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|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|December 16, 2012 05:00 AM EST
YANGON, Myanmar, Dec. 16, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Walk Free: The Movement to End Modern Slavery launched its global campaign, Putting Slavery out of Business, from Myanmar today.
Walk Free members globally will call on the world's major corporations to work together to end modern slavery by identifying, eradicating and preventing forced labour in their operations and supply chains.
"Business has always been a key driver of social change, shaping modern life through innovation and new technology. If Corporate Giants – 25 of the world's top businesses whose net worth make up US$5 trillion – prioritise the abolition of modern slavery as their next major innovation, we could quickly deal a major blow to the slavery industry in this generation," said Nick Grono, CEO of Walk Free.
"Forced labour does not exist in isolation, it encourages related abuses such as fraudulent recruitment. It is time for Corporate Giants to collectively address their responsibility to make modern slavery a priority for their global agenda."
Walk Free is asking the world's major companies to make a Zero Tolerance for Slavery Pledge by 31 March 2013. The campaign aims to set an example for every business; giving consumers the information they need to make informed choices and ending the nightmare of modern slavery for millions around the world.
Sir Richard Branson signed Walk Free's pledge and sent a message of support to the campaign launch in Myanmar saying, "I am delighted to be able to sign this pledge on behalf of all the Virgin group of companies and I would urge other businesses to do the same."
While many think of slavery as a relic of history, experts estimate that there are currently 20.9 million people living under threat of violence, abuse and harsh penalties[1]. Within this massive number, the majority of people -- more than 14.2 million -- are in a forced labour situation, used to source raw materials, and create products in sectors such as agriculture, construction, manufacturing and domestic work.
Some companies rely on goods that are sourced from countries where business accountability and government regulation are weak, and factors such as poverty, discrimination and conflict create opportunities for exploitation. Without consistent supply-chain monitoring, suppliers are exploiting the system -- and people -- to turn a profit.
The campaign Putting Slavery out of Business was launched in Yangon at an event led by Walk Free CEO Nick Grono, U.S. Ambassador-at-Large to Combat Trafficking In Persons Luis CdeBaca, Fortescue Metals Group founder and Chairman Andrew Forrest, UNICEF specialist on trafficking and migration, Dr Susu Thatun, and Free the Slaves founder Kevin Bales.
Click here to DOWNLOAD video footage and photos of Walk Free's event and their supporters (clips of Andrew Forrest, Luis CdeBaca, Jason Mraz, Kevin Bales, Dr Susu Thatun).
Zero Tolerance for Slavery Pledge:
We pledge zero tolerance for slavery. We commit to prevent forced labour from finding its way into our products. We pledge that our operations are free of forced labour, and will carefully monitor our supply chains and subcontracting arrangements to ensure the same. We will take responsible steps to respond to any problems found.
The Campaign for Putting Slavery out of Business – Companies asked to sign:
Exxon Mobil
Wal-Mart Stores
General Electric
Berkshire Hathaway
Johnson & Johnson
Procter & Gamble
Merck & Co.
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Twitter: @walkfree
Media Contact:
Ranya Alkadamani
[email protected]
+95-9419-87875 (Myanmar) / +61-434-664-589 (Australia)
[1] International Labour Organization Global Estimate on Forced Labour, 2012
Internet of Things (IoT) will be a hybrid ecosystem of diverse devices and sensors collaborating with operational and enterprise systems to create the next big application. In their session at @ThingsExpo, Bramh Gupta, founder and CEO of robomq.io, and Fred Yatzeck, principal architect leading product development at robomq.io, will discuss how choosing the right middleware and integration strategy from the get-go will enable IoT solution developers to adapt and grow with the industry, while at the same time reduce Time to Market (TTM) by using plug and play capabilities offered by a robust I...
Apr. 1, 2015 10:00 AM EDT Reads: 656
Containers and microservices have become topics of intense interest throughout the cloud developer and enterprise IT communities. Accordingly, attendees at the upcoming 16th Cloud Expo at the Javits Center in New York June 9-11 will find fresh new content in a new track called PaaS | Containers & Microservices Containers are not being considered for the first time by the cloud community, but a current era of re-consideration has pushed them to the top of the cloud agenda. With the launch of Docker's initial release in March of 2013, interest was revved up several notches. Then late last...
Apr. 1, 2015 09:15 AM EDT Reads: 2,312
SYS-CON Events announced today that Litmus Automation will exhibit at SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. Litmus Automation's vision is to provide a solution for companies that are in a rush to embrace the disruptive Internet of Things technology and leverage it for real business challenges. Litmus Automation simplifies the complexity of connected devices applications with Loop, a secure and scalable cloud platform.
Apr. 1, 2015 09:00 AM EDT Reads: 707
The WebRTC Summit 2015 New York, to be held June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York, NY, announces that its Call for Papers is open. Topics include all aspects of improving IT delivery by eliminating waste through automated business models leveraging cloud technologies. WebRTC Summit is co-located with 16th International Cloud Expo, @ThingsExpo, Big Data Expo, and DevOps Summit.
Apr. 1, 2015 09:00 AM EDT Reads: 1,742
SOA Software has changed its name to Akana. With roots in Web Services and SOA Governance, Akana has established itself as a leader in API Management and is expanding into cloud integration as an alternative to the traditional heavyweight enterprise service bus (ESB). The company recently announced that it achieved more than 90% year-over-year growth. As Akana, the company now addresses the evolution and diversification of SOA, unifying security, management, and DevOps across SOA, APIs, microservices, and more.
Apr. 1, 2015 08:30 AM EDT Reads: 2,124
Wearable technology was dominant at this year's International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) , and MWC was no exception to this trend. New versions of favorites, such as the Samsung Gear (three new products were released: the Gear 2, the Gear 2 Neo and the Gear Fit), shared the limelight with new wearables like Pebble Time Steel (the new premium version of the company's previously released smartwatch) and the LG Watch Urbane. The most dramatic difference at MWC was an emphasis on presenting wearables as fashion accessories and moving away from the original clunky technology associated with t...
Mar. 31, 2015 10:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,604
SYS-CON Events announced today that robomq.io will exhibit at SYS-CON's @ThingsExpo, which will take place on June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. robomq.io is an interoperable and composable platform that connects any device to any application. It helps systems integrators and the solution providers build new and innovative products and service for industries requiring monitoring or intelligence from devices and sensors.
Mar. 31, 2015 06:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,604
After making a doctor's appointment via your mobile device, you receive a calendar invite. The day of your appointment, you get a reminder with the doctor's location and contact information. As you enter the doctor's exam room, the medical team is equipped with the latest tablet containing your medical history – he or she makes real time updates to your medical file. At the end of your visit, you receive an electronic prescription to your preferred pharmacy and can schedule your next appointment.
Mar. 31, 2015 03:45 PM EDT Reads: 1,032
SYS-CON Events announced today that Solgenia will exhibit at SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY, and the 17th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on November 3–5, 2015, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. Solgenia is the global market leader in Cloud Collaboration and Cloud Infrastructure software solutions. Designed to "Bridge the Gap" between Personal and Professional Social, Mobile and Cloud user experiences, our solutions help large and medium-sized organizations dr...
Mar. 31, 2015 03:00 PM EDT Reads: 3,061
While not quite mainstream yet, WebRTC is starting to gain ground with Carriers, Enterprises and Independent Software Vendors (ISV's) alike. WebRTC makes it easy for developers to add audio and video communications into their applications by using Web browsers as their platform. But like any market, every customer engagement has unique requirements, as well as constraints. And of course, one size does not fit all. In her session at WebRTC Summit, Dr. Natasha Tamaskar, Vice President, Head of Cloud and Mobile Strategy at GENBAND, will explore what is needed to take a real time communications ...
Mar. 31, 2015 02:39 PM EDT Reads: 594
The world's leading Cloud event, Cloud Expo has launched Microservices Journal on the SYS-CON.com portal, featuring over 19,000 original articles, news stories, features, and blog entries. DevOps Journal is focused on this critical enterprise IT topic in the world of cloud computing. Microservices Journal offers top articles, news stories, and blog posts from the world's well-known experts and guarantees better exposure for its authors than any other publication. Follow new article posts on Twitter at @MicroservicesE
Mar. 31, 2015 12:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,577
SYS-CON Events announced today the IoT Bootcamp – Jumpstart Your IoT Strategy, being held June 9–10, 2015, in conjunction with 16th Cloud Expo and Internet of @ThingsExpo at the Javits Center in New York City. This is your chance to jumpstart your IoT strategy. Combined with real-world scenarios and use cases, the IoT Bootcamp is not just based on presentations but includes hands-on demos and walkthroughs. We will introduce you to a variety of Do-It-Yourself IoT platforms including Arduino, Raspberry Pi, BeagleBone, Spark and Intel Edison. You will also get an overview of cloud technologies s...
