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Daniel Mickens | June 21, 2012 | Comments
Krux found data collection per page rose from 10 to 50 events year-over-year.
A recent report from consumer data services firm Krux showed that year-over-year data collection volume was up by 400 percent from an average of 10 collections per page to 50. Krux found that 54 percent of that activity was not controlled by publishers, up from 31 percent in 2011.
The number of individual data collectors also nearly doubled, with more than 300 parties in the 2012 Krux Cross-Industry Study, compared to 167 in 2011. As data collection numbers continue to grow so does the involvement of third-party data collectors.
The portion of third-party data collectors serving as 'ushers' bringing other data collectors to a web page is up from 55 percent in 2011 to 78 percent in 2012. Of all the collection observed, 42 percent was from companies that may be using the data to power competitive media or data businesses, said Krux.
The growth in data collection reflects the shift in the display advertising market to audience-based buying. Media buyers and resellers are combining premium data with low cost exchange-based media, which bypasses direct ad sales channels.
Image provided by Krux.
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Pro Cycling
Chris Horner Withdraws from Tour of Spain
Defending champion's bronchitis treatment puts him in violation of MPCC guidelines
Pro Cycling
Chris Horner Leaves Hospital After Training Crash
"It was a bad experience, but I also think I was lucky," says the 2013 Vuelta winner
Pro Cycling
Chris Horner Hit By Car While Training in Italy
2013 Vuelta champ suffered a punctured lung and broken ribs, his Lampre team reports
Pro Cycling
Vuelta Champion Chris Horner Finds a Team for 2014
The 42-year-old American will ride for Italian squad Lampre-Merida this season
Pro Cycling
USADA: Horner Not at Fault for Missed Drug Test
Spanish drug testers show up at the wrong hotel; cyclist will not be penalized
Pro Cycling
Chris Horner Wins the 2013 Vuelta a España
41-year-old American is the oldest rider to win a Grand Tour
Pro Cycling
Could Chris Horner Win the Vuelta?
The 41-year-old American came to Spain ready to climb, but some formidable contenders stand in his way
Chris Horner Wins Stage 3 of the Tour of Spain
American moves into overall lead
Pro Cycling
Riders to Watch at the 2013 Tour of Spain<br /> . With several of the sport's best riders taking the line August 24 in Vilanova de Arousa, onl
Pro Cycling
Chris Horner Wins Stage 5
RadioShack rider grabs leader's jersey, is tied with Garmin's Tom Danielson on overall time

