text:
Is this tree suffering from nearby excavation?
In January of 2013, Verizon dug a trench through our yard to install FiOS in the neighborhood. The digging occurred about 5 ft or less from the tree and was fairly deep. I didn't think about it at the time, but when Spring came around, the tree didn't bloom very well and I figured it must have been because of the digging.
This year, it seems worse, half of the buds are not blooming or are dead and the leaves do not look healthy. I've attached a photo and will add 1 additional one shortly.
Is there anything I can do to help this tree?
Thanks you!
lets see a pic of the whole ...
i am also thinking you can do much better.. if its a pear ...
and bot stole my.. its in front of the house rant ...
depth of the dig is irrelevant ... most tree roots are in the first foot or two ..
i am seeing a million dollar castle.. and a fitty cent tree ... thinks about it
Come on guys, can't we give a first time poster the answer they are looking for?
Nope, not damage by the trench. I'd hazard a guess this tree's roots barely spread that far. Typical foliar issues you'd expect on a disease-prone tree like that after a cool, wet spring.
Here's another pic of the whole tree. It was planted when the house was built 10 years ago, just like on every other lot in my community. Thank you for your suggestions. I'd like to save it if possible.
This post was edited by KCWolfPck on Sun, May 25, 14 at 9:21
Another idea is to order online some "Garrett Juice" (was formulated for sick trees)
Really??? I can't believe anyone is seriously recommending any concoction that quack Garrett recommends. He is a horticultural joke!
Your pear has Entomosporium leaf spot, a fungal problem common also to Photinia and hawthorn. If extensive enough, it can cause leaf drop/defoliation and weaken the tree. Another very good reason to remove and replace with something else.
btw, a trench close to the base of a tree that severs through a large enough radius of roots can indeed cause problems severe enough to seriously damage or kill a tree, although that is not the case in this situation.
Thanks for the diagnosis gardengal. FWIW I have deliberately severed the roots of several of my trees, years ago, using a middle plow and/or a rototiller. As long as I didn't hit more than 40% of the root mass they seemed to show absolutely no ill effect although that could probably vary depending on the soil and condition of the tree. Might have a different outcome in an arid climate if you severed the roots reaching a spring or something.
KC here's a recommended course of action since you want a tree there: plant another, better, disease resistant one. Either live with this one's problems or try to treat it, but when the new tree has grown up a bit, get rid of the pear. The problems with your existing plant are only going to get worse. They are not long lasting for anyone.
Hey GardenGal,
Howard's my buddy. I've used the formula many, many times, over several years, and by golly it works. What else can I say ?
He doesn't make anything of off the product. He's just the inventor of the forumula. The recipe is simple, I make my own. Anything I've ever used it on showed immediate imporoval!
For Pete's Sake, GG. Quack quack quack, hmmm....duck sounds good, I'm a fixin' to go hide out in the bamboo grove, and see if I cain't draw a bead on one of 'em.
Want some ? I'm an excellent cook. They's candadian, ain't they ?
This post was edited by Mackel-in-DFW on Sun, May 25, 14 at 17:30
"As always, my formulas are for making the mix at home, but there are commercial products on the market for convenience.
To make your own, here are the instructions:
Mix the following in a gallon of water.
Garrett Juice
1 cup compost tea or liquid humate
1 ounce molasses
1 ounce apple cider vinegar
1 ounce liquid seaweed
For Garrett Juice Plus and more fertilizer value add:
1- 2 ounces of liquid fish (fish hydrolysate) per gallon of spray."
-Howard Garrett
Soak root zone, and can be used as a foliar spray.
Now, GG, if you disagree, say why. Attacking someone without using any logic at all is reeeeee-dickle-iss. How'd you like it if you came up with a great idea, and everyone down here said you was a moonbat, cuz you wuzn't from Texas ?
My other buddie, Bill, has somethin' to say to ya:
Here is a link that might be useful: Hearts from Texas
From another buddy, also named Bill-
"I must to the barber's, monsieur; for methinks, I am marvellous hairy about the face: and I am such a tender ass, if my hair do but tickle me, I must scratch."
A mile beyond the moon,
This post was edited by Mackel-in-DFW on Sun, May 25, 14 at 23:54
Kansas City is one of the most underrated cities in all of the 50 states.
Kansas City rocks.
"Where the west begins" , "the ciy with more fountains than Rome", and "the city of trees"... even if they do sometimes plant them dern fruitless pears...
Well, Tree Peeps,
It's time for Mackel to start pullin' some feathers. Mackel ain't stoopid, all the fireworks goin' off and all this Memorial weekend, nobody suspects er seen nuthin'.
Here is a link that might be useful: Bang Bang
This post was edited by Mackel-in-DFW on Sun, May 25, 14 at 19:37
Typed words make it hard to discern the tone of a statement. But misspelling words deliberately and dropping the last consonants seems, to me, to convey exaggerated red-nekkidness.
Gardengal has patiently answered many posted questions. She may express a strong opinion, just as you often do.
You reinforce several negative Texas stereotypes.
Trees that are adversely affected by excavation will show damage and poor growth on the side by the excavation. This is due to root damage.
Ornamental trees are usually short-lived. Your tree may be in senescence and weakened; therefore it is susceptible to insects and diseases.
Howard Garrett has a measured, East Texas drawl, Catty. And if you knew him like I do, he's extremely intelligent and a consumate genleman. He does have a degree in horticulture, but his interests are as an arborist, and a soil scientist. If you want to listen to the best horticulturalist in Texas, you tune into his competitor, Neil Sperry...
How someone can be a "joke" in the horticulture world, particularly when horticulture in the state of Texas doesn't remotely resemble horticulture in the rest of the world, tickles me. As a biologist, doubly so-- horticulture ain't even a science, it's a trade ;).
I imagine, people who are not familiar with Texas, except for the Southern stereotypes they may hold, underestimate people here, sometimes badly. Texas is very different from the rest of the South. It's more Western than Southern, and cosmopolitan.
Thanks for the "red-nekkidness" term, that cracks me up. I ain't even from here. I was raised by a very German mom and a very Indiana dad, and my "accent" is Alabamian (Huntsville). Those are the some of the wittiest and most friendly people I have ever met. Dad moved us around quite a bit, due to his job.
I like GardenGal, and I don't think I should have to defend that. If she wants to go off the reservation, I hope she has a good sense of humor, too. I and others could use as many light-hearted moments in this life, as possible, and celebrate them any ole time they happen to cross our trails. M
To the OP'
Virginia rocks, too. Even if they do plant them dern fruitless pears...lived in Fairfax for a few years. We'd go off into the woods and hang out in ancient forests, and make tree forts. That's when I first fell headlong for "nature". I went back to visit many years later, and a lot of those woods were cleared for houses...oh well. Many, many species of plants and animals in the U.S. are surnamed with "virginia". M
Howard Garrett is nut- he recommends placing buckets of "lava sand" around the garden, it's "paramagnetism" after all-
During his call-in radio program on Sunday, August 2, 1998, the "Dirt Doctor" told his listeners that they could make their plants grow better simply by filling a few buckets with lava sand and setting them out in their gardens.
People love him like they love Sarah Palin- hook, line, sinker. And he makes a lot of money just like her.
Here is a link that might be useful: EXPOSING THE DIRT DOCTOR
This post was edited by fairfield8619 on Tue, May 27, 14 at 14:41
Bringing in Sarah Palin tells me you're into ad hominem arguments, Fairfield, perhaps a little intimidated to try out logic effectively to make a point, and that you might be a leftie, who sits up at night contemplating the existence of "dog" (!). Nyuk nyuk nyuk. M
What is egregious to me, Fairfield, is that you didn't furnish the link where you actually read, that on,
"Sunday, August 2, 1998, the 'Dirt Doctor' told his listeners that they could make their plants grow better simply by filling a few buckets with lava sand and setting them out in their gardens."
You lifted it from an advertisemnt for tree services from a competing arborist in Texas.
Not from a journalist, but from an advertisement (!).
-> You suspected it was a fabrication, didn't ya ? 'course ya did. ;)
When the champion, 600 year-old pecan in Weatherford showed signs of heartbreaking demise, who do ya think they called ?
The dude with the website...
or Mr. Garrett ?
Now Get Real. Man.