Mar. 31, 2015 11:00 AM EDT Reads: 2,255
The list of 'new paradigm' technologies that now surrounds us appears to be at an all time high. From cloud computing and Big Data analytics to Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) and the Internet of Things (IoT), today we have to deal with what the industry likes to call 'paradigm shifts' at every level of IT. This is disruption; of course, we understand that – change is almost always disruptive.
Mar. 30, 2015 04:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,202
SYS-CON Events announced today that SafeLogic has been named "Bag Sponsor" of SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo® New York, which will take place June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. SafeLogic provides security products for applications in mobile and server/appliance environments. SafeLogic's flagship product CryptoComply is a FIPS 140-2 validated cryptographic engine designed to secure data on servers, workstations, appliances, mobile devices, and in the Cloud.
Mar. 30, 2015 11:00 AM EDT Reads: 1,560
GENBAND has announced that SageNet is leveraging the Nuvia platform to deliver Unified Communications as a Service (UCaaS) to its large base of retail and enterprise customers. Nuvia's cloud-based solution provides SageNet's customers with a full suite of business communications and collaboration tools. Two large national SageNet retail customers have recently signed up to deploy the Nuvia platform and the company will continue to sell the service to new and existing customers. Nuvia's capabilities include HD voice, video, multimedia messaging, mobility, conferencing, Web collaboration, deskt...
Mar. 30, 2015 01:00 AM EDT Reads: 1,535
SYS-CON Media announced today that @WebRTCSummit Blog, the largest WebRTC resource in the world, has been launched. @WebRTCSummit Blog offers top articles, news stories, and blog posts from the world's well-known experts and guarantees better exposure for its authors than any other publication. @WebRTCSummit Blog can be bookmarked ▸ Here @WebRTCSummit conference site can be bookmarked ▸ Here
Mar. 29, 2015 10:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,888
SYS-CON Events announced today that Cisco, the worldwide leader in IT that transforms how people connect, communicate and collaborate, has been named "Gold Sponsor" of SYS-CON's 16th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. Cisco makes amazing things happen by connecting the unconnected. Cisco has shaped the future of the Internet by becoming the worldwide leader in transforming how people connect, communicate and collaborate. Cisco and our partners are building the platform for the Internet of Everything by connecting the...
Mar. 29, 2015 07:00 PM EDT Reads: 5,297
Temasys has announced senior management additions to its team. Joining are David Holloway as Vice President of Commercial and Nadine Yap as Vice President of Product. Over the past 12 months Temasys has doubled in size as it adds new customers and expands the development of its Skylink platform. Skylink leads the charge to move WebRTC, traditionally seen as a desktop, browser based technology, to become a ubiquitous web communications technology on web and mobile, as well as Internet of Things compatible devices.
Mar. 29, 2015 06:00 PM EDT Reads: 1,901
Docker is an excellent platform for organizations interested in running microservices. It offers portability and consistency between development and production environments, quick provisioning times, and a simple way to isolate services. In his session at DevOps Summit at 16th Cloud Expo, Shannon Williams, co-founder of Rancher Labs, will walk through these and other benefits of using Docker to run microservices, and provide an overview of RancherOS, a minimalist distribution of Linux designed expressly to run Docker. He will also discuss Rancher, an orchestration and service discovery platf...
Mar. 29, 2015 04:15 PM EDT Reads: 2,482
SYS-CON Events announced today that Vitria Technology, Inc. will exhibit at SYS-CON's @ThingsExpo, which will take place on June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City, NY. Vitria will showcase the company's new IoT Analytics Platform through live demonstrations at booth #330. Vitria's IoT Analytics Platform, fully integrated and powered by an operational intelligence engine, enables customers to rapidly build and operationalize advanced analytics to deliver timely business outcomes for use cases across the industrial, enterprise, and consumer segments.
Mar. 29, 2015 03:30 PM EDT Reads: 2,243


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Am looking for tools to detect Memory Leaks, File open issues in Java based applications written using Netbeans and deployed on Tomcat 6 without having to spend hours, something which can detect these anomalous behavior to a certain extent within a reasonable timeframe. Would appreciate if anyone provides recommendations around the same.
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I have used Eclipse MAT successfully. It is simple to use and has pretty complete documentation.

subset: commoncrawl


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Pictures on foam board
Has anyone cut out pictures and pasted them to foam board or some soft board that you can cut them out and stand them up? I cut these pictures out and put them on 1/4 inch foam board. I used an xacto knife to cut them but you really don't get a smooth finish on the sides.
I have seen them advertised but not sure what is used.
Hopefully you can see what I am trying to do
When I did framing, I was taught to take a sanding block to smooth the brown paper where it was glued to the frame back. It was so much more accurate than using a razor blade.
For your tiny curves, try a fine sandpaper wrapped around a pencil and rub the edge lightly from the photo side toward the foamboard at a 45degree angle to smooth the edges.
The foam board that I have has a paper covering on both sides plus the photo paper that I use. I did try some sand paper but it left the paper part rather rough and raggy looking.
I live in a small town where I can't buy much but do get to Fargo and Bismarck where there is a Hobby Lobby. Is there another kind of foam board without the paper on it?
June, the foam board I get from AC Moore is the same as yours. I have used it to make signs, and usually put colored duct tape around the edge to form a border, and seal from the weather. That is why I was interested to see if any of the tips worked for you, as those pics require lots of cutting.
Maybe that heat thingee would work, but I don't have a wood burning tool! I think those pics would make great table decs for a birthday party, etc.
I have some ideas that I want to try but have to wait till I get out of town. My daughter thought they would make great table decorations for graduations, etc.
Here is something I did for my grand daughters graduation but just on regular card stock.
Those are adorable! I did something sim for my ds 30th bday. I wanted the centerpieces to be a bit masculine, so I got those shiny metal paint buckets from Lowes. They are inexp and come in all diff sizes. I thook pics of him growing up and mounted the on const paper and made collages around the outside of the can. I found some nice plants in pots that fit inside the buckets and put a stick with another pic coming out like you did. I had to do 10 so it was time consuming, but the tables looked nice. Thanks for sharing yours, I haven't mastered how to get my dig pics to the forum yet!!


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RECIPE: Knishes - Small bites
I had some puff pastry dough leftover from the Asian Chicken Rolls and made a small batch of mashed potatoes (on the dry side)to which I added sauteed onion, salt, pepper.
I spooned the mixture lengthwise on a rolled-out piece of puff pastry and folded it over two times. Placed the log on a parchment-lined baking sheet and gave a quick egg-yolk wash...baked at 400 for 30 minutes or so.
Be sure to let the mashed potatoes cool before rolling in the dough. One of my logs slit and flattened from the hot filling. Chilled filling might be best. Still was delicious served with brown deli mustard. These were inhaled by the crowd I was experimenting on.
Hey Eileen. Hope all is well on your end of the island. I'll be out your way later this month for a party at the Irish Coffee Pub.
Yes, I always wondered about the covering on a square knish. I use to think they were deep fried. I know there's some serious fat in there, possibly lard or chicken fat?
The squares are fried, the round ones are baked. Click on the link, it gives you all kinds of info on knishes and a recipe. Just scroll to the knish part.
Sounds great, Sue! I go to a place here that sells something similar called Borekas, they fill puff pastry with all kinds of filling besides the potato mixture.
Here is a link that might be useful: Arthur Schwartz Knishes...
Thanks for the info dishes. Got to be about 25 years ago...we went to a big old Victorian house on the North Shore for a big party. The kitchen was huge and had an island which wasn't common back then. They had the dough rolled out and were making knishes!!
Son;t remember much else from that night but I do remember the knishes!
Nice recipe. Might give it a whirl this weekend.


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Created: 04/23/2014 8:49 AM
By: The Associated Press
LOS ALAMOS, N.M. (AP) - Organizers of the New Mexico Supercomputing Challenge say two high school students from Albuquerque have taken the top prize at this year's competition.
La Cueva High School's Eli Echt-Wilson and Albert Zuo came up with a unique model that simulates the growth of individual tree branches and leaves based on underlying biological processes.
Second place went to Cole Kendrick of Los Alamos High School. He developed a computer model simulating classical explosions in certain stars.