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Lynnwood Breast Implants Doctors and Reviews
Lynnwood Breast Implants cost
Average cost in US: $6,100
Average cost in Lynnwood: $6,600
Lynnwood Breast Implants reviews
86% of Lynnwood reviewers said Breast Implants was worth it
"475cc Silicon Mod Plus Unders...."
I had my BA almost a month ago. I am 5'5 139 pounds. When I had my consult and pre op appointment with my doctor she said that she was going to do 500cc HP because of my narrow frame. And since I liked the 400 sizers she would have to do 500. After looking at photos of 500 they looked so big! So we agreed on doing 475cc. She did not take any measurements at that time. I had the implants put in... more
"22 Years Old, Very Petite, and Tired..."
I've been about the same size since I was thirteen. I asked my mom early on in my life if there was any way that I could miraculously end up with larger breasts than her. Obviously that didn't end well... haha. Anyway, Although I've grown into my other features, this lingering feeling of inferiority to other women has stayed with me into adulthood. I find myself in awe of women with breasts,... more
"37 Year Old Mom of One, Wanted to Do..."
For years I have always wanted bigger boobs to make me feel more shapely and proportioned. My favorite bras after having my daughter were VS double my size push up bras. I always dreaded trying clothes on that I couldn't wear a bra with. They never looked or fit me the way I liked. I researched different doctors and procedures and when I met Dr. Sattler I knew I had found the right surgeon and... more
"In Need of Breast Revision :( -..."
Implant information: 330 filled to 400cc, submuscular, high profile Hello everyone! I was only 19 years old when I got my breast augmentation. I was about a AA cup, and was extremely self conscious about my breasts. I've always admired big breasted women because boobs are sexy and feminine. Being a full time college student and a part time worker, I decided to get my breasts done because I'm... more
"Breast Implants Faulty-dr.Partington..."
Partington review I hate writing this but you need to know: 1) Dr. Partington won Best in Western Washington-plastic surgery, because his website offered a "$125 facial peel for $25" if you voted for him through the website. I had the peel, which didn't peel at all and I couldn't see any benefit....but the tech still sold me $150 of product. 2) Dr. Partington has recently become Director of... more
"20 Years Old and Hoping to Get..."
I have a consult on wednesday! I am so excited and so far the staff has been very nice, extremely helpful and understanding! I cant wait to meet my surgeon and get her opinion on the size i should aim for :) im thinking i want a full D cup, and since my breasts are wide im hoping it will look a little more natural :) more
"Breast Augmentation - The Most..."
Looking for gorgeous results and the very best care you can imagine? Look no further, ladies - Dr. Salemy is your man. From my initial consultation to my post-op appointments, Dr. Salemy & his staff exceeded my expectations every single step of the way. I cannot recommend them highly enough!! I had small breasts my entire life (barely an A cup) that were not in balance with my hips and... more
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I am on my 3rd day post-op, and I am ecstatic with the results! I received 371cc silicone sub-muscular implants. The entire experience with Dr. Egrari and his staff, was nothing but wonderful. Everyone was very warm and informative. I was completely confident that my safety and satisfaction were first and foremost of their concerns. The procedure itself was very quick, and I have... more
"22 Years Old, No Kids, 325 Cc -..."
So... I've been on this website for the past 2 weeks nonstop reading about explanting! I recently just did my breast augmentation with 300cc in the right and 325cc in the left. I'm been SO depressed... I knew that there would be depression of some sort after surgery but I never actually knew how traumatic it would be. I was excited to get it done because I felt like I've thought about it for a... more
"25 Years Old Breast Implants (A Cup..."
I had been looking around for a couple years for a doctor to do my breast implants. I found Dr. Partington online through Evening Magazine. On my consultation everyone gave me all the information I needed and really took their time with me. I was shocked on how much information they gave me that day! It was all for the best and I am and was so thankful. I went in twice before my surgery to get... more
"64 and Needing to Feel Better an..."
To look somewhat sexy considering my age. I woul like to start dating again and thisvwould realky boost my confidence. I am trying to come out of grief and shock from losibg my mother last. september. I was becoming. agoraphobic . I am seeking. help with. my emotions and now my body. Thaks a lot. Just being able to get this far by contacting a breast surgeon has. Liftdd my spirits... more
"Adios Sad Boobies! 450 Cc - Kirkland, WA"
Im 5'2, 34 yrs old 36B and I weigh 135. I've always made due with what I had, small perky boobs. Even after I had my son I thought they looked great. Until I hit 33 and started working out. Adois boobs, hello flapjacks! I went from a small D to a small B. After 2 consults and stalking this page I made up my mind. consults and many hours on this page, I made my selection. more
"25 and Ready for a New Addition to..."
Today I will be writing about my journey of finally planning for breast implants. Many years of constant thinking back and forth are finally pushed away. I grew up dealing with body Image issues that started with my mom. I always saw her looking in the mirror pinching this, sucking in that and going to the bathroom 3 times before she'd even think of stepping on the scale. She was always on... more
"Great Experience! -Bellevue, WA"
I had breast augmentation done. I changed my implant size last minute (which I will get done again one day, as I want them slightly bigger). The surgery went great! Unfortunately one breast had symptoms of bottoming out after about 3 months. I sent my concerns via email and nurses were very prompt at following up. I had a second procedure done that lasted about an hour under local anesthesia... more
"Review of Breast Augmentation..."
I only have two (possibly) useful comments about the procedure (the review for Dr. Peters is in a separate section). First, I did my homework before choosing to get surgery and read review after review and story after story and was convinced that I would be in agonizing pain the first couple days - I wasn't. I basically slept for three days and woke up to a pain that I would describe as an... more
"I went from a 36 B to a 34-36 D. -..."
I am so pleased with Egrari's work on my breast. They look very natural still. I went from a 36 B to a 34-36 D. I am very happy with my breast Implants. I was so nervous because I've seen implants that look terrible, but i highly recommend Egrari, I think he is the best with breast implats. The procedure was only an hour or two as well. Very professional. more
"Breast Implants to Improve My Shape..."
Naturally less than a 32A having breast implants to improve to a 32C. I will be receiving silicone gel implants with the incisions being made at the base of my nipples and the implants being placed under my muscle. I am Looking to enhance the size of my breasts ultimately enhancing my feeling of being a woman. I have always been self conscious about my breast size although I played competitive... more
"Finally Got my New Boobs! - Kirkland, WA"
Back story: I am a 22 year old, 5'5" and 105 lbs I naturally had a 32d growing up and then had my beautiful son I got up to a 30 DDD, yikes! Through losing baby weight and geting back in shape, I have lost my breast fullness. We wanted to shoot for a full C! I got my BA today and I will say I am VERY sore. Was anyone else really sore the first? I can barely get out of bed, or raise my... more
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Hey everyone... So I'm 25 years old 5'2'' and 120lbs with the bra size of a big A small B.. I've considered breast implants since I was 18 years old but every time I get close to seriously getting them I chicken out and decide not to.. My first experience with this was when I was 19 years old my mother offered to pay for half of the cost!!! Other than that she had no other influence in my... more
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108 members93 Comments 5 Likes
372 members414 Comments 34 Likes
918 members170 Comments 12 Likes
1254 members203 Comments 32 Likes
Started this discussion. Last reply by Skye Nov 10, 2013. 15 Replies 0 Likes
The immediate issue: in the last two months, my BG average has climbed from 160 to 204 (standard dev consistent around 50). Clearly, I need to add more insulin, BUT I ALREADY HAVE! My average total…Continue
Join Diabetes community by Diabetes Hands Foundation: TuDiabetes
Hey! So glad to know that you've found a solution that's working for you. :) I am on the verge of going the same route. I'm seeing my endocrinologist tomorrow and am going to see if he has any ideas, but although the metal sets were working well at first, I'm finding I have the same problems as I was having with plastic sets (not even lasting two days, lots of unexpected highs, lots of irritation around the sites that lasts for days after removal). The pump has helped me SO much that even if I give it up I would give it another chance and only take a few months off to see if it had any positive impact on my control.
The only real connection I've found between my allergies (in general) and my site reactions is that I go through periods where my allergies overall just seem worse and I seem like I react to everything (food, environment, contact), and other periods where my allergies are much calmer. Not sure what triggers it, but maybe a combination of food and environment and accidentally missing medications sometimes. I find most of my reactions to foods pretty obvious (rashes, throat tightness/irritation, coughing, anaphylaxis), but I still break out in random rashes nad such sometimes and think I'm probably still eating something I'm allergic to. I have yet to find an allergist who is actually good, unfortunately... It seems all of the adult allergiests know about seasonal allergies and that's about it. If you're not the standard adult with a few seasonal allergies it's almost like they don't quite know what to do with you.
I probably discovered blogs in about 2004, I think, maybe Six Until Me or one of the other early ones. In 2005 I was going through a major diabetes burnout phase and a friend suggested I search for a diabetes forum to talk to others, so I did. It was the first contact I'd had with other Type 1s since I was a kid, and actually I never would have gone on the pump if it hadn't been for interacting with pumpers online.
I've heard that stress can cause rashes and such, so it wouldn't surprise me if they're somehow related. Actually, I'm slaving away on my thesis this weekend and freaking out because I should have had it sent to my supervisor yesterday, and my allergies have been terrible! I've been taking an extra-strength oral antihistamine and antihistamine eye drops and I am still miserable. I assumed it was spring just beginning to start, but maybe it's from stress. I think mild food allergies play a part in mine, too. I was recently diagnosed with this allergic-inflammatory throat condition which is apparently linked to food allergies, so I'm off for testing in a month. In a way I actually hope they find something, if it would help with my allergies overall. I already have one severe food allergy so am already used to reading labels, and I'm getting desperate enough (medications don't really help much anymore) that I'm willing to try almost anything.
I've only been pumping for 7 years, so not quite as long as you. I also seriously think my pump allergy issues negatively affect my control. Can't count the number of times I've had high readings and had to remove a site because it's so itchy! It's much better now since switching to metal sets, but I still find the metal a bit itchy. Do you have problems with allergies overall? I have a ton of allergy problems (food, seasonal, environmental, asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis) and I think they are all related. I use mmol/L for my readings since I'm in Canada, but I've hung around on online forums enough that I can pretty much convert to mg/dl (and back) in my head. Here's something - I discovered the DOC in 2005. What was your year? :)
We're so happy that you're finally here!
Welcome home Skye!!
This is a great place to share, to learn, and to grow...all the while meeting new people world wide, and making friends.
Take a peek at some the groups when you get a chance. Just go to the top of your page, and click on "Groups". Once in,
click on "all groups". You can either peruse the wide array of available groups....or simply type a specific interest in the
space provided.
Take in some of the blogs/discussions as well.
The resource boxes at the top of the home "Home" page, and
"About us" at the very bottom of your page and every page (the footer), offer you more information still.
Hope you find the support and information you came looking for.
Here is a useful link to get you on your way:
Hey, why don't you come join us in the TuD chat room?
You'll see us at the bottom of the home page.
We have a great time getting to know each other, sharing info and lots of laughs :)
It's on right now!
Take care....and keep in touch!
Welcome Skye, This is a place where we come together to support each other. To share our problems and experiences and to help each other. There are groups for people with like circumstances or interest. Blog posts where members convey their thoughts and experiences. And there are the forums where we come together for discussions.
This is a place to come for understanding from other people with diabetes.
Please feel at home, you are with friends.
WELCOME to our wonderful family. We are a very caring and supportive group. Questions? Please feel free to ask us. Please read the BLOGS the FORUMS and check out the many GROUPS for much valuable advice and information. WELCOME!!!
Welcome to the family! On this forum you will learn so much. Most of all you will learn that you are not alone. Everyone here is supportive and will provide answers to your questions. Search the site for answers. Read the discussions and blogs for information. There are videos to help you understand diabetes and its treatment. Most of all there is family to talk to and even to vent to, if needed. Welcome home.
Hello Skye, welcome to the community! here's a page with lots of info about us, let me know if you have any questions.
© 2015 A community of people touched by diabetes, run by the Diabetes Hands Foundation.