Hey KC,
I had the gas company come through a couple of years ago and run all new gas lines in our neighborhood. They trenched approximately 5-6 feet from our saucer magnolia. It had wonderful buds all over the tree but about a week or ten days later the trench side buds all dropped off and that side of the tree didn't leaf out all summer. We moved that fall so I'm not sure if the poor thing ever recovered but I will try to drive by tomorrow and take a peak at it (you have sparked my curiousity!) Plus I want to take a look at the Bur Oak (Burnie as my daughter affectionately called it) my daughter and I planted 4 years ago this last Mother's Day. The first year it didn't do much, the second year it put on about 18 inches of growth on the leader, and last year that sucker shot up 3+ feet. That was probably the most pampered tree in Topeka! My daughter is now 10 and is still after me to plant another "Burnie" with her; maybe this fall. We now have 40 acres of mostly oak, hickory, bodark, and some thorny locust (the locust is slowly but surely being eradicated) so I suppose the least I can do is relish in the planting of another tree with her .
I drove by our old house the other day and the old branches on the trenched side have still not produced any leaves. She's a fighter though and is shooting some new branches out on the trench side of the tree that are fully laden with leaves. If I still lived there I would have to put some serious thought into getting rid of her as she and a crab are/were the two specimen trees in the front yard.


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Bright City Lights
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Abstract available in
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Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Patented July 3, 1951 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CACAO PROCESS AND PRODUCT Norman W. Kempf, Auburndale, Mass., and Harvey K. Murer, Summit, N. J., assignors to General Foods Corporation, New York, N. Y., a
corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application June 22, 1948, Serial No. 34,558
24 Claims.
The whole seeds in raw or dried form are commonly referred to as cacao beans and it is in this sense that the term "beans is used herein. Drying of the raw beans converts the fleshy envelope'into a dense hard sheath designated in the trade and herein as shell. The portion within the envelope or shell from which chocolate and cocoa products of commerce are produced after suitable processing is for brevity and ease of description referred to hereinafter as the kernel. Due to their curiously folded nature, dried kernels tend to separate into segments after removal of the shells and the term kernel is used herein to designate both the intact and the segmented forms of the kernels. In contradistinction to kernels, the term nibs as used herein and as established by trade acceptance designates the product resulting from roasting the processed kernels.
The traditional processing of raw cacao beans to prepare them for the manufacture of chocolate and cocoa products involves fermentation which produces characteristic changes in the color, flavor and aroma of the beans by which their quality and market value are judged according to the long-established practice of the industry. When the raw beans are cut to judge color, they vary from white to purple, are somewhat astringent, and have little or no chocolate color, fiavor or aroma. The results of fermentation include the elimination of astringency and the development of changes in the beans such that, upon subsequent roasting and grinding, chocolate color, flavor and aroma are produced in the resulting chocolate liquor. In general fermentation practice, a mass of raw beans with adhering pulp are simply piled or heaped and allowed to ferment for a suitable length of time. Generally speaking, the sugars of the pulp are converted into alcohol by yeasts and the alcohol is converted into acetic and other acids by acetic acid bacteria. The pulp gradually loses its glutinous nature and loosens from the beans and much of it drains from the mass as sweatings," leaving a thin coat of paste on the beans which may be washed off before drying but more often is simply dried on the beans.
The following table is given as an example of fermentation temperatures and pH values occurring in the tropics (Panama):
Time, 'lemperapH of pH of pH of Hrs. ture, C. Sweatings Pulp Kernels Because of the slow rise in temperature and the low maximum temperature attained, two to seven days of fermentation are necessary to bring about the desired changes in the beans. During this fermentation the acids generated gradually diffuse into the kernels, as shown by the fact that the pH of the latter is almost neutral at the start and thereafter decreases while the pH of the pulp steadily rises. In the later stages of fermentation the pH of the kernels rises again until it reaches equilibrium with the gradually rising pH of the pulp. This rise in pH is accompanied by the development of putrefactive organisms which cause objectionable flavor changes. Consequently it is customary to end the fermentation process when equilibrium is reached, which is judged in practice by a swelling or turgidity of the beans, a tightening and darkening of their outer pulpy layers, and contraction of the latter around the beans.
Such fermentation procedures continue to be used in the art in spite of the following well known and serious problems, a real and practical solution of which is provided for the first time by the present invention:
l. Bacteria counts range in the millions per unit grams of the beans. Roasting and processing of the roasted nibs in the chocolate factory reduces the extent of bacterial contamination, but leaves significant numbers of spore-forming thermophilic bacteria in the finished chocolate.
Because of their resistance to pasteurization, these remaining organisms present serious difficulties as regards the use of the chocolate in milk, ice-cream and other dairy products.
2. The difliculty of controlling fermentation effects and the varying susceptibility of the many varieties of beans to fermentation cause extreme variation in the quality of fermented beans.
The beans often acquire slate and other offcolors and peculiar off-flavors variously characterized as hammy, woody, earthy, cheesey, malty, etc.. all more or less unavoidable in fermentation procedures. Such variations in quality necessitate different roasting treatments in the chocolate factory, and even then there are major color and flavor differences in the chocolate liquors so that the blending of these liquors has become an established practice in the chocolate industry.
3. Much of the natural astringency of the raw beans disappears during fermentation, but at the same time the beans acquire a characteristic sourness due to the acids formed. These acids are sufficiently volatile that they can be removed effectively by the use of very high roasting temperatures, but at the expense of impaired flavor and aroma due to loss of the fugitive aromas developed by roasting. In general, therefore, roasting is carried out at moderate temperatures so as to retain as much chocolate aroma as possible, and the ground liquors are later subjected to special processing such as conching to drive off as much as possible of the acids and other substances contributing to off-flavor. Nevertheless these liquors retain a peculiar bitterness or acidity which is more or less pronounced depending on varieties and methods of fermentation.
4. Very large losses are often incurred in the markets by the molding of the beans. Such losses occur chiefly as the result of badly con ducted processing of the beans, but even well conducted procedures cannot entirely prevent the inoculation of the beans which are thus susceptible to molding during storage or shipment and must be carefully sheltered and protected against dampness to minimize spoilage.
5. The organic acids developed in the beans during fermentation are present in sufflcient proportion to attack cement floors and walls during storage, and the acid vapors given off during roasting are known to corrode metal fiues and other parts of the roasting apparatus.
Various proposals have been made in the past to eliminate the above undesirable concomitants of fermentation. Thus expedients have been suggested such as separation of the outer adhering pulp from the raw beans, special handling of the beans to avoid contamination with yeasts and bacteria insofar as possible, and theuse of temperatures and other conditions unfavorable to the growth of yeasts and bacteria. However, all
such measures which at best could only minimize adverse fermentation effects have proved unsatisfactory in practice.
Other proposals have been made which were of a different nature in that they suggested the elimination of fermentation. These proposals were based on the premise that once the beans were devitalized, color and flavor changes equivalent to those produced by good fermentation procedures would follow as a natural consequence of the activity of their contained enzymes. To effect devitalization without destroying these enzymes, such diverse methods were suggested as treatment with alcohol or acid, freezing, mechanical grinding, and heating to lethal temperatures.
Procedures of this nature were proposed at least as early as 1912 by Fickendey (H. Hamel Smith's Fermentation of Cacao, London, 1913) and subsequently by various other workers such as Knapp (J. Soc. Chem. and Ind., vol. 43, 1924); Stevens (Bull. Dept. Agri., Trinidad, vol 21, 1925); Hardy, (Trop. Agri., Trinidad, vol. 3, 1926); Preuss (Tropenpflanzer, vol. 29, 1926); McLaughlin (U. S. Patent No. 1,75,372); Zeller (British Patent No. 304,181); Muller (British Patent No. 329,015), etc. In most if not all cases, the enzymic reactions produced color, flavor and aroma effects in the beans that appeared to be equivalent to those obtained by well conducted fermentation. Stevens, for example, reported that his treated beans were superior to fermented beans and were priced at a much higher figure by cacao buyers.
However, the above proposals. never passed beyond the stage of experiment and discussion because the results obtained were not satisfactory. In 1937, Knapp reviewed them all in his Cacao Fermentation (London, 1937) and pointed out that when the treated beans were subsequently roasted and ground into chocolate liquor, the latter did not possess satisfactory chocolate flavor and aroma. As late as September, 1947, the suggestion of using the enzyme content of the beans was still in the discussion stage (apart from the present invention), and in fact was mentioned merely as one possible mode of approach to avoiding the obvious defects of fermentation by Humphries before the international cocoa conference of the Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionery Alliance Limited.
