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A method for distinguishing a normal cell from an abnormal cell, such as, for example a cancer cell or diseased cell, of the same tissue type using mitochondrial correlation microscopy.
1. A method for detecting an abnormal cell, comprising:
directing light onto a cell using an imaging microscope;
generating a pixelated image of the cell using interacted light, wherein the pixelated image contains optical information about a mitochondrial network of the cell;
generating a Fourier transform of the pixelated image to form a Fourier transform image of the cell; and
analyzing at least one of an abruptness of transition from a central zone to a halo zone of the Fourier transform image and a line profile of a segment of an autocorrelation image generated using the Fourier transform image to determine whether the cell is abnormal.
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This application claims priority benefit from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/761,593, filed on Jan. 23, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC04-94AL85000 with Sandia Corporation.
Currently pathologists rely on labor-intensive microscopic examination of tumor cells using staining techniques originally devised in the 1880's that depend heavily on specimen preparation and that can give false readings. An alternative method is highly desirable. A cellular component that can be potentially useful in diagnosing cellular condition is the mitochondrion. Mitochondria play important roles in cellular energy metabolism, free radical generation, and apoptosis. They have been shown to be the primary light-scattering centers for wide-angle scattering and they determine the light-penetration properties of tissues (J. R. Mourant et al., �Mechanisms of light scattering from biological cells relevant to noninvasive optical-tissue diagnostics,� Appl. Optics Vol 37 (1998) pp. 3586-93). Differences in mitochondria in normal and cancer cells of the same tissue type are manifest in the scattering behavior of the mitochondria.
Mitochondria are most commonly observed in fixed tissue samples as oval particles of 1 to 2 micrometer in length and 0.5 to 1 micrometer in width. The organelle has an outer membrane that encloses the entire contents of the mitochondrion. An inner membrane forms a series of folds called cristae which project inward toward the interior of the organelle. In living cells, as observed by staining mitochondria with rhodamine 123 and performing fluorescence microscopy, mitochondria are dynamic networks of long filamentous structures capable of changing size, form, and location.
Cancer cells have an altered metabolism compared to normal (noncancerous) cells, and mitochondria are involved in many aspects of the altered metabolism of cancer cells. Defects in mitochondrial function have long been suspected to contribute to the development and progression of cancer. A key event in carcinogenesis may involve the development of an �injury� to the respiratory machinery, resulting in compensatory increases in glycolytic ATP production to replace the normal, high-efficiency oxidative phosphorylation as the preferred means of ATP formation. The differences in energy metabolism between normal and cancer cells constitute a biochemical and biophysical basis to speculate that strategies might be developed to selectively identify and kill cancer cells due to their inherently compromised respiratory state. A number of cancer-related mitochondrial defects have been identified and described in the literature.
Mitochondrial hyperplasia can be encountered in tumors from different organs, so-called oncocytomas, and it has been suggested to be related to defective mitochondrial function. Malignant tumor cells with high proliferation index contain fewer mitochondria and, in spite of their higher metabolic activity, they obtain most of their ATP from anaerobic glycolysis, possibly reflecting an adaptive phenomenon to low oxygen concentrations. Conversely, increased numbers of mitochondria resulting in an oncocytic phenotype are usually encountered in benign or low-grade malignant tumors. Oncocytic tumors have been reported in many sites, mainly in kidney, salivary gland, hypophysis, thyroid and parathyroid glands, lung, adrenal gland, and liver. In most of these tumors, mitochondrial hyperplasia is the result of a compensatory mechanism related to abnormalities in mitochondrial function rather than an increase in energy production by tumor cells.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form part of the specification, illustrate some embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
This invention comprises a method for distinguishing a normal cell from an abnormal cell, such as, for example a cancer cell or diseased cell, of the same tissue type using mitochondrial correlation microscopy. As described below by means of illustrative embodiments, the method uses the characteristics light that has interacted with the mitochondria of the cell to determine whether the cell is normal or abnormal, such as a cancerous or diseased cell where the disease manifests itself in changes of the mitochondria and the mitochondrial network. Two types of interacted light described in embodiments of this invention are the scattered light and fluorescence emission from the mitochondria in a single cell. Interacted light is the light after the incident light from a light source has interacted with a cell. The embodiments of this invention described in detail herein employ fluorescent microscopy and wide angle light scatter microscopy (also known as ultra-dark field imaging). In various embodiments, the fluorescent and scattered images can be used independently or in combination. In combination embodiments, the images are superposed and/or co-localization diagrams can be used to reveal correlations between the image intensities at each pixel. This is helpful in some embodiments for differentiating normal and cancer (diseased) cells. There are many other imaging modalities that could be used to perform similar analyses in additional embodiments of this invention. Other combinations of light signals can be obtained from scattered, reflected, transmitted, phase contrast, fluorescence, spontaneous or stimulated emission of light. These include phase contrast, differential interference contrast, phase refractometry, stimulated emission, stimulated emission depletion, Raman scattering, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, and fluorescence correlation microscopies.
The cells used in these illustrative embodiments are normal and/or transformed (cancerous) mouse liver cells. Any cell that comprises mitochondria can, in principle be characterized using this invention. Mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, where they can make up as much as 10% of the cell volume. Thus, there are many other kinds of cells that can be characterized using the method of this invention. The abundance of mitochondria varies with cellular energy level and is a function of cell type, cell-cycle stage and proliferative state. Those cells that comprise large numbers (hundreds to thousands) of mitochondria will be especially amenable to the statistical analyses of collective phenomenon described in some of the embodiments herein. Typical examples include animal cells, such as those found in muscle, liver, lung, and brain tissue. Brown adipose tissue cells, hepatocytes and certain renal epithelial cells also tend to be rich in active mitochondria. Cells with more limited numbers of mitochondria are still amenable to single particle statistical analysis as the individual mitochondria are more easily measured and characterized. These include certain kinds of blood cells, quiescent immune-system progenitor or precursor cells, and yeast cells. Some types of diseased cells show a reduced number of mitochondria such as in Alzheimer's disease. Thus, embodiments of this invention may be used for detecting a variety of diseases, including but not limited to cancer, at a very early stage by examining individual cells and can reduce or eliminate delays in diagnosis and treatment. The embodiments described herein use as examples liver cells that have been chemically transformed into cancerous cells, but applications of the method of this invention is not restricted to identifying cancer cells.