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Claretta and Ben
Not Yet Rated| 1 hr. 42 min.
Plot Summary
A playwright-actor and his theater group tour Italy to perform a play about Mussolini's affair with Claretta Petracci.
Cast: Ugo Tognazzi , Bernadette Lafont , Franco Fabrizi , Lia Tanzi , Gigi Ballista , Quinto Parmeggiani ,
Director: Gian Luigi Polidoro
Genres: Comedy


text: Real-time bidding ad revenue to reach $20.8B by 2017 Published on October 17, 2013. 0 Reprints Reprints Ad Age LookBook Weekly Feature Why Taco Bell's Social Media Blackout Was a Brilliant Campaign Learn more New York—Global ad revenue from real-time bidding will grow from $2.7 billion last year to $20.8 billion in 2017, a compound annual growth rate of 51.0%, according to a study commissioned by ad technology company PubMatic. The study was conducted for PubMatic by researcher International Data Corp., using predictive modeling. In the U.S., revenue from real-time bidding will grow from $2.0 billion last year to $14.4 billion in 2017, the study found. This year, revenue from real-time bidding will account for 14.0% of total digital ad revenue in the U.S., growing to 41.0% in 2017, according to the study. In this article: BtoB Advertisement Read These Next Tumblr's First CMO Stephanie Dolgins Will Also Oversee Its Media Deals Tim Peterson on 03.30.2015 97 0 Chevy Liked Its Truck Effort So Much, It's Taking It National Mike Colias on 03.30.2015 59 0 L'Oreal's Chief Digital Officer on Programmatic Plans, Startups and Org Charts Jack Neff on 03.30.2015 550 0 Comments (0)


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(Washington, DC) The DC Snow Team (Department of Public Works and Department of Transportation) will deploy more than 200 plows to commercial and residential streets Tuesday morning, December 10 to be on site in advance of the upcoming winter storm predicted to start with sleet, then change to snow and drop 2-5 inches before ending in the late afternoon. The daytime temperature will be 36F and will fall to 27F at night. Any snow, slush, or melting from the snow event will freeze overnight Tuesday. Wednesday is expected to be sunny with a high of 36F and a low of 19F.
Each center provides career counseling, resume assistance, job placement and much more.
Tweets by @ONEDOES_ONECITY
Download forms, file online or check your refund status at the Taxpayer Service Center.


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Difficulty with dough hook - Delonghi DS7
I've got a new Delonghi mixer (burned through two Kitchenaids in the last 10 years) as well have just switched to using only fresh ground whole wheat.
I'm failing at being able to knead well with the dough hook. Everything just clings to the outside of the bowl while the the dough hook spins inside. I coax and prod with rubber spatula, but it just doesn't take and form a nice ball like my bread flour and kitchen would do.
Today I just adjusted my dough hook so it is lower and closer to the bowl, but it didn't appear any different.
My process is toss all ingredients into the bowl, put on dough hook and turn it on. Adjust moisture by adding add'l water or flour.
Any ideas?
I almost went with the Bosch with the different style kneading hooks....would this have been a better choice for me?
Rick in PA
Do it in two steps;
First add the yeast/oil/sugar to the bowl plus all of the warm water and about 1/4 of the flour and mix to a pancake batter like consistency, about 1 min.
Stop the machine and add all the remaining flour along with all the salt and start mixing again. Whole grain flour can get awfully sticky compared to regular bread flour so you may need to reduce the water a bit or add a bit more flour than you normally would right from the beginning. It's always better to get it right from the beginning because adding water or flour once the dough begins to form a ball just causes it to slide around in the bowl and not get proper kneading.
You can't just take a regular bread flour recipe and substitute whole wheat flour without readjusting the flour amount or the water amount somewhat.
I've made bread dough in both the similar Kenwood and my Bosch and the Bosch is far easier and more thorough but even it will have dough sliding round or sticking if you don't get the proportions correct from the start.


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Book your room at Sibilla Albunea
Double Room, 2 Single BedsMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Double RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Triple RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 2 infants)
Double Room Single UseMax Occupancy: 1 guest
Tivoli townhouse accommodation in Bagni di Tivoli with free parking
Located in Bagni di Tivoli, this townhouse accommodation is 0.2 mi (0.4 km) from Terme di Roma and within 6 mi (10 km) of Hadrian's Villa and Villa d'Este. Marco Simone Golf Club and Villa Gregoriana are also within 9 mi (15 km).
Property Features
This townhouse accommodation features dry cleaning, a 24-hour front desk, and a library. Free WiFi in public areas, free self parking, and free train station pick-up are also provided. Other amenities include tour/ticket assistance and a garden.
Room Amenities
All 6 rooms offer free WiFi, balconies or patios, and digital TV. Other amenities available to guests include room service, hair dryers, and showers.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Sibilla Albunea features a library, tour/ticket assistance, and a garden. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. This Tivoli townhouse accommodation also offers dry cleaning/laundry services and room service (during limited hours). Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 6
- Number of floors - 2
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Luggage storage
- Library
- Garden
- Free self parking
- Free train station pickup
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Balcony or patio
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Bidet
- Shower only
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Desk
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Digital TV service
- Free WiFi
- Room service (limited hours)
- Free cribs/infant beds
Where to Eat
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-in time ends at 11 PM
Check-out time is 11:00 AM
Payment types
Pets allowed, Pet maximum weight in kg is 8
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Rollaway bed fee: EUR 20.00 per night
We should mention
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation. This property offers transfers from the train station. Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.


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Went to some craft and bazaars today
I don't know about anyone else but at the craft fairs and bazaars I just don't seem to see anything new. Everyone has the same old "tired" crafts they are trying to sell. There must be something new out there to make. I personally can't think of anything.
Or maybe crafting has come to an end with all these cheap imports from China.
I wish someone would come up with a NEW idea. When I look back at all the craft that I made and sold I now wonder why anyone bought them. They all seem so useless now. I used to love to "tole paint", now I wouldn't have any of it in the house.
Well, we are people & often buy things we don't need. We also love to be part of the latest craze, why else would a 60 yr old woman get in a hulahoop!!! The shift inside homes from traditional, to French to country, to what I call European look(like noone lives there)etc, some of those looks like collections, antiques, etc,others require only something on the wall & very little anywhere else. I like chrome faucet in kitchen, had to get nickel, hate it, it spots, doesn't like you to can etc. But it is a fad. Real chrome last 40 yrs,nickel if you can & cook,looks tacky in couple of yrs. Silver polish makes chrome glow, nothing works on nickel. Remember how mop dolls & the dolls standing in corners hit everybody,they were different. Now most women have to work I think all the creative people are on this group of forumsGJ& T_T & this 1. So at least there are some ideas on here.Also the bazaars out here became places for manufactured jewelry,jam from factory etc. fun all left! Just my take!
The show we did this weekend use to be so crowded when the doors opened you could hardly see what was going on. You had to get on a waiting list to even participate as a vendor. This weekend that same show was able to put all their crafters in one area (the gym) instead of using the four or five buildings they once used. There was a lot of jewelry makers and a man with baskets (they were suppose to be handmade items but he said they were handmade somewhere), ladies with quilts and the watercolor artists who were selling their art work based on historic places in our town. We had all handpainted and handmade items in our booth. We sold a lot of ornaments, one lady purchased over $327 worth of ornaments. We did very well (made over $1100). The wreath ladies did not fair so well. I am beginning to think the craft shows are a thing of the past, there are just too many things out there that have been imported in at such rediculous prices, there is no way we can compete. My best sellers were hand painted Santas and Snowmen, Christmas flamingos, and the old standbys, spoons and lightbulbs. But I can tell you I put a lot of time and effort in these items and had to sell them at a very low price.
Thanks for the report - Sounds like a profitable day for you! My show yesterday was OK - $480 (after expenses)for a five hour show - I do the potato bags and a few other things - it was inside with 85 degree weather outside so it was hard for people to be in the mood, but I won't complain - the rent was $75, I have another one today - a founders day celebration - so no Christmas - I pull out my gag gifts to lure them over and sell them my potato bags...
Ms. Bonnie, one of our ladies did the cutest cinnamon stick snowmen. She painted simple colors , a white face with the dots for the eyes but she used miniature baskets for his hat and cut the fingers out of knitted gloves for the hats of the snow women. They were darling and she sold a lot of them. She also made tiny snowmen out of clay and put them in thimbles. They were the sweetest ornaments. Everything I have left over will go to my DIL school and hopefully the teachers will buy them. Good luck today.
Dear all.welcome to visit our web:www.only-homedecor.com
one homedecor.&gift vendor from china on main products as wooden photo frames, mirrors, candle holders,wall-shelves,canvas paintings and framed arts,etc.
Noted wholesale&retail are all welcome.
best regds
Only Living Idea Co.,Ltd


