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| Best Modern Rock Vocalist
Posted by Finkle is Einhorn on 1/31 at 7:22 pmI nominate the one and only Mr. Brent Smith
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Posted by 3xlsugrad on 1/31 at 7:30 pm to Finkle is EinhornGeoff Tate
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Posted by Flair Chops on 1/31 at 7:48 pm to Finkle is EinhornScott stapp
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Posted by graychef on 1/31 at 7:59 pm to Finkle is EinhornYeah what's the definition of modern rock?
I'll vote for Myles Kennedy. But he's kinda old.
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Posted by Boudin on 1/31 at 8:06 pm to Finkle is EinhornThere's got to be better than that
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Posted by Finkle is Einhorn on 1/31 at 8:11 pm to G LoveI'd say modern rock is bands/singers that are currently being played on radio and/or putting out new music.
Not has beens that are still touring and putting out new albums but best days are behind them like the stones, ac/dc etc
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Posted by Finkle is Einhorn on 1/31 at 8:12 pm to BoudinLets see who you got
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Posted by Brosef Stalin on 1/31 at 8:17 pm to Finkle is EinhornNone of the modern radio rock singers are very good. A lot of them sound exactly the same. Chris Cornell is way past his prime but still sounds better than all the other radio rock singers.
Bruce Dickinson is still putting out music and is still one of the best rock singers ever.
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Posted by Ray Penpillage on 1/31 at 8:48 pm to Brosef StalinImage: http://userserve-ak.last.fm/serve/_/46285171/Mike+Patton+FAITH+NO+MORE+ALCOHOLIC+2.jpg
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Posted by harmonics on 2/1 at 4:11 am to Finkle is EinhornMyles Kennedy
Image: http://www.alterbridge.it/myles/foto/images/04.jpg
This post was edited on 2/1 at 4:16 am
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|Devin Townsend
Image: https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRfWRc-s3y8firw0eh_Z_XY7-LiOXSqMsHDJCWz_plK7DJQZUOc2w
Darroh Sudderth
Image: http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7110/7666623864_07648c257c_z.jpg
Mikael Akerfeldt
Image: http://www.roadrunnerrecords.co.uk/media/8D2FdB9pYYaYxxno4I5_ip_fiZ-6FgqiSKJ0hKJsFkPjNd4T5C_fCul5m-T9RBS0.jpg
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Posted by simbo on 2/1 at 10:41 am to Finkle is EinhornGlenn Hughes - Black Country Communion
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Posted by Signal Soldier on 2/1 at 11:31 am to Jester
Gotta love the throat singing
Puts on a great live show
I'd say in terms of range/abilities and just a great voice, my faves are...
Sahaj Ticotin
Myles Kennedy
Brandon Boyd
And just because they use to be good....
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Posted by Jester on 2/1 at 11:56 am to Signal Soldier
Jeff Buckley pulled off a similar feat on his cover of Hallelujah. I'm pretty sure his was 23 seconds.
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The Zookeeper's Boy
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Posted by RogerTheShrubber on 2/1 at 1:12 pm to JesterIlike the music of the Textures. Consonant Hemispheres Daniel de Jongh on lead vocals, he has a great voice.
Every vocalist they have had has been stellar though. They are holding auditions for a guitarist presently.
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Posted by SanDiegeauxSteve on 2/1 at 5:19 pm to Finkle is Einhorn
quote:Oh, you mean no really good musicians. Got it.
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Posted by metallica81788 on 2/1 at 6:54 pm to Finkle is EinhornMyles Kennedy
Sahaj from Ra (even though most people don't know about Ra)
I used to say Brent Smith, but Myles and Sahaj are way better than him live.
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Page 1
Diversity of Polychaeta (Annelida) and other worm taxa in mangrove
habitats of Darwin Harbour, northern Australia
K.N. Metcalfea,⁎, C.J. Glasbyb
aSchool of Science, Faculty of Education, Health and Science, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia
bMuseum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, GPO Box 4646, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia
Received 4 October 2006; accepted 5 June 2007
Available online 30 June 2007
In this paper data on the diversity, distribution and abundance of polychaetes and other worm taxa in the mangroves of Darwin
Harbour, northern Australia, are presented and compared with those of other tropical mangrove areas. Aspects of the feeding guild
ecology and the effects of disturbance on mangrove worms are also examined. Data were collected over a period of four years,
across four mangrove assemblages. Samples were obtained using three sampling techniques: 1 m×1 m quadrat searches, epifauna
searches and a new infaunal sampling technique, the anoxic mat. A total of 76 species (68 polychaetes, 1 oligochaete, 1 echiuran, 3
sipunculans, 2 nemerteans, 1 turbellarian) were recorded from the four main mangrove assemblages. Of these, 30 species are
widespread, occurring in mangrove and non-mangrove habitats throughout the Indo-west Pacific. Only seven species (all
polychaetes) appear to be restricted to the mangroves of Darwin Harbour and northern Australia. Polychaetes are predominant,
comprising 80–96% of all worms sampled, with three families—Nereididae, Capitellidae and Spionidae—accounting for 46% of
all species. The highest diversity and abundance was recorded in the soft, unconsolidated substrates of the seaward assemblage,
with diversity and abundance decreasing progressively in the landward assemblages. Most of the worm fauna was infaunal (70%),
but the intensive sampling regime revealed a hitherto unknown significant percentage of epifaunal species (18%) and species
occurring as both infauna and epifauna (12%). Univariate analyses showed annual and seasonal differences in worm species
richness and abundance—presumably associated with the intensity of the monsoon and recruitment success. The worm fauna
differed between mangrove assemblages but the proportion of species in each feeding guild was relatively consistent across the four
assemblages studied. Herbivores were the most species-rich and abundant, followed by carnivores and sub-surface deposit feeders.
Multivariate analyses showed that the species composition of urbanised mangroves differed from that of undisturbed sites, with
surface deposit feeders more numerous in urbanised habitats. Overall, the findings demonstrate a dynamic spatial and temporal
variation in diversity and abundance, and provide insight on the range of microhabitats in which mangrove worms occur and their
response to anthropogenic disturbance.
© 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Polychaete worms; Macrobenthos; Feeding guild; Disturbance; Mangroves; Australia
1. Introduction
Invertebrate fauna surveys conducted by the senior
author in the mangroves of Darwin Harbour, northern
Australia between 2001 and 2005 yielded a considerable
Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 70–82
⁎Corresponding author.
E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (K.N. Metcalfe).
1385-1101/$ - see front matter © 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Page 2
amount of data on the distribution, diversity and
abundance of macro-invertebrates (Metcalfe, 2004,
2005, 2007). Crustaceans, molluscs and worms (mainly
polychaetes) were the most species-rich groups sampled
during these surveys. This study presents the results for
the worm fauna, including diversity, abundance and
distribution, within the four main mangrove assem-
blages (hinterland margin, tidal flat, tidal creek and
seaward). Although worms comprise an ecologically im-
portant element of the macro-invertebrate fauna of
mangroves (e.g. Hutchings and Recher, 1982), they
have been relatively poorly studied or neglected (e.g.
MacIntosh et al., 2002). Previous studies in tropical
Australia include those of Wells (1983), who found 15
and 12 polychaete species (and one flatworm in each) in
Avicennia and Rhizophora assemblages respectively in
North-westCape, WesternAustralia;Hanley(1985), who
listed nine polychaete species from mangroves at several
sites in the Northern Territory; and Dittmann (2001),
who found 19 species of polychaetes and a couple of
oligochaetes at Missionary Bay, north Queensland.
