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Discussion in 'Disney Restaurants' started by Disneyenthusiast, Aug 2, 2006.
Martini flight at Le Cellier: Sassy Berry, Blueberry & Godiva Chocolate.
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That martini flight from Le Cellier looks delish.
This is the Jay'Gail Sangria from Raglan Road and it was awesome!
Don't fall for it. It is actually terrible. Canada and Vodka do not go together.
Oh my, how did I not know this thread existed?!
A couple of Bluezoo adult beverages from my September Dining Review:
While I didn't love it, I wouldn't call it terrible. I really enjoyed the Sassy Berry martini, it was my favourite of the three. The Godiva was super sweet and would be a good choice for dessert, but if you're not a fan of sweet creamy drinks, this is definitely not for you. My least favourite was the blueberry, which had zero blueberry flavour IMO. All three were pretty strong, something unusual for Disney adult beverages.
That looks awesome...
Margarita flight from Hollywood Brown Derby by Imsoscared, on Flickr
forget the exact names of them but mango, pomegranate, and lime,which was way too limey if thats a good way of describing it
Was that good??? Going to the Derby and it looks good!
I have missed this thread, thanks for the bump!
Disneyenthusiast this was a GREAT idea for a thread.
Sorry to break it to you but it really is not awesome. Canada and Vodka do not mix. This is one of the worst of the many drinks you can get in Epcot.
Tha'ts a shame
If you believe Canada and Vodka don't mix, you've obviously never tried a Bloody Caesar, which is Canada's spin on a Bloody Mary. It's spicy, savoury goodness-in-a-glass, LOL! Having said that, I have to agree that the martini flight from Le Cel isn't great. Of the three offerings, I only really enjoyed the berry one, which was refreshing and not too sweet. The Godiva was strong and ultra-sweet and the blueberry was very strong and had no redeeming qualities what-so-ever. Blech. I believe it was $16 for the flight, and that's just too expensive when I only enjoyed one. I was wishing I'd ordered the Caesar instead, which I've had before and I know is delicious.
Pina Colava from the Tambu Lounge at the Polynesian Resort.
Island Sunset from the Tambu Lounge.
Jay'Gail Sangria from Raglan Road in Downtown Disney.
Separate names with a comma.

subset: commoncrawl


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Leaders of the Joint Committee of Trade Unions (JCTU) have appealed to people to join the two-day general strike called by major trade unions on February 20 and 21 and to observe a general bandh in protest against the Union government's "anti-people" policies.
Addressing a JCTU convention here on Thursday, district secretary of the All-India Trade Union Congress Shoukat Ali Alur, with K. Somashekar Yadgir of the All-India United Trade Union Centre and others, came down on the Union government for "being indifferent to the long-pending demands of workers and trade unions".
Mr. Alur said that instead of taking strong measures to contain the price rise, the Union government had initiated measures such as decontrol of diesel prices, which has fuelled the increase in the prices of essential commodities.
The Food Security Bill introduced by the Union government, and the Direct Cash Transfer system would destroy the Public Distribution System (PDS), which ensures subsidised foodgrains for the poor. Extending the direct cash transfer system to the beneficiaries of the PDS would have little or no impact, he said. The only remedy is to universalise PDS and ensure a supply of subsidised foodgrains to all families irrespective of their economic status, Mr. Alur added.
The Union government has not conceded the workers' long-pending demand for the removal of ceilings imposed on payment and eligibility for the provident fund. The government has also failed to increase the gratuity limit paid at the time of retirement.
Mr. Yadgir said the government should immediately stop disinvestment in profit-making public sector units. "The government should also end the exploitation of workers employed on contract by ensuring that they receive wages proportionate to the work done," he said.
The Minimum Wages Act should be amended, and the government should fix the statutory payment of minimum wage for all sectors at Rs. 10,000 a month. Workers in the unorganised sector should be extended universal social security cover, and a national social security fund should be created to take care of their social security requirements, he added.
'Replacing Public Distribution System with direct cash transfer system will have no impact' Create national social security fund for workers in unorganised sector: union leader
'Replacing Public Distribution System with direct cash transfer system will have no impact'
Create national social security fund for workers in unorganised sector: union leader


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There are countless devices that support VoLTE and IMS including most high end phones from the past two years (even my Z10 does). Rogers can, and at this point is, not allowing any devices besides...
Thanks for letting us know. Maybe it's a bad April Fools Day joke.
The email does say AT&T will no longer be available as of April First, and two days is such short notice. Guess we'll know soon.
Motorola Moto E Xt1021/Xt1022/Xt1025 Overview:
Unlock Videotron Motorola Moto E Xt1021/Xt1022/Xt1025
to use any where in the world with any supported service provider like
No one claimed they didn't need both or that there were enough "Sparky" towers.
No doubt. She tried to get me to reprogram with *22890 which is at best useless on LTE.
But she didn't balk at the mention of LTE (a good sign)
No, SMS and the non dta part of MMS is sent...


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Album Rating: 5.0"Who would collaborate with bieber and go for street cred"
Digging: Sicko Mobb - Super Saiyan Vol. 2
Digging: Chief Keef - Bang Pt 2
Digging: Alfred Schnittke - String Quartet No. 4
Album Rating: 5.0Ok?
Album Rating: 5.0holy fuck that album art
Album Rating: 5.0GOAT
Album Rating: 2.0wow it's terrible and i'm not surprised
I'm actually looking forward to NWTS and I gotta say, that's pretty bad
Album Rating: 3.0Yeah, the album art is soft as fuck, but I'm sure it'll be a good record. Wheelchair Jimmy gon' bless us with some good shit.
Album Rating: 3.5 | Sound OffOver My Dead Body, Crew Love, and Marvin's Room are fucking amazing but like half the other tracks I couldn't care less about
Album Rating: 4.0I generally like just about everything on here. Besides The Motto.
Album Rating: 3.5 | Sound OffA pop album really should not be 1.2 hours like damn. I only want like 30 minutes of Drake
Album Rating: 4.0yeah. i usually dig a few songs at a time and just jam those off this. it's hard to listen to all the way through.
Album Rating: 5.0The cover art on the new album doesnt seem like it will fit the music at all.
This one fits it perfectly tho
Album Rating: 4.5I'm thinking the new one will still be really good though.
Digging: Galar - De Gjenlevende
Album Rating: 5.0shout outs to all my niggas livin' tax free
nowadays it's six figures when they tax me
oh well guess you lose some and win some
long as the outcome is income
Album Rating: 5.0you know i want it all
and then some
shout out to asian girls
Album Rating: 3.0let the lights dim sum
Album Rating: 4.0this album is way better chopped up
Album Rating: 5.0 | Sound Off
The cover art on the new album doesnt seem like it will fit the music at all.
Album Rating: 5.0Going off of the few singles hes released for the album
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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GE Capital Aviation Services Completes Delivery of Five Leased Airbus A320s to Saudi ArabiaaEUR(tm)s nasair
GE Capital Aviation Services Limited (GECAS), the commercial aircraft leasing and financing arm of GE, announced delivery of five leased Airbus A320s to National Air Services Company (NAS Holding) to expand its nasair airline's fleet.
Your company's press release on ASDNews and to thousands of other journalists and editors? Use our ASDWire press release distribution service.
Source : GE
Smart Airport Border Technology Middle East Conference
Mar 31 - Apr 2, 2015 - Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates


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Luciano Valletta Boutique Accommodation, Valletta
Conveniently near the airport, Luciano Valletta Boutique Accommodation is in the heart of Valletta, within walking distance of St. Johns Co - Cathedral, Lascaris War Rooms, and Grand Masters Palace. Also nearby are Mediterranean Conference Centre and Fort St. Elmo.
Property Features.
Dining options at this Valletta guesthouse include a restaurant, a coffee shop/café, and a snack bar/deli. On weekdays guests are served a complimentary breakfast. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available in public areas. The staff can provide tour/ticket assistance, wedding services, and limo/town car service. Additional amenities include a rooftop terrace, laundry facilities, and coffee/tea in the lobby. For a surcharge, guests have access to a roundtrip airport shuttle (available on request). The property has designated areas for smoking.
The 13 air-conditioned guestrooms at Luciano Valletta Boutique Accommodation include hair dryers. Guests can use the in-room complimentary wireless high-speed Internet access. Televisions are equipped with cable channels and DVD players.
