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Tuesdays with Dorie BWJ: Crème Bruléed Chocolate BundtFebruary 17, 2015 at 12:02 am | Posted in cakes & tortes, groups, puddings & custards, sweet things, tuesdays with dorie | 21 Comments
Tags: baking, bundt, cake, chocolate, dessert
This Crème Bruléed Chocolate Bundt is the first, no second, no make that third Mary Bergin chiffon cake we've made. I've liked them all…I think I just really like the spongy, fluffy softness of chiffon cakes. And it also helps here that I love chocolate and Bundts. And crème brulée, too…who am I kidding? I knew this would be good.
If you watch the video of the BWJ episode, you'll see that this chocolate chiffon Bundt gets its center stuffed with raspberries and then a big glug of vanilla crème brulée custard is poured over top of the whole shebang and torched. I figured that as soon as the brulée was poured on, the cake pretty much needed to be eaten up…This would be very dramatic and impressive for a crowd, but since I was just making it for two of us, I had to both reduce the recipe and settle for adding the custard to order. I made a half recipe of the cake (in my 6-cup Bundt pan) and a half recipe of the brulée cream, too. I was convinced, even though I'd sprayed the heck out of my Bundt pan and coated it well in cocoa (which I prefer to use instead of flour for a dark chocolate cake), that the cake would stick like crazy and rip when I tried to unmold it. It didn't! I made sure to kind of gently nudge it from the sides with a little offset as it started to cool and shrink in a bit, and it released perfectly– phew!
I used my darkest cocoa powder (Valrhona) and my Bundt had great flavor. The chiffon was easy to make, too…in fact, I did the whole thing in my bathrobe (TMI??). I'd happily make it again on its own, just to have with ice cream or whipped cream. I liked the stovetop water bath method for thickening the crème brulée…that was new to me, and it came out nicely. After the better part of a day in the fridge, the brulée had thickened up well and I was able to pour it over a single slice without it looking a mess. All in all a winning dessert for Valentine's Day weekend.
For the recipe, see Baking with Julia by Dorie Greenspan (it's also here, along with a video). Don't forget to check out the rest of the TWD Blogroll! (Update: I see from the blogroll that some folks wound up with a thinner custard, in which case I'd just serve it as an anglaise sauce on the plate.)
Tuesdays with Dorie BCM: Gingerbread Bûche de NoëlDecember 23, 2014 at 12:01 am | Posted in BCM, cakes & tortes, groups, layer cakes, sweet things, tuesdays with dorie | 23 Comments
Tags: baking, cake, dessert, holiday
It's almost Christmas, and that means it's time to get fancy in the kitchen! Something like a Gingerbread bûche de Noël sounds like the right way to celebrate. Way back in the early days of this space, I made another bûche. That one was all done up with stumps, meringue mushrooms and faux wood grain…this one's easier in that it's just a roulade but it's still a showstopper and, of course, it still has several steps. In addition to a gently-spiced geniose-style gingerbread sponge cake, there's a cream cheese filling, a marshmallow meringue frosting and, for crunch and sparkle, a pecan praline.
If you're the organized type, you can actually break up the steps and knock out the praline and filling a day in advance, but I did it all start to finish in one afternoon, so I can tell you that it's procrastinator-friendly, too. I did kind of goof up the cake a bit, and you can see it in the center of the spiral. I deflated the cake batter while mixing in the butter at the end. I was pretty annoyed with myself, and worried it would be like eating a rubber mat, but there's a lot going on with this cake and we also had it with a scoop of eggnog ice cream, so it really wasn't that noticeable. Next time, I'll do better with that. Although the marshmallow makes a stunning, glossy, snow-white frosting, I had a lot left over…next time, I'll also try cutting that amount in half. I'll reduce the cream of tartar in the frosting a bit as well because I think it gave the marshmallow a slightly acidic taste. If you're on the fence about gingerbread (I know not everyone is crazy about it), the flavoring here is very subtle…no molasses or cloves or other dark and mysterious flavors.
For the recipe, see Baking Chez Moi by Dorie Greenspan (it's also here and here, along with a video). Don't forget to check out the rest of the TWD Blogroll. Happy holidays!! xoxo
Tuesdays with Dorie BCM: Cranberry Crackle TartNovember 25, 2014 at 12:01 am | Posted in BCM, groups, pies & tarts, sweet things, tuesdays with dorie | 18 Comments
Tags: baking, dessert, holiday, tarts
If you're still on the fence about what to make for this Thursday's dessert, let me make your decision harder by throwing one more option your way. This Cranberry Crackle Tart from Baking Chez Moi is for people who don't mind breaking a bit with Thanksgiving tradition. It has a cookie-like base of sweet tart dough (fondly known to those in professional pastry circles as "STD"…we keep it classy), a layer of jam (which you can't see here) and a meringue topping with cranberries folded though. The topping is like a crispy-edged marshmallow– the sweetness is interrupted by little bursts of softened, tart berries. This is meant to be a larger tart, but I didn't need so much for the two of us on a random weeknight, so I just made a couple of individual tartlets (they took quite a bit less time to bake, btw). The big one, with its pretty, swirly meringue top and ruby-colored berries peeking through, would make an impressive dessert for a crowd. And it's a light one, too, after a big dinner.
The hidden jam layer can be any red jam, really, like strawberry, raspberry or cherry. I made a cranberry sauce ahead of time from the extra berries that weren't going into the tart and I used that instead. We ate our tarts with whipped cream, and my husband said it reminded him of pavlova with a cookie crust.
For the recipe, see Baking Chez Moi by Dorie Greenspan (it's also here). Don't forget to check out the rest of the TWD Blogroll and please join us, if you haven't already!
Tuesdays with Dorie BWJ: Raspberry-Plum CrostataSeptember 30, 2014 at 12:01 am | Posted in groups, pies & tarts, sweet things, tuesdays with dorie | 13 Comments
Tags: baking, cake, dessert, fruit
I've had a busy September. It's one of the nicest months of the year in New York City, but I've hardly been home to enjoy it. (Not that I'm complaining…I've been here and here instead, and it was all in the name of fun.) Luckily, I was able to squeeze in the Raspberry-Plum Crostata from Leslie Mackie before I began running around. This crostata recipe originally called for a raspberry-fig combo, but I swapped out the figs for plums, just because I already had them. I also tweaked the proportions a bit, and instead of a 1:1 ratio of each fruit, I used 2 parts plums to 1 part raspberries (keeping the combined weight the same 1.5 pounds called for in the recipe). I decreased the sugar in the filling a little, too.
The crust dough is soft and needs to be worked with gently and quickly. Despite its fussiness, it's easily patched, and I liked the interesting sesame-almond flavoring it has going on. The filling was tasty, too, and that hot pink color makes me a happy girl. I'll make this one again, and maybe next time I'll go buy the figs.
For the recipe, see Baking with Julia by Dorie Greenspan (it's also here and there's a video, too). Don't forget to check out the rest of the TWD Blogroll!
Tuesdays with Dorie BWJ: Oven-Roasted Plum CakesSeptember 2, 2014 at 2:11 pm | Posted in cakes & tortes, groups, simple cakes, sweet things, tuesdays with dorie | 11 Comments
Tags: baking, cake, dessert, fruit
These Oven-Roasted Plum Cakes from Marcel Desaulniers were an easy little treat to make with my CSA plums. The batter was a simple butter cake, flavored with orange zest. I made half a recipe (6 cakelettes), so I just mixed it by hand. I had to sub some plain yogurt for the buttermilk, but that worked out fine. The recipe calls for the cakes to be baked in ramekins or custard cups…I was worried that I'd never get them out (although sounds like I needn't have been), so I used some shallower mini pie tins instead, buttered and floured.
These were good, although the plums (even though they turned very soft in the oven) wanted to jump onto our forks all in one piece. I liked them best with whipped cream. For the recipe, see Baking with Julia by Dorie Greenspan (there's also a video). Don't forget to check out the rest of the TWD Blogroll!
Blueberry-Sour Cream Ice CreamAugust 30, 2014 at 11:41 am | Posted in ice creams & frozen, sweet things | 13 Comments
Tags: dessert, ice cream
Summer is about bright nail polish and ice cream cones. Why the heck have I waited till the tail end of it to both paint my nails coral and to make my first homemade ice cream of the season? The color is new for me, but the ice cream is sort of one I've already made here before. Am I allowed a redo? I hope so, because while this ice cream has the same flavors as the one I made six (gasp!) years ago, I found that one to be a little too fatty, a lot too hard and also too homogenized. This a totally different recipe and technique, with swirls of dark purple blueberry sauce in a tangy, scoopable base.
Most homemade ice cream aficionados out there have probably at least tried out Jeni's technique, which concentrates and denatures dairy proteins by boiling off some of the water in the milk and cream, and uses cornstarch and cream cheese to thicken the base…these steps make the finished ice cream less icy and hard when frozen. I thought this eggless base would be a good match for blueberry sauce, and since it has a bit of cream cheese in it already, it would also go right along with the tang of sour cream.
This is ice cream and sauce in one– perfect for cones!
