybe I am wrong. Sorry. Just ignore me.
I think every single one works with your swing fabric. Just depends on the look you like. The larger stripe seems to pick up the color of the brick. The red bird print is really fun...check the red with your brick color.
What a lovely variety of outdoor areas you can enjoy!


text:
: Prospect Info:
OFFICIAL Rockford IceHogs/Toledo Walleye/Other Prospects Thread 2012-2013
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Sir Psycho T
More Cowbell!
Join Date: Oct 2008
Location: Redwood City, CA
Posts: 3,682
vCash: 500
Originally Posted by
For kids drafted out of the CHL who are not 20 by December 31st of the year they would be turning Pro, they must remain in the CHL. For Kids drafted out of the USNTDP or Europe who go on to play in the CHL (Like Morin), they can turn AHL Pro before turning 20 in the same year because they're not bound to the transfer agreement between the CHL/NHL.
Of course, any player, drafted out of any league can make the NHL at any point... but for kids drafted out of the CHL, it's the NHL or CHL until they turn 20 in the year they'd be making the jump to the AHL/Pro.
Unless they exceed the game limit of course then it's NHL or bust.
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First published in 1999; updated in 2007 Refereed PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BIT CONTROL IN THE HORSE W. Robert Cook, FRCVS., Ph.D., 1 SUMMARY The use of one and often two bits, in traditional or normal horsemanship, constitutes a welfare problem, a hazard to health, and a handicap to performance. • The bit method of control is invasive, physiologically contraindicated and counter- productive • A bit frightens a horse and causes pain, suffering and injury • It is often responsible for a horse's poor attitude to exercise and the source of over 100 behavioral problems in all types of equitation from dressage (eg., headshaking) to racing (eg., dorsal displacement of the soft palate). • Horses are happier in a bridle without a bit • The bit is a common cause of airway obstruction and abnormal inspiratory noise (stridor) at exercise • If the speed of a racehorse is governed with a bit and rein traction this causes poll flexion, which in turn obstructs the airway and leads to premature fatigue, poor performance, and asphyxia-induced pulmonary edema ("bleeding"). • Measurement of jowl angle is recommended as an indicator of upper airway patency • A bit triggers digestive tract reflexes, which are physiologically opposed to rapid breathing Horses are being expected to eat and exercise simultaneously, two activities that are mutually exclusive • As the bit interferes with breathing and as breathing is coupled with locomotion, the bit also interferes with locomotion • A horse that leans on the bit loses self-carriage and becomes heavier on the forehand. Its stride becomes shorter and, therefore, slower. In addition, greater stress is placed on the tendons, ligaments, joints and bones of the forelegs. In racing, this factor coupled with premature fatigue from whatever cause, renders breakdowns and fatal accidents more likely • Resistance to the bit causes rigidity of the neck, which is incompatible with optimum performance. It reduces the effectiveness of some important energy conservation mechanisms. Human athletes need complete freedom of the neck and the horse is no different 1 Author's address: 206, Birch Run Road, Chestertown, Maryland 21620. Tel: (410) 778 9005 Email: email@example.com 1 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 • The horse is an obligatory nose-breather. At exercise, a horse's lips should be sealed and mouth closed so that no air enters the digestive tract. A bit breaks this seal, air enters the oral cavity and elevates the soft palate in the oropharynx (throat) • "Non-acceptance of the bit" includes problems such as buccal ulcers, wolf tooth sensitivity, pain during eruption of cheek teeth, bone spurs on the bars of the mouth, star fractures of the mandible, lacerations of the lip, tongue and gingiva, open mouth, tongue movement, tongue behind the bit, tongue over the bit, 'swallowing the tongue', 'flipping the palate', headshaking, fighting the bit, chewing on the bit, 'bit between the teeth', veering, boring and pulling • The safety of rider and horse are imperiled when justifiable resentment of bit-induced pain, leads a horse to take the bit between its teeth and bolt In the practice of natural horsemanship, rider/horse communication without a bit can be painless and free of stress. Painless communication leads to more effective control. In this way, the above problems can be either solved. A new design of bitless bridle, that is neither a hackamore nor a bosal, permits communication through gentle pressure that is distributed around the whole of the horse's head. It facilitates the humane, non-invasive and natural approach, and is applicable to both early and advanced schooling. 2 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 INTRODUCTION In the practice of normal horsemanship, man has applied his greatest force at one of the most sensitive parts of the horse…its mouth. We have grown so accustomed to the bit method of control that its major physiological disadvantages have passed unrecognized. The bit constitutes an invasive method of control, for a body cavity is violated. Lack of awareness of an alternative has been a factor in the bit's long tenure. The objective of this article is to draw attention to the acceptable alternative of natural horsemanship and bitless communication. The following criticisms of the bit apply particularly to its traditional usage in normal horsemanship. In this mode, it is customary to use one or more bits (often of significant weight and considerable severity) to govern a horse's speed by simultaneous traction (often of many pounds psi) on both reins simultaneously. Poll flexion is a significant part of control and bit pressure is often maintained over long periods. In addition, many riders use the reins as an aid to balancing in their seat. In natural horsemanship, effective and painless communication can be achieved non- invasively, without a bit. If a bit is used it should preferably be confined to a snaffle, bit pressure should be