Ian Rankin, Ahmed Muhyi and Sophia Sanchez-Maes from Las Cruces' Young Women in Computing took third place for their microalgae project.
Los Alamos National Laboratory puts on the challenge each year. It's open any New Mexico high school, middle school or elementary school student.
More than 240 students representing 70 teams researched projects this year.
(Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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Red Bull boss Christian Horner really has no pity for Felipe Massa.
Interesting video from Red Bull Racing as they converse on the past to the present.
History repeating for Vettel and Red Bull Racing as FIA Prize Giving Gala honors and celebrates the three-consecutive time Formula One champion driver and team. Alonso and Räikkönen also reap rewards.
Red Bull boss Christian Horner speaks his mind: McLaren are a weaker team without Lewis. So does Jenson Button!


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John Page Classic, a new guitar brand, announces the Ashburn, its initial production model.
The Guitar Drum gives players an elevated pad for bass sounds or can serve as a scratch plate.
Taylor Guitars introduces its inspired new 600 Series; with photo gallery and video.
Available in six designs, including Dinky, SLS, Rhoads, Warrior, Soloist and King V, the new X Series guitars feature hot humbucking pickups, distinctive shark-fin inlays and unique finishes.
Fender has introduced several new, limited-edition acoustic instruments. Models include the USA Select 1, Fender's first acoustic guitar made in the US since the 1990s. Only 30 pieces are being released worldwide. The dreadnought guitar has a spruce top, flame maple back and sides, forward-shifted X bracing, gold hardware and a Fishman Sonitone pickup system.
In this video, the metaller talks about his new signature baritone ax.
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The El Dorado is inspired by the work of Tony Zemaitis...and firearms from the Sahara desert.
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2002 Pontiac Grand Am • 157,000 miles
I have a grand am v6, First thing in morning (cold) starts perfect. Everytime after, takes long time to crank, (but cranks). Sitting at idle, doesn't idle well, and sometimes dies. I've changed battery, mass air flow, throrle position sensor, idle air valve control, plugs, wires, KNM air filter. Shitty iudle, please help, point me in another direction.
June 6, 2012.
June 6, 2012.
Do you have any codes in the computer?Have you checked for codes yet?
Yes it's been put on diagnostics, and it (don't remb the code) said ebgine missfire. I've also had my coil packs checked. It's opinion was working properly.
Jun 6, 2012.
Jun 6, 2012.
It would really help to have the exact code numbers that would help lead us to the problem. Otherwise we will just have to do a lot of testing of everything.
What would be compatible to use for a replacement engine in my Breeze? I am just looking to get something that would work with it to get it up and running. Can I use a different model ...
1 answer • 1999 Plymouth Breeze • 120,000 miles
If i took out my 91 toyota carolla engine what other cars would it be compatible with?
4 answers • 1991 Toyota Corolla
We have two Jeeps that we need to replace the 4.0 engines on. a 1996 2 wheel drive and a 1998 4 wheel drive. We have found a 1994 2 wheel drive engine that we are planning on putting ...
2 answers • 1998 Jeep Laredo • 165,000 miles
1990 Toyota Camry mileage: 150,000. 1. The oil warning light is on. 2. There are four quarts of oil in the car. 3. The oil filter is dry. 4. The engine sounds rough. 5. There is noise ...
3 answers • 1990 Toyota Camry • 150,000 miles


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As U.S. Energy Industry Booms, Oil Hubs Run Out Of Storage Space
Friday, March 27, 2015
U.S. oil production is at near record levels. But the success has led to a question of where to store all that oil. One of the country's biggest oil hubs is now almost full.
Nostalgic Cars: Sour Automotive Fruit Of Cuban Embargo Gets New Life
Friday, March 27, 2015
In Havana, Cuba, old cars have filled the streets since the U.S. embargo began. Now enterprising Cubans have begun renting cars out to tourists who are hungry for the cars of their youth.
Germanwings Co-Pilot Showed No Signs Of Mental Illness, Fellow Pilots Say
Friday, March 27, 2015
NPR's Audie Cornish speaks with James Phillips, international affairs director of the German Pilots Association, for the latest on Andreas Lubitz and reaction from German pilots.
After Abuse In A Peruvian Circus, A Bear Awaits A New Home
Friday, March 27, 2015
Cholita is an Andean spectacled bear that was mistreated in the circus in Peru. Now an animal rights group is trying to bring her to the U.S. as part of an effort rescue wild animals from circuses.
In Regulating Outdoor Dancing, China Tells Seniors How To Bust A Move
Friday, March 27, 2015
China's sports bureaucracy threatened this week to standardize dancing in public squares.
Comedian George Carlin Is National Portrait Gallery's Newest Face
Friday, March 27, 2015
NPR's Audie Cornish talks to Kelly Carlin, the daughter of the late comedian George Carlin, about the Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery's unveiling of her father's portrait Friday.
Week In Politics: Sen. Harry Reid's Retirement, Cruz's Appeal To Far-Right
Friday, March 27, 2015
NPR's Robert Siegel speaks with political commentators E.J. Dionne of the Washington Post and Brookings Institution and David Brooks of The New York Times about Harry Reid's retirement announcement and Ted Cruz's appeal to the far-right.
U.S. Strategy In Yemen Represents Standard Counterterrorism Plan
Friday, March 27, 2015
Despite the current chaos in Yemen, the White House insists U.S. action in that country represents a model for its counterterrorism strategy. A look at what is behind that assertion.
After Apartment Search, German Investigators Say Co-Pilot Hid An Illness
Friday, March 27, 2015
Authorities in Europe find more clues about the problems plaguing the German co-pilot accused of intentionally downing his airliner in the French Alps this week.
Nigerian President Faces Tough Reelection Campaign
Friday, March 27, 2015
Nigerians head to the polls Saturday to vote for their new president. The incumbent Goodluck Jonathan faces former military leader, Muhammadu Buhari, who says he's tough on security and corruption.


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Madlistudio said
Only few sales. This is not normal. but when i look at new item. Some of it are really great item and sales less. I guess everybody also same too.
Bad as for Wednesday…
Low sales here as well…
keybal said
Bad as for Wednesday…
Agree Wednesday was not usually bad if not extended sale.
Best Regards, Andrey
Off topic: What is this "Invoices" tab that has appeared on my Author Dashboard?
uniquefx said
Off topic: What is this "Invoices" tab that has appeared on my Author Dashboard?
That is if you deposit money, it shows there.
no sales = 2 days
......after a handsome number a day before. Looks like switching on sale, switching off sale….
bad bad
This Week is Awesome
Sales seem really stable.
addeystock said
This Week is Awesome
Yeah this week so far good, hope to achieve 1000 within this week
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Kanonia Hostel & Apartments
Situated in the heart of Warsaw, Kanonia Hostel & Apartments is steps from St. John's Cathedral, Royal Castle, and Old Town Square. Also nearby are St. Kazimierz Church and Warsaw Uprising Monument.
Property Features.
Wireless Internet access is complimentary in public areas. Additional amenities include multilingual staff, tour/ticket assistance, and a safe deposit box at the front desk.
Kanonia Hostel & Apartments has 19 guestrooms. Complimentary wireless high-speed Internet access is provided. Guests have access to a shared/communal kitchen. In addition, amenities available on request include hair dryers and irons/ironing boards.
The hostel was relatively clean. the bathrooms were really well maintained. my bed was…
A matter of seconds from Medina Square, this friendly hotel was great, breakfast served…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $10
- Standard Room, Private Bathroom (for 5 People)
- Shared Dormitory
- Standard Apartment (for 2 People)
- Studio Apartment for 3 people
- Room, Shared Bathroom (for 5 People)
- Double Room
- Double Room, Private Bathroom
- Triple Room
- Triple Room, Private Bathroom
- Standard Room (for 4 People)
- Standard Room, Private Bathroom (for 4 People)
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 19 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time 2:00 PM-midnight
- Check-out time is 10:30 AM
- Express check-out
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- No cribs (infant beds)
- Pets allowed *
- 1 per room (up to 5 kg)
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- No parking
In the hotel
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
In the room
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Individually decorated
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Free WiFi
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
Kanonia Hostel & Apartments's small print
Also known as
- Kanonia Hostel Warsaw
- Kanonia Hostel
This property does not have elevators.