The importance of mitochondria as scattering centers derives from their size being nearly the same as the wavelength of visible light. Mitochondria play important roles in cellular energy metabolism, free radical generation, and apoptosis. Differences between mitochondria in normal and cancer cells of the same tissue type are manifest in the scattering and fluorescence behaviors of the mitochondria. These differences can be used to discriminate between individual cells that are normal or cancerous. For example, one mitochondrial characteristic that is quite different in normal and cancerous cells is the nature of the mitochondrial network.
Mitochondria occur in large numbers in the liver, which serves as a storehouse of food energy (glycogen) for the body. Thus, liver cells are convenient models for studying mitochondria and changes arising from the effects of cancer. In the specific embodiments described herein, comparison is made between normal liver cells and cells of the same cell line that have been transformed into cancer cells by carcinogens. However, the characteristics of the normal and cancerous cells described herein are generally observed in normal and cancerous cells from other sources; the method described herein is applicable to a wide range of cell types; other possible cell types include, but are not restricted to muscle, liver, lung, brain, adipose, and renal cells. In some embodiments, images of both types of cells were taken by one or both of two different laser scanning confocal microscopy techniques: wide-angle scattering and fluorescent imaging. Laser-scanning confocal microscopes are one type of imaging microscope. Other types of imaging microscopes that are capable of generating images of a cell with adequate resolution to distinguish the location of the mitochondria within the cell can also be used in embodiments of this invention.
The fluorescent imaging used in the embodiments described in detail herein uses fluorescent molecular probes to label the mitochondria and reveal their size, shape, and distribution within the cell. One or more of many fluorescent chemicals or dyes that selectively bind to mitochondria can be used in embodiments of this invention. A variety of dyes that selectively bind to mitochondria are available from commercial sources. Some will be discussed later in terms of specific embodiments of this invention; other mitochondria-binging dyes than those mentioned below can also be used.
The embodiments using a wide-angle scattering technique image the cells using an ultra-dark field technique. In these embodiments, only light scattered at large (wide) angles contribute to the measured image. The scattering angles contributing to ultra-dark-field imaging in wide-angle-scattered images are determined by the optics of the objective lenses of the microscope. In the embodiments described herein, a high-power oil-immersion objective lens was employed that yielded images from light scattered at large angles greater than about 40 degrees from normal. Large-angle or wide-angle scattering typically refers to angles larger than approximately 10-20 degrees from normal. Other optical microscopes with different optics may yield wild-angle-scattering images at somewhat different angles. Because mitochondria are of the size that is very effective for strong light scattering at wide (large) angles, they dominate the ultra-dark-field image. More than 90% of the wide-angle light scattering comes from those areas of the cell where the mitochondria are present.
Wide-angle light scattering is a very effective method for imaging mitochondria. The method of finite-difference time-domain light propagation (R Drezek, A. Dunn, and R. Richards-Kortum, �A pulsed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for calculating light scattering from biological cells over broad wavelength ranges,� Optics Express 6 (2000) pp. 147-157.) is well suited for defining the limit between Mie and Rayleigh scattering for mitochondria modeled as biospheres, by calculating the far-field light scattering distribution from biological particles suspended in water. When values of the refractive index of 1.43 for the biosphere and 1.333 for the aqueous solution are used, particles of the typical size range of mitochondria are calculated to dominantly produce Mie rather than Rayleigh scattering. The transition from Mie to Rayleigh scattering for biospheres in water is calculated to be in the range 200 to 300 nm.
There are important consequences of this transition: One consequence of the transition relates to ultra-dark-field imaging microscopy. That imaging records scattered light restricted to very large angles (about 72 degrees from normal, as determined by the optics of the high-power oil-immersion objective lenses used in the demonstrated embodiments of this invention. The optics of the microscope system will determine the suitable angles.). The calculation predicts that such imaging will have appreciable intensity only for particles that are less than about 600 nm in size, corresponding closely to the size of mitochondrial in cells. Thus ultra-dark-field imaging is a very good method for imaging mitochondria.
There are differences between a mitochondrial network and a random distribution of independent mitochondria. Mitochondrial spheres would be independent, not correlated in space, and randomly distributed. This would produce a far-field pattern that is representative of averaged single spherical mitochondrial scatter. That pattern would be symmetrical with angular spread related to average diameter and would not be imposing or interfering with modes set up by other internal cell structures: less scatter, less loss, more simple mode structure, fewer modes.
In contrast, a mitochondrial network with interconnections that are spatially correlated leads to a far-field scattering pattern that exhibits more structure, depending upon the periodicity or self-symmetry of the network. The small-angle features would be related to large-scale correlations, and the large-angle features would be related to the thickness and optical density of tubules in a network.
The mitochondrial network structure is not precisely periodic but has a regularity determined by the bioenergetics. That is, thermodynamics will determine some average size of a mitochondrial thread diameter, and the respiration process will set some ratio of (surface area)-to-(bulk volume), according to the energy demand of the cell. This in turn will impose a filling factor of mitochondria/cytosol in the matrix. Thus, there will be an arrangement that can roughly be described by an average size, average spacing, and a filling factor.
A dense collection of mitochondria in cells is appropriately understood in term of light scattering by correlated single-scatterers in the Rayleigh-Gans regime. Recently Cox et al. (S. J. Cox, V. Y. Reshetnyakzx, and T. J. Sluckinz, �Effective medium theory of light scattering in polymer dispersed liquid crystal films,� J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 31 (1998) pp. 1611-1625) have reviewed this work in connection with light scattering from polymer networks. A dense array of scatterers also means that the scatterers no longer scatter independently. The spatial distribution of the scattering objects influences the extinction of light in two ways: multiple scattering and interference. Multiple scattering is important when the path of light in the dispersion is so long that the contribution of the scattered light into the direction of the incident beam is significant. The presence of neighbors affects the way in which an individual scatterer carries out this task, over and above purely phase effects. This phenomenon is sometimes known as dependent scattering. Interference affects primarily the distribution of the scattered light but also to a lesser degree the total scattering cross section. Interference affects the effective cross section because the cumulative effect of correlated scatterers affects the coherent phase of a scattered wave far away from the scatterers. The effect is to modify the effective differential scattering cross section via a structure factor.