text:
Comfort Suites
5730 North Haggerty Road
Canton, MI 48187
Phone: (734) 981-1010
Fax: (734) 981-5504
Outdoor Activities
»Plymouth Cultural Center Ice Arena
The Plymouth Cultural Center Ice Arena is a "green geothermal" ice arena, the only one in Michigan, as a matter of fact. Families enjoy coming to the Ice Arena for some winter fun during open skate. In addition to regular open skate, the Ice Arena also hosts hockey leagues as well as a regular drop in hockey game.
»Hilltop Golf Course
The Hilltop Golf Course is a par 70, 18 hole course located in Plymouth Township. Designed by Jerry Matthews, the course totals 6018 yards of course. It is one of the more challenging courses, so make sure you get your game face on.
»Arctic Edge Ice Arena
Located in Canton, this state of the art ice rink and sports training facility is the best of its kind in the area. The facility features two NHL sized rinks, physical therapy and sports training center and a snack bar. The Arctic Edge Ice Arena is home to internationally renowned ice dancing coaches, Igor Sphilband, Marina Zoueva and Johnny Johns. Whether just learning how to skate or are a seasoned veteran, the facility has programs and sessions for everyone. Classes for children, adults and hockey players are offered. The rink is also home to various hockey leagues and can be rented out for birthday parties.
»Oasis Golf Center
If you are looking for a place where you can practice your golf skills then your search ends at the Oasis Golf Center. Here, amateur as well as professional golf enthusiasts can polish their abilities at the spectacular Golf Dome or at the driving range. The Golf Dome at the Oasis Golf Center is the only one of its kind in Wayne County; it's large enough to accommodate many golfers and leaves no room for complaint. With more than 150 tee stations, artificial and natural grass, the driving range gives an authentic golfing experience. The place also offers miniature golf so get your little ones along and watch them hone some golfing skills.
»St. Johns Golf & Conference Center
Located at the Inn at St. John's, the St. John's Golf & Conference center features a 27-hole golf course, ranked as one of the top courses in Michigan. The Mission Grille is located at the golf course so you can grab a bite to eat after your game. In addition to the golf course, St. John's also features space for conferences, meetings, and other various events, with one ballroom and various smaller meeting rooms.
»Compuware Arena
This state-of-the-art sporting facility home to the Plymouth Whalers, is set on 30 acres of a beautiful landscaped area surrounded by natural beauty and a scenic view. A perfect venue for hosting concerts, performances and sporting events, this facility is capable of seating 3500 people with private suites and press boxes. The Compuware Arena even has a meeting room and a banquet room capable of seating 250 guests. At the venue there is also a team store selling merchandise of the team like jerseys, posters, memorabilia and accessories!
»Gateway Golf Club
Jerry Matthews Natural Course Design of Lansing created this beautiful golf course from a barren and flat acreage of land. The course also includes a clubhouse that can be rented out for private parties, golf-related or not! Call or see the website for more information.
»Inkster Valley Golf Course
Located in the midst of wetlands and forest, the Inkster Valley Golf Course uses these natural elements and, instead of changing the environment, uses it to create challenging obstacles for an unsuspecting golfer. Most holes in this course, therefore, have some water related obstacle. The full fledged 18-hole course is considered to be one of the top hundred courses in the country by GolfLink. There is a clubhouse with a grill and can seat up to a hundred people.
»Northville Downs
This charming little track in the western suburb of Northville is the winter site for harness racing in the Detroit area. Racing begins in October, as soon as Hazel Park Raceway closes, and continues to the beginning of April. With some exceptions, racing is five nights a week, with the track dark Wednesdays and Sundays. Bettors can wager on other races from around the country. Views of the track are better in the 3000-seat grandstand than in the 1500-seat clubhouse. The track has been in operation since 1944, but renovations have kept it modern-looking.
»Fox Hills Golf & Banquet Center
Fox Hills Golf & Banquet Center is located in Plymouth. Fox Hills features three different golf courses, including the Fox Classic course with 27 holes. There is also a junior course and a driving range. The Banquet Center is a popular venue for weddings, showers and, of course, banquets. Fox Hills also offers Sunday brunch, one of the top five brunches in Michigan, Friday night fish fry dinners, and Grills at each of the three golf courses.
»Maybury State Park
Located just 30 miles (48 kilometers) outside of Detroit, Maybury State Park is the perfect place to get outdoors and get back to nature. The park features over 1,000 acres (404 hectares) of rolling hills, dense mature forests, open meadows and plenty of walking and riding paths. In the winter the park serves as a cross-country skiing area, while in the spring and summer the park is mainly used for hiking, fishing, picnics and equestrian riding.
»Founders Sports Park
Founders Sports Park in Farmington Hills offers visitors a variety of options for play. The 101 acre (488840 yards) park offers a shuffle board court, six soccer fields, eight baseball fields, four volleyball courts and two basketball courts. Call ahead to know more.


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Stay at the Inn at Big White Sunday-Thursday from just $99 per night. Relax in the outdoor pool & hot tub after your day on the slopes.


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We stayed a week here and it was most relaxing and very well kept. Beautiful beach area with seclusion and bbq grills. Very nice on the bay as well. And very very quiet. One of the best values and properties on the key. Highly recommend this place. Staff is excellent and most accommodating.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Cape Cod style cottages elegantly border a red brick road that runs from the blue waters of the Gulf of Mexico to Sarasota Bay. Little Gull offers fully furnished, luxury one, two, three and four bedroom cottages with four poster beds and wood burning fireplaces. Each cottage has a fully equipped kitchen, two cable televisions, linens, central heat and air, private phones, with laundry facilities either in your cottage or free on site. ... more less
- Also Known As:
- Little Gull Cottages Hotel Longboat Key


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Park it and save
BWI Airport Marriott offers travelers the chance to save money on parking when heading to the airport. The Park Here, Fly Here package lets guests park free with an overnight stay and then head to the airport while leaving your car parked for $5 per night or $30 for a full week. Hotel rates... Kim Hairston, Baltimore Sun


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Red Lion Hotels Bolsters Development with Two Regional VPs
Wednesday June 18th, 2014 - 11:19AM
These are shortcuts to your favorite social networking and bookmark sites. Add this story to your Facebook page, del.icio.us, DiggIt, and many others!
SPOKANE, WA—Red Lion Hotels Corporation has added two industry veterans, Phil Lovas and Mike Castro, as Regional Vice Presidents of Lodging Development.
The addition of Lovas and Castro further enhances the Franchise Development team as the company accelerates its plan to expand nationally. Phil Lovas has more than a decade of experience in the hospitality industry. He joins Red Lion having worked most recently for InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG), where he was Regional Director of Franchise Development. Prior to that, Lovas established franchise sales experience with Cendant Corporation where he primarily handled new build developments and conversions in the Mountain West region.
Mike Castro has been with Red Lion Hotels Corporation since 2010, most recently as Vice President, Brand Services. He is a 20 year hospitality veteran who began his career with Red Lion Hotels serving in various leadership roles at both the corporate and the hotel level. Castro has also worked for Sage Hospitality, CSM Corporation and Hilton Hotels Corporation.
"Both Phil and Mike have made an impressive impact on franchising in the hospitality industry," stated Brian Quinn, SVP & Chief Franchise Officer for Red Lion Hotels Corporation. "We are confident that with their industry reach, they will be successful in advancing our national growth goals."
Tags: Red Lion • development • Hospitality • Personnel •
Technology used to be considered impersonal. You know, the idea of the "robotic mind," no human interaction. But, the reality is technology is actually very personal and becoming more so by the day. Devices are so in sync with their users, they've become the personal secretaries to the masses. This is even more true when talking connected wearables.
HB ON THE SCENE: Choice's Joyce Rattles Off Key Industry Issues During Keynote
Wyndham to Deliver Personalized, Pre-Arrival Upgrade Offers to Guests Globally
Lodging Conference Cofounder Morris Lasky Passes Away »
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Dryer on last legs?
xminionJanuary 15, 2014
Dryer completely stopped rotating. DH put a new belt in. Drum now rotates, but only with a light load. Won't move at all with a full load of clothes. .
Any ideas what part/s need repair? Or, is it on its last legs? Thanks!