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for PLN 20 per night
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of PLN 10 per pet, per day
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Member Login
Vision of the Future
The Future Lyndon Student
Do you want your children to have the world at their fingertips? Imagine being 23 years old. Now imagine that you can speak four languages fluently, you were the Student Council Vice President, you earned two letters in varsity, you are proficient on the piano, technology is your fifth language, you spent one year in China studying international business, and you just graduated with a double major from MIT on scholarship. Imagine what you can do now. The possibilities are infinite with this well-established international college prep program.
This might seem dreamy to you, considering that our oldest students will only be going into 9th grade, but this is exactly where Lyndon students are headed. They are studying three languages daily. They are active community members, athletes, club members, young musicians, visual artists, and performing artists already. They are within the top 10 percent in the nation on nationally standardized tests.
Lyndon students are academically sound and well rounded students. They have the opportunity to achieve a great SAT score or ACT scores and have fantastic grades in honors and AP classes. They can communicate in multiple languages. They are team players, leaders and good citizens.
Growth and Development
In the last nine years, Lyndon has added a grade each year. Next year the inaugural class will move on to 9th grade. This method of growth provides a high level of quality control and a smooth implementation process. The curriculum already exists for each grade through 12th grade, and classroom space exists for further growth.
The administration and the parents of the inaugural class work together annually to meet the coming demands of the upper school students. It is important to provide an environment that encourages the development of the whole person as we move forward. Academics, athletics, extra-curricular activities, and student life are extremely important. Each year programs are added and enhanced to facilitate the end goal and the demands of the future student.
We welcome you to talk to our parents about our future plans and their experiences thus far as their children move closer and closer to upper school.
Building Campaign
You may have heard that there is no capital campaign or building fund, and that is correct. Lyndon adds facilities and programs as enrollment demands it. In the last eight years, Lyndon has experienced an average of 26% growth. With that growth Lyndon moved out of its temporary facility on Highway 92, and built phase one of a new campus. Three years later Lyndon built Phase II. Phase III is just around the corner and expected to start during the 2015-2016 scholastic year.
For more detailed information on growth and expansion plans please contact the school.


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As the retail sector shed more jobs, construction began its seasonal upturn, resulting in a slightly better job picture for Jackson County. According to the Oregon Employment Department, the seasonally-adjusted rate for February was 7.0%, compared to 7.7% in January, and 8.6 for February, 2014.
Jackson County gained 559 jobs in February.Read More »
Oregon's unemployment rate has fallen significantly again, amid signs that businesses are becoming quick to hire but remain slow to grant raises.
The state Employment Department said Tuesday the jobless rate dropped half a percentage point in February, to 5.8 percent.
The agency says the number of long-term unemployed people continues to fall.
The nuRead More »


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An ice detection system that detects the onset of ice accreation on an aircraft's external surfaces, continuously measures its thickness and growth time history and provides the type of ice, glaze or rime, is disclosed along with an independent way to confirm that the contaminant is known to be ice and only ice. Total impedance data, thermal conductivity value and complex dielectric properties are used to discriminate between ice, water, deicing fluid and snow with measurements made by low cost, low power consumption, low profile, miniature electronic chips, components and devices collocated together on the external surface in a thin pliant patch that does not effect the airflow about the aircraft. The ice detection system provides ice accreation data and warning signals to displays and aural signaling devices in the cockpit for the pilot and to the control console of a ground controller flying the aircraft if it is unmanned.
1. An aircraft ice detection system employing an external, surface mounted ice sensor unit with at least two ice sensor embodiments to measure the temperature, thermal conductivity and total impedance properties of a contaminant layer overlying the ice sensor, with a thermal conductivity measured with a self-heated device and a total impedance properties measured by a collocated, miniature electronic chip that electrically excites the ice sensor over a range of test frequencies; an Analog Devices AD5933 chip used in the embodiment, and with a collocated computer having a data storage unit and a processor; said data storage unit containing laboratory measured ice data, contaminant properties and ice sensor measured data, said processor containing dedicated software and algorithms for processing ice sensor data to derive complex dielectric properties and a locus of a contaminant in complex dielectric space, for discriminating between ice, rain water, deicer fluid and snow and subsequently between glaze ice or rime ice overlying said ice sensor and for choosing an initial value for ice thickness, said software and algorithms also checking the icing data for signs of cracks, flaws and voids or higher electrical conductivity in said ice based on the size and the shape of said complex dielectric locus and correcting said initial ice thickness value for these effects if found, with said software and algorithms calculating the ice distribution and associated ice weight over said aircraft with said icing data along with aural warning signals transmitted to a pilot of said aircraft and to dedicated displays and to a ground controller and to dedicated displays if said aircraft is unmanned, with said ice detection system using a method to carry out ice detection and discrimination comprising:
means for exciting said ice layer on said surface of said aircraft using said external surface mounted ice sensor which underlies and is immersed in said contaminant layer by driving said ice sensor thru said frequency scan at a given input voltage,
means for using said ice sensor in at least two different embodiments; one embodiment employing two separated parallel plates, facing each other and extending out essentially perpendicular to the aircraft's surface and the other embodiment employing a thin, flat ice sensor of bullseye form mounted directly on the aircraft's external surface,
means for measuring, storing and processing said total impedance data of said ice layer over said frequency scan from near zero frequency to high frequency using said miniature impedance measuring electronic chip collocated with said ice sensor,
means for measuring said thermal conductivity of said contaminant layer overlying said ice sensor using said self-heated device collocated with said ice sensor,
means for converting said total impedance measurements to said complex dielectric properties of said overlying layer by said method which relates said ice sensor physical and electrical characteristics and said impedance values to said complex dielectric characteristics,
means for using said total impedance, said complex dielectric properties and said measured thermal conductivity values to discriminate between said ice, rain water, deicing fluid or snow overlying said ice sensor,
means for determining whether said ice is glaze or rime based on said measured value of said thermal conductivity,
means for determining said thickness of said ice from said total impedance value by using said impedance value to locate appropriate laboratory measured ice properties stored in the data storage unit of said computer which is located in collocation with said ice sensor,
means for comparing a shape of said locus determined from said calculated complex dielectric properties in said complex dielectric space with a characteristic semicircular shape exhibited by said ice as the independent check that said ice is present,
means for determining whether said flaws, cracks or voids or enhanced electrical conductivity are present in said ice by examining said measured complex dielectric values in comparison with those for pure ice,
means for correcting said ice thickness choice based on said initial total impedance measurements if said flaws, cracks or voids or higher electrical conductivity are found to exist,
means for using said icing data from multiple ice sensor locations to construct the map of icing conditions occurring on said aircraft and to estimate a current weight penalty due to said icing,
whereby the onset of icing on said aircraft along with said thickness of said ice buildup with time on said aircraft is detected by said externally mounted ice sensor, employing said method which discriminates between said ice, rain water, deicer fluid and snow overlying the ice sensor as well as discriminating between said glaze ice and rime ice based on following a series of procedures that make use of measurements of the properties of said contaminant layer overlying said ice sensor in comparison with said physical properties and said complex dielectric properties known for said ice and for said possible contaminants.
2. The aircraft ice detection system method recited in
3. Apparatus for continuously measuring the onset, thickness, and buildup of ice thickness with time of ice on an external surface of an aircraft with the following collocated components; an external surface mounted ice sensor, a temperature measuring device, a thermal conductivity measuring device, and a total impedance measuring device in the form of a miniature electronic device comprising an Analog Devices AD5933 type chip, the aircraft's electrical power supply, electrical, control and data wire runs, a power converter, a computer with a data storage unit and a processor; said data storage unit containing laboratory measured and pre-stored ice data and equivalent data for possible contaminants, said processor containing program software and data reduction algorithms, with transceiver units used for system control signal and data transmission if a wireless communication approach is chosen, with all the elements of said ice detection apparatus selected from a class of miniature or micro-miniature, low power consumption, low profile electronic components and collocated together in a thin, pliable patch of minor vertical height, with visual and aural warning signals communicated to alert the pilot of the said aircraft, said apparatus comprising:
said surface mounted ice sensor attached externally to said aircraft,
means for electrically exciting said ice sensor and an overlying contaminant layer with a frequency scan from near zero frequency to high frequency at a selected voltage,
means for measuring said total impedance of an overlying layer during said near zero frequency to high frequency sweep,
means for measuring a thermal conductivity of said overlying layer,
means for storing and processing measured impedance data and thermal conductivity values,
means for storing said laboratory measured ice data including total impedance versus said excitation frequency at multiple temperatures and also storing ice dielectric relaxation times,
means for converting said impedance scan measurements into complex dielectric properties of said overlying layer,
means for discriminating between said overlying layers of said ice, rain water, deicing fluid, or snow,
means for comparing said impedance data and said thermal conductivity values with those characteristic of said laboratory ice data to determine an initial choice for said thickness of said ice,
means for comparing complex dielectric properties with those characteristic of said ice, wherein said ice is known to exhibit a semicircular shaped locus in complex dielectric space as a function of said excitation frequency,
means for determining whether flaws, cracks or voids or higher electrical conductivity are present in said ice layer,
means to modify initially chosen ice thickness value for the presence of said flaws, cracks, or voids or higher electrical conductivity, if present,
means to transmit said icing status data and said warning signals to said pilot or to a ground controller or said icing data to the deicing system, if desired,
whereby said apparatus for detecting the onset of said icing on said aircraft and for continuously measuring said ice thickness, and said buildup of ice thickness with time is mounted in a thin, pliable patch to ease installation by allowing the option of gluing said patch directly to said aircraft's surface and with minor vertical height such that the presence of said patch does not interfere with said airflow around said aircraft or the airflow over said ice sensor, and the required measurements for the properties of said overlying layer, including said temperature, said thermal conductivity, said total impedance and said complex dielectric properties made with said ice sensor system whose components are all collocated together and constructed with miniature size, low profile shaped and economical chips, devices and components.
