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Publications (24)76.03 Total impact
Article: Neurosteroid allopregnanolone regulates EAAC1-mediated glutamate uptake and triggers actin changes in Schwann cells[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recent evidence shows that neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA, Ach, adenosine, glutamate) are active on Schwann cells, which form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system under different pathophysiologic conditions. Glutamate, the most important excitatory neurotransmitter, has been recently involved in peripheral neuropathies, thus prevention of its toxic effect is desirable to preserve the integrity of peripheral nervous system and Schwann cells physiology. Removal of glutamate from the extracellular space is accomplished by the high affinity glutamate transporters, so we address our studies to analyze their functional presence in Schwann cells. We first demonstrate that Schwann cells express the EAAC1 transporter in the plasma membrane and in intracellular vesicular compartments of the endocytic recycling pathways. Uptake experiments confirm its presence and functional activity in Schwann cells. Secondly, we demonstrate that the EAAC1 activity can be modulated by exposure to the neurosteroid allopregnanolone 10 nM (a progesterone metabolite proved to support Schwann cells). Transporter up-regulation by allopregnanolone is rapid, does not involve protein neo-synthesis and is prevented by actin depolymerization. Allopregnanolone modulation involves GABA-A receptor and PKC activation, promotes the exocytosis of the EAAC1 transporter from intracellular stores to the Schwann cell membrane, in actin-rich cell tips, and modifies the morphology of cell processes. Finally, we provide evidence that glutamate transporters control the allopregnanolone-mediated effects on cell proliferation. Our findings are the first to demonstrate the presence of a functional glutamate uptake system, which can be dynamically modulated by allopregnanolone in Schwann cells. Glutamate transporters may represent a potential therapeutic target to control Schwann cell physiology.Journal of Cellular Physiology 04/2012; 227(4):1740-51. DOI:10.1002/jcp.22898 · 3.87 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: γ-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA-B) receptor mediates the inhibitory transmission of γ-aminobutyric acid in the mammalian nervous system, being present in neurons and also in glial cells. Recently the presence of GABA-B has been demonstrated in Schwann cells (SC) suggesting its contribution in regulating the cell fate, maturation, and plasticity. Here, we further support the functional presence of GABA-B receptor in SC plasma membrane. By confocal microscopy immunofluorescence we provide evidences that GABA-B localization on the cell elongated processes correlates with the morphological changes occurring in the differentiated SC. In vivo most of the GABA-B receptors seem to be present in non-myelinating SC, which are committed to ensheath the nociceptive fibers. Therefore, we argue that GABA-B receptors do not control exclusively the in vivo differentiation yielding the myelinating SC, but are also fundamental in regulating the SC plasticity versus the non-myelinating state. Data from the literature and our recent findings corroborate the role of the GABAergic system and GABA-B receptors in the peripheral nervous system, opening new perspectives on the mechanisms controlling the differentiation of SC.Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 01/2012; 6:68. DOI:10.3389/fncel.2012.00068 · 4.18 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Recent evidence showed that neurotransmitters are synthesised in glial cells, such as the Schwann cells, which form myelin sheaths in the PNS. While the presence of GABA type A (GABA-A) receptors has been previously demonstrated in these cells, the evidence of GABA synthesis remained still elusive. In an attempt to demonstrate the presence of GABA in rat Schwann cells, we adopted a strategy, using several integrated neurochemical, molecular as well as immunocytochemical approaches. We first demonstrated the presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase of 67 kDa (GAD67) in Schwann cells, a crucial enzyme of the GABA synthesis mechanism. Second, we demonstrated that GABA is synthesized and localized in Schwann cells. As the third step we showed that allopregnanolone (10 nM), a potent allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors, stimulates GABA synthesis through increased levels of GAD67 in Schwann cells. Analysis of intracellular signalling mechanisms revealed that the protein kinase A pathway, through enhanced cAMP levels and cAMP response element binding protein phosphorylation, modulates the allosteric action of allopregnanolone at the GABA-A receptor in Schwann cells. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that this GABA mechanism is active in Schwann cells thus establishing new potential therapeutic targets to control Schwann cell biology, which may prove useful in the treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders.Journal of Neurochemistry 11/2009; 112(4):980-90. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06512.x · 4.24 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Emerging evidence implicates gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA(B)) receptors in peripheral nervous system (PNS) functions. In order to elucidate which biochemical, morphological and functional parameters of peripheral nerve fibers depend on GABA(B) receptors we studied GABA(B1)-deficient mice, which are devoid of functional GABA(B) receptors. Here, we show that GABA(B1)-deficient mice exhibit morphological and molecular changes in peripheral myelin, including an increase in the number of irregular fibers and increases in the expression levels of the myelin proteins PMP22 and P0. Moreover, the number of small myelinated fibers and small neurons of the lumbar dorsal root ganglia is higher in GABA(B1)-deficient mice than in wild-type littermates. We further show that GABA(B1)-deficient mice exhibit gait alterations and reduced allodynia. In summary, our findings implicate GABA(B) receptors in the PNS myelination process and raise the possibility that PNS alterations contribute to the sensory phenotypes of GABA(B1)-deficient mice.Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 04/2008; 37(3):599-609. DOI:10.1016/j.mcn.2007.12.009 · 3.73 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Neuroactive steroids, like progesterone (P) and its 5alpha-reduced derivatives dihydroprogesterone (DHP) and tetrahydroprogesterone (THP), are involved in the control of Schwann cell proliferation and in the myelinating program of these cells. Here, we demonstrate that in culture of rat Schwann cells, P and its derivatives also increase expression of Sox-10 and Krox-20 (i.e., two transcription factors with a key role in Schwann cell physiology and in their myelinating program). Data obtained by quantitative RT-PCR analysis show that treatment with P, DHP, or THP increases mRNA levels of Krox-20. This stimulatory effect anticipates that exerted by P and DHP on Sox-10 gene expression. Thus, although the effect on Krox-20 occurs after 1 h, that on Sox-10 reaches a peak after 2 h. A similar pattern of effect is also evident on their protein levels. As evaluated by Western blot analysis, Krox-20 is increased after 3 h of treatment with P, DHP, or THP, whereas P or DHP stimulates the expression of Sox-10 after 6 h of exposure. A computer analysis performed on rat and human promoters of these two transcription factors shows that putative P-responsive elements are present in Krox-20 but not in Sox-10. Interestingly, many putative binding sites for Krox-20 are present in the Sox-10 promoter. The observations reported here, together with the concept that P and its derivatives are able to influence directly the expression of myelin proteins, suggest that these neuroactive steroids might coordinate the Schwann cell-myelinating program utilizing different intracellular pathways.Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 02/2007; 31(2):149-57. DOI:10.1385/JMN/31:02:149 · 2.76 Impact Factor
Article: Sex-dimorphic effects of progesterone and its reduced metabolites on gene expression of myelin proteins by rat Schwann cells.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Data obtained in our and other laboratories have indicated that progesterone (P) and its derivatives, dihydroprogesterone (DHP) and tetrahydroprogesterone (THP), stimulate the expression of two myelin proteins of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) [i.e., glycoprotein zero (P0) and peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22)]. We have now considered the effects of P and its derivatives on these and other myelin proteins [i.e., myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL)] in sex-specific cultures of rat Schwann cells. Gene expression of myelin proteins was assessed by RNase protection assay. Treatment with P or DHP induced a stimulatory effect on P0 mRNA levels in male but not in female Schwann cells. In contrast, treatment with THP increased gene expression of P0 exclusively in female Schwann cells. A similar sex-difference was also evident for other myelin proteins. Indeed, PMP22 expression was stimulated by treatment with P in male cultures, whereas THP induced an increase of mRNA levels in female cultures. Moreover, MAG was stimulated by THP treatment in male cultures only, whereas MAL expression was unaffected by neuroactive steroid treatment in both male and female cultures. In conclusion, the present observations indicate that the effects of neuroactive steroids on myelin proteins are sexually dimorphic. This finding might represent an important background for sex-specific therapies of acquired and inherited peripheral neuropathies.Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System 07/2006; 11(2):111-8. DOI:10.1111/j.1085-9489.2006.00075.x · 2.50 Impact Factor
Article: Neuroprotective effects of progesterone and its derivatives in acquired peripheral neuropathyFrontiers in Neuroendocrinology 05/2006; 27(1):114-115. DOI:10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.03.296 · 7.58 Impact Factor
Article: Neuroactive steroids: A therapeutic approach to maintain peripheral nerve integrity during neurodegenerative events.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: It is now well known that peripheral nerves are a target for the action of neuroactive steroids. This review summarizes observations obtained so far, indicating that through the interaction with classical and nonclassical steroid receptors, neuroactive steroids (e.g., progesterone, testosterone and their derivatives, estrogens, etc.) are able to influence several parameters of the peripheral nervous system, particularly its glial compartment (i.e., Schwann cells). Interestingly, some of these neuroactive steroids might be considered as promising neuroprotective agents. They are able to counteract neurodegenerative events of rat peripheral nerves occurring after experimental physical trauma, during the aging process, or in hereditary demyelinating diseases. On this basis, the hypothesis that neuroactive steroids might represent a new therapeutic strategy for peripheral neuropathy is proposed.Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 02/2006; 28(1):65-76. DOI:10.1385/JMN:28:1:65 · 2.76 Impact Factor