One of the objects of the invention is to cure raw cacao by a selective enzymic treatment and substantially without fermentation.
A further object is to reduce greatly the time and labor required to prepare cacao beans according to present fermentation practice.
A still further object is to produce nonfermented, cured cacao capable of being processed into chocolate liquor possessing full chocolate flavor, aroma and color.
Another object is to produce cured cacao free of those undesirable properties of fermented beans, on the one hand, and of prior experimentally treated beans, on the other hand, which become manifest in and deleteriously affect the quality of the eventual chocolate liquor.
Still another object is to product cured cacao which is substantially free from natural astringency, acids of fermentation and off-colors or flavors, but is capable of developing when roasted and ground the full chocolate color and flavor characteristics desired in the liquor.
Still another object is to produce roasted cacao having no off-colors or flavors and further characterized by absence of either fermentation acids or objectionable acidity developed by roasting.
Further objects are to produce high quality chocolate liquors from any source or variety of cacao beans and to produce from a given source or variety liquors that are of uniform quality from the standpoint of color and flavor characteristics.
A still further object is to minimize the amount of conching required to produce high quality chocolate liquors.
Another object is to produce a uniform cured cacao of any given type which can be roasted under standard conditions.
Yet another object is the substantial elimination of problems of molding during storage, bacterial contamination of the eventual chocolate products, etc.
These and other objects of the invention are set forth more fully hereinafter.
In accordance with the present invention, raw cacao is subjected to a treatment the fundamental objective of which is the promotion and control of a selective enzymic activity to bring about desired changes in the cacao without objectionable concomitants. This objective is achieved for the first time by the present invention through the establishment of precise conditions of operation. Maintenance of these conditions is effected through two general types of controls, namely, preparative controls applicable to the treatment of the raw cacao prior to curing (by which is meant the selective enzymic treatment mentioned above), and operational controls relating to ouring itself. For convenience the latter will be discussed first.
Generally speaking, selective enzymic activity is brought about by subjecting the raw cacao to a controlled heat treatment in a well defined temperature range. The limiting values of the temperature range, which are set forth in detail hereinafter, are high enough to prevent the growth of organized ferments as well as to devitalize the beans quickly, thereby eliminating fermentation and germination efiects. Also these values are such as to promote desired enzymic activity and at the same time to minimize undesirable enzymic reactions.
The enzymic reactions that may take place within the raw cacao are complex and diificult of explanation. However, it can be stated that they are of different types, some of which are desirable and some undesirable, and that they are greatly influenced by temperature conditions. For example, treatment at fermentation temperatures, but under aseptic conditions to exclude the effects of organized ferments, results in duplication of off-colors and off-flavors which so often develop in fermentation. Thus it appears that these changes are due to undesirable enzymic reactions, possibly of the reducing or hydrolyzing type or both. These undesirable reactions are favored at the relatively low temperatures of fermentation but above about C. they are substantially inhibited and at C. these enzymes are inactivated to a large extent, whereas desirable enzymes remain active at these temperatures. Moreover, some thermophilic types of bacteria remain active at relatively high temperatures, and some natural sugars remain in the beans even after removal of the pulp, etc., as described hereinafter. Hence if the beans are treated at temperatures below 50 C., the time required to effect the desired changes may permit enough fermentation to take place to cause objectionable increases in volatile acidity (fermentation acids) or in bacterial counts. These factors impose a lower limit of about 50 C. on the temperature to be maintained during curing.
On the other hand, the upper limit of curing temperatures suitable for the purposes of the present invention is about C. The enzymic reactions responsible for the desired curing effects are accelerated as the temperature is increased, but at the same time the enzymes are inactivated with increasing rapidity. At temperatures substantially in excess of 65 C., the concentration of desirable enzyme is so low that efiective curin action can not take place.
In some cases it may be desirable to heat the beans to 60-65 C. for a short period for more complete inactivation of undesirable enzymes and pasteurization, and thereafter to complete curing at approximately the minimum tempera ture of 50 C. In other cases as with immature beans, it may be desirable to hold the beans at or near 50 C. for a period sufficient to effect their ripening and then to raise the temperature to It should be understood that the temperatures mentioned above are to be maintained within the beans themselves, not merely in the surrounding heating zone.
Also the curing operation of the present invention is to be differentiated from mere drying at corresponding temperatures, since moisture must necessary be present in order for the curing reactions to proceed. The desirable reactions are retarded at relatively low moisture levels, and in order to complete curing within the maximum limits of curing time set forth below, it is necessary to maintain a. minimum moisture level of 12-15% throughout curing. Higher moisture contents cause no difiiculty and in fact expedite curing, but if there is danger of drying out the material below the aforesaid then additional moisture should be supplied in any suitable way as by humidifying the curing atmosphere, moistening the beans before or during curing, etc.
Within the aforesaid temperature limits of 50-65" C., curing of the row cacao to the proper point and not beyond entails a definite limitation of the time of treatment, after which the cacao should be dried rapidly to arrest curing. A main limiting factor is the development dur-' ing curing at these temperatures of substances which give rise to objectionable acidity in the eventual chocolate liquor. These substances are not of an acid nature and are undetectable as acids during curing but become of an acid nature or lead to the formation of acids during roasting. The extent to which these precursors of acidity are formed during curing increases with time of curing, as shown by the following Examples 14-17. It will also be evident from these examples that the pH values of the liquors are not a true measure of their acid nature. Apparently the substances responsible for acidity are characterized by a low degree of dissociation, and buffering substances may be present as well. Nevertheless the presence of these acid substances in the liquor is apparent to the taste which is known to be influenced by titratable acidity as well as by pH. Furthermore these acids developed by roasting are evidently of low volatility inasmuch as such acidity persists even after prolonged conching.
The taste effect of these acid substances differs both from natural astringeney and from the sourness caused by volatile fermentation acids, being a harsh, bitter after-taste which is not only objectionable per set but which also tends to mask the desired chocolate aroma and flavor. When the present curing process is carried to the extent that the cured beans approximate in apparent qualities those obtained by customary fermentation processes. the cured beans contain an excessive amount of such acid precursors. When the time of curing is limited to avoid such excessive development of arid precursors, the beans appear to be under-cured and of poor quality when judged by the usual standards applicable to fermented beans, but nevertheless we have found that the chocolate flavor and aroma developed upon roasting such beans is fully evident and liquors of excellent qualityare obtained.
Since the extent of the curing period depends and both adhering to the beans and permeating their envelopes. These materials are highly acid and diffusion of these acids into the kernels would not only retard curing reactions but also cause objectionable acidity in the cured androasted products. The removal of such materials preparatory to curing permits the initial almost neutral pH of the kernels to remain substantially unchanged, minimizing volatile acidity in the cured product and facilitating curing reactions. Also these materials if left on the beans substantially decrease the permeability of their surrounding envelopes and hinder the aeration of the kernels that is necessary for oxidative curing reactions. Further when the beans are dried the mucilaginous matter forms a relatively thick hard shell which may amount to as much as 1417% of the dried product. Such shells prolong the drying operation unduly and may result in the continuance of enzymic reactions beyond the desired end point. Also loosening of the shells on the beans during roasting is incomplete, leading to imperfect separation of the shells by the usual cracking and winnowing operations.
Generally speaking, the removal of such mucilaginous material can be accomplished in two ways, either (a) By appropriate washing procedures or (b) By removing the shells and curing only the kernels.
Washing results in thinner more permeable shells and if done thoroughly reduces the shell content of the dry beans to as little as 44%. Thus the cured beans can be dried quickly without risk of over-curing, and furthermore the thin shells when dry are of the nature of thin, loose skins so that practically complete separation from the kernels can easily be effected. It is preferred to wash the beans promptly after their removal from the pods so that fermentation effects are substantially entirely eliminated. In case the pods are opened on the plantation, however, incipient fermentation of the pulp may set in while the beans and pulp are in transit to the washer. Washing removes this pulp and stops the fermentation reactions. After washing, immature or green beans can be held for substantial periods without fermentation to allow the beans to ripen before curing.