4. The apparatus recited in
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15. The apparatus recited in
16. An aircraft ice detection system located on an external surface of an aircraft for measuring an onset of icing on said aircraft which continuously measures an ice thickness, an ice thickness buildup with time and an type of ice, glaze or rime, and which also provides several independent ways to confirm the presence of said ice, said system utilizing a combination of means to accomplish these results, a combination of selected parameters and measurements including temperature, thermal conductivity and said total impedance of a contaminant layer overlying said external ice sensor, the use of said measurements along with derived complex dielectric properties of said containment layer to discriminate between ice, rain water, deicer fluid and snow and then between glaze ice and rime ice lying over said ice sensor, software and algorithms providing methods to operate on said measurements, compare said measured results with laboratory measured ice data stored in a computer, a data storage unit and a processor combination collocated with said computer and said ice sensor and to select said ice, if present, from among possible contaminants, and by comparing a complex dielectric locus with that for said ice to provide an independent confirmation of said ice presence, also employing the size of a locus diameter in comparison to that of pure ice to discriminate between cracks, flaws and voids or higher electrical conductivity and the use of this result to correct an initially chosen ice thickness value for these effects, said ice detection system also using a unique combination of low power consumption, miniature size components with characteristic small footprints and reduced heights allowing all parts of said aircraft ice detection system to be collocated together, said system comprising:
means for detecting said onset of icing on said aircraft's external surfaces using an overlying layer's temperature, said thermal conductivity measurements, and said total impedance measurement values and the said derived complex dielectric properties,
means for discriminating between said ice, rain water, deicing fluid or snow overlying said external surface mounted ice sensor,
means for determining whether said ice is said glaze or rime,
means for continuously determining said ice thickness and an ice thickness growth time history from said total impedance measurements of said overlying ice layer,
means for independently confirming that said contaminant layer is said ice based on said complex dielectric properties determined from converting frequency scanned total impedance data,
means which allow said collocation of said ice sensor, an impedance measuring electronic chip, a self-heated thermistor, a local temperature measuring thermistor, said computer, said data storage unit, said processor, said ice status and said data transfer and communication units and all other supporting equipment in a thin, pliant patch attached to said aircraft's external surface,
means for communicating said ice status data and said warning signals to a pilot or to a ground controller of an unmanned aircraft.
17. The system recited in
18. The system recited in
19. The system recited in
20. The system recited in
where Keff is the thermal conductivity, ΔT is the volume averaged temperature increase in degrees Celsius, Γ is the steady-state volume power in watts/milliliter, a is the radius of the thermistor bead, and Kb is the thermal conductivity of a self-heated thermistor bead.
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to facsimile reproduction of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
The invention relates to the field of ice detection on an aircraft in flight or on the ground prior to takeoff using total impedance, thermal conductivity and complex dielectric property measurements.
The fatal crash of a commercial airliner, American Eagle Flight 4184, an ATR-72 aircraft, on Oct. 31, 1994 near Roselawn, Ind. with the loss of all 68 on-board and the more recent crash on Feb. 16, 2005 of a Cessna Citation corporate jet owned by Circuit City during approach to the Pueblo, Colo. airport killing the two pilots and six other people on-board, both events attributed to aircraft icing by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), emphasize the importance of knowing when ice is accreating on an aircraft. Icing in these cases caused detrimental loss of control and a dramatic increase in aircraft stall speed, respectively, which in turn went unrecognized leading to the fatalities. Besides these two examples for manned aircraft, there have been additional crashes of unmanned aircraft due to icing, for example, while being used by various nations in the Kosovo conflict. It is also important to know what type of ice is accreating on an aircraft or unmanned vehicle and at what rate for the added weight of accumulated ice may effect aircraft performance and its presence may also significantly interfere with the generation of lift by altering the airfoil shape or causing loss of control surface effectiveness.
Ice principally occurs from supercooled water droplets in the atmosphere that freeze on the aircraft at atmospheric and aircraft surface temperatures in the range from 0� C. to −25 C and at altitudes between sea level and 22,000 feet as discussed in the paper entitled �Meteorological Conditions During the Formation of Ice on Aircraft�, Samuels, T. L., NACA TN No. 439, December 1932 though on occasion ice occurs outside these ranges. Two forms of ice may be encountered: glaze or rime ice. Glaze ice is clear in appearance and weighs 0.98-0.99 g/cubic cm, while rime is white and opaque in appearance and weighs between 0.35-0.55 g/cubic cm depending on aircraft Mach number at which it was accreated. It should be noted that glaze ice will add a substantially higher weight penalty than rime ice for the same volume of accreated ice. The present invention is designed to operate over an extended temperature range from above 0 C to −40 C to encompass all probable conditions for icing.
Numerous methods and apparatus have been patented for the detection of ice on the exterior surfaces of an aircraft and for the determination of ice thickness. In the review of prior art that follows, prior art is grouped by the method used to determine ice presence and thickness. Major groupings to be considered include those that utilize acoustic/ultrasound, pneumatic, electrical, heat, light, mechanical, radiation by electrical means, time domain reflectometry or transmission line approaches. Other groupings include capacitance or impedance approaches for ice detection with a review of those two categories following the first grouping. The purpose in reviewing such a large, far ranging portion of prior art, as is done below, is to demonstrate that no patent in the prior art for ice detection provides a measurement approach that operates continuously in time to determine the type of ice being accreated, glaze or rime, or its thickness which is a claim of the present invention. The review of prior art also demonstrates that no patent in the prior art for ice detection provides an independent measurement that guarantees that the contaminant being accreated is known to be ice and only ice; another claim of the present invention.
As will be described in more detail in the following, the present invention provides a continuous means to identify the presence of ice, thickness of ice, thickness time history of ice, and type of accreated ice, glaze or rime, as well as providing means to discriminate between glaze ice, rime ice, rain water, deicing fluid, snow, or air. In addition, the present invention includes a separate test of the contaminant to reconfirm that what is initially detected to be ice is indeed ice and only ice and not something else. This is done by confirming a particular signature that ice has in complex dielectric space; a semicircular locus. Prior art is now reviewed in the sequence of groupings discussed above.
Prior art for ice detection includes acoustic/ultrasound systems of Hsu et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,754 and Vopat in U.S. Pat. No. 6,731,225. Prior art utilizing pneumatic principles is that of Catchpole in U.S. Pat. No. 3,976,270, Edgington in U.S. Pat. No. 3,996,787, U.S. Pat. No. 4,053,127 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,095,456, and Blaha in U.S. Pat. No. 5,301,905. Prior art utilizing electrical principles is that of Gerardi et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,806, by Inkpen et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,394,340 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,332, by Corbi in U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,400 and by Petrenko et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,598.
Prior art utilizing the principle of internal heat transfer is that by Sabin in U.S. Pat. No. 4,819,480, by Freeman in U.S. Pat. No. 5,140,135, by Ortolano in U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,584 and by Keyhani in U.S. Pat. No. 6,328,467. Prior art utilizing the principle of light reflection and/or obturation is that by Kapany et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,045,223, by Burns in U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,711 and by Anderson et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,425,286 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,430,996. Prior art utilizing mechanical vibration or compressive strength principles is that by Marxer et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,553,137, by Goldberg et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,804 and by Cronin in U.S. Pat. No. 6,320,511.
