text:
Poll: What do you guys do when you see my stories? Just curious? Vote Now!
Author has written 31 stories for Sonic the Hedgehog, Mario, Yotsuba&!/よつばと!, SpongeBob SquarePants, Megamind, Ouran High School Host Club, Rhythm Thief, and Legend of Zelda.
Hey everyone, I'm the author Galexia the chao! I hope that all of my stories entertain you and all that jazz!
I have a deviantart account! Check it out! galexiathechao.deviantart.com :) I'm gonna try and upload on their more often, but updates will come to a halt once school starts (just like on this site...sorry)!
Wow! Child At Heart Forever, drew a picture of Galexia and her! It's totally awesome! Check it out here! Thanks again Child!
A must read for all Sonic fans. The blue blur really doesn't deserve all of the hate he gets, he really doesn't...
Facts About Me:
I'm a girl! (not that the girly name didn't give it away but just to be sure...)
I play the violin (along with a whole bunch of other musical instruments)
I'm in Marching Band (PIT FTW!!!)
I really love SONIC THE HEDGEHOG!
I have a 3DS (Just got a new one so if you want to re-friend me here it is: 3067-5051-0086 )
News in the Life of Galexia the Chao:
2/12/15- Wow...haha! Hi everyone! Happy 2015!! Ahhh i got soooo busy after that update in 6/13 and i didnt have time to post anything...i atill have my Knuxouge 4 shot and ive finally finished the plot of Plotholes (now i just need to write it xD)! Now im a second semester senior! So afrer April i should have substantial tjme to update. *fingers crossed* also college decisions *doubly fingers crossed*
Be on the watch! Chao for now!!!
Hey that rhymed, xD Yay! First post of 2013...6 months late, LOL Anyway, I've updated Blast to the Past (did it yesterday so check it out, if you want) and I was just thiking about how I really don't update anything now...kinda sad...Also Flipnote's been taken down T.T That's where I started really getting into the Sonic fandom...I was Pudding on there by the Way (Pudding_Fan was my hatena id...) but I've forgotten my password and now I can never get on there again... T_T
Well whatever, a new one for the 3DS comes out this summer so yay!
*6/23*/13 HAPPY DAY OF BIRTH SONIC!!! TT I feel really bad though because normally I write/update something on his birthday, but I have no time to write or update today (my finals are tomorrow! My Last TWO FINALS BEFORE SUMMER BREAK! Yay!! But they're also my hardest...noooo...) Soooo...I'll try to get your belated birthday present up soon Soniccc! ENJOY YOUR BIRTHDAY AND GOOD LUCK AVOIDING AMY AND HER BIRTHDAY KISSES, KNUX AND HIS BIRTHDAY PUNCHES, and SHADOW WITH HIS BIRTHDAY CHAOS SPEARS TO THE HEAD!
Happy B-Day to Egghead too. Wouldn't be a series without the big guy -_-
8/19/13 I HAVE UPDATED PLOTHOLES! FINALLY THE DAY HAS COME! LOL How long has it been? xD Anyway, I think I've decided that I'm gonna start CC-ing, (CC stands for Constructic Critism) so I'm gonna start critiqing fics and stuff...idkk, how long I'll do it for, but PM your story, and I'll check it out...Also did a major clean-up of my profile...just cause I wanted too...
Ummmm...what else...Oh! I have New Leaf! Please check out my town and I'll check out yours! My DC is 4200-2401-8787 On impulse I named my town Treetop...but I really should've named it Aptos...I really wanna call it Aptos...Oh well...Treetop is still cute...Even though I WISH it was called Aptos...Anyway check it out please!
6/22/14- Hey guys! Its been a long year, huh? School is over for me tomorrow which means: A. The Dreaded Junior Year is Over and B. UPDATING TIME!
Can I take a minute to talk about Smash Bros? And Tamodachi Life? And Smash Bros? And Sonic Boom? And SMASH BROS!?! And the Remakes of Leaf Grean, Emerald, And Fire Red? AND SMASH BROS!
Yes, I've been actively following video gaming culture, yes I am not living in a box, yes I got X and Y (but I sold Y so I only have X now)
So anyway, I was researching 'Knux on Steroids-' I mean 'Sonic Boom' and the lack of SonAmy that will be present was really a eye-opener to how romantically biased this fandom has become...and I am a culprit of contributing (#BlastToThePast...) so I have made it a focus to try and focus on more adventure style stories...or humor like Plotholes (you thought I forgot???)
I've actually been writing a story since March...its gonna be a four shot and its revolving around KNUXOUGE! Yay! I love them but I;ve never written then, so its bound to be interesting! Well...not so much Knuxouge as it is just plain old Knuckles, but yeah...await that! It should be done before September (#CollegeApplications #GettingAJob) I also wanna try expanding to other fan-doms like Fire Emblem (#ChromIsSoSexy #ChromForSSB4 #KellamIsMyBoyFriend)
But yeah, *sigh* Its good to be back!
Chao for Now!
Couples I Support...soon to become "Fandoms I Follow" (lol my interests in couples has fluxuated in the past 7 years ive been on this site lol)
One thing to know about me: I'm a Canon girl! Which means, that if the couple is canon, then I probably support it! Exceptions include: Shadikal, Zutara, Tailsmo, Bokkream[SonicX isn't cannon :P] Kyoya x Renge, 1/5, Dark Pit X Viridi, Sokka X Toph, Peach X Bowser and Raphael X Charlie
Sonic the Hedgehog:
Sonic X Amy- Cute they were meant to be, or while else would Sega keep her after all of those years?
Tails X Cosmo- Cute, but why did they have to go off and kill her?! She was a great addition to the team, although I hope that she comes back...
Cream X Bokkun- Funny little cute couple, Cream can find out the good in Bokkun (whatever he is).
Silver X Blaze- They go together, they're the only two from their time period and they're great freinds, if that isn't a start of a relationship then I don't know what is!
Knuckles X Rouge- The plus and minus but when they get together sparks are FLYING!! They argue like an old married couple, but you can tell that deep inside that they both really like each other.
Shadow X Tikal- she's sweet and kind hearted, and the closest thing to Maria Shadow will ever get. Plus she is as old as Shadow (maybe) so it works!
Charmy X Cream- I've been thinking about this for a while...and it could also work, in the stead of Bokkream! ;)
Shadow X Blaze- Don't Hate ME!!!! I mean, its a pretty okay couple...but SILVAZE FTW BABY!!! I'll read it if its in a good or unique story.
Shadow X Rouge- I'll read it too, just as long as you don't pair Knuckles up with Tikal or Shade (don't ask I just don't see her with Knuckles, aren't they all like related or something O.o)
Tails X Cream- I'll read it too, since some people don't like Tailsmo(and I used to be unconsiouly a Crails fan when I was little )
Charmy X Marine- Cute!
Ouran High School Host Club:
Tamaki X Haruhi- Uh, one of the cutest couples eva! She denies it all the way until the most recent chapter in the manga...and Tamaki senpai is just clueless...so it works!
Kyoya X Renge- If Renge ever gets over her infatuation over "Video Game Kyoya" then I think that she and Kyoya can have an actual relationship! Love this one, but I never see any fanfics about it!
Codename: Kids Next Door:
Numbuh 3 X Numbuh 4- Aww! Who DOESN'T like this couple?! (whoever does I will personally make sure that Galexia the Chao beats you to a pulp with her crowbar)
Numbuh 1 X Numbuh 5- They have the same sense of humor and duty. I think that it would work!
Numbuh 1 X Numbuh 362- Very cute. They like each other and they both are dedicated to the KND. It works.
Numbuh 2 X Numbuh 5 (friendship only)- like I said last, I just don't see Numbuh 5 with him, either that or Numbuh 5 is just single...
Sisters Grimm:
Puck X Sabrina: No question, its like Knuxouge and SonAmy combined but ten times cuter! :D
Jake X Briar Rose- a sweet couple. On one hand I think that Briar should come back to life and then they can be together but on the other hand...yeah, I'm just cruel like that :P
Special A:
Hikari X Kei- I love this relationship! The clueless and the devoted! They're super cute together!
Akira X Tadashi- ...noticing a pattern here? LOLOL Tadashi is one of my fav. characters in this show(next to Hikari of Course)! Love him! and Love this couples!
Jun X Sakura- Read above.
Megumi X Yahiro- I'm growing on this one...it reminds me of ShadAmy too much (like Megumi's on the rebound) but Yahiro has shown signs of liking Megumi so who knows?
Ryu X Finn- I absolutely love them! Sooo cute! The prince turned princess and Ryu keeping her secret and DAWWWW! Love it!
Aoi X Alissa- This couple has the potential to be very cute!
Kid Icarus Uprising:
Pit X Palutena- There are so many subtle hints for this couple, but I feel like its forbidden due to Palutena being a goddess and Pit just her "messenger boy" But I think Pit having a crush on Palutena would be the most adorable thing! :3
Dark Pit X Viridi- Don't you think it would work? I never see any stories about it though...
Pit X Viridi- I...I don't really like this couple (more of a Pit x Palutena gal) but IDK...I guess it could work. I mean they start to get along in the Aurum Hive...but I feel with more of a friendship than a relationship...kinda like ShadAmy, except I would never read ShadAmy.
Avatar: The Last Airbender:
Aang X Katara- They are absolutely adorable! Love it! And the ending was awesome!
Sokka X Suki- This is a cute couple as well! I think that it would really work!
Sokka X Toph- There are some cute hints of this couple throughout the series!
Zuko X Katara- ...don't tell me that this couldn't work as well? I like it, but not as much as Kataang
Legend of Korra:
Mako X Korra- it reminds me a lot about Zutara, which I don't mind. I like it a lot :)
Bolin X Korra- *shot* I like this one too. Bolin and Korra to me just seem like a great combination!
Tenzin X Pema- I know this one is cannon, but I've read a whole bunch of really good Pemzin stories and they've really caught my attention more! I really like the stories where the author goes and explains how Tenzin and Pema met and stuff! :D
Pucca X Garu- really? This is like the entire show people!
Ching X Abyo- I really love Abyo's personality and with Ching, she could balance it out, y'know.
Mario X Peach- Obviously, duh.
Luigi X Daisy- This one is really cute!
Peach X Bowser- I also like this couple even though it isn't really canon...
Rhythm Thief and the Emperor's Treasure:
Raphael X Marie- Its cute, but I'm not a big fan of Marie (her voice is too deep, it throws me off O.o but I love the fact that she plays the violin, VIOLINS FTW!) And Marie seems...idk shallow...but I still support it. After all, with all of the dance scenes that they had together, its obvious that SEGA supports them cannonly and I'm all for cannon couples!
Raphael X Charlie- This, I like better than Raphael X Marie. I think that teasing relationship they have now is perfect. On one hand I can't see Charlie getting together with Raphael but on the other hand, I can. Its weird. I love her spunky attitude.
Sgt. Frog
Momoka X Fuyuki- xD Even though, Momoka is slightly insane, I'm totally rooting for her! Get'im Momoka!
Giroro X Natsumi- This one makes me squeal (but not literally) This one is absolutely precious!
Keroro X Tamama- (no its not what you think it is =.e I don't support that stuff...) Tamama's jelously/love thing is really funny (and quite sad).
Catch ya on the flipside
Galexia the Chao
Unsafe External Link
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|Games Sonic the Hedgehog