The worm fauna of other tropical Indo-west Pacific
mangroves has been documented in several studies
including Sasekumar (1974), Frith et al. (1976), Kumar
(1995), and Guerreiro et al. (1996). All showed a diverse
e.g. Wells, 1983; Hanley, 1985). Kumar (1995) reported
higher faunal diversity during pre-and post-monsoon
months compared to the monsoon months of June and
July. Frith et al. (1976) found 'a distinct and characteristic
mangrove fauna' dominated by molluscs, crustaceans and
examined the worm fauna of mudflats immediately
adjacent to mangrove areas (e.g. Hsieh, 1995; Dittmann,
2002; López et al., 2002). Although these areas may
support a similar worm fauna, the habitat is sufficiently
different—especially in terms of insolation, exposure to
currents, and degree of inundation—that a comparison of
few studies have attempted to compile the invertebrate
Hutchings and Recher, 1982; Kumar, 2003), but they are
also not comparable with this study because of the
taxonomic inconsistency between source studies.
Polychaetes in general are good subjects for research
ontheimpactsofanthropogenic disturbance(reviewedby
Giangrande et al., 2005), because of their highly diverse
range of feeding and reproductive strategies, which give
them different potentials for responding to disturbance.
and recently examined in the context of environmental
assessment by Pagliosa (2005). This study represents an
opportunity to further examine the relationship between
feeding guild and anthropogenic disturbance, in this case
potential differences between disturbed and undisturbed
mangrove habitats. It is based on two data sets from
Darwin Harbour: a one-year survey in 2001 of three
relatively pristine mangrove sites and four sites affected
directly or indirectly by anthropogenic disturbance
(Metcalfe, 2007); and a three-year study (2003–2005) of
2001 study—which was part of a mangrove monitoring
program examining invertebrate biodiversity (Metcalfe,
2004, 2005). Collectively these data were compared with
specimen records in the database of the Museum and Art
Gallery of the Northern Territory (NTM)—built from
various baseline surveys and environmental assessment
projects—and an annotated list of polychaete and other
worm species was compiled. Where possible, the feeding
guild, ecology and distribution of each species in the
wider context of the tropical Indo-Pacific region were
The specific aims of the study were:
1. To describe the spatial and temporal changes in the
diversity and abundance of worm fauna in mangrove
habitats of Darwin Harbour;
2. To test for the effects of anthropogenic disturbance
on diversity, abundance and trophic composition;
3. To compare the diversity of worm fauna of Darwin
Harbour with that of other tropical mangrove regions
in northern Australia and the wider Indo-Pacific and
assess the level of endemism.
2. Study area
All data were collected within Darwin Harbour,
situated on the north-western coastline of the Northern
Territory between latitudes 12°20′ and 12°40′ S and
longitudes 130°45′ and 131°05′ E. Darwin Harbour is
bounded to the west and east by Charles Point and East
Point, respectively, and contains ∼ 20400 ha of healthy
and relatively intact mangrove and saltflat habitat—
representing one of the largest tracts of mangroves in the
Northern Territory (Fig. 1).
Darwin's climate is tropical, seasonally humid, with
mean annual temperature of 28 °C and 54% relative
humidity. Annual rainfall is ∼ 1713 mm, with wet
summer monsoon and dry winter seasons (Bureau of
Meteorology, 2006). The region is macrotidal, with a
maximum tidal range of 7.8 m and strong bi-directional
tidal velocities. Tides are diurnal (two per day) with a
71K.N. Metcalfe, C.J. Glasby / Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 70–82
Page 3
(Woodroffe, 1995). Despite strong tidal currents, the
Darwin Harbour estuary is relatively poorly flushed
(Williams et al., 2006), which contributes to characteris-
tically high turbidity levels, particularly during the wet
season. Mangrove substrates generally comprise root-
structured and bioturbated mud and muddy sands with
fine-grained, unconsolidated marine muds in the seaward
assemblages (Semeniuk, 1985).
Over 30 species of mangrove are known from the
Darwin area, with 21 shrub and tree species commonly
tively they form dense mangrove forests that comprise a
number of distinct habitats, indicated by a predictable
assemblages are confined to discrete elevation ranges
(Semeniuk, 1985; Woodroffe and Bardsley, 1987;
Metcalfe, 1999). Four of the ten assemblages recognised
in Darwin Harbour (Brocklehurst and Edmeades, 1996)
occupy 88.2% of the total mangrove area (Fig. 2). The
primary factors influencing the distribution and extent of
mangroves in Darwin Harbour (Woodroffe and Bardsley,
At around mean sea level, open woodlands with
Sonneratia alba occur in soft, unconsolidated sub-
strates. Further landward, tall Rhizophora stylosa forests
occur between ∼ 0.5 and 2 m Australian Height Datum
(AHD). These two assemblages occupy the lower
intertidal zone of the mangrove and are largely shaped
by marine processes—including wave action, tidal
currents and two high tides per day. Only 58% of
annual tides exceed 2 m AHD, however, and assem-
blages in the upper intertidal zone are inundated only by
spring tides, for one week of every fortnight (Metcalfe,
1999). The landward assemblages are thus more
influenced by terrestrial rather than marine processes,
including freshwater seepage, seasonal deposition of
sediments and desiccation. Dense, low (2 to 4 m high)
thickets of Ceriops australis occur in this habitat, partly
in response to increasing soil salinities.
3. Methods
3.1. Sampling
Sampling for the 2001 study was conducted at three
undisturbed mangrove sites (E1, E2 and M3) during wet
Fig. 1. Map showing location of Darwin in the Northern Territory, Australia (left) and the distribution of mangroves (shaded in black) within Darwin
Harbour (right). The seven study sites (E1, E2, M1, M3, W1, W2 and W3) and four disturbed sites (BV, DE, DP and DM) are indicated.
72 K.N. Metcalfe, C.J. Glasby / Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 70–82
Page 4
and dry seasons, and at four disturbed mangrove sites
(BV, DE, DP and DM) during the dry season of the same
housing development situated on 103 ha of reclaimed
mangroves (site BV), on bulldozed tracks through
relatively pristine mangroves (site DE), adjacent to the
(site DP), and adjacent to an earthen channel for a prawn
farm in Middle Arm (site DM). Sampling for the three-
year monitoring program (2003–2005) was done at six
sites (W1, W2, W3, E1, M3 and M1) during the wet and
dry seasons (Fig. 1).
At each site, transects traversing each of the four main
assemblages were established from the landward to
tidal flat, tidal creek and seaward (Fig. 2). Transect length
one permanent study plot was established in each
assemblage (Fig. 2). Study plots for the 2001 study
were 50 m×50 m in size and two transects were estab-
lished at each site. For the monitoring study, study plots
were20 m×20m insizeand one transectwas established
per site. In all other respects, the methodology for both
studies was identical.
Worms were sampled from four distinct micro-
habitats: (i) on the mud surface, (ii) within the substrate,
(iii) on the surface of tree trunks, roots and rocks, and
(iv) within rotting logs. Worms in the first two micro-
habitats were considered infauna and those in the latter
two, epifauna. Within each 0.25 ha or 0.04 ha study plot,
three randomly selected sampling stations were located
at which one pitfall trap, one 0.05 m2'anoxic mat' and
one 1m × 1m quadrat were used. The quadrat was placed
number co-ordinates. Active searches of the quadrat and
all surfaces of the tree to a height of 2 m (including roots
and foliage) were conducted and quadrats were also dug
to a depth of ∼ 5–10 cm.