transient and limited to 4 oz psi. from one rein at a time; poll flexion should not be achieved by means of a bit, and the rider should have an independent seat1. Under these conditions, a bit is less harmful but still contraindicated. PHYSIOLOGICAL AIRFLOW AT EXERCISE IN THE HORSE AT LIBERTY The atlanto-occipital joint can be thought of as a respiratory joint, as its position governs airflow. Movement of the joint is limited to flexion and extension. Its position correlates with jowl angle; the angle between the horizontal ramus of the mandible and the ventral line of the neck. Full extension of the atlanto-occipital joint corresponds to a jowl angle in the region of 150°, full flexion to about 30° and a neutral position to about 90°. • Full extension. When galloping at liberty and at maximum speed, the horse's head and neck should, I believe, straighten out - like a swan in flight - and the horizontal ramus of the mandible come to lie almost parallel to the ground (Fig 1a and 2a). • Full flexion. This position is unlikely to occur in the wild except transiently, as it is only suitable for quiet breathing. The nasal bone is vertical to the ground and the nasopharynx is maximally obstructed (Fig 1b, 2d and 3c). • Neutral.. The position adopted when at rest with head erect and breathing slowly (Fig 2b,4a), or when walking (Fig 1a: inset). 3 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 With the aid of photography, jowl angle is an external and measurable indicator of the patency of the upper airway at exercise. It is a parameter that, in the past, we have overlooked and failed to document. Fig 1. Showing the correlation between patency of the upper airway and the atlanto- occipital joint. Key: White = bone; red = cartilage; brown = soft tissues a) Full poll extension (jowl angle 140°): The airway is fully patent (Fig 2a corresponds with this diagram). The soft tissue boundaries of the nasopharynx are stretched longitudinally, which helps them resist the otherwise collapsing force of inspiration. Below: Showing the entire airway at rest and its swan-like straightening at exercise b) Partial poll flexion (jowl angle 70°): The airway is sharply bent and seriously obstructed. The soft tissues of the pharynx further collapse into the airway (see broken lines) during inspiration. This diagram corresponds to Fig 2d. If, as in dressage, the 4 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 horse works with its nasal bone vertical to the ground (Fig 3c: full flexion) or, even worse, behind the vertical ('overbent'), the degree of airway obstruction would be even more severe. a) Full poll extension: This airway corresponds to that shown in Fig 1a (jowl angle 140°). The nasopharynx is unobstructed and the area measurement is taken as representing 100%. The soft palate and epiglottis form a nearly level floor to the nasopharynx. The posterior nares are fully patent. Neutral position of the poll: This airway corresponds to that shown in figure 4a (jowl angle 87°). The nasopharyngeal area is 90% of what it is when fully extended. This obstruction, therefore, represents a serious handicap for a racehorse. b) Neutral position with dorsal displacement of the soft palate; The nasopharyngeal area is 43% of potential and is severely obstructed. A bottleneck occurs at the posterior nares and leads to a cascade effect. The abnormally negative pressure on inspiration in the nasopharynx, increases further at every subsequent section of the airway between here and the lungs. In the nasopharynx, the negative pressure can cause the soft palate to rise even further and make contact with the roof of the nasopharynx, plugging the airway completely and causing the horse to choke. In the small airways of the lungs, where the negative pressure is at its most intense, it leads to asphyxia-induced pulmonary edema and so-called 'hemorrhage'.4 c) Partial poll flexion: This airway corresponds to that shown in Fig 1b (jowl angle 70°). The nasopharyngeal area is 53% and, accordingly, inspiratory resistance is much more than doubled. The diameter of each posterior nares is probably halved. The airway will be at risk for the same problems described under Fig 2c. Fig 2. Showing the shape of the upper airway with the atlanto-occipital joint in three different positions (a, b, & d). The diagrams are based on radiographs of the same fully conscious horse with its head in the three basic positions. The nasopharynx is cross- hatched and the squares have been counted in each of the diagrams to measure the percentage reduction in sagittal section area that occurs as full extension is lost. As a measure of the logarithmic increase in airway resistance that accompanies reduction in cross-sectional area, the sagittal section area percentages grossly underestimate the problem but they offer a rough reminder. 5 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 a) The galloping racehorse: The angle at the jowl is 87°, close to the neutral position for quiet breathing (see Fig 4a & 2b). The mouth is partially open, the throat latch is creased and the 'set' of the lips is broken The airway is significantly obstructed and the horse is being deprived of oxygen.. b) The show jumper: The angle at the jowl is 75° and only a little better than the partially flexed position shown in Fig 1b and 2d. The throat latch is considerably creased, the mouth is ajar and the 'set' of the lips is broken. The airway is significantly obstructed and the horse is being deprived of oxygen. Many show jumpers are expected to perform with their polls even more severely flexed. c) The dressage horse: The angle of the jowl is 33° and the nasal bone is vertical to the ground. The degree of airway obstruction will be several stages greater than that depicted in Fig 1b. Note the multiple creases in the throat latch. Many dressage horses perform in the 'overbent' position, in which the airway obstruction is even more severe. Fig 3. Diagrams based on photographs of bitted horses competing in three different activities. In none of the photographs are the reins slack. Considerable traction is being applied to the bars of the mouth in all three examples. CONTRA-INDICATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS OF BIT CONTROL These can be