text:
A vacuum-tight seal, particularly for an arc tube or discharge vessel for a metal halide or sodium high-pressure discharge lamp, is made by forming the arc tube of transparent ceramic, typically Al2 O3, having two open ends, into which connecting plugs (3), with central openings, are sealed. Open metal tubes (4) fitting into the openings of the plugs (3) are then vacuum-tightly sintered therein. An electrode system (5, 10, 10'), forming a subassembly with a current supply lead or lead-through (6, 11, 14, 15, 20, 24) is provided, having an outer diameter fitting into the metal tube. After mounting one of the electrode systems and lead-through into the metal tube (4), and welding the lead-through to the metal tube, the vessel can be evacuated through the still open tube (4) at the other end, supplied with suitable fill substances and an ignition gas, such as argon or xenon, and the second electrode system then introduced, and welded, for example by a laser, to the outer end of the other metal tube (4). The arrangement permits use of molybdenum tubes, molybdenum lead-throughs, in Al2 O3 ceramic, in spite of different thermal coefficients of expansion. Preferably, the metal tube extends beyond the end face of the vessel and/or sealing plug (3), to permit free access during the welding step and reduce heat transfer into the interior of the arc tube or discharge vessel (1).
1. A method of making a vacuum-tight seal between a ceramic arc discharge vessel element, the inside of which is to retain an arc discharge and to be isolated from its ambient environment, said vessel having an end portion (2) formed with an end opening,
a sealing plug (3) fitted in said end opening of the ceramic element (1) and formed with a tubular opening therethrough, and
a metallic element (6) passing through the tubular opening,
wherein the thermal coefficient of expansion of the ceramic material of the sealing plug (3) is between about 6.5�10-6 K-1 and 9�10-6 K-1,
wherein the shape of the cross section of the tubular opening of the plug (3) is similar to the shape of the cross section of the metallic element, and
wherein the thermal coefficient of expansion of the metallic element (6) is less than that of the plug (3),
said method comprising, in accordance with the invention, the steps of
(a) vacuum-tightly directly sintering an open metal tube (4), having a cross-section similar to the shape of said tubular opening in the plug (3) and a thermal coefficient of expansion less than that of the ceramic material of said plug (3), into the tubular opening of the plug;
(b) introducing the metallic element (6) into said metal tube (4), said metallic element (6) fitting into said metal tube (4) with a small clearance gap to permit said introducing step; and
(c) vacuum-tightly connecting together said metal tube (4) and the metallic element (6) and closing said clearance gap between said metal tube (4) and said metallic element (6) to form a vacuum-tight connection.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said open metal tube (4) and said metallic element (6) project beyond an end face of said vessel element (1);
and said step (c) of vacuum-tightly connecting together the metal tube and the metallic element comprises welding said metal tube (4) and metallic element (6) together at a position spaced from said end face.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said sealing plug comprises ceramic material having a thermal coefficient of expansion which is between that of the ceramic vessel element (1) and the metallic element (6).
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said vacuum-tight bonding step comprises sintering or melt-connecting the sealing plug (3) into the end opening of the ceramic vessel element (1).
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said sealing plug comprises ceramic material having a thermal coefficient of expansion which is at least close to that of the ceramic material of the vessel element (1).
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said open metal tube (4) comprises molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy; and
wherein said metallic element (6) is molybdenum, a molybdenum alloy, tungsten, a tungsten alloy, rhenium, or a rhenium alloy.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein said step (c) of vacuum-tightly connecting together the metal tube and the metallic element comprises welding and, optionally, laser welding.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said ceramic vessel element comprises a closed bulb or vessel; and
wherein said method comprises, in advance of step (b), the additional step of
(a-1) evacuating the bulb or vessel (1) and, optionally, introducing into the bulb or vessel a fill through the open metal tube (4).
9. A discharge vessel for containing an electrical arc, said discharge vessel vessel forming said tubular ceramic element and being made by the method as claimed in claim 8.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein said ceramic vessel element comprises a discharge vessel or arc tube of a discharge lamp;
the metallic element (6) comprises an electrical lead-through, optionally including a subassembly of a pre-manufactured electrode system (5; 10; 10'; 18), said electrode system including at least one electrode attached to said lead-through (6; 11; 14; 24) in such a manner that the electrode system, as such, is vacuum-tight.
11. A discharge vessel for containing an electrical arc, said discharge vessel forming said tubular ceramic vessel element, and being made by the method as claimed in claim 10.
12. A discharge vessel
forming a discharge vessel or arc tube (1) of an electric lamp,
said discharge vessel of said lamp being of transparent ceramic and having two facing end portions (2);
ceramic sealing plugs (3), closing off the end portions (2) of the discharge vessel or arc tube;
electrical lead-through means (6, 24) vacuum-tightly passed through said sealing plugs (3);
electrodes (8, 9) located in the interior of the discharge vessel or arc tube (1) and, respectively, connected with the electrical lead-through means (24) in the respective end portion;
external current supply means (25) connected to said lead-through means (24); and
a light generating fill within the vessel element,
comprising, in accordance with the invention,
at least, at one end portion (2, 3), a metal tube (4) and a direct sinter joint of the metal tube (4) to the ceramic sealing plug (3), the lead-through means (6, 24) being inserted in the metal tube (4); and
and a vacuum-tight sealing connection between the lead-through means (6, 24) and the metal tube (4) at said at least one end portion (2) of the discharge vessel.
13. The lamp of claim 12, wherein said metal tube (4) extends beyond an outer end face of said plug (3) at least one end portion, and said vacuum-tight sealing connection comprises a weld between the tube (4) and the lead-through (6, 24), spaced from said end face.
14. The lamp of claim 12, wherein said sealing plug (3) is directly sintered or melt-connected to the end portion (2) of the vessel (1).
15. The lamp of claim 12, wherein said open metal tube (4) comprises molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy.
16. The lamp of claim 12, wherein said sealing plug (3) has a thermal coefficient of expansion which is between that of the discharge vessel or arc tube (1) and that of the lead-through (6, 24), and which, optionally, is close to that of the discharge vessel or arc tube.
17. The lamp of claim 16, wherein the discharge vessel or arc tube (1) comprises Al2 O3 ;
and wherein the sealing plug (3) is a multi-component ceramic material having Al2 O3 as the primary component, with additives, and having a thermal coefficient of expansion which is less than that of Al2 O3.
18. The lamp of claim 12, wherein the lead-through means (6, 11, 14, 24) comprises an essentially circular element of high heat resistant material and low thermal coefficient of expansion which, optionally, is hollow to define a tube (11) or is a composite of solid and hollow portions (14, 15).
19. The lamp of claim 18, wherein the lead-through means (6, 11, 14, 24) comprises, at least in part, molybdenum or tungsten.
20. The lamp of claim 12, further including terminal means (6a, 19; 24a) located on the lead-through means (6, 11, 14, 24) remote from the discharge vessel or arc tube (1), for electrical connection with external current supply means (25).
21. The lamp of claim 12, wherein the metal tube (4) has an external diameter of between about 1.3 to 2 mm, an inner diameter of between about 0.5 to 1.5 mm, and a wall thickness of between about 0.1 to 0.4 mm.
22. The lamp of claim 12, wherein at least one of the electrodes (8, 9) and the lead-through means (6, 11, 14, 24) forms a subassembly comprising an electrode system (5, 10, 10', 18) and a lead-through (6, 11, 14, 15, 20, 24) and defines a unitary vacuum-tight structure.
Reference to related applications, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference, assigned to the assignee of the present application:
U.S. Ser. No. 07/912,526, filed Jul. 13, 1992, Bunk et al; now U.S. Pat. No. 5,404,078, Apr. 4, 1995.
Reference to related patents, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,011,480, Jacobs et al
U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,938, Strok
U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,905, Kerekes
U.S. Pat. No. 4,545,799, Rhodes et al
Reference to related patent:
British 1,465,212, Rigden.
The present invention relates to a method to make a vacuum-tight seal between a ceramic element having a tubular opening and a metal element passing through the tubular opening, and more particularly to a method and a seal to seal current supply leads into an end portion of a ceramic arc tube or discharge vessel of a discharge lamp.
Arc tubes or arc vessels for high-pressure discharge lamps may use ceramic discharge vessels to enclose the arc under high pressure conditions. Such vessels are used for sodium high-pressure discharge lamps and, recently, the advantages of such vessels have led to their use in metal halide discharge lamps. These lamps, customarily, have a discharge vessel made of quartz glass. To improve the color rendition of the light output, higher operating temperatures than those which can be tolerated by quartz glass are necessary and, therefore, ceramic enclosures for the arc tubes or discharge vessels are desirable. The power ratings involved are between about 50 to 250 W. Customarily, the discharge vessels are elongated and have two ends which are of tubular shape. Current supply leads pass through the ends, for example through cylindrical, ceramic plugs closing the ends. The current supply leads, to which electrodes can be attached, or which have electrodes at their ends, then pass through the end plugs.
Tubular, as well as pin or rod-like lead-throughs of niobium have been used in sodium high-pressure discharge lamps, see for example British Patent 1,465,212, Rigden, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,905, Kerekes. The niobium pin or tube is melt-sealed in a ceramic end plug by a glass solder or by a melt ceramic. It has also been proposed (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,545,799, Rhodes et al, to which European Patent 0 136 505 corresponds) to utilize sintering technology for the niobium tube, to provide a direct lead-through connection which is free of glass melt or glass solder. Sodium high-pressure discharge lamps have a peculiarity in that the fill includes a sodium amalgam which frequently is retained in a reservoir in the interior of the niobium tube used as a lead-through for electrical energy into the interior of the vessel.
