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Living With Chronic Hepatitis B
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
CURE FOR CHRONIC HEP BHELLO DOCTOR, in your opinion what are the chances of a complete cure for chronic hep b in the next 10 years or so ?
Response from Barbara McGovern, M.D.
Tufts University School of MedicineI think that "cure" is not the word we will ever use for hepatitis B. I believe that we will always talk about HBV SUPPRESSION because the virus is integrated into the host and can reactivate. However, I do believe that we will become more... Read more »
Chronic hep bMy husband had a transfusion as an infant. he was a "blue baby." His mother always told him he... Read more »
how to cure hepatitis b chronicrespected mami m suffering hepatatis b last 10 yrs as its chronic , i like to know how can i get... Read more »
Living With Chronic Hepatitis B...Take Care of My Liver? Is There Treatment for Hepatitis B? What if I Am Pregnant? For Information on Viral Hepatitis Chronic hepatitis B is a life-long liver disease that can be spread to others. What Should You Know to Keep Others... Read more »
Medical Management of Chronic Hepatitis B and Chronic Hepatitis C...die from complications of chronic liver disease. Most patients have no symptoms until the disease is far advanced. Managing Chronic Hepatitis B or Chronic Hepatitis C Health experts recommend that people who have chronic viral hepatitis take... Read more »
Australia: Funding Needed to Stem Flow of Hepatitis B Cases...relax on hepatitis B. Vaccination is effective for prevention, but we also need to focus our efforts on helping people already living with chronic hepatitis B," he said. Back to other news for October 2008 Search the Newsroom archive Read more »
CDC Expands Testing Recommendations for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection...published new recommendations for health care providers that are designed to increase routine testing in the United States for chronic hepatitis B, a major cause of liver disease and liver cancer. CDC recommends testing all individuals born in... Read more »
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Two weeks down and a life time to live
Posted by trulife, 2 RepliesWell folks...it's the end of two weeks on Atripla and so far things are going well. Side effects have been limited and are now subsiding. My biggest problem so far is swallowing the pill. I have always had trouble swallowing pills...go figure...a... Read more »
Posted by LostNconfused, 5 RepliesI tested positive 3 days before Christmas and I think I am still numb to the fact. I haven't told any friends or family because I really don't know how and most are judgemental and I'm sure will walk away. But I guess if they do, then I didn't need... Read more »
Posted by willbestrong1, 2 Replieshi everybody!! Last week i had my elisa test and it was positive. then they did western blot test but now they cant say anything..i mean the doctor told me he cant say whether i am negative or positive..they will have some more research on... Read more »
Is there life after been tested positive?
Posted by Grecp, 6 RepliesGood morning, I just can't stop thinking who would be life after been infected. I am so scared and afraid to die. Please be honest and provide me some experience from your life after been with the virus. I am 26 and I would love to die from old age... Read more »
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Not a big fan of ac on boats, especially small ones,, unless you plan on spending an awful lot of time at the dock.
As to C&C's, generally, the 29 is a good boat to start with. My general impression is the best old C&C's are the odd numbers (29, 33, 35). I just cant recall whether is is cored or not. I'd rather have a solid hull from the early 70s than a cored hull from the late 70s or early 80s.
There's a very good website called something like cncphotoalbum.org which would be a very good place to ask questions. It has original brochures and a lot of articles. Good luck.
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The New York Islanders season-ending five game road trip continued last night in Raleigh as the team fell to the Carolina Hurricanes 4-3 in the shootout.
The importance of the loss being in the shootout was that, in conjunction with the Winnipeg Jets regulation loss, the Isles earned their first playoff appearance since 2007. Had the Islanders lost in regulation, there would have been no clinch.
In essence, the Isles played just well enough.
Many teams that make the post-season have a player on their roster that elevates his style of play in order to reach a new level of performance during the most meaningful games of the year in the playoffs. These players are instrumental to each team's success in the playoffs and help carry their teams to several victories in their run for the Cup.
Looking back to the recent past, players such as Fernando Pisani and Sean Bergenheim come to mind. Pisani, who was playing for the Edmonton Oilers during their Cup run in 2006, only had 37 points in 80 regular season games but burst onto the playoff scene with 14 goals and 18 points in 24 playoff games.
The Isles took a big step towards the playoffs yesterday afternoon with another road victory in Winnipeg. Brian Strait was back in the line up, so Matt Carkner sat yesterday.
This was one of the most exciting games this season, with so much on the line for both teams. In the beginning of the first, the Isles looked a little tired. That would not last long though, as Frans Nielsen scored his 6th of the season just 4:21 into the game on a nice play from Okposo and Bailey. (Photo: MVerminski/flickr)
When the horn sounded at the end of the third period at the Nassau Coliseum on Tuesday night, Islanders fans rejoiced as their home squad defeated the visiting Florida Panthers 5-2. The Isles skaters removed their jerseys and signed them for the lucky fans who won them as a prize at the end of the game.
Typically, this is a moment at the end of the Islanders season filled with "better luck next year's" and "thanks for supporting us as we rebuild our team." But instead, this time, fans were salivating for more as the Islanders continued to tighten their grasp on their first playoff berth in six years.
"Everyone's been telling me how loud this arena can be," said Matt Martin...
The New York Islanders will take on the New York Rangers at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum tonight at 7:00 PM EDT in the biggest matchup these two teams have played in at least five years.
The Isles (21-16-4, 46 points) will try to extend their season-high winning streak at home to five games. They'll have to do it against a Rangers squad (20-16-4, 44 points) currently chasing them in the NHL Eastern Conference standings.
Both teams know what's at stake tonight.
The New York Islanders dream of a post season got a little closer to becoming reality as the Isles held off an early Boston Bruins push to defeat Boston 2-1 in the TD Garden.
Josh Bailey had both Islanders goals and Evgeni Nabokov stopped 30 of 31 Bruins shots for the victory.
Multiple news outlets have reported that tickets for tonight's game have already sold out, and with good reason. It appears that the fans on Long Island have finally realized that this Isles team is worth watching.
The New York Islanders and the Washington Capitals took the ice on Thursday night in Washington D.C. for their third and final meeting of the 2012 - 2013 season. With the Islanders being victorious in the first two matchups, the red-hot Caps would take this one in a 2-1 shootout.
After the Capitals scored at the end of the first period, it wouldn't be until the end of the third when Kyle Okposo tied the game 1-1. After an incredible showcase by goaltenders Evgeni Nabakov and Braden Holtby, Alexander Ovechkin would notch the lone shootout tally to send the Isles off with only a point. (Photo Credit: clydeorama/Flickr)
Who could be behind the recent Islanders success?
The New York Islanders stole a 3-1 road victory over the New Jersey Devils at Prudential Center Monday night. It wasn't the prettiest win, but the Islanders showed that despite occasional defensive lapses and a lackluster overall effort in the second period, they were able to get a result against their division rivals.
It would almost be fair to categorize the replay of this game as NSFW.
Playing in front of a sold-out crowd at The Rock, the Islanders continued their stretch of solid play on the road this season, even if they aren't concerned with style points. New York improved to 11-5-1 overall away from the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, proving once again that they're capable of winning games in hostile environments.