Washing can be carried out with either cold or hot water, but water at a temperature of 50 C. to 65 C. in the curing range is preferred in order to heat the beans rapidly to curing temperature. Thus growth of ferments is minimized and undesirable enzymes are quickly inhibited and have little if any chance to exercise their effects on the beans. Washing is best accomplished by rapid tumbling or other vigorous agitation of the beans under a water spray. The time required will of course depend on the efllciency of the washing procedure. Thorough washing under good conditions reduces the total weight of the beans as removed from the podby approximately 20-30% and their shell content to about 443% on a dry basis. The wet beans contain about 45-50% moisture, somewhat less than before washing. 1
The removal of acid substances is indicated by average pH values of the wash water, the inflowing water being about 6.5. the eilluent about 3.6 and the final eilluent about 6.5. It will be understood that the pH of the wash water can be adjusted by suitable additions so as to facilitate the washing operation. The pH value of the whole beans and kernels can be determined by thoroughly macerating 20 gms. of wet material (or 10 gms. dry material and 200 ml. water) in a Waring Blendor, cooling the mixture to room temperature, and measuring its pH with a glass electrode. The pH of the whole washed beans will range from about 6.2 to 6.6, being very close to that of the kernels of the unwashed beans. These pH values do not change significantly through the curing and drying treatments, due to the absence of pulp acids and fermentation acids, and lie in a range favorable to the desired enzymic curing reactions. While washing of this extent is preferred, it will be understood that good results can be obtained with less thorough washing provided the greater part of the pulpy mucilaginous material is removed.
In one form of the process, therefore, the whole beans are first washed as described above and then cured, dried and roasted, the shells being removed either prior to or after roasting in the usual manner. These operations may be performed as a more or less'continuous process. However, roasting may be delayed and the dried beans meanwhile held in storage or if desired shipped to another place where roasting and grinding into liquor are to be performed. For example, it may be desired to cure and dry in the tropics and to roast and grind in the United States. Should it be desired to delay curing as well as roasting, an intermediate drying step may be interposed between washing and curing whereby the beans are dried to a stable moisture content not greater than 8% for storage or shipment. The beans may later be remoistened to effect curing.
The above sequence of steps may be supplemented by cracking or puncturing the envelopes surrounding the kernels prior to drying so as to facilitate and expedite the drying operation. Such cracking may be performed either before or after curing. In the former case, however, any acid substances remaining after washing will tend to be distributed through the kernels during curing and hence it may be desirable to adjust the pH of the beans upwardly as set forth hereinafter.
Removal and separation of the shells, like washing, avoids contamination of the kernels with acid substances during curing. Moreover, in this case both curing and drying are performed on the kernels only, a procedure which afi'ords the maximum advantage from the standpoint of expediting the curing and drying operations. The shells may be removed in any suitable way. Conveniently the beans as removed from the pods are first washed and then partially dried to about 20-25% moisture. The shells may be cracked either before or after such partial drying, and the cracked shells can be removed from the partially dried kernels by winnowing or fanning. After curing and d y roasting may be performed promptly or delayed as explained above in connection with whole beans. Should it be desired to delay curing as well as roasting, the drying operation which precedes curing should be extended beyond the partially dried stage to a point (about 8% or less moisture) at which the kernels are stable while held in storage or while being shipped. The dry kernels then require remoistening prior to curing.
If desired, the pH of the beans or kernels can be adjusted upwardly during curing by treatment with a suitable alkali. Such upward adjustment of pH may cause some darkening of the liquor obtained from the roasted kernels, but there is no objectionable change in color and a somewhat milder flavor is produced. On the other hand, the addition of alkali materially expedites curing. A wide variety of alkaline materials can be used for this purpose, such as NazCOa, NaHCOa, KHCOa, NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2, MgCO3, etc. The amount of alkali to be used will depend on the initial pH of the beans or kernels and on the amount of elevation of pH that is desired, the pH values being determined in the manner previously described. Government standards permit the addition of as much as 3 lbs. of KzCOs to 100 lbs. of beans, or the neutralizing equivalent in the case of other alkaline materials. In most cases it will be sufficient to add about 1.5% KzCOa, or the neutralizing equivalent thereof, to the wet material prior to curing.
Thus the procedure followed preparatory to curing may differ substantially under varying conditions. From the standpoint of their effect on time of curing, these preparatory procedures may be classified under two general heads:
(A) Those which result in curing whole beans. (B) Those which result in curing the kernels only.
These two groups differ substantially with respect to the limitation of the time of curing to avoid the effects of overcuring mentioned above. When the shells or skins are removed before curing (group B), the curing reactions are substantially expedited because of the absence of pulp acidity and because the kernels alone are more easily and thoroughly aerated. Accordingly the desired curing eflects are accomplished more quickly, while there is less time for undesired enzymic reactions and development of acid precursors to take place.
Curing time is also influenced to some extent by the curing temperature employed and by the variety of the beans as well as by the degree of ripeness or maturity of the beans. Beans of white varieties, for example, usually cure somewhat more rapidly than beans of purple varieties. The effect of ripeness is more marked, unripe beans curing more slowly than ripe beans. However, the crop from most plantations comprises a mixture of different varieties of beans, and although there may be considerable variations in the degree of ripeness of individual pods gathered in one picking, experience has shown that in practice the factors of variety and ripeness tend to average in each lot and that the average does not vary greatly from lot to lot. Accordingly the optimum curing time for such average lots of beans does not vary greatly.
In the case of curing a lot of whole beans (group A) in which green beans predominate, the beans may first be held at the low temperature end of the curing temperature range (50 C.) to promote ripening as stated above. Thereafter completion of curing may be expedited by increasing the 10 temperature, but if this is not desirable, curing at 50 C. may be extended to a maximum of about 50 hours. Beyond this point undesirable enzymic reactions become excessive, and fermentation due to thermophilic bacteria is apt to develop unduly.
Also the development of acid precursors proceeds fermented beans, the chocolate flavor and aroma and the color of the liquor will be excellent and astringency i practically completely eliminated. longer curing results in deterioration of flavor and aroma of the liquor, an undesirable darkening in color, and a tendency toward acidity which increases as curing time is prolonged.
With a lot in which ripe beans predominate, the optimum stage of curing may be reached in as little as about 15 hours, assuming a good moisture content of 20-25% or more and especially when the pH of the beans is adjusted by the addition of alkali as described above. At still shorter times curing of the beans will be less than optimum, but nevertheless results in liquors useful for many purposes although not of as good quality as those made from beans cured under optimum conditions.
In the case of curing the kernels only (group B), the curing time for best results is substantially less than for whole beans (group A), the optimum for an average lot of kernels at 55-60 C. being about 16 hours. Even in the case of kernels from green beans cured at low temperatures (50 (2.), it will usually be undesirable to continue the curing treatment much beyond 30-35 hours. of well moistened kernels from fully ripe beans cured at higher temperatures, curing periods as short as 5-8 hours will produce acceptable results, especially when the pH of the kernels is adjusted upwardly as mentioned above.
As described more fully hereinafter, handling of washed dried beans tends to produce a mass of broken beans including detached particles of shell and kernels in both segmented and intact form with or without adhering shell. The conditions of temperature and time for curing such broken beans lie intermediate those applicable to whole beans (group A) and those applicable to kernels only (group B), depending on the degree of breakage. With a high degree of breakage, and when the pH of the broken beans is adjusted as mentioned above, the proper curing conditions will approach closely to those applicable to kernels only.
If desired, the raw cacao can also be treated prior to curing in any suitable manner to extract alkaloids, fat, etc., and curing applied to the resulting modified raw cacao. The fat can be removed by pressing, solvent extraction, or other known methods, to any desired extent up to removal of substantially the entire fat content (approximately 50% by weight). It has been observed that the raw cacao cures very rapidly when defatted and cured in the presence of alkali and at a high moisture level of the order of 35- On the other hand, in the case 11 40% as illustrated by one of the following examples.
Curing maybe performed in any suitable apparatus in which the prescribed heating conditions can be maintained with some aeration. A simple rotary drum supplied with heated air at the desired temperature gives good results. To avoid any danger of drying the kernels below the minimum moisture level of 12-15% mentioned above, heat may be supplied by suitably humidified air, or the curing apparatus may be heated externally in any suitable way.
Drying should be performed promptly and rapidly after curing in order to avoid possible overcuring or development of molds which might cause musty flavors. For example, a forced draft drier with air inlet temperature of 65 C. and air velocity through the beans of 125 feet per minute will dry whole beans in 8 to 9 hours. However, the evaporation of moisture from within the beans lowers their temperature with respect to the circulating air and some curing effects and mold growth may occur. Hence still better results are secured by higher air temperatures and velocities and shorter drying times. Air inlet temperatures above 110 C. may cause scorching, and moreover the temperature of the dry beans near the end of drying should not be above 100 C. to avoid roasting eflects. Within these limits, drying may be completed with excellent results in 3-4 hours with an air inlet temperature of about 90-95 C. at the start of drying and 80-85 C. at the end of drying and an air velocity through the beans of about 170 feet per minute. However, it may be necessary to keep the humidity of the air high at the start to avoid case hardening effects.