A particularly simple solution to fill and evacuate the discharge vessel utilizes a small opening formed in one of the two niobium tubes fitted in the respective ends of the discharge vessel. The small opening is located in the vicinity of an electrode shaft and open to the interior of the discharge vessel. Evacuation of the interior of the vessel and fill of the amalgam and introduction of an inert gas is possible through such a tube, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,938, Strok, to which British Patent 2,072,939, Strok, corresponds. After filling the lamp, the end of the niobium tube which extends beyond the discharge vessel is closed by a pinch or press operation, and then welded, to be gas-tight. This leaves the opening in the interior of the vessel, in the vicinity of the electrode shaft, still free. During operation, a connection is available between the interior of the discharge vessel and the interior of the lead-through tube, forming a cold spot.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,011,480, Jacobs et al, to which German Patent 25 48 732, corresponds, describes another technology to close off the open ends of a sodium high-pressure discharge lamp. Tubular current lead-throughs of tungsten, molybdenum or rhenium are used, melt-sealed in the plug closing off the vessel openings. A ceramic, cylindrical pin located in the interior of the tube is melt-sealed, gas-tightly in the tubular lead-through. The external end of the tube is not pinched or closed after termination of the filling process. Since the metals used, tungsten, molybdenum or rhenium, are brittle, they can be worked on only with great difficulty, in contrast to niobium. Thus, termination technologies which are known and have been used with niobium tubes cannot be readily transferred for use with the brittle materials. Rather, the ceramic central pin is formed with an axial bore which, upon evacuation and filling, cooperates with an opening in the tube in the vicinity of the electrode shaft. After the filling, the axial bore of the central pin is closed by a melt ceramic. Thus, the brittle metal need not be worked on.
This technology is difficult to carry out, time-consuming and expensive in production.
U.S. application Ser. No. 07/912,526, filed Jul. 13, 1992, Bunk et al, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,404,078, Apr. 4, 1995, assigned to the assignee of the present application (the disclosure of which is published in European Application 92 114 227.9) discloses a high-pressure discharge lamp with a ceramic discharge vessel having a tubular current supply of molybdenum or the like, which is directly sintered in a ceramic end plug. International Application PCT/DE 92/00372, in which the United States is designated, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/211,608, filed Apr. 7, 1994, Heider et al, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,315, Jan. 16, 1996, assigned to the assignee of the present application, discloses a method of filling a metal halide discharge lamp having a ceramic discharge vessel in which an opening is formed in either the lead-through or in the discharge vessel or in a closing plug to form a bore for a fill. As described, two ends of the discharge vessels are fitted with electrode systems and sealed, with a filling bore near the pump end of the tube remaining open, the bore being closed after the tube has been filled. The additional opening in the discharge vessel or in the end plug must first be formed and then closed. If the opening is made in a tubular lead-through, the electrode secured to the tubular lead-through decreases the clear diameter of the tubular lead-through available for introducing the fill, and may seriously interfere with the filling process. Closing off the additional filling opening or bore is time-consuming and requires sophisticated techniques.
Direct sintering of lead-throughs, when used for sodium high-pressure discharge lamps, has a problem in that, during sintering, temperatures of more than 1800� C. arise. Usually, the electrodes of such lamps include emitter material which may vaporize at the high sintering temperature.
For automatic manufacture in series or mass production, it is necessary that electrode systems are available at the time the end plugs are sintered. If the individual process steps are carried out at different locations, transport of the electrode systems to the vessels is necessary, and the possibility of damage to the electrode systems during transport is considerable. Flexibility with respect to the use of specific electrodes and electrode systems in particular vessels also is limited.
It is a basic object of the present invention to provide a reliable and long-term gas-tight bond or connection between a ceramic element having a tubular opening and a metal element passing therethrough, and more particularly to provide a reliable connecting technology which is resistant to the extreme loadings arising in ceramic discharge vessels for high-pressure discharge lamps having a fill which is aggressive and attacks materials in contact therewith. Specifically, the evacuation and fill of ceramic discharge vessels should be simplified to permit mass production. It is a further object to provide lamps which have a long operating life.
Briefly, an open metal tube which has a thermal coefficient of expansion less than that of the ceramic element is introduced into a tubular opening of the ceramic element which, typically, is a bulbous discharge vessel; a sealing element may be interposed between the discharge vessel and the metal tube, in the form of a ceramic hollow, tubular plug. In a second step, a metal element, which may be a complete electrode-feedthrough-system comprising as the feedthrough a pin or part-tube-- part-pin or rod of a metal having a thermal coefficient of expansion less than that of the ceramic element, is introduced into the open metal tube. The end portions of the open metal tube and the pin forming the metallic element, typically the end of the electrode pin or rod, for example, are then vacuum-tightly connected together to close the slight gap necessary to permit sliding the electrode rod through the metal tube. Welding, especially by a laser, is suitable. At least one end of the discharge vessel is closed in this manner; namely that end which is used for evacuation and introduction of a fill prior to the step of introducing the electrode assembly into the open metal tube. It is possible to close the second end, which is the blind end, in a similar manner.
Preferably, and in order to avoid exposing the discharge vessel and the seal to high temperatures when the electrode system is already in the vessel, both the metal tube as well as the electrode pin or rod extend beyond the end of the discharge vessel and/or the closing plug, so that the welding step is carried out spaced from the end of the discharge vessel as such. The discharge vessel, also, can be cooled during the welding step.
The method in accordance with the present invention, which is particularly suitable for lamps and other electrical apparatus, especially discharge tubes, eliminates the problems which arose in connection with the technology discussed above. Sealing of the ceramic vessel is carried out in a plurality of separate steps by use of an additional element, namely the open metal tube. Preferably, the metal tube is made of molybdenum or an alloy thereof. Generally, however, the tube may be made of another material having characteristics similar to molybdenum, namely high resistance to corrosion, that is, resistance to attack by a fill within the tube and a low thermal coefficient of expansion. Tungsten or rhenium are other suitable metals, although they are more difficult to work than molybdenum. In the discussion that follows, reference will be made, generally, to a molybdenum tube as the preferred material, it being understood, however, that the technology is equally applicable to tubes made of other metals.
In a preferred method, the tubular element, typically a molybdenum tube, is first directly sintered into the ceramic vessel, which can be pre-shaped to form a discharge vessel or arc tube. The tube is sintered either in a plug which is, in turn, sealingly connected for example by sintering to the end of the discharge vessel, or to an end portion of the sealing vessel directly. Usually, and preferably, a separate sealing element in form of an end plug is used; this arrangement has been found suitable, and is described in the prior art. When making discharge lamps, the plug is usually made of the same material as the translucent ceramic of the arc tube itself. The arc tube is made of translucent aluminum oxide, Al2 O3, with or without doping materials. The coefficient of expansion of the ceramic aluminum oxide arc tube is, in general, between about 6.5 to 9�10-6 K-1. The coefficients of expansion of the ceramic vessel and of the end plug may be closely the same. The end plug may be a single-component material or a multi-component material which primarily is made of ceramic but may contain up to about 40% additives which reduce the thermal coefficient of expansion, so that the thermal coefficient of expansion will be well between that of the ceramic discharge vessel and the metallic tube, for example the molybdenum tube. The referenced U.S. application Ser. No. 08,211,608, filed Apr. 7, 1994, Heider et al, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,315, Jan. 16, 1995, is here referred to. In some cases, direct sintering of the plug to the ceramic vessel is not needed and a melt connection can be used.
The technology of direct sintering is described in U.S. application Ser. No. 07/912,526, Bunk et al, filed Jul. 13, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,404,078 the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This technology has the basic advantage that the use of a melt glass or glass solder can be avoided. Melt glass or glass solder especially under high-temperature conditions, is not fully resistant to attack by the fill in many lamps, and is subject to corrosion.
The metallic element, in a lamp a feedthrough which may be part of an electrode assembly, is introduced into the molybdenum tube, sintered to the ceramic element, in a lamp the discharge or arc vessel, directly or by means of an intermediate plug. This metallic element is a current lead-through as customarily used in discharge lamps and arc lamps. The metallic element, which in a lamp is often part of an assembly including also the electrode, is made to match and fit within the molybdenum tube, possibly with a little clearance, just enough to permit insertion into the molybdenum tube. The outer diameter of the metallic element, thus, or the outer dimension is fitted to the molybdenum tube. This metallic element can be a solid pin or rod, or may itself be tubular or part-tubular. It can be a unitary element or a composite of various parts. The material of which the metallic element is made has a thermal coefficient of expansion which can be substantially less than that of the ceramic element, up to about 60% and for some applications, even more than 60% less than that of the ceramic element. Preferably, the material should be resistant to corrosion or attack by metal halides and sodium within the discharge vessel or arc tube. Molybdenum, tungsten and rhenium are suitable. The thermal coefficients of expansion of these materials is between about 4 to 5�10-6 K-1.
It is important that the thermal coefficient of expansion of the metallic element, in a lamp the feedthrough corresponds at least generally to that of the molybdenum tube, since in a third closing step sealing of the opening is carried out by bonding together the tube and the metallic element--in a lamp the feedthrough--preferably in the region of the outer end of the molybdenum tube. In discharge lamps, this is the end which is remote from the discharge space. This has substantial production advantages. Bonding is preferably carried out by welding. The outer end of the molybdenum tube as well as of the electrode assembly is easily accessible, and the quality of the weld can thus be readily monitored. If materials with substantial differences in thermal coefficients of expansion are to be connected together, high mechanical stresses will occur at the junction or seam or weld upon temperature changes and particularly since very high temperatures arising in operation of discharge lamps occur, which will lead to premature leakage of the seal and, hence, premature failure of the lamp.
Preferably, for lamps the lead-through is bonded to a subassembly which includes the entire electrode system. The diameter of the electrode itself, of course, must be smaller--even if only slightly smaller-than the interior diameter of the molybdenum tube. The electrode system as such must be vacuum-tightly closed to ensure that the third process step can reliably complete the final sealing of the discharge vessel.