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Craftsman Professional Use 19mm Socket, 6 pt.Online only | Item# 00944259000 | Model# 44259
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Craftsman Professional Use 19mm Socket, 6 pt. Turns Heads
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Best banana for shade?
I have been building my tropicalesque shade garden over the summer and have a perfect spot for a banana plant. I'm hoping someone can tell me which variety would do best in shade? It's not "dense" shade but the only actual sun is late in the day and filtered. (and someday I hope to gather enough knowledge to be the one answering the questions instead of asking so many! Thanks.)
I am a beginner to bananas but since no one has answered yet I will tell you what has worked for me.
Before I planted mine I looked at pictures of other peoples bananas that live in this area and visited a few private gardens.
'Almost' all of the tropical looking plants seemed to do best in at least dappled shade. My bananas have at least some shade at some point during the day. They all recieve some morning sun but then are sheltered from sun or get just dappled sunlight the rest of the day.
The only tropical type plants that I have in full sun are cannas and elephant ears and datura. I have the following in full or part shade:
A couple of types of ginger
Four different bananas
Root beer plant
Sorry I don't know the correct name for the root beer plant - there are a couple of things called that.
I also have some other tropical type plants in shade but don't know the names.
It seems to me that our full sun here in this part of South Carolina just seems to be a lot meaner than in some other areas. Many plants that usually are planted in full sun don't seem to mind at least a little afternoon shade.
gurley157: Thanks so much for the reply. I agree that full sun here seems more intense than in cooler zones. They had some Musa Basjoo and some "blood" bananas at Home Depot yesterday, so I took a chance and brought home the former. I'll try it in the least shady end and see what happens! I looked at your garden photos by the way. Your tropicals look great! Thanks again-
Musa basjoo is hardy, but the 'Blood' bananas aren't(you'll have to dig that one up). If you can find one, I recommend Musella lasiocarpa. They perform wonderfully in the shade and don't seem to have a problem with winter rot like many of the other 'Hardy' bananas.
Here is a picture of my Musella blooming. This clump is over eight years old and in the shade.
Dwayne: Yes, I resisted the temptation to bring home the blood banana since I really wasn't sure it would make it. Thanks for the suggestion of Musella lasiocarpa, though. I'll look for it. Hopefully the Basjoo will get just enough light to be happy. (Fingers crossed.)
Musa zebrina...which is likely the "Blood Banana" should perform admireably in shade, given your climate. I had many divisions of these, living very happily under the edge of dark canopies formed by huge Live Oaks, in Coastal GA. They prospered in the protection offered by the Live Oaks, and did not seem to mind the shade. The best plants were backlit by the setting western sun..giving them some veeeery late evening sun.
Check out Musa Itinerans. Its a forest banana from China. Apparently strong sunlight will burn its leaves. Its grows to like 40ft in Yunnan. I have had it for about a year and it hasn't grown that much, maybe 10ft. But then again it is in an area that I don't water that often and it has been a real dry summer here. I put it in the ground this spring so I will see how cold hardy it is this winter in 9A.... Dwayne nice pic! Is that Manihot Grahamii in the background? I just got one of those and thought they were a sun lover. Very cool leaf.
Although I live in SoCal with a milder year-round climate (z10)...I am also experimenting with different bananas to determine which grow best in a shaded microclimate.
I planted two months ago what I believe to be (based on photo comparisons) a musa lasiocarpa and a red abyssinian side by side in my courtyard garden. The area receives very little direct sunlight at all. The lasiocarpa seems to be doing VERY well...but the red is not and clearly needs more light.
Sooo...I'm uprooting the red and moving it to a better lit area...and probably planting a lasiocarpa in its place.
Just thought I'd share this with you. Hope this helps!
Cheers from Venice Beach, CA!
As far south as you live, the blood bananas should be hardy for you. They might freeze down to the ground, throw some mulch around them and they should do fine. "blood banana" also "christmas banana" is just another common name for a zebrina.
I'm growing some basjoo bananas by my sidewalk here in Indiana near a large tulip tree,they are going on three years old, they get morning sun only, because of the house being to the west of them, and the morning sun they get, well,that's even filtered by the tree.
The only thing I've noticed is that they don't get as tall as the others. They usually get to be about 3-4 feet tall each year here. But with your longer season, yours will probably be taller.
You will want that zebrina to go with your other banana, they look so pretty together. If the zebrina isn't getting enough sun, the red blotches will fade off the top of the new leaves, so that is a good test. If it does that, then move it.
(mandatory inspirational picture attached!LOL)
The small banana leaf in the bottom right hand corner is a zebrina.
Here is a link that might be useful:


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Utah Jazz report card: Jazz fall to Oklahoma City Thunder in nail-biting season opener
Jazz fans should be tipping their hats to Burks, who singlehandedly provided a spark and contagious levels of energy to bring the Jazz back from a double-digit deficit to in the contest until the final shot of the game. Burks led the team in scoring by attacking the rim but ultimately still lacks a consistent outside jump shot. Despite his athleticism and jaw-dropping acrobatic stunts, he turned the ball over with under 30 seconds left in the game forcing Derrick Favors to foul Kevin Durant, which resulted in two made free throws and a five-point game. Burks and other Jazz guards need to decrease overall turnovers.
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if you can take a round off someone, you can beat them, also thank you mayak for the full results
Same goes for winning a round. Just because you won one, does not mean that you have demonstrated the ability to beat a world class opponent. After losing a round, the wrestler is now under a different level of pressure and will react with more urgency to ensure the win. Losing one round does not mean losing a match, losing two does, so a wrestler who is down one round will not wrestle the same as one who has yet to lose a period. Haislan has not demonstrated the ability to beat a wrestler facing that sort of pressure. I hope I'm making my point clear.
In addition, just because you go 1-1, 1-0, 1-0 against a world champion does not mean the match was close. The world champ may have been saving his energy for other matches, recovering from a tough match or just doing what he had to to win when in reality he controlled the match. There is a strategy to matches and winning 6-0 6-0 every match is seldom the goal at the world championships.
The overall point I'm making is that world champions and the elite find ways to win even in all the supposed 'close' matches. Until Haislan (and the rest of Canada's national team for that matter) proves that he has the capabilities to win these tight matches, as far as speculation goes, he will remain an outside contender for a medal. For the record... I hope that he and the rest of our national team does make the adjustments so we can reign in a couple medals.
The double bronze also makes it more possible.


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It may sound paradoxical, but Germany's Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution is running a hotline for those who want to put Islamist extremism behind them. The only problem is: what violence-prone Islamist is going to seek help from the very institution that has been fighting him? Florian Fuchs reportsMore
Nowruz is one of the oldest celebrations in the world. It has been a fixture on the cultural calendar in many regions for more than 2,500 years. It marks the beginning of spring and also the change of seasons in the Iranian solar calendar. Sharam Ahad offers his impressions of the celebrations.


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The Kingsport Public Library and others across the Tri-Cities have designed summer programming with a science theme called 'Fizz, Boom, Read!' The Teen Summer Reading Program theme is 'Spark a Reaction!'Comments
Yuma Elementary students take part in Project Fit America 3-pound weighted sport hoop contest.Comments
Check out photos of people having fun at the Kingsport TimesNews,-Johnson City Press HAPPY SNAPS PHOTO BOOTH at Blue Plum Festival 2014. Johnson City, TN. 6.7.14.Comments
Gate City High School held its commencement ceremony for the Class of 2014 on Monday, June 2. The gallery features photos submitted by local readers.To share your Gate City graduation photos, email them to: firstname.lastname@example.com
Check out photos of people having fun pretending to be Rock Stars, at the Times-News Happy Snaps Photo Booth, for the 2014 Twilight Alive Concert Series in Downtown Kingsport, TN, on 6.6.14. With headliner Sammy Kershaw.Comments
It's not easy being a parent to a teenager these days. It's almost impossible to keep track of everything you need to be aware of. Danger seems to be lurking around every corner. One of those dangers continues to be drugs and alcohol.Comments
The upcoming Tickled Pink Survivor Celebration will celebrate survivors of breast cancer and will feature professional Nashville magician Dr. Gary Flegal, who's also an expert in stress management.Comments
Six area churches planning weeklong series of classes for children and adults.Comments
Check out this week's adoptable furry friends at the Sullivan County Animal Shelter, Blountville, TN. This week we meet: Sheeba, Dozer, Mickey, Minnie, Teeny, Meeny, and Wilber.Comments
All shows begin at 7 p.m. at the Regional Center for the Performing Arts on the college's main campus in Blountville, and are free and open to the public.Comments


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Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu
Patrick Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu, (1937–1967) was a Nigerian military officer and revolutionary born in the Northern Region's capital of Kaduna to Igbo immigrant parents from the Mid-Western Region-Okpanam Town, near Asaba in the present day Delta State.
Major Nzeogwu was an infantry and intelligence officer of the Nigerian Army. His Hausa colleagues in the Nigerian Army gave him the name "Kaduna" because of his love with the town. Nzeogwu was an ambitious young military officer and a Roman Catholic. He attended the military academy at Sandhurst in England, and was a rebellious military officer who eventually became the Chief Instructor at the Nigerian Military Training College in Kaduna. The forerunner of the Nigerian Army Intelligence Corps (NAIC) was the Field Security Section (FSS) of the Royal Nigerian Army, which was established on 1 November 1962 with Captain PG Harrington (BR) as General Staff Officer Grade Two (GSO2 Int). The FSS was essentially a security organization whose functions included vetting of Nigerian Army (NA) personnel, document security and counter intelligence. Major Nzeogwu was the first Nigerian Officer to hold that appointment from November 1962 to 1964 and the first to stage a bloody military coup. Nzeogwu could not have been responsible for sparing South Eastern politicians during the coup because he was in charge of the North while fellow coupists were in charge of the East.
1966 Coup[edit]
In the early hours of January 15, 1966, Nzeogwu led a group of mostly northern officers on a supposely military exercise and led them to attack the official residence of the premier of the north Sir. Ahmadu Bello in a bloody Coup that saw the murder of the Premiers of Northern and Western Nigeria. The Prime Minister, a federal minister, two regional premiers, and top Army officers from the Northern and Western regions of the nation were brutally murdered. The premier of the Eastern region (where most of the plotters came from), the Igbo President of federation and the Igbo Army Chief were the only notable individuals spared . The coup failed, and he was later arrested in Lagos on January 18, 1966. He was in the company of Lt. Col. Conrad Nwawo.
The leniency with which the new leader, General Aguiyi Ironsi (also an Igbo), handled the coup plotters led to the dissatisfaction of northern officers and subsequently resulted in a counter- coup on the 29th of July, 1966.
Nzeogwu was initially detained at the Kirikiri maximum security prison in Lagos, before later being transferred to the East. He and other January 15 mutiny detainees were subsequently released from jail by Lt. Col. Emeka Ojukwu (also an Igbo) at the end of the first quarter of 1967, following demonstrations by Igbo students of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Nigerian Civil war and death[edit]
On May 30, 1967, The nation of Biafra declared its independence from Nigeria. Nzeogwu was released from close observation, and asked to go into battle on the side of the Biafrans. A Biafra he never believed in as he was opposed to secession of the eastern region from the Nigeria federation. On July 29, 1967, Nzeogwu - who had been promoted to the rank of a Biafran Lt. Colonel - was trapped in an ambush near Nsukka while conducting a night reconnaissance operation against federal troops of the 21st battalion under Captain Mohammed Inua Wushishi.
He was killed in action and his corpse was subsequently identified. After the defeat of Biafra and the end of the war, orders were given by the Head of the Nigerian government, Major General Yakubu Gowon, for him to be buried at the military cemetery in Kaduna with full military honours.[1]
See also[edit]
- ^ Siollun, Max. Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966-1976). Algora Publishing, 2009. p. 242. ISBN 9780875867106.
- 1937 births
- 1967 deaths
- People from Kaduna
- Nigerian Roman Catholics
- Igbo people
- Nigerian Army officers
- Participants of coups in Nigeria
- Nigerian Military Coup of January 15, 1966 Participants
- Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
- Leaders who took power by coup
- Deaths by firearm in Nigeria
- Military personnel killed in action
- 20th-century Nigerian people