Stayed for a week just before Easter to discover the highlights of Malta
Stayed for a week just before Easter to discover the highlights of Malta
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 020 3027 9803
- Double Room
- Standard Twin Room
- Double or Twin Room
- Quadruple Room
- Single Room
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 13 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time 2:00 PM-10:30 PM
- Check-out time is 11:00 AM
Guests should expect to receive special check-in instructions from the property via email.
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Babysitting/childcare *
- No pets or service animals allowed
Extra people
- Rollaway beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Airport shuttle (available on request) *
- No parking
- Free nearby parking
Nearby Three Star Valletta hotels
In the hotel
- Free cooked-to-order breakfast on weekdays
- Restaurant
- Coffee shop/café
- Snack bar/deli
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Coffee/tea in the lobby
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Wedding services
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Designated smoking areas
- Rooftop terrace
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Individually decorated
- Individually furnished
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Hair dryer
- Cable TV channels
- DVD player
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Refrigerator
Top Valletta hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Valletta
- Hilton MaltaFrom
"I don't usually like large hotels but because this was recommended to me by those I was visiting for business, I reserved. I was very surprised and enjoyed my stay very much. The…"Mar 8, 2015
- The PalaceFrom
"Our first visit to Malta which was for the Malta Marathon. The hotel was not seafront but easily accessible by car. The hotel was showing some signs of wear, the main doors did…"Mar 7, 2015
- Cornucopia HotelFrom
"Excellent staff and good food but we found our inward courtyard facing room dull and a bit claustrophobic"Mar 4, 2015
- Blue Sea San Anton Hotel and ApartmentsFrom
Nearby hotels
Special features
DiningLuciano Restaurant - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy alfresco dining (weather permitting).
Cettina - This café specializes in Italian cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, dinner, and light fare.
Luciano Valletta Boutique Accommodation, Valletta's small print
Noise-free guestrooms cannot be guaranteed.
For transfers, guests must contact the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Parking is available nearby and costs EUR 4 per night
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 40 per day
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of EUR 20 per vehicle
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Rhubarb & strawberry crumble sundae: It was the savoury dishes that initially attracted me to Henry Dimbleby and Jane Baxter's excellent Leon: Fast Vegetarian but this is a cracking dessert with in-season rhubarb.
Mar 26 Read more
Three hot restaurants to visit in Paris in spring 2015: Deciding where to eat in Paris is just as stressful as where to eat in London. There's just too much choice
Mar 20 Read more
Wine and steak pairing tips. 5 things you need to know about matching steak with wine: Steak is the ideal foil for a good red but is there a perfect match? You could simply say the one you most enjoy but it also depends on the cut and the way you cook it . . .
Mar 26 Read more
Macedonio Finca del Regajo Monastrell Joven 2012: Those of you who read the Guardian will have spotted that I've devoted this week's column to independent wine merchants but here's a slightly different business model from a firm called Dashing Wines which bills itself as offering 'estate wines at everyday prices'.
Mar 21 Read more
Aldi Ballycastle Irish County Cream: If you're a fan of Bailey's you'll be unable to resist this ridiculously moreish Irish cream liqueur at a fraction of the price.
Mar 14 Read more
5 wine and beer pairings for shepherd's pie : You'll always find people argue about shepherd's pie but in my view it should be made with lamb rather than beef (that's cottage pie) and with very little, if any tomato - apart from maybe a dash of ketchup for sweetness.
Mar 18 Read more
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The Top 10 In Action Sports
01These Incredible Photos of 'Unseen New York' Show a Whole New Side to the City
0210 Sketchy Trailside Fixes that Every Mountain Biker Should Know
03Here's The Biggest MX Jumps Ever Hit Collected in 2 Minutes of Video Glory
04This Guy Filmed His Beard Growing As He Walked 3000 Miles Across Asia... It's Strangely Hypnotic
05Here's The Stunning Feature That Shows The Dark Side of Professional Mountain Biking
06Sailing Into A Cyclone: This Has To Be One Of The Most Dangerous Races On Earth
07Ever Wanted To Own Your Own Ski Resort? Now You Can... For Just $900,000
08This is What Happened When Three Pros Tried To Go Mountain Biking on a Glacier
09Dirt Jumps, Zebras and A Motocross Legend: This Red Bull Feature is Essential Viewing For Any MX Fan
10Introducing The Greatest Skateboarder You've Never Heard Of… And He's Only 11 Years Old
KIA Cold Hawaii PWA World Cup: Day 2
A Windsurfing video by Rav - 2,180 views
The confusion in knowing who is winning a heat should be a thing of the past for windsurfing fans everywhere with the introduction of live scoring planned for the KIA Cold Hawaii PWA World Cup in Klitmøller. The Professional Windsurfing Association's judges, some of whom have been used to the pen and paper method for 25 years, have been testing the new system that allows them to input their scores during a heat into a tablet computer and upload them to the internet. So, when Philip 'The Kid' Köster, lands a double forward we will know how perfect the judges thought it was almost instantly and whether it is good enough to beat a Kauli Seadi push loop forward and taka. Now it's finally here: "It is only fitting that Denmark will be the first place where we have that system up and running being an event that has driven a new generation of live interaction and social media in windsurfing," Rich Page, the PWA tour manager, said. The PWA will introduce live scoring across all of its disciplines and events but it will make the biggest difference in wave and freestyle. This is a film produced during the KIA cold hawaii PWA World Cup in 2012.


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If there is not some value system that a people has that is greater than even survival, that people will perish. It seems like a paradox but it is nature's way of culling cut throats and barbarians. Get a value system quickly Israel or write your epitaph.
If selected for publication, it will appear as soon as possible on Haaretz.com.


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I have been experiencing chronic muscle pain in my arms, legs, and back for a period of time that might correlate with my time using trazodone.
Can Trazodone cause chronic muscle ache/pain/fatique?
- Posted:
- 27 Feb 2010 by printer1
- Topics:
- pain, muscle pain, trazodone
Added 27 Feb 2010:
Are there any studies/data that detail how commonly the above issue occurs?
|Question is Closed
|Report Mark as Favorite
Answers (5)
27 Feb 2010
I found this information that adresses your problem.
"most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome when using Trazodone:
Blurred vision; constipation; decreased appetite; dizziness; drowsiness; dry mouth; general body discomfort; headache; incoordination; light-headedness; muscle aches/pains; nausea; nervousness; sleeplessness; stomach pain; stuffy nose; swelling of the skin; tiredness; tremors."
27 Feb 2010
i've been taking trazodone 50mg to 100mg for almost a year now i can't say i have had anymore ache and pains than usual but the fatigue and sleepiness is a problem and if you have CTS or fibromyalgia or depression those will also sometimes make you feel tired and sleepy too. maybe you should talk with you doctor about how you are feeling and the two of you decide if it's the medication or something else. missy
24 Dec 2011
Hello printer1. Just to add my thoughts to your question. I was on trazodone for several years and truth be told, I didn't have any aches and pains. I took it at night to help me sleep. So sorry,can't say I have experienced what you've been going through. Wishing you the best, pledge
9 Jun 2012
I know that it was back in 2010 that your posted your question. I hope you still are looking for answers.
I have been using Trazodone for about 3 and 1/2 years. I began to have SEVERE lower back pain shortly after commencing use of it. I, however, (strangely enough), still find that 300mgs of Trazodone helps to reduce my pain. Crazy, yes?
If you do some research on the negative effects of this medication, you will read that they include muscle pain.
I hope you stopped using it and are, now, feeling MUCH better!
Further Information
- Trazodone Information for Consumers
- Trazodone Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Trazodone (detailed)
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Willmar man in court on assault charge, allegedly bloodied 2-year-old's lip
WILLMAR -- Cody Scott Johnson, 20, of Willmar, made his first court appearance Friday on a third-degree assault charge for allegedly hitting a 2-year-old child, causing the boy to have a bloody lip.
Unconditional bail was set at $25,000. His next appearance is Nov. 5 in Kandiyohi County District Court. Johnson also faces a misdemeanor charge of domestic assault.
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- City Activities and Info
- Resources for New and Relocating Businesses
- Development, Land Use & Construction
- Resources
- Doing Business with the City
- City Council
- City Budget
- Constitutional Offices
- Property Information
- Public Safety
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Passport Services
NOTICE: As of June 1, 2009, U. S. citizens must present a PASSPORT BOOK, PASSPORT CARD, or other travel documents approved by the U. S. Government to enter the United States from Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Bermuda at land borders and seas ports of entry.
For more information, contact the City Clerk's Office at 757-382-6151.