Blueberry-Sour Cream Ice Cream (makes about a quart)
inspired by and adapted from Jeni's Splendid Ice Creams at Home by Jeni Britton Bauer
Steph's Note: I like to store my homemade ice cream in a restaurant-style 1/6 pan with a snap-on lid. Freeze the empty stainless steel container while the ice cream is churning, and you'll be good to go!
for the blueberry sauce:
1 cup blueberries
squirt of lemon juice
1/4 cup sugar
1 tsp cornstarch
1 tbsp cold water
-In a small pot over medium-low heat, add the blueberries, lemon juice and sugar. Stir occasionally for about 5 minutes, as the sugar dissolves and the berries begin to break down and release juice. (You can gently squish some of the berries as they cook to encourage "saucing"…I like to leave about half the berries somewhat intact for texture.)
-Meanwhile, mix together the cornstarch and cold water in a small bowl. Add to the cooking berries and bring to a gentle bubble for about a minute, stirring constantly. After about a minute, the sauce will thicken slightly (you are just looking to give it a little more body), at which point remove it from the heat, transfer it to a container and refrigerate it until completely chilled.
for the ice cream:
11/2 cups whole milk
2 tablespoons corn starch
2 ounces (4 tablespoons) cream cheese
⅛ teaspoon fine sea salt
1 cup heavy cream
2/3 cup sugar
2 tablespoons light corn syrup
½ cup sour cream
-In a small bowl, mix about 2 tablespoons of the milk with the cornstarch to make a smooth slurry. In a medium bowl, add the salt and room-temperature cream cheese and whip it smooth. In a large bowl, make an ice bath (heavy on the ice) and set aside.
-Pour the cream, sugar, corn syrup, and remaining milk into a 4-quart saucepan. Bring to a rolling boil over medium-high heat, set a timer for precisely 4 minutes and boil for exactly 4 minutes—you will need to be right there with it, stirring and adjusting heat so as not to endure the cleanup that comes with a dairy boil-over! Remove from the heat and gradually whisk in the cornstarch slurry. Return the mixture to a boil over medium-high heat and cook, stirring until the mixture is slightly thickened, about 1 minute. Remove from the heat.
-Gradually whisk the hot milk mixture into the cream cheese until smooth. Do this a little bit at a time so that you can whip out any lumps of cream cheese. Whisk in the sour cream (or if you've had a hard time getting out lumps, place the sour cream in a separate medium bowl, strain the milk mixture over the sour cream and then whisk them together).
-If you are not making your ice cream until late in the day or the following day, place the bowl in your ice bath and when cold, transfer to the refrigerator until churning. If you need more immediate ice cream, do a fast chill by pouring the mixture into a 1-gallon Ziploc freezer bag, sealing, and submerging the bag in the ice bath. Let stand, adding more ice as necessary, until very cold, about 30 minutes.
-Pour the chilled base (if you used the Ziploc bag method, you can do this by just cutting off a corner of the bag) into the frozen canister of your ice cream machine. Churn according manufacturer's directions.
-Transfer to a container for freezer storage, press a sheet of parchment paper directly against the surface, and seal with an airtight lid. Freeze at least 4 hours before serving.
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Dealing With Fairness and Balance In Video Games 192
from the it's-balanced-when-i-always-win dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
I had the chance to play Bobby Fischer at chess once. He kicked my ass around the block.
Then he called me a fucking dirty Jew.
Which was weird, because I'm not Jewish.
Thinking about it now, I probably shouldn't have thought I could play chess with him.
Back in the real world where playing video games cost a quarter or two, sometimes you only got to play 3 rounds of Street Fighter 2 because the other guy was master of Guile's Sonic Boom/Spinning upside-down kick combo. These days, you just disconnect and go find another game to join. Back then you risked cold hard cash every time you went in to play.
What , you mean we should go back to the complex narrative of Pacmac for example?
The best part is you can pick up Nancy Grace from the downtown marina, fuck her senseless in a secluded area, then run here over and steal her cash. She does her 'sucking on a lemon' face when she cums.
Real programmers don't bring brown-bag lunches. If the vending machine doesn't sell it, they don't eat it. Vending machines don't sell quiche.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Came here on the advice of a friend to lives in Antibes, and we're not disappointed. This is a small space, where service is pleasant but a trifle slow. The menu is interesting, and rather more Asian than French. As is not uncommon, starters and desserts were more interesting than mains, but... read more


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Church of San Pedro
This building is in the Gothic style, but dates from the 16th century. It has a single nave with a cross vault and a semicircular apse. During the Spanish Civil War it was burned down and rebuilt.
- 建造物:
- Church
- 芸術的時代:
- Gothic
- 歴史的時期:
- 16th century


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Campese slams "in trouble" Wallabies
ESPN Staff
August 11, 2012
Australia suffered a shock defeat to Scotland in June © PA Photos
Australia legend David Campese has criticised the current Wallaby squad - saying they are "in trouble" ahead of the inaugural Rugby Championship competition.
The Wallabies suffered a shock defeat to Scotland in June before hitting back with a 3-0 series whitewash over Wales later in the summer. However, Wales pushed the Wallabies very close and could have - perhaps should have - converted one or more of those defeats into victories.
Australia begin their Rugby Championship campaign against World Champions New Zealand in Sydney on Saturday and Campese says the team are underperforming on the pitch and failing to behave off it.
Campese told the Scotsman: "Scotland fully deserved their win in June and all the complaints in Australia about the bad weather and that crap … it was the same for both sides. But the Australia squad is in trouble right now.
"There have been stories of players out in nightclubs before a Test, guys getting beaten up by bouncers. This generation … they think they are better than they are."
The former Wallaby winger drew comparisons with Australia's Olympic squad who have struggled in London, falling well short of their usual gold rush in the Games.
"I'm not saying it's the same in the Olympics squad, but it's not right there either. It has been tough watching but the signs have been there for a while. We've had coaches leaving to go to other countries, including England; Ian Thorpe trying to make comebacks and failing; swimmers suffering injuries doing things they shouldn't be doing when training for an Olympics; and the spirit has been really questioned. The sort of things that Thorpe doesn't talk about on the TV.
"People are not happy with Australia's performance, that's for sure, but it all comes back to investment. There was great investment in sport in Australia over the 20 years or so leading up to Sydney, but since then we have seen it cut back and cut back and cut back and this is what you get.
"We have overpaid rugby players who believe they have made it, and we have an athletics and Olympics system that is not invested in anymore to the extent of others at the top of the medal table, and coaches going elsewhere.
"I applaud what we have seen from the Great Britain team and the achievements of guys like Chris Hoy and Bradley Wiggins, and it has been great to watch, but there is one main reason for it - money.
"Britain, China and others have done what Australia did before Sydney and invested heavily in sport leading up to the Olympics. I've been coaching in China for the past few years and they are investing heavily. The young Chinese swimmer breaking records is being coached by an Australian reportedly earning £250,000, but that's the price of success."
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
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Concussion, relegation and the mother of all surprises - it's the Monday Maul.
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Ireland, England are dangers if ...
Craig Dowd warns England, Ireland and Wales they should play to their strengths rather than those of the All Blacks and the Wallabies


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Dr. Marc A. Edelstein, MD
- 150 N Robertson Blvd Ste 204
Beverly Hills, CA 90211
- 2 Locations
- (310) 659-1300
Dr. Marc A. Edelstein graduated from the Boston University School of Medicine in 1995. He works in Beverly Hills, CA and 1 other location and specializes in Gastroenterology. Dr. Edelstein is affiliated with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. He speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Medical School: Boston University School of Medicine; Graduated 1995
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


text:
New Release: Pillars of Eternity, a new RPG perfect for fans of Baldur's Gate and Icewind Dale!
Title screen
Demonic meeting
Harbin beer?
Jakimaru is crying because his girlfriend was killed by Hayate
Meanwhile, an even more ominous meeting takes place
Alec has been watching too many kung-fu movies
Training outside
Indoor conversation
Status screen
World map, near a town
Buying armor
Intense skirmish on the world map
Reached the big city
Furry animals cry, too
Expressive portraits
Battle in a forest
Ambushed and killed by cats
Secluded village
Strange creatures can even be playable
Battle in a cave
Lilian wakes Hayate up
We can travel all over the world!
Navigating a ship
Ship battle
Take THIS!..
The mysterious gentleman in his castle
The demons are talking
Demonic beer?
Jakimaru visits Bido
Alec seems to be completely reformed...
Kuuku fights Alec!
Alec's house
Wow, what a face :)
Exploring the village
Background story
On the world map
Random battle
The authoritative video game database. Information, credits, reviews, screenshots and more covering 145 video game platforms from 1971 to date!
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"Henshin a go-go, baby!"


text:
Dr. Theresa M. Hom, DO
Family Medicine
- 16 W Long St
Columbus, OH 43215
- 2 Locations
- (614) 225-0990
Dr. Theresa M. Hom graduated from the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine in 1984. She works in Columbus, OH and 1 other location and specializes in Family Medicine and Holistic Medicine. Dr. Hom is affiliated with Grant Medical Center, Mount Carmel St Anns Hospital and Select Specialty Hospital.