described under seven headings, as follows: 1. PHYSIOLOGICAL INCOMPATIBILITY The respiratory and digestive pathways are anatomically separated, except at the level of the pharynx. But even here, they should be physiologically separated.8,9 When galloping, the larynx should be fully open and the esophagus fully closed; when swallowing, these positions are reversed (Fig 4). Horses should not be expected to eat and exercise simultaneously. Yet when a bit is in place, sensory pathways signal the brain to think eat. Accordingly, the chewing reflex is invoked and the horse starts lip, tongue and jaw movements. Reflex salivation is also stimulated. Now the horse is saddled and set in motion, which signals the brain to think exercise. In this way a physiological conflict is set up between two incompatible functions. During exercise the sympathetic nervous system is dominant, whereas during eating it is the parasympathetic. Episodes of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in racehorses are likely to result from this confusion, with a foreign body in the mouth stimulating reflexes that are contraindicated during exercise. Racehorses at the gallop can be seen to swallow, which is not something I would expect to observe in a horse at liberty. The saliva-stimulating 6 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 presence of a bit is likely to be responsible. It would also explain the regular occurrence of a swallowing motion as soon as a bitted horse finishes any fast work.10 Fig 4. Relationship of soft palate and larynx. At exercise, the larynx should fit tightly into a 'button-hole', the ostium intrapharyngium, in the soft palate. There should be an airtight seal between the two so that no air gets into the digestive tract, i.e., the oropharynx. If it does, then the soft palate rises and starts to vibrate (Fig 8). One way in which the seal can be broken is for a horse to be given fast exercise with its poll in any position other than full extension, something which is particularly likely to occur with normal bit control (Fig 1b). Other ways caused by the bit include the soft palate being dorsally displaced by root of tongue mobility; by gag reflexes triggered by the bit; and by a horse opening its mouth to evade the bit. a). Neutral poll position (jowl angle 87°):. Note the position of the bit in relation to the tongue and soft palate. The double-ended arrow indicates the direction of airflow. 7 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 b). Full poll extension (jowl angle 150°): An enlarged and perspective view of the ideal airway for galloping. 2. UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION In normal horsemanship, braking depends on using a bit to flex the poll2. But without poll extension, the horse is unable to breathe freely. The governing of speed, therefore, is achieved at the expense of respiration. This restriction varies from mild or moderate poll flexion (e.g., in the rating of a racehorse) to severe poll flexion (e.g., in the collection of a dressage horse). But even mild obstruction of the airway is to be avoided in a racehorse, as it handicaps performance and causes asphyxia-induced pulmonary edema ("bleeding").2-4, 13 Similarly, the performance of a dressage horse is not facilitated by partial suffocation. The problem of headshaking5 in dressage horses is most commonly caused by the bit.6-7 Although the atlanto-occipital joint is capable of extension to produce a jowl angle of 150° (Fig 4b), I have yet to find an action photograph of a Thoroughbred racehorse with a jowl angle greater than 118° and the average of 29 measurements was 103° (range 87°- 118°). The tongue and larynx are both fixed to the hyoid apparatus (Fig 6). Any tongue movement results in laryngeal movement and, at fast exercise, this agitation of the airway would interfere with breathing. Airway obstruction also occurs if the horse evades the bit by drawing the tip of its tongue behind the bit ( Fig 7). Some abnormal inspiratory noises at exercise can be eliminated, instantly, by the simple expedient of removing the bit. The soft palate lies on the root of the tongue. Any movement of the tongue promotes the palate's dorsal displacement (Fig 7)8. The soft palate rises during swallowing or coughing and this is perfectly normal but, for unobstructed rapid breathing, it should be firmly depressed (Fig 4)8. My assumption is that in the galloping horse, at liberty, the swallowing reflex will, like the salivary and chewing reflex, be in abeyance. If, when at racing speed (respiratory rate 120-140/min), a swallowing reflex is invoked in a horse wearing a bit, the soft palate will rise and be at risk of getting caught-up in the oscillating hurricane blowing through the nasopharynx. Under these conditions, displacement of the soft palate will persist. Dorsal displacement of the soft palate is a normal function of swallowing, not of rapid breathing (Fig 4). If the racehorse with a bit in its mouth is breathing too fast to swallow, saliva in the pharynx cannot flow into the esophagus because the esophagus is closed. Its only option 2 The braking method employed in natural horsemanship is to disengage the hindquarters by lateral flexion of the neck, using one rein.1 8 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 is to flow into the larynx. Saliva, as we know, is highly irritant to the laryngeal mucosa and precipitates in us a paroxysm of coughing. In the galloping horse, if cough reflexes are initiated, the soft palate will rise, and a choking attack will follow.8,9 Alternatively, the irritation may precipitate laryngospasm, which is an even more potent source of suffocation. Fig 5. Showing the switching processes needed to change pharyngeal function from exercising to eating. For the sake of clarity, the mouth, oropharynx and esophagus are shown as actual spaces. However, except for those times when they contain food or liquid, these are - in normality - potential spaces only. Key: OI = ostium intrapharyngium; E = epiglottis; AC = arytenoid cartilages; NP = nasopharynx; OP = oropharynx; L = larynx; SP = soft palate; LP = laryngopharynx; EP = esophageal pharynx a). Exercising: The soft palate is lowered to seal off the oropharynx and enlarge the nasopharynx. The arytenoid cartilages are raised to close the esophagus and open the larynx. The epiglottis is lowered to form a seal with the soft palate and, more than is apparent in this diagram, to smooth off airflow. The larynx now fits snugly into the button-hole of the soft palate. b). Eating dry food or swallowing liquids: The soft palate is raised to close off the nasal cavity and prevent food or water entering. The arytenoid cartilages swing down to open the esophagus and close the larynx, so preventing food or liquid from inundating the lungs. Finally, the epiglottis swings back over the arytenoid cartilages. 