It should be borne in mind that the drying times mentioned above apply to whole, uncracked beans. Cracking before drying substantially expedites the drying operation as stated above, and where the beans are partially dried and their shells removed before curing, the final drying of the kernels after curing can be effected in a much shorter time.
Roasting may be performed in any desired manner and in any suitable apparatus. Bean temperatures should not exceed about 140 C. to avoid scorched flavors. The roasted beans may then be ground into liquor and processed in any desired way according to known techniques and procedures.
The cured and dried but unroasted product obtained by the above procedures constitutes a novel and valuable product per se, in view of the fact that it can be produced in tropical growing areas and then stored, sold and shipped to the United States or elsewhere for roasting and final processing into chocolate liquor. When this product is prepared by washing, curing and drying the beans without removing the shells, it contains not more than 4-10% of shell, and this is in the form of a thin loose skin easily separable from the kernels and radically different from the relatively thick, hard, unloosened and intact shells of dried fermented beans and especially of sun-dried beans. Bagging of this product and handling during storage and shipment cause a large part of the thin, fragile shell to be detached from the kernels in the form of a chaff. Also the kernels, with or without some adhering shell, separate into their naturally occurring segments to a large extent although many kernels may remain intact. Such a mixture constitutes 'the broken beans mentioned above. When the shells or skins are separated from the kernels before curing, on the other hand, the product of the present invention comprises no shell at all except for small bits that may be left due to incomplete removal or separation.
Such products are further differentiated from the usual dried fermented beans in that the kernels appear to have undergone insuflicient processing when judged by the usual standards applied to fermented beans. In many cases residual traces of the original color of the raw beans will be found after curing which heretofore has been considered an indication of poor quality. Nevertheless we have found that such apparently insufficiently cured cacao develops excellent chocolate flavor and aroma when roasted and ground into liquor, in contrast to the poor and unsatisfactory quality of liquors obtained by the prior experimental'procedures mentioned above. Moreover, any purple color remaining in fermented cacao generally persists through roasting, due probably to the relatively high acid conditions of roasting, and produces a very undesirable cast in the chocolate liquor. In the case of cacao cured by the present invention, however, such residual casts in the cured cacao are thermolabile so that they disappear during roasting and do not show up in the liquor.
The cured and dried cacao produced by the present invention is further differentiated from fermented cacao by very low bacterial counts, and especially by a very low content of volatile acids (fermentation acids) and very low astringency. In fermentation processes, astringency decreases as fermentation proceeds but as explained above a characteristic sourness develops due to a concomitant increase of volatile acidity. Sun-dried cacaos are usually high both in astringency and volatile acidity, although the latter does not develop quite as much as in fermentation procedures. In contrast, cacao cured by the present invention is as low or lower in astringency than the best fermented cacaos and is far lower in volatile acidity than either fermented or sun-dried cacaos. Thus the chocolate liquor produced from this cacao is exceptionally low in both astringency and volatile acidity and the need for conching the liquor is greatly reduced. Furthermore the product is remarkably uniform in these respects as well as in the degree of curing so that variations in roasting treatment of individual lots of beans. heretofore determined by trial and error in each case, are largely eliminated.
For purposes of comparison, the volatile acidities of various samples can be determined in the following manner. The shelled unroasted beans (kernels) or the roasted kernels (nibs) are ground and to 10 gm. of ground material are added 50 ml. water and 4.4 gm. anhydrous sodium sulfate, the mixture being acidified to pH 1.0 with 2 N p-toluene-sulphonic acid. This sample is then distilled under vacuum at about 30 C. while maintaining a constant volume of about 50 ml. by feeding water to the distilling flask at a constant rate until the total volume of distillate reaches 550 ml. The distillate is then titrated to a phenolphthalein end point with 0.1 N NaOH, and a blank titration on an equal volume of water treated in the same manner is subtracted from the distillate titration. The result can be expressed conveniently in terms of per cent acetic acid by weight of the kernels. This procedure does not allow for variations in the moisture cont nt of the kernels themselves, but the amount of such moisture -is small and also fairly unimaximum value of only 0.042 down to 0.000, the
average being 0.013. Thus the average volatile acidity resulting from procedures embodying the present invention is only about of the average produced by tropical curing methods heretofore used. The volatile acidity should not exceed 0.05 in the absence of unusual conditions such as incipient fermentation that may sometimes occur in large scale production, in which case somewhat higher volatile acidities up to about 0.08% may be encountered. These values will, of course, increase proportionately as the fat content of the cacao is reduced, the maximum volatile acid content in the case of complete defatting being about 0.16%.
The following specific examples illustrate the results obtained by the application of processes embodying the invention to cacao beans from the various. sources indicated. In each example whole pods from the respective sources were opened and the beans with their adherent pulp removed and subjected to the treatment outlined.
EXAIMPLEI Beans from Almirante, Panama, ranging from light to deep purple in color,- were washed and -theirpH determined to be 6.46. The washed beans were cured either in a horizontal revolving jar open to the atmosphere or in a closed rotary drum through which hmnidifled air was passed continuously during treatment, the vessels being housed in cabinets maintained at curing temperatures. The air passed through the drum was also heated to curing temperature by prior passage through a coil disposed in the same cabinet.
Sample A was jar cured for 16 hours at 60 C.
Sample B was drum cured for 24 hours at 60 C.
Sample C was jar cured for 69 hours at 60 C.
Sample Dwas drum cured for 24 hours at 55 C.
The four cured samples were dried in a forced draft laboratory drier at an air inlet temperature of 65 C. and air velocity through the beans of approximately 100 linear feet per minute, the drying time for samples A, B, C, and D respectively being 15, 19, 15 and 19 hours. The average bacterial count of the dried samples was less than 100 per gram, and their pH and moisture values and shell content were as follows:
Per Cent Per Cent sample Moisture PH Shell 4. 1 a s5 a 4 a 9 s.- so a 5 3.1 6.25 a 5 1.8 6.32 so After roasting, the samples were shelled and ground into liquors which were scored as follows: Liquor A.Some astrlngency but no acidity, chocolate flavor and aroma acceptable but not as good as B, acceptable light chocolate brown. Liquor B.-Very mild with respect to astrin- 14 I gency and acidity, good chocolate flavor and aroma, acceptable light chocolate brown.,
Liquor C.Objectionably acid but minimum astringency, inferior chocolate flavor and aroma,
darker in color than-A, B or D.
Liquor D.Slight astringency but no acidity,
chocolate flavor and aroma not as good as B but better than A, slightly raw flavor, acceptable light chocolate brown.
Tropically fermented Panama beans from the EXAMPLE 2 Beans from Port-au-Prince, Haiti, mostly pur-- ple but some white, were washed and divided into three portions that were processed as follows:
Sample A.Beans drum cured for 24 hours at C. and dried in a forced draft laboratory drier for 20 hours at an air inlet temperature of C. Sample B.Beans similarly dried for 20 hours at an air inlet temperature of 60 C., shells cracked and separated from the kernels, 15% water added to the kernels which were cured for 24 hours at 60 C. and then dried by forced draft for 5 hours at an air inlet temperature of 65 C. Sample C.Same processing as for sample B except curing performed for 8 hours at 60 C.
In all samples, some purple was still present after curing, but largely disappeared on drying and was no longer detectable after roasting. Before and after drying, the flavor of all cured samples was of a chocolate character. Samples B and C were noted to have some aroma, whereas none was detected in sample A.
After roasting, the three samples were ground into liquors. which were scored as follows:
Liquor A.Mild with respect to astringency and acidity, very good chocolate flavor and aroma, light chocolate brown.
Liquor B.--Mild with respect to astringency I and acidity, chocolate flavor and aroma not as good as A, darker and redder than A.
Liquor C.Mild with respect to acidity but slightly more astringent than B, chocolate flavor and aroma better than B but not as good as A, light chocolate brown.
Liquor A was further processed into a finished piece of sweet chocolate which was considered excellent eating. On the other hand, the liquors obtained from tropically processed Haiti cacao are known for their inferior quality. Finished chocolate from these liquors without conching and blending with others is highly unpleasant to the taste.