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Procedures are disclosed for producing both core-cladding optical fibers and self-focusing optical fibers from porous germinate and/or silicate glasses obtained after phase separation and removal of the soluble phase. A glass which is separable into at least two phases one of which is soluble, is heated to cause phase separation. The soluble phase is leached out removing undesired impurities. The pores are collapsed and this glass is used to produce cores and/or cladding layers, or self focusing fibers. According to one aspect of the invention, preforms of the porous glass have their interconnected pores stuffed with a dopant. In the production of core-cladding optical fibers, the dopant modifies the index of refraction of the core and/or cladding so that the index of refraction of the core is greater than that of the cladding. The control of this index of refraction can be accomplished by addition of non silicate network formers such as GeO2 to the original melt before phase separation. These network formers will stay in the insoluble phase. In producing self-focusing fibers, the dopant may be non-uniformly deposited in order to produce a radial gradient in the index of refraction, or sodium or potassium ions may be ion exchanged into the glass for a portion of a dopant containing lithium or thallium to produce such an index of refraction gradient.
1. In a method for the production of an optical wave guide comprising a cladding layer and a glass core with an index of refraction larger than the index of refraction of said cladding layer, the improvement comprising forming said core by heat treating a base glass which is separable into at least a soluble phase and an insoluble phase to cause phase separation, leaching out the soluble phase and impurities to obtain an porous glass, thermally consolidating the glass to seal said pores, drawing the resultant glass into a fiber, and applying a cladding layer to produce said wave guide.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said base glass contains a finite amount of germania sufficient to increase the index of refraction of the resulting core.
3. In a method for the production of an optical wave guide from a phase separable base glass where the base glass is heat treated to cause phase separation into at least two immiscible liquids comprising an insoluble phase and a soluble phase, and the soluble phase is leached out, the improvement which comprises heating said insoluble phase to substantially completely remove chemically combined water therefrom, thermally consolidating the glass at a higher temperature to seal said pores, and applying a cladding layer to produce said wave guide.
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein said heating step is carried out at about 100�-300�C below the thermal consolidation temperature.
5. In a method for the production of an optical wave guide from a phase separable base glass including heat treating said base glass to cause phase separation into at least two immiscible liquids comprising an insoluble phase and a soluble phase, and leaching out the soluble phase, the improvement which comprises oxidizing transition metal impurities in the base glass to their highest oxidation states prior to phase separation, thermally consolidating the glass to seal the pores in said glass, and applying a cladding layer to produce said wave guide.
6. In a method for the production of an optical wave guide from a phase separable base glass including heat treating said base glass to cause phase separation into at least two immiscible liquids comprising an insoluble phase and a soluble phase, and leaching out the soluble phase, the improvement which comprises treating a porous glass having interconnected pores resulting from the leaching step to change the oxidation state of at least one transition metal impurity present therein, thermally consolidating the glass to seal the pores in said glass, and applying a cladding layer to produce said wave guide.
7. A method according to claim 6, wherein said impurity is present in the matrix of the porous glass.
8. A method according to claim 6, wherein said impurity is present in a dopant deposited in the pores of the porous glass.
9. In a method for the production of an optical wave guide from a phase separable base glass including heat treating said base glass to cause phase separation into at least two immiscible liquids comprising an insoluble phase and a soluble phase, and leaching out the soluble, the improvement which comprises removing from within the pores of the insoluble phase colloidal silica or colloidal germania produced as a decomposition product of the removed soluble phase during the leaching step, thermally consolidating the glass to seal the pores in said glass, and applying a cladding layer to produce said wave guide.
10. In a method for producing an optical wave guide fiber wherein a preform is drawn to produce the fiber, the improvement which comprises producing a preform of a porous silicate or germinate glass having interconnected pores therethrough, radially non-uniformly depositing a dopant capable of varying the index of refraction of said glass within said pores to vary the index of refraction, and thermally consolidating the glass to seal the pores, whereby when a fiber is drawn from said preform, the fiber has an index of refraction which varies radially.
11. In a method according to claim 10, wherein said preform is a borosilicate glass.
12. In a method according to claim 10, further comprising heating said glass to produce from said dopant at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of alkali metal oxides, alkaline earth oxides, boric oxide, germania, alumina, titanium dioxide, lead oxide, and bismuth oxide.
13. In a method according to claim 12, wherein the oxide is germania deposited in the pores in an amount of about 5-30 weight percent based on the initial weight of the preform.
14. In a method according to claim 10, wherein said dopant is deposited within said pores by regulated diffusion of dopant into the pores of said preform.
15. In a method according to claim 10, wherein said dopant is deposited within said pores by precipitating dopant from a solution into the pores of said preform.
16. In a method according to claim 10, wherein said dopant is deposited within said pores by chemical vapor deposition.
17. In a method according to claim 10, wherein said dopant is deposited by placing dopant within pores adjacent the surface of the preform, and heating the preform to diffuse a portion of the dopant throughout the remainder of the preform.
18. In a method according to claim 10, wherein the dopant is deposited by initially distributing dopant relatively uniformly throughout said preform, said dopant being one which increases the index of refraction, and selectively leaching a portion of the dopant from the preform so that the concentration of dopant increases towards the center of the preform.
19. In a method according to claim 10, wherein said glass is a porous silicate glass and wherein said dopant contains thallium, and further comprising drawing said preform to produce a fiber, ion exchanging the doped fiber with ions selected from the group consisting of sodium and potassium ions to replace a portion of said dopant with said ions to obtain a fiber whose index of refraction increases radially inwardly from the outer surface thereof.
20. A method according to claim 10, wherein said dopant contains lithium.
21. A method according to claim 19, wherein said porous silicate glass is a borosilicate glass, and wherein the fibers are ion exchanged by passing the fiber through a molten salt bath containing the sodium or potassium ions in a continuous fashion immediately following the drawing step.
22. In a method for the production of an optical wave guide comprising a cladding layer and a glass core with an index of refraction larger than the index of refraction of said cladding layer, wherein the improvement comprises forming said cladding layer of a porous silicate glass having interconnected pores therethrough, depositing a dopant within said pores to control the index of refraction of said cladding layer, and thermally consolidating the glass to seal the pores.
23. In a method according to claim 22, further comprising heating said glass to produce from said dopant an oxide selected from the group consisting of alkali metal oxides, alkali earth oxides, boric oxide, germania, alumina, titanium dioxide, lead oxide, bismuth oxide, ceric oxide, and cerous oxide.
24. In a method according to claim 22, wherein the core is fused silica, and wherein the dopant is boric oxide in an amount of about 1-30 weight percent based on the initial weight of the preform.
25. In a method according to claim 22, wherein said core is a porous silicate glass having interconnected pores therethrough, and further comprising depositing a dopant different from the dopant in the cladding layer into the pores of the porous glass of the core, and thereafter uniting the cladding layer and the core.
26. In a method for the production of an optical wave guide comprising a cladding layer and a glass core with an index of refraction larger than the index of refraction of said cladding layer, wherein the improvement comprises forming said core of a porous silicate glass having interconnected pores therethrough, depositing a dopant within said pores to control the index of refraction of said core and thermally consolidating said core to close the pores.
27. A method according to claim 26, wherein said dopant elevates the index of refraction of said core and is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal oxides, alkali earth oxides, germania, alumina, titanium oxide, cerous oxide, and ceric oxide.
28. In a method of producing an optical wave guide, the improvement which comprises producing the wave guide of a porous silicate or germinate glass having interconnected pores therethrough, non-uniformly depositing a dopant within said pores, and thermally consolidating said pores in such a fashion that the wave guide has a non-uniform index of refraction which varies along a dimension of the wave guide.
29. In a method for the production of an optical wave guide comprising a cladding layer and a glass core with an index of refraction larger than the index of refraction of said cladding layer, wherein the improvement comprises forming said cladding layer of a porous silicate glass having interconnected pores therethrough, removing colloidal silica from within said pores to lower the index of refraction of said cladding layer, and then thermally consolidating said cladding layer to seal the pores.
The invention herein described was made in the course of or under a contract or subcontract thereunder (or grant) with the Department of the Air Force.
This application is a continuation in part of our copending application Ser. No. 355,164 filed Apr. 27, 1973, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to glass fiber optical wave guides useful in a laser communication or data transmission system.
The most promising transmitting media for optical communication signals is the glass fiber optical wave guide. In an optical wave guide the light beam is confined within and guided along a solid glass fiber of cylindrical cross section with a plurality of fibers assembled into a bundle and protected with a sheathing so that the wave guide can be handled much like a cable. The individual fibers are generally formed of a central glass core surrounded by a glass cladding which has a lower refractive index than the core so that a light beam injected into one end of the compound fiber is confined to and guided along the core by total internal reflection. The fiber cores range in diameter from approximately 1 to 100 micrometers and typical cladding-core diameter ratios are on the order of 1.1 to 1.
Another type of glass fiber optical wave guide, which is referred to as a self-focusing fiber, has a radially parabolic refractive index profile created within the glass fiber. The variation in the refractive index is intended to cause the light beam to be continuously focused or guided along the filament. The desired refractive index profile is sought to be achieved by ion exchange techniques in which, for example, thallium ions in the glass fiber near the surface are replaced by sodium or potassium ions. In the latter type of wave guide, it is quite difficult to achieve the desired distribution of the ions, and unduly long ion exchange times are required when following prior art ion exchange procedures.
The preferred glass compositions for optical fibers are generally silicates. The raw materials from which the glass compositions are obtained can be in various forms such as oxides and carbonates, but must be of high purity. Specifically, transition metals such as ferrous ion, nickel and chromium should be essentially completely excluded, and preferably are present in an amount of less than 2 parts per billion.
In the production of the fibers, a melt is prepared and the fiber is drawn either using the standard double crucible technique used for pulling fibers, or from preforms made of tubes and rods of appropriate dimensions to be used in the preform technique for preparing glass fibers (e.g., A. D. Pearson and A. R. Tynes, "Light Guidance in Glass Media." American Ceramic Soc. Bull. 49, 969-973 (1970).
When preparing a self-focusing fiber, the drawn fiber may be passed directly into a molten salt bath for the ion exchange treatment.
At the present time, an important problem to be solved in adapting glass fiber optical waveguides for use as a transmission line in communications systems which extend over long distances is the need to produce low signal loss silicate fibers by relatively inexpensive commercial production processes. One of the problems faced is to reduce loss due to extrinsic absorption which is absorption due to the presence of molecular or ionic impurities, especially Fe+ + ions and other transition elements. Production processes seeking to alleviate this problem are made much more expensive and complicated by efforts to keep out or remove the iron impurities from the silicate glasses. The iron gets into the glass both from the raw materials and in the melting procedure.
The methods proposed thus far to avoid this problem can be quite costly. An example of this is the vapor deposition technique. (See Keck et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,711,262 on vapor deposition.)
It is a primary object of this invention to provide a method for economically producing an optical wave guide which overcomes the disadvantages noted above.
Another object is to provide novel techniques useful for producing core-clad as well as self-focusing fibers.
Still another object of the invention is to provide optical wave guide fibers which cause low extrinsic absorption losses.
According to the present invention, optical wave guide fibers are produced from a silicate glass, such as certain germania borosilicate glasses, which upon heating, can be separated into a germania silica-rich phase and a germania silica-poor phase. The latter phase is dissolved to leave a porous glass comprised of the germania silica-rich phase. We have found that iron and other impurities can be removed along with the silica-poor phase to, in effect, purify the glass.
One process of phase separation and leaching has been described in detail in Hood et al U.S. Pat. No. 2,221,709. This process has been used for many years to produce glass called Vycor which is useful for chemical ware. If one follows the process described in the Hood et al, patent, a core useful for certain applications can be made. This type of core must then be coated with a clad material having a lower refractive index. Because this Vycor core has a rather low index itself the clad materials are limited to plastics and low index inorganic glasses. Because the commercial Vycor process yields a glass containing significant amounts of water, the final product is partially immiscible, which leads to added scattering loss and an extremely high absorption (owing to OH vibrations) at 0.95 μm(of the order of 2500 dB/km). In addition to the water problem the process does not either remove all the transition elements or put them in the proper oxidation state which yields absorption values due to impurities lying above 400 dB/km at 0.59 μm and 2000 dB/km at 1.05 μm.
By using starting materials of higher purity than used in the commercial process and by paying greater attention to the removal of water this attenuation can be made low enough for many applications. But with certain modifications to the above process which we have discovered glasses can be obtained (which we call phasil) in which the absorption and scattering losses are substantially reduced becoming comparable to that of pure silica. They are thus useful for all applications. In addition by varying the initial composition of the starting materials such as partial substitution of germania for silica the index of refraction of the final glass can be controlled over significant ranges.
This ability to adjust the index of refraction allows considerable increase in the flexibility of optical design. For example, glass treated by our process can be used for either the core or clad or both. This can be done with acceptance angles considerably larger than the optical fibers now commercially available using the chemical deposition techniques.
An important aspect of this invention is the discovery of the utility of the unconsolidated porous glass as a step in the process of production of optical fibers. This porous state of this glass is utilized in several ways as described below: (1) because of the large surface to volume ratio oxidation-reduction of the remaining transition elements can be accomplished with great efficiency; (2) for the same reason remaining water which is chemically bonded to the glass can be removed; and (3) dopants can be added to the pores for control of index of refraction and other physical properties.
In the case of a core-cladding type of wave guide, the dopant may be added to the cladding and/or core to obtain a composite fiber in which the index of refraction of the core exceeds that of the cladding.
In producing self-focusing fibers, which require a radial variation in the index of refraction, the dopant may be added nonuniformly to obtain this radial variation or if added approximately uniformly, a portion of the dopant may be selectively removed to obtain the desired index variation. The amount of refraction variation which can be achieved is greater than heretofore possible using ion exchange techniques. Ion exchange techniques can be employed only with a limited number of elements whose ions can be exchanged (e.g., Tl, Li, Na, K, Ru, Cs, Ag). In the present invention, there is no limit, in so far as the stuffing procedure is concerned, upon the atoms which can be used as dopants (e.g., Ge and Pb can cause over twice the change in the index of refraction possible by ion exchange). GeO2 or other network formers can be added in the original melt or as a dopant into the pores. If added to the original melt they will be purified by the Phasil process and will result in a uniform change in index of refraction. If added as a dopant to the pores, it must be of higher purity but has the advantage of being able to yield radial variation in the index of refraction. Alternatively, sodium or potassium ions may be ion exchanged for a portion of certain dopants to obtain the radial variation in the index of refraction.
An overall process for producing a porous glass and then adding dopant and forming an optical fiber may be characterized as including (1) forming a rod or tube of desired dimensions from an intermediate borosilicate glass, (2) thermally heating the rod or tube for a period of time to separate the glass into a silica-rich and a silica-poor phase with a controlled microstructure size, and interconnectivity, (3) dissolving or leaching the silica-poor phase with a mineral acid, (4) when necessary cleaning the residues remaining in the pores thus created using NaOH or dilute HF, (5) when necessary treating pores with aqua Regia to remove any platinum inclusions, (6) stuffing the pores if desired with iron-free dopants, (7) drying, (8) thermally consolidating the porous bodies (for example, a rod as above inside of a treated tube or rods or tubes alone), (10) then heating and pulling this preformed structure into a fiber of desired diameter, and (11) this fiber, according to one embodiment, then can be passed through a molten salt bath where ion exchange takes place with the dopant.
These steps (1) through (4) are used to create a silica matrix with a desired index of refraction and sufficiently iron free for optical fiber use. Step (5) solves a major problem of light scattering out of the fiber owing to platinum inclusions.
The next four steps allow one to inexpensively introduce transition element free dopants into the glass by (a) (step 6), introduction of the dopant into the pores as distinguished from into the silica matrix and (b) (step 8), heat treating in a controlled atmosphere at temperatures below the consolidation temperature effectively controlling the oxidation-reduction state of the remaining transition metal impurities, and (c) (step 9) thermal consolidation of the dopant into the silica matrix. We refer to steps (6) through (9) as molecular stuffing to distinguish it from ion exchange. In the stuffing process, the pores are not necessarily filled completely. Step (7) solves another important production problem; namely, the drying process, when done in a proper reactive atmosphere, allows removal of protons, not only from pores, but also (because of large ratio of surface to volume) from the glass matrix itself.
Either by control of the original melt composition and/or by the stuffing approach one can create rods and tubes with a uniform but controlled index of refraction so that they can be then used in a preform to make a core-clad fiber where the core has a higher index of refraction than the clad. Additionally, controlled diffusion or other means allow stuffing of the pores in the silica matrix in a non-uniform way such that, for example, the dopant concentration (e.g., B2 O3 or Al2 O3) varies radially outwardly from the center to the outer surface of a fiber. This variation in dopant concentration will, after consolidation by heat treatment which closes the pores, be permanent and lead to a radial variation in index of refraction. The radial variation of index of refraction thus obtained comes about through a totally different mechanism than by ion exchange processes in which ions are exchanged into the glass matrix, e.g., Kitano et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,650,598. Whereas in conventional ion exchange processes, a very limited number of types of ions can be used, and whereas the extent of ion exchange is limited by the number of ions already present in the matrix, the stuffing process of the present invention is limited only by the pore volume, which is approximately 50% of the total volume.