9 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 Fig 6. Showing how the larynx and tongue are both suspended from the base of the skull by the hyoid apparatus. As both share a common anchorage, any movement of the tongue caused by the bit is likely to move the larynx, which interferes with breathing. 10 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 Fig 7. The pathophysiology of "swallowing the tongue". If the tip of the tongue is retracted and comes to lie caudal to the bit, the root of the tongue pushes the soft palate dorsally (obstructing the nasopharynx) and the epiglottis caudally (obstructing the aditus laryngis). The horse chokes-up and partially asphyxiates. 3. INTERFERENCE WITH GAIT A cantering horse strides in time with its breathing.10 As the bit interferes with breathing, it also interferes with striding. Elimination of the bit can do wonders for the gait of a horse. Its stride becomes longer and its forehand lighter. Some of the natural grace of a horse at liberty returns. Just as, in man, the most important part of swimming is breathing so, in the horse, the most important part of running is breathing. 4. SHORTER (SLOWER) STRIDES AND RACETRACK BREAKDOWNS The point of balance of a standing and riderless horse lies on a vertical line just behind the 13th thoracic vertebra. When the horse is mounted and in motion the point of balance shifts cranially and the horse becomes heavier on the forehand. One or more bits in the mouth further contributes to this imbalance. First, the dead weight of the bits, at the distal extremity of the head, shifts the point of balance cranially. Secondly, because the rider is exerting and often maintaining a pressure on the bit, this too adds weight to the 11 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 horse's forehand. Thirdly, the horse tends to lean on a bit. As soon as the bit is removed, its foreleg footfall lightens, as can be demonstrated by listening to the soundtrack of a video film. A horse that is heavy on the forehand has a shorter stride. The show horse develops a 'choppy' action and loses 'self-carriage'. In the performance horse, shorter stride means slower speed. Heavier forehand concussion puts greater stress on the hard and soft tissues of the forelegs. Racehorses are more likely to incur a breakdown. 5. RIGIDITY OF THE NECK AND LOSS OF PROPULSION Bit control results in many horses 'resisting' or 'fighting' the bit. The degree of resistance varies from mild pulling to shoulder-aching tugging. In addition, many riders use the reins to balance themselves in the saddle. Drivers of harness horses, with lines (reins) that are 8 or 10 feet long have, if they wish, the ability to exert tremendous leverage on the horse's mouth. Constant drag on the bit must lead to bone ache in the mandible but also to a waste of energy in locking-up the neck muscles. This neck brace effect does not happen in the horse at liberty nor in the Thoroughbred when ridden without a bit. Neither is rigidity of the neck compatible with optimum athletic performance. Years ago, Rooney referred to the fixation of the neck in Standardbreds, caused by overchecks and head poles, which - in turn - he pointed out, results in "irregular breathing."12 "Try running a few hundred meters" he said "with your neck in a cast." No human athlete could perform well without complete freedom of the neck. A horse galloping at liberty, uses the normal downward swing of its head and neck under the influence of gravity as an aid to hind limb propulsion, conserving energy by taking advantage of the elastic recoil in the ligamentum nuchae.11 This phase of the gallop takes place during expiration, when the forelimbs are weight bearing. Rooney continues "…it appears that the more successful racehorses have more movement of the head and neck than others."11 The gallop style of Secretariat, for example, was remarkable for its unusual degree of head/neck mobility.11 I recall that Secretariat was also a horse that refused to be rated; hence his 15 length win in the Belmont. Perhaps Secretariat was better than other horses at negating the bit? A second energy saving device may act on the forelimbs. As the head rises during inspiration, the superficial fascia surrounding the brachiocephalic and omotransversarius muscles will be tensed and this will pull the forelimbs forward and help to overcome the inertia of their momentary immobility at the end of expiration. This mechanism adds further weight to the argument for avoiding restriction of neck movement in the exercising horse. 12 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 6. ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Non-acceptance of the bit is so common that its many forms have been given colloquial names. Horses are described as 'spitting the bit', getting the 'tongue over the bit', getting the tongue 'behind the bit', 'lolling' the tongue, incessantly moving the tongue, chewing or champing the bit, sucking the bit, 'getting the bit between the teeth', pulling, boring and leaning on the bit, crossing the jaws, opening the mouth, foaming at the mouth, head tossing or head shaking. Some of these items are illustrated in figures 7 - 10. Other behavior modifications relate to many a bitted horse's aversion to exercise and to the gait modifications already described. Evasion of the bit can be the sole cause of inspiratory stridor at exercise, with air turbulence and fremitus in the larynx that is detectable immediately after exercise. Such episodes of 'roaring' can be differentiated from recurrent laryngeal neuropathy by simply exercising the horse again without a bit in its mouth. Non-acceptance