** Additional information about traveling and passports, can be obtained from the National Bureau of Consular Affairs.
Passport Agencies for City of Chesapeake
- City Clerk's Office – 6th floor at City Hall
- Treasurer's South Norfolk satellite office
located at 1205 20th Street
NOTICE: These offices will assist with all passport needs, EXCEPT photos.
Hours of Operation
9 a.m. - 11:30 a.m. By appointment Only
1:30 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. By appointment Only
No Processing of applications
Wednesday and Thursday
9 a.m. - 11:30 a.m. (Walk-In – located at the desk in the 6th floor lobby)
1:30 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. By appointment Only
1:30 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. By appointment Only
Treasurer's Office
South Norfolk & Western Branch Locations
(*Passports are no longer being processed at the Deep Creek office.)
Monday - Friday
9 a.m. - 12 p.m.
Please Note: The Western Branch location is no longer processing applications on Mondays.
Hours are subject to change without notice
NOTICE: Passport applications will not be processed at South Norfolk or Western Branch on the following dates:
- March 27, 2014, through March 31, 2014
- May 28, 2014, through June 6, 2014
- September 26, 2014, through September 30, 2014
- December 29, 2014, through December 31, 2014
In addition, passport applications will not be processed at these locations on City of Chesapeake tax due dates. The due dates are as follows: March 31, June 5, September 30, and December 31. Any due date that falls on a weekend or City holiday is due the next business day.
U.S. Passport BOOK for First Time Applicants and Minors
Passport Fee
Payable to
Dept of State
Acceptance Fee
Payable to
Acceptance Facility
Total First-Time
Applicant Fee
(age 16 and over)
$110 $25 $135 Minors
(under age 16)
$80 $25 $105
U.S. Passport CARD for First Time Applicants and Minors
Passport Fee
Payable to
Dept of State
Acceptance Fee
Payable to
Acceptance Facility
Total First-Time
Applicant Fee
(age 16 and over)
$30 $25 $55 Minors
(under age 16)
$15 $25 $40
Other Service Fees
Additional Visa Pages $82 File Search Fee $150 Expedite Processing $60
Note: The Passport fees for adults eligible to apply by mail using form DS-82, "Application for a U.S. Passport by Mail", are $110 for the passport book and $30 for the passport card. Debit or Credit cards are not accepted for payment of fees. Two (2) checks or money orders are needed – (1) made payable to the City of Chesapeake for Acceptance Fees, and (1) made payable to the U. S. Department of State for all necessary Passport fees.
Proof of Citizenship
- Government issued Birth Certificate (must include names of parents) or previous passport
Passport Application (DS-11)
- Application is primarily used if customer is applying for a passport for the first time and is not renewing a passport.
Passports for Children (DS-11)
- All children must appear in person. Children 16 years and older will be required to sign their passport application.
- Children under 16 years of age require both parents or legal guardians signatures on a passport application or documentation of the absence of the second parent with a copy of their photo identification, front and back.
Renewal of a Passport
- A passport can be renewed without the assistance of a passport agency. Form DS-82 needs to be filled out completely and sent to the address found on the application along with the required documentation. Passports can be renewed if they were issued less than 15 years ago, the same name appears on the passport, the most recent passport is attached, and the applicant was over 16 years old when the most recent passport was issued.
- Children's passports can not be renewed. A new application (DS-11) will have to be completed.
What to bring with you
- One (1) passport photo
- Evidence of citizenship (original birth certificate, previous passport or Naturalization Certificate)
- A form of photo identification (government issued ID)
- Payment to accompany the application and processing fee for agency (two checks or money orders – debit or credit cards are not accepted)
(Please do not sign passport applications prior to bringing them in for processing)
Processing Time
- The normal processing time for a passport is four to six (4-6) weeks.
- If the passport is needed sooner, an expedited fee of $60, and $28.87 ( $14.85 will be added to the U. S. Department of State fees and a separate payment of $19.80 to the U. S. Postmaster) for overnight mailing services to and from the Passport Agency will be applied to the reference fees. Expedited applications are usually processed within 2-3 weeks of applying.


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Town Square
Our Schools, Drugs & Violence
Original post made by firstgen, Pheasant Ridge, on May 19, 2008
Web Link
How do you feel about the report's findings (positive/negative/mixed)?
Where you aware or surprised about the incidents at any schools?
Please be thoughtful in your responses.
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Another bad idea from the air board
By Tim Hunt | 20 comments | 2,712 views
Bidding My Training Dept. Goodbye
By Roz Rogoff | 4 comments | 595 views


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What is the Avvo Rating?
I have used James P. Leahy a couple of times. He is very professional. He knows the law backwards and forwards. He is resourceful and truly cares...
Posted by: Kimberlee, over 1 year ago.
3 endorsements
I endorse James. He is a highly skilled attorney that is well respected in the legal community.
I endorse this lawyer.
38 years since James P. Leahy was first licensed to practice law.
We have not found any instances of professional misconduct for this lawyer.


text:
Phoenix Suns
Conley, Randolph lead Grizzlies past Hawks 108-101
MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) - Mike Conley had 21 points and 13 assists and Zach Randolph added 18 points and 12 rebounds to lead the Memphis Grizzlies to a 108-101 victory over the Atlanta Hawks on Sunday night.
Paul Millsap scored 21 points for the Hawks, who had won two straight. It was only the third time the Hawks lost to the Grizzlies in the past 15 games.
Memphis pulled away in the fourth quarter behind Conley, who tied a career best with 31 points in a victory over the Phoenix Suns on Friday. Conley had eight points in the final quarter, including two free throws that gave the Grizzlies a 102-92 lead with 2:46 left.
Conley is averaging 26.3 points in his last three games: an overtime loss to San Antonio and wins over Phoenix and Atlanta.
The Hawks used a 16-0 run to end the third and start the fourth to take an 80-77 lead, but the Grizzlies recovered behind Conley and reserves Mike Miller and James Johnson.
Miller also had eight points in the fourth quarter for the Grizzlies, including two 3-pointers. He finished with 15 points. Johnson had seven points, three steals and two blocks. Both of his blocks came in the final period.
Newly acquired Courtney Lee added 15 points for the Grizzlies (17-19) and his 3-pointer gave Memphis an 84-82 lead with 8:48 left. The Grizzlies never trailed again.
The Grizzlies built an early seven-point advantage and maintained a lead for most of the opening half. The Hawks took a 26-23 lead to start the second quarter after Shelvin Mack's three-point play tied the game at 23 and Mike Scott's 3-pointer gave Atlanta its first lead.
But Memphis went up 30-28 Miller's 3-pointer 30 seconds later and gradually rebuilt a seven-point lead. Lee connected on a jumper from the baseline as time expired to give the Grizzlies a 48-41 halftime lead.
The Grizzlies scored 28 points in the paint in the first half, while the Hawks committed nine turnovers.
Memphis extended its lead to 13 points late in the third quarter, going up 77-64 on a fast-break layup by Miller. The Hawks closed the quarter with consecutive 3-pointers to trim the Grizzlies' lead to 77-72 entering the fourth.
NOTES: Hawks starting center Pero Antic did not play because of back spasms. His spot in the lineup was filled by Gustavo Ayon. ... The Grizzlies recalled guard Jamaal Franklin on Sunday from their NBA Development League affiliate in Fort Wayne, Ind. A second-round pick of the Grizzlies in the 2013 draft, Franklin is averaging 1.9 points and 1.4 rebounds in 14 appearances for Memphis. ... Grizzlies guard Tony Allen missed his fourth straight game with a sprained left wrist.
(Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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RCL Sept.12 San Diego
Any one on board to Mexico? It's our third time down but it's been years. the Port tours seem boring. Any advice?
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MBPhD Programme
4th European MD/PhD Conference - June 2015
Alumni News...