Gender: Female
Languages Spoken: English
Family Medicine, Holistic Medicine
Medical School: Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine; Graduated 1984
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


text:
Hi: 10° Lo:5°
By David Lawrence Tuesday 08 July 2014 Updated: 08/07 12:51
TEACHERS, firefighters and carers will be among those set to join Thursday's nationwide walkout over pay.
Up to two million people could be out on strike with a number of unions backing the action which will lead to school closures and picket lines across the county.
Carers, social workers, refuse collectors, street cleaners and teaching assistants will be among thousands of Worcestershire County Council staff taking part. So far about five schools across Redditch and Alvechurch have announced they will be fully or partially closed on the day.
Jim Price, branch secretary at UNISON in Worcestershire, said: "Council workers have kept on going in the face of four years of draconian Government cuts to keep local services in Worcestershire running. They care for our elderly and our vulnerable, keep our streets clean and educate and look after our children.
"They also face the daily threat of privatisation or redundancy. They deserve better treatment than they have had at the hands of this Government.
"Taking strike action is never easy but our members are sending a clear message to the Government that they have had enough."
More than 1,000 civil servants from the Public and Commercial Services Union (PCS) will also be taking part in the strike which will affect government departments including tax and revenue offices, Job Centres, benefit offices, courts and driving test centres.
And Hereford & Worcester Fire and Rescue Service (HWFRS) has urged the public to take extra care during the day of action when there will be a reduced service.
Adrian Elliott, Group Commander of HWFRS, said: "During the firefighter strikes, we want people to be clear about what to do in the event of a fire. The most important point they need to know is that they will still get an emergency response and they should not be tempted to tackle fires themselves.
"Not all of our firefighters are members of the Fire Brigades Union which means some stations will be working normally but people should be aware that it may take us a little longer to respond to calls in some instances."
A county council spokeswoman said: "In these situations, we always put contingency plans in place to ensure, as far as possible, essential services can continue to be provided."
Visit www.worcestershire.gov.uk for updates on services affected.
1 Eddie Izzard coming to Redditch
3 Will you be joining Alex Hospital Rally?
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A SERIES of key projects to boost the
A BURGLAR threatened an elderly woman while another
MORE than £3.3million has been handed to the
DOG owners are being urged not to skimp
RESIDENTS in a three-storey block of flats in Bromsgrove had ...
Visit the Worcester Observer website for the latest.
REPAIR don't bin was the message in Stratford at the ...
EVESHAM'S first weekly parkrun has been hailed a great success ...


text:
- Product Information
Product Description
You can look just like Mario's younger twin brother. The Adult Luigi Deluxe Costume features the large blue overalls with two huge yellow buttons, and attached long sleeve green shirt. The oversize cap with "L" emblem, hilarious moustache, blow-up belly to plump you up, and white gloves will disguise any gamer. This is an officially licensed Nintendo costume. Power up with brother Mario to save the day!
- Questions & Answers
- Reviews
Spend a Day in Paris with a Paris Party!
Add a Paris theme to any type of soiree with the help of Paris decorations and French treats. Use these party planning tips and ideas to help you prepare for your party!
Totally 80's Party Ideas
Add an 80's theme to an upcoming party of event! Use these party tips to help you set up for an 80's theme party, complete with decorations, food ideas and more.
Add a Pink and Gold Color Scheme to Your Party!
Throwing a party? Try using a mix of pink and gold colors to create the color scheme for your party décor. This color combination can be used for birthday parties, bridal parties, baby showers, and much more!


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Aquatic Emergencies 3/5/2007 1 Overview • Types of Aquatic Emergencies • Near-Drowning and Drowning Emergencies • Causes of Drowning • Diving Emergencies • Safety Measures when dealing with Aquatic Emergencies • Mammalian Diving Reflex • Deep-Water Diving Emergencies • Emergency Care for Aquatic Emergencies 3/5/2007 2 Types of Aquatic Emergencies • While drownings are the type of fatality most commonly associated with water emergencies, drownings are actually responsible for only about 1:20 water- related deaths • The rest of the drownings are mostly caused by diving and deep-water exploration, boating, and water skiing 3/5/2007 3 Near-Drowning and Drowning Emergencies • Near-drownings and drownings do not always occur in large bodies of water • An adult can drown in just a few inches of water, and an infant in even less! 3/5/2007 4 Near-Drowning and Drowning Emergencies • Near-drowning is defined as survival, at least temporarily (24 hours), from near- suffocation due to submersion • Drowning is defined as death from suffocation due to submersion 3/5/2007 5 Near-Drownings and Drownings Emergencies • Do not get tunnel vision by associating the following symptoms with near-drowning emergencies: – Airway obstruction – Cardiac arrest – Shock – Spinal/Head Injuries – External/Internal Bleeding – Hypothermia 3/5/2007 6 Causes of Drowning • The major causes of drowning include the following: – Getting exhausted in the water – Losing control and getting swept into water that is too deep – Losing a support (sinking boat) – Getting trapped or entangled in the water – Using drugs or alcohol before getting into the water – Suffering from a medical emergency while in the water – Using poor judgment while in the water – Suffering hypothermia – Suffering trauma – Having a diving accident – Panic 3/5/2007 7 Diving Emergencies • Near-drownings can be additionally complicated in cases where diving is involved ALWAYS ASSUME THAT A DIVER HAS SUSTAINED NECK AND SPINAL INJURIES! 3/5/2007 8 Safety Measures When Dealing With Aquatic Emergencies • As a First Responder, you must be made aware of the following safety measures: – You need to reach the patient, but you must do so with the utmost concern for your OWN SAFETY! – Many drowning victims of water-related emergencies can be saved by basic life support measures (suctioning airway, AR) – Do not let your desire to provide these simple life-saving measures overwhelm your judgment! – Remember that water can conceal many hazards: • Holes • Sharp drop-offs • Underwater entanglements • Currents 3/5/2007 9 3/5/2007 10 Safety Measures When Dealing With Aquatic Emergencies • As a First Responder, NEVER go out into the water to attempt a rescue unless you meet all of the following criteria: – You are a good swimmer – You are especially trained in water rescue techniques – You are wearing a personal floatation device – You are accompanied by other rescuers Failure to follow these guidelines can result in your becoming a 3/5/2007 patient or a fatality also! 11 Safety Measures When Dealing With Aquatic Emergencies • If the patient is responsive and close to shore, remember: REACH, THROW, ROW, GO 3/5/2007 12 Safety Measures When Dealing With Aquatic Emergencies • The following are steps to be taken if the patient is conscious and close to shore: If the patient is close to the shore or in a pool, hold out an object to grab and pull the patient from the water 3/5/2007 13 Safety Measures When Dealing With Aquatic Emergencies • If no object is available or time is a factor, and the patient is close to you, you can use yourself to grab the patient, by laying down flat on your stomach and extending your arm or leg • Make sure that you are secure, and you will not be pulled in • If the patient is too far, you must carefully throw out an object that will float • Once the patient has a firm grasp on the floatation device, you must find a way to tow and bring the patient into shore 3/5/2007 14 Mammalian Diving Reflex • When the face of humans has been submerged in cold water, a reaction occurs in the body where the body's metabolism slows down • With this metabolism slowing down, it decreases the body's oxygen consumption and shunts blood to the vital organs (brain, lungs, and heart) 3/5/2007 15 3/5/2007 16 Deep-Water Diving Emergencies • A major Boy do I have to pee…is complication of anyone looking! deep-water diving emergencies is coma, which can result from an air embolism, or decompression sickness 3/5/2007 17 Deep-Water Diving Emergencies • Air Embolism – Is a blocking of blood vessels by an air bubble or clusters of air bubbles – During a dive, pressure on the diver's body increases as they descend – If the diver ascends rapidly while holding their breath, the lungs and alveoli become damaged, resulting in air bubbles entering the bloodstream – Signs and Symptoms of an Air Embolism often appear within 15 minutes of a diver's surfacing – Signs and Symptoms of an Air Embolism are as follows: • Shortness of breath • Dizziness • Nausea/vomiting • Frothy blood in the nose and mouth • Blurred or distorted vision • Personality change 3/5/2007 18 Deep-Water Diving Emergencies • Decompression Sickness – Also known as "The Bends" – Usually occurs when a diver ascends to quickly from a deep, prolonged dive – Gases (usually Nitrogen) breathed by the diver are absorbed into the bloodstream – Signs and Symptoms of Decompression Sickness often appear within 12-24 hours after the dive – Signs and Symptoms of Decompression Sickness are as follows: • Shortness of Breath • Severe deep aching pain in the muscles and joints • Numbness or paralysis • Staggering Gait • Hallucinations 3/5/2007 19 Deep-Water Diving Emergencies • Treatment for Deep-Water Diving Emergencies is as follows: – Ensure EMS (911) has been notified – If no signs of neck/spinal injury, position the patient on a board on their left side with their entire body declined approx. 15 degrees (to force air and gas bubbles to stay in the abdomen) – High flow oxygen (will reduce size and levels of nitrogen in the bloodstream) – Treat for shock – Vital Signs – Reassurance 3/5/2007 20 Emergency Care for Aquatic Emergencies • Ensure EMS has been notified • Establish ABC's • Remove the patient from the water as quickly and safely as possible • If you suspect a spinal injury, maintain in-line stabilization and then secure the patient to a spine board before removing them from the water • If you do not suspect a spinal injury, place the patient on their left side • Begin CPR if needed • Suction as needed • Provide high flow oxygen • Watch for gastric distention • Treat for shock • Vital Signs • Keep patient from walking or moving around • Reassurance 3/5/2007 21 Emergency Care for Aquatic Emergencies 3/5/2007 22 3/5/2007 23 Aquatic Emergencies • Remember: – A near-drowning patient can develop complications that lead to death as long as 72 hours after the incident – CPR on all drowning victims, with absence of a pulse, has to be continued until the patient arrives at the hospital – Patient is not dead unless they are warm and dead 3/5/2007 24 Summary • Types of Aquatic Emergencies • Near-Drowning and Drowning Emergencies • Causes of Drowning • Diving Emergencies • Safety Measures when dealing with Aquatic Emergencies • Mammalian Diving Reflex • Deep-Water Diving Emergencies • Emergency Care for Aquatic Emergencies 3/5/2007 25 ANY QUESTIONS? 3/5/2007 26
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does anybody have one of these on a bush XM-15, or any other bush. i got one the other day and it seems like there is a lot of play on the initial charge when going to chamber a round. the latch moves back so much causing the charge handle to bend. if the latch was more rigid, the charge handle may not flex so much, any ideas or recommendations on another brand. sorry if this is the millionth question on this.