of the bit negates control. Acute or chronic pain inflicted by the bit, impels a horse to immobilize it by grasping it between the premolars. Once this happens, the rider has no control and the horse may bolt. Shakespeare describes it succinctly "The iron bit he crushes 'tween his teeth, Controlling what he was controlled with." In recent years, tongue movement and the ensuing dorsal displacement of the soft palate has led, in Thoroughbred and Standardbred racing in the USA, to the almost routine practice of tongue-tying and the addition of yet another invasive foreign body in the mouth. Unlike Thoroughbreds, the majority of Standardbreds race with two bits in their mouth, a snaffle or curb and an overcheck bit. This and other reasons already mentioned may well explain why dorsal displacement of the soft palate is so common in Standardbreds. Upper airway obstruction, from whatever cause, is - in my experience - an etiological factor to be considered in the occurrence of racetrack breakdowns, choking up, "bleeding" and sudden death. In view of this, the bit must take its share of responsibility for these phenomena, alongside the other more familiar causes such as recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.13 13 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 Fig 8. Companion figure to Fig 4, showing the turbulent airflow that results when the soft palate becomes dorsally displaced. a). The arrows in Fig.8b below indicate how, once the palate is raised, air enters the oropharynx at each expiration. This maintains the problem until such time as the horse can slow up and swallow 14 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 b). An enlarged view of the throat in Fig8 (a), showing the soft palate button-hole in perspective. Fig 9. Showing how dorsal displacement of the soft palate may occur when a horse opens its mouth in response to bit traction, allowing air to enter the oropharynx. 15 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 Fig 10. Showing the dorsiflexion and ventroflexion of the neck described as head tossing or head shaking. 7. ORAL AND DENTAL PROBLEMS The horse is an obligatory nose-breathing animal. At exercise, its lips should be sealed and mouth closed, to prevent air entering the oropharynx and causing soft palate displacement. Bit control breaks this 'set' of the lips and often opens the mouth. The mouthpiece of a bit lies on the tongue and diastema of the mandible, and the various rings and shanks lie in contact with the delicate commissures of the lips. The bit, therefore, is lying directly above the mental foramen and the terminal branches of the mandibular nerve and in contact with the exquisitely sensitive lips of an animal that, left to its own devices, is fastidious about what it puts in its mouth. In the past, I have not been able to put forward any convincing explanation for the cause of headshaking in the horse, and even less have I been able to suggest any satisfactory treatment.5 But, from studying the effect of the new bitless bridle (see below), I now recognize that the bit is at least one cause of headshaking and almost certainly the most common.. Some horses stop headshaking immediately the bit is removed.6 Headshaking may be a sign of trigeminal neuralgia brought on by the persistent pressure of the bit. In man, "the fifth nerve is often the seat of neuralgia"14 In the horse, local and referred pain in the mandibular branch 16 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 of the nerve and referred pain in the maxillary and ophthalmic branches could well explain why some headshaking horses rub their faces on anything handy and why some headshakers get comfort from the pressure of a fly net over their muzzle, or even from a maxillary (infraorbital) neurectomy. It will be simple enough, in time, to put this hypothesis to the test on a large number of headshakers. Bit pressure causes contusion of the gums, laceration of the tongue and lips, bone spurs on the bars of the mouth, and star fractures of the diastema. A bit also lies close to any wolf teeth that are present under the gum or just erupting through the gum at a point in front of the first cheek tooth. Pain is caused if the bit clashes up against or rolls over these vestigial teeth. The cheek pieces of a snaffle and curb bridle press the buccal mucosa against the sharp enamel edges of the upper cheek teeth. Buccal ulceration is common. There is also the problem of relying on a method of control that requires a bit in the mouth of an animal whose permanent dentition is erupting between the ages of two and five. Thoroughbred racehorses are at the height of their careers during this teething period. If one asks a Thoroughbred or Standardbred trainer what percentage of horses in their barn do they expect at any one time to have mouth problems of one sort or another, the answer ranges from 20 to 60%. CONCLUSION A bit is an unyielding foreign body in a sensitive body cavity and is capable of causing pain, injury, disease and even death. A bit in the mouth of an exercising horse is physiologically contraindicated and, from the rider's point of view, counter-productive. The wonder is that all horses do not resent the bit. It is possible, however, that we may not be recognizing signs of bit discomfort in many horses. Much improvement in performance might be gained, even in a horse that is thought to be untroubled by the bit, by its removal. This step can certainly be an enormous relief, for example, to the headshaking horse6. It takes a little study to realize that simply removing a piece of metal from a horse's mouth provides more effective and safer control; helps the horse to breathe and move better; and improves its whole attitude to work. Horses prefer bridles "with a bit missing".14 Riders and drivers need to be aware of the constraint that a bit places on the horse's natural functions. The less horsemen depart from what is natural, the less will they generate man-made problems for the horse and themselves. As a horse can be more safely controlled without a bit and as this brings benefits to both horse and rider, these are compelling reasons to re-evaluate the bit's time-honored place in equitation.6 Competition 17 