Article: GABA receptor-mediated effects in the peripheral nervous system: A cross-interaction with neuroactive steroids.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), exerts its action via an interaction with specific receptors (e.g., GABAA and GABAB). These receptors are expressed not only in neurons but also on glial cells of the CNS, which might represent a target for the allosteric action of neuroactive steroids. Herein, we have demonstrated first that in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the sciatic nerve and myelin-producing Schwann cells express both GABAA and GABAB receptors. Specific ligands, muscimol and baclofen, respectively, control Schwann-cell proliferation and expression of some specific myelin proteins (i.e., glycoprotein P0 and peripheral myelin protein 22 [PMP22]). Moreover, the progesterone (P) metabolite allopregnanolone, acting via the GABAA receptor, can influence PMP22 synthesis. In addition, we demonstrate that P, dihydroprogesterone, and allopregnanolone influence the expression of GABAB subunits in Schwann cells. The results suggest, at least in the myelinating cells of the PNS, a cross-interaction within the GABAergic receptor system, via GABAA and GABAB receptors and neuroactive steroids.Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 02/2006; 28(1):89-102. DOI:10.1385/JMN:28:1:89 · 2.76 Impact Factor
Article: Ro5-4864, a synthetic ligand of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, reduces aging-associated myelin degeneration in the sciatic nerve of male rats.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is a protein predominantly located in the mitochondrial outer membrane that plays an important role in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation. Previous studies have shown an enhanced expression of PBR in the regenerating sciatic nerve, suggesting that this protein may be involved in the regenerative response. The rat sciatic nerve suffers important structural alterations with aging, including alterations in the morphology of myelin sheaths and a decrease in the number of myelinated fibers. In this study, we have assessed the effect of two PBR ligands, Ro5-4864 and PK-11195, to determine whether PBR may influence aging-associated morphological changes in the sciatic nerve. The treatment of 23-month-old, Sprague-Dawley male rats for 1 month with Ro5-4864 significantly reduced the percentage of fibers with myelin decompaction and increased the total number of myelinated fibers. In contrast, PK-11195, a PBR ligand that binds to a different site than Ro5-4864 in the PBR molecule, did not significantly affect any of the parameters analyzed. These findings support the potential role of PBR ligands to prevent aging-associated peripheral nerve degeneration.Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 12/2005; 126(11):1159-63. DOI:10.1016/j.mad.2005.06.001 · 3.51 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Peripheral nervous system possesses both classical and non-classical steroid receptors and consequently may represent a target for the action of neuroactive steroids. The present review summarizes the state of art of this intriguing field of research reporting data which indicate that neuroactive steroids, like for instance progesterone, dihydroprogesterone, tetrahydroprogesterone, dihydrotestosterone and 3alpha-diol, stimulate the expression of two important proteins of the myelin of peripheral nerves, the glycoprotein P0 (P0) and the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22). Interestingly, the mechanisms by which neuroactive steroids exert their effects involve classical steroid receptors, like for instance progesterone and androgen receptors, in case of P0 and non-classical steroid receptors, like GABA(A) receptor, in case of PMP22. Moreover, neuroactive steroids not only control the expression of these specific myelin proteins, but also influence the morphology of myelin sheaths and axons suggesting that these molecules may represent an interesting new therapeutic approach to maintain peripheral nerve integrity during neurodegenerative events.Brain Research Reviews 05/2005; 48(2):328-38. DOI:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.12.021 · 5.93 Impact Factor
Article: The synthesis of glycoprotein Po and peripheral myelin protein 22 in sciatic nerve of male rats is modulated by testosterone metabolites.