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Philip Levine
a Pulitzer Prize-winning American poet best known for his poems about working-class Detroit. He taught for over thirty years at the English Department of California State University, Fresno and held teaching positions at other universities as well. He is appointed to serve as the Poet Laureate of the United States for 2011–2012.
Philip Levine grew up in industrial Detroit, the second of three sons and the first of identical twins of Jewish immigrant parents. His father, Harry Levine, owned a used auto parts business, his mother, Esther Priscol (Prisckulnick) Levine, was a bookseller. When Levine was five years old, his father died. Growing up, he faced the ... more »
Click here to add this poet to your My Favorite Poets.
Philip Levine Poems
A Sleepless Night
April, and the last of the plum blossoms scatters on the black grass before dawn. The sycamore, the lime, the struck pine inhale
An Abandoned Factory, Detroit
The gates are chained, the barbed-wire fencing stands, An iron authority against the snow, And this grey monument to common sense Resists the weather. Fears of idle hands,
What Work Is
We stand in the rain in a long line waiting at Ford Highland Park. For work. You know what work is--if you're old enough to read this you know what
A Woman Waking
She wakens early remembering her father rising in the dark lighting the stove with a match scraped on the floor. Then measuring
The Simple Truth
I bought a dollar and a half's worth of small red potatoes, took them home, boiled them in their jackets and ate them for dinner with a little butter and salt. Then I walked through the dried fields
Animals Are Passing From Our Lives
It's wonderful how I jog on four honed-down ivory toes my massive buttocks slipping like oiled parts with each light step.
Among Children
I walk among the rows of bowed heads-- the children are sleeping through fourth grade so as to be ready for what is ahead, the monumental boredom of junior high
Here in February, the fine dark branches of the almond begin to sprout tiny clusters of leaves, sticky to the touch.
1 Dawn. First light tearing at the rough tongues of the zinnias,
Clouds Above The Sea
My father and mother, two tiny figures, side by side, facing the clouds that move in from the Atlantic. August, '33. The whole weight of the rain to come, the weight
An Ending
Early March. The cold beach deserted. My kids home in a bare house, bundled up and listening to rock music
Coming Close
Take this quiet woman, she has been standing before a polishing wheel for over three hours, and she lacks twenty minutes before she can take
Any Night
Look, the eucalyptus, the Atlas pine, the yellowing ash, all the trees are gone, and I was older than all of them. I am older than the moon,
Call It Music
Some days I catch a rhythm, almost a song in my own breath. I'm alone here in Brooklyn Heights, late morning, the sky above the St. George Hotel clear, clear
Quotationsmore quotations »
Comments about Philip Levinemore comments »
Susan Oneil
I love his Unholy Saturday and don't see it on your site.Is it that new?
Doren Robbins
On What Work Is
Philip Levine's poetry evokes the vibrant durability and continuity of things. It is no accident that the seemingly unbreakable thistle, which survives California's harsh summers, is his 'flower.' At least he has celebrated it in such a way throughout his books. Possibly he has done so because its work is to survive, and it does. the way we must, impassively committed surviving, standing up though the harsh heat, the inevitable storms. Levine's poem, 'What Work Is, ' should be read in this context. To work is to survive, and the details of how difficult or debased work can be are evoked in the title poem and the poem 'Growth' (each the book What Work Is) . Levine was the man, he suffered, he was there. But the symbolic importance of work operates as an emblem of the soul as well, since not knowing how to love, Levine writes, is to not 'know what work is.' We may seem to be closer here to the meaning of work as it occurs in the tragedies, desolations, and betrayals of the remarkable book of poems Hard Labor by the Italian poet Cesare Pavese than to the Whitman of 'A Song of Occupations. But the paradox that Whitman extols, where 'Objects gross and the unseen soul are one' are filtered through a rich groove into Levine's book in the poem 'Soloing.' In the poem his mother tells him 'she dreamed/ of John Coltrane, 'a young Trane/ playing his music with such joy/ and contained energy and rage/ she could not hold back her tears/.' Levine sees the dream visitation as a Dream Vision, a gift of music from the great musician so lasting in the force of his passion that he is retained within, and resurfaces out of, the 'unseen' after death in the mother's dream. And here the poet, almost Dante-like, coming into the smogged-over sea-dead L.A. basin simultaneously presents the dignified but saddened alone-ness of the mother with the mother who is still a source of sustenance, whose work as a mother is not over. There is then a placental quality to the poem since the mother's dream itself was the substance that fed the poet-son's language. The remarkable quality, especially of Levine's later poems, is this capacity for lucidly evoking the subtleties of how the inner and outer worlds of experience inter-relate. He could also be saying that sometimes you have to go through hell, and that it is worth going through hell, to receive a gift from the mother—herself a symbol of what primarily sustains and devours all. But the possibly deeper comical or mystical intent is incidental. At the foundation of Levine's poetry is the durability that arises out of integrity: he is committed to finishing the 'job, ' knowing there are all the reasons in the world to hesitate, but that if he did quit, if he were to ever 'have turned back, ' he would have 'lost the music.' One of Levine's best books.
Maya Angelou
(4 April 1928 - 28 May 2014)
Robert Frost
(March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963)
Emily Dickinson
(10 December 1830 – 15 May 1886)
William Shakespeare
(26 April 1564 - 23 April 1616)
Pablo Neruda
(12 July 1904 – 23 September 1973)
Langston Hughes
(1 February 1902 – 22 May 1967)
Edgar Allan Poe
(19 January 1809 - 7 October 1849)
Walt Whitman
(31 May 1819 - 26 March 1892)
William Wordsworth
Charles Bukowski
(16 August 1920 – 9 March 1994)
A Sleepless Night
April, and the last of the plum blossoms
scatters on the black grass
before dawn. The sycamore, the lime,
the struck pine inhale
the first pale hints of sky.
An iron day,
I think, yet it will come
dazzling, the light
rise from the belly of leaves and pour
burning from the cups
of poppies.
The mockingbird squawks
from his perch, fidgets,
and settles back. The snail, awake
for good, trembles from his shell
and sets sail for China. My hand dances
in the memory of a million ...