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Alright, so you know those mac and cheese recipes that add pumpkin or butternut squash and use less cheese to lighten it up?
Yeah, this isn't one of those recipes. (more…)
Posts Tagged 'Pasta'
Spiced Pumpkin Mac and Cheese with Brown Butter, Sage, and Pecan ToppingTuesday, November 18th, 2014
Alright, so you know those mac and cheese recipes that add pumpkin or butternut squash and use less cheese to lighten it up?
Yeah, this isn't one of those recipes. (more…)
Easy Chicken Parm Soup {And a $25 Gift Card + Pasta Prize Pack Giveaway}Saturday, October 25th, 2014
Thank you to Dreamfields for sponsoring this post. I am happy for the opportunity to share brands that I believe in with my readers, and I hope you enjoy my recipe for Easy Chicken Parm Soup.
Something I've realized about myself is that I just about always defer to making food from scratch. (more…)
Vegetable Beef Alphabet SoupWednesday, September 24th, 2014
So, I know alphabet soup is usually toddler food.
Its right up there with bananas smeared with peanut butter and smiley-face-shaped sandwiches. I have a confession though: I might occasionally still like kid favorites. (more…)
Mediterranean Pasta Salad {Vegan}Tuesday, July 29th, 2014
Most of us already have a favorite pasta salad in our cooking repertoire, but do you have the perfect vegan pasta salad that you can whip up for any summer party, picnic, or BBQ?
I know I didn't before this. (more…)
BLT Pasta Salad {And a Few Other Pasta Salad Recipe Ideas}Thursday, May 22nd, 2014
Out of all my childhood memories, I remember summer vacation most vividly…those memories seem to be brighter, louder, and definitely more full of delicious smells and tastes. (more…)
Macaroni and Cheese with Cauliflower, Tuna, and Egyptian Roumy CheeseFriday, March 14th, 2014
This dish is basically a grown-up version of Tuna Helper. (Despite my mom being the anti-processed food extremist that she was, which I now thank her for, even I tried Tuna Helper as a kid.) (more…)
Stovetop Tuscan Mac and CheeseWednesday, January 8th, 2014
Thank you to I Can't Believe It's Not Butter® for sponsoring this post. I am happy for the opportunity to share products that I enjoy with my readers, and I hope you like my recipe for Stovetop Tuscan Mac and Cheese.
There are the obvious sources of mealtime inspiration, like cookbooks, food magazines, and food blogs. There are friends' recommendations, and remakes of restaurant favorites.
But how often do we really go to our moms for recipe advice? (I mean after college anyway…my mom was my cooking guru during undergrad!) (more…)
Savory Pumpkin + Cheese Stuffed ShellsThursday, October 3rd, 2013
Back home, Friday nights used to be my girls'-night-in sleepover night with my niece Autumn Rose. She's all of ten now (wow, where did the time go?!), but you'd think she was at least fourteen from the way she looks (tallest in her class!) and the way she acts.
I've always been proud of her for being such a healthy eater – her mother drilled it into her from the very beginning and it has done wonders for her in every way. Which is why when I made this for dinner one Friday night late last winter I was completely surprised at her response: I don't eat stuffed shells…they're not my thing and I just don't like them. Ok, first, lol. See what I mean? Ten going on fourteen. And second, this was coming from the girl who voluntarily orders pan-seared fish when eating out (in Disney, nonetheless!), drinks kombucha with me, and laughs in the face of savory green smoothies before gobbling them up (truth be told, I don't even know many adults who can handle savory green smoothies…they really are an acquired taste!). (more…)
Pepper + Onion Pasta with Sausage {Giveaway}Monday, January 28th, 2013
I can't resist picking up a unique (or better yet, strange) food item, and even something that seems as ordinary as pasta is no different. (Food bloggers, I know you get this…everyone else, I know it's a little weird.) (more…)
Smoky White Cheddar Mac & Cheese with Leeks {And a Round-Up of Recipes Using Thanksgiving Leftovers}Tuesday, November 20th, 2012
In just a few days we'll be enjoying my favorite part of Thanksgiving dinner – leftovers! Lately I've been going crazy making a sandwich with deli turkey, and I can't wait to try it with leftover turkey from Thanksgiving. Here's what goes into that glorious sandwich… (more…)
©2015 | Faith Gorsky, An Edible Mosaic™ | All Rights Reserved


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Maternity hospital
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Lying-in Hospital)
A maternity hospital is a hospital that specializes in caring for women while they are pregnant and during childbirth. The hospital also provides care for newborn infants.
External links[edit]
Media related to Maternity hospitals at Wikimedia Commons
|This hospital-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Narrow your search
A snap-on faceplate will add 3D hand-tracking capabilities to the open-source VR headset's design, but you'll have to pay extra.
This swimsuit uses 3D printing to combine sculpture and fashion to create a stunning, one-off garment inspired by water.
At CES 2015, Mercedes-Benz unveiled a futuristic concept, a self-driving car that works as a mobile lounge for passengers.
Why walk when you can let a gadget do it for you? The R2 is a personal electric transportation device.
The world needs a lot more hydrogen refuelling stations before a fuel-cell car makes practical sense, but when the world is ready, Volkswagen has not one but two cars primed for production.
The market isn't ready for fuel-cell cars, but Volkswagen is. This is the hydrogen-powered Passat HyMotion.
Learn how to make your own motion-activated light for Halloween decorating.
Forget plugging in. Ampy stores up battery power by converting your movements into energy so you can charge your gadgets with the power of motion.
Apple's latest pair of iPhone's offer two different slow-motion capturing speeds, but the process to change between the two isn't all that obvious. Here's where to find it.
It's official: NASA moved their Space Launch System rocket from analysis to actual development, moving us one step closer to sending humans to Mars.


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anyone care to share?
I have been without a bin for about 2 years, due to divorce and multiple times moving and presently in an apartment.
However, I am about to move in to my first ever all to myself house, and I want to have a working worm bin (got an empty rubbermaid bin in storage) again.
I used to be active on this forum, but lost all sight of lots of things during my transition time.
I am now ready to get some worms, and wonder if there is someone that wouldn't mind sharing some with me.
I live in Oklahoma City.
PS, I am linking some old worm pictures
Here is a link that might be useful: vermicompost/feeding time
Hi Moni;
I'm in Cushing. Very poor, but I have worms. Not a bunch to spare, but if you're ever out this way give me a heads up before you do and I'll pack a few. They're reproducing like crazy right now. I already have two smaller bins started for two others and they're already swarming!