Prior art utilizing radiation by electrical means is that by Magenheim in U.S. Pat. No. 4,054,255, by Seegmiller in U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,959, by Kates et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,522, by Stolarczyk et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,841 and by Anderson et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,66. Prior art utilizing time domain reflectometry (TDR) or transmission line principles is that by Yankielun et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,489 and by Arndt et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,995,572.
Prior art utilizing capacitance principles is that by Weinstein in U.S. Pat. No. 4,766,369, by Gerardi et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,191,791, U.S. Pat. No. 5,398,547, U.S. Pat. No. 5,551,288 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,672 and by Baas et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,879,168. Prior art utilizing impedance principles is that by Klieve in U.S. Pat. No. 2,432,669, by Stolarczyk et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,261, by Rauckhorst et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,850, by Inkpen et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,332, by Codner et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,887 and by Wallace et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,384,611.
The ultimate ice detection system for an aircraft in flight should be able to detect the presence of ice when it first starts to accreate on the aircraft and to provide a continuous measurement of ice thickness with time after icing onset or after a deicing cycle. It should be able to discriminate between different types of contaminant that might overlay the sensor such as ice, rain water, deicing fluid, or snow so that it may be sure that it is ice and not, for example, rain water or other contaminant. It should be able to identify the type of ice that is accreating: glaze or rime. It should have integral to itself a means to absolutely confirm that it is ice that is accreating rather than just being an approach that assumes without confirmation that the contaminant is ice. Finally, if it is to be used to detect contaminant build-up on an aircraft sitting at a gate on the ground before takeoff or after deicing on the ground, it should have the ability to provide presence and thickness measurements for ice, snow and sleet should these be the contaminating agents that are being deposited. The features of prior art patents identified in the four preceding paragraphs will now be compared to the desired characteristics listed here for the ultimate ice detection method for an aircraft in flight.
Such a comparison has been made and it shows that sixteen of the forty one prior art patents only detect the presence of ice and nothing else. An additional twelve patents detect the presence of ice and provide thickness values and thickness time histories. The remaining thirteen patents detect the presence of ice, provide ice thickness and thickness history and say they are able to discriminate between types of contaminants including ice, rain water and deicing fluid. But none of the patents is found to be able to continuously identify the type of ice, glaze or rime, or provide a continuous measurement of ice thickness or that ice is accreating nor do any of the patents provide a means for an independent crosscheck that the contaminant is indeed ice. The following thirteen patents of the forty one patent set are believed to provide presence, intermittent thickness, intermittent thickness time history and discrimination between ice, rain water and deicing fluid: U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,754, U.S. Pat. No. 5,394,340, U.S. Pat. No. 5,398,547, U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,261, U.S. Pat. No. 5,551,288, U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,850, U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,332, U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,841, U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,711, U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,672, U.S. Pat. No. 6,384,611, U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,489 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,995,572. The present invention will now be described and shown to meet the requirements discussed above for the ultimate ice detection system for use in flight. The present invention provides an indication of ice onset, ice thickness, and ice thickness time history and discriminates between contaminants and type of ice, glaze or rime, as well as providing an independent crosscheck that ice is the contaminant.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention consists of an ice sensor subsystem, a total impedance measurement subsystem, a thermal conductivity measurement subsystem, and a local temperature measurement subsystem. Additional elements include memory, processor, control, power and readout electronic units, data storage and software units, and a data/warning signal communication unit which transmits to display and aural units located in the cockpit for the pilot or integral with the ground controller's equipment for unmanned aircraft. A miniature electronic chip, collocated with the ice sensor, measures the total impedance and complex dielectric properties of the overlying layer. A self-heated thermistor is also used to determine the thermal conductivity of the contaminant covering the ice sensor subsystem and from the total impedance, complex dielectric property and thermal conductivity values a determination is made whether the overlying layer is ice, rain water, deicing fluid or snow. The local temperature is measured by a second thermistor located near the self-heated thermistor but removed from it by a distance sufficient to isolate it from self-heated thermistor thermal input effects. The physical size of the self-heated thermistor may be varied in order to measure the thermal conductivity value over a greater or smaller volume; the larger the thermistor, the larger the region sensed for thermal conductivity. In another embodiment, several self-heated and local temperature measuring thermistor pairs are used to measure thermal conductivity properties of the contaminant at various heights in the contaminant layer. Again, the outputs of each pair of sensors are used to confirm the type of contaminant. The present invention is designed to work over an extended temperature range from above 0 C to −40 C to include all probable cases of aircraft icing. Various physical arrangements of self-heated thermistor and local temperature measuring thermistor pairs will be discussed later when a detailed description of the preferred embodiment is provided.
All subsystems and support units, including the impedance measurement subsystem, utilize low power consumption, miniaturized electronic chips or components whose vertical dimensions are a few millimeters in height. Because of the miniature size and minimal heights of all elements, they are collocated directly with the ice sensor in a thin, pliant planar patch of diminished area which may be mounted anywhere on the aircraft and which has little effect on the aircraft's drag or flowfield. The present patent offers for the first time a unique design which collocates the ice sensor subsystem physically with the impedance measurement and readout units and all other supporting components. Collocation of all subsystems and supporting units eliminates the long wire and coaxial cable runs between components needed by prior approaches. In the present invention, wire and coaxial cable lengths are measured in distances of a few centimeters or less since all components are collocated together while in prior art patents, external sensors on the aircraft were connected to the rest of the system which had to be mounted far away either internal to the wing or inside the fuselage because of their large physical size. Thus prior patent implementations were required to use wire and coaxial cable runs with lengths from near a meter to fifteen meters or more. Thus collocation as done in the present patent provides significant weight savings because of shorter wire and coaxial cable lengths used and improves the accuracy of the impedance and dielectric measurements because deleterious cable effects are eliminated.
The complex dielectric property subsystem operates continuously in real time and calculates complex dielectric values of the contaminant from the impedance frequency scan data. The complex dielectric property subsystem monitors the dielectric property locus in dielectric space as the excitation frequency is varied from near dc to higher frequencies and compares the measured results for magnitudes and shape with laboratory property data taken at the same temperature and stored in the processor. It double-checks using frequency scanned total impedance data along with the physical and electrical characteristics of the external ice sensor that ice is indeed accreating on the surface and not rain water, deicing fluid or snow. The total impedance scan data is converted to complex dielectric property data using algorithms that take ice sensor subsystem physical and electrical characteristics into account. If the measured results form a semicircular shaped locus of dielectric properties in complex dielectric space during the frequency scan and those measurements are also determined to be in agreement with on-board stored laboratory ice data, ice is confirmed to be present. The presence of ice is also confirmed if a particular vector can be constructed from the measured data taken at a single preselected excitation frequency and found to have a vector angle in agreement with the vector angle formed from stored laboratory results taken at the same measurement conditions. In addition, complex dielectric measurement algorithms identify whether cracks, flaws, or voids or increased electrical conductivity exist in the ice covering the sensor from their effects on the shape and size of the measured complex dielectric locus or from the length of the vector at the pre-selected frequency. A method is provided for correcting ice thickness values which were initially based on the measured total impedance values for crack, flaws or voids or higher electrical conductivity effects should they be found to exist.
It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide a monitoring and safety system for detecting the onset, presence and thickness of ice on an external aircraft surface in-flight or on the ground.
It is a further objective of the present invention that the monitoring and safety system provide icing data and aural warning signals for the onset and growth of icing conditions simultaneously to the pilot of the manned aircraft or to the ground controller if an unmanned aircraft and also to the aircraft's deicing system, if desired.
It is a further objective that the ice sensor be mounted on the external surface and used to measure the total impedance and complex dielectric properties of the contaminant layer overlying it.
It is a further objective of the present invention that the total impedance of the contaminant layer be measured with a miniature impedance measuring electronic chip which electronically excites the ice sensor and is collocated with it.
It is a further objective of the present invention that the thermal conductivity of the overlying layer be measured with an external surface mounted self-heated thermistor and local temperature measuring thermistor pair collocated with the ice sensor.
It is a further objective of the present invention that the detection of ice onset and its thickness be accomplished using total impedance values, complex dielectric properties and thermal conductivity values from the ice sensor and thermistor pair mounted on the external surface; these measurements also used to discriminate between ice and other possible contaminants overlying the ice sensor such as rain water, deicing fluid, or snow.