The structure factor plays an important role and is intimately related to cell bioenergetics or thermodynamic quantities. If the scatterers are not identical in their scattering properties, but are identical in their correlation properties, then it is necessary to take account of so-called incoherent scattering. In general, the differential scattering cross section is
The first term in this formula involves the structure factor, S(q), and the mean scattering amplitude; this is the coherent scattering Ic term. The second term comes from the mean square of fluctuations from this mean amplitude. These fluctuations are not correlated at different sites and thus the contributions from each site may simply be added. This contribution is usually known as the incoherent scattering Ii, because correlations play no role. The structure factor is given by
In an illustrative embodiment, normal mouse liver cells (ATCC TIB-73) and their nitrosoguanidine-transformed hepatocellular carcinoma derivative cells (ATCC TIB-76) were examined under a Zeiss laser-scanning confocal microscope (images in
In normal cells, the mitochondria are very highly organized into a network in close proximity to the nucleus (
A normal cell exhibits a very large range of variation of mitochondrial signals from both fluorescence and wide-angle scattering. This large range might be related to a number of factors, such as high biological functionality, high spatial correlation, stimulated fluorescence, and photon localization. In regions where the mitochondria are more dilute, both fluorescent and wide-angle-scattered signals exhibit less variation, supporting the idea that high intensity (superlinearity) in the high density regions arises from collective phenomena. Enhancement of light intensity by collective effects in suspensions of inorganic particles has been previously discussed (N. M. Lawandy, R. M. Balachandran, A. S. L. Gomes, and E. Sauvin, �Laser action in strongly scattering media,� Nature vol 368 (1994) pp. 436-8). A small percentage (less than 1%) of scattering occurs from other internal organelles. Significant scatter (about 10%) occurs from the cell membrane and that is uncorrelated with mitochondrial fluorescence. The leftmost points (running parallel with the y-axis and below 250 on the fluorescence scale) in the co-localization plots correspond to the light scattered by the membrane. The shape of the cell, as shown by the outer-membrane scattering is often irregular, not round. Additionally there is a small fraction (less than 0.5%) of light scattering from the nuclear membrane that is also uncorrelated with the mitochondrial fluorescence. In the normal-cell histogram, there is a strong correlation between light scattering and mitochondrial fluorescence intensity that extends beyond 4000 units of fluorescence intensity in this example. The fluorescence and wide-angle-scattering images of the normal cell used to generate this exemplary co-localization histogram are shown in
In contrast to the normal cells, the mitochondria in the transformed (cancer) liver cells have a chaotic, unorganized, random distribution throughout the cytosol of the cancer cells (
In some embodiments, the condition of a cell is determined by examining the numbers of pixels corresponding to each intensity of a range of intensities. In some of such embodiments, the fluorescence image and the wide-angle-scattering image can be analyzed individually or in combination. The numbers of pixels in a pixelated image corresponding to a range of intensities are determined and incorporated into a histogram. Examples of such histograms are shown in
The Fourier Transform is an image processing tool which is used to decompose an image into its sine and cosine components. When the input image is a spatial-domain image, the output of the transformation represents the image in the frequency domain. In the frequency (Fourier) domain image, each point represents a particular frequency contained in the spatial domain image.
In some embodiments, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis is used to determine whether a cell is normal or cancerous. The Fourier transform image can be constructed with the fluorescence image or the scattering image or the composite image comprising both the fluorescence and scattering images. It reveals the spatial frequencies present in the image. In one embodiment, composite FFT images were acquired from a normal cell (
For the digital images of this illustrative embodiment, a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is used. Other Fourier transforms can also be used. The DFT is the sampled Fourier Transform and therefore does not contain all frequencies forming an image, but only a set of samples which is large enough to fully describe the spatial domain image. When the number of frequencies corresponds to the number of pixels in the spatial domain image, the image in the spatial and Fourier domain are of the same size.
For a square image of size N�N, the two-dimensional DFT is given by:
The basis functions are sine and cosine waves with increasing frequencies, that is, F(0,0) represents the DC-component of the image which corresponds to the average brightness and F(N−1,N−1) represents the highest frequency.
In a similar way, the Fourier image can be re-transformed to the spatial domain. The inverse Fourier transform is given by:
To obtain the result for the above equations, a double sum has to be calculated for each image point. However, because the Fourier Transform is separable, it can be written as
Using these two formulas, the spatial domain image is first transformed into an intermediate image using N one-dimensional Fourier Transforms. This intermediate image is then transformed into the final image, again using N one-dimensional Fourier Transforms. Expressing the two-dimensional Fourier Transform in terms of a series of 2N one-dimensional transforms decreases the number of required computations. Even with these computational savings, the ordinary one-dimensional DFT has N2 complexity. This can be reduced to N log2 N if we employ the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to compute the one-dimensional DFTs. This is a significant decrease in computation time, in particular for large images. There are various forms of the FFT and most of them restrict the size of the input image that may be transformed, often to N=2n where n is an integer. The mathematical details are well described in the literature and known to those skilled in the art.
The Fourier Transform produces a complex number valued output image which can be displayed with two images, either with the real and imaginary part or with magnitude and phase. In image processing, often only the magnitude of the Fourier Transform is displayed, as it contains most of the information of the geometric structure of the spatial domain image. However, if one want to re-transform the Fourier image into the correct spatial domain after some processing in the frequency domain, one must preserve both magnitude and phase of the Fourier image. The Fourier domain image has a much greater range than the image in the spatial domain. Hence, to be sufficiently accurate, its values are usually calculated and stored in float values
The autocorrelation (AC) of a discrete 2-dimensional function f(x,y) is given by the standard relation
The dynamic range of the AC magnitude is a measure of the variance of mitochondrial behavior in the cell. The normal cell has much more variance than the cancer cell, consistent with a greater range of diversity in mitochondrial morphology and function.
The autocorrelation image (AC) image for the normal and cancer cells are shown in
In some embodiments, the autocorrelation image or segments thereof can be used to determine whether a cell is normal or cancerous. One such embodiment is illustrated by the difference in the line profile of the center for the normal and cancerous cells, as in
Where the indices m and n run from 0 to M−1 and N−1 respectively, and the indices x and y run from 0 to M−1 and N−1 respectively. A convenient way to obtain the autocorrelation function is to Fourier transform the function f and square its amplitude and inverse Fourier transform the result. The autocorrelation function is a measure of how similar the function is to itself across space. In the present case we use the image intensity as the function of the x and y image dimensions.
A further method of discriminating normal and cancer cells is to perform a statistical analysis of the size and shape of individual mitochondria within the cell. The fluorescent images of
The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.