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A Fuckfest in Budapest 1/2
Julie gets her holes examined before getting shagged
The three boners take on Chessie
Сum in bathroom
An abundance of orgasms pt 2/5
playful blowjob
Jayna's a fun toy
An abundance of orgasms pt 5/5
Salma 2
She Blows Me Away
An abundance of orgasms pt 1/5
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The Pagoda Dinkytown offers Happy Hour Specials all day Wednesday and Thursday. This includes 2 for 1 prices on all bottle beers, Tunnel of Elams Red and White Wines and Gekkeikan Sake. You can also double your appetizer for 99 cents.
Their menu includes over 300 items from China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, India, and Korea. Their menu can be found here: http://pagodadinkytown.com/menu.pdf
Parking can be tricky. There is street parking around the restaurant for $1.25 per hour. The parking lot for the restaurant is located by driving through the McDonald's parking lot. The wall you will park behind will be painted orange. That parking is free, but limited to a dozen spaces.
If traveling by bus, the 6 lines runs right by the restaurant on 4th St and will connect downtown. U students should be familiar with the area, as the restaurant is located in Dinkytown.
While this is a social event, there will be a discussion topic: The Price of Atheism. What choices have you had to make because you are an atheist you wouldn't have to make otherwise? The topic will be open.
Please RSVP so people will know which table to look for, and so I can let the restaurant to know how many people to prepare for.
See you there!
I started the group because there wasn't any other type of group like this. I've met some great folks in the group who have become close friends and have also met some amazing business owners.
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International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 328619, 9 pages
Handing Optimization Energy Consumption in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks
Graduate Program in Applied Informatics, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Avenida Washington Soares 1321, 60811-905 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
Received 11 February 2013; Accepted 24 August 2013
Academic Editor: Tai-hoon Kim
Copyright © 2013 Placido Rogerio Pinheiro et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This paper presents an integer linear programming model devoted to optimize the energy consumption efficiency in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. This model is based upon a schedule of sensor allocation plans in multiple time intervals subject to coverage and connectivity constraints. By turning off specifics sets of redundant sensors in each time interval, it is possible to reduce the total energy consumption in the network and, at the same time, avoid partitioning the whole network by losing some strategic sensors too prematurely. Since the network is heterogeneous, sensors can sense different phenomena from different demand points, with different sample rates. By resorting to this model, it is possible to provide extra lifetime to heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, reducing their setup and maintenance costs. This is an important issue to be considered when deploying sensor devices in hostile and inaccessible environments.
1. Introduction
A wireless Sensor Network (WSN) typically consists of a large number of small, low-power, and limited-bandwidth computational devices named sensor nodes, as shown in Figure 1. Four modules constitute a sensor node: processor, battery, transmission, and sensor module. In addition to the construction of processing packets, a dynamic algorithm for routing in sensor nodes is performed to find and configure the best possible network topology at runtime in order to reduce the loss of energy and retransmission.
These nodes can frequently interact with each other, in a wireless manner, in order to relay the sensed data towards one or more processing machines (also known as sinks) residing outside the network. They also have been primarily used in the monitoring of several physical phenomena, such as temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, ambient light, sound volume, solar radiation, and precipitation, and therefore have been deployed in different areas of application/research, like agriculture, climate study, biology, and security. Figure 2 outlines a wireless sensor network.
The simple deployment of the approach is proposed by [1], while sensing different phenomena through the same WSN can lead to inefficiency in terms of energy expenditure. With this perspective in mind, in this work, we provide an extension to the model devised by [2–4], namely, to consider different coverage radius and sampling rates for different phenomena. We argue that the incorporation of such aspects into the model can have a significant impact on the network lifetime mainly when the spatiotemporal properties of the phenomena under observation vary a lot.
The introduction of this new dimension into the model brings about novel issues to be dealt with. The critical issue relates to the concurrent routing of data related to different phenomena, as these data should be relayed to different sinks. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), how do they work, the components of a sensor, the problems that can occur in a WSN, and complementary knowledge to optimize the network. On the other hand, Section 3 presents the novel integer linear programming model for the minimization of energy expenditure in WSNs regarding the heterogeneity aspects of the sensed phenomena mentioned above. Moreover, Section 4 presents computational results achieved by simulation while providing a qualitative discussion of such results. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper and comments on future work.
2. The Wireless Sensor Network
A Wireless Sensor network typically consists of a large number of small, low-power, and limited-bandwidth computational devices named sensor nodes. These nodes can frequently interact with each other, in a wireless manner, in order to relay the sensed data towards one or more processing machines (a.k.a. sinks) residing outside the network [5]. For such a purpose, special devices, called gateways, are also employed in order to interface the WSN with a wired transport network. To avoid bottleneck and reliability problems, it is pertinent to make one or more of these gateways available in the same network setting. This is a strategy that can also reduce the length of the traffic routes across the network and consequently lower the overall energy consumption. A typical sensor node is composed of four modules, namely, the processing module, the battery, the transceiver module, and the sensor module [6]. Besides the packet building processing, a dynamic routing algorithm runs over the sensor nodes in order to discover and configure in runtime the "best" network topology in terms of number of retransmissions and waste of energy. Due to the resources limited microprocessor, most devices make use of a small operating system that supplies basic functionalities to the application program. To provide the necessary energy for the whole unit, there is a battery, whose lifetime duration depends on several aspects, among which, its storage capacity and the levels of electrical current employed in the device. The transceiver module, conversely, is a device that transmits and receives data using radiofrequency propagation as media and typically involves two circuits, namely, the transmitter and the receiver. Due to the use of public-frequency bands, other devices in the neighbourhood can cause interference during sensor communication [7]. Likewise, the operation/interaction among other sensor nodes of the same network can cause this sort of interference. Therefore, the lower the number of active sensors is in the network, the more reliable the radiofrequency communication tends to be among these sensors. The last component, the sensor module, is responsible for gauging the phenomena of interest; the ability of concurrently collecting data pertaining to different phenomena is a property already available in some sensor nodes' models.
For each application scenario, the network designer has to consider the variation's rate for each sensed phenomenon in order to choose the best sampling rate of each sensor device. Such decision is very important to be pursued with precision as it surely has a great impact on the amount of data to be sensed and delivered and, consequently, on the levels of energy consumed prematurely by the sensor nodes [8]. This is the temporal aspect to be considered in the network design.
Another aspect to be considered is the spatial one. Moreover, [9] defines coverage as a measure of the ability to detect objects within a sensor field. The lower the variation of the physical variable being measured across the area, the shorter has to be the radius of coverage for each sensor while measuring the phenomenon. This influences the number of active sensors to be employed to cover all demand points related to the given phenomenon. The fact is that the more sensors are active in a given moment, the bigger the overall energy consumed across the network. WSN is usually deployed in hostile environments, with many restrictions of access. In such cases, the network would be unreliable and unstable if the minimum number of sensor nodes was effectively used to cover the whole area of observation. If some sensor nodes failed to operate, their coverage area would be out of monitoring, preventing the data correlation coming from this area with others coming from other areas. Another worst-case scenario occurs when we have sensor nodes as network bottlenecks, being responsible for routing all data coming from the sensor nodes in the neighbourhood. In this case, a failure in such nodes could jeopardize the whole network. To avoid these problems and build WSN, a robust design and extra sensor nodes are usually employed in order to introduce some sort of redundancy. By these means, the routing topology needs to be dynamic and adaptive. When a sensor node that is routing data from other nodes fails, the routing algorithm discovers all its neighbour nodes, and then the network reconfigures its own topology dynamically. A problem with this approach is that it entails unnecessary energy consumption. This is because of the coverage areas of the redundant sensor nodes overlap too much, giving birth to redundant data. In addition, these redundant data bring about extra energy consumption in retransmission nodes. The radio-frequency interference is also stronger, which can cause unnecessary data retransmissions, increasing the levels of energy expenditure.