The most reliable seal is provided when a massive pin or rod is used as a lead-through, passing through the molybdenum tube. The electrode can be secured at the discharge end of the pin in any suitable manner. This, however, uses substantial quantities of material. To use less material, and as an alternative, the lead-through may use a tube itself, which is closed off at the remote end by a pin or rod element. When used with metal halide lamps, the tube is preferably also closed vacuum-tightly at the discharge side, for example by means of the shaft of the electrode. As a compromise, suitable also for sodium high-pressure lamps, a composite lead-through is suitable, formed of a tubular portion and a pin portion. A tube, with a pin fitted therein, can also be used. Such a pin can preferably also form an externally projecting terminal post for an external current supply.
The method in accordance with the present invention has the advantage that the ceramic vessel can be easily filled with a suitable filling material. Usually, this is an inert gas, such as a noble gas, for example argon or xenon and/or mercury, to initiate and then maintain a discharge between two electrodes located in the ceramic vessel. Further materials can be introduced, such as sodium, for example in the form of a sodium-mercury amalgam,or metal halides. Metal halides are usually introduced in solid form, for example as pellets, through the opening of the molybdenum tube. Introduction is simple and reliable.
The gaseous fill substances are volatile and, thus, it is a particular advantage that the final closing of the vessel can occur in the vicinity of the outer end of the molybdenum tube. Usually, the substances need to be cooled during the closing process to prevent their escape through the still open fill bore. According to the invention, the application time of the necessary energy to effect the closing, for example by welding, can be very short and localized, remote from the fill substance. Danger of heating of the filling substance, thus, can be reliably avoided and special cooling need not necessarily be used. The time and heating is much less than in melt-in processes.
The relative thermal coefficients of expansion of the respective material are important to ensure a reliable seal. Additionally, however, the actual dimensions are also important since differences in thermal coefficients of expansion, when the materials themselves are small, have less effect on the tightness of a seal. Materials and dimensions which provide for the necessary flexibility for a reliable, long-term direct sintering, while also providing a sufficiently large fill opening for fills of the lamp, are for example: molybdenum tubes having outer diameters of from about 1.3 mm to about 2 mm; inner diameters of between about 0.8 mm to about 1.5 mm; the wall thickness of the tubes should be between about 0.1 to 0.3 mm. These dimensions provide for the necessary flexibility and permit elimination of any type of solder or melt substance, such as glass solder or metallic solder or a ceramic melt.
The technology first permits the manufacture of ceramic discharge vessels of lamps which have extremely low mercury content or, even, are completely free of mercury and in which the arc voltage is maintained by a highly increased pressure of a noble gas, typically xenon.
FIG. 1a is a fragmentary cross-sectional view through an end portion of a discharge vessel and illustrating, in exploded form, introduction of an electrode into the end portion;
FIG. 1b is a view similar to FIG. 1a, in which the electrode has been inserted into the end portion of the discharge vessel;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of an electrode in an end portion of a discharge vessel;
FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 illustrate other embodiments of electrodes secured to end portions of a discharge vessel; and
FIG. 6 illustrates, partly in section, a discharge lamp with a ceramic arc tube and utilizing the electrode lead-through arrangement in accordance with the present invention.
Referring first to FIGS. 1a and 1b:
FIG. 1, collectively, illustrates, in fragmentary representation, the end portion of a metal halide discharge lamp. The envelope is made of Al2 O3 ceramic. The end portion 2 of the arc tube 1 of the lamp is closed off by an end plug 3. The end plug 3 is made of a transition ceramic of 60% Al2 O3 and 40% tungsten. The arc tube 1 is bulged outwardly, into generally elongated barrel form. It has an outer diameter in the region of the cylindrical ends 2 of about 5.75 mm. The outer diameter of the end plug 3, which is directly sintered or melt-sealed in the cylindrical end 2 is about 3.25 mm.
In accordance with a feature of the invention, a molybdenum tube 4 is directly sintered into the end plug 3. The molybdenum tube 4 has an outer diameter of 1.65 mm, and an inner diameter of about 1.3 mm. The wall thickness of tube 4 is, then, about 0.175 mm. The molybdenum tube 4 fits snugly into the cylindrical opening in the end plug 3. At the inner, or discharge side of the tube, it is flush with the inner surface of the plug 3. At the outer, or free end, that is, remote from the discharge side, the tube 4 extends beyond the plug 3.
The arc tube 1 has, of course, two end portions which are, usually, identical, see FIG. 6.
To make the arc tube with electrodes therein, one of the end portions 2 is first closed off to be vacuum tight. The details of the manufacture of closing, and filling, or only closing the arc tube will be described in connection with FIGS. 1a, 1b. In FIGS. 1a and 1b, it is assumed that the end portion which is not shown is already finished and sealed.
Filling and sealing the arc tube
A vacuum is applied against the open molybdenum tube 4 to evacuate the interior of the discharge vessel 1. When the appropriate vacuum is reached, an inert ignition gas, such as argon or xenon, is introduced into the arc tube 1. Further, suitably dimensioned or apportioned quantities of mercury and metal halides are introduced through the tube 4. The metal halides can be supplied, for example, in forms of pellets. Additional materials, such as metals in the form of wire pins, can also be introduced into the vessel 1 through the tube 4. While carrying out this introduction step, the other end of the discharge vessel which was previously closed--not visible in FIGS. 1a and 1b--is preferably cooled with liquid nitrogen. The open end 2, FIG. 1a, is preferably at the upper side, and the opening is directed upwardly.
An electrode system 5 (see FIG. 1a) is then promptly introduced into the molybdenum tube 4. The electrode system 5 forms a subassembly containing a pin 6. Pin 6 may be molybdenum or tungsten, and has a diameter of about 1.2 mm. The discharge end thereof is formed with a projection 7 on which an electrode shaft or core wire 8 is welded. Core wire 8 has a diameter of about 0.5 mm. The core wire 8 is made of tungsten, and a coil or winding 9 is secured to the outer surface thereof. The outer diameter of the coil 9 does not exceed the outer diameter of the pin 6.
Preferably, molybdenum pin 6 is formed with a small lateral projection extending beyond the interior diameter of the molybdenum tube 4 at the end remote from the electrode 8, 9. Such a projection, to form an abutment, may be for example in the form of three projecting tips, uniformly distributed about the circumference of the pin 6. These projections ensure that the spacing between the electrodes--see FIG. 6--will be accurately maintained and, additionally, ensure preliminary holding of the pin 6 in the tube 4. A projecting end region 6a, shown in broken outline, of pin 6 can be cut off, or left as a connecting terminal (see 24a, FIG. 6).
In accordance with a feature of the invention, the end 2 of the discharge vessel 1 is finally sealed by sealing the insertion gap between the pin 6 and the molybdenum tube 4 by welding. Preferably, the welding is carried out by a laser. The weld is schematically shown by the arrows W in FIG. 1b. A Nd/YAG laser is moved close to and around the gap between tube 4 and pin 6. During this
movement, the laser is pulsed, thus providing for complete welding. More than one full circle of movement of the laser around the gap may be used.
Apart from the welding zone, the remaining parts of the electrode system are only very gently heated. Moreover, the application of welding heat is remote from the discharge vessel itself. This gentle heat treatment, thus, does not interfere with the tendency of the fill to escape.
This type of sealing is particularly suitable for discharge vessels or arc tubes which are small, and particularly for very small vessels, for example those which are intended for lamps of power ratings of 50 W or less; likewise, the system is particularly suitable for filling systems having a relatively high fill pressure, for example when xenon forms the fill gas, rather than argon. Of course, the filling system is especially adapted to small vessels using gases requiring high fill pressure. The insertion direction of the electrode system 5 is shown schematically in FIG. 1a by the insertion arrow A.
Various differently constructed electrode systems can be used. Referring now to FIG. 2, which shows an electrode system 10: System 10 is composed of a lead-through formed as a molybdenum tube 11, having an outer diameter of about 1.2 mm and an inner diameter of about 1 mm, that is, with a wall thickness of about 0.1 mm. The inner tube 11 slightly extends beyond the molybdenum tube 4 in the interior of the discharge vessel. An electrode shaft 12 is secured to the inner molybdenum tube 11, having a diameter which is substantially less than the interior diameter of the molybdenum tube 11, for example about 0.5 mm. To ensure seating of the core pin or electrode shaft 12, it is melted back to form a ball 13 having a diameter which fits into the inner diameter of the molybdenum tube 11.
In this embodiment, the electrode system 10 is sealed by welding the ball end 13 to the molybdenum tube 11. The attachment of the lead-through tube 11 at the outer end to the molybdenum tube 4 is then done, as explained in connection with the example illustrated in FIGS. 1a, 1b, by laser welding, see arrows W.
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment which is particularly suitable for sodium high-pressure lamps. A combined electrode--lead-through 14 is constructed which has two portions 15, 16. The portions 15, 16 are both of molybdenum. The portion 15 at the discharge side is tubular, and a core pin 17 is secured at the inner wall. The portion 16, remote from the discharge tube, is a pin which is butt-welded to the tubular portion 15. At the weld, the core wire 17 is located somewhat outside of the axis of the lamp, in order to leave an opening which is in communication with the interior of the discharge vessel and can form a reservoir for amalgam. The forward portion, within the discharge space, of the core pin 17 is then slightly offset to be placed in the central axis of the lamp, to facilitate insertion of the electrode system 10', shown in FIG. 3, into the molybdenum tube 4, and to precisely align the discharge end of the electrode on the lamp axis. The remote end of the pin 16 is secured to the molybdenum tube 4 as described in connection with FIG. 1b by weld W.
FIG. 4 illustrates another arrangement of a lead-through--electrode system 18. A tubular lead-through 11, similar to lead-through 11 of FIG. 2, has a terminal pin 19 attached thereto. Pin 19 is a molybdenum pin, suitable for attachment to an external current supply lead. Preferably, the terminal pin 19 is welded at the same time when the tube 11 is welded to the tube 4, as illustrated by the welding arrows W. This provides an additional seal for the electrode system 18, which increases the lifetime of the lamp. The first seal is formed by the ball end 13 of the electrode core wire 12 welded in the tubular lead-through 11 as described in connection with FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 illustrates another variation in which an electrode system as described in connection with FIG. 3 is further modified by extending the pin 20 beyond the end of the tube 4, to provide an attachment terminal for an external current supply lead. The weld, again, is shown by arrows W, which ensures tightness of the entire system.