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Glycoprotein Po (Po) and peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) are two proteins playing a crucial physiological role in the maintenance of the multilamellar structure of peripheral myelin. We here demonstrate that the removal of circulating androgens by orchidectomy induces a significant decrease of the synthesis of Po and PMP22 in the rat sciatic nerve. In case of Po, this effect may be counteracted by the subsequent treatment with testosterone metabolites, dihydrotestosterone or 5alpha-androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol). Experiments have been consequently performed in order to evaluate the role of androgen receptor (AR) in the control of Po synthesis. In vivo treatment with flutamide (i.e., an antagonist of AR) induces a decrease of the synthesis of this myelin protein in the sciatic nerve of intact male rats confirming a role for this steroid receptor. On the contrary, PMP22 seems not to be under the control of AR, but a role for GABAA receptor may be proposed. This concept is based on the findings that: (a) only 3alpha-diol, which is able to interact with GABAA receptor, is effective in stimulating the synthesis of PMP22 in the sciatic nerve of castrated male rats, and (b) flutamide treatment is ineffective in decreasing the protein levels in intact male rats. The observations here reported clearly show similarities and dissimilarities with the effects exerted by other members of neuroactive steroid family, like for instance progesterone derivatives, which will be discussed in text.Molecular Brain Research 08/2004; 126(1):67-73. DOI:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.03.009 · 2.00 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The location and the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABA(B)) receptors in the central nervous system have recently received considerable attention, whilst relatively little is known regarding the peripheral nervous system. In this regard, here we demonstrate for the first time that GABA(B) receptor isoforms [i.e. GABA(B(1)) and GABA(B(2))] are specifically localized in the rat Schwann cell population of the sciatic nerve. Using the selective GABA(B) agonist [i.e. (-)-baclofen] and the antagonists (i.e. CGP 62349, CGP 56999 A, CGP 55845 A), such receptors are shown to be functionally active and negatively coupled to the adenylate cyclase system. Furthermore, exposure of cultured Schwann cells to (-)-baclofen inhibits their proliferation and reduces the synthesis of specific myelin proteins (i.e. glycoprotein Po, peripheral myelin protein 22, myelin-associated glycoprotein, connexin 32), providing evidence for a physiological role of GABA(B) receptors in the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system.European Journal of Neuroscience 06/2004; 19(10):2641-9. DOI:10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03368.x · 3.67 Impact Factor
Article: Neuroactive steroids influence peripheral myelination: a promising opportunity for preventing or treating age-dependent dysfunctions of peripheral nerves.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The process of aging deeply influences morphological and functional parameters of peripheral nerves. The observations summarized here indicate that the deterioration of myelin occurring in the peripheral nerves during aging may be explained by the fall of the levels of the major peripheral myelin proteins [e.g., glycoprotein Po (Po) and peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22)]. Neuroactive steroids, such as progesterone (PROG), dihydroprogesterone (5alpha-DH PROG), and tetrahydroprogesterone (3alpha,5alpha-TH PROG), are able to stimulate the low expression of these two myelin proteins present in the sciatic nerve of aged male rats. Since Po and PMP22 play an important physiological role in the maintenance of the multilamellar structure of PNS myelin, we have evaluated the effect of PROG and its neuroactive derivatives, 5alpha-DH PROG and 3alpha,5alpha-TH PROG, on the morphological alterations of myelinated fibers in the sciatic nerve of 22-24-month-old male rats. Data obtained clearly indicate that neuroactive steroids are able to reduce aging-associated morphological abnormalities of myelin and aging-associated myelin fiber loss in the sciatic nerve.Progress in Neurobiology 10/2003; 71(1):57-66. DOI:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2003.09.003 · 10.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Peripheral nervous system (PNS) possess both classical (e.g. progesterone receptor, PR, androgen receptor, AR) and non-classical (e.g. GABA(A) receptor) steroid receptors and consequently may represent a target for the action of neuroactive steroids. Our data have indicated that neuroactive steroids, like for instance, progesterone, dihydroprogesterone, tetrahydroprogesterone, dihydrotestosterone and 3alpha-diol, stimulate both in vivo and in vitro (Schwann cell cultures), the expression of two important proteins of the myelin of peripheral nerves, the glycoprotein Po (Po) and the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22). It is important to highlight that the mechanisms by which neuroactive steroids exert their effects on the expression of Po and PMP22 involve different kind of receptors depending on the steroid and on the myelin protein considered. In particular, at least in culture of Schwann cells, the expression of Po seems to be under the control of PR, while that of PMP22 needs the GABA(A) receptor. Because Po and PMP22 play an important physiological role for the maintenance of the multilamellar structure of the myelin of the PNS, the present observations might suggest the utilization of neuroactive steroids as new therapeutically approaches for the rebuilding of the peripheral myelin.The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 07/2003; 85(2-5):323-7. DOI:10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00228-0 · 4.05 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The present article shows for the first time that two cell lines derived respectively from a rat glioma (C6 cell line) and from a human astrocytoma (1321N1 cell line) are able to convert testosterone and progesterone into their corresponding 5 alpha-reduced metabolites dihydrotestosterone and