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A lot of us are happy with the BCM Gunfighter CH. I have the model 4 mid size and it works well.
The biggest issue with assembling an AR isn't so much getting the parts together right - it's getting the right parts together.
US Army 1966-69, VFW Life Member, Retired Geek
BCM Vltor Gunfighter. Only problem is its not ambi......not yet anyways. Got 4 myself, never had a problem myself.
Just had a buddy give me a spare BCM Gunfighter and I'm the same as above... very happy with it.
I have the BCM Mod3 large, love it
"They who can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." -Benjamin Franklin
Same as above. BCM Gunfighter, Large, Mod4. Wonderful.
What part of 'shall not be infringed' confuses people?
ahhhh..the BCM Gunfighter echo chamber....have looked at them..quality product...chose a MechArmor TacOps 1. Ambidextrous, wide enough to use with a scope. Quality product, great people to deal with. Let's see, "love it," "wonderful," "The TacOps will work well," 'very happy with it," etc. There's more than one charging handle that works...
Looks like I'll stick w/ my BCM GF 3 and 4s. I glad to see people adding to the pool of option though.


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Focusing on criminal and drunk driving defense.
409 Center St
Oregon City, OR 97045
|MON 9:00am - 5:00pm
|TUE 9:00am - 5:00pm
|WED 9:00am - 5:00pm
|THURS 9:00am - 5:00pm
|FRI 9:00am - 5:00pm
|SAT closed
|SUN closed
John Henry Hingson III is a DUI and criminal defense lawyer serving the residents of the greater Portland metropolitan area from his office in Oregon City, Oregon.
John Henry Hingson III focuses on drunk driving defense and has more than ten years of experience in the field. He is the author of "How to defend a Drunk Driving Case" and is the only Oregon-based lawyer listed in the "Best Lawyers of America" in the DUII category. He is also the past president of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.
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When faced with a drunk driving charge, contact a lawyer with the right credentials. Contact the law offices of John Henry Hingson III today!
Category: Criminal Attorneys|General Attorneys
DexKnows Mobile profile for John Henry Hingson III in Oregon City, OR


text:
You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"We had a buffet for dinner so we didn't need the dinner choices on the response. We requested it be taken off and they did it with no problems. They even re-centered everything so there wasn't an empty space at the bottom. It came out great!"
"You would be surprised, but some response cards that are sold do not have room for guests to choose their entrees. I guess that no everyone needs that, but we did and were having a hard time finding a response card that fit our needs. This card did it! It also matched the style of our winter wedding perfectly."
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text:
Conservative Blogger Poll: The 2012 GOP Primaries
Right Wing News polled more than 250 right-of-center bloggers on which candidate they'd support if the 2012 Republican primaries were today. The following 69 bloggers responded:
101 Dead Armadillos, The Absurd Report, Ace of Spades HQ, All That Is Necessary, And Rightly So, Axis of Right, Bad Example, Batesline, Black and Right, Bluey Blog, Bookworm Room, Bright & Early, Bull Moose Strikes Back, Classical Values, Conservative Compendium, Conservatism Today, Drumwaster's Rants, Eckernet, Election Projection, Cara Ellison, Eternity Road, Exurban League, Katie Favazza, Fraters Libertas, GraniteGrok, Guardian Watchblog, Tabitha Hale, Hot Button, Paul Ibrahim.com/, Infidels Are Cool, JackLewis, JammieWearingFool, Moe Lane, Left Coast Rebel, Linkiest, Little Miss Attila, Lotus Blog, Mean Ol' Meany , Midnight Blue, Moonbattery, Mount Virtus, Matt Sanchez, Musings, Nice Deb, No Oil For Pacifists, No Runny Eggs, The Nose On Your Face, Outside The Beltway, Pal2pal, Patriot Room, Pirates Man Your Women!, Pursuing Holiness.com, Right Wing Rocker, Russ. Just Russ, Don Singleton, Sister Toldjah, The Smallest Minority, The Sundries Shack, Don Surber, This Ain't Hell, The TrogloPundit, Twenty Mule Team, (Unknown — valid response, but their ID was stripped) Viewpoint, Viking Pundit, Weapons of Mass Discussion, Wolking's World, YidwithLid
Here's how the results broke down:
12) Mike Huckabee: 0% (0 votes)
11) Ron Paul: 1% (1 votes)
10) Newt Gingrich: 3% (2 votes)
9) Haley Barbour: 3% (2 votes)
8) Rick Perry: 4% (3 votes)
7) John Thune: 7% (5 votes)
6) Jeb Bush: 7% (5 votes)
5) Tim Pawlenty: 9% (6 votes)
4) Mitch Daniels: 10% (7 votes)
3) Mitt Romney: 12% (8 votes)
2) Mike Pence: 14% (10 votes)
1) Sarah Palin: 29% (20 votes)
Also see...
It took a lot of guts to do what this young man did. They also offered him 20k in hush money. Fabulous. The proof in my opinion here is that...Read More
John Hawkins
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Polling Conservative Bloggers On The 2012 GOP Primaries (Pre-Super Tuesday Editon)
Right Wing News polled more than 250 right-of-center bloggers on which candidate they'd support if the 2012 Republican primaries were
Silent Raids a Start for Immigration Reform, but Who Will Finish?
: : : : : : : : : In an attempt to show face regarding the illegal immigration issue, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency recently began


text:
Schlotzsky's Rolls Out Italian-Style Menu
Read More About
Italy has brought us masterpieces like the Leaning Tower of Pisa, Michelangelo's "David", the Roman Colosseum, and the canals of Venice. Now, Schlotzsky's is debuting their own take on Italian with the launch of four new oven-baked pasta dishes, three specialty ciabatta sandwiches, and a new gourmet pizza, along with their Italian chopped salad. The special "Viva l'Italia!" menu, which means "Hooray for Italy!", kicks off March 2 at participating locations nationwide.


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Baby Cribs and Baby Crib Sets – Bambi Baby
Here at Bambi Baby, we care about your family, which is why we carry the highest quality baby cribs and baby furniture for your little ones. All of the cribs and nursery sets we carry are made from the highest quality and ensure safety from our family to yours. High quality furniture is made to last, which is why we only carry the best baby cribs for your baby's nursery.
We understand that your child will outgrow his or her first furniture set rather quickly, which is why we carry a wide variety of convertible cribs that can be used as twin or full-sized beds over time, and will allow for comfortable room changes all throughout your child's adolescence. Once your little one outgrows the crib you choose, we carry the conversion rails to adapt to the growing needs of your child.
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We carry a wide variety of crib brands, including: Bonavita , Natart , Pali , Sorelle , Fisher Price , and more, to suit your style, space requirements, and price range.


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sometimes really good deal and usually good stuff on clearance at great prices
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text:
Page 1
Thi s art i cl e w as dow nl oaded by: [Curt i n Uni versi t y Li brary]
On: 19 February 2014, At : 23:32
Publ i sher: Rout l edge
Inf orm a Lt d Regi st ered i n Engl and and W al es Regi st ered Num ber: 1072954 Regi st ered of f i ce:
M ort i m er House, 37-41 M ort i m er St reet , London W 1T 3JH, UK
Const ruct i on Managem ent and Econom i cs
Publ i cat i on det ai l s, i ncl udi ng i nst r uct i ons f or aut hor s and subscr i pt i on
i nf or m at i on:
ht t p: //www. t andf onl i ne. com /l oi /r cm e20
Sel ect i ng a sui t abl e procurem ent m et hod f or
a bui l di ng proj ect
P . E. D. Love , M. Ski t m or e & G. Ear l
Publ i shed onl i ne: 21 Oct 2010.