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handmade reindeer sculptureby Margaret Taylor
- the story
Santa's Newest Reindeer
Won't you let this reindeer guide your sleigh tonight? From reclaimed planks, spindles, and metals, comes this classic holiday character, complete with a bright red (bottle cap) nose! This sweet reindeer is made entirely from upcycled unfinished or semi-finished wood by artist Margaret Taylor and combines the childhood whimsy of a timeless icon with a rustic aesthetic. Whether you let him wander outside or you bring him inside next to the tree, holiday spirit will be present wherever you prop this charming fellow. Handcrafted in Georgia.
- details
- Item ID
- 23206
- Made from
- reclaimed wood, steel, reclaimed spindle, bottle cap
- Measurements
- 17" W x 25" H x 5" D
- Notes
- Due to reclaimed nature of the materials, some variance is to be expected.
Please note: Sealed for outdoor use. Recommended to re-seal every 4-6 weeks.
- the maker
Margaret Taylor
Margaret Taylor's business of creating artful picture frames, mirrors, furniture, birdhouses, garden and wall art actually began as a hobby. Taylor gained experience and knowledge helping her father on house projects. She was inspired by the fundamental beauty of paint and texture, and she soon gained the confidence and ability to imagine and create anything. Her business, Dryads Dancing, is now in its eleventh year.
Taylor has recently started working with other artists and designers, such as Simone Wilson. The purpose of the business is to make art that is unique, affordable and available. collection
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Scratch Map $20.00
Smartphone Projector $27.00
What I Love About You by Me Book $10.00
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Personalized Whiskey Barrel $200.00
Define Bottle $25.00
Scratch Map Deluxe $31.95
Toggle Switch Plate $50.00
- reviews
- q & a


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DWU wrestlers looking for redemption at national tournament
All seven Dakota Wesleyan University wrestlers competing in the NAIA national wrestling tournament today in Des Moines, Iowa, know what it feels like to wrestle on this big stage.
But they don't know how it feels to be an All-American.
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Possible Answer
The President of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Pilipinas) is the head of state and head of government of the Philippines. The President leads the executive ... - read more
The Philippines, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It ... - read more
Please vote if the answer you were given helped you or not, thats the best way to improve our algorithm. You can also submit an answer or search documents about 14 philippine presidents and their achievements.


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|Industry Recognition
|Professional Conduct
Visit our website at www.consumerslaw.com. If you have been ripped off by a bank, finance company, auto dealer or manufacturer, I can help. If you're the... more
Few attorneys in Pennsylvania focus their practice in the area of protecting consumer rights. Of those that do, Andy is one of the best. His firm is... more
I had the pleasure of working with Andy for several years, and I still look to Andy for advice and guidance for matters related to class actions,... more


text:
Buffalo Bills - Page 7
Celebrity Picks Week 6 Results
After coughing up his early lead in the Celebrity Picks race, Armen Williams re-took control going 3-2 in picks this weekend.
Jeff Levack faltered again, winning only one of the five games, while the celebrities took a hit as well under the watchful eye of WGNA's Sean McMaster.
Check out the picks of each, and hear their full conversation below!
Bills Face Patriots in Battle for AFC East Lead [AUDIO]
Giants And Bills In Division Battles Jets Fight History
Bills Wide Receiver on Ownership: 'It's Beautiful' [AUDIO]
Golden Tate Says Bills Were 'Disrespectful' [VIDEO]
Armen and Levack Celebrity Picks Week 5 Recap
There hasn't been much separation on the Celebrity Picks leader board this season, with Armen, Levack, and our celebrities separated by only two wins.
Well, the race got a bit tighter this weekend as Armen saw his lead evaporate thanks to a down 2-3 record, and a pair of 3-2 weeks from Levack and our celebrity, UAlbany lacrosse coach Scott Marr.
See how each did, specifically, and check out their full conversation below.
Bills Capitalize in 17-14 Win
DETROIT (AP) — Dan Carpenter hit a 58-yard field goal with 4 seconds remaining to cap the Buffalo Bills come-from-behind 17-14 win over the Detroit Lions on Sunday.
Kyle Orton, making his debut as the Bills starter, set up the decisive kick by completing a 20-yard pass over the middle to Sammy Watkins as Buffalo (3-2) overcame a 14-0 deficit. It was the eigh
Bills/Giants/Jets Preview Week 5 Geno Or Vick


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Increasing my flock
I lost several of my hens and my only rooster about two months ago when a dog got into the henyard. I only have five hens left and would like to have about 20. If I add 15 more hens to this flock (of comparable size) will they be able to get along? The hens that I have left now are getting old but they're still laying, and besides, they have names, so they can't just be 'dispatched' any more. How does it work out if you add a bunch of new hens to a tight-knit flock? Cheryl
I think it all depends on how assertive the hens are. They are individuals. I have added eight new young but adult hens to a group of 12 before. There were some problems with a couple of the younger ones not being accepted by the older flock. It took some time for them to adjust but I think that was due to them not laying yet. Hens that don't lay eggs are at the bottom of the "pecking order" and they know who is laying and who is not. The picked on hens were also not assertive and didn't defend themselves.
Can you fence off a section of the hen house for the new ones so they can get to know the older ones without contact?
I've read that putting new hens in at night when everyone is asleep will help but I haven't done that. One hen got a really hard time and we had to take her out of the flock until she was laying eggs and learned to defend herself, which she eventually did. They are all one big family now, uh...usually :-)
I've introduced young birds, but I had a section of fence that they lived in when they were chicks, so the old ones could see the new ones and vice versa. I didn't let the little ones out permanently until they were big enough to fend for themselves. I would also shoo the older birds out to free range, and then close the outer fence outside the coop so the little ones could run around the hen house and yard without getting picked on. When you do let the new ones mix with the older ones, hang around for awhile to make sure the older birds don't attack the new ones. The only time I had a problem was when my one chick got out from behind the cage and almost got pecked to death! Luckily I was able to rescue him, and he survived. He remembered that I had 'saved' him and he was and still is a very social and tame rooster. He does attack my shoe in the spring though, I guess he thinks it's another rooster... :D
i tried that putting them in there at night business and they killed one of the chickens. Be careful with that. You can make a wire cage out of hardware cloth very easily and put that in the coop so the chickens can interact with each other but still be protected at the same time. That is how I plan to introduce my next set.


text:
Here it is . . . .
Hi Paul, I checked with our Entertainment division which tells me the
Animation will have a new home in 2009.
Stay tuned!
Suzy Thomas
TMP International
Manager, International Publishing
1711 W. Greentree Drive, Suite 208
Tempe, AZ 85284
480-491-7070 ext 226
-----Original Message-----
Sent: Saturday, July 05, 2008 10:53 AM
To: Public Relations
Subject: Spawn the animated series
On many different web site's it says Spawn: The Animation is due to be
broadcast in 2008, is this true?
Also is it known how many episodes their will be per season?
Thanks for taking time out to read this message and hopefully replying,


text:
AIDS Infection Risk Bug Bites
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Get the Facts
Stopping the Spread of HIV...Bottom Line How Do You Get Infected With HIV? The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is not spread easily. You can only get HIV if you get infected blood or sexual fluids into your system. You can't get it from mosquito bites, coughing or sneezing, sharing household items, or swimming in the same pool as someone with HIV. Some people talk about "shared body fluids" being risky for HIV, but no documented cases of HIV have been caused by...
Ask the Experts
HIV and HCV raises infection risk??if i used condoms for both oral and vaginal sex and partner had both hep c and HIV are the odds of contracting both at same time higher than e.g. those of getting HIV alone?
Response from Barbara McGovern, M.D.
Tufts University School of Medicine...This is a good question although there aren't very good data on this topic. Some information suggests that HIV infected patients have higher levels of HCV virus in their blood. However, it is not clear that this translates into a higher Read more »
Love Bites and HIVHi. Can you tell me the risks of transmission of HIV via love bites? Without biting through the skin, could love bites created by sucking the skin with the lips cause any transmission?thanks
Response from Ryan M. Kull, C.S.W
Columbia University's Health & Related Services...The person who is doing the biting is clearly at more risk for infection than the person being bitten. The person doing the biting may come into contact with infected blood, which is highly infectious, Read more »
love bites.......can i get HIV?SirI and my girlfriend have sex regularly(no penetration).Shehas little sadistic tendencies and likes to give "love bites".At times shedigs her teeth so hard in my flesh that she manages to draw out blood.I would like to know weather i can get HIVif...
Response from Ryan M. Kull, C.S.W
Columbia University's Health & Related Services...can talk about your question from a theoretical and practical standpoint.The person who is doing the biting is clearly at more risk for infection than the person being bitten. The person doing the biting may come into contact with infected... Read more »
Human Bite & HIVDear Dr. Ryan, I have posted my question almost over 12 times, I did not get any response. This is very serious. A transexual person with HIV+ bite me with his teeth on my thumb on Dec 25/02. My thumb's skin was broken very badly, it was bleeding. I...
Response from Ryan M. Kull, C.S.W
Columbia University's Health & Related Services...for HIV transmission. People are primarily infected through vaginal and anal sex.The person who is doing the biting is at more risk for infection than the person being bitten. The person doing the biting may come into contact with infected blood,... Read more »
AIDS 2010: Study Finds Microbicide Containing HIV Drug Lowers Infection Risk in Women By 39%... A microbicide gel containing Gilead's HIV drug tenofovir used by women before and after sex has been shown to reduce their risk of HIV infection by nearly 40%, according Read more »
Male Circumcision Reduces Men's HIV Infection Risk by 65%, Data Re-Evaluation Says... Routine male circumcision could reduce a man's risk of HIV infection through heterosexual sex by 65%, according to final data from two NIH -funded studies conducted in Kenya and Uganda Read more »
Daily Oral Antiretroviral Reduces HIV Infection Risk in MSM by 44%, Study Finds... A study that included nearly 2,500 HIV-negative men and transgender women who have sex with men has shown that a daily dose of Truvada, a pill containing the AIDS drugs Read more »
HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in the United States: Impact on Lifetime Infection Risk, Clinical Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness...to identify critical input parameters. In a cohort with a mean age of 34 years, the results showed PrEP reduced lifetime HIV infection risk from 44 percent to 25 percent and increased mean life expectancy from 39.9 to 40.7 years (21.7 to 22.2... Read more »
Connect With Others
hiv infection risk PLEASE help
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Replyok a few hours ago i had a bleeding bit at the skin on the bottomcorner of my index finger so i went and got a bandaid. i had just washed the cut and tryed to put the bandaid over it the first time but didnt manage. i then looked again and there... Read more »
Love Bites and HIV
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply...Can sucking on skin to produce Love Bites transmit HIV? Can the skin break by merely sucking hard on them? Read more »
HIV from biting
Posted by Anonymous... Hi, I have a question. Am I at risk from biting someone? It was just a playful bite, not hard or vicious, but I accidentally bit a little too hard and a drop or two of blood oozed out. Could a few remnants of Read more »
Biting and HIV
Posted by Anonymous, 2 Replies...Ok... I know the sensible thing to do if you have any concerns about HIV is to get tested but I am not sure if I am over reacting or if I have cause for concern... I was kissing a guy whos HIV status Read more »
Resource Centers
Guides for People With HIV