Bryan A Strange
Functional organization of the hippocampal longitudinal axis
Nature Reviews - October 2014
Annual Dinner: Thursday 19th March 2015
Annual Symposium: Thursday 28th January 2016 - tbc
- Prof. Gordon Stewart
- Ms Susan Beesley
Download information booklet (pdf)
MBPhD Symposium 2013
Thursday 31st January 2013
|Gordon Stewart
|Professor David Lomas
|The Dean's Address
|Alex Brown
|Neuronal networks in mouse primary visual cortex
|Stephen Auger
|What does the retrosplenial cortex do?
|Shawn Ellis
|CD8+FOXP3+ Treg induction by anti-CD3 mAb*
|Adam Levine
|The genetics of inflammatory bowel disease in Ashkenazi-Jewish extended multiplex kindreds
|Anna Rose
|Pathogenic or not? Non-penetrance in genetic retinal degenerations
|Lucy Bell
|Dysregulation of the innate immune response in HIV-1 infected macrophages.
|Noura Al-Juffali
|Nanoparticle-mediated Delivery of Antisense and RNAi Oligonucleotides for Cancer Therapy
|Panayiotis Maghsoudlou
|Attempting to harness the power of Prometheus: Intestinal tissue engineering
|Dr Gabriel Pollara
|The Life of a Graduate
A copy of the 2013 Symposium booklet can be downloaded here... (pdf)
Page last modified on 05 mar 14 14:47 by Susan Beesley


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Canes Marketing Encourages Fans To "Go To Fewer Games"
The University of Miami Hurricanes have had trouble filling Sun Life Stadium in the past. It is far away from campus, and attendance often does not fill even the lower bowl. So the marketing team at the athletics department tried something a little unconventional: They created an ad calling on fans to "GO TO FEWER GAMES."
In the ad are details for a new two-game mini-plan. Instead of having to pay for full season tickets, fans could purchase tickets to two big games: Florida State University and the University of North Carolina. The plan costs $108, and includes two tickets and a University of Miami hat.
So far, season-ticket sales are at an all-time high so early in the game, at over 4,000. Also, about 90 percent of the lower bowl tickets have been sold.
Associate athletics director for marketing, Andrew Goodrich, explains that the idea behind the plan is a time-honored sports marketing tactic, used by the basketball team Portland Trail Blazers and the baseball team Dayton Dragons. Both teams are known for impressive sell-out streaks.
The basic idea is this: If fans do not have the time, money, or interest in all of the team's home games, the package focuses on the big ones. The marketing teams work hard to pack those games, and make them exciting. If everything goes to according to plan, next year the fans will want that experience again -- except instead of buying a couple games, they will buy all of them.
On social media, the ad has been met with criticism -- even mocking. Fans are upset.
Kevin Bell is a senior at the University of Miami. Win or lose, he cheers on the Canes from the student section. He read the ad in the Miami Herald. He said he likes the mini-plan as a tactic to bring in more fans, he just did not like the advertisement, which he called "without question the dumbest idea of all time."
"You could've just sold a plan based on its merits," he says, "instead of this hook line that is going to make us a laughing stock of other teams" because the team has not yet filled even the lower bowl of Sun Life Stadium.
The university will not sell single game tickets for the Florida State game.
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Page 1
Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
2002 The New York Academy of Medicine
Vol. 79, No. 4, December 2002
Effects of Increasing Syringe Availability
on Syringe-Exchange Use and HIV Risk:
Connecticut, 1990–2001
Robert Heimer, Scott Clair, Wei Teng, Lauretta E. Grau,
Kaveh Khoshnood, and Merrill Singer
ABSTRACT Syringe-exchange programs (SEPs) in Connecticut operate with caps on the
number of syringes exchanged per visit. We investigated the effects of legislation in-
creasing the cap on drug injectors' access to clean syringes through the SEPs in New
Haven and Hartford. The mixed design of this study included longitudinal and cross-
sectional data from individuals and ecological data from program operations. Five
parameters—syringe return rate, syringes per visit to the SEP, syringe reuse rate, sy-
ringe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence, and syringe sharing—were
monitored through syringe tracking and testing of SEP syringes and by interviewing
injectors. Two increases in the cap—from 5 to 10 and then from 10 to 30—had little
effect on the five parameters that measured injectors' access to clean syringes. In con-
trast, access to clean syringes increased when the New Haven SEP first began opera-
tions, when syringes first became available at pharmacies in Hartford, and when the
agency running the Hartford SEP changed. Legislation providing piecemeal increases
in the cap may not, by themselves, be sufficient to increase injectors' access to clean
syringes and decrease the risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission in this
KEYWORDS HIV transmission, Injection drug use, Syringe exchange.
Injection drug use is the second leading risk factor for human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) infection in the United States.1The most recent estimate of national
HIV incidence, although 6 years old, suggests that injection drug users (IDUs) may
comprise the majority of those with new infections.2Reducing syringe-borne spread
of HIV through interventions aimed at altering individual behaviors3,4has been
under way in the United States since the mid-1980s. In contrast, structural-level
interventions, which aim at changing the social and contextual factors influencing
HIV transmission, have been slower to develop.5–8
Among the first such structural interventions was a softening of the law in
Connecticut that had made the possession and purchase of syringes without a pre-
scription illegal. During the decade of the 1990s, three changes in legislation were
made with the intention of increasing IDU access to clean syringes. The first, passed
Drs. Heimer, Grau, and Khoshnood are with the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale
University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and Drs. Clair, Teng, and Singer are with the
Hispanic Health Council, Hartford, Connecticut.
Correspondence: Robert Heimer, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale Univer-
sity School of Medicine, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520.
Page 2
by the Connecticut legislature in June 1990, permitted the legal establishment of a
syringe-exchange program (SEP) in New Haven and exempted SEP participants
from the prescription law.9The SEP was operated under explicit guidelines10; it
could exchange no more than 5 syringes per exchange, and all exchanges were 1
for 1. In a second set of changes,11in 1992, the state repealed its law banning the
over-the-counter sale and possession of syringes and simultaneously expanded the
number of SEPs from one to six and the number of syringes per visit from 5 to 10.
A third change,12in 1999, expanded the number of syringes that SEPs could ex-
change to 30.
In this article, we look at the effect of increasing syringe availability on five
parameters by which we can gauge the effectiveness of SEPs in Connecticut in re-
ducing HIV transmission. The first parameter is the return rate, which measures
the extent to which SEPs meet their customers' need for clean syringes. The second
parameter is the number of syringes obtained per visit to the SEP. The third parame-
ter is syringe reuse, which measures the numbers of times IDUs use each syringe
before discarding it or returning it to the SEP. The fourth parameter is the preva-
lence of syringes containing blood infected with HIV-1; this measures the likelihood
that a shared syringe could transmit HIV-1. The fifth and final parameter is syringe
sharing, which measures the percentage of IDUs who, sometime in the month prior
to interview, used a syringe previously used by another IDU. Some of the data
included in this study (Table 1) are ecological, and came from tracking and testing
data for the New Haven or Hartford SEP as a whole.13Other data have been col-
lected from individuals using standardized survey instruments14,15or from individ-
ual-level syringe-tracking data.10,16
Analysis of the changes in these parameters as a function of the legislative
changes permitting SEPs to exchange first 5, then 10, and now 30 syringes measures
the penetrance of clean syringes into populations of IDUs who avail themselves of
SEPs and can be used to explore the extent to which relaxation of the strictures on
TABLE 1. Methods for assessing syringe access
MethodsData source Dates
Return ratesTracking marked syringes NH:
Syringes/visit Program logs
Syringe testing
Re-use ratesEstimates from syringe tracking
Syringe HIV PrevalenceTesting syringes returned to the
syringe-exchange program
Self-reportSyringe Sharing
Htfd, Hartford; NH, New Haven.
Page 3
syringe availability has been correlated with decreased HIV-1 transmission risks
among IDUs in Connecticut. While none of the parameters on its own would be
sufficient to firmly establish the linkage between legal change and reduced HIV
risk, if the trends from multiple parameters were synchronous, it would suggest
that structural changes in the laws regulating syringe availability, by themselves,
might be sufficient to reduce HIV risk.
Syringe-Exchange Program Operations
The New Haven Needle Exchange Program (NHNEP) began in November 1990
and has been operated throughout its existence by the Health Department of the
City of New Haven. Until the end of September 1992, the program exchanged
syringes on a 1-for-1 basis to a maximum of 5 syringes per visit to NHNEP. After
that, the cap on syringes was increased to 10 until the end of September 1999,
when the cap was increased to 30 per visit. Data were collected for 36 months from
the start of the program through October 1993. Beginning in late 1999, New Ha-
ven IDUs were recruited through a targeted sampling plan as part of a study funded
by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of syringe-access patterns. The Hartford
Syringe Exchange Program (HSEP) began in February 1993, operated by the Hart-
ford Health Department. In June 1995, operation of HSEP was assumed by the
nonprofit agency AIDS Project Hartford. From the program's outset until the end
of September 1999, the program exchanged syringes on a 1-for-1 basis to a maxi-
mum of 10 syringes per visit to HSEP; after that, the cap on syringes was increased
to 30 per visit.