According to the present invention, the ice sensor consists of two or more electrodes either in the form of adjacent planar metal plates extending outward from the external surface and facing each other or concentric or interleaved electrodes mounted flush with the external surface. The depth of contaminant building up between the planar electrodes is measured using one or more of a number of existing techniques including, for example, the obscuration of light beams, ultrasound reflection, capacitive measurements or conductivity measurements between opposing metal sensor plates or between vertical segments of the metal sensor plates facing each other. A second preferred embodiment for the ice sensor consists of a surface mounted ice sensor of bullseye shape and form.
It is a further objective of the present invention that the type of ice, glaze or rime, be determined from the measurement of the thermal conductivity of the overlaying layer using a heat transfer method employing a self-heated thermistor and local temperature measuring thermistor pair.
It is a further objective of the present invention that an independent means is provided to confirm that ice and not rain water, deicing fluid, or snow is the type of material building up between the plate electrodes and thus on the aircraft or over the surface mounted, flush bullseye type configuration.
It is a further objective of the present invention that the independent confirmation of ice be provided by electrically exciting the ice sensor and overlaying material using a frequency scan from near dc to 40 kHz frequency or higher while recording total impedance values at selected frequencies in that range along with the local temperature at each frequency point.
It is a further objective of the present invention that a first algorithm convert the measured total impedance data into complex dielectric properties using physical and electrical characteristics of the ice sensor and that a match of that complex dielectric data with a known semicircular signature for ice in dielectric space be used for confirmation that ice is present.
It is a further objective of the present invention is that a separate, simplified means is provided to also confirm that ice is present using a second algorithm to check for a match between the vector angle and vector magnitude calculated from the converted impedance data at the preselected frequency with a similar vector constructed from stored laboratory data for ice. A match between the two vectors provides confirmation that ice is present.
It is a further objective of the present invention that a third algorithm process the newly calculated complex dielectric property data to determine whether the ice overlaying the ice sensor has flaws, cracks or voids in it or higher electrical conductivity than normal ice; factors that might effect ice thickness determination.
It is a further objective of the present invention that a fourth algorithim operate following the discovery of flaws, cracks or voids or higher electrical conductivity in the ice to correct the initial ice thickness prediction based on the initially measured total impedance values for these effects if they are discovered.
It is a further objective of the present invention that the ice sensor system be designed and constructed from newly available, highly accurate, low cost, low profile, miniature electronic chips, electronic components and devices; the selected components having vertical heights in the range of a few millimeters.
It is a further objective of the present invention that all parts, subsystems and subunits of the ice detection system be collocated with the ice sensor in a thin, pliant, planar patch of minimal height and area which does not significantly effect the drag of the aircraft or the aircraft flowfield. Collocation provides substantial savings in sensor system cost and weight along with significant improvements in the accuracy of the measurements of total impedance values because of the reductions in interconnect wire and coaxial cable lengths with associated reductions in cable effects on measured signals.
It is a further objective of the present invention that it performs similar monitoring and safety functions for the detection of ice and its thickness on aircraft on the ground at the gate or while awaiting takeoff and for other applications including roadways, buildings, outdoor power lines, ships and cryogenic storage tanks subjected to icing conditions.
The method for detecting the presence and/or the accreation of ice on the external surfaces of an aircraft and sending this information to the pilot of the aircraft or to the ground controller who is flying the aircraft, if unmanned, is achieved by first measuring the properties of the contaminant layer overlying the ice sensor of the subject invention; using the ice sensor system also mounted on the external surface. The contaminant layer's temperature, thermal conductivity and variation of total impedance versus ice sensor electrical excitation frequency are measured and the total impedance data is also converted to show the complex dielectric properties of the overlying layer. The measured properties and the complex dielectric properties are then used first to differentiate between ice, rain water, deicer fluid or snow overlying the ice sensor and then used to differentiate between glaze and rime ice by comparing the results with laboratory measured ice data stored in computer memory collocated with the ice sensor. The presence of ice is confirmed by a measured thermal conductivity value in agreement with that of ice and also confirmed if its complex dielectric locus exhibits a semicircular shape with values for the diameter of the complex dielectric locus and for its low frequency and high frequency intercepts with the ordinary relative permittivity axis in near agreement with similar results calculated from the stored laboratory measured ice data. A second possible simplified means for confirming the presence of ice is also provided based on demonstrating that the magnitude and angular inclination of a vector from a point on the ordinary relative permittivity axis near the high frequency end of the complex dielectric locus, the vector starting near the locus quarter diameter point on that axis and connecting to a point on the opposite side of the complex dielectric locus corresponding to a preselected frequency of excitation, is essentially equal in magnitude and inclination to a similar vector calculated from the stored laboratory measured ice data. The presence of flaws, cracks or voids or enhanced electrical conductivity are determined from the values for the low frequency and high frequency intercepts and the value for diameter of the complex dielectric locus if these values are found to differ from those calculated for ice based on stored ice data. These differences, if found to exist, are used to correct the initially chosen ice thickness value based on the assumption of normal ice: ice with no flaws, cracks or voids or higher electrical conductivity.
The apparatus for continuously measuring the onset, ice thickness and buildup of ice thickness with time is mounted in a thin, pliable patch of limited vertical height in which all components are collocated. The presence of the patch being such that it does not effect the airflow about the aircraft or the airflow in the vicinity of the patch. The needed property measurements of the overlying layer, including temperature, thermal conductivity and total impedance, are made with low profile electronic chips, components and devices in order to minimize the vertical height of the patch. Two embodiments of the ice sensor are considered: one configuration having two electrically active metal plates, spaced apart and facing each other, with the plates extending outward into the airstream, perpendicular or nearly perpendicular to the aircraft's surface and aligned with the local flow direction, the second ice sensor configuration being a flat bullseye type configuration consisting of a central circular area electrode surrounded by a second ring electrode with radial width; the bullseye sensor having minimal height and attached directly to the surface of the aircraft. All supporting elements of the apparatus are collocated with the ice sensor and constructed from miniature, low power consumption, economical electronic chips, components and devices, all selected to have minimal vertical heights of a few millimeters or less, which allows the apparatus to be assembled in the form of a thin, compliant patch, which when installed externally, matches the shape of the local aircraft's surface and does not effect the airflow about the aircraft or locally effect the airflow passing over the ice sensor. Total impedance measurements in the embodiments are performed with an electronic chip of miniature size collocated with the ice sensor and with the temperature and thermal conductivity measurements carried out using a collocated thermistor pair; glass encapsulated thermistors being preferred.
The features and advantages described herein are not all inclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, specifications, and claims. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specifications has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and not to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter.
Referring now to the drawings and in particular to
The embodiment for the Ice Detection System ice sensor of the present invention utilizes two parallel plate electrodes, facing each other, and separated by a distance approximately equal to the height of the electrodes. In-flight icing of aircraft has been studied previously through icing tests of wing sections in wind tunnels and by flying aircraft that are to be iced behind a tanker aircraft which releases a spray of water onto the following aircraft under icing conditions. Ice has been found to collect on the leading edges of aircraft wings, horizontal stabilizer and vertical tail and at additional places on the wings upper and lower surfaces. Other possible wing locations for accreation of ice include the chin of the wing airfoil section along with another section of the upper surface near the leading edge and a section of the upper wing surface further back where runback water from electrically heated leading edge deicing units refreezes on its way overboard.
A partial cross-sectional view,
Measurement of the thermal conductivity of a material using the self-heated thermistor method is described by J. W. Valvano et al. in �The Simultaneous Measurement of Thermal Conductivity, Thermal Diffusivity and Perfusion in Small Volumes of Tissue�, Trans. of ASME, 192, Vol. 106, August 1984. The electrical power required to maintain a fixed temperature difference between the self-heated thermistor and the local temperature is measured and is used to determine the effective thermal conductivity under the assumption that the thermistor is of spherical shape for the purposes of the heat transfer calculation.
The effective thermal conductivity is given by the formula:
Where: delta T is the volume averaged temperature increase, gamma is the steady state power input, a is the radius of the thermistor bead, and K sub b is the thermal conductivity of the self-heated thermistor bead. The spherical thermistor bead radius and the thermal bead conductivity are determined by a calibration technique using different liquids with known thermal properties.
Wires 63 from the electrodes and wires 64 and 65 from the self-heated thermistor 61 and the local temperature measuring thermistor 62, respectively, pass through the guard layer 55 and then run inside the insulation layer 54 to the mutiplexer 24 (not shown). The guard layer 55 cancels stray electromagnetic fields from the electrically excited planar electrodes 58. Insulation layer 54 provides electrical isolation between the guard layer and the aircraft surface. An additional insulating layer 56 is provided to cover the parallel plate ice sensor base and blend it into a thin, streamlined body attached to the external surface. A typical covering material is Neoprene or other electrically nonconducting, pliable material.