The anoxic mat comprised a plastic disc that tem-
porarily created a localised area of anoxic mud. It was
placed flat on the mud surface, covered with a mound of
mud to maintain anoxic conditions and left for up to
24 h. The following day the mat was peeled back and
specimens collected, by eye, from the mud surface. The
mud beneath the mat was also searched, by digging
with a trowel to a depth of approximately 5 cm. The
technique was very effective at capturing small poly-
chaetes overlooked by other methods, but possibly
under-sampled taxa having a high tolerance of anaerobic
conditions (e.g. some oligochaetes); the effectiveness of
the anoxic mat compared to other benthic sampling
devices is described elsewhere (Metcalfe, 2007). All
specimens sampled were preserved in 70% ethanol, and
lodged with the NTM for identification (references
specimens were registered with the NTM).
3.2. Analyses
Specimens identified to genus or species levels were
included in statistical analyses and species tallies.
Specimens identified only to family (usually because
they were in poor condition) or phylum level (lack of
taxonomic expertise) were omitted from the analyses,
unless they represented the only member of that family,
obtained during all surveys were omitted. Each of the
analysed taxa was assigned to one of 22 feeding guilds
and five trophic categories—herbivore, carnivore, filter
Fig. 2. Permanent study plots were placed within the four assemblages on paired transects from the landward to seaward margin (left). Sampling was
conducted at three randomly placed subplots within each study plot (middle) using quadrats and anoxic mats (right).
73 K.N. Metcalfe, C.J. Glasby / Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 70–82
Page 5
feeder, surface deposit feeder and subsurface deposit
Pagliosa (2005)]—in order to assess trophic character-
istics of the worm fauna.
For the three-year study, species richness and
abundance data were compared between years, seasons,
sites and assemblages using a 4-factor ANOVAwith all
factors fixed. Tests for ANOVA assumptions were run
prior to the analysis, by examination of normal plots of
within-cell residuals and plots of means versus standard
deviations, before and after transformation. Abundance
data was transformed (log10(x+1)) but transformation
was not necessary for species richness data. Analyses
were conducted using either Statistica or the General
Linear Model in Minitab. By convention, significance
levels were set at pb0.05.
All comparisons of disturbed and undisturbed man-
groves were based on the dry season survey of 2001. The
in 2003–2005, as paired transects were sampled at each
location. ANOVA for species richness, abundance and
feeding guild datainvolved 4-factor, nestedanalyseswith
inwhich all factors werefixed excepttransect, which was
random and nested in location and disturbance.
The two data sets from undisturbed sites were
merged for multivariate analyses, to permit examination
of community data spanning four years. Ordination by
non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (nMDS) proce-
dures in PRIMER (Clarke and Warwick, 1994; Clarke
and Gorley, 2001) was used to examine community
patterns in worm diversity and abundance, and for
comparison of disturbed and undisturbed sites. Ordina-
tions were generated using Bray Curtis dissimilarity on
untransformed data after 50 random restarts.
4. Results
A total of 216 records were obtained for worms
during three surveys in 2001 (one wet season, two dry
seasons) and 810 records for the three-year survey of six
sites (three wet and three dry seasons).
4.1. Diversity, distribution and habitat
from mangrove habitats comprising 68 polychaetes,
1 oligochaete (Annelida), 1 echiuran, 3 sipunculans,
naturalsciences/annelids.html). In any one sample,
polychaetes were predominant, comprising 80–96%
of all taxa. Only one species, Mastobranchus sp.,
previously reported from Darwin Harbour mangroves
was not recollected in this study. Seven species appear
and northern Australia – the polynoid Lepidonotus sp.
1, three capitellids (Heteromastus sp. 1, sp. 2 and
Mastobranchus sp.) and three nereidids (Ceratonereis
sp. NTM6742, Namalycastis nicolea and Paraleon-
nates bolus). Thirty-three species occur in mangrove
and non-mangrove habitats throughout the Indo-West
Pacific; the remainder are too poorly known taxonom-
ically for distributions to be analysed.
In terms of microhabitat, the majority of species are
infaunal (70%), but a substantial portion also occurs
as epifauna (18%) and about 12% of species occur
as both (http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/museums/magnt/
Most species avoided the sediment surface, the excep-
tions being the large nereidid Paraleonnates bolus and
the phyllodocid Phyllodoce sp., which mostly was
collected in pitfall traps. Epifaunal species mostly
occurred under the bark of mangrove trees, but also in
fallen timber. Particularly productive microhabitats
were beneath the large flakes of bark on the lower
trunks of Sonneratia alba in the seaward assemblage
and within rotting, burrow-structured roots and limbs
of Rhizophora stylosa in the tidal creek assemblage.
Certain species including Lepidonotus sp. 1, Neanthes
cf. biseriata and Perinereis singaporiensis were almost
exclusively sampled from the trunks of Sonneratia alba.
4.2. Species richness and abundance
Within the mangroves, the overall species richness
and abundance of worms at the six sites sampled during
Table 1
Mean species richness and abundance of worms per m2(±SE) in the
four mangrove assemblages during wet and dry seasons over three
AssemblageDry Season Wet season
Tidal flat
Tidal creek
0.1±0.030.06±0.03 0.1±0.050.13±0.05
Data from 1×1 m quadrats and epifaunal counts were used to calculate
74K.N. Metcalfe, C.J. Glasby / Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 70–82
Page 6
the three-year monitoring program were not significant-
ly different. Also, diversity levels for each of the four
assemblages were reasonably consistent between sites.
However, within each site univariate analysis showed
significant annual and seasonal differences in species
richness and abundance between assemblages. The
seaward assemblage had the highest diversity of
worms, with species richness and abundance decreasing
progressively to landward, with few worms sampled in
the hinterland margin (Table 1; Fig. 3). This distribution
pattern reflects the frequency of tidal inundation and the
suitability of substrates—muds become increasingly
moist and unconsolidated to seaward and the habitat
opportunities for infauna increase.
Significant year×assemblage and season×assem-
blage interactions were also found, indicating distinct
annual differences amongst assemblages and that the
effects of season on diversity are dependent on
assemblage. For instance, species richness is higher in
the seaward assemblages in the dry season, whereas it
decreases in the two landward assemblages in the dry
season (Fig. 4). The mean squares indicated that the
most significant factor determining worm species
richness and abundance was mangrove assemblage.
Overall mean abundance decreased by almost 50% in
the seaward assemblage during the wet (monsoon)
season, when rainfall, erosion and wave action peak. In
contrast, abundance increased in both the tidal flat and
hinterland margin assemblages during the wet season
Fig. 5). Worm abundance varied between years but this
was determined by assemblage, as was the effect of
season. Overall worm abundance showed an apparent
increase from 2001 to 2005 (Fig. 5), a pattern that was
mirrored by other invertebrate groups, e.g. crustaceans
and molluscs (Metcalfe, 2007).