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Publishers Weekly -The authors, all high-level black executives, seek to "support women who do not always have access to coaches, mentors, or the 'Old Boys' Network," and their professional advice is savvy and sensitive to the challenges women of color face in the workplace. They offer self-affirming advice to rev up a career, complete with "MAMAisms"-what the authors describe as aphorisms and "familiar terms, both practical and spiritual, that we grew up with and can draw upon as we travel the road to leadership success." The authors revisit and refresh familiar tips on staying positive, honing skill sets, having a plan of action and following through, networking, and avoiding common workplace dilemmas. They also provide valuable advice on achieving work/life balance and finding guidance, mentorship, and support. Offering sound advice, practical tools, and warm wisdom, this book will help black professional women get and stay on track and maximize their abilities.
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need help with knitting term
I need to know what is meant by "cock side". I'm knitting a vest and when I get up to the neck area the directions read - Bind off 8 sts at the begging of each row twice cock side. Bind off. Can anyone help?
Cherbo, I googled knit + "cock side" and OH MY! I came up with a zillion porn sites, and one that had the pattern you are working on. I have read and re-read that pattern, and I just can't figure out what it could mean. I'm inclined to think it is a misprint, but cannot tell you what it should read. Before I saw the pattern, I thought that maybe they meant "each side", but that isn't it since the pattern tells you to do this at only one side. Wish I could be more help. I'm certainly curious if anyone else out there knows.
Donna, what a quick response. Thanks for helping. Yes you are right about the porn sites
-goodness one can't even look up something as innocent as a knitting term without getting into sick stuff.
Here is the link to the vest I am knitting if anyone else can help. Thanks.
OK, I have no clue where I came up with that link I just posted. Sorry about that. Hope I get it right this time.
If I were you, I'd try to match the directions for the front pieces which say "Bind off 8 (10, 12) sts.from shoulders edge every other row twice."
That means a total of 4 rows that you will knit to finish off each front piece, with the bind-off at the shoulder edge falling every other row. You're going to be knitting 2 rows with the bind-off alternating with 2 regular (non-bind-off) rows. That's how you create the slope from the neck edge down to each shoulder edge.
But because the botched instructions are for the back, you'll need to bind off 8 sts the beginning of EACH of the 4 rows. That means that you'll wind up with 2 rows of bind-off alternating with 2 rows of non-bind-off on both sides of the back. That will give you the same slope down from the neck to the shoulders that you'll have on the front pieces, so everything should match.


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By Alice Reed — Apr 18, 2013 11:25pm
I am so glad to hear your good news, Derek, and happy for you and your family. When you are going through healing from medical procedures and injuries, it seems that the healing is an eternity. You have made temendous gains and are healing so well and so fast. You are definitely on the home stretch. Good for you!!!!
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Make Your Emergency Fund More Useful by Tying It to a Long-Term Goal
Your emergency fund is supposed to bail you out in unexpected emergencies. Once you've saved that three-to-six months' (or whatever experts recommend these days) worth of expenses, though, it can seem like that money is just sitting around collecting dust. »


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By City of Ate
We segued into the meal with a bowl of wild-mushroom soup, of which we had tasted a small portion at the spore spree upstairs, but a portion so small and delicious it left us wanting more. The word "heady" is a favorite flavor adjective, usually substituted for "strong," but this bisque, nothing more or less than mushrooms--lots of mushrooms, all the mushrooms listed above--cooked to their essence then softened with cream, was actually "heady," Its fabulous fragrance filled your head like incense or wine fumes and refused to leave for several breaths.
City Cafe's kitchen is now under the direction of talented chef-owner Katie Schma, who changes her menu every Wednesday and whose soups are locally famous. (Check out the fresh tomato soup in season.) The emphasis at this discreet little cafe has traditionally been New American, via California, where the Schma's lived before they came here. But this food is less tricky than at most New American restaurants, and City Cafe is less style-conscious or self-conscious than most California restaurants. The menu we chose from featured pretty simple food with just enough imagination to pique the palate. The lamb loin chops come with the expected mint, but are flavored with roasted tomatoes and rosemary. The salmon, not the steak, is pepper-crusted, and the tenderloin is offset with sweet roasted red peppers. Big shrimp are spread with oil-smooth pesto and nested in couscous and sun-dried tomatoes. Daringly, there's a warm cabbage salad with bacon and Roquefort, and old-fashioned hominess is found in the chicken fricassee, too, lush with cream, onions, and more mushrooms.
5757 W. Lovers Lane
Dallas, TX 75209
Category: Restaurant > New American
Region: Park Cities
The cafe, gently lit and decorated with warm wood, a semiopen kitchen, and comfortable chairs, is as approachable as the food, but despite its lack of pretension--and Dallasites usually prefer as much pretense as possible for their big nights out--this is still a favorite celebration spot. The excellent American wine list is one draw. The quick and sharp-eyed staff is another. And the desserts probably figure in, too; they're all good. The chocolate parfait, nothing but layers of whipped cream, ice cream, brownies, and fudge, was another dish Mom could've made, only not this good--but City Cafe's outrageous Blum's cake, topped with almond roca, is a celebration in itself.
--Mary Brown Malouf
City Cafe, 5757 W. Lovers Lane, (214) 351-2233. Open for lunch Monday-Saturday, 11:30 a.m.-2:30 p.m.; for dinner daily, 5:30 p.m.-10 p.m.; Sunday brunch 11 a.m.-2:30 p.m.
City Cafe:
Wild-Mushroom Soup $5
Pesto Grilled Prawns with Sundried Tomato Couscous $19
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Full detailed profile on Victor Newman Played by Eric Braeden on The Young and the Restless Daytime Soap Opera.
Eric Braeden (CBS)
Birthday: 1941-04-03
In Paul's office, Christine tells him that even with Neil's confession there will be problems. Paul asks if the judge threw out the case. Chris says he will if Nikki and Victor get their way. Elsewhere, Victor offers Neil his lawyer but Neil declines. Victor tells him to call if he changes his mind. Neil steps out. Chris and Paul appear. Paul apologizes to Nikki. Chris is exasperated. She is charging Nikki with obstruction of justice. Victor won't allow a witch hunt. Later, Neil returns. Christine tells him she will prosecute him and file a civil suit against him and Nikki. ADA Winston Mobley enters. Chris says he will nail Neil's ass to the wall.
Phyllis arrives at the ranch and tells Nikki she's there to find out why Victor wants to buy Jabot. Victor says, "Profit." They bicker about Jack taking Jabot public against John's wishes. Victor says John was ten times the man Jack will ever be. Phyllis rants about Victor's treatment of Jack. Victor reminds her he saved her life. She says that's why she's angry he wants to take it away. Victor admits he knows where Kelly is - she's dead from an apparent suicide. Phyllis wants proof. Once alone, Nikki asks Victor about Jabot. "What do you have up your sleeve?" Victor says Jack will beg for his help and he'll give it to him - in exchange for everything he owns.