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 regulations for some sports that currently make use of a bit obligatory will, it is hoped, be modified in future. As has been convincingly demonstrated in recent years, the bitless option is available by adopting the methods of natural horsemanship for all stages of schooling.1 For the more refined control needed at the stage of advanced schooling, even the natural horseman currently resorts to the use of a snaffle bit1. This last step can now be avoided because refined control can be effectively provided by the recent introduction of a fundamentally new design of bitless bridle.3 This is neither a mechanical hackamore nor a bosal, both of which rely for their effect, as does the bit, on pain and poll flexion. Instead the new bridle works by painless pressure distributes over the skin of the whole of the head. (Fig 11). It permits humane, effective, and non-invasive control without interfering with respiration or locomotion6,7. Fig 11. The design of the new cross-under design of bitless bridle. The diagram on the right is a ventral view of the head and shows how, with transient traction on one rein(yellow arrow), gentle and painless pressure can be applied to the bridge of nose, chin, cheek and pol, in decreasing order of pressure (red arrows). This bridle pushes, non-invasively and painlessly, on the skin of the whole of the head, whereas a bit pulls, invasively and painfully, on the mouth. Acknowledgments 3 'Bitless Bridle 2000': ELG Inc., 206, Birch Run Road, Chestertown MD 21620 18 First published in 1999; updated in 2007 Many of the author's diagrams were first published in previous articles. They are reproduced by permission of the editors of the Veterinary Record, the Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, and Equine Practice. REFERENCES 1. Parelli, P: Natural Horse-man-Ship. Western Horseman Inc., 1993 2. Cook, W.R: Williams, R.M., Kirker-Head, C.A. and Verbridge, D.J: Upper airway obstruction (partial asphyxia) as the possible cause of exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in the horse: an hypothesis. J Equine Vet Sci, 8:11-26, 1988. 3. Cook, W.R: Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in the horse is caused by upper airway obstruction. Irish Veterinary Journal, 46:160-161, 1993. 4. Cook, W.R: EIPH or AIPE. Equine Athlete March/April 1997, p23 5. Cook, W.R: Headshaking in horses: An afterword. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 14:1369-1376, 1992. 6. Cook, W.R: Use of the bit in horses. Vet Rec. 142: 16, 1998 7. Cook, W.R: Use of the bit in horses. Vet Rec. 142: 676, 1998 8. Cook, W.R: Some observations on form and function of the equine upper airway in health and disease, Part I: The pharynx. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. pp 355-392, 1981. 9. Cook, W.R: Some observations on form and function of the equine airway in health and disease, Part II: The larynx. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. pp 393-452, 1981. 10. Cook, W.R: The diagnosis of respiratory unsoundness in the horse. Vet Rec 77:516- 528, 1965. 11. Rooney, J.R: The normal vertebral column, in The Lame Horse, The Russell Meerdink Co., Neenah, WI, 1998 12. Rooney, J.R: More on bleeding. Equine Veterinary Data ..: -34, 1981? 13. Cook, W.R. Speed in the Racehorse: The Airflow Factors, The Russell Meerdink Co., Neenah, WI, 1993 14. Pick T.P.and Howden R: Gray's Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical. 15th English edition, p738. Bounty Books, New York, 1977 15. Bonner, J: Changing Tack; horses may prefer bridles with a bit missing. New Scientist, p16, 4 July 1998 [The original article was reprinted, with permission, in " National Equine Student. Issue 5, January/February 2005, pp 11-15] 19
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text:
White dot on my dark Caesarstone
I had my lagos blue Caesarstone installed the other day. The counters look really nice; however, right smack in the middle of one section is a small white dot. We ran our fingers along it and it's not a chip, just an imperfection.
Again, it's small and anyone visiting would probably think it's fuzz from a napkin, but I know it's going to drive me crazy. There's got to be a way to camouflage it. I'm thinking of maybe dabbing it with a brown Sharpie, but was wondering if anyone else had any better ideas.
Thanks alot!
Someone had a similar problem with an engineered counter not too long ago. I think it was on her island and it looked like someone splattered paint. I don't think it was considered a defect, just something that happens in the manufacturing process. She might have ended up ripping it out and getting something different (??). Hopefully someone with a better memory will chime in. I say call the installer and if they are no help, try a Sharpie.
Deee, I believe it was Cambria, and she had a big splotch of orange, instead of being evenly distributed. She was not happy. I would definitely go up to NH to approve my slab. Especially with a dead white, any imperfection will stick out like a sore thumb.
I have Cambria Bristol Blue, and went to approve my slabs. I did find a small white dot on one, which was duly labelled to ensure they didn't use that part. Manufacturers do indicate on their websites and in their literature what size of imperfection is to be anticipated, and this sounds like something within their tolerances. I would recommend to anyone to get quartz, but to make sure they go and approve the slabs.
there's something called 'resin pooling' that can happen with the engineered quartz surfaces. the 'glue' that binds the quartz together pools up and doesn't blend into the overall look.
the person with the cambria posted pictures of hers and it looked terrible. huge bright orange splotches in the middle of a brown-ish counter. i believe she was told that her situation was within the acceptable amount of resin pooling (which is a travesty, since it looked hideous).
yes, always approve your slabs in person.
to the OP--you should talk to your fabricator and perhaps to caesarstone, but given that it's such a small dot, i'm thinking they'll be little help to you. a sharpie might be your best option. maybe ask them if there's something else that might be a more permanent suggestion.