Syringe-Tracking Methods
All syringes distributed by the SEPs were marked. In New Haven, the syringes
distributed by NHNEP possessed printed markings on their barrels that were dis-
tinct from markings found on any syringes available in the United States and were
uniquely labeled with sequential numbers. Syringe-tracking methodologies have
been described in detail elsewhere.10,13,17,18Briefly, all syringes distributed by NHNEP
were sequentially numbered, and all returned syringes were collected and analyzed.
This allowed the creation of two databases that, when merged, allowed us to calcu-
late the percentage of syringes originating from the program that were returned. Of
those recovered, more than 90% were returned with their unique tracking number
In Hartford, syringe tracking was carried out in two phases. From April 1993
through April 1997, syringes distributed by the SEP were labeled sequentially. All
syringes returned to the exchange during discrete 2-week periods were collected.
Beginning in 1998, syringes distributed were no longer sequentially numbered, but
instead were specially manufactured with markings on their barrels distinct from
those found on any syringes available anywhere else in the world. Syringe-tracking
data from 2- and 8-week collection cycles were included in this last analysis.
Syringe Return
The proportion of syringes originating from an SEP that were returned provides an
ecologic assessment of the extent to which that SEP fulfills the need of customers
by revealing the percentage of syringes that IDUs have obtained from sources other
Page 4
than the SEP. For the assessment of return rates, labeling of the syringes originating
from the SEPs was essential. Return rates were computed based on the tracking
data by dividing the number of returned syringes that originated from the SEP by
the total number of syringes returned to the SEP.
Syringes per Visit to the Syringe-Exchange Program
The mean number of syringes returned by clients per visit to the exchange was
calculated by a variety of methods. In New Haven between November 1990 and
August 1993 and again between July and October 2001 and in Hartford between
April 1993 and March 1997, the data came from syringe-tracking and syringe-
testing records and were individual and cross sectional in nature. Additional data
have been collected by self-report from samples of 185 customers of the Hartford
SEP between July 1998 and November 2001 and 89 customers of NHNEP between
December 1999 and November 2001.
Syringe Reuse Frequencies
Two estimates of syringe reuse among NHNEP customers in the months between
the start of the program in November 1990 through October 1993 involve ecologic
measures calculated from syringe-tracking data. These methods have been described
in detail elsewhere.19More recent data on syringe reuse in New Haven were col-
lected by self-report from 320 individual IDUs between December 1999 and No-
vember 2001. Individuals were asked: "How many shots do you usually get from
a syringe before you stop using it?" For this sample, 89 NHNEP customers and
231 noncustomers were interviewed by convenience sampling of 40 IDUs in each
of eight city neighborhoods.
In Hartford, data on syringe reuse came from three cross-sectional studies. The
first source was an analysis funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Preven-
tion of the effects of legalizing syringe possession and over-the-counter pharmacy
sales15; the analysis was conducted between August 1992 and June 1993. A ques-
tionnaire was used for the second and third sources; it was administered first to a
sample of 129 IDUs (50 customers, 79 noncustomers) between July 1998 and Octo-
ber 1999 and later to a sample of 336 IDUs (135 customers, 201 noncustomers)
between December 1999 and November 2001. The question on syringe reuse was
phrased identically to that used in New Haven. The first sample was assembled by
snowball sampling beginning with SEP customers and then recruiting two waves of
noncustomers; the second was assembled by convenience sampling of 40 IDUs in
each of eight city neighborhoods.
Syringe HIV Prevalences
Syringe HIV prevalence, that is, the percentage of syringes contaminated with blood
from an HIV-positive individual, was determined. New Haven syringes were tested
using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that was capable of detecting a
single molecule of HIV-1 cDNA from infected cells.20Hartford syringes were tested
using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) that was capable of detecting antibodies to
HIV-1, on average, in as little as 0.001 µl of blood.21Comparison of the two meth-
ods revealed that, when the contents of individual syringes were tested, 90% of 50
syringes gave identical results in the two assays.22Testing parallel samples of sy-
ringes returned at the three separate intervals during the New Haven evaluation
revealed prevalences that were statistically identical within, but not between, inter-
Page 5
Syringe Sharing
The percentage of IDUs sharing at least one syringe in the 30 days prior to being
interviewed was determined. In New Haven, the data came from two sources, the
first longitudinal and the second cross sectional. The first source was interviews of
192 NHNEP customers conducted between 1990 and 1993 on their enrollment in
the program and follow-up interviews conducted 9 to 33 months later. The second
source was interviews of 320 active drug users conducted between December 1999
and November 2001. In Hartford, data also came from two sources, both of cross-
sectional design. The first source was the analysis of the effects of legalizing phar-
macy syringe sales15conducted between August 1992 and June 1993. The second
source was two sets of cross-sectional interviews with IDUs conducted between July
1998 and October 1999 and between December 1999 and November 2001.
Statistical Analyses
The five measures of SEP penetrance and effectiveness were analyzed comparing
the results between periods when the cap on exchanges was 5, 10, or 30 syringes.
In New Haven, comparisons of syringe reuse frequency and HIV-1 syringe preva-
lence were made between times before and after the establishment of the SEP. Sy-
ringe return rates, the number of syringes per visit, and the number of uses per
syringe were compared using analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with Bonferonni post
hoc tests when appropriate. Syringe HIV-1 prevalence and sharing rates were com-
pared using chi-square statistics. Tests for temporal trends within periods and be-
tween periods were analyzed using linear regression.
Syringe Return
During the tracking and testing period in New Haven, from November 1990
through August 1993, a total of 85,630 syringes were returned to the SEP. Of these,
56,230 were returned when the cap was 5 syringes per visit (November 1990 to
September 1992), and 29,400 were returned when the cap was 10 (October 1992
to October 1993). During the period when the cap was 5, an average of 2,445
syringes was returned per month. After the cap was increased to 10, an average of
2,262 syringes was returned. The syringe return rates were similar before and after
the cap changed: 63.3% before October 1, 1992, and 62.1% afterward. The data
on return rates by month reveal that the most important change observed in the 36
months of study occurred in the first 3 months of the study, when the return rates
climbed from 26.8% to 54.4% (Fig. 1, top). Linear regression analyses of the return
rates thereafter revealed a small, but significant, increase of 0.68% per month dur-
ing the period before the cap was increased to 10 (r2= 0.615). During the 13
months after the increase, there was no significant deviation from the mean return
rate (r2= 0.286). The mean return rates in the 13 months before and after the
increase in the cap were not statistically different, 65.7% ± 2.8% before the in-
crease and 61.4% ± 7.9% afterward, despite a noticeable decline in return between
May and July 1993.
In Hartford, the data suggest a trend toward increasing syringe return rates
during the course of 7 years of program operations (Fig. 1, bottom). However, on
closer analysis, several features suggest that a simple linear relationship does not
accurately characterize what occurred. First, consistent with the data from New
Page 6
that were returned was determined by syringe tracking for (A) New Haven and (B) Hartford.
Return rate of SEP syringes. The percentage of syringes originating from the exchange
Page 7
Haven, there was an increase in return rates immediately following the program's
start. The return rate for syringes collected in April 1993 was 34.5%, and by June
and for every month thereafter, return rates exceeded 40%. For the period from
June 1993 through May 1995, when the program was operated by the Hartford
Health Department, the average return rate was 45.3% ± 6.8%. Once the opera-
tions of the Hartford SEP shifted from the health department to AIDS Project Hart-
ford, the average return rate increased to 57.2% ± 4.5% for the period from August
1995 through July 1999. After the cap was increased to 30, the average return rate
was 67.5% ± 14.5%.
Syringes Per Visit
NHNEP, operating with a cap of 5 syringes per visit, saw the number of syringes
exchanged per visit increase from 1.7 in November 1990, to 4.1 in October 1991,
and to 4.5 in September 1992 (Fig. 2, top). Thus, the increase was concentrated in
the first year of the program. Following the increase in the cap to 10, the mean
number of syringes exchanged per visit transiently increased, but the monthly aver-
ages for the 13 months prior to and following the increase in the cap were not
significantly different (4.3 ± 0.37 versus 5.1 ± 0.60, P > .05). Once the cap was in-
creased to 30, the mean number of syringes obtained per visit increased significantly
to 8.4 in early 2000 and 13.5 in late 2001 (P < .001).