The dimensions for the molybdenum tube 4 are not critical; they have to be determined in relation to the wall thickness of the envelope of the vessel 1, the thickness of the plug 3, and the size of the electrode to be put into the lamp. Preferred ranges of the diameters of the molybdenum tube 4 are: outer diameter (OD) about 1.3 to 2.0 mm; inner diameter (ID) from between about 0.5 to 1.25 mm, with wall thicknesses of between about 0.1 to 0.4 mm.
Various features described can be combined. For example, the end 24a (FIG. 6) of a solid pin passing through the tube 4 (FIG. 1b) can be extended to form a terminal lug or other terminal arrangement for external current supply leads 25. As seen in FIG. 6, the discharge vessels described herein are, usually, placed within an external, usually cylindrical envelope 21 made of hard glass. This envelope, in form of a cylinder, is then fitted with ceramic bases 22. The lamp 23 has particularly good color rendition, with a color rendition index Ra of above 90. It uses a metal halide fill.
Various other changes and modifications may be made, and any features described herein may be used with any of the others, within the scope of the inventive concept. The tubular-like opening in the ceramic element may be of circular, oval or a squeezed circular cross-section. The cross-sections of the metal tube and the metallic element are adapted to the cross-section of the opening in the ceramic element so that the three parts can fit together.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Welcome to NewHomeSource.com and our golf community search! Use our tools to find the right golf course home. You'll find information about club houses, home elevations, floor plans and each location across Colorado.
In Colorado there are currently 35 golf course communities with 258 homes listed on Newhomesource.com from 18 different builders. Customize your home to fit your needs starting with one of the 196 plans.
You can find homes with prices from $167000 to $1170000, 2 to 8 bedrooms and 2 to 5 bathrooms. NewHomeSource.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
UnderCabinet Lighting?
Kitchen is coming together and I still haven't decided on what kind of undercabinet lighting to go with. I'm down to xenon or LED. I like the idea of xenon as i can use a dimmer with it, but i also like the idea of the low power that LEDs use. Trouble seems to be, with LEDs, is that as they burn out, you need to replace the entire strip - at least the ones i have been looking at seem that way. And i'm not sure how the light given off by the LEDs looks - too cold? Anyway, what have folks been putting in for undercabinet lighting and would you do it again?
I have the warm LED from environmentallights.com. They aren't cool at all. I don't think you need to worry about them burning out for many years. They are supposed to have a life span of 25,000 to 100,000 hours. That 25,000 is 10 years if left on 24x7.
I put those Xeon hockey puck lights in the last kitchen I redid I liked them and so do the tenants that live there now. Only problem is they are not as efficient as LED is. The Xeon bulbs did seem to last a long time for me but I would bet LED would last very much longer
We also used the LED strips from Environmental Lights, and love them. They are dimmable, have warm light, don't throw off any heat, and should last many years. They are very low profile and hide neatly behind the trim on the bottom of the cabinet. The sales people at Environmental Lights were extremely helpful. I emailed them my cabinet layout and they did up a plan with a bill of materials for us. We did the installation ourselves, and they were wonderful about answering our questions.
Just purchased puck style LEDs not installed yet. Its says the bulbs should last 20+ years if used 6 hours a day.
Bought them at Lowes, 4 dimmible pucks for less than $100. They are plug in but DH found a way to hide the outlet behind the crown molding. Then the outlet will have a switch. The dimmable knob will be mounted under a cabinet. It was so much easier to find plug in than hardwire for less than $100.
Sorry for all the extra info. but I'm so excited I don't have to see the wire plugged in!
I have dimmable Sea Gull Ambiance Linear LED. They are a series of little lights attached to a cable, so when one goes out, I think you'd just replace that one. But they're not supposed to burn out for years. Love them, no flickering, cool light, energy efficient. Low profile, so they don't show.
I have Diode LED brand and love them. Electrician got them through the local electrical warehouse. They have a retail presence on line, called Elemental LED. I have the warm 2700k vs the cool at 5000k. This is the color temp not the actual heat of the fixture. The fixtures are cool to the touch. I have all mine on dimmers. The driver is non dimmable.
I have GM led light bars that are can be dimmed. 3000 on the light spectrum so very neural. 2700s look just like regular lights but we wanted a whiter light instead of standard yellow. We are so used to the yellow look of lights that it does take time to get used to these but I like them!
we have the same as Ginny20 except we used the xenon bulbs. the led bulbs were very $$, so we will wait till the price comes down to switch over.
with the seagull lighting you can use either the xenon or led bulb and don't have to change the housing just the bulb.
they are dimmable and we do use that feature.
they have been in a year and we love them and would use again.
love the temp of the light (warm). so far none have burned out.
they do throw off some heat, but use them mostly in the darker, cooler/colder months so not a problem for us.
I went with Inspired LED because it was the lowest I found and the website was so simple and informative I was not overwhelmed with choices. The owner there is very helpful with any questions and will tell you what you need if you just want to submit plans. He will make the lights, connecting cords and power cords in custom lengths. I went with the designer series kits in a warm light. I think having the lights encased was worth the tad extra and supposedly it diffuses the lighting also. They are still very thin and do not show even without a light rail. The regular series without the protective dome are even thinner. They were so easy to install. The kits come with a 4 position dimmer which is a must because the brightest is really bright and the last just perfect for leaving on all night long. The light is very evenly distributed. I did not like the spot light look created with pucks. On the 18" cabinets I used a 10" length, the 36" cabinets I used an 18" plus a 10" hooked together. Plenty of light. It was $158.00 for (3) 18" designer series, (3) 10" designer series, two power supplies, two dimmers and all the connecting cords. The connecting cord heads are very small and round so you just have to drill a small hole to link from cabinet to cabinet. They were shipped by priority mail the same day that I ordered them.
I put in Philips ew Powercore LED light bars, direct wire and I didn't bother with a dimmer. They are a very easy install.
The light it gives off is really nice(not yellow like the LED strips) and functional too. I leave them on all the time and only use the pendants when I need a lot of light on cloudy,rainy days or at night. Since I have dark soapstone countertops I was concerned with having enough light but they shine plenty of light. Very happy with them.
We have led strips by Maxim Starstrand ucl. Very warm color. They are dimmable. Here's the thing I have recognized....the strips have little tiny bulbs and illuminate more in the direction they are pointed. ie, we have ours facing downward, stuck on the bottom of the cabinet and the bs is not as illuminated. We could have pointed them towards the bs but then the counter would not have been as illuminated.
With the Seagull lights in last house, the counter and the bs were illuminated equally because the light aimed downward, angled back and at at the bs due to shape of it.
Imagine a flashlight vs a light bulb.
In hindsight I think we actually preferred the look of the Seagull lighting. Although those did get warm, and these do not. And I like leaving these on all the time and not feeling guilty about wasting energy.


text:
Originally published on Wed January 23, 2013 4:09 pm
NPR's Neal Conan reads from listener comments on previous show topics, including reaction to the movie Django Unchained, Florida's python problem and rereading high school classics.
View the discussion thread.
2 Pillsbury Street, 6th Floor, Concord NH 03301 T: 603-228-8910 or 800-639-4131 F: 603-224-6052 E: email us


text:
QH Private Training- Columbia Athletic Clubs – Pine Lake
Sunday December 2, 2012 – Sunday December 2, 2012 | Register Description: Quick Handle Private Training- Get fired up & take your game to an Elite Level!! It is required following registration to please print and fill out the attached activity form for Columbia Pine-Lake …Read More
Quick Handle Fall Academy 2
Tuesday November 27, 2012 – Tuesday November 27, 2012 14615 SE 22nd Street Map and Directions | Register Description: QH_Fall_Academy_2_Flier-2012 Descriptions: Emphasis will be on ball-handling, moves off the dribble, shooting & footwork designed to enhance skill development & create confidence! Dates: 4 weeks November 6, 8, …Read More
QH-Training Announcement-Maximize-Overachieve-Confidence
November-December Training Announcement: Training that is intense & will make a difference!! The QH Way: Maximize-Overachieve-ConfidenceRead More


text:
Not the greatest place in the world... rooms were clean aside from the quantity of dead mosquitos...
See full review
Not the greatest place in the world... rooms were clean aside from the quantity of dead mosquitos...
See full review
Customers who viewed Grand Hotel Agra also booked these hotels.
Rates quoted in currencies other than the hotel's base currency are subject to the rate of the international exchange. Rate may change throughout stay. Rate may reflect average nightly rate. Extra charges may apply. Incidental charges, such as room service, are not included in the rate.
The amenities and/or facilities may not be located at the hotel, but within a reasonable distance, and additional charges may apply for use. All information has been provided by this hotel and not by Orbitz
Overall score
Reviewer score
Would not recommend
Great if you have an early morning train from AGC, otherwise...
Not the greatest place in the world... rooms were clean aside from the quantity of dead mosquitos in the bathroom. Proximity to the road makes it a bit noisy. Very convenient for us who had a 6am train from Agra Cantt station, but otherwise is
pretty far from the main Agra attractions. And still >$60/night! For $70/night we stayed the first night in Agra right near the East gate at a trendy new hotel with a great rooftop view.
The restaurant leaves quite some to be desired as well. Food is actually very good (Tandoori here produced our 1st healthy butter/oil free meal in India), but prices here are 30-40% higher than other hotels/restaurants. As a reference, water sells for 60rps here vs. 20 at other joints. Nevertheless, good if you have an early morning train (not may tuk-tuks at that hour) since can walk to AGC in 10mins.
when riding the trains, be careful of the luggage porters who will aggressively carry your goods whether you ask to or not. The signs clearly say 40rps fee for >40kg luggage, but one guy insisted on 400rps! It was when I asked Mr. Tourist Policeman nearby if I was correct about the 40rps sign that he quickly dispersed.