Reference [10] presents many integer linear programming models to optimize energy consumption but does not consider the dynamic time scheduling. The solution proposed by [1, 3, 4, 11] is to create different schedules, each one associated with a given time interval, that activate only the minimum set of sensor nodes necessary to satisfy the coverage and connectivity constraints. The employment of different schedules prevents the premature starvation from some of the nodes, bringing about a more homogeneous level of consumption of battery across the whole network. This is because the alternation of active nodes among the schedules is often an outcome of the model, as it optimizes the energy consumption of the whole network taking into account all time intervals and coverage and connectivity constraints [12]. It is well known that the sensing of different phenomena does not follow the same spatio-temporal profile. For instance, the temporal and spatial variations of temperature measurements in a given area can be very different from those related to humidity. Working with only one radius of coverage for all sensed phenomena entails that this radius will be the smallest one. Likewise, choosing only one sampling rate for all sensed phenomena implies that this rate can keep up well with the phenomenon that varies faster.
3. The Integer Linear Programming Model
The solution proposed by [1, 2] is to create different schedules, each one associated with a given time interval, which activate only the minimum set of sensor nodes necessary to satisfy the coverage and connectivity constraints. The employment of different schedules prevents the premature starvation from some of the nodes, bringing about a more heterogeneous energy consumption level across the whole network [13]. This is provided because the alternation of active nodes among the schedules is often a model outcome, as it optimizes the whole network energy consumption taking into account all time intervals and coverage and connectivity constraints. In order to properly model the heterogeneous WSN setting, some previous remarks are necessary.(1)A demand point is a geographical point in the region of monitoring where one or more phenomena are sensed. The distribution of such points across the area of monitoring can be regular, like a grid, but can also be random in nature. The density of such points varies according to the spatial phenomenon's variation under observation. At least one sensor must be active in a given moment to sense each demand point. Such constraint is implemented in the model.(2)Usually, the sensors are associated with coverage areas that cannot be estimated accurately. To simplify the modelling, we assume plain areas without obstacles. Moreover, we assume a circular coverage area. The coverage radius is determined by the spatial variation of the sensed phenomenon. It is assumed that all demand points within this area can be sensed. The radio-frequency propagation in real WSNs is also irregular in nature. In the same way, we can assume a circular communication area. The radius of this circle is the maximum distance at which two sensor nodes can interact.(3)A route is a path from one sensor node to a sink possibly passing through one or more sensor nodes by retransmission. Gateways are regarded as special sensor nodes whose role is only to interface with the sinks. Each phenomenon sensed in a node has its data associated with a route leading to a given sink, which is independent from the routes followed by the data related to other phenomena sensed in the same sensor node.(4)The energy consumption is actually the electric current drawn by a circuit in a given time period.In what follows [11, 13–16], the constants, variables, objective function, and constraints of the integer linear programming model applied energy consumption in heterogeneous are introduced in a step-by-step manner.
3.1. Constants
: set of sensors; : set of demand points; : set of sinks; : set of scheduling periods; : set of phenomena (temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, etc.). Each phenomenon has its own spatio-temporal properties. The associated sampling rate has impact on data traffic, while the associated radius of coverage has impact on the number of active sensors; : set of arcs , , , link sensors to demand points; : cumulated battery energy for sensor ; : energy dissipated while activating sensor ; : energy dissipated while sensor is activated (effectively sensing); : energy dissipated when transmitting data from sensor to sensor with respect to phenomenon . Such values can be different for each arc if a sensor can have its transmitter power adjusted based on the distance to the destination sensor. Each phenomenon has its own sampling rate, a parameter that impacts the total amount of data transmitted across the WSN and, consequently, the levels of energy waste; : energy expended in the reception of data for sensor ; : penalty applied when any sensor does not cover a demand point for phenomenon ; : penalty applied when sensor is activated to unnecessarily sense the phenomenon ; : set of arcs indicates whether the sensor coppers the point of demand for phenomenon .
3.2. Variables
These are the decision variables: : if sensor was activated in period for at least one phenomenon; : if sensor is activated in period ; : if sensor covers demand point in period for phenomenon ; : if arc belongs to the route from sensor to a sink in period for phenomenon ; : if sensor was activated in period for phenomenon ; : if demand point for phenomenon is not covered by any sensor in time period ; : Energy consumed by sensor considering all time periods.
3.3. Objective Function
The objective function (1) minimizes the total energy consumption through all time periods. The second term penalizes the existence of some uncovered demand points, but the solution continues feasible. It penalizes unnecessary activation for the phenomenon too.
3.4. Restrictions
The constraint (2) enforces the activation of at least one sensor node to cover the demand point associated with phenomenon in period . Otherwise, the penalty variable is set to one. This last condition will occur only in those cases when there is no sensor node that can cover the demand point, that is, for the lack of battery power when being used for other time periods and/or to monitor other phenomena, or because there is no sensor that can cover the demand point Figure 3 illustrates the results of two time intervals fourth sensor nodes. The corresponding indices are (i)time interval = 0;(ii)sensor = 0;(iii)measure = 0;(iv)demand point 21.
The constant for the indices quoted indicates that it is possible to cover the demand point 0 by the sensor 21, in the time interval 0 to 0 magnitude. If this sensor is selected to satisfy the constraint, the corresponding value of is equal to 1. If no sensor is allocated to cover a demand point, which happens for example with the demand point 55, wherein the sensor 2 is the only sensor that can monitor it and is not active, then the variable for the corresponding index value will be equal to 0, and the variable equals 1, and the penalty is applied.
On the other hand, the constraint (3) turns on variable (which means that a sensor node is actively sensing phenomenon in period ) if its associated sensor node is indeed allocated to cover any demand point associated with . Furthermore, the variable is applied in an other restriction of connectivity to indicate the start of the route if the sensor node is active.
Consider: Besides, the constraint (4) reads that sensor node is fully active (parameter ) if it is active for at least one phenomenon of observation. This constraint is used to facilitate the implementation of energy maintenance, and the activation sensor for routing restrictions is described, In restriction (5), an exit route exists for a sensor node to node sensor if there is already a path of arrival sensor node to node sensor at time interval , the phenomenon . The constant indicates whether a sensor has a connectivity with another sensor. The index indicates the sensor node that initiated the route, In Figure 4, if an input arc (s3, s6), for example, will have to be some other output arc, for example, (s6, sin ), that is, , the sum is applied to indicate all possible routes according to the constant connectivity of the time interval and magnitude . The index indicates the node that initiated the route.
Moreover, in restriction (6) if a node is active, then there must be a route starting from it. As previously mentioned, the variable indicates whether a sensor node is active at a time , for measure. This restriction is necessary because it is the beginning of the route, or one route out, not being possible to be met by the conservation flow.
And also in constraint (7), if a sensor node is active, then its route must end in a sink node. Similarly to the previous restriction (6), it is not possible to apply the conservation flow since there is no exit route for sink node, only income,
Furthermore, constraint (8) indicates that if there is an exit route past a sensor node, the sensor node must be active. A sensor node can be active only for data transmission, then the decision variable indicates that it should be active to receive value equal to the greater presence of the exit route, Constraint (9) shows that if there is an entry of a route that passes by a sensor node, then that sensor node must be active. In the same way, for the constraint of output going the route of input Constraint (10) determines the total energy spent by sensors throughout the time that the network is active:(a)it is added for each sensor , and the energy is expended in all periods of time with maintenance , if ;(b)the same happens with the activation of sensors indicated by the variable , with .All the energy for receiving data from the sensor , although not itself, who comes from sensor , is added in .
The same happens with the energy that used to transmit data, except that it may be the sensor that initiated the route expressed by this part, .
Constraint (11) enforces that each sensor node should consume at most the capacity limit of its battery,