In the confessional, Victor tells his co-conspirator he hopes he's ready to proceed... and he hopes Jack Abbott's ready. Victor alludes to danger. He says, "Kelly Andrews has done her part. Now it's your turn. Jack Abbott's life will never be the same."
At the ranch, Victoria tells Victor that Jabot is financially healthy with no vulnerabilities - she's looked behind every firewall and proxy server. She wonders about Victor pulling Brash & Sassy and being in a weaker position. Victor muses that the pendulum always swings... She questions him going after Jabot. Victor cryptically says he won't have to fight Jack; he'll come around to his way of thinking. Victoria hopes Victor doesn't screw things up for her family.
At the Abbott house, Phyllis awakens with a start on the sofa after dreaming Kelly stabbed her. She hears a noise and grabs the fireplace poker. Jack enters and hollers, "Woah, woah, woah," as Phyllis comes at him. She admits she had a bad dream about Kelly. Jack says Kelly was sighted boarding a plane to Abu-Dhabi. They talk wedding plans and happiness until Paul phones - Kelly got away from the Abu-Dhabi police. Victor arrives. He says he wants to buy Jabot. Jack says no way. Victor tells Phyllis she's looking damn good and leaves. Phyllis remarks, "That was incredibly weird." Jack says he's setting him up for something. "But what?"
At the ranch, Nikki's lawyer tells her multiple witnesses saw her car swerve. Nikki denies it. She shouts when he asks if her passenger distracted her. Victor arrives and the lawyer goes. Victor tells Nikki if she can't tell the truth then come up with a believable story. He warns her the evidence will corroborate what the witnesses say. "Are you protecting Neil?" Nikki complains about blaming the drunk. Victor insists she's keeping something from him. Kelly arrives at the door and tells Victor that Phyllis saw her itinerary and she bonked her over the head. Victor is appalled she wants him to clean up her mess. Kelly complains Phyllis was going to ruin the plan. Victor says she did that on her own. He agrees to help her, but warns there is always a price. Kelly exits when Jack and Phyllis appear. They accuse Victor of bailing Kelly out. Victor asks why he'd help Kelly. Jack says he'll figure that out. Victor thinks Jack should be happy Kelly's leaving. Jack's phone rings - it's Kelly. She couldn't leave without saying goodbye. Jack tells her to come back, but she says she loves him and hangs up. Phyllis rants. Jack is concerned about what Kelly might do to herself.
At the station, Kelly complains to Victor that she spent the night in jail despite doing everything he asked her to do. "Are you double-crossing me?" Victor reassures her. He tells her the lawyer will get her out on bail, and warns her to stop acting confident and let Jack think she's a jilted and fragile bird. Kelly is upset that Phyllis is with Jack. Victor warns her to have patience and rest - she'll need strength for what's to come. Later, Stitch arrives. He is taken aback when Kelly seems offended at him believing she did what she confessed to doing. She says she wasn't herself.
In the confessional, Victor tells someone, "She's out of jail and will leave town within 24 hours. Our plan is about to fall into place. You had better be ready. Is that clear?"
At the Club, Kelly blurts that she lied about everything - she was desperate to hang onto Jack. Christine is furious. Paul asks if she's been threatened. Jack glances at Victor. Kelly denies it. Paul and Chris warn she could be prosecuted. Kelly claims she is ashamed and has to make things right. Victor smirks. Jack tells Kelly to stop - she needs a lawyer. Paul pulls Chris away. He warns she can't let her emotions cloud her judgement. Meanwhile, Kelly tells Jack she did everything because she loved him. She changed because he broke up with her. Phyllis hollers that she made it look like she tried to kill her - does she want to make that a reality? Jack clutches Phyllis. "Calm down." Phyllis tells Kelly she'll make her pay; she's a crazy bitch. Kelly's already in her own personal hell. Jack intervenes as Kelly passes out. Chris and Phyllis bicker. Victor tells Christine she can't make her own rules. He thinks given her history with Phyllis, there is a hint of impropriety. Vic and Kelly, who has regained consciousness, want the charges dropped against Phyllis. Paul arrests Kelly. After, Jack wants to know how Victor got Kelly to confess, and what happens if she changes her mind. Victor isn't worried about that. Jack persists. "What is in this for Kelly?" Victor tells him to focus on Phyllis' charges being dropped. Phyllis is upset that Jack isn't happy. Jack is concerned about Victor; Kelly's been through so much. Phyllis wants to move on.
In the confessional, Victor tells someone this war has been fought for decades and it will end with Jack Abbott losing everything. He urges the person to be patient; it will all work out.
« Back to Victor Newman profile


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1849 Lyon Street
Pacific Heights, San Francisco, 94115
Commute to Downtown San Francisco
Daily errands do not require a car.
Transit is convenient for most trips.
Steep hills, good bike lanes.
Score Details
1849 Lyon Street has a Walk Score of 96 out of 100. This location is a Walker's Paradise so daily errands do not require a car.
This location is in the Pacific Heights neighborhood in San Francisco. Nearby parks include Presidio Heights Playground, Baker & Broderick Mini Park and Laurel Hill Playground.
Nearby schools include San Francisco University High School, Drew School and San Francisco Waldorf School.
The closest grocery stores are James Market, Christa Wonderful Market and G R Market & Deli.
Nearby coffee shops include Cafe Luna, Eunice's Cafe and View Cafe. Nearby restaurants include Nico, Osteria and Swank Cocktail & Coffee Club.
1849 Lyon Street is near Presidio Heights Playground, Baker & Broderick Mini Park and Laurel Hill Playground.
There are good bike lanes and the terrain has steep hills. 1849 Lyon Street is bikeable, there is some bike infrastructure.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 1849 Lyon Street.
1849 Lyon Street has excellent transit which means transit is convenient for most trips. Car sharing is available from Getaround, City CarShare, Zipcar and RelayRides.
Bus lines:
3 Jackson
0.1 mi
0.1 mi
0.1 mi
2 Clement
0.1 mi
0.1 mi
Car shares:
1849 Lyon Street compared to all of San Francisco.
Lowest crime area.
Lower crime area.
How do you feel walking near 1849 Lyon Street?
Thanks for your feedback!
1849 Lyon Street is in the Pacific Heights neighborhood. Pacific Heights is the 17th most walkable neighborhood in San Francisco with a neighborhood Walk Score of 95.
Moving to San Francisco from another city? View our moving to San Francisco guide.