The present invention takes advantage of the fact that the phase separated regions are interconnected and thus diffusion is possible into every part of the porous glass structure. The heat treatment which results in phase separation can be used to control pore size and thus diffusion rates (see Haller U.S. Pat. No. 3,549,524).
In practicing the instant invention, a porous medium is prepared from a suitable phase separable base glass such as a base glass having a composition which lies in a known limited region of the pseudo-ternary system Rx O.B2 O3.QO2 which region includes those compositions which will separate by heat treatment into at least two phases, one of which is easily decomposable and the other substantially undecomposable. The term QO2 means silica or germania or any combination thereof. The term Rx O means any of the alkaline earth, alkali metal or heavy metal oxides wherein Rx O can be Li2 O, Na2 O, K2 O, Tl2 O, CaO, BaO, MgO, BeO, SrO PbO or ZnO, or any combination thereof, and x is 1 or 2, depending on the valence of the metal R. Advantageously, the base glass composition can, for instance, be of the type described in Hood et al. U.S. Patent Nos. 2,106,744 and 2,215,039. It is important that the mixture of oxides chosen displays a miscibility gap, i.e., that the melt of the oxides, when above a predetermined temperature, is a substantially homogeneous liquid, and, when below said predetermined temperature, segregates into at least two immiscible liquids. In addition to the mixture of oxides chosen displaying such a miscibility gap, it is also important that the volume ratio of the phases be between 1:2 and 2:1, and that the chemical durability of each phase differs sufficiently to permit selective leaching. Representative suitable mixtures of oxides include base glass compositions where silica is present in amounts ranging from 40 to 83 to weight percent, the Rx O, e.g., soda, potash, lithia, etc., is present in amounts ranging from about 2 to 10 percent, and the boric oxide is present in amounts from about 8 to 48 weight percent. The iron content in the raw materials should be kept to less than 10 parts per million.
In addition to the borosilicate glass described above many other glasses e.g., 5-20% Li2 O and 80-95 SiO2, or 5-15% Na2 O and 85-95% SiO2 exhibit a miscibility gap and can be used.
Also we have found that from 0 - 20% weight percent of germania, GeO2, or other network forming oxides can be substituted for part of the silica in the base glass.
The process of producing the interconnected phase separated glass structure and its consolidation can be divided into the following steps:
a. glass melting, (b) phase separation, (c) leaching, and (d) consolidation.
a. Glass melting:
A Na2 O-B2 O3 -SiO2 composition is selected such that a homogeneous glass is easily made at 1400�C, i.e. the mixture has viscosity around 102 to 103 poise at 1400�C. Conventional glass melting procedures are used. A modification which we have applied is to add sodium nitrate. This helps oxidize all transition metal impurities to their highest oxidation state, which will facilitate their removal (see the following section). Another modification is to replace some of the SiO2 with another network former such as GeO2 in order to control the index of refraction if desired. For example adding 10% GeO2 changes the index by 1%.
One preferred embodiment of the base glass would be
Mol per cent. Broad Preferred Range______________________________________SiO2 + GeO2 40 - 80 45 - 70B2 O3 15 - 50 20 - 40Alkali (Na2 O) 4 - 11 4 - 9Al2 O3 0 - 5 0 - 3______________________________________
The preferred range contains 0 - 20% GeO2.
b. Phase separation:
Depending on the starting composition the glass is heat treated at a temperature from about 500�C to 650�C from a few seconds to several weeks such that it separates into two phases having totally interconnected microstructure with an average size (100 - 2000 A) preferably between 100 - 500 A. These dimensions are much smaller than the radius of the preform. Thus, when the preform is undergoing the thermal consolidation step, the rates of diffusion are such that the dopant described below is homogeneously incorporated into the silica matrix on the dimensions of the microstructure, yet variations in dopant concentration can occur over distances on the order of the preform radius.
Considerable study of the kinetics of phase separation in the Na2 O-B2 O3 -SiO2 system has allowed us to maximize the interconnectivity in that size range and to make a judicious choice of the composition selection. One of the phases is mostly covalently bonded SiO2 and will be referred to as the `hard` phase. The other phase has most of the sodium and boric oxides of the original glass with considerably less silica than in the hard phase. It is predominantly ionic in nature and will be referred to as the `soft` phase. It has been found advantageous to heat treat the glass at as low a temperature as possible. This reduces the possibility of any deformation of the rod or tube due to viscous flow. Also it increases the difference in composition of the two phases. When GeO2 or other network formers are added they go mainly into the hard phase.
The ionic impurities in the glass are preferentially segregated into the soft ionic phase. After leaching out this soft phase a reduction of absorption loss occurs owing to the preferential distribution of transition elements during phase separation. This preferential distribution of the ionic impurities increases if they are oxidized to their highest valence state (due to the increased ionic strength of the impurities). Therefore oxidation of iron in the glass melt facilitates its removal. Moreover this reduces the amount of ferrous ion that is chiefly responsible for the absorption loss in the 1 μm frequency range. We have found it possible to reduce absorption loss at 1 μm from 5,000 dB/km to less than 100 dB/km.
c. Leaching;
The borosilicate glass in the form of tubing or rods is initially subject to an acid leaching treatment. Useful acids are dilute solutions, typically in the range of 1-2 normal solutions, of mineral acids, e.g., HCl, H2 SO4, HNO3. However, hydrofluoric acid should not be used since it dissolves the silica-rich phase. The temperature of the leaching bath is generally about 90�-100�C. with about 95�C. being preferred. As the temperature of the bath falls below 90�C. there is less thorough extraction and a substantial increase in the extraction time. Below 85�C., the rate of leaching becomes too slow. The leaching time is to some extent dependent upon the concentration of the acid and the temperature of the bath. A typical leaching schedule involves leaching the glass for two days in a 1.5 N solution of nitric acid at about 95�C., then rinsing in a fresh solution of the same acid strength, and finally rinsing in a dilute, 0.2 N, solution of nitric acid for one day.
Sometimes prior to leaching, it may be desirable to subject the glass to a preliminary etch treatment to remove the surface skin and thereby permit a more uniform penetration is recommended for thick walled tubing and also when the surface of the glass has become contaminated on storage. A typical preliminary etching may be performed by dipping in a 15 weight percent NH4 F.HF solution for 10 minutes. Ordinarily, the silica-rich phase is retained while the silica-poor, or boron-rich phase is removed by leaching with an acid.
It has been found that the rigid pores of the resulting silica-rich phase skeleton are about half filled with collidal silica which is a decomposition product of the removed microphase. It is often useful to remove this colloidal silica in order to remove transition elements which may have precipitated there. After washing the rigid, porous skeleton in an aqueous solution, the skeleton is treated with a solvent for the colloidal silica, preferably, a dilute solution of HF/HCl acids or sodium hydroxide, for a time sufficient to remove the colloidal silica without substantial attack of the skeleton itself. Ordinarily, the colloidal silica solvent treatment time will range from about one to four hours. After this is completed, the pores may be treated with hot, aqua Regia to remove any possible platinum inclusions which might be present. The acid treatments described above remove trace transition elements from both the silica gel and the surfaces of the matrix. Thereafter, the skeleton can be dried and the dried skeleton thus comprises a rigid matrix provided with a continuous system of intercommunicating pores substantially free of contaminants.
We have discovered that if GeO2 is added to the melt composition in place of some of the SiO2, sufficient GeO2 remains in the hard phase (impervious to HCl leaching) that significant increases in the index of refraction can be achieved. This can be used to control the index of refraction of the phasil product over ranges which are higher and lower than the commercial Vycor product. Other network forming oxides can be used for this purpose.
d. Consolidation:
This step of the process consists of heating the sample to a range from 700�C. to 950�C. depending on the glass composition so that the pores of the glass close by viscous flow, leaving a homogeneous glass of the hard phase. We have discovered that if this consolidation is carried out as described in the Hood et al. patent a glass is obtained with a generally unacceptably high optical loss. (This point has been verified by measuring the loss of the commercially available product, Vycor). We have discovered further that the reason for this loss is incomplete removal of acid and water from the pores before collapse. We have found that if the glass is kept at 500�-700�C. for 15-50 hours before heating to the 700�-950�C range most of the inhomogeneities in the glass, caused by the presence of water can be removed. This drying process is carried out preferably in a reactive atmosphere (such as CCl4, Cl2 gas or SiCl4).
In addition we have found that during the 500�-700�C. heat treatment the unconsolidated glass can be very efficiently controlled. This is due to the large surface available at this point. The value of this can be understood as follows. Although oxidation of the ionic impurities facilitates their removal in part b) above and lowers the absorption at 1μm owing for example to the remaining iron, if one wishes a low attenuation in the 0.6 μm region reduction reduction of the ionic impurities is useful. For example by reduction just before consolidation by heating porous glass for 14 hours in a vacuum we have appreciably lowered the attenuation from 250 dB/km. The exact effect of the oxidation-reduction treatment depends upon which ionic impurities are present in the porous glass.
To make the core of a core-clad preform, a melt is made of high quality chemicals (i.e. less than 10 ppm of total transition metal ions). 70 mole % SiO2, 7 mole % Na2 CO3 and 23 mole % B2 O3 is melted in a platinum crucible at 1400�C. To this 0.1 % NaNO3 is added as an oxidizing agent. The melt was then stirred until homogeneous. After refining a rod is drawn to 5 mm O.D. The rod is heat treated at 550�C. for 4 hrs. The micro-structure had a size of about 500 A. Then the rod is leached for 72 hours in 3 normal HCl at 95�C. and then washed in deionized water. The water and acids must not introduce contaminants into the glass. The glass was further immersed in a 2% HF solution at 22�C. for 2 hours, treated with 3N HCl and then washed with water. The porous rod is dried to remove the bulk of the water and then heated to 550�C. to remove the remaining water. The rod is fired slowly to 850�C., a temperature sufficient to close the pores and convert the impregnated glass to a substantially homogeneous vitreous body. This rod is mounted on standard fiber pulling equipment, pulled into a fiber having an index refraction of about 1.46 and coated with a low index of refraction plastic by a procedure similar to that described in Applied Optics, Vol. 13, page 1 (1974).
This example illustrates making a core of a core-clad preform with a greater index of refraction than in Example 1 so that there is more freedom in selecting a cladding which must have an index lower than that of the core; melt made of high quality chemicals (i.e. less than 10 ppm of total transition metal ions) containing 58.2 mole % SiO2, 10 mole % GeO2, 25.4 % B2 O3, 6.4 % Na2 O is melted in a platinum crucible at 1400�C. To this 0.1 % NaNO3 is added as an oxidizing agent. The melt is then stirred until homogeneous. After refining a rod is drawn to 3 mm O.D. The rod is heat treated at 550�C. for 4 hrs. The rod is then leached for 48 hours at 95�C. in 3N HCl and then washed with deionized water.
The resulting porous rod is dried first to remove the bulk of the water and then heated to 550� C. in a vacuum for 24 hours. The atmosphere is then changed to pure oxygen and the glass is kept at 550�C. for another 8 hours. Then the rod is brought to 850�C. until consolidation occurs. The rod is then inserted into a tube whose I.D. is approximately 3 mm and whose O.D. is 5 mm. The tube can be made either as in Example 1. (except in tube form and without the plastic coating) or a commercial tube made of fused silica or Vycor can be used. This composite is heated in a flame and drawn into a fiber. The core has an index of about 1.476 whereas a similar glass without the germania would have an index of about 1.460.
According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the field of use of phase separable porous glasses in making optical fibers is extended by depositiong a dopant within the pores. Using stuffing we can lower the index of the clad to a more useful value. In practice, this can be done in many ways. According to one suitable method, the rod or tube of desired shape is impregnated by immersing it or a part of it in a solution containing a salt or compound of an element, the oxide of which is to be incorporated therein. The percentage of oxide to be incorporated may be controlled by varying the concentration of the treating solution. By knowling the composition, density and porosity of the porous glass, the concentration of the solution necessary to produce any desired final glass may be calculated. The porosity of the porous glass may be determined by the usual methods and in general amounts to about 50%. Highly soluble compounds are preferably employed and the solution is heated, if necessary, to increase the solubility. Some compounds tend to volatilize when their solutions are heated and in order to prevent this and to maintain the desired high concentration such solutions can be closed in a sealed container during the impregnating step.
The dopant is deposited in a form, for example, carbonates, nitrates or hydroxides, that upon heating, will yield the corresponding oxide. The preferred dopants are such compounds of alkali metals, alkali earths, boron, germanium, aluminum, titanium, lead, and bismuth that convert to the corresponding oxide during the thermal consolidation step. With the exception of boron oxide which lowers the index of refraction, the other oxides increase the index of refraction of the preform glass.
The dopant is preferably added in an amount of about 5-30 weight percent based on the weight of the unstuffed preform.
In the case of making a clad for use with a fused silica core, the index of refraction may be lowered by increasing the B2 O3 content of the phase separated clad tube. For example, the porous tube for making the cladding is immersed into a saturated solution of ammonium borate. A fused silica rod is then inserted in the tube and the combination of rod and tube is then thermally consolidated.
Another example of the use of stuffing is in preparation of a preformed rod which has an appropriate uniform concentration of dopants and which after being drawn into a fiber will be ion exchanged.
In this case, the base glass and production steps are the same as that in the previous example but step (6), the stuffing step, differs. Here, one impregnates the porous rod with a colloidal solution of aluminum particles in LiOH. This yields a lithium-alumina-silicate glass which can be readily ion exchanged after fiber formation to produce a self-focusing fiber because the ion exchange process yields an index of refraction which varies radially from center to outer surface.
Another application of the stuffing process is to produce a self-focusing fiber by directly creating a preform whose index of refraction varies radially from center to outer surface and which when drawn into a fiber maintains this radial variation in index.
This can be done in many ways, for example, a colloidal suspension of an oxide dopant (e.g., Al2 O3) can be diffused into the pores in a non-uniform fashion if the pores are of such a small size as to offer steric hindrance to the flow of suspended particles. The diffusion time history can be controlled to create the desired radial dependence in dopant concentration in the pores.
Another method would involve using two reactants which precipitate dopant on the walls of the pores and starting with a porous tube placing one reactant inside the tube and the other outside the tube. By adjusting hydrostatic pressures and concentrations as a function of time, the amount of precipitaiton will vary with radial distance from the inside wall.
After introducing dopant into the pores, a drying and consolidation is carried out as described above.
A specific example of the use of molecular stuffing to uniformly control the index of refraction of a preform is the following.
A melt is made of a high quality chemicals (i.e. less than 1 ppm of total transition metal ions). 70 mole % SiO2, 7 mole % Na2 CO3 and 23 % mole % B2 O3 was melted in a platinum crucible at 1400�C., and stirred until homogenous. After refining a tube is drawn to 2 mm ID and 6 mm OD. The tube is heat treated at 580�C. for 100 hrs. The micro-structure had a size of about 800 A. A short hydrofluoric acid treatment is given to remove the thin layer of highly silicous glass at the surface of the tube. Then the tube is leached for 48 hours in 2 normal HCl at 95�C. The water and acids used must not introduce contaminants into the glass. The glass was further immersed in a 0.5 N NaOH solution at 22�C. for 6 hours, washed until neutral with water which had been passed through a millipore filter, and treated with cold 3N HCl. This porous tube is now immersed into a solution containing 1500 grams of boric acid, 700 cc of 28% concentrated ammonium hydroxide, and 1000 cc of water. The porous tube is dried and while being dried treated with carbon tetrachloride vapors to remove hydroxyl ions and then treated in an air atmosphere to remove any residual chlorine. A fused silica rod is inserted into this tube and the combination rod and tube preform is fired slowly to a temperature of about 850�C which is sufficient to close the pores and convert the impregnated glass to a substantially homogeneous vitreous body. Since the temperature at which this will occur will vary with the oxide or oxides introduced, no universal temperature for firing be stated but suitable temperatures may readily be determined by trial for other compositions. Temperatures of 800�-900�C. or higher are useable. In every instance it will be found to be materially lower than the temperature required to melt and refine a glass of equivalent composition directly from batch materials. This preform is then drawn into a core-clad fiber.
This example illustrates deposition of dopant by chemical vapor deposition.
The terakis-isopropoxide of Ge is first prepared by the method of Bradley and co-workers (D. C. Bradley and W. Wardlaw, J. Chem. Soc. 280 [1951]). ##EQU1## High purity 99.999% GeCl4 should be used. The Ge(OC3 H7)4 is further purified by use of a gas chromatographic column using 1% Apiezon L on Chromosorb W (60-80 mesh) injected at 20.3�C. in accordance with technique described by L. M. Brown, and K. S. Maziyasni, Analytical Chem. 41, 1243 (1969). The Ge(OC3 H7)4 vapor effluent from the gas chromatograph column is then diffused into a porous silicate tube through the inner surface, and simultaneously water vapor is diffused into the tube through the outer surface. The resultant thermal decomposition given by
2 H2 O + Ge(OC3 H7)4 ---- GeO2 + 4 C5 H11 OH
yields a precipitate GeO2 whose concentration in the pores varies radially decreasing as one goes to the outer surface. This tube is then heated very slowly to 950�C. It is kept at this temperature until it becomes transparent which indicates consolidation and is drawn into a fiber.
This example relates to depositing a dopant by formation of a precipitate by reaction of two solutions within the pores of a preform. High purity Al2 O3 which may have been purified by gas chromatography as in Example 2, is dissolved in NaOH. The solution is fed into a porous tube. A dilute solution of HCl is placed around the outside of the tube. As the two solutions come into contact in the pores Al(OH)3 precipitates. By controlling the hydrostatic pressure differences and the concentrations as a function of time, the radial variation of dopant can be controlled. Once the desired dopant concentration is achieved, 10 mole percent Al2 (OH)3, then the preform is washed first with dilute HCl to remove all sodium ions left, then with distilled water which has been cleaned of all scattering particles by passing through a millipore filter. The preform is then ready for drying, closing the pores, consolidating and pulling into a fiber.
Although presently preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described with particularity, it would be appreciated that various changes and modifications may suggest themselves to those of ordinary skill in the art upon being apprised of the present invention. It is intended to encompass all such changes and modifications as fall within the scope and spirit of the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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To all my RB friends and visitors, wishing you all the very best for Christmas and 2012. We have wanted to do this ever since the advert of the ambassador's reception came out! What fun! We will have to recreate it next year to improve our technique! For a few more images, please visit my blog: www.annagoodchild.blogspot.com/
just so beautiful, very splendid indeed. all love and same to you always Normaje…..
Thanks Norma Jean. Have a good one!
– Anna Goodchild