Multivariate analyses showed that mangrove assem-
blage is the primary determinant of species composition.
thepresenceandabundance ofworms(Fig.6).The worm
fauna of the tidal creek assemblage shows similar affinity
between the different locations sampled, but there is also
Fig. 4. Annual (and seasonal) variation in worm species richness (left) and abundance (right) in the four main assemblages. Points are means per
sampling station (±SE); data are pooled over six sites.
Fig. 3. Variation in mean worm species richness (left) and abundance (right) per sampling station (±SE) in the four main mangrove assemblages. Data
are pooled over six sites and three years.
75 K.N. Metcalfe, C.J. Glasby / Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 70–82
Page 7
some overlap with study sites from both other assem-
blages. The tidal flat and hinterland margin assemblages
havea distinctwormfauna,althoughnot asprolificasthe
seaward assemblages (Fig. 6). Typical species in the
hinterland margin and tidal flat are the nereidids Nama-
nereis malaitae and Paraleonnates bolus and Phyllodoce
sp. (Phyllodocidae). The tidal creek and seaward
assemblages are characterised by a greater number of
species including the ampharetid Isolda pulchella, the
lumbrinerid Scoletoma sp. 1, the magelonid Magelona
sp. 1, the nereidids Nereis sp. 1 and Perinereis
singaporiensis, the orbiniid Leitoscoloplos latibranchus
and the polynoid Lepidonotus sp. 1. Only two species—
the nereidid polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis and the
sipunculan Phascolosoma arcuatum—occurred in all
four mangrove assemblages, and both have a widespread
Indo-west Pacific distribution.
of occurrence of worms in different microhabitats—few
infauna in the tidal creek and seaward assemblages.
Typical epifaunal species include the eunicid Nematoner-
eis sp., the nereidids Ceratonereis australis, Neanthes cf.
biseriata, Perinereis singaporiensis, the scaleworm Lepi-
donotus sp. 1, the serpulid Pomatoleios kraussii and a
syllid, Syllis sp. 1. A few infaunal species are also
characteristic of the seaward assemblage including Isolda
pulchella (Ampharetidae), the lumbrinerids Arabelloneris
broomensis and Scoletoma sp. 1, Nephtys mesobranchia
(Nephtyidae) and Nereis sp. 1 (Nereididae).
4.3. Feeding guild
All five trophic categories and 13 of the 22 feeding
guilds were identified among the worm taxa collected in
well represented (http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/museums/
The proportion of worms per feeding guild remained
the exception of the tidal flat (Ceriops australis)
assemblage where subsurface deposit feeders were more
numerous than carnivores and herbivores. Overall,
herbivores were the most numerous, with carnivores,
subsurface deposit feeders and surface deposit feeders
in decreasing order of abundance (Fig. 7). Although
herbivores were treated together in one group in this
analysis, they can be subdivided further into diatom-and
macrophyte-feeders (Fauchald and Jumars, 1979). Prob-
ably the majority of herbivores in this study are of the
former type (i.e., microphagous), and feed not only on
diatoms, but also algae and detritus. Polychaetes are also
potentially capable of breaking down whole mangrove
leaves (e.g. Camilleri, 1992) so it is likely that some
species would also utilise this abundant food source.
Fig. 5. Mean worm abundance (±SE) indicating seasonal and annual variation. Differences in mean abundance in the four assemblages (left) and
during wet and dry season during four years of sampling (right). Points represent mean numbers of worms per sampling station, averaged over three
locations (2001 data) or six locations (2003–2005 data) shown from seaward (left) to landward (right).
Fig. 6. nMDS ordination of 107 study plots surveyed over four years
based on the abundance of 69 polychaete species indicating the
similarity of study plots in different assemblages. Points represent data
pooled for each sampling technique at three replicate sampling stations
per study plot.
76 K.N. Metcalfe, C.J. Glasby / Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 70–82
Page 8
4.4. Fauna of disturbed mangroves
The one-year survey of three undisturbed and four
the worm faunal assemblages in mangroves directly or
indirectly affected by anthropogenic development, with
undisturbed sites. Although mean diversity was lower
and abundance slightly higher in disturbed mangroves,
univariate analyses found no significant differences in
overall mean species richness and abundance between
disturbed and undisturbed mangroves. A significant
disturbance × assemblage interaction for worm abun-
dance indicated that abundance in disturbed and
undisturbed sites differed between assemblages. Mean
worm abundance is apparently higher in disturbed sites
in the tidal creek and to a lesser extent the seaward
assemblage, but is apparently lower than undisturbed
sites in the landward assemblages (Fig. 8).
Multivariate analyses illustratedthattheworm fauna of
urbanised mangroves differs somewhat from that of
undisturbed sites (Fig. 9). Seventeen species, of the total
dry seasons, revealed a wider distribution for many of
those species, including undisturbed sites. Although not
always exclusive to disturbed habitats, the surface deposit
feeders Aphelochaeta sp. 1, Leonnates stephensoni, Sco-
lelepis sp. 1, Terebellides kowinka, and Terebella tanta-
biddycreekensis and the herbivore (detrital) feeder,
Simplisetia cf erythraensis appear characteristic of urba-
nised mangroves.
Fig. 7. Mean abundance of worms in the five main feeding guilds at six sites during 2003–2005. Means per sampling station (±SE) in the four
assemblages are shown from seaward (L) to landward (R).
Fig. 8. Mean abundance of worms (±SE) in disturbed (D) and
undisturbed (U) sites, in the four assemblages. Means are pooled
across three undisturbed and two disturbed sites from one dry season
survey in 2001.
Fig.9. Ordination of 13disturbedand14undisturbedstudyplotsbased
on worm taxon presence/absence. Dry season data from three replicate
sampling stations were pooled for each study plot.
77 K.N. Metcalfe, C.J. Glasby / Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 70–82
Page 9
The abundance of worms in three of the four main
feeding guilds varied little between disturbed and
undisturbed sites (Fig. 10). Univariate analyses found
that the abundance of surface deposit feeders differed
between disturbed and undisturbed sites; this trophic
disturbance × assemblage interaction also indicated that
pronounced in the seaward assemblage (Fig. 10). These
results were, however, based on one dry season survey
during 2001 and further sampling is required to
substantiate these findings.
5. Discussion
5.1. Diversity and abundance
The diverse and extensive mangrove environments
of Darwin Harbour, provide habitat for a surprisingly
rich worm fauna in which polychaetes predominate,
comprising 80–96% of all worms sampled. Three
polychaete families—Nereididae, Capitellidae and
Spionidae—accounted for 46% of all species. The
dominance of these three polychaete families coincides
with the results of other studies of mangrove systems
(Frith et al., 1976; Hutchings and Recher, 1982; Kumar,
1995). The total number of taxa reported in the study
(76 species; 56 genera) is, however, far in excess of any
other mangrove study in the Indo-west Pacific, but this
is likely to be the result of the more extensive sampling
regime over a longer period of time. Studies of one-year
duration or less and those that consider only the infauna
have yielded less than half the number of genera (e.g.
Sasekumar, 1974; Guerreiro et al., 1996; Dittmann,
2001). Multi-year studies, therefore, are more likely to
sample short-lived species (one year or less), which may
be absent altogether in years following poor recruitment.
The four-year period of this study was sufficient in
duration to sample almost all of the polychaete species
currently known from Darwin Harbour mangroves,
based on literature records and polychaete specimen
records (spanning over 30 years) in the database of
NTM. The only species known to occur in Darwin
Harbour mangroves but not sampled in this study is the
capitellid, Mastobranchus sp., which was also reported
by Hanley (1985) as Heteromastus sp. A; it may have a
specialised habitat (tailings of mud lobster burrows).