Would recommend
Orbitz guards your privacy and security. We're certified by TRUSTe and Verisign.© 2001 - 2015, Orbitz, LLC. All rights reserved.CST 2063530-50; Hawaii TAR-6881; Iowa 644; Washington 602-108-724


text:
Where a defendant was convicted of stalking his former therapist, the judge did not err in denying the defendants motions to suppress evidence and for a required finding of not guilty.
Tagged with: StalkingRead More »
Where a defendant was convicted of stalking his former therapist, the judge did not err in denying the defendants motions to suppress evidence and for a required finding of not guilty.
Tagged with: StalkingRead More »
Where the defendants have appealed a Superior Court decision which ruled that they had built a large single-family home on an unbuildable lot and must remove it, we hold that the judge acted permissibly and that the decision must be affirmed.
Tagged with: Removal of construction ZoningRead More »
Where a Superior Court judge denied a motion to amend or modify an order of impoundment, the judge committed no abuse of discretion and consequently the denial order will be affirmed.
Tagged with: ImpoundmentRead More »
A trial judge did not commit an abuse of discretion by admitting into evidence – sight unseen – a 90-second video clip from a criminal defendant's computer depicting a man strangling a naked woman until she appears to have died, ...Read More »
Where a defendant has been convicted of armed home invasion, assault and battery (two of three counts) and attempting to murder the victim by strangulation, the convictions should be affirmed, as the judge committed no reversible error by (1) refusing to provide an instruction that the jury consider whether the alleged attack was part of consensual sexual activity and (2) admitting into evidence sexual and violent images and related material taken from the defendant's computer.
Tagged with: Computer images StrangulationRead More »
Where (1) the defendant Truro board of appeals issued a building permit to a codefendant individual and (2) the plaintiff direct abutters or abutters once removed appealed to the Land Court, we hold that a Land Court judge incorrectly accepted the building commissioner's declaration that the proposed changes constituted an "alteration" but did correctly recognize that the building project undeniably signified an expansion to the property's nonconformity.
Tagged with: Building permit ZoningRead More »
Where a judge (1) found that a general contractor had detained certain construction equipment rented to a terminated subcontractor by a supplier, (2) ruled that the general contractor had therefore rendered its surety company and itself liable under the statutory bond for rental charges accrued and unpaid until the time of the general contractor's release of the equipment and (3) awarded the supplier "reasonable legal fees" caused by the litigation, the judgment should be upheld with a slight modification of the fee amount.
Tagged with: Bond statuteRead More »
Where a defendant was convicted of operating a motor vehicle under the influence of intoxicating liquor, her conviction must be reversed on the ground that the location where she operated her motor vehicle was not a way or place governed by the statutory language at issue.Read More »
Where a jury convicted a defendant of resisting arrest, the conviction should be affirmed despite the defendant's claim of erroneous jury instructions.
Tagged with: Resisting arrestRead More »
Where a judge suppressed statements a murder suspect made to the police during an interrogation, the suppression order must be reversed because the suspect was given adequate Miranda warnings and his statements were freely given.
Tagged with: MirandaRead More »


text:
Upload Photo
LI people on the move! Promotions, new jobs
To let us know about promotions, new responsibilities or new jobs email information and color photos to email@example.com, fax to 631-843-2065 or mail to People on the Move, 235 Pinelawn Rd., Melville, N.Y. 11747-4250. If you would like a plaque or framed print of a gallery listing, please submit your request at www.newsdayreprints.com.
LuHi boys in Fed semifinals Half Hollow Hills West vs. Smithtown East Nassau, CHSAA girls lacrosse players to watch in 2015 LuHi girls in Fed semifinals Top 10 Nassau girls lacrosse teams Places we loved on Long Island LI's car accidents Recent LI fires LI notable deaths 18 LI Instagram accounts to follow for stunning photos New York City parties Barclays Center concerts


text:
Pros certainly not writing off Tiger
Masters Moments: 1997
- Masters Moments: 1997
Masters Moments: 1997A Win For The Ages
- Masters Moments: 2001
Masters Moments: 2001The Year of the Tiger
- Masters Moments: 2002
Masters Moments: 2002Woods wins third green jacket
- Masters Moments: 2005
Masters Moments: 2005Chip Heard 'Round the World
Tiger Woods will return to competitive golf after a 144-day leave of absence at the Masters Tournament, which is like
a plumber returning from a 144-day absence to fix Kirstie Alley's clogged toilet
a financial advisor returning from a 144-day absence to square away the Madoff account
a marriage counselor returning from a 144-day absence to guide Sandra Bullock
You get the picture.
Coming back to competitive golf was never going to be an easy assignment for Woods, but coming back at Augusta National sounds like some kind of self-prescribed professional death sentence. Sure, the media scrutiny will be softened and the fans -- sorry, patrons -- will be more respectful of his efforts, but that first tee shot Thursday will be his first that matters since he won the JBWere Masters in Australia on Nov. 15.
I asked several players in the Masters field whether they could take 144 days away from playing tournaments and expect to contend at the Masters.
Heath Slocum: "Me? No chance. I have to work my way back into competition mode."
Camilo Villegas: "It would be a tough one."
Charl Schwartzel: "It would be difficult. Not a lot of people can do that. I'm one of the guys who needs to play a bit more."
Jerry Kelly: "No, but I haven't won it four times."
I then asked those same players whether Woods -- who has won it four times -- could pull off the feat.
Slocum: "I think if anyone can do it, Tiger proved after his knee surgery that he can jump right back into the fire pretty easily."
Villegas: "He's a smart guy; he's a great player; he's the No. 1 in the world; he's been for a long time. He'll be ready to play."
Schwartzel: "Four-and-a-half months off is a long time, but I don't think he's been sitting on his ass. He's definitely practicing and playing. He's not the No. 1 for nothing."
Kelly: "You know, he has those shots; he's pulled them off. There isn't anything physically -- it's just all in the mind. If he's as strong as he always is, he'll be fine."
It says something very telling about either Tiger or his competition -- maybe a little of both -- that oddsmakers have listed him as a prohibitive favorite to earn the green jacket once again, despite the fact that he has yet to hit a single shot that matters this season.
Get all of ESPN.com's latest news, highlights and commentary about the world's most talked-about golfer. Tiger Tracker
"Do I think Tiger Woods can be a competitive factor at the Masters? I can't believe you're even asking that question," Stewart Cink said. "We're talking about Tiger Woods, the best player that's ever played golf. I've seen the players who are usually in that conversation. I've never seen anybody that plays golf like Tiger Woods does. So the answer to that question is yes, I believe he can be a factor."
Even when Woods' life isn't shrouded in scandal, though, he's hardly a lock to triumph among the azaleas. He's competed in 13 editions of the Masters since turning professional and won four times -- a stellar record, but hardly the slam-dunk, no-doubt-about-it choice that many make him out to be on an annual basis.
The prevailing sentiment is that he might be a worthy candidate to contend but will be hindered by the length of his time away from the game. Makes sense, right? Well, sure, but so does this: From a golf standpoint, the long layoff may actually benefit Woods.
Think about it. For a guy coming off his first season back following knee surgery, fewer reps is probably a good thing. All that downtime spent in rehab and taking care of his personal, ahem, affairs meant he could rest any lingering aches and pains and return physically stronger.
"There are advantages, I think," said Colin Montgomerie, who took a lengthy leave of absence in 1996 before returning to win his return in Dubai. "You haven't really paid much attention to people's form, to where they are, what they are doing. You just play your own game, and suddenly, you know, bingo, you're 1-up playing the last. I think you might find that there could be the odd disadvantage to him coming back, but I think that at this stage, there are more advantages than disadvantages. He's physically fit. He knows how to swing a golf club. He knows how to win. He just hasn't done it for a while. He's the best player that's ever played and he will adapt accordingly."
No one in the Masters field is ready to concede victory to Tiger, of course, yet as much as I tried, I couldn't find one player who believed he couldn't -- or wouldn't -- be in contention on the back nine Sunday at Augusta.
Scratch that. I found one. Happens to be another four-time champion.
"No, no. I think I can't fathom taking five months off and going to Augusta, unless you have to, unless circumstances make it that you have no choice -- then I suppose that's what you do," Arnold Palmer said when asked about the prospect of making such a return at the Masters. "But I think that the sharpness of your game and your approach to playing at a major championship, whether it be the Masters or the Open or any championship, is how sharp you are.
"You can't get very sharp not playing. Even just practicing won't do it. To be sharp, you have to compete. You have to be in the mood to compete. Now, you can say a couple of weeks, that would be one thing. But five months? No."
Well, there you have it. Either Woods will look very much like the Tiger of old, proving his fellow competitors right or he will struggle in his return at Augusta, showing The King to be some kind of soothsayer.
No matter what, at least he can look at the bright side: It's better than returning after 144 days away to unclog Kirstie Alley's toilet.
Jason Sobel is a golf writer for ESPN.com. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Jason Sobel | emailGolf Editor, ESPN.com
Most of the bounces seemed to go Phil Mickelson's way Sunday at Augusta. None was better than seeing wife Amy greenside as he captured his third Masters title. Rick ReillyThe Masters
Date: Apr. 8-11, 2010
2010 champion: Phil Mickleson
Course: Augusta National Golf Club
Where: Augusta, Ga.
Yardage, par: 7,435 yards, par-72
- Bryant: Gauging Tiger's forgiveness factor
- Simmons: It only gets tougher now, Tiger
- Watch: Mike & Mike on costly win
- Kenny: More on Woods' off-key Nike ad
- ESPN.com's 2010 Masters photo gallery
- On The Tee: Mickelson hits the mark
- Rinaldi: Expect a warmer, fuzzier Tiger?