If a sensor is active in the first time interval, it means it consumed energy to activate. The variable indicates this activation. Then, the variable's value is set to 1. On the other hand, if the sensor is kept off in the first time interval, the value is set to 0. Constraint (12) ensures that
In constraint (13), the sensor's past and current activation states are compared. If the sensor node was active from period to period , then is set to 1 or 0, otherwise,
4. Computational Results
The following conditions were considered to execute the computational tests: four different scenarios are set according to the time interval amounts 2, 4, 6, and 8 time intervals. For each time interval, it was executed for some instances using only phenomenon light and, other instances using two phenomena: temperature and light. The sensor's coverage radius used for temperature was 8.8 meters, and light used a coverage radius of 16 meters. The connectivity radius among the sensors is set to 11 meters. A regular grid of demand points with 400 points was distributed in a square area of meters, with four demand points per m². Each demand point may be associated with a phenomenon, but the coverage of the sensors is totally independent of a demand point alone. Likewise, 36 sensors were distributed in a regular grid of over the monitoring region, and in other instances, distributed randomly. All sensor nodes have the same characteristics as the coverage capacity, processing, and transmission. Only one sink node was used, allocated in the center the monitored region. All elements of described (demand points, sensors, and sinks) were generated applying geographic coordinates.
The constants energy values were calculated according to the values found in the manufacturer's sensor manual (Mote battery life calculator). The total transmission and reception data in a given time interval are calculated based on the amount of data and rate adopted by the devices. A constant representing the penalty for not covering a demand point is assigned for a value considerably high to force the model to find a result that meets all coverage restrictions.
In [1, 3, 17, 18] they conceived their computational experiments to produce WSNs with the minimum energy consumption as possible, while maintaining the coverage and connectivity constraints. The gain obtained in their work is calculated by the comparison of the minimum set of sensors that have to be active and the energy waste caused by the activation of all sensors with high coverage overlapping in a high density configuration [4].
The Integer Linear Programming (ILP) [19] model was implemented in the programming language Java 6 using the library Concert22, responsible for integrating the solver used. The tests' cases were solved by the IBM dynamic library integrated CPLEX12.1 (IBM ILOG CPLEX). The machine used on this test was an Intel i7 64 bits with 8 GB of RAM with windows 7 64 bits [20].
Table 1 shows the results obtained by running the model for heterogeneous networks using one and two phenomena, both for sensors allocated in grid and randomly, with the objective's function values composed of two parts: the electrical charge summation consumption in all sensor nodes and the penalties. The penalties are an artifact that allows the model to remain feasible even when some demand points are not covered by any sensor, giving flexibility to the model, but at the same time this resource must be well calibrated to avoid its unnecessary use that would cause disturbance in the real solution. Thus, the real objective is calculated by subtracting the artificial coverage penalties of the objective function or just calculating the first part (summation) of the objective expression.
In these experiments, the demand points are disposed in a grid and randomly. In Table 2, the values are in function of execution time represented in minutes: seconds, distributed analogously to Table 1. Analogously to Tables 1 and 2, Table 3 values represent the noncovered demand points' percentage (%). Table 4 represents the number of variables and constraints of the problem when the exact method is applied. For both grid and random allocations, the number of constraints and variables is the same for each characteristic. This equality is due to the same problem; just the data about coverage and connectivity are changed.
The real purpose of this model is to extend the WSN lifetime as far as possible, reducing the WSN energy cost and preserving its coverage and connectivity. So, lower electrical charge consumption is not necessarily an important issue if it does not reflect on more time slots. The number of time slots multiplied by the duration of the time slot represents the WSN lifetime. This idea seems coherent at first glance since energy waste reduction is often desirable.
The only drawback here is the uncovered demand point rate, which is worse than ILP value. Despite this small imperfection, many real applications tolerate some lack of coverage by the nature of the observed phenomenon and other aspects. Even though, this uncovered demand points are often situated at the periphery of the observed area. The coverage radius does not reflect necessarily a sharp threshold of sensing. The implementation of heterogeneous networks by applying exact method for scenarios with 8 time intervals increased in size so as not to allow the solver to find the solution within 24 hours.
Analysing the results, it is observed that the heterogeneous network has an energy saving, considering that the phenomena are handled differently. The radio of coverage for the phenomena is different, making it unnecessary to monitor a given phenomenon, in this case light, by having a greater radius of coverage by various sensors, reducing the amount of redundant data to be transmitted.
Figure 5 shows the result obtained for an implementation of a WSN with six time intervals, 36 sensor nodes, 400 demand points, and two phenomena. For the temperature phenomenon, in the time intervals 2 and 4, the network's configuration is given in Figure 5.
The time intervals 6 and 8 configurations are given by Figure 6. The configuration is able to maintain the network active in the three given periods, so it is not necessary to change the network's configuration in the time given.
The same happens with the light phenomenon, but for the time intervals 2, 4, 6, and 8, shown by Figure 7, the configuration is the same. This happens because the coverage radius is big enough to only be capable to cover the entire sensoring area, and the necessary energy to transmit the data is less than temperature. The time interval 6 needed another configuration, as the previous sensor's battery energy would not be enough to maintain the network active. This last configuration is shown in Figure 8.
5. Conclusion and Future Works
The difference between the homogeneous [11] and the heterogeneous is that the last one has the capacity to deal with different phenomena independently, giving different sample data and sensed range for each phenomenon. This implies in a different way to treat the network's transmission data. Although it does not implement any density explosion control, good solutions are found in feasible execution time for wireless sensor network that could not be possible if only ILP was applied.
The results found are far better than the reference literature and leave opportunities for future enhancements as new supplementary algorithms and heuristics are aggregated to this methodology [21–24].
Another promising line of investigation involves the design and implementation of parallel/distributed versions of the framework, by means of which several GRI (Generator of reduced instances) and SRI (solver of reduced instances) instances could run concurrently, each one configured to explore different aspects of the optimization problem at hand. The use of insular genetic algorithms [25–28] can bring more diversity and possibilities, resulting in effectiveness enhancement. Moreover, other metaheuristics such as particle swarm could be experimented replacing or working cooperatively with genetic algorithms.
This hybrid methodology can be adapted to tackle other problem classes like WSN as shown here. The key point in this adaptation is finding the best or at least a good reducible structure. This analysis is very linked to the chromosome encoding choice as it represents a trade of between subproblem complexity range width and chromosome size. A good reducible structure allows a wide range of subproblem complexity from very light and fast subproblems to the actual real problem. On the other hand, the reducible matrix size, affects the chromosome size and a large chromosome size reduces the GA effectiveness.
The dynamic coverage and connectivity in wireless sensor networks' problem applied are a very different problem class than the cutting and packing class used in the original version [29–32]. In this problem, a good reducible structure was found but it is much larger than the ones found in the cutting and packing problem instance. That is, the reason why a new chromosome encoding was developed. This new encoding makes the matrix choice viable.
Moreover, the publication of some papers related to this subject [33] brought a good understanding about how to give new contributions to this area and present better solutions. According to [13], experiments were made for the dynamic coverage and connectivity in wireless sensor networks' problem using what is mentioned in Section 3. The use of integer linear programming approach is limited to a certain level of complexity that sometimes is not enough for a real size network (Table 4). It is expected that other hybrid methodologies [15, 34] can be applied in the solution of the problem.
The first author is thankful to the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) via Grant no.305844/2011-3, the second author is thankful to the "Foundation for Support of Scientific and Technological Development Ceara State" (FUNCAP) for Grant no. PRN-0040-00037.01.00/10, and the third author is thankful to the "Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Personnel" (CAPES) for the support received on this project. The authors also acknowledge IBM for making the IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio available to the academic community.
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Clark Ellis brings us a rare interview with British researcher Dr. Jonathan Kerr who is now living in Colombia.
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