Of the other worm taxa recorded in this study,
nemerteans were also abundant (8.5% of all records) but
the taxonomy of this group is poorly known and apart
from the large, rarely encountered Cerebratulus species
of the seaward zones, other species could not be
identified. Sipuncula were also abundant (6.5% of all
records) with most belonging to the widely distributed
Indo-west Pacific estuarine species, Phascolosoma
arcuatum; two other, possibly undescribed, species
were also found in the tidal creek zone.
The spatial patterns in diversity and abundance were
remarkably consistent between locations in Darwin
Harbour such that the species richness and abundance
Fig. 10. Mean abundance of worms in the four main feeding guilds in disturbed (D) and undisturbed (U) mangroves (left). Means represent average
abundance per sampling station, pooledacross 78 disturbed and 72 undisturbed replicates. Mean abundance of surface deposit feeders (±SE)indisturbed
(D) and undisturbed sites (U) in the four assemblages (right). Means are pooled for two disturbed (BV, DP) and two undisturbed sites (E2 , M3).
78 K.N. Metcalfe, C.J. Glasby / Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 70–82
Page 10
predictable—with highest diversity and abundance in the
seaward mangrove assemblage, decreasing progressively
to landward, with few worms sampled in the hinterland
margin. This distribution pattern presumably reflects the
frequency of tidal inundation and the suitability of
substrates—muds become increasingly moist and uncon-
solidated to seaward and the habitat opportunities for
epifauna increase. In addition, frequency of tidal
inundation directly influences recruitment such that the
more frequently inundated seaward zones have a greater
potential to receive larvae, and for larvae to survive. For
example, species occurring in the tidal creek assemblage
(∼ 1 m AHD) are inundated by 93% of annual tides,
(N 2 m AHD) are only bathed by 58% of tides. High dry
conditions which further add to the harshness of the mid-
during the wet season moderate the harsh environmental
conditions in the tidal flat and the hinterland margin,
which may contribute to the higher diversity and
abundance observed in landward zones during the wet
season. Desiccation and high salinity are likely to be
important factors limiting worm populations in these
On the contrary, the levels of diversity in the seaward
assemblages decreased during the wet season. Mon-
soonal conditions during the wet season generate swell
and wave action, typically leading to erosion of surface
sediment in the seaward assemblages during this period
(K. Metcalfe, pers. obs.). Monsoonal conditions may
drastically alter sediment characteristics, such as particle
size and can exert a strong seasonal impact on the
macrobenthos (Alongi and Sasekumar, 1992), especial-
ly polychaetous worms (Sarkar et al., 2005). Kumar
(1995) also reported lessened faunal diversity during the
monsoonal period in the mangroves of Cochin, India.
Polychaetes may be seriously affected by erosion and
reduced salinity (Kurian, 1984), while other phyla are
not (Nandi and Choudhury, 1983 as cited in Alongi and
Sasekumar (1992)). Recent research in north Queens-
land indicates that during intense, short-term freshwater
inundations, the majority of benthic species in mudflats
just seaward of mangroves are lost and do not return; a
small remnant fauna remains—comprising euryhaline
'resident' species—which slowly recover to pre-distur-
bance levels (J. Sheaves, pers. comm., 2006).
The gradual increase in diversity and abundance
observed during 2001 to 2005 may be a response to the
season of 2003–2004 had an above average rainfall and
2001 values were, however, even lower than 2003.
Nevertheless, the observed increase may represent
gradual recovery of invertebrate populations during
years in which the monsoon was more moderate. It is
unlikely, given the methodological consistency that the
increase is due to an artefact of sampling or improved
discrimination in the field or laboratory. Determination of
the factors influencing worm populations is, however,
beyond the scope of this project. Forthcoming surveys
may provide further insight into the long-term patterns in
diversity and abundance of mangrove worms.
The higher number of subsurface deposit feeders in
the tidal flat may be associated with the number of mud
lobster mounds, which provide excellent habitat (soft,
reworked mud) for worms. The capitellids – Hetero-
mastus sp. 1, Mediomastus sp. 1 and Notomastus sp. –
appear to be the main taxa responsible for this pattern.
The higher number of surface deposit feeders in
disturbed sites is the only significant difference detected
between disturbed and undisturbed mangroves, but it
was only based on one year's sampling and therefore
requires corroboration. If supported, it suggests that a
shift in polychaete trophic assemblages, such as the
sudden dominance of surface deposit feeders, could be a
good indicator of disturbance, such as increased
5.2. Effect of anthropogenic disturbance
Probably the most significant type of anthropogenic
disturbance to the mangroves of Darwin Harbour is
associated with urbanisation. Urbanisation can affect
sediment properties when runoff, currents, tidal flow
and the ability of mangrove trees to capture sediments
are altered (Kaly et al., 1997). By contrast, organic
enrichment associated with pollution is anticipated to be
relatively minor, if present, at the disturbed study sites in
Darwin Harbour. Sediment properties are a primary
factor determining polychaete populations, especially
grain size (Alongi, 1987; Pagliosa, 2005; Sarkar et al.,
2005) and silt and clay content (Hsieh, 1995). Increased
populations of polychaetes at several sites and increases
in the abundance of surface deposit feeders may have
been related to changes in the sediment.
Thefindings ofthisstudyinrelationtoanthropogenic
disturbance need to be interpreted with caution,
however, as the work did not document the direct res-
ponse of the worm fauna to disturbance. The faunal
differences observed in disturbed sites may, to some
extent, also be due to intrinsic environmental differences
between sites. Substrates at the port site, for example,
79K.N. Metcalfe, C.J. Glasby / Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 70–82
Page 11
may naturally have been more sandy, gravely or rocky
than at the undisturbed sites studied—with a specialised
worm fauna that reflected this. Pre-disturbance surveys
these studies have provided valuable baseline informa-
tion and further research on the response of mangrove
polychaetes to anthropogenic disturbance is seen as a
priority for environmental assessment and management
of mangrove communities in Darwin Harbour. The
preliminary results obtained here suggest that of all the
invertebrate groups studied in mangrove environments,
polychaetes may be the most useful as key indicators of
anthropogenic disturbances.
5.3. Mangrove worms: characteristic or specialised
Hutchings and Recher (1982: p. 102) point out that
'Relatively few animals are restricted to mangroves or
show specific adaptations to the mangrove environ-
ment.' This appears to be the case for the majority of
species encountered in this study. Of the 76 worm
species reported in this study from Darwin Harbour
mangroves, only seven (∼10%) may be restricted to this
environment. The remainder that are well enough
known (at least 33 species) are also present on adjacent
mudflats and channels, and other intertidal non-
mangrove shallow coastal habitats in northern Australia.
Several species including the polychaetes Marphysa
mossambica, Dendronereides heteropoda, Namalycas-
tis abiuma, Perinereis aibuhitensis, Simplisetia cf ery-
thraensis, and the sipunculan, Phascolosoma arcuatum
have been reported from other mangrove areas in
northern Australia and the Indo-west Pacific and are
characteristic members of the Indo-west Pacific man-
grove fauna.