HSEP also experienced an increase in the mean number of syringes per ex-
change, but unlike New Haven, the increase did not occur during the first year of
program operations (Fig. 2, bottom). During these first 2 years, when the program
was operated by the city health department, the average was 2.7 ± 0.7. The mean
number increased significantly (P < .05) to 4.4 ± 0.7 when operations were assumed
by AIDS Project Hartford, but remained unchanged (3.9 ± 0.4, P > .05) when the
cap increased to 30.
Syringe Reuse Rates
Two estimates of syringe reuse rates among IDUs in New Haven were calculated
from syringe-tracking data for 1990–1993. In the first estimate, the average num-
ber of injections per syringe was 10.8 among individuals who did not use NHNEP
in 1990 (Fig. 3, top). Syringe reuse among NHNEP customers decreased from 7.1
injections per syringe at the start of NHNEP to 4.0 after 6 months, 4.0 after 18
months, 3.0 after 27 months, and 2.6 after 33 months (Fig. 3, top). In the second
estimate (data not shown), syringe reuse frequencies were 7.1 prior to the start of
the exchange, falling to 4.0, 4.0, 3.0, and 2.6 after 6, 18, 27, and 33 months of
NHNEP operations, respectively.19From self-report in 2000 and 2001, syringe re-
use rates were 3.0 among 89 SEP customers and 4.7 among the 231 who obtained
syringes from other sources, including pharmacies and less-reliable sources (Fig. 3,
top). Changes in the cap from 5 to 10 were associated with a small, but nonsignifi-
cant, decrease in the average number of injections per syringe, while the increase to
30 was not associated with change in reuse rates among SEP customers.
In Hartford, syringe reuse rates were obtained before and after pharmacy sales
without a prescription were legalized (1992 versus 1993) and before and after the
increase in the cap to 30 (1998 versus 2000). Legalization of syringe purchases did
not appreciably decrease reuse (P > .6), and the reuse rates among IDUs who were
not HSEP customers remained unchanged up to 7 years later (Fig. 3, bottom). In
both 1998 and 2000–01 customers of HSEP tended to reuse their syringes fewer
times than did IDUs who obtained syringes from other sources. Differences between
Page 8
visiting the SEPs was determined from syringe tracking or self-reported data for (A) New Haven
and (B) Hartford.
Syringes per visit to the SEP. The mean number of syringes obtained by clients
Page 9
syringe tracking or self-reported data for (A) New Haven and (B) Hartford.
Syringe reuse rates. The mean number of injections per syringe was determined from
Page 10
customers and noncustomers, on the whole, were significant (P < .05 for both pe-
HIV Prevalence in Returned Syringes
In New Haven, 5,954 syringes returned to NHNEP were tested to determine the
prevalence of syringes containing blood from an individual infected with HIV-1.
In syringes collected before and at the start of NHNEP, prevalences were 62.8%
(n = 180) and 67.5% (n = 160), respectively (Fig. 4, top). Within 4 months, the
prevalence had fallen to 44.0% (n = 111). Thereafter, despite month-to-month fluc-
tuations, the prevalence remained constant. There was no statistical difference in
prevalence in the 13 months before the cap increased to 10 (38.5% ± 9.7%, n =
2,090) and the 11 months after the increase (38.9% ± 12.5%, n = 1,672).
In Hartford, 7,461 syringes returned to HSEP were tested to determine the
prevalence. The testing data revealed three distinct sets of prevalences, with a sharp
decline in prevalence between August and October 1995 and a smaller decline after
March 1997 (Fig. 4, bottom). A total of 2,036 syringes were tested during the first
period, and prevalences ranged between 51% and 62%, with a mean prevalence of
55.1% ± 3.6%. Between October 1995 and March 1997, a total of 1,010 syringes
were tested, with a mean prevalence of 36.0% ± 2.1%. The difference was statisti-
cally significant (P < .001). After testing resumed in January 1999, 4,128 syringes
were tested, with a prevalence of 27.4%, a significant decrease from the previous
period of testing (P < .001). During this last period, the cap was increased from 10
to 30. Syringe prevalence before the increase was 26.4% (n = 3,229) and 29.0%
(n = 953) afterward, and the difference was not statistically significant (P > .12).
Syringe-Sharing Rates
In New Haven, prior to enrollment, 60 of 192 IDUs (31.3%) reported having used
someone else's syringe within the past 30 days. When interviewed after using NHNEP
between 9 and 33 months, only 37 of the IDUs (19.3%) reported having used
someone else's syringe. Participation in NHNEP was associated with a significant
38.3% decline in syringe sharing (P < .01). Interviews in 1999–2001 revealed that
84.1% (269 of 320) obtained their syringes from safe sources (either NHNEP or
pharmacies) and that 19.6% (62 of 316) reported having used someone else's sy-
ringe. Among the 87 participants reporting that the SEP was their primary source
of syringes, 14 (16.1%) reported having used someone else's syringe. Thus, after
nearly a decade, there was no further significant decline in the self-reported rates
of syringe sharing (P < .50).
In Hartford, cross-sectional data were collected before and after syringes be-
came legally available.15In mid-1992, prior to legal availability, 44 of 124 IDUs
(35.5%) reported having used someone else's syringe. Approximately a year later,
only 32 of 134 (23.9%) reported doing so, a significant 32.7% decrease (P < .01).
A follow-up study, conducted 6 years later, just before the cap was increased to 30,
revealed that 42 of 129 IDUs (32.6%) reported having used someone else's syringe
within the past 30 days. Among these were 45 SEP customers, of whom 10 (22.2%)
reported sharing syringes. A second follow-up study was conducted after the cap
was increased to 30. Interviews in 1999–2001 revealed that 63.7% (214 of 336)
obtained their syringes from safe sources (either HSEP or pharmacies), and that
17.0% (57 of 335) reported having used someone else's syringe. Of the 134 partici-
pants reporting that the SEP was their primary source of syringes, 19 (14.2%) had
Page 11
blood infected with HIV-1 was determined (A) for New Haven by polymerase chain reaction and
(B) for Hartford by enzyme immunoassay.
HIV prevalence in returned syringes. The prevalence of syringes contaminated with
Page 12
shared syringes in the past 30 days. The difference between the percentages before
and after the cap increased was not significant (P < .20).
Syringe availability through SEPs in Connecticut has gone through four phases since
1990, each as a result of legislative change. At each transition, the number of sy-
ringes that could be exchanged per visit to an SEP was increased from 0 to 5, then
to 10, and most recently to 30. The data on the number of syringes exchanged per
visit (Fig. 2) clearly indicate that, in practice, the caps were adhered to by both the
Hartford and New Haven SEPs. We have attempted to investigate the impact of
legislation increasing syringe availability among IDUs in Connecticut on the actual
access to clean syringes experienced by IDUs in New Haven and Hartford. By em-
ploying a combination of syringe-tracking and syringe-testing methods and survey
methods, we have developed individual-level and ecological data to test the hypoth-
esis that increases in the number of syringes that SEP customers could exchange per
visit resulted in actual increases in syringe availability and decreased risk for HIV
transmission. The results, however, revealed that increasing the cap had little effect
on increasing syringe availability or decreasing risk of HIV transmission (Table 2).
Return rates, syringes per visit, syringe reuse rates, and the prevalence of syringes
used by IDUs infected with HIV-1 were not consistently improved concomitant
with increased syringe availability by law.
There were several limitations to this study. First, the data that define each
parameter can come from a variety of sources, and consistent methods of collection
throughout the decade-long study period were not used. Nonetheless, analysis of
multiple methods to estimate syringe reuse appeared to yield consistent results. Sec-
ond, over the decade, some differences, especially in the self-reported data, might
be expected to have occurred as a result of changing awareness of HIV-1 transmis-
sion among IDUs. For this reason, we have included self-reported data on syringe
reuse, which has not been emphasized in HIV prevention education messages and,
therefore, is less subject to response biases.19Third, all of the data, whether ecologic
TABLE 2. Associations between increasing cap and syringe access
New Haven
Return rate
Syringes HIV+, %
Syringe sharing
Return rate
Syringes HIV+, %
Syringe sharing
0 to 5
0 to 10
5 to 10
10 to 30
10 to 30
HD to APF
HD to APF, Hartford City Health Department to AIDS Project Hartford;
ND, not determined.
Page 13
or individual in nature, were cross sectional and not longitudinal. Changes over time
may have been due to differences in the sampling methods, as well as to changes in
individual behaviors. Nevertheless, the consistency of each parameter over time and
the fact that multiple parameters told the same story (Table 2) suggested that the
strength of using multiple parameters to monitor the consequences of the piecemeal
increase in syringe availability outweighs its weaknesses.