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text: A 6 more photos Straiton Street, Carntyne, Glasgow, G32 3 Beds · 1 Bath · Flat · Garden · Kitchen · Cottage · Central Heating Offered to the market in internal condition this three bedroom lower cottage flat comprises of entrance hallway with all main accommodation leading off. good size family lounge has aspects to the front of the property. kitchen has a range of base and wall mounted storage units with hob and hood... »» new! on Zoopla > Slater Hogg & Howison Offers over £78,000


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The 2014 Green Bay Packers practice squad is set. The team got lucky in that they were able to retain safety Chris Banjo, as one of 10 familiar faces.
Aug 30th
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The Green Bay Packers final cuts are in. Here's who they axed and put on IR in order to get down to the final 53. Surprises include Jumal Rolle and Chris Banjo.
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September 1, 2000
| Article
An experienced nail technician with a full book generates $4,000 or more per month in service sales alone, and she is usually responsible for her own product purchases.
August 1, 2000
| Article
The IRS is making it easier for everyone in the beauty industry by simplifying its voluntary tip income compliance agreements.
May 1, 2000
| Article
Would you willingly take a 25% pay cut? Well, we've got news for you: If you haven't raised your prices, you've already taken one.
One year ago, Lynn Kogle and her staff at Secrets Salon in Long Beach, Calif., took on the challenge of revamping their business systems using the strategies taught in OPI's business management program, The Edge - Standards & Systems for Success.
February 1, 2000
| Article
According to Kitty Victor, business consultant and co-founder of the Masters audiotape subscription service, you need to offer more than just money to attract and retain the best salon personnel-quality of life and balance are number-one issues.
January 1, 2000
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Shrinkage is the term retailers use to describe missing product inventory. Simple employee error or sticky fingers can be the culprit. We asked the Secrets team for their view on this retailing pitfall in this month's business-building update.
November 1, 1999
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When Nadine Galli, OPI's Southern California Regional Manager, visited Secrets for their monthly status meeting, she walked into a salon that was bustling with clients engaged in a myriad of salon services. The same clients were also leaving the salon having purchased the OPI retail products the salon now sells.
The rumors of an IRS crackdown on salon tip reporting is causing salon owners and nail technicians once again to examine their gratuity policies.
October 1, 1999
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If clients keep pouring money into your salon, but none of it is flowing into your pockets or the salon's coffers, it's time to re-examine your compensation structure. After all, why follow the competition's lead if the road heads toward bankruptcy?
September 1, 1999
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How many times does a great idea come up in a meeting then it never gets carried out? We've found that the monthly status meetings are critical to helping us achieve our goals.
July 1, 1999
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Over luxurious manicures and pedicures we talked about how implementing the concepts of The Edge Program is already having positive effects on the salon's business.
May 1, 1999
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April 1, 1999
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January 1, 1999
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When the time came to expand to a full-service day spa at five times her present rent, salon owner Leslyn Zak wondered if she could make the leap. So she brought in a financial professional to help crunch the numbers and create a winning game plan.
December 1, 1998
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A big negative many nail technicians may fail to consider the difficulty of getting credit or financing from a commercial bank based on your standing as a business owner.
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Event 03/06/2013
Wilmington Match Tour Cancelled For April
TOPEKA, Kan. (March 5, 2013) – The 2nd event on the Tire Rack Solo Match Tour schedule in Wilmington, Ohio, for April 6-7 has been cancelled.
Despite the inclusion on the original 2013 schedule announcement, the Cincinnati Region and the SCCA have not yet received FAA approval for the site at the Wilmington Airport.
The Region will continue to work with the FAA to get approval for the site in time for the Tire Rack Championship Tour event, August 3-4.
The first Tire Rack Match Tour event of the season is the Dixie Match Tour, March 16-17 in Cecil, Georgia.
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This seminar will comprise direct engagement with seminal works of abstract art included in National Gallery collection show (Make It New: Abstract Painting from the National Gallery of Art, 1950-75, at the Clark through Oct.13); regular, close reading of historical, critical, and other expository texts that thematize abstraction; and, a selective probing of alternative or non-canonical contexts in the history of art which have proved congenial to abstract art practice.
Class Format: seminar
Requirements/Evaluation: Full attendance and participation; preparation and presentation of related ancillary materials, possibly more than once; a research paper of 25-30 pp. on a topic developed in consultation with the instructor
Additional Info: may not be taken on a pass/fail basis; not available for the Gaudino option
Additional Info2:
Enrollment Preference:
Department Notes:
Material and Lab Fees:
Distribution Notes:
Divisional Attributes: Division I
Other Attributes:
Enrollment Limit: 12
Expected Enrollment:
Class Number: 1072
|ARTH 562 - 01 (F) SEM Abstraction
|Darby English
|W 10:00 AM-12:40 PM Clark Art Seminar Room