EXAMPLE 3 Beans from Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, ranging from light to dark purple, were washed and drum cured for 24 hours at 60 C. and dried in a forced draft laboratory drier for 20 hours at an air inlet temperature of 65 C. After curing, the beans were of a very light tan with some lavender centers which remained after drying but entirely disappeared after roasting. Before and after drying, the flavor of the cured beans was of a chocolate character.
After roasting, the beans were shelled and ground into liquor which was rated as follows:
Mild with respect to astringency and acidity,
- excellent chocolate flavor and aroma, reminiscent of Porto Cabello and good Venezuelan with a hint of Trinidad, excellent light chocolate brown.
I EXAMPLE 4 Beans from San Francisco de Macoris, Dominican Republic (known as Sanchez from the port of shipment), mostly light to deep purple with some white, were washed and their pH determined to be 6.5. The washed beans were drum cured for 24 hours at 60 C. and dried in a forced draft laboratory drior for hours at an air inlet temperature of 65 C. The bacterial count .of the dried beans was less than 20 per gram, and the following data were determined:
pH 6.47 Moisture content per cent-- 4.9 Shell content do 6.0
After roasting, the beans were ground into liquor which was rated mild with respect to astringency and acidity, good chocolate flavor, mild aroma, light chocolate brown color.
Tropically processed beans from the same 10- cality had a shell content of about 11.8%, a pH of about 5.6, and an average bacterial count of 14,800 per gram. Chocolate liquor made from these beans was rated very astringent, bitter, raw, purplish and much darker than the liquor processed by the invention.
EXAlVIPLE 5 Beans from Ocumare de la Costa, Venezuela (known as Caracas from the port of shipment), the majority ranging from light to deep purple and the remainder from white to light pink, were washed and their pH determined to be 6.25. These washed beans were jar cured for 24 hours at 60 C. and dried in a forced draft laboratory drier for 15 hours at an air inlet temperature of 65 C. The bacterial count of the dried beans was less than 100 per gram, and the following data were determined:
pH 6.33 Moisture content per cent 4.2 Shell content 6.9
EXAIVIPLE 6 Beans from Ecuador (known as Arriba) ranging from light to deep purple, were washed and their pH determined to be 6.7. These washed beans were jar cured for 24 hours at 55 C. and dried in a forced draft laboratory drier for 18 hours at an air inlet temperature of 65 C. The following data were then determined:
pH 6.45 Moisture content per cent 4.8 Shell content do 7.0
After roasting, the beans were ground into liquor which was rated very mild with respect to astringency and acidity, excellent Arriba flavor, good aroma, light chocolate color.
A finished piece of chocolate prepared from this liquor was considered better eating than a finished piece prepared from troplcally treated Arriba beans.
EXAllflLE 7 The following distinct botanical varieties of cacao were specially selected from the groves of the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, St. Augustine, Trinidad;
Amazonian F0rastero.Light purple beans.
Central American Criollo. -White beans. Some of the pods contained light purple beans by cross pollination and these were processed separately from the white beans from the other pods. The purple beans were of a somewhat darker shade than the Forastero beans.
Trinidad.-Light purple beans though darker than either the Forastero or the purple Criollo beans.
All four samples were washed, jar cured for 24 hours at 60 0., dried in a forced draft laboratory drier for 17 to 18 hours at an air inlet temperature of 65 C., and roasted and ground into liquor.
The pH values at various stages during proces- The color of the liquor was a very light brown with an acceptable orange cast and was extremely light for a Forastero cacao. The flavor was rated excellent and devoid of both acidity and astringency. The liquor was very high in aroma.
Central American Criollo (white) The same orange cast was present in this Criollo liquor which was the lightest ever experienced by persons well versed in the art of chocolate manufacture. The flavor was rated excellent with little if any acidity, although there was a noticeable astringency due to the beans being immature. The aroma was very high.
Central American Criollo (purple) The color was light brown with no orange cast. The flavor was rated excellent with little if any acidity and only slight astringency. The aroma was very high.
Trinidad The color was very light brown with no orange cast. The flavor was rated excellent with little if any acidity and only slight astringency. The aroma was very high.
EXANIPLE 8 Beans from Maracaibo, Venezuela, ranging fromwhite to very light pink, were washed and their pH determined to be 6.47. These beans were drum cured for 24 hours at 55 C. and dried in a forced draft laboratory drier for 1; hours at an air inlet temperature of 65 C. The following data were then determined:
pH 6.23 Moisture content per cent 4.7 Shell content do 7.5
Tropically fermented Maracaibo beans, after drying, have a shell content of about and a pH of about 5.1.
After roasting the beans were ground into liquor which was rated light brown with orange cast, typical Maracaibo flavor but free of acidity and astringency, very good aroma.
EXAMPLE 9 EXAIHPLE 10 Washed, dried Panama beans were shelled and the kernels ground in a corn mill to the size of cornmeal. One hundred grams (dry basis) of this material were defatted by repeated extractions with petroleum ether until analysis showed removal of more than 98% of the total fat. The defatted material was thoroughly mixed with a solution of 1.3 gm. potassium carbonate in 30 cc. of water and cured at 60 C. for five hours, the moisture being maintained at a constant level. The cured, defatted cacao was then dried, roasted and ground into liquor which had a red-brown color and good cholocate flavor.
The following Examples 11-13 comprise pilot plant runs conducted on Panama beans at Almirante, Panama, except that Example 13 was performed partly in the United States. In thirteen runs in accordance with Examples 11 and 12, the cured, dried beans were shipped from Panama to the United States according to normal commercial practice and on arrival were found to have an average bacterial count of 3,000 per gram as compared with an average count. of 428,000,000 per gram for fermented Panama beans shipped in the same manner.
The details of Examples 11-13 were as follows:
EXAIVIPLE 11 Beans freshly removed from whole pods, color pink to medium purple, were washed and cured for 20 hours in a pilot plant apparatus comprising a rotary drum housed in a water-jacketed chamber, the temperature in the jacket being sufficient to maintain the beans at 60 C. A fan was operated inside the chamber for better heat distribution, and air was allowed to breathe in and out of the chamber. At the end of curing, the color of the cut beans ranged from light to medium purple.
Drying was carried out at an air inlet temperature of about 93 C. (200 F.) at the start and about 82 0. (180 F.) at the end of drying and air velocity through the beans of approximately 170 feet per minute. To prevent case hardening, the humidity of the air was initially kept high and thereafter, as the tendency for case hardening decreased, it was progressively lowered for rapid drying of the beans. Under these conditions. the beans were dried in 4.5 hours. The
following data were obtained from the dried beans:
Moisture content per cent... 5.9 Shell content do 8.7 pH of whole beans 6.38 pH of shells 5.88 pH of kernels 6.68 Volatile acids in kernels calculated as acetic acid per cent..- 0.36
A roasted sample was ground into liquor which was a good reddish brown in color, aromatic, slightly astringent, and of good chocolate flavor.
EXAMPLE 12 Beans freshly removed from whole pods, color light to dark purple, were washed and their pH determined to be 6.14. The washed beans were passed through cracking rolls set so as to merely puncture their shells and divided into two portions one of which was processed according to the following Example 13.
The other portion was cured as in Example 11 except that the curing period was limited to 8 hours. Drying was carried out in 3 hours at an air inlet temperature of about 82 0. (180 F.) and air velocity through the beans of 146 feet per minute. The following data were obtained from the dried beans:
Moisture content per cent 5.2 pH of whole beans 6.15 pH of shells 5.46 pH of kernels 6.39
A representative sample was roasted and ground into liquor which had a good chocolate brown color, slight bitterness, and good chocolate flavor.
EXAMPLE 13 Following the partial cracking operation of Example 12, a portion of the beans was dried in about 4 hours at an air inlet temperature for the first hour of about 82 C. (180 F.) and for the last three hours of about 65 0. F.) and air velocity throughout the 4-hour drying period of 146 feet per minute. The following values were obtained from the dried beans:
Moisture content per cent 5.7
pH of kernels 6.5
Volatile acids in kernels calculated as acetic acid per cent 0.004
The dried uncured beans were shipped to a factory in the United States where they were shelled and divided into two portions which were treated as follows:
Sample A was treated with 15% pure water by weight.
Sample B was treated with an alkaline solution such that 15% water and 1.5% potassium car'- bonate by weight were added to the sample.