To ci t e t hi s art i cl e: P . E. D. Love , M. Ski t m or e & G. Ear l ( 1998) Sel ect i ng a sui t abl e pr ocur em ent m et hod f or
a bui l di ng pr oj ect , Const r uct i on Managem ent and Econom i cs, 16: 2, 221- 233, DOI : 10. 1080/014461998372501
To l i nk t o t hi s art i cl e: ht t p: //dx. doi . or g/10. 1080/014461998372501
Tayl or & Franci s m akes every ef f ort t o ensure t he accuracy of al l t he i nf orm at i on (t he "Cont ent ")
cont ai ned i n t he publ i cat i ons on our pl at f orm . How ever , Tayl or & Franci s, our agent s, and our
l i censors m ake no represent at i ons or w arrant i es w hat soever as t o t he accuracy, com pl et eness,
or sui t abi l i t y f or any purpose of t he Cont ent . Any opi ni ons and vi ew s expressed i n t hi s
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can be f ound at ht t p://w w w. t andf onl i ne. com /page/t erm s-and-condi t i ons
Page 2
A project may be regarded as successful if the building
is delivered at the right time, at the appropriate price and
quality standards, and provides the client with a high
level of satisfaction (e.g. Barclay, 1994). One important
in¯uence on this, identi®ed in the Banwell and Emerson
reports of the 1960s, is the type of procurement method
implemented. These have proliferated in recent years
and their characteristics have become a major ®eld of
study in their own right (e.g. Nahapiet and Nahapiet,
1985; Franks, 1990; Turner, 1990). One result of this is
a consensus that there is one procurement method that
is in some sense `better' than all others for an individual
project but that no one procurement method is likely to
be better than others for any project. Several studies
have considered how this `best' individual procurement
method may be identi®ed (e.g. NEDO, 1983) by
reference to a set of project characteristics, attributes or
criteria. The most advanced of these are those of
Skitmore and Marsden (1988) and Singh (1990), who
propose a procedure involving weighting factors and pri-
ority rating for project attributes such as speed, cer-
tainty, ¯exibility, quality, complexity, risk avoidance
and responsibility, price competition and disputes/arbi-
tration. For this procedure to be of practical use it is nec-
essary ®rst to ®x the weighting factors that relate these
attributes to individual procurement methods indepen-
dent of individual projects.
One problem with this, however, is that the factor
weights cannot be obtained easily by objective means
and must to elicited from practitioners in the ®eld,
who have found dif®culty in reaching a consensus on
such matters (Hamilton, 1987). A further problem is
that the client priority ratings have to be established for
each project. This can be exacerbated further for clients
who may not have the necessary experience even to pro-
duce an adequate brief. Nahapiet and Nahapiet (1985),
however, found the main factors affecting choice of
procurement method to be the characteristics of the
client together with the project characteristics and
requirements, suggesting that similar clients with
similar project requirements may have similar and con-
sistent priority ratings.
Construction Management and Economics (1998) 16, 221±233
Selecting a suitable procurement method for a
building project
P.E.D. LOVE1, M. SKITMORE2and G. EARL2
1School of Architecture and Building, Deakin University, Geelong 3217, Australia
2School of Construction Management, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
Received 13 February 1996; accepted 12 June 1997
Building procurement has become a fashionable term with industry practitioners and researchers. It deter-
mines the overall framework and structure of responsibilities and authorities for participants within the
building process. It is a key factor contributing to overall client satisfaction and project success. The selec-
tion of the most suitable procurement method consequently is critical for both clients and project partici-
pants, and is becoming an important and contemporary issue within the building industry. The problem,
nevertheless, lies in the fact that there has been limited empirical research in this ®eld of study. Postal ques-
tionnaire surveys of 41 clients and 35 consultants were carried out, and were used to obtain experience
of and attitudes to a variety of procurement methods and the criteria used for selection. The ®ndings indi-
cate that a simple set of the criteria generally is adequate and suf®cient for procurement path selection, and
that there is a reasonable consensus on the appropriate weighting for each path. Moreover, it is shown that,
contrary to expectations, similar clients generally do not have similar procurement needs.
Keywords: Procurement selection, criteria weighting, client needs, utility rating
0144±6193 ? 1998 E & FN Spon
Downloaded by [Curtin University Library] at 23:32 19 February 2014
Page 3
The purpose of the study described in this paper
was to address these two problems in the context of
Australian, and speci®cally the state of Queensland,
practice. A postal questionnaire survey of 35 consul-
tants was conducted to establish if a reasonable con-
sensus existed on factor weightings, while a similar
postal questionnaire survey was conducted with a sam-
ple of 41 clients to establish if a reasonable consensus
existed amongst subgroups of clients on priority ratings
for similar types of projects. Attitudes and experiences
to a variety of procurement methods and criteria used
for selection were derived from the questionnaires. The
results of the research indicate that, for the samples
involved, a reasonable consensus did exist for the factor
weightings but not for priority ratings.
Building procurement systems
A common leitmotiv of the construction industry is the
proliferation of de®nitions of a procurement system.
The terms `contractual arrangement' and `procurement
system' are usually used synonymously. The de®nition
adopted here is that a procurement system is `an orga-
nizational system that assigns speci®c responsibil-
ities and authorities to people and organizations, and
de®nes the relationships of the various elements in the
construction of a project'.
(1) Procurement systems can be categorized as:
(2) traditional (design±tender±construct) methods:
design and construct methods; or
(3) management methods.
Sub-classi®cations of these systems proliferate within
the Australian industry (Figure 1). Novation and
design and manage methods are some examples. It is
common for procurement systems, contract forms and
price determination mechanisms to be regarded as
synonymous or inextricably related (Fellows, 1993;
Hibberd and Basden, 1996).
Procurement systems have become increasingly
¯exible. Fellows (1993) suggests that the interchange
that exists between such systems has made it essential
to distinguish the procurement system from the formal
subsystem. It is suggested further by Fellows that the
subsystem may be used interchangeably to enable
the procurement system to be tuned to the clients'
circumstances and requirements. A primary issue that
often is raised within the construction industry relates
to what clients want in order to be satis®ed with their
buildings and the means by which those buildings
have been procured. Consequently, it is important to
evaluate the clients' criteria, their importance and then
seek performance to match the criteria. All clients
require their buildings to be completed on time, within
budget and to be of the highest quality. However, some
clients stress that certain criteria are more important
than others. There are numerous derivatives to each
procurement method. However, those which have been
categorized are considered to be the most popular
methods at the time of evaluation.
Selection of procurement methods in Australia
The most commonly used procurement methods in
Australia, based on Ireland (1982) and Barclay (1994)
(1) single lump sum contracts and full documenta-
(2) provisional or partial quantities;
(3) cost reimbursement;
(4) package deals/turnkey;
(5) construction management; and
(6) management contracting.
Project management is excluded as it is considered that
a project manager could be applied to any procurement
method. In other words, to dispel a common miscon-
ception, project management is not a procurement
method (Bennett, 1986, p. 5). The term merely means
that the client has employed an agent to assist in under-
taking a supervisory and coordination role within the
project. To the above list can be added novation, design
and manage, and contractors design and build.
Selection of criteria
The following criteria can be used to examine
client requirements and `experts' preferences for the
performance of each procurement method. NEDO
Love et al.
Figure 1
(adapted from Perry (1985))
Categorization of building procurement systems
Downloaded by [Curtin University Library] at 23:32 19 February 2014
Page 4
(1985), Skitmore and Marsden (1988) and Singh
(1990) suggest employing the following criteria to
establish a pro®le of the clients' requirements:
(1) speed (during both design and construction;
(2) certainty (price and the stipulated time and
knowledge of how much the client has to pay
at each period during the construction phase);
(3) ¯exibility in accommodating design changes;
(4) quality (contractors' reputation, aesthetics and
con®dence in design);
(5) complexity (client may specify particular
subcontractor, or constructability analysis);
(6) risk allocation/avoidance;
(7) responsibility (completion of program, price,
product quality, design and construction);
(8) price competition (covering such issues as value
for money, maintenance costs and competitive
tendering); and
(9) disputes and arbitration.
The use of multiple criteria to derive a suitable pro-
curement method for a building project will assist the
client in identifying their principal goals and objectives.
Alternative approaches to procurement
The approaches for procurement selection range from
simple (Franks, 1990) to highly complex (Skitmore and
Marsden, 1988; Liu, 1994). However, it is important
that method selection is done logically, systematically
and in a disciplined manner by the client's principal
adviser. Numerous techniques exist. The range in
choice of a procurement system is now so wide and
projects are becoming so complex that the selection
process needs to be carried out in a disciplined and
objective manner within the framework of the clients'
overall strategic project objectives. Nevertheless, the
major dif®culties associated with procurement selection
include: (a) no single person, or knowledge `czar', has
been found who is familiar with all the primary pro-
curement methods (Hamilton, 1987); (b) no consensus
has been found between `experts' which easily system-
izes procurement selection; and (c) no mutually exclu-
sive sets of criteria uniquely and completely determine
the appropriate procurement method for a speci®c
project (Ireland, 1985).