text: The Valkyrie wiki last edited by The_Author on 03/29/13 08:35PM View full history OverviewThe Valkyrie is a variable fighter originally designed along the lines of technology retrieved from a crashed alien spaceship known as the SDF-1. The machine possessed three different modes allowing a human pilot to not only fight in the air, but on the ground as well in a mecha form. The Valkyrie appeared in Super Dimension Fortress Macross, and the american adaption that became known as Robotech. HistoryDue to the split in continuity, the Valkyrie has two different albeit similar versions detailing its history: the Macross version and the Robotech Version.In Macross, after the SDF-1 crash landed on earth humans inspect the wreckage, and discover that it was a war vessel manned by giant aliens. This lead to a global war to unify the nations under a world government, and during this war against nations who wished to remain independent, the U.N. Spacy began development on what would be come the VF-1 Valkyrie. The first was the VF-X which was just a jet fighter used to test designs for what would become the VF-0, the prototype to the VF-1 Valkyrie, that was only capable of flight within the atmostphere. In the year 2009 of the Macross timeline the VF-1 saw it's debut combat on Arteria Island against giant alien invaders known as the Zentradi. The VF-1 had the capability of fighting in the vacuum of space, and in it's mecha form, known as Battroid mode, could fight in close quarters. The VF-1 Valkyrie was the main fighter used during Space War I, but it was only deployed for a few years before being replaced by an upgraded design.In the Robotech continuity, the history surrounding the Valkyrie was almost the same except for the order of events it was created and the names surrounding the modes of the fighter and locations where the Valkyrie saw battle. Also the Robotech version of the Valkyrie did not go through as extensive test stages as its Macross counterpart. In future installments of Macross and Robotech, the VF designs would be expanded upon creating new models that were more advanced with each installment. DescriptionThe VF-1 Valkyrie came in a multitude of different designs such as the VF-1S, VF-1J, and VF-1A. The main difference in these models were the heads of it's mecha form, and what armaments and loadouts it was capable of using. The Valkyrie was designed to have three modes: Fighter, GERWALK, and Battroid (Fighter, Guardian, and Battloid modes in Robotech)The Fighter mode was simply that of a jet aircraft fighter that was similar in design to F-14 Tomcat formally used by the United States in real life. In this form the VF-1 could be outfitted with a wide range of misses and laser turrets. In some depictions it could be outfitted with a type of armor that would remain attached to it as it transformed.In GERWALK mode (Guardian Mode in Robotech) which stood for "Ground Effective Reinforcement of Winged Armament with Locomotive Knee-joint" was a sort of half transformation between the fighter form and the mecha form. in this mode the fighter would transform giving the fighter arms and legs while retaining some of the mobility of a fighter.In Battroid mode (Battloid mode in Robotech) the VF-1 Valkyrie would fully transform into it's mecha state. The laser turret would then be used as a type of rifle for combat against the giant alien forces of the Zentradi.