No previous study has identified an endemic or spe-
cialised mangrove worm fauna, perhaps because the
knowledge of polychaetes and other worms (especially
of the tropics) is not mature enough to know with any
degree of confidence the taxonomic limits and distribu-
tions of each species. This is also true of the seven
species identified here as possible endemics (http://www.
naturalsciences/annelids.html). Of these seven species,
the three most likely to be endemics are: Mastobranchus
sp., which appears to be confined to the mounds of the
mud-lobster Thalassina squamifera. This species was not
collected in the present study, possibly because Thalas-
sina mounds were rarely sampled in the sampling
strategy, which placed 1 m×1 m quadrats against
randomly selected trees. It was one of only two species
found by Hanley(1985)tobe exclusively associated with
Thalassina mounds; the other one Neanthes sp. B
(=Perinereis aibuhitensis) was found here to occur more
widelyacross all mangrove assemblages bothas epifauna
and infauna. Another nereidid, the epifaunal Namaly-
castis nicoleae, is mainly found under the bark of Son-
is only known from Darwin Harbour mangroves and a
drainage channel of reclaimed mangroves near Brisbane
1 also appears to be restricted to Darwin Harbour
mangroves. The occurrence of endemic polychaetes in
spatial extent, floristic diversity and the habitat complex-
known from other animal groups occurring in tropical
mangroves (Hutchings and Recher, 1982: p.102).
At the generic level, a similar suite of 'characteristic'
worm taxa exists. Polychaete genera common to both
Darwin Harbour mangroves and the mangroves of other
Indo-west Pacific mangroves include, the ampharetid
Amphicteis, the nereidids Composetia, Dendroner-
eides, Dendronereis, Neanthes, Nereis, Perinereis and
Simplisetia, the onuphid Diopatra, the maldanid Eu-
clymene, the glycerid, Glycera, the capitellids Hetero-
mastus and Mediomastus, the polynoid Lepidonotus,
the eunicid Marphysa, the phyllodocid Phyllodoce, the
lumbrinerid Scoletoma, the spionids Polydora, Prio-
nospio and the orbiniid, Scoloplos. The only non-
polychaete worm so far reported from more than one
Indo-Pacific mangrove area is the sipunculan, Phasco-
losoma, which is a genus typical of Indo-west Pacific
hard substrates (Cutler and Cutler, 1990). Most of these
are species-rich genera whose members occupy a wide
variety of habitats globally. Thus, while these genera can
be considered characteristic of mangroves, they are not
mangrove specialists. The high number of genera (56) in
Darwin Harbour mangroves that have not been
previously reported from other Indo-west Pacific
mangroves probably reflects the poor state of taxonomic
knowledge of polychaetes, particularly in the tropics.
6. Conclusions
1. The diverse mangrove worm fauna of Darwin
Harbour is dominated by polychaetes, especially
Nereididae, Capitellidae and Spionidae.
2. The majority of species, and many genera, are
characteristic of mangrove areas across the Indo-
Pacific; only about 10% of species may be endemic
to the mangroves of northern Australia, but further
studies are required to test this hypothesis.
80K.N. Metcalfe, C.J. Glasby / Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 70–82
Page 12
3. The distribution and abundance of species in Darwin
years and seasons) and space (between mangrove
to site, however, with a reasonably predictable suite of
species occurring at particular tidal elevations.
4. The microhabitats from which worms were sampled
differed markedly from the seaward assemblages.
5. Theseasonalpattern ofincreaseddryseasondiversity
and abundance to seaward is reversed to landward,
where it declined in response to desiccation.
6. A different species and trophic composition between
disturbed and undisturbed mangroves is also sug-
gested by the data.
7. Herbivores are the most abundant trophic group
are relatively more common.
We thank Julie Crawford and Joe Darcy for field
assistance, Keith McGuinness and Tim Glasby for
comments on the manuscript and Joe Lee for the
invitation to present the paper at the Second Interna-
tional Mangrove Macrobenthos Meeting, Coolangatta,
25–30 June 2006. In particular, we acknowledge the
proponents of the mangrove monitoring program for
permission to publish these valuable baseline data. This
work was undertaken with support from an Australian
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82 K.N. Metcalfe, C.J. Glasby / Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 70–82


text:
â Co-producing with KISSâs Paul Stanley, Collins is able to get the warm sound of analog tape while not having to sacrifice any of the convenience of digital recording, thanks to CLASP® â
NASHVILLE, TN, June 21, 2011 â Engineer/producer Greg Collins, known for his work with No Doubt, U2, Matchbox Twenty, and dozens of other top acts, was looking for ways to evolve the sound he and rock legends KISS had achieved on their first collaboration, 2009âs Sonic Boom, as the band records their new upcoming LP. Sonic Boom was recorded on analog tape and edited in Pro Tools, but the two processes were separate from each other, necessitating frequent extended pauses in recording for tape transfers. The recording of the new LP, on the other hand, makes good use of Endless Analogâs CLASP® (Closed Loop Analog Signal Processor) system, which uniquely integrates analog tape machines into the digital audio production workflow. With CLASP, Collins and the band can use analog tape while tracking to Pro Tools in real time, opening up the sonic space of tape to the convenient editing capabilities of the digital recording workspace.
Collins recalls, âI first heard about CLASP through an engineer friend of mine named Ryan Boesch, and then again from Dave Cobb, who was using the box with The Secret Sisters. People were talking about CLASP, and I wanted to check it out. I went to Endless Analogâs web site and saw Bryan Lenox giving a pretty thorough description, and this was right around the time we were making plans for the new KISS album, and I knew it would be the perfect opportunity for me to put CLASP to good use. We had done a majority recording for Sonic Boom using tape, and we loved the sound, but punch-ins were challenging at times, and getting the tracks into Pro Tools for editing took a lot of time. But mainly, we enjoyed the process of using tape, and everyone enjoys the convenience that digital recording offers. If there had been a way with that first record to get the best of both worlds at the same time, we would have done it. And now there is that reality [with CLASP], so we had to give it a try. I sat down with Paul Stanley, who is once again producing, while I am co-producing, engineering and mixing. Paul really knows his way around a studio, but he lets me manage the gear side of things. He gave the go-ahead to use CLASP, so we went for it.â?
Once they acquired CLASP, Endless Analog President/Founder and CLASP inventor Christopher Estes made a personal visit. Collins continues, âI got in touch with Chris, and he was good enough to come out and set us up on the first day in the studio, and he stuck with us through the first few days of tracking to make sure that it was all going smoothly, which it did. And it was such a good experience. For me, the tape sound, for a hard rock band, is the ideal sound. It deals with the transients in a way thatâs really nice and easy on the ears. Drums for instance â it keeps them sounding punchy and powerful, but not âpainful,â like you might associate with a digitally recorded drum sound. Tape is an important part of the right sound, and CLASP makes it possible to not have to sacrifice any of the perks of digital.â?
Collins is fond of several things that CLASP makes possible. âFor me, maybe the most beneficial thing about CLASP was that it allowed me to easily A-B different sounds â monitoring the sounds pre-CLASP, or through CLASP with different tape speeds and other factors like EQ alignment curve. When it is that easy to compare different sounds, it gives you all sorts of opportunities to mold the sound the way you want it, before it gets recorded. In that situation, it is not a big challenge to hear what works best at which tape speed. We used some 30 ips and some 15 ips â and of course, mixing those different tape speeds wouldnât be possible without CLASP. It allows you to go back to adjusting the sound for tape, like the old days, but now youâre implementing tape in a more deliberate way â there doesnât have to be any guess-work. And aside from all that, it made doing punch-ins on guitar and bass completely non-destructive, just as it would be with a regular Pro Tools session, only weâre hitting tape in the process.â?