In New Haven, the only consistent improvements noted during the 10 years
under study occurred when the SEP first began. The improvement in New Haven
has been estimated to have resulted in at least a one-third reduction in new HIV-1
infections.17,18,23The reason we believe that we were able to see such a large decrease
was that the opening of NHNEP in November 1990 occurred in a climate of ex-
treme syringe shortage brought about by the laws that made the purchase or posses-
sion of syringes without a prescription a crime.9In Hartford, a similar relaxation
in syringe shortage occurred after purchase and possession became legal throughout
Connecticut in October 1992. By the time HSEP began 5 months later, no signifi-
cant changes in return rates, syringe per visit, and syringe HIV prevalence were
observed during the first few months of the program. Instead, changes were ob-
served in the middle of 1995, and these can be attributed to structural improve-
ments made in operations of HSEP that resulted from the transfer of the program
from the city health department to the nonprofit organization AIDS Project Hart-
ford.11In both cities, the data reveal that few, if any, of the five parameters changed
as a direct result of increasing the cap (Table 2).
This finding stands in contrast to findings elsewhere following increases in sy-
ringe availability. In Hawaii,24for instance, syringe exchange began in 1990 with a
cap of 5, which was increased to 25 in 1993, and removed completely in 1996.
Customers of the Hawaiian exchanges report declining levels of sharing in response
to these changes and have HIV prevalence rates that have declined from 5% to less
than 1%. In Vancouver, Canada, in response to an outbreak of HIV infections
among IDUs, the program was expanded, and the cap on the number of syringes
per exchange was removed. What distinguishes the approach in Hawaii and in
Vancouver from that taken in Connecticut is that in the former locales syringe
availability increased in conjunction with increases in SEP services and hours of
operation. Connecticut merely increased the cap; it failed to provide funding to
expand program operations.12
In summary, our study revealed two aspects of the attempt to reduce the trans-
mission of HIV-1 among IDUs in Connecticut by providing legal access to clean
syringes. First, the largest increase in access occurred when syringes, which had
been made scarce by laws prohibiting sale and possession without a prescription,
were first made legally available. Second, there were no consistent increases associ-
ated with legislative action to incrementally increase availability, whether from 5
to 10 or from 10 to 30. These findings, and the difference between Connecticut
and Hawaii, emphasize the need for increased resources for SEPs and for reducing
the barriers IDUs face in accessing clean syringes. Sometimes, the legal availability
of syringes is not as important as finding appropriate and acceptable ways to get
those syringes into the hands of those who need them. While legal availability is
necessary, as evidenced by changes in New Haven associated with the start of
NHNEP, it may not be sufficient to reduce HIV risk and transmission among IDUs.
Other factors—including police harassment of IDUs and the SEPs that serve them,
the provision of other services that enhance SEP operations, and the structure and
Page 14
operating procedures of the program—may be more important once syringes be-
come legally available.11,12,25–27
This work was supported over the course of the past decade by grants from the
National Institutes of Health (DA-06767, DA-09224, DA-12569, MH-56826), the
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and amfAR (American Foundation for AIDS
Research). Portions of this article were presented at the 128th annual meeting of
the American Public Health Association and the 12th International Conference on
the Reduction of Drug-Related Harm. The research protocols described in this arti-
cle were approved by institutional review boards at each participating institution.
We would like to thank David Dooley and Bini Jariwala-Freeman, who tested thou-
sands of syringes, and the staffs of the SEPs in New Haven and Hartford, whose
cooperation in implementing the syringe-tracking and syringe-testing system was
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Atlanta,
GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept. of Health and Human Ser-
vices; 2000:12(1).
2. Holmberg SD. The estimated prevalence and incidence of HIV in 96 large US metropoli-
tan areas. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:642–654.
3. Watters JK. Historical perspective on the use of bleach in HIV/AIDS prevention. J Ac-
quir Immune Defic Syndr. 1994;7:743–746.
4. Needle RH, Coyle SL, Normand J, Lambert E, Cesari H. HIV prevention with drug-
using populations—current status and future prospects. Public Health Rep. 1998;
113(suppl 1):4–15.
5. Friedman SR, Neaigus A, Des Jarlais DC, et al. Social interventions against AIDS among
injection drug users. Br J Addict. 1992;87:393–404.
6. Tawil O, Verster A, O'Reilly KR. Enabling approaches for HIV/AIDS prevention: can
we modify the environment and minimize the risk? AIDS. 1995;9:1299–1306.
7. Link B, Phelan MJ. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health Soc
Behav. 1995;special no.:80–94.
8. Zierler S, Krieger N. Reframing women's risk: social inequalities and HIV infection.
Annu Rev Public Health. 1997;18:401–436.
9. O'Keefe E. Altering public policy on needle exchange: the Connecticut experience. AIDS
Public Policy. 1991;6:159–164.
10. Heimer R, Kaplan EH, Khoshnood K, Jariwala B, Cadman EC. Needle exchange de-
creases the prevalence of HIV-1 proviral DNA in returned syringes in New Haven, Con-
necticut. Am J Med. 1993;95:214–220.
11. Heimer R, Bluthenthal RN, Singer M, Khoshnood K. Structural impediments to opera-
tional syringe exchange programs. AIDS Public Policy J. 1996;11:169–184.
12. Bray S, Lawson J, Heimer R. Doffing the cap: increasing syringe availability in law but
not in practice, Connecticut 1999. Int. J Drug Policy 2001;12:221–235.
13. Kaplan EH. Evaluating needle exchange programs via syringe tracking and testing.
AIDS Public Policy J. 1991;6:109–115.
14. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Risk Behavior Assessment. Rockville, MD: National
Institute on Drug Abuse; 1991.
15. Groseclose SL, Weinstein B, Jones TS, Valleroy LA, Fehrs LJ, Kassler WJ. Impact of
increased legal access to needles and syringes on practices of injecting-drug users and
Page 15
police officers—Connecticut, 1992–1993. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retro-
virol. 1995;10:82–89.
16. Kaplan EH. A method for evaluating needle exchange programmes. Stat Med. 1994;13:
17. Kaplan EH, Heimer R. A circulation theory of needle exchange. AIDS. 1994;8:567–
18. Heimer R, Khoshnood K, Stephen PC, Jariwala-Freeman B, Kaplan EH. Evaluating a
needle exchange program in a small city: models for testing HIV-1 risk reduction. Int J
Drug Policy. 1996;7:123–129.
19. Heimer R, Khoshnood K, Bigg D, Guydish J, Junge B. Syringe use and re-use: effects of
syringe exchange programs in four cities. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retro-
virol. 1998;18(suppl 1):S37–S44.
20. Heimer R, Myers S, Cadman E, Kaplan E. Detection by polymerase chain reaction of
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proviral DNA sequences in needles of injecting
drug users. J Infect Dis. 1992;165:781–782.
21. Myers SS, Heimer R, Henrard D, Liu D. HIV-1 DNA and antibodies in syringes from
injecting drug users: a comparison of techniques. AIDS. 1993;7:925–931.
22. Heimer R, Kaplan EH, O'Keefe E, Khoshnood K, Altice F. Three years of needle ex-
change in New Haven: what have we learned? AIDS Public Policy J. 1994;9:59–74.
23. Kaplan EH, O'Keefe E. Let the needles do the talking! Evaluating the New Haven needle
exchange. Interfaces. 1993;23:7–26.
24. Vogt RL, Breda MC, Des Jarlais DC, Gates S, Whiticar P. Hawaii's statewide syringe
exchange program. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:1403–1404.
25. Heimer R. Can syringe exchange serve as a conduit to substance abuse treatment? J
Subst Abuse Treat. 1998;15:183–191.
26. Singer M, Himmelgreen D, Weeks MR, Radda KE, Martinez R. Changing the environ-
ment of AIDS risk: findings on syringe exchange and pharmacy sales of syringes in
Hartford, Connecticut. Med Anthropol. 1997;18:107–130.
27. Grund J-PC, Heckathorn DD, Broadhead RS, Anthony DL. In eastern Connecticut,
IDUs purchase syringes from pharmacies but don't carry syringes. J Acquir Immune
Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995;10:104–105.


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Wait time for vacancies?
I recently went through the interview process with v.hospitality for silversea for a Demi chef de partie position. Everything went well and at the conclusion was told that I would be contacted when a position becomes available. Does this mean I got the job? Also how long might the wait be for a vacancy?