Thanks for your quick responses.
I did some really careful scrutinizing, and now find another white dot (same size) by the faucet, and, get this, a 2-inch long small crack near the end of the run! (it looks like a tiny river on a map -- just a little white showing, but, who knows, that could eventually open up!)
(You know, when the fabricators finish and are standing there with the paperwork for you to sign, you can only really tell so much under the circumstances).
I just called the place I purchased it from and they're calling Caesarstone on my behalf. They said Caesarstone will probably send someone out to look at it. Seriously, for over $4,000, I should get a better product!
Thanks again for your responses...will keep you posted on what happens next.
Color pooling is a fact of life with engineered stones, just as slab variablility is with granites. Your countertop is well within manufacturer's tolerances. We provide the manufacturer's specs right up front at purchase, although most people don't read them. We also have a couple of samples of countertops with color pooling or "insets" of off colored specs in them in our showroom. If I'm the one selling the countertop, I always make sure that the customer knows that this is normal with engineered stone, and that their countertop can look similar. It's all about setting the proper expectations, and while your countertops are not at all defective, your expectations weren't in line with the stated manufacturer's specs for the product. Adjusting your expectations after the fact is painful, but that will be the only remedy that your supplier is likely to offer.
Hi live wire
Your posts were very informative. Can you please answer a couple more questions?
Is the color irregularity more likely to occur or to be noticeable in light or dark colors of Caesarstone? Or are there any particular colors that are good or bad in this respect?
Can one see the slabs they're getting before installation, and if there is a color irregularity, can one ask for a different slab?
Lagos Blue will also show white when it chips..and it can indeed chip. I chipped my sample very easily by dropping a buttter knife on it which landed handle down.
That said, maybe the best bet is to indeed find a sharpie that matches the counter...and keep it on hand.


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You need to retain an experienced immigration attorney to assist you with this matter. You do not appear to be eligible for Cancellation of Removal since you do not appear to have had the required presence prior to the initiation of removal proceedings. The government lawyer may have been been considering exercising 'prosecutorial discretion' in your favor; this is a new program by ICE, and it could benefit you, but you need to have an expereinced immgiration attorney assist you with this....
8 lawyers agreed with this answer
The President's policy announcement should not interfere with somone's eligibility and/or ability to apply for permanent residence. That being said, if you qualify for residence, I would suggest you take that route. Once the rules are announced, which should be by mid-August, things should be clearer. You and your boyfriend may wish to consult with an experienced immigration attorney for further professional assistance and guidance. Good luck!
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I agree with my colleagues. There is no such thing as a "typical fee." Fees depend on a lawyer's experience and expertise, as well as the complexity of a particular case. Good luck!
6 lawyers agreed with this answer
So long as the marriage is legitimate, your brother has the required proof of his lawful inspection and admission, and he has not had any other problems with the USCIS or INS, this should not present a problem by itself. However, it would probably be a good idea for him and his wife to consult with an experienced immigration attorney for proper and professional advice. Good luck!
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You should have received a full transcript of all the hearings before the IJ. No transcript is prepared until and unless an appeal is taken. The last IJ hearing, at which the IJ granted asylum, is probably the first or last of the transcripts, depending on the arrangement of the copies. The most you can do is request an extension of time from the BIA to respond to the government's brief. Of course, retaining an experienced immigration attorney may be a tremedous help to you as well. Good luck!
7 lawyers agreed with this answer
1 person marked this answer as helpful
As long as she is your wife, she is entitled to the L2 visa. Once your divorce is final, she loses her L2 status. Good luck!
5 lawyers agreed with this answer
1 person marked this answer as helpful
Assuming for the sake of answering that this is for the spouse of a US citizen, it depends on how long it takes for the National Visa Center to do the processing of all the required paperwork and documents, and then how much of a backup the particular consulate may have on their interview calendar. Most medical exams do not take that long, and the results are usually available shortly thereafter. Depending on the individual Consulate's rules, the medical results may be picked up by the...
Selected as best answer
It may be difficult for you to withdraw your Affidavit of Support. You would need to contact the National Visa Center and have the NVC case number and other information ready to give the person handling your call, and you may not have this information. If you don't, you can try calling anyway and explain that you want to withdraw the I-864 for this person; you shouldn't need to give a reason, other than you changed your mind. The telephone number for the NVC is (603)334-0700. Good luck.
7 lawyers agreed with this answer
As I wrote in answering your prior posting, you need to consult with both a criminal law attorney and an immigration attorney as soon as possible. These arrests, if not tended to properly, can be major problems for you if you end up being convicted on the prostitution charges. The criminal attorney, working with the assisatnce of the immigration attorney, may be able to get the charges reduced to something which will not pose a danger to you. Don't waste time; you need to attend to these...