Commenting on the use of CLASP during the KISS sessions, Paul Stanley stated, âCLASP allows us to go âback to analogâ for all the warmth and classic sonic characteristics but with all the convenience and advantages of Pro Tools. It's a no brainer and you just can't lose with CLASP. I'm a believer."
Collins also recalls how nice it was to keep things moving. âThere was zero downtime needed for transferring the tracks into Pro Tools. The band is so tight and well-rehearsed, and itâs so great to just start a session and knock out a song in two or three takes. A few punch-ins and the track is pretty much there. Itâs so efficient; it just keeps the creativity and performance going. And the band loves the sound. Honestly, every time the guys walked in the control room for playback, everybody was so impressed â they said, âIt sounds even better than last time, and we loved what it sounded like last time.ââ?
Visit www.endlessanalog.com for more information.
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text:
|Our best photoshoot
|Get to COSMODE with this photo.
More look on cosplayer page.
Feature friday #4Hi everyone,Feature friday #4 by Cosplay-Station
It's time to show you all the picture that we moved into the featured folder the past two weeks! Go show all these great cosplayers some love!
London Roofs Lara Croft by rsiphotographyThe Amazing Spider-Man by mariesturgesFuture Foundation Spider-Man by mariesturgesAttack on Titan Mikasa Ackerman Cosplay by FantalusyAvatar Kyoshi by TorremitsuLiliana Vess by SogoroDragon Age: Inquisition - Cole by love-squadTwi'leks 2 by CLeigh-CosplayX- Steam ( Novegro 2015) by EvejoDark Jupiter by VaishravanaFSN - Unlimited Blade Works by maocosplay
And those are all our features for this week! We'll be back next friday with the pictures we will be moving into the featured folder this week.
Have a great day everyone!
ThePartyvengers Founders of Cosplay Station
Cosplay by Vesta777Â (Facebook.com/vestacosplay)
Photo & Retouch by andrewhitc (fb.com/r2d2studio)
Photographer from Moscow.
Specialize on post-retouch in Photoshop.
Currently working on making my self photo studio.
For all questions contact to me+)
== Ask me anything formspring.me/andrewhitc ==
I'm on facebook
my twitter twitter.com/andrewhitc
Current Residence: Moscow
deviantWEAR sizing preference: M
Print preference: 20x30
Favourite genre of music: All type of Rock
Favourite photographer: Helmut Newton, Sergey Romanov, Andrey Razoomovskiy, Pavel Kiselev,
Favourite style of art: Glamour, Nude
Operating System: MacOS X
MP3 player of choice: Iphone
Favourite cartoon character: IronMan


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text:
Matthew G. Nelson | May 21, 2007 | Comments
The lead generation firm confirms it has received a letter from the FTC for possible CAN-SPAM act infringement.
Lead generation firm ValueClick has confirmed that the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has notified the company it is being investigated for possible CAN-SPAM act violations concerning its lead generation practices.
The company made the announcement through a Form 8-K filing with the Security Exchange Commission and said it would comply with any government investigation of its practices.
"We continue to believe that we are compliant with all current state and federal regulations pertaining to our lead generation activities, and we intend to fully cooperate with the FTC in connection with their inquiry," John Ardis, vice president, corporate strategy for ValueClick, told ClickZ in an e-mail.
ValueClick also stated the investigation revolves around Web sites which promise consumers a free gift of substantial value, and how traffic is directed to those Web sites, particularly through e-mail.
The FTC confirmed the investigation into ValueClick, but a spokesperson declined to discuss the matter further.
Lead generation experts are predicting that ValueClick is most likely following the letter of the law regarding CAN-SPAM, but that the investigation into the company, and possibly other companies as well, is indicative of the industry's inability to successfully regulate itself to the satisfaction of end users.
"The online lead generation space has been watching itself, with people trying to find where users won't have too much backlash, basically making their own rules as long as they weren't breaking the law," said Daniel Felter, CEO of Opt-Intelligence, chairman of Online Lead Generation Association, and a ClickZ columnist. "And this might mean the government is coming down and saying [you] have the opportunity to do things right and you abused your leeway, and now we're going to tell you the way it's going to be and we're going to protect the consumers."
Some groups have called on the FTC to take action regarding lead generation practices before, and Felter said that in the end legislation may be unavoidable.
"We don't have the enforcement power; only the government does," said Felter. "We'd rather see the industry self-regulate, but we definitely applaud the enforcement action. Any enforcement by the government that will benefit consumers and the industry as a whole, we applaud that as an organization."
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text:
Experience the sites and sounds of the jungle as you journey through the rainforests of the world. Learn about pollination, propagation and photosynthesis and meet diverse creatures that inhabit these regions.
Publisher: New York : DK, p2009, c1994
Edition: Full screen presentation
Branch Call Number: DVD j 577.34 JUNGLE
Characteristics: 1 videodisc (ca. 35 min.) :,sd., col. ;,4 3/4 in
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Carey Mulligan is off the market!
The "Shame" beauty married singer Marcus Mumford (of Mumford & Sons fame) on Saturday, according to Us Weekly.
The nuptials took place on a farm in Somerset, England while roughly 100 guests looked on, the mag reported.
Among the celebrity guests reportedly in attendance were Sienna Miller, Jake Gyllenhaal and Oscar-winner Colin Firth.
Carey, 26, and Marcus, 25, became engaged last August after dating for five months.
The newlyweds initially met at a Mumford & Sons concert in Nashville, Tenn., where the "Drive" star was in attendance with pal Jake Gyllenhaal.
In addition to Carey's latest role as a wife, she'll next be seen on the big screen as the iconic Daisy Buchanan, alongside Leonardo DiCaprio, Isla Fisher and Joel Edgerton, in Baz Luhrmann's film adaptation of "The Great Gatsby" - set to hit theaters on Christmas Day.
Copyright 2012 by NBC Universal, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
- Arts & Entertainment
- People


text:
Create a no-carve pretty pumpkin
Check out unique ideas to create a festive fall pumpkin without using any knives.
Check out unique ideas to create a festive fall pumpkin without using any knives.
The Local at The Local Epicurean offers customers an option to dine in a historic downtown building.
Deathsquad will perform their Uncensored Comedy Show at Dr. Grins Comedy Club at the B.O.B.
Classes have resumed at Hastings Middle School after students were forced to evacuate Wednesday afternoon.
Grand Rapids band "The 6 Pak" reunites for a special nostalgic appearance at the Polish Falcons Hall.
The second annual Wine and Wig event will benefit the Baxter Community Center.
Health officials are alerting airline passengers who were on the same flight as a Texas nurse who was diagnosed with Ebola the next day.
A 59-year-old man is facing charges after police say he attempted to kidnap a child at a bus stop in Kalamazoo.
Facebook and Apple will now give up to $20,000 in benefits to help employees pay for infertility treatments, sperm donors and even to freeze…
Emergency crews had to extricate a person from a car following a two-vehicle crash Wednesday morning.
Car crashes have been the leading cause of death for teens for more than 30 years.
A man is recovering in the hospital after he ran his car off a road in Caledonia.