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Accepts Electronic Payments, Emergency Maintenance, Fitness Center, Gated Access, On Site Patrol, Playground, Swimming Pool
15 minutes to downtown, 24-hour maintenance, 8 minutes to sky harbor, Convenient to major shopping, Covered parking, Huge bathrooms, Huge kitchens, Individual Leases, Lots of cabinets, Lush landscaping, Newly remodeled units, On bus line, Private balconies available on select units, Property will be gated soon, Public Transportation, Short Term Available, Trail for: Biking, Hiking, or Jogging, Two community areas with fire pits, Two laundry rooms, Two remodeled swimming pools
Property Details
Welcome to Arcadia on 49th!
From the peaceful courtyards to the beautiful sparkling swimming pools, you'll find easy living at Arcadia on 49th. Arcadia on 49th apartments is convenient to all the fine shops, restaurants, cultural and entertainment activities that make Phoenix one of the country's most popular destinations. New Harkins movie theater and skating rink are close by. Phoenix's central business district is only 15 minutes away on the bus line. Call today to see your new home at Arcadia on 49th.
Leasing Terms
Terms: 8-13 month lease terms
Pet Policy: No Aggressive Breeds. Non-Refundable Pet Fee: $300.
Call for more details
Pet Policy
Pets Accepted. Cats Allowed. Dogs Allowed. Call for service animal policy.
Community Information
190 units
Building Type
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Neighborhood Info
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near Phoenix, 85018Transit
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Office Hours
Monday-Friday: 9:00am-6:00pm
Saturday-Sunday: 10:00am-5:00pm, Stop showing at 4:30
Managed by
Apartment Management Consultants, AMC