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Amid fears of a possible "double-dip" recession and simmering anti-tax sentiment, community colleges with pressing facilities needs are deciding they cannot risk a defeat in a bond vote – and so are not going before voters on this November's ballot to ask for the funds to properly address them.
Last month, amid unprecedented state budget cuts for public higher education, the San Mateo County Community College District became the first community college in California in decades to win the authority to levy a local property tax specifically to help fund its overcrowded institutions.
The University of California campuses are known for top doctoral programs, but two new reports on graduate students suggest that the state's financial problems are posing dangers to that reputation.
A new report from the university system shows that graduate students are unhappy with housing affordability, the amount of financial support the university provides, and the support's type and duration.
This coming academic year, when nearly all of California's 72 community college districts are either cutting classes or keeping their numbers level despite unprecedented demand, one district is bucking the trend and adding classes. But it is taking a significant risk in doing so with one-time money — without knowing whether it will be able to maintain the funding to make the additions permanent.
Close to 1,000 incoming students have submitted saliva samples to the University of California at Berkeley for genetic testing as part of an unusual educational experience for freshmen, but they won't be getting the results they expected. The California Department of Public Health decided Thursday that the students will not be provided with their individual genetic results.
Community college chancellor kills agreement that let students from overcrowded institutions take courses from the for-profit and transfer them back.
A large California community college district has gotten rid of all of its emergency notification boxes to save money -- a move not yet commonplace despite boom in cell phone usage.
UCLA business school wants to forgo any more money from California -- and gain the right to raise out-of-state tuition to private levels.
Gates Foundation unveils new plans by four municipalities to push for better graduation rates.
Inside Higher Ed
1015 18th Street NW
Suite 1100
Washington, DC 20036
Ph: 1-202-659-9208
Fax: 1-202-659-9381
1015 18th Street NW, Suite 1100 | PH: 1-202-659-9208
Copyright © 2015


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Eight NFL quarterbacks at career crossroads
Eight NFL quarterbacks at career crossroads
Many of the NFL's quarterbacks go into the 2014 season well defined. But between the league's most venerable veterans and most intriguing young stars, there lies a few passers who are at crucial points in their careers. For all eight of these QBs, now is the best time to find out what they are really made of:
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of 8
Matthew Stafford, Detroit Lions
On the surface, Stafford seems to have it all: rocket arm, a pass-heavy offense, Megatron and a megacontract. But after Stafford's 2011 41-touchdown, 5,038-yard breakthrough that pushed Detroit to the playoffs, the last two years have been rocky. The lousy record as a starter against above .500 teams (2-27) is well documented. The more disturbing development is how his turnovers went up (21, 23) while his TD totals (20, 29) shot down.
Coach Jim Caldwell was hired to help make Stafford, 26, more accurate and efficient. The additions of wide receiver Golden Tate and tight end Eric Ebron are more means toward that goal. The targets are deeper, and the Lions' line has improved in pass protection. There are no more excuses.
of 8
Andy Dalton, Cincinnati Bengals
has started every game in his three-year career and led Cincinnati to the playoffs in each of those years. So why is a guy who threw 33 TD passes in 2013 — behind only Peyton Manning and Drew Brees — getting so much heat?
You know why: Three shaky performances in three playoff games, including the abysmal 27-10 home loss to San Diego (29-of-51, 334 yards, TD, 2 INTs) last postseason. Adding to the drama, the Bengals have not yet extended his rookie contract that expires after this year. They also just drafted a similar-styled QB, AJ McCarron, as insurance.
Dalton has A.J. Green, several diverse weapons and a strong offensive line. He also has a new, run-oriented offensive coordinator in Hue Jackson. Relative to most other QBs with his experience, Dalton has a good resume (30-18 records, 85.7 passer rating), but it's a critical time for him to show the Bengals if he can be great.
of 8
Sam Bradford, St. Louis Rams
The Rams resisted taking Johnny Manziel in the 2014 Draft, but that doesn't mean Sammy Football can feel comfortable with his starting position. He won't get a big push from rookie Garrett Gilbert, but Bradford is down to his last make-or-break chance.
He is owed about $27 million over the next two seasons before he becomes a free agent. He must prove capable of leading them longer-term by staying durable and taking advantage of his ever-improving supporting cast.
Although the receivers still aren't too exciting beyond Tavon Austin, the Rams have given Bradford a sturdier line (see Jake Long, now Greg Robinson), a power running game (see Zac Stacy, Tre Mason) and a mighty defense to ease his burden. St. Louis can't afford to be lapped at QB again with the talent it's building elsewhere.
of 8
Robert Griffin III, Washington Redskins
RG3 didn't have close to the worst sophomore slump of all time in 2013, but he faded in Year 2 compared to 2012 draft brethren Andrew Luck and Russell Wilson. While Luck and Wilson's teams upgraded to division champs and Super Bowl champs, respectively, Griffin and Washington freefell to the NFC East basement.
Looking at the film, RG3 missed a lot of throws. There was a tendency for him to force things downfield. As a result, his efficiency and accuracy took big hits in his return from major knee surgery. To get right again in 2014, he has the added challenge of an offense in transition.
Forming schematic and personal bonds with new coach Jay Gruden is vital, as those soured at the end with Mike Shanahan. As Gruden plans to go away from the zone-read wrinkles that helped RG3 early, Griffin will need to do it with his arm and not nearly as much with his feet. The pressure is on to take back control of his campaign as Washington's QB savior.
of 8
Ryan Tannehill, Miami Dolphins
There's a lot to like about Tannehill, but he's yet to produce the team and individual success of those in the 2012 class. In a twist, the Dolphins going away from the offensive coordination of his former Texas A&M head coach Mike Sherman will benefit Tannehill.
Enter Bill Lazor, fresh off thriving with Nick Foles and Chip Kelly's staff in Philadelphia. Tannehill comes with some decent polish but can benefit from the Dolphins letting him loose with a more wide-open and creative passing game. There have been signs of Tannehill putting it all together. We'll soon see if he's ready to handle every aspect of the game in Year 3. It's also key for Tannehill to emerge as the leader needed to get Miami into the playoffs.
of 8
Alex Smith, Kansas City Chiefs
Smith did what was expected of him in his first season in Kansas City: cleaned up the passing offense with steady, efficient play so their running game and defensive prowess could carry them into the playoffs.
But even though the Chiefs were an easy wild-card team at 11-5, it still felt they were a distant second to division and AFC champion Denver. Despite Smith playing well overall, they lost six of their final eight games — to three of the four playoff teams they faced all season. To have a shot to stay with Peyton Manning the Broncos and navigate through a tougher schedule, Smith has to be exceptional to stay in KC after 2014.