A second health care worker at a Dallas hospital who provided care for the first Ebola patient diagnosed in the U.S. has tested positive for…
It's week eight of the Football Frenzy, and our crews spread out all over West Michigan to bring you coverage of 19 games.
A woman accused of causing a wrong-way crash on I-96 near Grand Rapids that killed a man was formally charged.
Authorities believe the same woman stole men's razors from stores in two counties.


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Video data from DailyMotion.com.
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text:
Un intimo oceanfront resort proprietà di lusso con 10 camere, 2 piscine, impianto termale completo, jaccuzzi spaziosi bagni e accesso ai 5 corsi di golf di classe mondiale. L'orchidea bianca... una romantica fuga. "Eleganza, spazio e attenzione ai dettagli rendono un'uno-di-un-tipo romantica evasione sulla spiaggia. L'orchidea bianca è meravigliosa". Più Of The Best Romantic escape In Florida. "Questa locanda di fronte all'oceano offre comfort di là del suo sogni" Florida Living Magazine.
Valore della struttura
55 Recensioni
5 su marzo 14, 2015
The perfect retreat to get away and reconnect. We came for my birthday and are returning for our anniversary.
4,8 su marzo 01, 2015
First came to White Orchid five years ago for my daughter's 40th birthday. It keeps drawing me back. Everyone I have introduced it to loves the place!
4,4 su marzo 01, 2015
My wife and stayed during Valentine's Day - I booked the room on line, so really didn't know what to expect. We were pleasantly surprised with this European style boutique spa and B&B... We chose the "Room With It All,"- it had a view of the Ocean from a small balcony, across A1A, ( although the weather didn't cooperate), a corner jetted tub, a large shower, and a King bed... We ordered the Romantic Package, which consisted of champagne, chocolate covered strawberries and rose pedals placed around the tub... We also had a couple's massage and a fine breakfast during our stay, ( lunch and dinner can be had at many recommended nearby restaurants). The staff was great and the surroundings enjoyable. This is a hidden jewel along Florida's northeast coast, and I highly recommend the White Orchid.
4,4 su febbraio 28, 2015
this is very nice place for vacation. Si vas para San AGustin , te puedes quedar en este lugar, es solo media hora por la costa, nos encantó. Te hacen un desayuno rico, todo es home made, nosotros volvemos!¿¿
4,8 su febbraio 24, 2015
My wife and I stayed in the Serenity Room. From the initial check in & throughout our stay the staff was excellent. From the mineral pool, to the bikes to tour around on, our overall stay was very pleasant. We would highly recommend this Bed & Breakfast to anyone staying in the area. We will be back !!
4,6 su febbraio 23, 2015
The inn is lovely. Loved the view from my room. Staff was extremely helpful. Definitely would stay again.
4,8 su febbraio 05, 2015
We only stayed for two days but we will be back. Great atmosphere! We feel like we found a secret spot. Very enjoyable all the way around. Location was good, the spa was so gracious and accommodating. Everyone was friendly. Easy to decompress and just be!!! Thank you!
5 su gennaio 29, 2015
Fantastic place to stay in Florida, already planning our next trip back. Outstanding customer service, amazing views, comfortable room, excellent spa services. Wouldn't change a thing!
4,8 su gennaio 12, 2015
This was our 4th visit to the Inn and as usual,it was perfect! Previously we had stayed for just one night.Over the Christmas weekend this year,we stayed for 3 nights and really enjoyed the use of the beach cruisers,the room with a direct view of the ocean, the spa(best massages), and the delicious cooked to order breakfasts The rooms are spotless,the sheets are soft,the staff is friendly and knowledgeable about the area.
3,6 su dicembre 05, 2014
Great location. Balcony suite had a gorgeous view! For the price of the rooms, some necessary repairs could be made to the property. Popcorn on the ceiling coming loose and falling on bed and floor, plumbing issues etc.
Risposta del proprietario
We apologize for the popcorn ceiling which does occasionally flake off due to humidity when guest leave the sliding glass doors open to enjoy the ocean breeze. The plumbing issues are not specified in the review. The only issue we are aware of is the toilet is prone to run. It seems to be a design problem as numerous attempts to fix it have been unsuccessful. However just returning the handle to the horizontal postion corrects the issue. Most guests love this room as you will read in subsequent reviews in spite of these minor issues.
Inns largest Jacuzzi bath, most private location, patio adjacent to heated mineral pool, king bed. Full breakfast, afternoon wine and appetizer included.
Large Jacuzzi bath in your bedroom, beautiful glass block shower, covered lanai overlooking pools and garden, and a king size bed.Full breakfast, afternoon wine and appetizer included.
Oceanfront picture window, beautiful bath with large Jacuzzi and a queen bed. Full breakfast, afternoon wine and appetizer included.
French door out to 2nd story veranda with ocean, pools and garden view, full sofa, table and chairs, queen bed. Full breakfast, afternoon wine and appetizer included.
Private balcony, gorgeous ocean views, Jacuzzi for two, king bed, poolside veranda. Full breakfast, afternoon wine and appetizer included.
Oceanfront room with a private balcony, large Jacuzzi Bath, King poster bed and sitting room. Full breakfast, afternoon wine and appetizer included.
Picturesque view of ocean and pier from glass corner room, French doors out to 2nd story verdana with ocean, pools and garden view, queen bed. Full breakfast, afternoon wine and appetizer included.
Private patio, adjacent to heated mineral pool, walk in sky lit shower and queen bed. Full breakfast, afternoon wine and appetizer included.
Large Jacuzzi bath in your bedroom, beautiful glass block shower, covered lanai overlooking pools and garden, and a king size bed. Full breakfast, afternoon wine and appetizer included.
Sitting room with ocean view, deco bath with large Jacuzzi, separate bedroom with queen bed. Full breakfast, afternoon wine and appetizer included.
Fronte oceano, Vista Mare, Villaggi
Orlando, FL (MCO)
Dai-95, prendere Flagler Beach Exit 91, accendere est route 10 A1A, quindi A1A sud a 11th St.
Parco divertimenti, Shopping Antiquariato, Acquari, Gallerie d'arte, Spiaggia, Cene da gourmet, Interessi Storici, Lago, Musica dal vivo, Cinema, Musei, Parchi Nazionali/Statali, Zona Naturale, Oceano, Punti vendita, Teatro, Area Picnic, Servizi religiosi, Rovine, Azienda vinicola
Camino , Swimming Pool, Full Service Spa, Warm Mineral Pool
Aria condizionata, Sveglia , Accappatoi, Ventilatori, Attrezzature per Caffè/Tè, Frigorifero, Asciugacapelli, Jacuzzi, Accesso a internet , TV via cavo/satellite, TV, Telefono, Wi-Fi
Bici, Nautica, Canottaggio, Pesca, Golf, Escursioni, Cavallo, Kayak, Regate, Shopping, Scenari, Nuoto, Piscina , Campi da tennis, Sport acquatici
Bob & Karen Iaccarino
Tariffa standard:
$387 now
(21% Risparmi:)
Stay 2 nights receive $50 in spa treatments for free, stay 3 nights receive $80 spa treatments free.
termina Mercoledì


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Home » Search Results » The Great Escape Water Park - Booking Office
The Great Escape Water Park - Booking Office Sativali
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7507778271, 7507778274, 7507778273, 7507778272
Arihant Complex, Western Express Highway, Sativali, Thane - 401208
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