The two samples absorbed the treating liquids in about 15 minutes and were thereafter cured for 24 hours at 60 0., being stirred at intervals to insure proper aeration. To guard against undue loss of moisture by evaporation, an additional 25% water by weight of the samples was added during the first three hours of curing. However, little moisture was lost by evaporation, and the final moisture content of the samples was approximately 40%.
After curing, portions of both samples were dried in a forced draft laboratory drier for 2 hours at an air inlet temperature of 65 C. and
analyzed for acid content with the following results:
H of kernels 6. 3 7. Elolatile acids in kernels calculated as acetic acid, per cent. 0. 06
The remaining portions of both samples were dried and roasted simultaneously in a forced draft laboratory roaster previously heated to an air temperature of 140 C. (285 F.). The total period of heating in the roaster was 25 minutes during the last 15 minutes of which the temperature of the nibs increased from about 121 0. (250 F.) to about 138 0. (280 F.) The roasted nibs were then ground into liquors scored as follows:
Liquor A.Very little astringency, good chocolate flavor, slight bitterness, good aroma, light chocolate brown with a yellowish cast.
Liquor B.-Very little astringency, good chocolate flavor, no bitterness, good aroma, rich chocolate brown with an intense reddish cast.
An uncured portion of the same beans was directly roasted and ground and the product rated very astringent, green, bitter and harsh, malty, and purple colored.
The following Examples 14-17 further illustrate the reduction in acidity of chocolate liquors made from cacao processed according to the present invention as compared with liquors made from cacao treated by the usual tropical methods. In these examples the beans were cured as indicated and then dried under forced draft with an air inlet temperature of 65 C. The dried beans, with or without roasting as indicated in the examples, were then shelled, ground and admixed with ten times their weight of boiling water and allowed to cool. The pH values of the cooled suspensions were then determined, and they were also titrated to a pH of 7.5 and their titratable acidity expressed as ccs. of 0.1 N NaOH per grams of ground beans in suspension.
These examples indicate the extent to which the acid content of chocolate liquor can be reduced by the present invention. Also they show the effects on liquor acidity of varying the curing time within the limits of the present invention.
a 3 As previously stated, it will be evident from the data of these examples that the pH values of the liquors are not a true measure of their acid nature as titrated or tasted, from which it appears that some of the substances responsible for acidity are characterized by a low degree of dissociation. JBuifering substances may also be present to account for part of the observed discrepancy between pH and titration values. the titration values, the formation of acid precursors is shown by the consistent and substantial increases intitratable acidity under optimum roast conditions: The development of these precursors is little affected by variations in the curing temperature within the limits of the invention, being if anything somewhat more rapid in the lower part of the temperature range. On the other hand, the examples show that the amount of such precursors formed increases with curing time. With curing periods such as 72 hrs. (Example 15) and 69 hrs. (Example 16) the titrable acidity of the liquor becomes excessive, being equivalent to or even higher than the titrable acidity of the liquor made from the corresponding tropically fermented cacao.
Considering EXAMPLE 14 Maracaibo beans Titratable PH Acidity Cured 16 hrs. at 55 0.:
No roast 6. 63 5. 00 Short roast 5. 50 O timum roast 9.00 Cure 20 hrs. at 55 0.: Optimum roast. 9- 30 Cured 24 hrs. at 55 0.:
No roast 8. 83 Short roast 9. 00 Optimum roas ll. 50 Long roast 10.50 Fermented Maracaibo:
N 17.63 14.20 ptimum roas 13. 75 Long roast 13. 66
EXAMPLE 15 Ecuador beans Titratable PH Acidi Cured 16 hrs. at 50 0.:
Short roast 6. 47 5. 52 Optimum roast 6. l7 8. 40 Cured 20 hrs. at 50 0.:
Short roast 6. 40 6. 25 O timum roast 5. 93 13. 70 Cure 72 hrs. at 50 0.:
Short roast 5. 61 13.25 Optimum roast.. 20. 50 Cured 24 hrs. at 60 0..
Sho roast 6. 27 7.00 Optimum roast 5. 10. 80 Fermented Arriba: Optimum roast 5.98 10.20
EXAMPLE 16 Panama beans Titratable PH Acidity No curing:
No roast 6. 43 5. 6 O timum roast 6.08 8. 9 Cure 24hrs.at55 C N o roast 19 7. 5 Optimum roast 13.0 Cured 16 hrs. at 60 0.:
Norowt 6.38 5.8 Optimum roast 5. 61 9. 5 Cured 24 hrs. at 60 0.:
N o l'OlBt 6. 2 Optimum roast... 10.0 Cured 69 hrs. at 60 0 No roast 7. 5 Optimum roast.-. 16. l Fermented Panama:
No roast 5. 39 15. 21 Optimum roast 5.10 16. 20
EXAMPLE 17 Caracas beans Titratable PH Acidity Cured 24 hrs. at 60 0.: Optimum roast 6. l2 7. 7 Cured 41 hrs. at 60 0.: Optimum roast..- 5. 92 10.3 Fermented Caracas: Optimum roast 4. 98 23.3
It will be seen that the invention produces quality liquors from all types of cacao. These liquors are very low in acidity as compared with the best liquors heretofore obtainable, and type for type are better in color, flavor and aroma. The need for conching is reduced to a minimum, and the complications of prior blending practice are simplified. The liquors in general are exceptionally light in color for the type of cacao processed which is very desirable. Also the cacao asaaau is very low in bacterial and mold contamination so that losses in storage and shipment as well as off-flavors due to molding are avoided while current difliculties with regard to the use of the chocolate in dairy products and the like are markedly reduced. These desirable and valuable effects are obtained by a simple economical procedure which produces uniform results in a shorter time and with greater efilciency than the fermentation methods heretofore used in the tropics.
It will be understood that the invention is not restricted to the details set forth above and that reference should be had to the appended claims for a definition of its limits. Thus the nonfermentative curing of the invention can be applied to whole beans as removed from the pod but separated from the greater part of their mucilaginous material, whether undried, partially dried, or dried and remoistened; to their kernels only in intact or segmented form; to mixtures of such whole beans with such kernels; or to mixtures of such whole beans with such kernels and detached shell as in the case of broken beans mentioned above. Furthermore such curing can be applied to any or all of these materials in modified form as for instance after extraction of fat, alkaloids, etc. The term raw cacao" as used in the appended claims is generic to and designates any or all of these starting materials, and
the term cacao designates the product resulting from curing and drying such raw cacao.
What is claimed is:
1. A process for the non-fermentative curing of raw cacao which comprises maintaining the cacao at a temperature between 50 C. and. 65 C. and with a moisture content not less than 12-15% for a period between and 50 hours, and then arresting the curing by rapidly drying the resulting product.
2. A process as defined in claim 1 wherei; the resulting product is dried by passing heated air therethrough, the temperature and rate of circulation of the air being regulated so that the temperature of the product does not exceed about 100 C. throughout drying.
3. A process as defined in claim 1 wherein the raw cacao is cured in the form of broken beans consisting of kernels with particles of attached shell and detached particles of shell mixed therewith.
4. A process for the non-fermentative curing of raw cacao in the form of whole beans which comprises maintaining the beans at a temperaturebetween 50 C. and 65 C. and with a moisture content not less than about 12-15% for a period between 15 and 50 hours, and then arresting the curing by rapidly drying the beans.
5. A process as defined in claim 4 wherein the beans are dried by passing heated air therethrough, the temperature and rate of circulation of the air being regulated so' that the temperature of the beans does not exceed about 100 C. throughout drying.
6. A process as defined in claim 4 wherein the beans are cracked prior to drying.
'7. A process as defined in claim 4 wherein the beans are treated with alkali to increase their pH during curing.
8. A process for the non-fermentative curing of raw cacao in the form of kernels which comprises maintaining the kernels at a temperature between 50 C. and 65 C. and with a moisture content not less than about 12-'15% for a period between; 5 and 35 hours and then arresting the curing by rapidly drying the resulting product.
9. A process as defined in claim 8 wherein the resulting product is dried by passing heated air therethrough, the temperature and rate of circulation of the air being regulated so that the temperature of the product does not exceed about 100 C. throughout drying.
the fat has been removed.
12. The method of treating the seeds of Theobroma cacao which comprises washing the seeds to remove at least the greater part of their mucilaginous material, then subjecting the raw cacao in the form of whole beans to non-fermentative curing by maintaining the beans at a arresting the curing by rapidly drying the cured beans.