text:
Are you Prabagar Balakrishnan?Claim your profile
Publications (27)85.53 Total impact
[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The present study describes the preparation and evaluation of a poloxamer 407 (P407)-based thermoreversible gel using Carbopol 934P (C934P) as a mucoadhesive polymer and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) for enhancing the aqueous solubility and intranasal absorption of fexofenadine hydrochloride (FXD HCl). The prepared gels were characterized by gelation temperature, viscoelasticity, and drug release profile. Thermoreversibility of P407/C934P gel was demonstrated by rheological studies. The incorporation of carbopol into P407 gel also reduced the amounts of drug released from the gel formulations (p < 0.05). In vivo pharmacokinetic results of the prepared gel formulations in rabbits (at 0.5 mg/kg dose) showed that the relative bioavailability of drug from P407/C934P gel was 11.3 and 2.7-fold higher than those of drug solution and P407 gel group, respectively. These findings suggested that developed thermoreversible gels could be used as promising dosage forms to improve intranasal drug absorption.
Article: Comparison of a solid SMEDDS and solid dispersion for enhanced stability and bioavailability of clopidogrel napadisilate[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The intention of this study was to compare the physicochemical properties, stability and bioavailability of a clopidogrel napadisilate (CN)-loaded solid dispersion (SD) and solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (solid SMEDDS). SD was prepared by a surface attached method using different ratios of Cremophor RH60 (surfactant) and HPMC (polymer), optimized based on their drug solubility. Liquid SMEDDS was composed of oil (peceol), a surfactant (Cremophor RH60) and a co-surfactant (Transcutol HP). A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed to identify the emulsifying domain, and the optimized liquid SMEDDS was spray dried with an inert solid carrier (silicon dioxide), producing the solid SMEDDS. The physicochemical properties, solubility, dissolution, stability and pharmacokinetics were assessed and compared to clopidogrel napadisilate (CN) and bisulfate (CB) powders. In solid SMEDDS, liquid SMEDDS was absorbed or coated inside the pores of silicon dioxide. In SD, hydrophilic polymer and surfactants were adhered onto drug surface. The drug was in crystalline and molecularly dispersed form in SD and solid SMEDDS, respectively. Solid SMEDDS and SD greatly increased the solubility of CN but gave lower drug solubility compared to CB powder. These preparations significantly improved the dissolution of CN, but the latter more increased than the former. Stability under accelerated condition showed that they were more stable compared to CB powder, and SD was more stable than solid SMEDDS. They significantly increased the oral bioavailability of CN powder. Furthermore, SD showed significantly improved oral bioavailability compared to solid SMEDDS and CB powder. Thus, SD with excellent stability and bioavailability is recommended as an alternative for the clopidogrel-based oral formulation.Carbohydrate Polymers 12/2014; 114:365–374. DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.034 · 3.92 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Abstract Context: Anti-inflammatory effect of advanced adipose stem cell derived protein extract (AAPE) could be improved by minimising protein degradation. Objective: To develop a proliposomal formulation of AAPE for the treatment of topical atopic dermatitis. Materials and methods: Proliposomal powder was manufactured by evaporating a solution of soy phosphatidyl choline, AAPE and Poloxamer 407 in ethanol under vacuum on sorbitol powder. Characterisation of proliposomes (zeta potential, diameter, stability and flowability) as well as in vivo efficacy in a dermatitis mouse model was investigated. Results and discussion: Reconstitution of the proliposomal powder formed liposomes of 589 ± 3.6 nm diameter with zeta potential of -51.33 ± 0.36 mV. Protein stability was maintained up to 90 days at 25 °C as proliposomes. In vivo studies on atopic dermatitis mouse model showed a significant reduction in IgE levels after topical AAPE proliposome treatment. Conclusion: AAPE proliposomes maintained protein stability and showed promising results for atopic dermatitis treatment.Journal of Microencapsulation 08/2014; DOI:10.3109/02652048.2014.932027 · 1.88 Impact Factor
Article: Polymeric nanocapsules with SEDDS oil-core for the controlled and enhanced oral absorption of cyclosporine.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) cored-polymeric nanocapsules (NC) were fabricated using emulsion diffusion method for the controlled oral absorption of the poorly water soluble drug, cyclosporine. Poly-DL-lactide (PDLLA) was used as the shell-forming polymer. The NCs in different polymer/oil ratios (from 25/125 to 125/125) were prepared following a solvent-diffusion method. Especially, the SEDDS oil-core compositions, which can form microemulsions on dispersion, were selected based on a pseudo-phase diagram study and further optimized based on the solubility and permeability studies. The prepared NCs were with a mean diameter of 150∼220nm and 9.4∼4.5% w/w drug loading. In vivo study in rats showed that the optimized NC(50/125) and NC(100/125) released the drug in controlled way as well as enhanced the bioavailability significantly with AUC(0-24h) values of 14880.3±1470.6 and 12657.8±754.5 ng·h/ml, respectively, compared to that of SEDDS-core solution (9878.9±409.6 ng·h/ml). Moreover it was observed that the NCs maintained blood concentration of cyclosporine (>500ng/ml) for 14 to 20h but in the case of control formulation it was only 7.33h. Our results suggest that the prepared NCs could be a potential carrier for the oral controlled release formulation of cyclosporine.International Journal of Pharmaceutics 10/2012; DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.018 · 3.99 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A new lipid nanoemulsion (LNE) system containing granisetron (GRN) was developed and its in vitro permeation-enhancing effect was evaluated using Caco-2 cell monolayers. Particle size, polydispersity index (PI) and stability of the prepared GRN-loaded LNE systems were also characterized. The mean diameters of prepared LNEs were around 50nm with PI<0.2. Developed LNEs were stable at 4°C in the dark place over a period of 12 weeks. In vitro drug dissolution and cytotoxicity studies of GRN-loaded LNEs were performed. GRN-loaded LNEs exhibited significantly higher drug dissolution than GRN suspension at pH 6.8 for 2h (P<0.05). In vitro permeation study in Caco-2 cell monolayers showed that the LNEs significantly enhanced the drug permeation compared to GRN powder. The in vivo toxicity study in the rat jejunum revealed that the prepared GRN-loaded LNE was as safe as the commercial formulation (Kytril). These results suggest that LNE could be used as a potential oral liquid formulation of GRN for anti-emetic treatment on the post-operative and chemotherapeutic patients.Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces 07/2012; 101C:475-480. DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.07.019 · 4.28 Impact Factor
Article: Inclusion complex effect on the bioavailability of clotrimazole from poloxamer-based solid suppository.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To study the effect of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) inclusion complex on the bioavailability of clotrimazole from poloxamer-based suppository, formulations composed of P 188, propylene glycol and different molar ratio of clotrimazole-βCD inclusion complex were prepared. Clotrimazole (1%) has been formulated in a suppository using the thermo sensitive polymer P188 (70%) together with propylene glycol (30%). To increase its aqueous solubility, clotrimazole was incorporated as its inclusion complex at various molar ratios with βCD (1:0.25, 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2). The inclusion complex was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), XRD and phase solubility studies. It was observed that the complexation with βCD, particularly at high molar ratio (F3 (1:1) and F4 (1:2)) decreased the release profile of clotrimazole considerably. However, suppositories containing inclusion complex at low molar ratio (F1 (1:0.25) and F2 (1:0.5)) showed excellent release profile compared to control formulation. In vivo study in rats at 15 mg/Kg dose showed that the F1 and F2 (82.39 ± 15.40 and 67.05 ± 8.79, respectively) significantly increased the AUC compared to that of F3 (41.48 ± 11.51), F4 (23.34 ± 8.37) and control (46.7 ± 7.87) suppositories. Thus, the suppositories containing inclusion complexes prepared at low drug to βCD molar ratio (F1) could be a potential suppository formulation to increase the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs such as clotrimazole.Archives of Pharmacal Research 07/2012; 35(7):1169-75. DOI:10.1007/s12272-012-0707-5 · 1.75 Impact Factor
Article: Application of biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) in drug transport studies across human respiratory epithelial cell monolayers[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Transport studies of model drugs were conducted across the human nasal epithelial (HNE) and normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell monolayers cultured by air–liquid interface method. Physicochemical properties (e.g., molecular weight, calculated partition coefficient, dose number) of model drugs were quoted from literatures and apparent permeability coefficients (P app) across the HNE and NHBE cell monolayers were directly measured. A linear relationship was observed between the P app values of model drugs in the HNE and NHBE cell monolayers. As the molecular weight of model drugs increased, the P app showed a decreasing pattern while the increase of partition coefficients resulted in the increment of P app. These results indicated that the transport of model drugs across both cell monolayers followed mainly the passive diffusion mechanism, although substrates mediated by drug transporters showed a deviating pattern. It was also interesting to note that almost all model drugs could be grouped into the same biopharmaceutics classification system as that classified by the human intestinal permeability when the P app was plotted as a function of dose number (D 0) of each drug.06/2012; 42(3). DOI:10.1007/s40005-012-0020-9
Article: A novel vesicular carrier, transethosome, for enhanced skin delivery of voriconazole: characterization and in vitro/in vivo evaluation.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This study describes a novel carrier, transethosome, for enhanced skin delivery of voriconazole. Transethosomes (TELs) are composed of phospholipid, ethanol, water and edge activator (surfactants) or permeation enhancer (oleic acid). Characterization of the TELs was based on results from recovery, particle size, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential and elasticity studies. In addition, skin permeation profile was obtained using static vertical diffusion Franz cells and hairless mouse skin treated with TELs containing 0.3% (w/w) voriconazole, and compared with those of ethosomes (ELs), deformable liposomes (DLs), conventional liposomes (CLs) and control (polyethylene glycol, PG) solutions. The recovery of the studied vesicles was above 90% in all vesicles, as all of them contained ethanol (7-30%). There was no significant difference in the particles size of all vesicles. The TEM study revealed that the TELs were in irregular spherical shape, implying higher fluidity due to perturbed lipid bilayer compared to that of other vesicles which were of spherical shape. The zeta potential of vesicles containing sodium taurocholate or oleic acid showed higher negative value compared to other vesicles. The elasticities of ELs and TELs were much higher than that of CLs and DLs. Moreover, TELs dramatically enhanced the skin permeation of voriconazole compared to the control and other vesicles (p<0.05). Moreover, the TELs enhanced both in vitro and in vivo skin deposition of voriconazole in the dermis/epidermis region compared to DLs, CLs and control. Therefore, based on the current study, the novel carrier TELs could serve as an effective dermal delivery for voriconazole.Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces 12/2011; 92:299-304. DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.12.004 · 4.28 Impact Factor
Article: Cross-linked hyaluronic acid-based flexible cell delivery system: Application for chondrogenic differentiation[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A flexible porous three-dimensional (3D) matrix of hyaluronic acid (HA) was developed to improve the rigidity problems of the previously developed 3D systems. The viscoelasticity of the new formulation was expected to facilitate the differentiation of chondrocytes for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). The 3D matrix was fabricated using poly (ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDG) as a cross-linker, which was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The porous structure of the matrix was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The rheological characteristics of the fabricated HA matrix, that transforms to a gel-like semisolid state in the culture media with and without chondrocytes, were investigated. The proliferation of chondrocytes in the matrix increased according to the cultivation time. The chondrogenic differentiation of chondrocytes in the matrix also increased as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and by quantification of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (s-GAG). Moreover, safranin-O staining demonstrated that chondrocytes in the matrix produced extracellular matrix (ECM) after 28 days of culture. Thus, these results show that the "flexible" porous 3D cell delivery system based on HA could improve the clinical efficiency in OA treatment.Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces 11/2011; 91:106-13. DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.10.052 · 4.28 Impact Factor
Article: Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) scaffolds of sodium hyaluronate and sodium alginate for chondrocyte culture[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In this study, porous sodium hyaluronic acid/sodium alginate (HA/SA) scaffold based on interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) technique has been fabricated, where HA and SA were cross-linked with poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDG) and calcium chloride, respectively. The mean pore size and the swelling ratio of fabricated scaffolds decreased, and the compressive strength increased as the content of SA increased in HA/SA IPN scaffold. Rabbit chondrocytes were seeded within the HA/SA IPN scaffolds, and then their proliferation as well as chondrogenic differentiation was examined. DNA contents observed from the chondrocytes cultured in the IPN scaffolds increased with time over 21 days, which demonstrated that the rabbit chondrocytes continued to proliferate in HA/SA scaffolds. Results of the 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMBA) assays showed that glycosaminoglycan (s-GAG) and collagen contents increased over culture period, indicating the chondrogenic differentiation in the scaffold. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results showed the expression of type II collagen, the main chondrogenic differentiation marker. The bands indicating mRNA expression of type II collagen increased with the culture period. These results demonstrated that the porous HA/SA IPN scaffolds were successfully prepared and could serve as an effective delivery system of the three-dimensional culture of chondrocytes.Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces 08/2011; 88(2):711-6. DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.08.005 · 4.28 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and in vitro evaluation of fatty ester prodrugs of salicylic acid for ultraviolet (UV) protection. The physicochemical properties such as lipophilicity, chemical stability and enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated with the following fatty ester prodrugs of salicylic acid: octanoyl (C8SA), nonanoyl (C9SA), decanoyl (C10SA), lauroyl (C12SA), myristoyl (C14SA) and palmitoyl oxysalicylate (C16SA). Furthermore, their skin permeation and accumulation were evaluated using a combination of common permeation enhancing techniques such as the use of a lipophilic receptor solution, removal of stratum corneum and delipidization of skin. Their k' values were proportional to the degree of carbon-carbon saturation in the side chain. All these fatty esters were highly stable in 2-propanol, acetonitrile and glycerin, but unstable in methanol and ethanol. They were relatively unstable in liver and skin homogenates. In particular, C16SA was mostly hydrolyzed to its parent compound in hairless mouse liver and skin homogenates, suggesting that it might be converted to salicylic acid after its topical administration. In the skin permeation and accumulation study, C16SA showed the poorest permeation in all skins, suggesting that it could not be permeated in the skin. Furthermore, C14SA and C16SA were less accumulated in delipidized skin compared with normal skin or stripped skin, suggesting that these esters had relatively strong affinities for lipids compared with the other prodrugs in the skin. C16SA showed significantly higher dermal accumulation in all skins compared with its parent salicylic acid. Thus, the palmitoyl oxysalicylate (C16SA) might be a potential candidate for UV protection due to its absence of skin permeation, smaller uptake in the lipid phase and relatively lower skin accumulation.Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 07/2011; 37(7):841-8. DOI:10.3109/03639045.2010.545417 · 2.01 Impact Factor