- North: Phil's victory is much deserved
- Strange: Mickelson's story tops Tiger's
- The Herd: No chance Tiger was unaffected
- Bryant: Tiger and the culture of forgiveness
- Reilly: The power of Karma
- Harig: Mickelson's vintage victory
- Wojciechowski: Tiger's dear diary
- Sobel: Westwood's major waiting game
- Watch: Phil's Sunday Conversation
- Watch: Lefty all right at Masters
- Watch: Final-round Masters highlights
- Watch: Lefty cherishes 3rd Masters win
- Watch: Mickelson tries on green jacket
- Watch: North analyzes Tiger's struggles
- Watch: Tiger calls Masters 'unsuccessful'
- Watney earns return trip to Augusta
- Jason Sobel's Round 4 analysis
- Masters final-round leaderboard
- Litton: Family Day at Masters for Phil, Tiger
- Watch: Masters Sunday meltdowns
- Bradley: Masters Virtual Caddie, Round 4
- Wojciechowski: Lefty electrifies Augusta
- Harig: Westwood has tall task ahead
- Harig: Tiger scrambles into contention
- Lefty one off Masters lead; Tiger 4 back
- Couples lurking near top of leaderboard
- Watch: Sunday predictions
- Watch: Round 3 Masters highlights
- Watch: Mickelson's wild ride Saturday
- Watch: Tiger on his struggles Saturday
- Jason Sobel's Round 3 analysis
- Masters Round 3 leaderboard
- Watch: North on complexity of No. 14
- Bradley: Masters Virtual Caddie, Round 3
- Keating: Golf's stat revolution
- More Masters coverage


text:
PLI is innovating learning by creating programs that challenge participants and get them to interact deeply with the subject matter. These self-paced courses are designed to address real world problems.
Explore the
Interactive Learning Center
Seminars & Webcasts
From the program: Advocating for Veterans: The Basics on VA Benefits, Discharge Upgrades and Veteran Cultural Competency 2014 (Free)
Released on: Nov. 24, 2014
1. Attorneys and other advocates must be accredited to practice before the VA. To obtain accreditation you must complete this form: .
2. Accreditation by the VA may take several weeks, so do not delay filing your application. You can speed up the process by emailing the form to .
3. Within ...
Recorded on: Mar. 17, 2015
Taken from the briefing Affordable Care Act in 2015: The State of the Law for Employers, Individuals, and Health Care Providers Five Years After Enactment recorded March, 2015 in New York.
This March marks the fifth anniversary of the enactment of the Affordable Care Act. Employers, individuals, and health care providers are now required to comply with the core provisions of the law that expand access and regulate health coverage. Meanwhile, ...
Recorded on: Nov. 11, 2014
Taken from the Web Program Ebola and the Workplace -- An Update on Key Issues recorded November, 2014 in New York.
Since the first Ebola patient came to the United States in late September 2014, all employers have been enormously challenged to deal with the many issues that this international emergency has engendered. While the issues have their most immediate and direct effect on health care employees, in fact all employers who require travel or ...
From the program: Health Care and Life Sciences Law 2014
Released on: Nov. 7, 2014
PLI's expert faculty of health care and life sciences practitioners, in-house counsel, government regulators, and prosecutors will examine the current state of health care and life sciences law and what the future might hold for affected parties. This program will cover the broad range of issues confronting the health care and life sciences industry: structuring of compliant financial and other relationships; recent developments in scientific ...
From the program: Employment Law Institute 2014
Recorded on: Oct. 22, 2014
Taken from the Web Program Employment Law Institute 2014 recorded October, 2014 in New York.
The Affordable Care Act in Practice [01:00:18]
Current developments in implementation
ACA and collective bargaining issues
Alternative strategies for implementation
Practical issues for employers and employees
Mark Brossman, Jeffrey G. Stein
The purchase price of this segment includes the following article from the Course ...
Recorded on: Jan. 20, 2015
Taken from the Web Program FDA Regulation of Medical Device Software and Mobile Apps: Recent Developments and What to Expect in 2015 recorded January 20, 2015 in New York.
On Friday, January 16th, FDA released two new proposed policies relating to mobile health—draft guidances concerning wellness products and device accessories. This continues a trend of significant developments in the regulatory oversight of health-related software, particularly ...
Recorded on: Apr. 8, 2014
Taken from the Web Program Pension Plan Investments 2014: Current Perspectives Recorded April, 2014 in New YorkFiduciary Issues in Healthcare [01:01:57]
Overview of developments in employer-provided health insurance
The application of ERISA's fiduciary rules to unfunded health plans The purchase price of this segment includes the following article(s) from the Course Handbook available online:
ERISA's Fiduciary Provisions: Applications to Health ...
Taken from the briefing HIPAA Compliance: Law, Accounting and Other Professional Service Firms - Are You a Business Associate With Respect to Your Clients? recorded April, 2014.
HIPAA privacy has been around since 2003, but the recent "HITECH" requirements have upped the ante: increased enforcement and specifically making HIPAA applicable to professional service firms, such as law firms and accounting firms, who assist their covered entity ...
Recorded on: May. 9, 2014
Taken from the briefing Medical Provider Claims and ERISA Litigation recorded May, 2014.Litigation between medical providers and ERISA plans (including their insurance companies) raises a number of complex legal issues that litigators – including plaintiffs' counsel, defense counsel, and insurance company in-house counsel – must navigate carefully to achieve a successful outcome.
Lecture Topics [Total Time: 01:05:43]In this Briefing, ...
From the program: Privacy and Data Security Law Institute (Fifteenth Annual)
Released on: Jun. 2, 2014
This program focuses on current critical issues of information privacy, cybersecurity and data protection faced by all companies. The Internet and evolving mobile and virtualized information technologies, wired and wireless, have prompted the development of powerful tools for the collection, processing, storage and use of personal information. More than ever, businesses are becoming digital and data driven. These trends create a wide range of compliance ...
Recorded on: Feb. 25, 2015
Taken from the Web Program Putting Yard-Man Out to Pasture: Supreme Court in Tackett Rejects Inference Regarding Vesting of Retiree Medical Benefits recorded February, 2015 in New York.
In 1983, the Sixth Circuit drew an inference that retiree health benefits are unlikely to be left up to future negotiations. Some have referred to this inference as the Yard-Man presumption, referring to the 1983 case that first set forth the inference. The effect ...
Jae Kim ~ Senior Vice President and General Counsel, Rambus Inc.
Lori A. Richards ~ Chief Compliance Officer, Asset Management Unit, JP Morgan & Co
Edwin E. Smith ~ Morgan Lewis & Bockius LLP
All Contents Copyright © 1996-2015 Practising Law Institute. Continuing Legal Education since 1933.


text:
Poached Salmon With Five Herbs
|Skinless salmon fillets
|440 Gram (4 Pieces, 110 Gram Each)
|Fresh basil
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs) (1 Handful)
|Fresh parsley
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs) (1 Handful)
|Fresh tarragon
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs) (1 Handful)
|Fresh chives
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs) (1 Handful)
|Fresh coriander
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs) (1 Handful)
|Freshly ground black pepper
|To Taste (1 Handful)
Put the salmon fillets in a large pan.
Add just enough water to cover the fish and bring to the boil.
As soon as it boils remove from the heat, cover the pan with a lid, and set aside for 15 minutes.
Put all the herbs together and chop until fine.
A mezzaluna is perfect for doing this.
Now carefully lift the salmon fillets out of the water and set aside to cool to room temperature, before coating with the herbs on each side.
Season with black pepper and serve at room temperature or chilled, with a salad.
Recipe Summary
Difficulty Level:Easy
Course:Main Dish
Preparation Time:10 Minutes
Cook Time:20 Minutes
Ready In:30 Minutes


text:
An optical sensor for a delivery device having a piston that displaces a substance, such as a fluid, from a reservoir. The optical sensor has a light source and a detector array for imaging encoding features disposed along a plunger rod coupled to the piston. By virtue of the pattern of encoding features, an absolute position of the plunger rod relative to a fiducial position may be determined uniquely. Thus, the volume of fluid remaining in the reservoir, the rate of fluid delivery, and proper loading of the reservoir may be accurately ascertained. Additionally, the encoding may serve to uniquely identify a version of the reservoir which may be supplied in various versions corresponding, for example, to differing concentrations of a therapeutic agent to be dispensed.
1. A displacement sensor for a substance dispensing device having a translating piston, the sensor comprising:
a. a plunger rod coupled to the piston bearing an encoded pattern of encoding features;
b. a light source for illuminating the encoded pattern;
c. a detector array for detecting light from the illuminated encoded pattern and generating a detector signal; and
d. a processor for determining a displacement of the plunger rod relative to a fiducial reference position based at least on the detector signal.
2. A displacement sensor according to
3. A displacement sensor according to
4. A displacement sensor according to
5. A displacement sensor according to
6. A displacement sensor according to
7. A displacement sensor according to
8. A displacement sensor according to
9. A displacement sensor according to
10. A displacement sensor according to
11. A displacement sensor according to
12. A dispensing apparatus comprising:
a. a reservoir having a cylindrical inner volume for containing a substance;
b. a plunger rod for impelling a piston along a linear axis of motion within the inner volume of the reservoir in order to displace and dispense a measured quantity of the substance;
c. an encoding pattern of encoding features disposed along the plunger rod in a direction parallel to the linear axis of motion of the piston;
d. a detector array for detecting light from the illuminated encoded pattern and generating a detector signal; and
e. a processor for determining a displacement of the plunger rod relative to a fiducial reference position based at least on the detector signal.
13. A dispensing apparatus according to
14. A dispensing apparatus according to
15. A dispensing apparatus according to
16. A dispensing apparatus according to
17. A method for measuring a rate of dispensing a substance by means of a dispenser having a piston driven along an axis of motion within a reservoir of the substance, the method comprising:
a. illuminating an encoded pattern of encoding features disposed upon a plunger rod coupled to the piston;
b. detecting light from the illuminated encoding features and generating a detector signal; and
c. determining a displacement of the plunger rod relative to a fiducial reference position based at least on the detector signal.