13. The method defined in claim 12 wherein the beans are dried by passing heated air therethrough, the temperature and rate of circulation of the air being regulated so that the temperature of the beans does not exceed about C. throughout drying.
14. The method defined in claim 12 wherein the beans are cracked before drying.
15. The method defined in claim 12 wherein the washed beans are dried to a moisture content not greater than about 8% and are then remoistened to a minimum moisture content not less than 12-15% before curing.
16. The method defined in claim 12 wherein the beans are treated with alkali to increase their pH during curing.
17. The method of treating the seeds of Theobroma cacao which comprises washing the seeds to remove at least the greater part of their mucilaginous material, at least partially drying the seeds andthen removing their shells, subjecting the remaining kernels to non-fermentative curing by maintaining them at a temperature between 50 C. and 65 C. and with a moisture content not less than about 12-15% for a period between 5 and 35 hours, and then arresting the curing by rapidly drying the kernels.
18. The method defined in claim 17 wherein the kernels are dried rapidly by passing heated air therethrough, the temperature and rate of circulation of the air being regulated so that the temperature of the kernels does not exceed about 100 C. throughout drying.
19. The method defined in claim 17 wherein the kernels are treated with alkali to increase their pH during curing.
20. The method defined in claim 17 wherein the seeds are partially dried to a moisture content of about 20-25% for removal of the shells.
21. The method defined in claim 17 wherein the kernels are dried to a maximum moisture content of about 8% before curing and then are remoistened to increase their moisture content to a minimum of about 12-15% during curing.
22. The method defined in claim 17 wherein at least a substantial portion of the fat content of the kernels is removed before curing.
23. Dry cured unroasted cacao substantially devoid of astringency and containing not more than 0.08% by weight of volatile acids when calculated as acetic acid, said cacao consisting essentially of kernels and thin fragile loose shells substantially devoid of dried mucilaginous matter and amounting to not more than .4-10% by weight of the cacao, said cacao having been cured by the process of claim 1 and being characterized by the presence of a thermolabile purplish cast.
24. Dry cured unroasted cacao substantially devoid of astringency and containing not more than 0.08% by weight of volatile acids when calculated as acetic acid and substantially free of shell, said cacao having been cured by the process of claim 1 and being characterized by the presence of a thermolabile purplish cast.
REFERENCES CITED UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 571,238 Pieper Nov. 10, 1896 998,113 Neumann July 18, 1911 1,032,931 Neumann July 16, 1912 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 317,335 Great Britain of 1929 OTHER REFERENCES Chemistry Flavoring and Mfg. of Cocoa, by Jensen, 1931, pp. 5 to 11.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Hobbie Professional Reviews
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2 people found this helpful
"Stay Far Far Away... "
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I worked at Hobbie ProfessionalPros
None that I can think ofCons
First of all that pay and benefits are TERRIBLE!!! As a recruiter, they set your goals unreachable as a way to never have to pay out bonuses. And just when you get close to those goals they change they way the bonuses are calculated making them unreachable again. Unfair work-life balance given to some and not others; preferential treatment of staff members. And lots of micromanagement! As a family owned and operated company; the owners make poor business decisions and are so out of touch with the TRUE industry! And not matter how good you are or how much profit you bring to the owners pockets- you will never be a respected employee!!! They are always saying they are going to make these BIG changes with aspirations of being the BEST agency but they are seriously just another staffing agency among the million others out there!Advice to ManagementAdvice
Throw in the towel or bring in someone who truly understands the industry.Doesn't RecommendNegative Outlook
1 person found this helpful
"Terrible Work Environment, No Growth Opportunities "
- Comp & Benefits
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I worked at Hobbie Professional full-timePros
There are very few pros about this company although the internal staff (not including management) is very good to work with. They are very tenured and know the business.Cons
Hobbie is a family owned and operated company because of this the family makes a majority of the decisions which have proved to not always best for the company. Management lacks faith in their employees. They make promises of LARGE bonuses which are an insult to any experienced recruiter. Benefits are terrible. There is no growth opportunities and training is non-existent.Advice to ManagementAdvice
Management needs to research compensation and bonus plans and have them better aligned with industry standards.Doesn't RecommendNegative Outlook


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"After my bilateral hip replacement I had a choice where to do my outpatient therapy. I chose to go to Twin Boro because of the positive experience I had there …
Cycling Injury Causes
- Riding a bicycle that is not properly fit to the rider.
- Using a helmet that does not properly fit the rider
- Keeping the elbows locked instead of slightly flexed.
- Not changing hand position for the duration of a ride.
- Staying on the "drops" for extended periods of time.
- Riding at too high a gear ratio and/or too high a revolution per minute (RPM).
- Overuse from riding too long or over terrain that is too difficult.
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@mydogminton watch shine and a kronenburg on special tonight! 7:03 PM Mar 28th
Spotted Horse
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Quiz night tonight. Book your teams in now. 0208 788 0246 4:03 PM Mar 25th
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Six Brits pick up ADC Young Guns gongs
Six British creatives, including Gemma Correll, HelloVon, Martin Nicolausson and Mark Ward, have picked up ADC Young Guns awards from the Art Director's Club.
Six British creatives, including Gemma Correll, HelloVon, Martin Nicolausson and Mark Ward, have picked up ADC Young Guns awards from the Art Director's Club.
Type art genius Seb Lester has produced some luscious new graphics for bicycle brand Emer.
Arjowiggins and Typofonderie have launched five free typefaces to promote the new Conqueror range of papers, and has got designers including Seb Lester to create artworks from them.
The Web's standards body is aiming to get fonts in order with a new standard.
The brand new issue of Digital Arts is now on sale -- where we've taken the opportunity to get a little bit saucy. Pick up this issue now to discover how to make art that's classy, sensual and fun.
We discover how the design firm's inspired use of typography and infographics deliver a powerful political message that's impossible to ignore.
This winners of this year's D&AD Student Awards have been announced at a ceremony in Spitalfields Market. Here's our pick of the winners.
Tom Lane, aka GingerMonkey Design, recently created illustrations for a book to accompany Heston Blumenthal's TV show, Heston's Fantasical Feasts.
Apple has launched a new section of its Website dedicated to showcasing the capabilities of the next generation of Web standards that fall under the HTML5 umbrella.
Tom Lane has designed and illustrated a book to accompany Heston Blumenthal's TV show, Heston's Fantasical Feasts.
Monotype Imaging has launched the public beta of Fonts.com Web Fonts, the company's new sites for Web-focussed typefaces. The cloud-based service allows webpage designers, and other content creators access a wide range of fonts for designing websites, and advertising.
The D&AD has announced that with over 30 per cent of judging complete, 154 entries have been selected to go into the D&AD Annual -- representing the best creative work of the year.
Image and typography library Veer has launched a design competition, Get Citified, inviting creatives to submit illustrations and other designs on the theme of 'City'.
Font library Monotype has launched the Creative Companion Library, a collection of 2,433 fonts comprising both old favourites and relatively new faces.
Redesigning and updating classic fonts is always a challenge -- but how do you reimagine Neue Helvetica for a completely different script?
Clever developers have come up with several useful utilities for printing font specimen pages -- not only for active fonts, but also for those you haven't yet installed.
Jonathan Chapman's Alice-inspired dust jackets and bookmarks use a very simple but intricate cutout technique that we'd love to see wrapped around any novel.
Stock library Veer has announced that it has added a raft of new fonts to its typeface collection, including a number of exclusive faces and designs by cult designers Alejandro Paul and Rian Hughes.
Radim Malinic discusses his vibrant rebrand of the London Film Museum, which transformed the South Bank-based exhibition with a riot of colour.
The typeface Verdana was released in 1996 as an easy-to-read font for Websites, and in the intervening years, it has been used and misused in just about every imaginable way. For example, the Swedish furniture retailer Ikea recently began using Verdana in its printed materials, which caused an uproar among designers around the world.


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some early morn before work pics.... ha
deangreen(7b OK)May 29, 2012
first pic is Gene Walker, but I really need to take a better pic, this was a quick one before going to work this morning. next is a red seedling I liked except I wish it wasn't so bitonal.
the last is a first for me in the yard this summer, Little Seasprite. I like the little ones that have 3 distinct colors and contrast. :) I need a better pic of this too but I had to leave early this morning and these are the last 2 buds on the plant. ha
other pics show this with a darker blue green sort of eye, but it looked for purpley blue this morning, either way I like it, and look forward to a nice little clump of it...of course.