He earns a bargain $7.5 million this year, but wants a lot more soon. It will be difficult for the Chiefs to invest big in Smith (up to $17 million a season) unless they hit a higher offensive gear. Rookie Aaron Murray is a good fit for Andy Reid's scheme, giving the team a fallback successor in '15. Smith just turned 30, and it's a big year toward his future as a top starter.
of 8
Jay Cutler, Chicago Bears
They have given him the perfect offense and a mega contract extension. Now it's time for him to reward them with more durability and another playoff trip. Let's remember before he got his $126.7 million deal in January, there was talk of whether he should have regained his job from supersub Josh McCown in December.
The Bears have the right to expect huge things from Cutler, 31. He's well settled in Chicago with Marc Trestman, and throws to the best wide receiver duo in the NFL, Brandon Marshall and Alshon Jeffery. His line improved in 2013, too, with Jermon Bushrod, Kyle Long and Jordan Mills.
Just staying healthy would be a good place to start for Cutler after he's missed a dozen games over the past three seasons. The next is being able to outduel Matthew Stafford and Aaron Rodgers in key division games, critical to the Bears' playoff chances. This has become an offense-first team, catering to all of the quarterback's needs. Cutler needs to reach his elite potential, and it's now or never.
of 8
Eli Manning, New York Giants
Unlike the other quarterbacks on this list, Manning, 33, doesn't need to worry much about legacy with his two Super Bowl rings/MVPs. A couple years ago, following his second championship, it seemed Eli and "elite" was a slam-dunk combination.
Look back on the big picture of the past five years, however, and the Giants have made the playoffs in only the championship season of 2011. In 2013, Manning looked more like his pre-ring self as his numbers (57.5 completion percentage, 18 TDs, career-high 27 INTs, 39 sacks taken) contributed to a rookie-like 69.4 passer rating.
To help rejuvenate him for one more run comes new offensive coordinator Ben McAdoo, a smart hire to replace retired Kevin Gilbride. McAdoo just worked with Aaron Rodgers and the Packers' passing game, and the concepts he brings are tailored toward making Manning more efficient.
That means not forcing the ball downfield, throwing more short passes, and getting more targets involved (backs, tight ends). No. 2 wideout Hakeem Nicks is gone, but the Giants didn't waste any time in using a first-rounder on speedy Odell Beckham Jr. to pair with Victor Cruz. If Manning can't find close to his best again in 2014, it would mean little chance for ever getting that third ring.
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Irish Internet Radio and TV from Dublin, Ireland.
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© 2015


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John Hodgkinson, Trevor Herse and Ron McMah to meet Queensland Government on flood proof plan
- From: The Courier-Mail
- January 16, 2013
THE men behind a bold plan to flood and drought-proof southeast Queensland will get the chance to present their proposal to the State Water Supply Minister.
This follows a report in The Sunday-Mail that revealed the clever dream of accountant John Hodgkinson, Gold Coast retiree Trevor Herse and grazier Ron McMah.
DAM BUSTERS: The plan to flood proof Brisbane
The trio want little-known Borumba Dam near Imbil connected by pipeline to Wivenhoe and Somerset and expanded into a mega-facility capable of holding two million mega-litres - four times the volume of Sydney Harbour.
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Comments on this story
Jack the Sceptic of The plains near Brisbane Posted at 1:54 PM January 16, 2013
Sounds very clever - but when there's a major rain event that fills Somerset and Wivenhoe, can we be sure it won't be filling Borumba at the same time? Historical figures on that please, gentlemen?
Comment 1 of 2
Tony Posted at 1:58 PM January 16, 2013
Seemingly a sensible proposal but let's drop the use of 'flood proofing' as a term. It is totally misleading as any such outcome is impossible. Maybe prevent a 1 in 100 year flood event but a 1 in 250 yeaar? A 1 in 1000 year? All pie in the sky nonsense perpetrated by a generation that thinks they can throw a switch and control the outcome of life.
Comment 2 of 2


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Flexiant And SolidFire Combine To Get Ahead In The Cloud
Speeding up orchestrated storage for the cloud is the aim of the new partnership
London based cloud manager Flexiant has announced it will integrate with Colorado based storage vendor SolidFire in a joint bid to consolidate their collective quality of service for communication service provider (CSP) partners.
SolidFire's all-SSD (solid state drive) storage and Flexiant's Cloud Orchestrator will give better value and improved experience for service providers' customers, the coalition claimed.
Service automation
The integration means that more granular measures of storage performance and capacity are achievable and that deployments will be a lot quicker, the vendors promised. The strategy is to tackle the three biggest problems in cloud management today: consistent performance, provisioning flexibility and management automation, said Flexiant founder Tony Lucas.
"SolidFire delivers predictable multi-tenant cloud storage in a way that existing storage systems can't," said Lucas. The SolidFire/Flexiant integration will create a high performance storage system that can be fully automated and offer cloud services on demand, he said, adding that SolidFire's Rest (REpresentational State Transfer) based APIs made it an easy system to work with.
Dave Wright, CEO of SolidFire, reckons that it's all about getting customers up and running quicker. "Integrating with key cloud building blocks like Flexiant Cloud Orchestrator is a critical piece of this equation," he said.