Despite the dif®culties associated with selecting
a procurement method, Masterman and Gameson
(1994) suggest the main in¯uencing factor of procure-
ment selection is determined by the level of client
experience. There is no de®nition as such for the
client. John Brandonburger (cited in Blackmore, 1990)
describes the client as an assorted collection of persons
seeking advice from a number of one or more pro-
fessions. Clients of every kind need to recognize the
positive and sustained contribution they have to make
if buildings of excellence are to be the norm rather
than the exception. Typically, clients who build on a
regular basis may use a system that is compatible
with their corporate environment and from advice
given from external consultants. Moreover, experi-
enced clients may establish a parochial approach to
building, utilizing those procurement methods that are
most familiar. Bresnen and Haslam (1991) de®ne such
an approach as `habituation', suggesting that this is
inappropriate in situations where a different building
type is required. Whatever decision a client makes
pertaining to their procurement selection it will have
a signi®cant effect on the project team and the ¯ow of
communication between project members.
Communication has been linked to team effective-
ness, the integration of work units across organiza-
tional levels, characteristics of effective supervision,
job satisfaction, and overall organizational effectiveness
(Shockley-Zalaback, 1991). In fact, the project orga-
nization consists essentially of complex communication
processes that create and change events. Consequently,
improved organizational communication will play
a signi®cant part in determining the effectiveness of a
building project and improving the likelihood of client
satisfaction, especially if the client is involved actively
with the project's delivery processes (Masterman and
Gameson, 1994; Walker, 1994a; Love and Mohamed,
1996). Similarly, Graves (1978) suggests that the stan-
dard of service offered by the building industry relates
directly to the amount of effort expended by the client
in establishing a good brief, and that satisfaction at the
construction stage is linked closely to the degree of
control and supervision by the clients themselves.
In an attempt to derive simple approaches to select-
ing a procurement method for clients, researchers
sometimes have ignored the dif®culties highlighted
above. NEDO (1975) suggests that to ensure a suc-
cessful choice of building procurement method, the
client's brief must be clear and comprehensive in spec-
ifying their speci®c needs and objectives. Nevertheless,
identifying the client's most important needs and
objectives can be a problematic task. Some needs
and objectives will have to be sacri®ced in preference to
others to suit their corporation's particular commercial
interests and technical requirements (Walker, 1989).
NEDO (1985) relates the characteristics of the most
popular procurement methods used to a list of nine
client priorities or needs. This technique, while useful
as a guide in terms of eliminating unsuitable procure-
ment methods from the available alternatives, is insuf-
®ciently sophisticated to enable a ®nal decision to be
taken as to the method appropriate for a building
Procurement selection
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Page 5
project (Masterman, 1992). Franks (1990) uses a
rating system based on the ability of each procurement
system to meet seven common satisfying criteria. A
scale of 1±5 is used, where 1 is the minimum and 5
is the maximum. Masterman (1992) states that the use
of this technique in determining clients' needs is valid,
but is ¯awed with subjectivity.
Skitmore and Marsden (1988) and Singh (1990) used
the multi-attribute approach, which is a technique
applied to measure a degree of objectivity to subjective
areas. Both studies adapted the procurement path
decision chart from NEDO (1985) to aid the deci-
sion-making process. Bennett and Grice (1990) have
undertaken similar work. Furthermore, Skitmore
and Marsden (1988) applied concordance analysis and
discriminant analysis to their theoretical framework.
Concordance analysis is used to measure the consis-
tency of experts' ranking for each procurement against a
set predetermined criterion. Discriminant analysis
examined data collected under a set of criteria that
are characteristics on which the various procurement
methods are expected to differ. Thus, procurement
paths could be discriminated against for decision-mak-
ing purposes. Skitmore and Marsden (1988) found from
their exploratory work that the multi-attribute approach
gave similar results to those using discriminant analysis.
A cognitive perspective to procurement selection was
proposed by Liu (1994). Organizational behaviour is
modelled as an act-to-outcome process. The act-to-
product and product-to-outcome paths are the project
realization stage and post-occupancy stage of the
building procurement process, respectively. Liu (1994)
states that organizational behaviour is governed by
organizational goals, and project goals affect the act-
to-outcome process. A number of moderators such as
ability, task complexity and situational constraints
affect this goal±performance relationship, thus affecting
the act-to-product and product-to-outcome processes.
It is suggested by Liu (1994) that, in selecting an
appropriate procurement method, the decision maker
should take into account the effect of these modera-
tors using conjoint analysis (a technique used to model
a decision maker's judgement pro®le).
The procurement module of the `Elsie' expert system
computer package (Brandon et al., 1988) provides the
recommendations on the most appropriate procure-
ment method via a software program. A series of
questions relating to the timing, quality, design cost
parameters and other characteristics of the project is
posed by the program. On evaluation of the informa-
tion, recommendations are given by means of a list
of the most appropriate methods, ranked in order of
suitability, together with an indication of the extent
to which the various methods will satisfy the client
Love (1996) found that a well established and
prominent Australian project management organiza-
tion selected procurement methods for their clients
using a systematic ®rst-principle analysis, by:
(1) de®ning the project;
(2) determining the project needs;
(3) establishing a program;
(4) designing a delivery structure to meet the
project needs;
(5) allocating responsibilities within the project
structure; and
(6) establishing a method of appointing for the
various participants involved.
Essentially, the organization would select the project
structure and then adapt a contractual arrangement
to suit. Consequently, such an approach was found to
stimulate teamwork in one particular project reported
by Love (1996) inasmuch as project goals and objec-
tives were clearly de®ned. Contrary to this approach,
Hibberd and Basden (1996) suggest that a contractual
arrangement initially should be selected so as to take
into consideration how risk will be transferred between
parties, therefore determining the nature of the
procurement method so as to ful®l the client's objec-
tives. In essence, Hibberd and Basden (1996) suggest
that risk is the prominent criterion that will determine
the selection of a procurement method. Risk alloca-
tion/avoidance cannot be overlooked; nonetheless,
whether or not clients do weight risk as their promi-
nent criterion when procuring a building or other
particular criterion will be explored in this paper.
Multi-attribute utility analysis
Multi-attribute utility analysis is a methodology that can
be used as a tool to measure objectivity in an otherwise
subjective area of management (Fellows et al., 1983).
Since a procurement system is the overall managerial
approach by which a client commissions and obtains a
building, the multi-attribute approach was considered
to be the foremost technique appropriate for examining
the criteria of clients and the preferences of experts'
weights for each method in the most objective way. By
indicating the relative utility of each client requirement
and procurement method against a numerical scale, it is
possible to obtain a set of utility factors. Clients were
invited to give a rating to the above criteria for the latest
building project they had procured. Quantity surveyors,
architects, project managers and contracting organiza-
tions gave ratings for the above criteria against each pro-
curement method listed herein. Each procurement
method and client criterion was scored on a scale of
10±110 to avoid any possible imbalances due to the
occurrence of zeros (Fellows and Langford, 1980).
Love et al.
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Page 6
The research involved an empirical study similar to
those of Skitmore and Marsden (1988) and Singh
(1990). This involves identifying an appropriate form
of procurement path (method) by deriving a set of
main client requirements and suitable weights
according to the project circumstances. This was done
by means of a postal questionnaire and distributed to
a variety of personnel involved in the procurement
process. The weightings obtained from the client
respondents were then juxtaposed with weightings of
`experts' for each procurement method for a series of
actual completed projects, to derive the theoretically
most appropriate form of procurement method for each
project. Then this was compared with the procurement
method actually used for the project.
The procedure for weighting criteria
Different clients and different project circumstances
demand different criteria weights. For example, if, for
one project, the cost is the most important aspect, then
we would weight the `cost' criterion higher than the
other criteria. For another project where the speed of
construction is the most important, we would weight
the `speed' criterion higher than the other criteria.
The procedure adopted for obtaining client priority
weightings for each criterion follows Singh (1990).
This involves the following steps. (1) The client
weights the relative importance of each criterion (i.e.
speed, certainty, ¯exibility) on a scale of 1±20. This
relative importance score is termed a priority rating.
(2) Rationalized priority ratings are then calculated (by
dividing each priority rating by the sum of all the
ratings). The sum of the rationalized priority ratings
then will always be equal to 1. (3) Each rationalized
priority rating is taken in turn and multiplied by
a utility factor representing the extent to which a
procurement method satis®es a criterion. The utility
factors connect each criterion to each procurement
method in a consistent way, irrespective of the project.
Thus, the traditional procurement method, which is
known to be fairly slow, is given a fairly low utility
factor score. The construction management procure-
ment method, on the other hand, which is known to
be fairly fast, is given a fairly high utility factor score.
(4) The rationalized priority rating±utility factor prod-
ucts are added for each procurement method and the
resulting total ranked in descending order. The most
appropriate procurement method is taken to be the one
with the highest total.