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text:
Oak Grove Athletic Association
Park Location:
Optimist Park
345 Hegwood Drive
Hattiesburg, MS 39402
Mailing Address:
P.O. Box 16747
Hattiesburg, MS 39404
Park Contacts:
Contact these people under Board
of Directors on the menu to the left:
For Baseball Questions
Kevin Herring
For Softball Questions
Johnny Perren
For Administrative Questions
Deron Nored
General Info Email:
On possible rain out days, we will try to have a decision made by 4:00pm.
PARK HOURS: For unscheduled practices and unofficial use, the Fields are only to be used during Daylight Hours. Please do not turn on the lights unless it is a scheduled practice or approved by the Board of Directors.
The tryouts for the 14&15 Year Olds will be held on Thursday, April 2nd starting at 6:00pm on Field 2. The make-up tryout and draft will be Saturday, April 4th. If you have not signed up yet, you can still go online and sign up at www.ogaa.net or sign-up at the tryouts.
Due to weather, some players were not able to sell all their tickets. Therefore, the drawing for the 2015 OGAA Raffle has been pushed back to May 1st. If you have sold all your tickets and want more, please see any Board Member. Thanks for all your support for our park.
Oak Grove Athletic Association will be hosting the following Baseball & Softball Tournaments in Spring 2015:
March 28-29, 2015 - Classic at the Grove Ring Tournament
April 18-19, 2015 - April Showdown Ring Tournament
April 25-26, 2015 - King of the Mound Ring Tournament
May 16-17, 2015 - Summer Sizzler Ring Tournament
May 30-31, 2015 - Memorial Day Bash Ring Tournament
June 13-14, 2015 - Girls Softball District Tournament
June 20-21, 2015 - OGAA Commissioner's Cup All Star Warm Up Tournament
June 25-28, 2015 - 8 Year Old Cal Ripken State Tournament
July 16-20, 2015 - 8 Year Old Cal Ripken Regional Tournament
To REGISTER for USSSA tournaments please go to: www.usssa.com
To REGISTER for Cal Ripken tournaments please go to: www.ogaa.net


text:
1 Radio Stations from Knox City
Knox City, TX, United States
Listen to radio stations from Knox City TX, from a wide variety of genres like . Enjoy stations such as KTSX and more. Come find the top new songs, playlists, and music! Listen on your iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, Android, Blackberry, and other app-enabled mobile phones.