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Team preview: Ball State
Blue Ribbon Yearbook previews the 2006 college football season, exclusively on Insider.
The hole couldn't get much bigger for the Ball State Cardinals before they even took the field for the 2005 season.
Not only did the Cardinals have one of the worst four-game schedules to open a season in the program's history, they also lost their top three players to the NFL and MAC Freshman of the Year Adell Givens was shown the door for academic reasons.
The hole grew even larger right before kickoff in the season-opener at Big Ten powerhouse Iowa, when 13 players -- including eight starters -- were suspended for their role in a book loan scandal.
"We really got punched in the gut with the text book situation," said head coach Brady Hoke, whose team took another shot from the Hawkeyes with a 56-0 loss in front of 70,585 fans.
Even at full strength, the Cardinals went on to lose their next three games, which included a 63-3 drubbing from Auburn and a 38-0 pounding from Boston College. A 40-31 loss to Bowling Green was sandwiched in between.
With a 0-4 record and the meat of the MAC schedule coming up, the Cardinals decided it was time to climb out of the hole.
Starting with a 60-57 victory in five overtimes against Western Michigan, Ball State went 4-3 down the stretch and restored hope to a program that is annually stuck in the bottom tier of the MAC.
"The thing I was the most happy about was they hung in there," Hoke said. "Our kids had a lot of fun playing together."
Ball State knocked off the top two teams in the MAC, Northern Illinois and Akron, during its run.
"We beat the two teams who played in the championship game," said Hoke, whose team lost to Central Michigan at the end of the season, 31-24 in overtime, to miss a chance to tie for third place in the West Division.
Regardless, with 10 starters back on offense and another five on the defense, Ball State players and coaches are charged up for the 2006 season.
To continue reading this article you must be an Insider
Become an insider and get access to all our articles and tools.View Insider Benefits »
Magazine subscribers: activate your Insider account.
- Taylor Arrest Exposes Alabama
- Defensive lineman's "second chance" at Alabama was only about winning and shouldn't have happened.
Schlabach »
- Why Johnson Is Right
- Expect new CFB Playoff Committee member Bobby Johnson to fit right in.
Low »
- Less Money, More Problems?
- Should we have the same expectations for programs with very different budgets?
- Betting: Best 2015 CFB Playoff bets
- Katz: Teams that will surprise in 2015
- Haney: TCU among 2015 favorites
- National links: Reshuffling the top four


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Thomasville Special Needs Care
9 special needs providers on Care.com. Average rate: $10.50 /hr.
Christian Sitter Looking For Full Or Part-Time Work With 10+ Years Experience — Thomasville, NC
I've worked with newborns all the way up to 15-year-Olds. I have CPR training. I can cook many different types of food. I am available any time. I have worked with special needs children. I taught a p...
10 yrs of exp.
28 years old
Part-Time Babysitter/Nanny — Thomasville, NC
Hi, my name is Jordain. I am here to be a babysitter/nanny. I have been babysitting for many years now. I have a daughter of my own. She is 9 months. I have volunteered at church with the youth every ...
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Thomasville, NC
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Supporters line highway to honor Deputy Chris Dewey
DETROIT LAKES, Minn. - A community that has supported Deputy Chris Dewey since he was shot in the line of duty almost 18 months ago came out to show he will never be forgotten, even in his final days.
Dozens of supporters lined U.S Highway 59 Thursday night as Mahnomen County Sheriff Doug Krier drove Dewey's squad car from Detroit Lakes to Mahnomen.
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Arion Hotel - Xylokastro
Konstantinou Karamanli - Xylokastro1-877-662-6988
Welcome to Arion Hotel!
This Xylokastro-Evrostina hotel offers a full-service spa. Make the most of your trip, whether for business or pleasure, by taking some time to relax as you will find a Turkish bath/hammam on offer. Guests wishing to relax with a drink will surely want to visit the bar/lounge.
Staff can provide tour/ticket assistance.
We show TripAdvisor reviews for new Venere hotels that haven't been reviewed yet
Check Availability at Arion Hotel
Breakfast at Arion Hotel
A buffet breakfast is served between 7:30 AM and 10:30 AM for a fee.
Facilities at Arion Hotel
- Bar
- Restaurant/Dining
- Turkish bath
- Spa/Wellness Centre
- Room service - 24 hour
- Pets accepted
- City tour
Know before you go
- Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 1500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
- This property offers transfers from the train station. Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
Check-in: after 2 PM.
Check-out: before 12:30 PM.
PolicyExtra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Room Details
Book your pet-friendly accommodation at the 75-room Arion Hotel. Guests can unwind at the end of a long day and enjoy televisions with satellite channels. Business travelers will have access to free wireless high-speed Internet access as well as safes and phones during their Xylokastro-Evrostina visit.
Minibars and hair dryers are supplied in each room to facilitate basic travel needs. Additional comforts include air conditioning.
Accommodation Services
- Air conditioning
- Telephone
- Wireless Internet access
- Mini bar
- Hairdryer in each room
- Safe
- Satellite TV
Distances from Arion HotelSt Vlassis Church - 0.4 km / 0.3 mi
Port of Xylokastro - 1.4 km / 0.9 mi
Fonissas Gorge - 7.1 km / 4.4 mi
Kryoneri Observatory - 11.9 km / 7.4 mi
Byzantine Monastery of Lechova - 15.7 km / 9.8 mi
Ancient Titani - 17.6 km / 10.9 mi
Heraion of Perachora - 19.6 km / 12.2 mi
Ancient Corinth - 28.4 km / 17.7 mi
Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth - 28.5 km / 17.7 mi
Temple of Apollo - 28.5 km / 17.7 mi
Castle of Penteskoufi - 28.9 km / 18 mi
Penteskoufi Castle - 28.9 km / 18 mi
Acrocorinth - 29 km / 18 mi
Environment Museum of Stymphalia - 29.4 km / 18.3 mi
Lake Stymphalia - 29.5 km / 18.4 mi
The preferred airport for Arion Hotel is Athens (ATH-Eleftherios Venizelos) - 115.8 km / 71.9 mi.
Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property's location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance.
Distances are displayed to the nearest 0.1 mile and kilometer.


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I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
I've always wanted a husky, but I don't want to make such a large dog live in a tiny Manhattan apartment. I also work a lot and I'm afraid the dog would get lonely.
Middle of the Road
I'm game to do just about anything. The company I am in is much more important than what I am doing. Plus I like new experiences so hopefully I'm spending the time trying something new rather than going somewhere I know.
American Gods by Neil Gaiman. I've read it before but I love his books.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'8" (172cms)
|6'0" (182cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally, Cigar aficionado
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker, Regularly, Moderately
|Other profession
|No preference
I'm a consultant in technology, currently for a financial firm.
|$100,001 to $150,000
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|I'll tell you later
|Not sure, Probably not, No
|Asian, Latino / Hispanic, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian, Other
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|English, Other
|Bachelors degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
On Tuesday, February 17, 2015, the Center for Constitutional Studies at Utah Valley University (CCS) conferred its highest award of Honorary Fellow upon Pulitzer Prize-Winning Historian, Gordon S. Wood.
Gordon Wood is the Alva O. Way University Professor and Professor of History Emeritus at Brown University. He is a contributor and reviewer for The New York Times, The New York Review of Books, and The New Republic. He is also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. In connection with this award, Professor Wood delivered the keynote address at the CCS International Symposium on Magna Carta.
Professor Wood is one of the most renowned U.S. historians and scholars of our age. His work has received numerous awards, including: the Bancroft Prize, the De Lancey K. Jay Prize, the Fraunces Tavern Museum Book Award, the John H. Dunning Prize, the Ralph Waldo Emerson Prize, and the Julia Ward Howe Prize by the Boston Authors Club. He is also twice the winner of the prestigious Pulitzer Prize Award for History.
Gordon S. Wood joins former Utah Supreme Court Justice and Religious Leader, Dallin H. Oaks, and Pulitzer Prize-winning author, David McCullough, as Honorary Fellows of the Center for Constitutional Studies.
This symposium's other distinguished guests included: Professor Nicholas Vincent (University of East Anglia), Professor Louise Wilkinson (Canterbury Christ Church University), Dr. Sophie Ambler (University of East Anglia), Professor Fred Gedicks (J. Reuben Clark Law School), Mr. Shawn Gunnarson (Kirton McConkie), and Professor David Kirkham (J. Reuben Clark Law School's International Center for Law and Religion Studies).