Article: Evaluation of protein stability and in vitro permeation of lyophilized polysaccharides-based microparticles for intranasal protein delivery[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Biocompatible microparticles prepared by lyophilization were developed for intranasal protein delivery. To test for the feasibility of this formulation, stability of the incorporated protein and enhancement of in vitro permeation across the nasal epithelium were evaluated. Lyophilization was processed with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) or water soluble chitosan (WCS) as biocompatible polymers, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and d-alpha-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol 1000) succinate (TPGS 1000) as permeation enhancers, sugars as cryoprotectants and lysozyme as the model protein. As a result, microparticles ranging from 6 to 12μm were developed where the maintenance of the protein conformation was verified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), circular dichroism and fluorescence intensity detection. Moreover, in vitro bioassay showed that the lysozyme activity was preserved during the preparation process while exhibiting less cytotoxicity in primary human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells. Results of the in vitro release study revealed slower release rate in these microparticles compared to that of the lysozyme itself. On the other hand, the in vitro permeation study exhibited a 9-fold increase in absorption of lysozyme when prepared in lyophilized microparticles with HPMC, HP-β-CD and TPGS 1000 (F4-2). These microparticles could serve as efficient intranasal delivery systems for therapeutic proteins.International Journal of Pharmaceutics 06/2011; 416(1):77-84. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.009 · 3.99 Impact Factor
Article: Solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) containing phosphatidylcholine for enhanced bioavailability of highly lipophilic bioactive carotenoid lutein[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study was to prepare solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) containing phosphatidylcholine (PC), an endogenous phospholipid with excellent in vivo solubilization capacity, as oil phase for the delivery of bioactive carotenoid lutein, by spray drying the SNEDDS (liquid system) containing PC using colloidal silica (Aerosil® 200 VV Pharma) as the inert solid carrier, and to evaluate the enhanced bioavailability (BA) of lutein from S-SNEDDS. The droplet size analyses revealed droplet size of less than 100 nm. The solid state characterization of S-SNEDDS by SEM, DSC, and XRPD revealed the absence of crystalline lutein in the S-SNEDDS. The bioavailability study performed in rabbits resulted in enhanced values of C(max) and AUC for S-SNEDDS. The enhancement of C(max) for S-SNEDDS was about 21-folds and 8-folds compared with lutein powder (LP) and commercial product (CP), respectively. The relative BA of S-SNEDDS compared with CP or LP was 2.74-folds or 11.79-folds, respectively. These results demonstrated excellent ability of S-SNEDDS containing PC as oil phase to enhance the BA of lutein in rabbits. Thus, S-SNEDDS containing PC as oil phase could be a useful lipid drug delivery system for enhancing the BA of lutein in vivo.European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics: official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V 04/2011; 79(2):250-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.04.012 · 3.15 Impact Factor
Article: Poloxamer/cyclodextrin/chitosan-based thermoreversible gel for intranasal delivery of fexofenadine hydrochloride.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To enhance permeation and solubility of an intranasal delivery system of fexofenadine hydrochloride (FXD HCl), a new formulation using poloxamer 407 (P407)/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)-based thermoreversible gels with chitosan, was developed. Prepared gels were characterized by gelation temperature, viscosity, viscoelasticity, and drug release profile. The in vitro permeation study was performed in primary human nasal epithelial cell monolayers cultured by air-liquid interface method. The addition of chitosan caused the slight elevation of gelation temperature and viscosity-enhancing effect. Viscosity enhancement by the incorporation of chitosan caused the retardation of drug release from P407 gels in in vitro release test. The in vitro permeation profile showed that the increase in chitosan content (0.1% and 0.3%, w/v) significantly enhanced the permeation of FXD HCl. After intranasal administration of P407/HP-β-CD-based thermoreversible gels containing 0.1% and 0.3% of chitosan in rabbits at 0.5 mg/kg dose, plasma concentrations of FXD HCl were significantly higher than those of nasal solutions (p < 0.05). In particular, the bioavailability of the optimized thermoreversible gel containing 0.3% chitosan was about 18-fold higher than that of the solution type. These results suggested the feasibility that thermosensitive gels could be used as an effective dosage form to enhance the nasal absorption of FXD HCl.Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 02/2011; 100(2):681-91. DOI:10.1002/jps.22314 · 3.13 Impact Factor
Article: Characterization and in vitro evaluation of freeze-dried microparticles composed of granisetron-cyclodextrin complex and carboxymethylcellulose for intranasal delivery[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to prepare microparticles (MPs) of granisetron (GRN) in combination with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) by the simple freeze-drying method for intranasal delivery. The composition of MPs was determined from the phase-solubility study of GRN in various CDs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies were performed to evaluate possible interactions between GRN and excipients. The results indicated the formation of inclusion complex between GRN and CD, and the conversion of drug into amorphous state. The in vitro release of GRN from MPs was determined in phosphate buffered saline (pH 6.4) at 37°C. Cytotoxicity of the MPs and in vitro permeation study were conducted by using primary human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells and their monolayer system cultured by air-liquid interface (ALI) method, respectively. The MPs showed significantly higher GRN release profile compared to pure GRN. Moreover, the prepared MPs showed significantly lower cytotoxicity and higher permeation profile than that of GRN powder (p<0.05). These results suggested that the MPs composed of GRN, HP-β-CD and CMC-Na represent a simple and new GRN intranasal delivery system as an alternative to the oral and intravenous administration of GRN.International Journal of Pharmaceutics 11/2010; 400(1-2):59-65. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.08.030 · 3.99 Impact Factor
Article: Effect of process parameters on nanoemulsion droplet size and distribution in SPG membrane emulsification[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A Shirasu-porous-glass (SPG) membrane with a mean pore size of 2.5 μm was used to produce an oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsion of flurbiprofen consisting of methylene chloride as the dispersed phase, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the stabilizer and a mixture of Tween 20 and Tween 80 in demineralized water as the continuous phase. Emulsion droplets with a mean droplet size of 25 times smaller than the mean pore size and a narrow droplet size distribution were produced using 5% emulsifier at a feed pressure of 15 kPa. Under these conditions the z-average diameter and size distribution of the emulsion droplets formed were influenced by the type of surfactant, agitator speed (150-1200 rpm), feed pressure (15-80 kPa), stabilizer concentration (0-4, w/v) and the temperature of the continuous phase. Increasing the agitator speed and stabilizer concentration increased the z-average diameter and decreased the size uniformity. There was a linear relationship between the increased feed pressure and the decreased z-average diameter of the emulsion droplets. However, the uniformity of the size distribution decreased with increasing feed pressure. The continuous phase temperature played an important role in particle size and distribution. The nanoemulsion composed of oil, water, PVA and the surfactant mixture at the weight ratio of 10/100/1/5 was prepared using a SPG membrane at an agitator speed of 300 rpm, a feed pressure of 15 kPa and a continuous phase temperature of 25 °C. Our results indicated that these conditions led to relatively uniform emulsion droplets with a narrow size distribution and high zeta potential. This emulsion was stable for at least 13 h. Furthermore, the droplets in the emulsion containing the drug were not smaller but were more uniform with a narrower distribution compared to those without the drug.International Journal of Pharmaceutics 11/2010; 404(1-2):191-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.10.045 · 3.99 Impact Factor
Article: Development of novel sibutramine base-loaded solid dispersion with gelatin and HPMC: physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To develop a novel sibutramine base-loaded solid dispersion with enhanced solubility and bioavailability, various solid dispersions were prepared using a spray drying technique with hydrophilic polymers such as gelatin, HPMC and citric acid. Their solubility, thermal characteristics and crystallinity were investigated. The dissolution and pharmacokinetics of the sibutramine base-loaded solid dispersion were then compared with a sibutramine hydrochloride monohydrate-loaded commercial product (Reductil). The solid dispersions prepared with gelatin gave higher drug solubility than those prepared without gelatin, irrespective of the amount of polymer. The sibutramine base-loaded solid dispersions containing hydrophilic polymer and citric acid showed higher drug solubility compared to sibutramine base and sibutramine hydrochloride monohydrate. Among the formulations tested, the solid dispersion composed of sibutramine base/gelatin/HPMC/citric acid at the weight ratio of 1/0.8/0.2/0.5 gave the highest solubility of 5.03+/-0.24 mg/ml. Our DSC and powder X-ray diffraction results showed that the drug was present in an altered amorphous form in this solid dispersion. The difference factor (f(1)) values between solid dispersion and commercial product were 2.82, 6.65 and 6.31 at pH 1.2, 4.0 and 6.8, respectively. Furthermore, they had the similarity factor (f(2)) value of 65.68, 53.43 and 58.97 at pH 1.2, 4.0 and 6.8, respectively. Our results suggested that the solid dispersion and commercial product produced a similar correlation of dissolution profiles at all pH ranges. The AUC, C(max) and T(max) of the parent drug and metabolite I and II from the solid dispersion were not significantly different from those of the commercial product, suggesting that the solid dispersion might be bioequivalent to the commercial product in beagle dogs. Thus, the sibutramine base-loaded solid dispersion prepared with gelatin, HPMC and citric acid is a promising candidate for improving the solubility and bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble sibutramine base.International Journal of Pharmaceutics 09/2010; 397(1-2):225-30. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.07.013 · 3.99 Impact Factor
Article: Rheological characterization and in vivo evaluation of thermosensitive poloxamer-based hydrogel for intramuscular injection of piroxicam[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To develop an industrially practical thermosensitive injectable hydrogel that is easy to administer, gels quickly in the body and allows sustained release of the drug, poloxamer-based hydrogels containing piroxicam as a model drug were prepared with poloxamer, sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride using the cold method. Their rheological characterization, dissolution and pharmacokinetics after intramuscular administration to rabbits were evaluated. Among the ingredients tested, sodium hydroxide and piroxicam decreased the viscosity and retarded the gelation time of the injectable gel. However, sodium chloride did the opposite. The thermosensitive injectable gel composed of 2.5% piroxicam, 15% P 407, 17% P 188, 0.01% sodium hydroxide and 1.6% sodium chloride was instantly applied to practical industrial product, since it was easy to administer intramuscularly and gelled quickly in the body. The drug was dissolved out of the hydrogels by Fickian diffusion through the extramicellar aqueous channels of the gel matrix. Sodium chloride barely affected the dissolution mechanism or dissolution rate of the drug from the injectable gels. Furthermore, it maintained the plasma concentrations of drug for 4 days and gave a 150-fold higher AUC compared to piroxicam solution. Thus, it would be practically useful for delivering piroxicam in a pattern that allows sustained release for a long time, leading to better bioavailability.International Journal of Pharmaceutics 08/2010; 395(1-2):317-23. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.05.042 · 3.99 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To enhance the solubility and bioavailability of poorly absorbable fexofenadine, microemulsion system composed of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant was developed for intranasal delivery. Phase behavior, particle size, viscosity and solubilization capacity of the microemulsion system were characterized. Histopathology and in vivo nasal absorption of the optimized microemulsion formulations were also investigated in rats. A single isotropic region was found in the pseudo-ternary phase diagrams developed at various ratios with Lauroglycol 90 as oil, Labrasol as surfactant and Plurol Oleique CC49 or its mixture with PEG-400 (1:1) as cosurfactant. An increase in the microemulsion region in pseudo-ternary phase systems was observed with increased surfactant concentration. The optimized microemulsion formulations showed higher solubulization of fexofenadine, i.e., F1 (22.64 mg/mL) and F2 (22.98 mg/mL), compared to its intrinsic water solubility (1.51 mg/mL). Nasal absorption of fexofenadine from these microemulsions was found to be fairly rapid. Tmax was observed within 5 min after intranasal administration at 1.0 mg/kg dose, and the absolute bioavailability (0-4 h) was about 68% compared to the intravenous administration in rats. Our results suggested that these microemulsion formulations could be used as an effective intranasal dosage form for the rapid-onset delivery of fexofenadineInternational Journal of Pharmaceutics 08/2010; 395(1-2):309-16. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.05.041 · 3.99 Impact Factor
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Hanyang UniversitySŏul, Seoul, South Korea
Seoul National University
Sŏul, Seoul, South Korea
- • College of Pharmacy
- • Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Inha UniversityChemulpo, Incheon, South Korea
Yeungnam University
Onyang, South Chungcheong, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy


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Triple S Planning and Zoning approved a development plan for a new Kroger Marketplace grocery store to be placed in Hi-Point Shopping Center at Boone Station Rd. and Willamsburg Rd. in Shelbyville. The building will be around 123,000 sq. ft. -- 30,000 sq. ft. larger than the similar store in Middletown -- and will include both a drive-thru pharmacy and a gas station.
The commission also approved an amended development plan to add 9,214 sq feet on to the current Humana Data Facility on Citizens Boulevard in Simpsonville.
Those old bales of cardboard, empty wine bottles, milk jugs and tuna fish cans just don't bring what they used to.
There's a huge pile of debris left over from the winter ice storm, and Shelby County Fiscal Court is going to get rid of it.
Magistrates agreed Tuesday to pay for grinding the debris into chips at the request of Road Department Supervisor Carl Henry.
"There's a pile of brush and debris 10,000 cubic yards wide at the road department; that's bigger than this building," Henry told magistrates.
He said he knows that's how much brush there is because he has been keeping track of it.
Mike Casey says he is feeling OK – even managing some smiles and chuckles -- and fighting the good fight against his longtime heart problems.
Casey, Shelby County's legendary former basketball star, is being treated at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, where doctors are hoping sometime soon to replace his infection-ravaged heart,
"I'm high on the list for a heart transplant," he said by phone on Friday. "But I'm not at the top of the list."
United Auto Workers officials at Martinrea Heavy Stamping disputed a report Wednesday that they had rejected a final offer from the company to restructure their existing contract.
In a statement, General Manager Shawn Aldesberger said, "Martinrea regrets that the union has chosen to walk away from the table and not present the last proposals to the employees of Martinrea Heavy Stampings."
But Wednesday morning union committee members said that wasn't the case at all.
The Shelby Count School Board gave its formal approval Thursday night of an organizational plan for its new secondary school being built west of Shelbyville.
This plan, first introduced the board at its last meeting, calls for the new secondary center to serve as a second high school, with grades 8 through 12 being housed at both the newly named Martha Layne Collins High School and Shelby County High School.
East and West Middle Schools will have grades 6 and 7. This would go into affect for the 2010-11 school year.
Last week, the situation at Martinrea took a turn for the worse, at least for employee morale.
Several members of the United Auto Workers who work at Martinrea Heavy Stamping contacted The Sentinel-News and expressed extreme agitation with plant officials. The employees, who were granted anonymity because they feared for their jobs, said that they were being bullied by plant officials.
On Thursday night the Shelby County School Board approved a new plan for how it will populate its high schools and middle schools after completion of the Martha Layne Collins Secondary Center being built west of Shelbyville.
There will be two district-wide high schools for grades 8 through 12 -- Shelby County High School and the new Collins High School -- and East and West Middle Schools will house grades 6 and 7.
The plan has received widespread reaction from parents and concerns from at least one school-board member -- Sam Hinkle -- who voted against it.
Just off I-64 in Brighton Circle, next to the Ramada Inn, Great Escape 8 Theatre and Cattleman's Roadhouse, Shelbyville may soon have its major conference center.
Shelby County residents Robert and Elise Andrews, owners of Elegance, LLC., presented their plan for such a center Tuesday to County Judge Executive Rob Rothenburger, Shelbyville Mayor Tom Hardesty and other community leaders.
Two hot topics will go before the Shelby County School Board at its meeting Thursday night.
The board will hear about changes in the 2009-10 school calendar and the organizational plan for its new secondary center west of Shelbyville.
The calendar the board will review has been redesigned with a later start date for students and fewer days overall. The changes were made prompted by needs expressed by parents and staff, as well as to cut expenses in response to recent budget cuts by the state, school officials say.
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