After a cycle of contaminant accreation followed by its identification as ice and with the measurement of its thickness completed, the system controller supplies electrical power to deice the planar electrode ice sensor. The electrical power heats the two electrodes, the self-heated thermistor, the local temperature measuring thermistor and the guard layer until the ice sensor is deiced. Indication that the parallel plate ice detection sensor is completely deiced is determined from a capacitive measurement made between the planar plate electrodes and/or a thermal conductivity measurement.
Again, each pair of thermistors is used to measure the thermal conductivity and along with the complex dielectric properties of the contaminant, this information is used to discriminate between the types of contaminant: ice, rain water, deicing fluid or snow, and if ice, determine the type ice (glaze or rime) from the thermal conductivity. Pure glaze ice in the temperature range from 0� C. to −40 C has a thermal conductivity value in the range from 2.4 to 2.6 watts per meter degrees K, rain water slightly above 0 C has a value of 0.60 in the same units, air is 0.023, and a 50/50% mixture of deicing fluid is 0.41. The thermal conductivity of low density rime ice that accreats between Mach (M) equals 0.45 to M equals 0.85 was measured in �Experimental Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Low Density Ice�, W. D. Coles, NACA Technical Note 3143, March 1954. The density of this type of ice was found to fall in the range from 0.38 grams per cubic centimeter at the low Mach number to 0.50 grams per cubic centimeter at the higher Mach number and have a thermal conductivity in the range from 0.40 to 0.65 watts per meter degrees K over that same range. Thus, the presence of glaze ice is easily determined by the substantial difference in thermal conductivity between it and all other possible contaminants. Dielectric values are used in addition to discriminate between rain water, deicing fluid, and low density rime ice.
To measure the vertical variation of contaminant properties, a thin vertical strut containing self-heated and local temperature measuring thermistor pairs is mounted adjacent to the bullseye ice sensor as noted in
The ice detection system carries laboratory data on ice properties in look-up tables as a function of temperature and type of ice, glaze or rime. It also carries data on the properties of other contaminants including rain water, deicing fluid and snow. An example of laboratory measured data that is carried in the look-up table section of the processor is shown in
The embodiment for the impedance measurement device is an Analog Devices Model AD5933, �lMSPS, 12-Bit Impedance Converter, Network Analyzer AD5933� chip. The AD5933 chip is a high precision impedance converter system solution which uses an on-board frequency generator to excite an external complex impedance, in the present invention this is the contaminant overlying the external ice sensor, with known frequencies. The response signal from the impedance is sampled by the on-board analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is processed by an on-board DSP engine. The DFT algorithm returns a real (R) and imaginary (I) data-word at each output frequency. The magnitude of the impedance and relative phase of the impedance at each frequency point along the sweep is calculated with the total magnitude equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of R and I and the tangent of the phase angle, the ratio of I to R. The capacitance is calculated as the cosine of the phase angle times the total impedance value for cases where system inductance is minimized.
The AD5933 chip measures total impedance magnitudes over the range from 100 ohms to 10 megohms with a total system accuracy of 0.5%. The AD5933 chip permits the user to perform a frequency sweep with user-defined start frequency, frequency resolution and number of frequency points in the sweep. The chip may be programmed to stop at up to 511 frequency points during the sweep and measure the total impedance and phase angle at each point. The sweep frequency range of the chip normally covers the range from 1 kHz to 100 kHz. However by adding a clock-dividing circuit as explained in Analog Devices Application Note AN-843 entitled �Measuring a Loudspeaker Impedance Profile Using the AD5933�, the frequency band of interest can be lowered and in that note, it was lowered to the range from 10 Hz to 20 kHz. For the present invention, the desired frequency scan range is from 40 Hz to 40 kHz using the AD 5933 chip and such a range is achievable using the technique just described.
The frequency resolution of the AD5933 chip is 27 bits (less than 0.1 Hz). It comes with its own microcontroller, internal system clock and internal temperature sensor. The AD5933 provides an internal clock with a typical frequency of 16.776 MHz by means of an on chip oscillator. The internal temperature sensor is a 13-bit digital sensor with the 14th bit as a sign bit. The on-chip temperature sensor allows an accurate measurement of the chips temperature to be made with an accuracy of plus or minus 2 degrees centigrade. The AD5933 chip measures 6.2 mm W�7.8 mm D�2.0 mm H and costs, in 2007, $6.95 each in volumes of one thousand pieces. Presently, single units cost $30. It may be powered by a power supply producing voltage in the range from 2.7 V to 5.5 V and current draw is 10 mA (Min) to 25 mA (Max) depending on whether it is operating in the Standby Mode or Normal Mode.
The method for converting from total impedance scan data to complex dielectric property data follows the approach described in �Ice Physics� by P. V. Hobbs, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1974, pages 82 thru 87, for the case of ice between two parallel electrode plates. The equivalent electric circuit for ice has a capacitance C sub 1 and resistance R sub 1 in series plus a resistance R sub 0 in parallel with them and a separate capacitance C sub infinity also in parallel with them.
The impedance of the circuit in relation to the circuit parameters is given by:
Complex dielectric properties are related to circuit parameters, using relationships between potential difference, ice thickness, and electric field, along with Gauss's theorem and the capacitance relationship between charge and potential difference for a parallel plate capacitor, by the formula:
By eliminating the product omega times tau from the equations for epsilon prime and epsilon double prime, the following relationship is realized which is the equation for a displaced semicircle in epsilon prime/epsilon double prime dielectric space:
Laboratory experiments were carried out by R. P. Auty in 1951 for his PhD thesis entitled �Dielectric Constants of Solid H2O and D2O� which obtained data in agreement with the equations listed above and with the Cole-Cole shape illustrated in
The foregoing description of the embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of this disclosure. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.
Patent Citations
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Referenced by
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I have been playing guitar for 10 years and have been writing for about 6. I have taken lessons from various teachers for multiple years including notably the University of Maryland jazz professor Gerry Kunkel. I can teach songwriting and performance as well as many different forms of music, with a specialty in modern rock and indie rock. I write for a DC indie rock band that has sold out the 9:30 Club & Black Cat and has played other iconic DC venues such as The Howard Theatre. I have been teaching friends in their 20's and children for 3 years now and love working with all ages. I have a true passion for teaching and music and I look forward to getting to know my students and to help mentor them to be the best musician and songwriter they can be. I believe I can offer an unmatchable ...
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"That's good news—and good government."
upgrading the commuter systems in the bay area and los angeles would be good news and good government. building a high-speed railway between bakersfield and madera is neither good news nor good government. that's just a boondoggle. the high-speed rail authority needs to be fired.


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Average plasma properties in the central plasma sheet
Article first published online: 20 SEP 2012
DOI: 10.1029/JA094iA06p06597
Copyright 1989 by the American Geophysical Union.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics (1978–2012)
Volume 94, Issue A6, pages 6597–6606, 1 June 1989
Additional Information
How to Cite
1989), Average plasma properties in the central plasma sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 94(A6), 6597–6606, doi:10.1029/JA094iA06p06597., , and (
Publication History
- Issue published online: 20 SEP 2012
- Article first published online: 20 SEP 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: 22 NOV 1988
- Manuscript Received: 25 MAY 1988
- Abstract
- References
- Cited By
Using four months of tail data obtained by the three-dimensional plasma instrument on board the AMPTE/IRM satellite in 1986, we have done a statistical survey on the behavior of ion and electron moments in the central plasma sheet. Almost 80,000 spin averages of plasma density, ion bulk velocity, ion and electron temperature, and plasma β were analyzed with respect to differences between their values in the inner and outer central plasma sheet as well as their dependence on magnetic activity. The ion temperature increases with increasing magnetic activity while the ion density decreases during disturbed intervals, except in the neutral sheet neighborhood at smaller radial distances. The ion and electron temperatures in the central plasma sheet are highly correlated, with Ti/Te being constant over a wide range of temperatures and about twice as large as in the distant tail. The average ion flow speeds in the central plasma sheet are below 100 km/s and nearly identical to those found in the plasma sheet boundary layer, although the distribution functions usually are quite different. High-speed flows do occur, but in bursts of most often less than 1 min duration with intermittent intervals of nearly stagnant plasma. The distribution of flow directions strongly favors sunward flow for velocities above 300 km/s, indicating that a near-earth neutral line is rarely, if ever, located inside of XGSM = −19 RE.


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