18. A method according to
19. A method according to
20. A method according to
[0001] The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application 60/398,259, filed Jul. 24, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0002] The present invention pertains to optical sensors for monitoring the source and/or amount of a substance, such as a medicinal agent, delivered by a delivery device.
[0003] Devices, such as pumps or manual pens, used for delivering substances, such as drugs or insulin, from a local reservoir into the body of a patient are prone to problems that may impede the intended delivery rate of the substance. Such problems may include clogging, mechanical sticking, or misidentification of the administered substance. It is thus desirable that the source of the delivered substance be positively identified by the delivery device, that the proper loading of the substance reservoir be verified, that the instantaneous volume of substance in the reservoir be ascertainable, and that both the rate of delivery and the precise volume of remaining liquid be accurately monitored. Prior use of an optical monitor for similar applications, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,498,843 to Schneider, et al., has been limited to measurement of delivery rate. It is, furthermore, desirable that the aforesaid functions be provided both accurately and cost effectively.
[0004] In accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention, there is provided a displacement sensor for a dispensing device of the type that has a translating piston. The sensor has a plunger rod coupled to the piston, and the plunger rod has an encoded pattern of encoding features. A light source illuminates the encoded pattern and a detector array detects light from the illuminated encoded pattern and generates a detector signal such that, on the basis of the detected signal, a processor determines a displacement of the plunger rod relative to a fiducial reference position. The delivery rate of a substance dispensed by the device may also be determined. Additionally, the encoded pattern may serve to identify a reservoir type characterized, for example, by a distinct concentration of a therapeutic agent to be delivered by the dispensing device.
[0005]FIG. 1 shows the fundamental constituents of a prior art medical fluid pump;
[0006]FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction of an optical linear encoder for delivery of a liquid agent in accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention;
[0007]FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a medical fluid pump including an optical linear encoder in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and
[0008]FIG. 4 is an exploded view of an embodiment of an optical linear encoder in accordance with the invention as applied to a medical fluid pump.
[0009] Major components of a pump for delivering a therapeutic agent to the body of a patient are described with reference to FIG. 1. A medication reservoir 11, typically cylindrical in shape, is retained within a housing 16 and contains a liquid agent to be delivered to a patient via a delivery tube 18 and a hypodermic needle (not shown). The liquid agent contained within the reservoir is impelled out of the reservoir at a determined rate by linear motion of a piston 30 along a direction 8 coaxial with the axis of the reservoir. The piston is driven by a plunger rod 12 that is driven, in turn, at a prescribed rate, by a motor (not visible) coupled to a screw drive 14 via a gear reduction drive. It is to be understood that the present invention may advantageously be applied for delivery devices other than pumps, such as insulin pens, as well as for the delivery of various fluids or other substances that may be medicating agents or other substances. The description of a pump and in terms of delivery of a therapeutic agent to a patient is without limitation and by way of example only. Embodiments of the present invention may also advantageously be applied, for example, for delivery of purification agents into a water supply. The fluid to be delivered is typically a liquid, however the delivery of other substances is also within the scope of the present invention as described herein and as claimed in any appended claims.
[0010] The rate at which the pump motor is driven in order to impel the piston to deliver the liquid agent at a prescribed rate is governed by a processor on the basis of the cross section of the reservoir (i.e., the volume of agent expelled per unit linear motion of the piston) and the concentration of agent within the fluid contained in the reservoir.
[0011] In accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention, an optical linear encoder is used to determine both the absolute position and rate of motion of the plunger rod. Additionally, since the reservoir and piston may be supplied to the user as an integral unit, additional information may be encoded on the plunger rod, as described in greater detail below.
[0012] It is desirable, in particular, that four functionalities be provided by a sensor used in conjunction with fluid delivery:
[0013] a. monitoring delivery accuracy;
[0014] b. identifying a characterizing feature of the reservoir (such as to its contents);
[0015] c. determining the volume of fluid remaining in the reservoir; and
[0016] d. verifying proper loading of the reservoir.
[0017] It is particularly advantageous if, as in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, all of the above functionalities may be provided by a single sensor.
[0018] If, as in preferred embodiments of the present invention, the reservoir identification is associated with the concentration in the fluid of a drug to be delivered by the infusion device, then a programmed dose may be converted into a linear distance.
[0019] In preferred embodiments, transmission-type encoding is employed, however, any analogous reflection-type encoding is within the scope of the invention. Referring to FIG. 2, piston 30 is driven along axis 32 so as to impel the liquid contents of reservoir 34 out orifice 36. Piston 30 is propelled by plunger rod 38, which advances as lead screw 40 is rotated. In the preferred embodiments of transmission-type encoding, a light source 42 and detector 44 are disposed on opposite sides of plunger rod 38. As used herein, the term �detector� may refer, as the context demands, to an array of detectors. The detector or detector array may also be referred to, herein, as an �image sensor� or an �image array.� The term �detector assembly� may refer to a detector or array of detectors along with associated preamplification and signal-conditioning electronics. Plunger rod 38 is encoded, in such embodiments, by features 46 that may be recognized by detector 44.
[0020] In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, encoding features 46 are slots orthogonal to the axis of travel 32 of the piston are scored into plunger rod 38. In alternate embodiments, round (or otherwise shaped) holes, or slots parallel to axis 32, wedges, or other light-transmitting features may be employed, all the above provided solely for purposes of example and without limitation. Slots 46 or other optically transmissive features may be fully optically transmissive or may, alternatively, modulate the some detectable characteristic of light (designated by dashed lines 48) transmitted between source 42 and detector 44. Transmissive features 46 may thus employ filters (of neutral density or otherwise), thereby modulating the intensity and/or spectral characteristics of the transmitted light, or may employ polarizers or retardation plates, thereby modulating the polarization or phase of the transmitted light. All such techniques for encoding transmitted light are within the scope of the present invention as described herein and as claimed in any appended claims.
[0021] In accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention, detector 44 advantageously spans merely a portion of the region of plunger rod, as described in greater detail below, however any relative sizes of the detector 44 and plunger rod 38 are within the scope of the present invention.
[0022] The path of light from light source 42 to detector 44 may be one of direct transmission through plunger rod 38 as shown. Alternatively, encoding 46 may be detected in reflection by suitable placement of detector 44 on the same side of plunger rod 38 as light source 42. Light source 42 may be an array of light-emitting-diodes (LEDs), in which case diffuser 50 may be employed. Other sources of diffuse light, such as electro-luminescent light sources may also be employed. Diffuser 50 may include multiple diffusion stages, as shown. Illumination may also be provided by undiffused light. Illumination may be transmitted through encoding 46 directly onto detector 44, as shown, or, in other embodiments of the invention, a reflective light path or transfer of illumination pattern via optical fibers or other light pipes may be employed. Intervening optics such as a lens, microchannel plate, etc., may also be provided within the optical path, within the scope of the present invention.
[0023] A housing 60 for embodying the substance dispenser components of FIG. 2 is shown in perspective view in FIG. 3. Motor drive 62 is hidden from view but shown as a dashed component. Reservoir 34, with plunger rod 38 in extension therefrom, is shown prior to insertion into the housing. The exploded view of FIG. 4 shows drive module 70, containing drive motor 62 and reservoir barrel 72, light source module 42, diffuser 50, detector 44
[0024] Detector 44 may be comprised of multiple detector resolving elements, and may be realized as a CMOS linear image sensor, for example, or a charge-coupled device (CCD) array, for another example. Many formats may be employed advantageously. Within the scope of the present invention, the detector elements may be linearly or two-dimensionally arrayed, and such arrays may be realized, if design considerations so require, by both linear and lateral stacking of detector arrays.
[0025] The image formed on detector 44 is analyzed, by directing the output signal of detector 44, via analog-to-digital converter 54, to processor 56, in accordance with various algorithms to be discussed in detail below. Pixel size and number are optimized with respect to resolution and resources demanded of processor 56.
[0026] By means of employing an encoding pattern that does not repeat, positioning of the moveable plunger rod with respect to the fixed optical assembly (taken to comprise both the illuminating and detecting optics) may advantageously be determined absolutely. Alternatively, the slot pattern or other encoding pattern may be repeated one or more times, thereby allowing translation to be encoded over large travel distances. In embodiments wherein the encoding pattern defines a non-unique current position of the plunger rod, plunger rod 38 may be driven to a fiducial position 52, such as a limit stop, in order to establish a reference from which to count repeats and to establish an absolute present position of the plunger rod relative to the fiducial position.
[0027] In preferred embodiments of the invention, detector 44 is realized as a 512-pixel linear array, with pixel resolution of approximately 16 μm. Detector 44 is positioned along and parallel to the line of travel of plunger rod 38, beginning substantially at the end of lead screw 40. Particularly when focusing optics are not employed, it is preferred that detector 44 should be positioned in close proximity to plunger rod 38.
[0028] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the spacing of plunger rod slots 46 is chosen in such a manner that any two adjacent spaces form a unique sequence. Additionally, the sum of the lengths of any two spaces is always greater than the distance between any two adjacent slots, thus, in case a slot becomes unintentionally blocked, the anomaly may be detected and not mistaken for another absolute position. Additionally, it is provided that either three or more slots are visible to the image sensor at any one time, or else the end of the rod and at least one slot are visible to the image sensor at any given time.
[0029] The three versions of slot spacings, given in inches in Table I, meet the preferred criteria discussed in the foregoing paragraph. The spacing of any two adjacent spaces may be coded to uniquely define a version of the reservoir, so that different concentrations of medicinal agent may be supplied and distinguished. Characteristics of the reservoir version that may be identified in this manner include, without limitation, the inner diameter of the reservoir, and the composition (plastic or glass, for example) of the wall of the reservoir. Additionally, the distance between the end of the plunger rod and the last slot may uniquely identify a reservoir version, so that, in case no more than one slot is within the field of view of the image sensor, the reservoir version may be uniquely identified.