An example is the procurement path decision chart
shown in Figure 2. In the chart the rationalized priority
rating±utility factor products are entered in the column
labelled `results'. The sum total of these for each
procurement option is shown in the last row, together
with the rank order of total. In this example, the best
procurement option is novation, with a sum total of
84.59, followed by traditional lump sum, with a sum
total of 82.80. The least appropriate procurement
option is traditional cost reimbursement, with a sum
total of 37.12.
Concordance analysis
Numerous classi®cation approaches of client types
have been reported in the construction management
literature. For example, Nahapiet and Nahapiet (1985)
considered that the needs of clients are in¯uenced
by two important characteristics: whether they are
`primary or secondary constructors' and `their level of
project experience'. Masterman and Gameson (1994)
suggest that clients should be classi®ed according to
their construction experience and whether they are
primary or secondary constructors. When these two
characteristics are combined, the following client types
are created: secondary inexperienced; secondary expe-
rienced; primary inexperienced and primary experi-
enced (Table 1).
Client experience will continually change. Every pro-
ject is different. Therefore it may be considered that
there is no such thing as an `experienced' client in the
strictest sense, although clients may acquire a degree of
knowledge and understanding of the environment
within which the project is being procured. Further-
more, it is critical that clients understand where their
boundaries of construction expertise lay (Masterman
and Gameson, 1994). The study described herein
Procurement selection
Table 1
Masterman and Gameson's (1994) client type
PrimaryClients such as property developers, whose
main business and
primary income derive from constructing
Clients for whom expenditure on construct-
ing buildings is a small
percentage of their turnover, and from
whom buildings are necessary in order
to undertake a speci®c business activity,
such as manufacturing.
Recent and relevant experience of con-
structing certain types of building,
with established access to construction
expertise either in-house or externally.
Inexperienced No recent and relevant experience of
constructing buildings with no established
access to construction expertise.
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Love et al.
Figure 2
Example of a procurement path decision chart
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Page 8
implemented a classi®cation whereby clients were clas-
si®ed according to their knowledge of the construction
process, and market factors. Consequently, the follow-
ing classi®cation of clients' market and technical knowl-
edge of the construction environment was used:
(1) good knowledge of both technical and market
(2) good technical knowledge but limited or no
market knowledge;
(3) limited or no technical knowledge but a ®rm
understanding of market factors; and
(4) limited or no knowledge of both technical and
market factors.
Ideally, we would like the clients' responses to be
homogeneous so the data for the utility factor scores
can be pooled for all of these classi®cation groups.
Concordance analysis is used to test this, and involves
calculating the coef®cient of concordance (Kendall and
Babington-Smith, 1939) to see if the rankings provided
by the client classes in weighting each criterion are
in suf®cient agreement. This statistical technique
measures the rank correlation for a number of rank-
ings. The measure for the coef®cient of concordance
is de®ned by:
W = 12Sw/m2(n3± n)
where Swequals the sum of the squares of the devia-
tions of the total of the ranks assigned to each indi-
vidual from m(n)/2. The quantity m(n + 1)/2 is the
average value of the totals of the ranks, and hence Sw
is the sum of squares of deviations from the mean.
W varies from 0 to 1; 0 represents no community of
preference, and 1 represents perfect agreement. Using
Kendall and Babington-Smith's de®nition of the coef-
®cient of concordance in this study, it was applied in
the following way: m is the number of observers, n is
the number of procurement categories, and Swis the
sum of the ranks for each procurement method, and
the deviation of each sum from the average is then
Data collection
Questionnaires were mailed to 100 selected clients
throughout Australia (except for the Northern
Territory). Clients were given over one month to reply
to the questionnaire. Initially only 20 clients returned
their questionnaires, therefore a further 50 question-
naires were mailed to clients. These clients were given
two weeks to answer the questionnaire, resulting in a
total of 41 being received eventually, of which approx-
imately 25% were property and development compa-
nies, 25% investors, 30% occupiers, and 20% local and
central government authorities (including 7% from
local authorities). These results indicate an even spread
of clients. Once the deadline date for the return of the
questionnaires had passed, those clients who had
replied to the questionnaires were contacted and inter-
viewed via telephone. All 41 clients cooperated in the
follow-up interview.
Questionnaires were mailed to 100 selected consultants
throughout Australia. Consultants were given over one
month to reply to the questionnaire. Only 10 ques-
tionnaires were returned within the time allocated.
Each consultant was then telephoned to establish
why they had not returned the questionnaire. As a
result of the telephone calls, a further 10 question-
naires were returned. Questionnaires also were mailed
to another 50 consultants throughout Australia who
were given one month to return the questionnaire.
Fifteen questionnaires were returned, bringing the total
sample size to 35.
Data from the questionnaires were extracted to derive
weightings of utility factors. These weightings then
were examined to determine whether or not the
respondents gave similar weights for the same criterion
for differing project types.
The most common procurement method used by the
client respondents is the traditional lump sum and
documentation (56%), with novation the next most
popular system (18%), and the management system
of design, manage and construct the least used (3%).
74% of clients procured their development less than
one year previously. Clients were classi®ed into
either investors, property and development companies,
local and central government authority or occupiers
(Turner, 1990).
Clients weighted each criterion using the scale indi-
cated in the questionnaire. Each client type was classi-
®ed in terms of their experience of market and technical
knowledge of the construction industry (Table 2). The
time period as to when they had completed their last
building project was used as the basis for verifying
clients and their perceived satisfaction or dissatisfaction
with the form of procurement method actually imple-
Procurement selection
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Page 9
The classi®cations of building types which clients
procured are as follows:
(1) residential;
(2) commercial;
(3) recreational;
(4) administration and civic;
(5) industrial;
(6) hospital;
(7) educational; and
(8) other.
Each client's weights were ranked in order of prefer-
ence. The mean weights of each client type were calcu-
lated along with the corresponding mean rank (Table
3), and the coef®cient of concordance W was calcu-
lated for each client type (Table 4). All the results are
below the critical value of 0.70, and therefore indicate
that there is insuf®cient consistency with the weight-
ings for the utility factors. As a result, it was concluded
that different clients have different needs.
The clients indicated their satisfaction with the
procurement method adopted, as shown in Table 5.
It is indicated that 70% of clients who were satis®ed
with the procurement of their buildings used a design
and build procurement system. Furthermore, it was
found that these clients utilized an independent project
manager to act as their project representative and
Love et al.
Table 2
Summary of client classi®cation
Market and technical knowledgeBuilding type%
A Good knowledge of both technical and market factors
Good technical knowledge but limited or no market knowledge
B Good knowledge of both technical and market factorsResidential
CGood knowledge of both technical and market factors Other (airports)
Admin. and civic
Limited or no technical knowledge but a ®rm understanding of market factors
Limited or no knowledge of both technical and market factors
Limited or no technical knowledge but a ®rm understanding of market factors
Limited or no knowledge of both technical and market factors
D Good knowledge of both technical and market factorsHospital
Admin. and civic
Limited or no technical knowledge but a ®rm understanding of market factors
Limited or no knowledge of both technical and market factors
aKey: A, investors; B, property and development companies; C, occupiers; and D, local and central government authorities
Table 3
Mean weights and ranks of client typesa
Weight Rank Weight Rank Weight Rank Weight Rank
and dispute
Price competition 17
Risk allocation/
aKey: A, investors; B, property and development companies; C,
occupiers; and D, local and central government authorities.
Table 4
Coef®cients of concordance for clients
Client type Coef®cient of
Property and development companies
Local and central government authorities
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Page 10
principal adviser. The clients' responses indicated
the following fundamental factors contributed to the
clients' satisfaction: (i) completion of the project on
time and to budget; (ii) completion to the desired tech-
nical speci®cation and quality; (iii) teamwork and
commitment from all participants; (iv) ability of partic-
ipants to understand the goals and objectives of the
project; (v) effective communication both formally and
informally between participants; and (vi) an indepen-
dent project manager.
Those clients who were dissatis®ed with their
procurement method were those who had implemented
construction management and traditional lump sum
methods (Table 6). Completion of the building within
a stipulated time period was a fundamental reason
why clients implemented a construction management
method. This led to other criteria being neglected,
thus other priorities of the client were not evaluated
in a holistic manner as they had not employed the
skills of a project manager. The following fundamen-
tal factors were identi®ed as contributing to clients'
dissatisfaction (a) project not completed on time nor
to budget; (b) project not completed to the desired
technical speci®cation and quality; (c) lack of feed-
back from participants to the project's performance;
(d) lack of involvement throughout the project; (e)
poor coordination and communication between partic-
ipants; (f) con¯icting advice from consultants; and (g)
no project manager to act as an integrating device
between participants.
Evidently, from the results obtained, there are partic-
ular factors that contribute to client satisfaction and
these should be considered prior to the selection of a
procurement method.
A study by Walker (1994b) of the Australian con-
struction industry found that experienced or sophisti-
cated clients are more likely to achieve a successful
project outcome. From this research, a key factor
contributing to project success was also the client's
ability to recognize the role and function of an inde-
pendent project management organization that acted
as a focal point for project participants.