7 lawyers agreed with this answer
I-601 waivers can be challenging. I have found psychological evaluations of the qualifying family members to be of value as part of the evidence presented. I would also say that you would be best served by retaining an experienced immigration attorney to help. Good luck!
7 lawyers agreed with this answer


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Trance is a very popular type of electronic dance music and this is why we have created Trance-Videos.com. It is an up-to-date selection of trance clips, broadcast at highdefinition. We introduce you in a state of the best DJs, screenshots, news, famous trancemixes, clubs, HD vocal trance videos of artists such as Paul van Dyk, Cristopher Lawrence, Tiësto, Above & Beyond, Ferry Corsten, ATB, Paul Oakenfold, Robert Miles, Armin van Buuren, Judge Jules, Third Element, Johan Gielen, Darren Tate, Alex Gold,Markus Schulz, all reunited under the same roof.
Moreover, the trance community has a word to say. You will find all genres of trance - from psy trance to vocal, classic, goa, ambient, techno and dream trance! Everything you listen on the trance radios worldwideis here, so enjoy the online trance, as if you are part of the trance arena, where the music makes you vibe!
- Digital Society pres. Open Up UK Digital Society proudly presents Open Up UK at O2 Academy Leeds, with head honcho SimonPatterson alongside a host of very special guests. Open Up has become of the most revered... read more
- Armada Music takes over SiriusXM on Wednesday March 25th! On Wednesday March 25th, Armada Music takes over the SiriusXM music lounge in Miami. Between 12 AM and 6 PM EDT (or between 17.00 and 23.00 CET), Armada artists will broadcast... read more
- These are the artists representing Armada Music at Ultra in Miami! As you might of heard, many of our artists claimed their spot in the line-up for the Ultra Music Festival in Miami. Below, you will find out who these artists will be.... read more


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Find commute times to your work, school, gym and more.
The Duval
Contact this property
Floor Plans
Prices, specials, features and availability subject to change.
Contact for details (267) 433-4244
Controlled Access, Elevator, Emergency Maintenance, Fitness Center
1 block to train and shopping, 24-hour emergency maintenance, Close to Center City, Close to Regional Rail 8, Energy efficient appliances, HEAT, HOT WATER AND COOKING GAS INCLUDED!, High-speed Internet available, Large Windows, Microwave, Dishwasher included in Renovated unit, New hardwood flooring, New Kitchens with Stainless Steel Package, Newly Renovated One Bedroom Apartments, Off-street parking and reserved parking available, On-site laundry facilities for your convenience, On-site management, Public Transportation, Short Term Available
Property Details
Convenient to shopping, Center City, I-76, Route 1 and public transportation...Free Parking.
Come see what the excitement is about at Duval Manor Apartments! Nestled in West Mount Airy near Chestnut Hill, Drexel School of Medicine, PCOM, Philadelphia University and the shops & dining in Manayunk. Our newly renovated apartment homes overlook beautiful Fairmount Park and minutes away from I-76, Kelly and Lincoln Drives and walking distance to the Regional Rail R7 & R8. Make an appointment today and say hello to your new home!
Leasing Terms
6, 9 and 12 Month Lease Terms. Pet Policy: 30lbs Max, 1 Pet Max, Non-refundable Pet Fee: $250.
Pet Policy
Pets Accepted. Cats Allowed. Dogs Allowed. Call for service animal policy.
Community Information
167 units
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Scores are compared to the national average. The higher the bar, the higher the crime risk. The lower the bar, the lower the crime risk.
near Philadelphia, 19144Transit
Ratings & Reviews
5 stars
4 stars
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2 stars
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Beverly D.
Most of my experience has been well. I had a few problems with a couple of overly loud people on my floor but Read Moreit was resolved quickly.
January 11, 2014
The Duval Resident
This company had a high turnover while iIwas there. I had the worst experience with them. I don't recommend an Read Moreyone to rent from Duval Manor.
December 24, 2013
Chantal M.
Accessible to Septa
Laundry room and fitness center in the building
Kept clean
Not a lot of noise/dr Read Moreama
Good communication with management
Close to everything I need (hospital, bank, restaurants, mall, my church)
Minor repair issues keep me from rating it excellent
December 13, 2013
Contact Property
Contact this property
Office Hours
Monday-Wednesday: 9:00am-5:30pm
Thursday: 9:00am-7:00pm, By appt only
Friday: 9:00am-4:00pm
Saturday: 10:00am-3:00pm, By appt only
Managed by
Classic Management, Inc.


text:
Tonight at Washington Hall in the Central District, join KEXP DJs Riz and El Toro as they spin music for five hours straight in the Dance Your Cash Off 2014 challenge to help raise money for 826 Seattle! Hosted by Lindy West, the winners of this dance marathon will be chosen by celebrity judges ChristopherRead more…
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Excellent for PC, Mac, iPhones/iPads, Android Devices, tables, iTunes, Winamp, and VLC. High quality audio, low bandwidth
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KEXP AND THE UWKEXP is an
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iTunes and KEXPYou can now find KEXP under "Eclectic" in iTunes after the demise of the "Public" category, to better represent the diversity of our daytime variety shows and numerous specialty programs.
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