text:
Fourth of July Wines
Sasha recommends 3 wines, offers a formula for party wine preparedness, and commits heresy -- all in 90(ish) seconds.Read More »
|Please enter a quantity larger than 0.
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On August 6th, Anchor Bay Films will release J Blakeson's intense new thriller The Disappearance of Alice Creed, which stars Gemma Arterton, Martin Compston, and Eddie Marsan. The brand new domestic trailer for the film has debuted courtesy of Apple's Movie Trailers, and you can check it out below:The Disappearance of Alice Creed.
The Disappearance of Alice Creed was released August 6th, 2010 and stars Gemma Arterton, Martin Compston, Eddie Marsan. The film is directed by J Blakeson.


text:
Dark Souls 2 Opinion (No Spoilers)
By Branwulf 3 Comments
Well I just finished the game, clocked around 40 hours on the character I stuck with and was SL 100 when i beat the last boss, I think the game is largely better than Dark Souls 1 but in some ways worse, I might change my opinion after playing more, I sunk hundreds of hours into the first one after all.
Things I think are better:
- Number of boss battles
- animations and visuals
- less ability to rely on extreme overtanking builds to cheese the game
- replacement for humanity/death mechanics
- World size
- Difficulty, personally I found this game harder than Dark Souls, I know some people think otherwise but trying to play as almost solely dual wielding was challenging.
- Enemy AI, this is leaps and bounds better than the brain dead enemies in Dark Souls
- Multiplayer coop/pvp it seems to work much better and is not a bit more flexible, all round improvement.
- Performance, playing on the Xbox 360 I didn't notice any fps issues like in the original.
Things I think are worse:
- Story (this is subjective and it'll be ages before people piece it together anyway) including the ending.
- World connectivity, what I mean is that the way the world fit together in Dark Souls felt much more natural and well crafted than this game.
- Multiple enemies + bosses in small rooms, the camera wasn't still a piece of shit i'd not have as much complaint here, but some of the encounters while not particularly hard, are frustrating due to the camera.
- Music, the music is in my opinion generally bad, compared to the fantastic Dark Souls soundtrack this was very disappointing.
All in all I think they did a very good job, it's not quite as special as the first one but it isn't a disappointment.


text:
A Mac menubar app to show the song playing and control itunes. (Alternative to TunesBar)
Required OS: 10.5
, control
, menu
, bar
, itunes
Clicking on the version number will show you the version history of the app.
please give us feedback |
Advertising | FAQ.Share
Created by Arne & Marcus.
| Powered by FreeBSD, Postgres & Catalyst.


text:
Adaline Lau | December 21, 2012 | Comments |
Three execs from Accuen, Turn, and Statsit define RTB and explain why it is important for advertisers.
What is real-time bidding (RTB) and why is it important for marketers? We spoke to three execs in the display ad tech space - Mikko Kotila, Statsit CEO, Matt Harty, Accuen GM, and Cindy Deng, Turn MD - and made them define RTB as well as explain why marketers should consider this form of media trading.
Mikko Kotila, CEO at Statsit, uses the analogy of Wall Street's stock exchange to frame the current ad exchange environment.
He also outlines five factors to consider when moving into RTB.
Demand-Side Platform (DSP) vs. Trading Desk: Any Difference?
We posed this question to Matt Harty, general manager from Accuen Asia Pacific. His response in the video interview below:
Cindy Deng, managing director at Turn Asia Pacific, lists the factors to consider when selecting a display ad tech partner with an emphasis on transparency, trust, and tech infrastructure that would support campaign objectives.
Want to learn more?
Attend ClickZ Live New York March 30 - April 1. With over 15 years' experience delivering industry-leading events, ClickZ Live brings together over 60 expert speakers to offer an action-packed, educationally-focused agenda covering all aspects of digital marketing. Register today!
Adaline Lau, ClickZ Asia editor, oversees day-to-day editorial operations covering digital marketing from search to social media, mobile to analytics in the region. Before ClickZ, she was senior reporter at Marketing Magazine and has worked as a journalist for The Singapore Marketer and Asia Pacific Broadcasting. Connect with her @adalinelau or Google+.
Mar 30-Apr 1, 2015
June 23-25, 2015
July 9, 2015
August 10-12, 2015
September 8-10, 2015
Hong Kong, May 5-6, 2015
A Buyer's Guide to Affiliate Management Software
Manage your performance marketing with the right solution. Choose a platform that will mutually empower advertisers and media partners!
Google My Business Listings Demystified
To help brands control how they appear online, Google has developed a new offering: Google My Business Locations. This whitepaper helps marketers understand how to use this powerful new tool.
May 6, 2015
12:00pm ET/9:00am PT


text:
Displaying gems 331 - 360 of 572 in total
zipcode 0.1.0
Creates a Zipcode object class used for validating zipcodes.
1,718 Downloads
zipcodecoords 18.104.22.168
The Zip Code to Coordinates .NET Component enables you to retrieve the global coordinat...
1,572 Downloads
zip-code-info 0.1.1
The data has been collected from wikipedia and stored in a yml file. This gem does not ...
7,989 Downloads
zipcode_ja 0.1.0
ZipcodeJa allows you to convert Japanese zipcode into a region.
3,159 Downloads
zip_code_jp 0.0.3
A Ruby gem for manipulating JP postal codes.
28,624 Downloads
zipcodematch 1.0
A rails plugin for searching and validating hungarian cities and zipcodes.
1,660 Downloads
zip-codes 0.2.0
Simple gem to get city, state, and time zone for a given zip code
2,226 Downloads
zipcodeservices 0.0.5
Ruby Client for zipcodeservices.com. Gives ip address and radius queries. Visit zipco...
2,286 Downloads
zipcodr 0.0.2
A library for looking up zip codes and their associated info.
1,333 Downloads
zip-container 3.0.1
A Ruby library for working with ZIP Container Format files. See http://www.idpf.org/epu...
3,685 Downloads
zip_content_comparator 0.1.0
An utility for comparing content of ZIP files. It does not extract the files anywhere, ...
1,509 Downloads
zip_dsl 1.5.1
Library for working with zip file in DSL-way
15,751 Downloads
zipf 1.2.4
NLP related tools and classes
2,273 Downloads
zipfian 0.0.3
Zipfian distribution
3,431 Downloads
zipfinder 0.0.1
A wrapper for ZipFinder.me Service
3,335 Downloads
zipit 0.3.6
Rake helper for zipping/unzipping project files.
9,570 Downloads
zipkin_query 0.0.4
A Zipkin query client.
910 Downloads
zipkin-query 0.1.0
Client for accessing the Zipkin query service
4,233 Downloads
zipkin-tracer 0.0.1
Adds tracing instrumentation for ruby applications
2,712 Downloads
zipline 0.0.9
this is a giant pile of hax that may let you stream dynamically generated zip files
5,293 Downloads
ziplist 0.0.1
Plugin for integrating a ruby app with ziplist.com
1,195 Downloads
ziplookup 1.0.0
Classes for standardizing addresses via the USPS web site.
1,729 Downloads
zipmark 0.0.1.beta.10
Simple Client Library to connect to the Zipmark API
2,197 Downloads
zip_meta 0.5
A gem that uses data formerly available from CivicSpace Labs (included with this projec...
856 Downloads
zipme-thinking-sphinx 1.3.14
A concise and easy-to-use Ruby library that connects ActiveRecord to the Sphinx search ...
1,746 Downloads
zipper 0.1.5
API Testing Done Right
6,908 Downloads
zipping 0.2.5
This gem is for compressing files as a zip and outputting to a stream (or a stream-like...
2,081 Downloads
zipply 0.0.1
Zipply gives you info about ZIP codes.
1,098 Downloads
zippo 0.2.0
An (almost) pure-ruby Zip library
921 Downloads
zippopotamus 0.0.1
Lookup the city, state, longitude, and latitude for a given country and postal code, or...
173 Downloads