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Rated 4.2 out of 5 by 611 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Cfinley Great; but please correct my bill! A favorite hotel of mine but the desk clerk was uninterested in correcting the error on my room bill. Quite surprising for a starwood property. September 24, 2012
Rated 3 out of 5 by Pwmc Rooms need to be sprayed Was not happy to see bugs in the bed. The staff was great and moved us to another room but I still had a hard time sleeping thinking about it. October 2, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by ctwesme Staff is excellent I would just like to say that our stay was extra special thanks to Cedrick at check in. Thank you for being so kind! June 25, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by Travelonward Good location Bed was comfortable, but the sheets caused itching possibly due to the detergent. Restaurant did not have enough low cost options. May 22, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by jL8ve Great Family Visit Such a wonderful property and such wonderful staff. Front Desk and the Gift Shop were particularly helpful and friendly. June 16, 2014
Rated 3 out of 5 by spyracer All was good, except... the room was great, but when i got in from my holiday party, i put in an order for room service for some food around 1AM. I called in to submit it, confirmed my room number. they told me the wait time was about an hour, and i was fine with that, sense it was late, and there were a lot of people coming in from the holiday party. so an hour and a half roles by and still no knock from room service, i called to check on my order, they said that "they just left i wouldn't be surprised if they where at your door now." so i waited for another half hour. called again then was told that an order was never submitted, at this point i was frustrated, so i didn't even bother. my guest still wanted food. so about 15 min later i placed another order for the same thing. got the same wait time, about an hour. and it actually came! So over all the hotel itself great, but being told i never placed an order two hours after i placed an order, or not even being told about the error when i first called, in makes me think the staff maybe needs some help. i was thinking about using Sheraton for my new years trip to San Diego, Ca, but i'm going to reconsider it now. December 14, 2011
Rated 5 out of 5 by Edwacon58 Great Experience The facility is well maintained and the staff is great. August 12, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by papio staff Nikki was very professional and helpful, really nice customer service. August 4, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by TheTalent Surpassed all Great Expectations I Had! I had such a wonderful stay and experience at the Sheraton Downtown Phoenix. The hotel is absolutely gorgeous with great views of the city and mountains and the staff from multiple departments was superb! I was greeted numerous times by even your housekeepers in the corridors. Though everyone was very accomodating, welcoming and friendly, the star by far came from an unexpected place for me; ordering room service! The young ladies name was Lisa. She was very friendly and was more of a room service concierge rather than someone who was taking an order. She is the epitome of great customer service, you feel her smile through the phone, and with her demeanor you can tell she takes great pride in her works and is someone who is certainly going to do well and exceed expectations in what ever department she represents. I will definitely be back to this hotel. Congratulations to you Mr. Ehmann, on having a great team! I also wanted to commend the Chef on such a great menu. Many hotels restaurant menu are very lackluster, however that is not the case here and the food not only via room service but also in the restaurant , was out of this world; kudos! November 9, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by conferencegoer Very Friendly Staff The staff at this hotel were amazing. They were genuine and concerned about the details of meeting one's needs. The food was fantastic too! April 8, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Amina6 This hotel has great service I love staying in the Sheraton Downtown Phoenix, AZ. The staff is wonderful and very helpful. Thank you for all of your wonderful service. November 8, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by Psalms27 Don't take the $5 drink offer over housekeeping When you arrive they offer you a $5 coupon (daily) for drinks in the lounge in exchange for not having your room cleaned on a daily basis. January 7, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Lovely Very emjoyable stay We enjoyed our time here from arrival to departure. The desk staff, bell staff, dining, pool area and workout facility were all excellent. April 13, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by skaterro Recent meeting I was just speaking to my manager and we both agreed that we will definately hold another meeting at the Sheraton Downtown Phoenix... April 10, 2014
Rated 4 out of 5 by subfxr54 November booking Hotel is ery good and staff is professional. Valet parking is high for being a guest at the hotel. this hasalways been a turn-off to me. December 2, 2012
Rated 4 out of 5 by CPI2013attendee CPI 2013 Conference Room was very nice, but disappointed that free WIFI is not provided in the rooms. Also, restaurant service was slow and food overpriced. September 26, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by BettinaLE This hotel makes me feel welcomed Felt very comfortable there. It's my second visit. Enjoy the lobby in the evening, great gym and overall clean and friendly environment August 16, 2012
Rated 5 out of 5 by maryannaz HELPFUL STAFF ORIGINALLY I had a reservation mix up and Sarah @ the front desk made it a very smooth fix! I was all worked up for nothing...THANKS! February 10, 2014
Rated 1 out of 5 by NicknameASLA Fitness Center/Pool Area The facilities for both the fitness center and the pool area were one of the best I have seen other than at a resort. Just wonderful! October 5, 2012
Rated 5 out of 5 by Ernie5 A very comfortable stay. My stay at this hotel was very comfortable from the room accommodations to the food and services. They pay attention to the details. September 17, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Jamie2014 Room staff best I've seen The hotel was beautiful and the staff was excellent, especially the hotel room staff was the best I have seen in a very long time. February 11, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by Roadwarrior Hotel is GREAT for downtown business Athletic facilities are the BEST. Pool long enough to swim and gym fantastic. Beds are so comfy - wish my own bed was this comfy. February 25, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Alby1370 Great Conference/Convention Property Very engaging staff, polite eager to please. August 10, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by FaithK33 excellent experience Outstanding customer service, comfortable room, and great amenities. I will definitely go back to the Sheraton Downtown Phoenix! January 23, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by John2649 Sheraton Phoenix The hotel was very nice and comfortable. The only down side was that I ordered a pizza from room service that was really awful. August 6, 2012
Rated 5 out of 5 by LoriK EXCELLENT FOOD! In addition to the excellent hotel experience, their restaurant has excellent food! Great happy hour specials TWICE a day, too! July 15, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Vero35 Awesome Loved this Sheraton. Everything within walking distance, most comfortable beds, and club lounge food and staff were awesome!!! September 6, 2012
Rated 5 out of 5 by Shorty1 Great service! I was very impressed with the staff attentiveness to me while I stayed there. Very accommodating and friendly. Excellent stay. September 12, 2012
Rated 5 out of 5 by Debbie12 This is a nice hotel Comfortable, very clean and really nice people. I got the feeling that they would do whatever it takes to get something done ! September 22, 2012
Rated 4 out of 5 by Ecke Sheraton Phoenix We flew to Phoenix for a wedding and stayed at the Sheraton. Staff was helpful when we needed. The green program is the best. April 1, 2013


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harry truman
The presidential turkey pardon is not a new tradition — it's happened every year for the last quarter century. But there has been confusion about how it all got started.
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Over the past 64 years, from Harry Truman's first elected term through Barack Obama's first term, the economy has grown faster when Democrats are in the White House. How much of that is good policy versus good luck? Continue reading
Forty-nine years ago, President Lyndon B. Johnson found himself in Independence, Missouri. Although he was surrounded by a gaggle of politicians, distinguished guests and Secret Service agents, the president was armed only with a fountain pen, a bottle of ink and a sheath of papers. Seated directly beside him, so as to accommodate the newspaper photographers and the television cameras, was Independence's favorite son, the 33rd president of the United States, Harry S. Truman. Continue reading
As President Obama departs for Asia, he leaves a full menu of unfinished business at home: two wars to manage, a struggling economy and his push for health care reform, to name a few. Jim Lehrer speaks to a panel of experts about the so-called "overload factor" for presidents. Continue reading
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Historian Michael Beschloss discusses his book, "Presidential Courage: Brave Leaders and How They Changed America 1789-1989," which delves into how presidents arrived at decisions during difficult times. Continue reading