Masterman and Gameson (1994, pp. 81±4) have
identi®ed the desire of the client to be involved and
informed about the project, referring to studies of
client needs by Bennett and Flanagan (1983) and
Hewitt (1985), which found that clients needed active
involvement and to be kept informed. The lack of
involvement by the client was identi®ed as a factor con-
tributing to their dissatisfaction. This factor was com-
mon amongst clients who classi®ed themselves as
having a good knowledge of both technical and market
factors and those with limited or no knowledge of the
industry. Masterman (1994), in a detailed study of the
basis upon which clients select a procurement method,
found that the need of the client to be involved and
informed of the ®nal cost and certainty of completion
was amongst the ®rst of their priorities when selecting
a procurement route.
In this research, it was found that experienced clients
have different needs from inexperienced clients in their
procurement objectives. The factors identi®ed by
Masterman (1994) were, however, considered in hind-
sight by the client when they were dissatis®ed with
the procurement process. Gameson (1992, pp. 203±7)
has shown that construction professionals tend to take
a dominant and diagnostic role in the relationship
with inexperienced clients, but that role becomes less
supportive and less in¯uential when dealing with expe-
rienced clients. Consultants may agree on the funda-
mental objectives of time, cost and quality, but place
emphasis on the performance standards that affect
their own expertise. This was found to be the case with
dissatis®ed clients who had implemented a procure-
ment system on the advice of their consultants rather
than an independent project manager who could take
a holistic approach of the clients' strategic project
Procurement selection
Table 5
ment method
Percentage of clients satis®ed with their procure-
Client typeNovation Design Contractors Traditional
and design and lump
manage build sum
Property and
Local and central
Table 6
procurement method
Percentage of clients dissatis®ed with their
Client typeConstruction
lump sum
Property and development
Local and central government
5 28
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Thirty-®ve consultants completed and returned the
questionnaires. Of these, 14% were architects, 57%
project managers and 29% quantity surveyors. The
most popular method of procurement for the whole
sample of respondents was found to be traditional
lump sum (42%), followed by novation (34%),
contractor design and build (16%), and turnkey and
package deal (8%). All consultants thought that the
reasons for the popular forms were: (1) clients want
to reduce the amount of risk they are willing to take
due to the prevailing economic climate; (2) clients'
main priority is cost and certainty in times of reces-
sion; and (3) clients require lump sum before construc-
tion commences.
The least popular method of procurement for
these respondents was found to be: (a) manage-
ment method ± design, manage and construct; (b)
management method ± management contracting;
(c) traditional method ± cost reimbursement; and (d)
traditional method ± provisional quantities. All consul-
tants considered systems (b), (c) and (d) to be not
popular within the marketplace, with 90% stating that
method (a) was unpopular.
The architects and quantity surveyors subsamples
principally weighted the traditional method of pro-
curement with the higher utility preferences (except
in the case of cost reimbursement), whereas the
project managers subsample tended to show no pref-
erence towards any particular system; their approach
to weighting each parameter against each procure-
ment method tended to be impartial (i.e. show no
favouritism). There was no doubt that architects' and
quantity surveyors' priority weightings favoured tradi-
tional lump sum and traditional lump sum with provi-
sional quantities.
The mean values of the consultants' utility weight-
ings for each criterion against each procurement
method are shown in Table 7. The results indicate
that method A (traditional lump sum) provides the
best quality (mean weighting 100.00) and best price
competition (mean weighting 94.50); method E
(turnkey and package deals) is the most certain (mean
weighting 100.00), best for risk allocation/avoidance
(mean weighting 109.70) and best for responsi-
bility (mean weighting 95.60); method F (novation) is
the best for avoiding arbitration and disputes (mean
weighting 95.60); and method G (construction man-
agement) is the speediest (mean weighting 90.50),
most ¯exible (mean weighting 95.60) and best for
complexity (mean weighting 105.0). The smallest coef-
®cient of concordance was 0.61 (for arbitration and
disputes), and this was taken to indicate the existence of
a reasonable consensus by the consultants on the value
of weightings (Table 8).
Consultants (e.g. architects, quantity surveyors)
prefer to use a traditional lump sum method instead
of non-traditional methods. Essentially, the traditional
lump sum method requires a project to be fully
designed and documented prior to tendering. This may
require greater fees than non-traditional methods,
therefore increasing the potential for pro®ts to be made
by consultants. Conversely, if non-traditional methods
are implemented by the client, the services of consul-
tants become restricted, primarily because of the intro-
duction of the contractor. For example, under the
traditional lump sum method, architects predomi-
nantly act as the lead consultant, primarily being
responsible for developing the brief, managing and
controlling the design process, and acting as a super-
visor for the client during construction. Therefore this
may require more fees than the restricted role that
is undertaken by an architect when a non-traditional
Love et al.
Table 7
Mean utility factors of criteria for procurement methods
Criteria Procurement methodsa
Risk allocation/
Price competition
aKey: A, traditional single lump sum; B, traditional provisional quantities; C, traditional cost reimbursement; D, contractors design and
build; E, turnkey and package deals; F, novation; G, construction management; H, management contracting; and I, design and manage.
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Page 12
method is adopted, that is, simply acting as a designer.
For the quantity surveyor, preparation of bills of quan-
tities has traditionally been their primary source of
income, and any change in the way in which projects
are delivered may hinder their incoming ¯ow of monies
and pro®t. Clearly, consultants will recommend a
procurement system that meets their needs, and not
necessarily the immediate needs of the client. However,
clients appear to be placing greater emphasis on single-
point responsibility, risk avoidance and ¯exibility,
rather than on quality and cost, which are considered
to be the fundamental attributes of the traditional lump
sum method. Design and build systems appear to
accommodate these increasing needs (Bresnen et al.,
1987), but whether or not consultants will recommend
the use of design and construct is perhaps question-
able. Therefore, based on the ®ndings presented above
and to eliminate bias, we suggest that an independent
project manager selects the procurement method by
systematically weighting client needs in accordance
with their preferences.
Procurement path decision chart
A procurement path decision chart (Skitmore and
Marsden, 1988) was produced for each client respon-
dent using the mean utility values of the consultants'
weights from Table 6 juxtaposed with the clients'
criteria weightings. An example is shown in Figure 2.
Each procurement method was ranked, with the
highest result being ranked 1. Method F in this
example, with a total weighting of 84.59, represents
the `appropriate' form of procurement method. A total
of 41 charts were produced in this way, one for each
client respondent, and in every case the appropriate
form of procurement system is the design and construct
novation form, with the traditional lump sum and
documentation form ranked as the second choice, irre-
spective of the type of client or building involved.
The positions of ranks for the traditional methods
with provisional quantities and the remaining design
and construct method, tend to be consistent through-
out all the charts (ranks 3±5, but on occasion exchange
places). Construction management, management con-
tracting, and design and construct occupied ranks 6, 7
and 8, with management contracting predominantly
being ranked eighth and the positions of the remaining
management methods exchanging ranking positions.
The traditional cost reimbursement form was ranked
ninth for all the charts.
It is shown that similar clients do not in general have
similar needs in their procurement objectives. This may
of course be due to the different nature of their indi-
vidual projects; whether the same client has the same
needs for different projects is not examined here. There
is a consensus, however, that the criteria proposed,
and their weights, are themselves appropriate for each
procurement method. It was surprising to ®nd that the
application of these weights in the procurement path
decision charts resulted in the same procurement deci-
sion (novation) to be the highest ranked for all the test
projects used, and suggests that a further study is
needed to validate and understand this, perhaps by
in-depth interview. It should be noted, however, that
the two most common procurement methods used
by the client respondents are the traditional and nova-
tion, and the procurement path decision chart found
these also to be the most appropriate, albeit in reverse
The low rankings for construction management,
management contracting and cost reimbursement may
be due to the intrinsic uncertainty involved in these
methods. NEDO (1985) suggests that the management
methods system offers price certainty, although, at the
time of contract, the exact nature and detail of the
project generally are not established. In our view,
management methods are derived from prime cost
contracts and are thus lacking in price certainty.
The device of a guaranteed maximum price some-
times is offered, but it is possible to obtain price
certainty only if the maximum being guaranteed is high
enough, in effect to contain a target ®gure that includes
suf®cient contingency. A maximum guaranteed price
concept is not often possible to obtain before the time
when a construction contract needs to be signed.
The cost reimbursement form is a system whereby the
contractor is paid the actual or prime cost for an inde-
terminate amount of work, and in addition an agreed
fee is paid to cover management, overheads and pro®t.
It is possible that this form is not favoured as the resul-
tant ®nal cost to the client is dif®cult to determine.
As with construction management and management
Procurement selection
Table 8
Coef®cients of concordance for consultants
Selection criterionCoef®cient of concordance
Price competition
Risk allocation/avoidance
Arbitration and disputes
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Page 13
contracting, fees are paid on the actual cost of the work
undertaken. Moreover, Barclay (1994) found from his
studies that the design, manage and construct form has
not been used that extensively within Australia, hence
the lower weights and the low overall aggregate rank.
A simple set of criteria has been identi®ed as being
generally adequate and suf®cient for procurement
selection, and there is a reasonable consensus on the
appropriate weightings for each path. Moreover, the
current trend in the literature urging greater involve-
ment and interaction between client and consultants
for a more effective procurement process is supported
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