text:
|Movie/TV Board
|Return to Board Menu Bottom
|Page 1 of 230
| Big Brother 15 **SPOILERS**
Posted by HoustonTiger4 on 6/11 at 10:28 amBig Brother 15 starts June 26th.
There is a new LIVE Feed Provider thru CBS, looks to be less expensive $23.99 for whole season and better quality. You can sign up early for discount....or use someone's password if that works. LIVE feeds start today, probably with media day and tour of house, which will leak out I'm sure.
Also Showtime is NOT airing the After Dark show this year. It will be on TVGN - TV Guide Network -and I'm not sure everyone gets that channel. COX in BR its only on regular definition. But they say it will be unedited and LIVE.
Jokers Updates
Hamster Watch
This post was edited on 7/25 at 10:56 pm
Reply Back to Top
Posted by boom roasted on 6/11 at 10:31 am to HoustonTiger4Holy shite. Didn't know they were still making these.
Reply Back to Top
Posted by wish i was tebow on 6/11 at 10:39 am to HoustonTiger4
that sucks
Reply Back to Top
Posted by TigerFanatic99 on 6/11 at 11:21 am to wish i was tebowso excited. This is my trigger that tells me that summer has truly arrived.
Reply Back to Top
Posted by titmouse on 6/11 at 11:52 am to TigerFanatic99No TV guide network on uverse. bummer.
Reply Back to Top
Posted by rollindaddy on 6/11 at 11:54 am to HoustonTiger4damn and i was just fixing to get showtime again for some bbad
Reply Back to Top
Posted by Tha Herg on 6/11 at 12:08 pm to TigerFanatic99
Although this whole no Showetime BBAD is no good.
Reply Back to Top
Posted by Murray on 6/11 at 12:26 pm to HoustonTiger4Is Britney coming back? Please?
Image: http://starcasm.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Britney_Slip_N_Slide-480x338.jpg?ggnoads
Image: http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m74iqvsuOH1rb5swfo1_1280.jpg
Image: http://fabfunny.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/funny-celebrity-pictures-britney-big-brother-12.jpg
Image: http://media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m7qsfiTxQH1qe1zeg.jpg
Image: http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m9mqo56NmN1rf03kio2_250.gif
Reply Back to Top
Posted by HoustonTiger4 on 6/11 at 12:30 pm to MurrayNo Britney is not coming back. I saw on jokers looking for updates she's about 6mo pregnant.
Reply Back to Top
Posted by Murray on 6/11 at 12:31 pm to HoustonTiger4
Well shite. Aside from the eye candy, she was consistently entertaining.
Any rumors on who will return? I'm hoping no "Allstars" but I doubt that'll happen.
Reply Back to Top
Posted by beaver on 6/11 at 12:35 pm to rollindaddyAssuming bbad means breaking bad, idk why you'd need show time to watch breaking bad
Reply Back to Top
Big Brother After Dark
Reply Back to Top
Posted by kballa6 on 6/11 at 12:37 pm to HoustonTiger4A list of rumors so far.
Reply Back to Top
Posted by HoustonTiger4 on 6/11 at 12:38 pm to MurrayI just saw its going to be a longer season. Not sure what that means as far as how many play or if any come back.
I did hear maybe a lesbian couple. A secret family alliance. And age gap may be big, like 60's-20's gap. All rumors. We will see.
I hope all new cast.
If you on twitter this guy know his stuff and will soon reveal spoilers.
Reply Back to Top
Posted by BarbeTiger on 6/11 at 12:40 pm to HoustonTiger4I'm hoping for no vets and no gimmicks
Reply Back to Top
Posted by Murray on 6/11 at 12:42 pm to BarbeTiger
Although production's "interference" has largely yielded positive results for the fans, I would prefer it to be a stone cold old school season with an all new cast.
Reply Back to Top
Posted by kywildcatfanone on 6/11 at 3:27 pm to MurrayHow many of the Hantz clan will participate? I'm so tired of these reality shows running the same people over and over? Hantz family, Boston Rob, etc..
Reply Back to Top
Posted by HoustonTiger4 on 6/11 at 3:35 pm to kywildcatfanone
After last year, my guess is zero.
Reply Back to Top
Posted by Charleaux on 6/11 at 5:21 pm to HoustonTiger4Looking forward to it. Like others have said, hopefully just fresh faces.
Reply Back to Top
Posted by JabarkusRussell on 6/11 at 7:18 pm to HoustonTiger4I worry that having 20 houseguests is going to drastically change the show. Where will they even sleep? With 14, there already weren't enough beds.
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|Return to Board
Page 1 of 230


text:
Carolyn Jean Linton, 76 years old of Jamestown, IN, died Tuesday, June 18, 2013 in Parkwood Health Care.
She was born July 19, 1936 in Pittsboro, IN, daughter of the late Kenneth Randle and Hazel (Coons) Covey.
She was a member of the Pittsboro Baptist Church.
Surviving are daughters, Debbie (Debra) Sue Roetker and Donna Marie Graham (Scott Bundy), sons, Randle Fred Linton and Joseph Ray (Arla) Linton, brother, Donald Covey, sister, Rose Hilderbrand, grandchildren, Sarah Cooke, Jason Graham, Katie Strainer, Jamee Henry, and Joshua Linton, and 8 great-grandchildren.
She was preceded in death by her husband, Raymond Clarence Linton and brother, Keith Covey.
Family and friends will gather Thursday, June 20, 2013, 10:00 a.m.-2:00 p.m. at the Porter Funeral Home, Jamestown, Indiana. Service will follow at 2:00 p.m. with Buddy Blanton officiating. Burial will be at the Old Union Cemetery.
Online condolences may be made at www.porterfuneralhome.us


text:
|Reviews for Haiku's Of A Girl Up Late
| MYTHaphorical chapter 2 . 12/30/2011
This is AMAZING
I want to read more of this
I want more from you
PS: First try at a Haiku. Sorry it sucks, but seriously this is nice.
PSS: sorry I don't have an account here, but I do however have one on


text:
Federal Courts
Appeals court voids gag order in coal executive's trial
Press prevails gets 4th Circuit to toss judge's ban on comments and access to court filings in ex-Massey CEO's prosecution
McDonnell: Wife was on medication
He says his wife Maureen also eventually agreed to undergo mental health counseling.
Fla.'s docs vs. Glocks law upheld
A law restricting what doctors can tell patients about gun ownership was deemed constitutional.
IRS accounts for lost Lerner emails
The agency declares under oath and penalty of perjury that her hard drive is irrecoverable.
Extradition in Fast and Furious case
Jesus Leonel Sanchez-Meza is the second of the suspects to face justice in the U.S.
Federal judge strikes down Virginia same-sex marriage ban
She finds gay-marriage prohibition unconstitutional, but puts ruling on hold pending appeal.
Court: Guantanamo force-feeding likely legal
D.C. Circuit rules, 2-1, that courts have authority to hear detainees' complaints about conditions
9th Circuit to livestream all arguments
The move is a step forward for a court already progressive on the issue of transparency.
Alleged terrorist U.S. seized in Libya brought to New York
Abu Anas Al-Libi moves from military custody to face civilian court indictment in federal court.
Judge rejects challenge to suspect's shipborne detention
New York jurist turns aside complaint that indicted Al Qaeda member seized in Libya hasn't been brought to court
Federal courts to be open next week
Judiciary says it has enough fees and multi-year funds to limp through Thursday and perhaps Friday even if budget standoff continues
Judge won't delay NSA surveillance lawsuit
San Francisco-based jurist turns down Justice Department motion to stay case due to funding standoff
Indictment adds twist to Al-Liby interrogation
Reported detention on ship has parallels to 2011 case, but that suspect faced no criminal charges at the time
Judge orders Guantanamo procedures unsealed
Lamberth says the government failed to offer explanation of harms that would result from disclosure.
87 federal judges write Congress on 'devastating' sequester cuts
87 federal judges warn lawmakers that flat funding has been "devastating" to the nation's courts.
Feds: Iraq jailbreak backs Guantanamo secrecy
Government lawyers say the Abu Ghraib escapes highlight the need to protect procedural information.
Newspaper chain challenges Boston bombing court secrecy
Letter to judge in Tsarnaev case says 'confusing and incomplete' docket is interfering with press coverage
Swartz FOIA documents bottled up
Documents on the late cyberactivist will remain blocked until FOIA case is resolved, a judge says.
Court rejects reporters' privilege
A decision rejects the notion that journalists can't be forced to testify about sources.
Defending Judge Jackson
A court ruling went too far in denouncing the recently deceased judge for his contacts with reporters


text:
Judicial Watch® Because no one is above the law!
Judicial Watch • Checkbook
Amicus Consumers Checkbook v Dhhs
June 17, 2008
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text:
News briefs — Aug. 23
■ Nolan's interactive forum
addresses deficit issue
Rep. Rick Nolan, D-Minn., will host a real time federal budget exercise at a forum set for 6-8 p.m. Sept. 4 at the Central Lakes College cafeteria in Brainerd.
Sara Imhof of the Concord Coalition, a nonpartisan organization advocating generationally responsible fiscal policy, will serve as facilitator.
Get the full story
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You will need your subscription account number and phone number. Not sure if you have an account? Call 218-855-5897 and we can help you.


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The Past, Present, and Future of Forensic Accounting
At one time, the practice of forensic accounting was not recognized as a separate practice area distinct from auditing. Over the decades, the auditing function separated itself from fraud detection. As this occurred, forensic practice began to develop, and fraud investigation and litigation services began to be offered. As forensic practices followed their own separate path, the services provided changed into those of an investigative nature. Today, with the rash of cybercrimes being committed against every business connected to the Internet, the nature of forensic practice is poised to expand into new territory. This article reviews the history of forensic accounting, and makes predictions about what the future holds for this practice area.
Full Story
March 2015 Issue
the Issue
The State of Ethics in Business and
the Accounting Profession
A Basic Field Guide to Fraud
How the Profession Has Evolved, and Where It Is Headed
Guest Editorial: How the Profession Has Evolved, and Where It Is Headed
This Issue | Past
Case Studies in the New Recognition Guidance
For many years,
FASB and the IASB sought to overhaul the guidance on revenue
recognition, replacing industry specific conventions with
a common, universal approach focusing on contractual arrangements.
The result, Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-09, focuses
on the satisfaction of contractual obligations in order
for revenue to be recognized.
New Normal
As CPAs face increased
professional scrutiny in an ever more litigious society,
it has become clear that firms must take a proactive approach
in protecting themselves. Statistics generally suggest that
claims against CPAs have not only risen in number and severity,
but are expanding into uncharted territory as technology
poses new risks for data security.
How to Avoid or Minimize
Fraud Exposures
Fraud cuts a wide swath across businesses and other organizations. The typical organization loses 5% of revenue each year to fraud, according estimates from the most recent Report to the Nations, a survey produced by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE 2014). When
applied to the 2013 estimated gross world product, this revenue
loss translates to a global figure of nearly $3.7 trillion.
The New York State Society of CPAs. Legal