[0030] To create an image, all pixels of detector 44 are reset. Then light source 42 is flashed such that light is emitted for a specified duration of time. Variable-duration exposure times may be employed, such that longer times are used when slots are being viewed, whereas shorter times are used when the end of the plunger rod is being viewed. Exposure times of 5 ms for slots and 0.7 ms for the end of the rod have been found to be satisfactory. The signal from detector 44 is read, with values for each pixel stored by processor 56 in an array and interpreted using one or more algorithms.
[0031] In the embodiment to which Table I refers, there is a small portion of the travel where only two slots are visible (9 and 10) as well as the end of the rod. The normal means of identifying the syringe using two adjacent spaces cannot be used since only a single spacing is available. The alternate means of identifying the syringe using the distance between the end of rod and the last slot cannot be used because the end is too close to the edge of view to be detected using the sliding window algorithm. Thus a third means of identifying the syringe is used when only two slots are visible and the end of the rod position cannot be measured but is visible. This third method relies on a unique slot-9-to-slot-10 spacing.
[0032] In accordance with one exposure procedure, the light is left on. Then, the detector reads and resets each pixel in sequence at a specific clock rate. The array is then read twice, the first read serving to reset the pixels. The second read of each pixel thus occurs �n� times the clock period since that pixel was reset.
[0033] In a preferred mode of operation, measurements of plunger rod position are made once per basal step of the piston, during delivery of a bolus, and during priming. In between measurements, image sensor power may be removed, since the position determination is absolute.
[0034] In accordance with embodiments of the invention, various algorithms may be employed in order to detect the position of transmitted light peaks to within specified resolution. One Peak Detection Algorithm employs a sliding window split into two equal halves. The values of pixels in each half are summed, and the sums subtracted from each other. The difference between the signals in the two halves is calculated for all possible positions of the sliding window, giving a measure of the slope of the intensity curve. As zeroes occur at local extrema, whether peaks or valleys, the sign of the difference value as the zero point is approached is used to distinguish between these two cases. Other peak and edge identifying algorithms are within the scope of the present invention. Movement of the peaks may be used to track the accuracy of plunger rod movement and thus delivery of the liquid agent being driven out of the reservoir.
[0035] In accordance with further embodiments of the invention, the spacing between slots can be resolved to finer increments than the pitch of detector 44 by storing the A/D pixel values in a software array with power-of-2 more elements than the sensor array. For example, resolution would be increased eightfold if a 512 pixel image was stored in a 4096 element software array. This is done by storing the 1st sensor array value in each of the 1st eight software array elements. The 2nd sensor array value is stored in each of the next eight software array elements, and so on.
[0036] Alternatively, by reading every nth pixel, where n is a power of 2, and storing these values in a software array with the same number of elements as the sensor array, image read times can be decreased without adversely affecting the slot to slot measurement resolution.
[0037] Having thus described various illustrative embodiments of the present invention, some of its advantages and optional features, it will be apparent that such embodiments are presented by way of example only and are not by way of limitation. It is to be understood that the teachings of the present invention may be applied to the metered delivery of fluids for other applications, such as the delivery of chemicals to a supply of potable water, to name merely a single example. Those skilled in the art could readily devise alternations and improvements on these embodiments, as well as additional embodiments, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. All such modifications are within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
With a stay at Las Palmeras de Punta Sal in Punta Sal, you'll be near the beach and minutes from Punta Sal Beach. This hotel is within the region of Mancora Beach. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Enjoy the recreation opportunities such as an outdoor pool or make use of other amenities including complimentary wireless Internet access. Enjoy a satisfying meal at a restaurant serving guests of Las Palmeras de Punta Sal. Relax with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge or a poolside bar. The front desk is staffed during limited hours.Ostrovokv2
Get Rates
Get Flight + Hotel


text:
Security Inside Out Edition
September 2011
Stay Connected:
Back to the main page
Don't-Miss Security Sessions at Oracle OpenWorld: Record Attendance Anticipated
Data security, identity management, and cloud security are important topics to organizations of all sizes and industries. Organizers of
Oracle OpenWorld 2011
are expecting record crowds at security sessions and hands-on labs.
"Organizations worldwide are ranking information systems security as one of their top priorities as increasingly sophisticated attacks, new compliance regulations, insider fraud, and data breaches threaten to disrupt businesses," says Rick Schultz, vice president of Oracle Technology Marketing. "In response Oracle OpenWorld features even more sessions focusing on security and identity management than in past years."
With more than 100 security-related sessions, Oracle OpenWorld in San Francisco, October 2–6, is the perfect place to learn about new, innovative security solutions to help you address complex security challenges and regulatory compliance requirements.
Database Security Session Highlights
Oracle's Maximum Security Architecture
(Session 13420, Tuesday, October 4, 1:15 p.m., Moscone South 103)
Privacy, compliance, and insider and external threats are just a few of the challenges confronting organizations of all sizes worldwide. In this session, learn about Oracle's maximum security architecture, a defense-in-depth security approach that provides flexibility, transparency, and support for heterogeneous database environments including Microsoft SQL Server, IBM DB2, and Sybase. You also have an opportunity to see demos of solutions available to help you safeguard your organization today, and hear firsthand from customers using these solutions.
Oracle Database Firewall: What's New and Best Practices
(Session 13442, Wednesday, October 5, 10:00 a.m., Moscone South 301)
Learn the latest about Oracle Database Firewall, including best practices for deployment, management, and high availability. This session helps you make the most out of Oracle Database Firewall's highly accurate analysis of SQL traffic that allows you to set up intelligent policies to block SQL injection and other threats in real time with no false positives or other costly disruptions. In this session you also hear case studies on how to manage an enterprisewide deployment across Oracle and non-Oracle databases.
Oracle Database Security: Customer Panel
(Session 13604, Wednesday, October 5, 11:30 a.m., Moscone South 301)
Oracle Database Security solutions allow customers to protect their mission-critical data against many kinds of threats and address regulatory compliance requirements, all without costly and complex application changes. In this session, Oracle Database Security customers discuss solving different security and regulatory challenges, their deployment experience, and best practices. You also get a chance to interact with these customers and learn from their experiences.
For a complete listing of all database security sessions, hands-on labs and more, download
Focus On Database Security
Identity Management Session Top Picks
Trends in Identity Management
(Session 14920, Monday, October 3, 2:00 p.m., Moscone West 3022)
Identity management continues to be a dynamic market. Cloud computing has heightened the interest in user access security, mobile computing has changed the rules of access to information beyond the enterprise, and security compliance has made organizations rethink their roles and entitlements strategy. In this session, Amit Jasuja, vice president, Oracle Identity Management, discusses the trends in identity management and how each relates to advances in Oracle Identity Management solutions.
BYODW (Bring Your Own Device to Work): Securing the Mobile Enterprise
(Session 14908, Tuesday, October 4, 10:15 a.m., Moscone West 3020)
As employees use personal devices for mission-critical business activities, IT departments are faced with the challenge of securing multiple types of devices and applications on the corporate intranet and beyond. This session discusses common mobile security problems and how Oracle can help. It covers topics such as single sign-on across native applications running on your device, integration with enterprise security services such as virtual private networks (VPNs), and enterprise single sign-on (eSSO).
Achieving Context-Aware Security with Integrated Identity Management
(Session 14903, Wednesday, October 5, 4:45 p.m., Moscone West 3022)
Growing security threats—both internal and external—require effective policy controls across enterprise, cloud, and mobile ecosystems. This session introduces identity context as a critical component of effective security policy management and describes a security architecture for delivering context-aware security as a preintegrated feature of the Oracle Identity Management platform.
For a complete listing of all identity management sessions, hands-on labs, and more, download
Focus On Identity Management
Learn more and register for
Oracle OpenWorld 2011
Learn more about the
Oracle Chief Security Officer Summit
held during Oracle OpenWorld in San Francisco on October 4.
Back to Top
Oracle Information InDepth newsletters
bring targeted news, articles, customer stories, and special offers to business people who want to find out how to streamline enterprise information management, measure results, improve business processes, and communicate a single truth to their constituents.
Please send questions or comments to
For answers to questions about subscribing, unsubscribing, and managing your Oracle e-mail communications preferences, please see the
Oracle E-Mail Communications page
Copyright © 2011, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.
This document is provided for information purposes only, and the contents hereof are subject to change without notice. This document is not warranted to be error-free, nor is it subject to any other warranties or conditions, whether expressed orally or implied in law, including implied warranties and conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. We specifically disclaim any liability with respect to this document, and no contractual obligations are formed either directly or indirectly by this document. This document may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without our prior written permission.


text:
P-Mation #41: A-Door-Able
Blue boy meets his lovely neighbor!4.47 / 5.00 8,042 Views
Otherworld - Quiet Luke
in da othawurld4.43 / 5.00 4,278 Views
Joe vs the Environment
In collaboration with Earth Hour 2015 and Pocoyo4.12 / 5.00 2,209 Views
Thank was okay.
I think you did a much better job on the other two movies I have reviewed.
I checked this one out purely because I knew it was from you.
I was displeased by the content.
It wasn't nearly as funny as the others.
That's just my opinion, so yea...
sdznDAN vub duz
lol sorry, unicode doesn't work.
The other review was supposed to read 'if ringu was made by a 1337 bastard'
I like the hentai one better, that was freaky, this is just spazzoid.
At least now I know only the numpad ascii works.
Actully..(sorry for my mispelling)
Its quite obvious if you read the description for these reasons:
1)The title is in all capital letters as well as the authors comments, unless your a dumbass which I know most of you are not , Your going in for a "suprise"
2)Its title is very very random as well as the descipton again.
3)It clearly says tubgirl which to those who are smart or self-conceious is a very gross picture gross enough to make you twich spasticly.
And I belive he did this as a experiment to see how many perverts are there in newgrounds and how many would actually click this expecting to see hentai.
lotubgirl lolo
that was very interesting
very...very interesting
omg you suck, you reviewed 10 overall