dihydroprogesterone. Moreover, both cell lines are also able to convert these metabolites further into their corresponding 3 alpha-OH derivatives, 5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha, 7 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol) and tetrahydroprogesterone. On the basis of these observations, the possibility that secretory products of normal and tumoral brain cells might be able to influence steroid metabolism occurring in the two glial cell lines previously mentioned as well as in fetal rat neurons and in neonatal rat type 1 astrocytes has been considered. To this purpose, cultures of the different cellular types have been exposed to the conditioned medium in which the other cells were grown. The results obtained indicate that: analyzed are able to decrease the conversion of P into DHP occurring in normal type 1 astrocytes. The surprising result that these conditioned media do not alter the formation of DHT is discussed. Work is presently in progress to identify the principle(s) responsible respectively for the activating and inhibiting-actions here described.Endocrine 03/1998; 8(1):65-71. DOI:10.1385/ENDO:8:1:65 · 3.53 Impact Factor
Article: Metabolism of steroids in pure cultures of neurons and glial cells: role of intracellular signalling.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In the brain, the 5 alpha-reductase converting testosterone (T) is present both in neurons and in glial cells, even if it prevails in neurons; the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSD), the enzyme converting dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into 3 alpha-diol, is particularly concentrated in type 1 astrocytes. In glial cells, since the 5 alpha-reductase is activated by a cAMP analogue, PKA seems to be involved in the control of this enzyme, postulating that nervous inputs utilizing cAMP as the second messenger might modify the activity of this enzyme in glial cells. Moreover, the results indicate that, in type 1 astrocytes, both the 5 alpha-reductase and the 3 alpha-HSD are stimulated by the co-culture with neurons and by the addition of neuron-conditioned medium, suggesting that secretory products released by neurons might intervene in the control of glial cell function.The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 07/1995; 53(1-6):331-6. DOI:10.1016/0960-0760(95)00071-7 · 4.05 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The distribution of the 5 alpha-reductase, the enzyme which converts testosterone into its 'active' metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT), has been studied in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes isolated from the brain of male rats by density gradient ultracentrifugation and in neurons and glial cells grown in cultures. Purity of cellular preparations was examined by electron and light microscopy. Purified neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, obtained from the brain of adult male rats, are all able to form DHT from testosterone and consequently possess a 5 alpha-reductase activity. Among the 3 cell types studied, neurons appear to be more active than oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Moreover, between the two population of glial cells, the oligodendrocytes seem to possess a slightly higher enzymatic activity than that present in the astrocytes. Neurons appeared more active in metabolizing testosterone than glial cells also in cell culture experiments. It is presently believed that the 5 alpha-reduction of testosterone to DHT provides one of the mechanisms through which the hormone becomes effective in the CNS. This is supported by the present findings, which indicate that neurons are the cell population in which the 5 alpha-reductase is more concentrated. However, the presence of a considerable 5 alpha-reductase activity in glial cells indicates that also non-neuronal cells might participate in androgen-mediated events occurring in the brain.Brain Research 06/1990; 516(2):229-36. DOI:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90923-Y · 2.83 Impact Factor
Article: Kinetic properties of the 5 alpha-reductase of testosterone in the purified myelin, in the subcortical white matter and in the cerebral cortex of the male rat brain.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The 5 alpha-reductase, the enzyme which converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), is present in several CNS structures of the rat. Recent reports from this laboratory indicate that the subcortical white matter and the myelin possess a 5 alpha-reductase activity several times higher than that present in the cerebral cortex. Moreover, previous ontogenetic observations indicate that in all cerebral tissues examined (including the myelin) the 5 alpha-reductase has a higher activity in immature animals. This study was performed in order to verify whether the differences in the 5 alpha-reductase activity on the various brain components might be due to the presence of different concentrations of the same enzyme or to different isoenzymes. To this purpose, the kinetic properties Km and Vmax were measured in the purified myelin as well as in homogenates of the subcortical white matter and of the cerebral cortex, obtained from the brain of adult (60-90-day-old), immature (23-day-old), and aged (greater than 20-month-old) male rats. The results indicate that the enzymes present in the myelin, in the subcortical white matter and in the cerebral cortex of adult male rats possess a very similar apparent Km (1.93 +/- 0.2, 2.72 +/- 0.73 and 3.83 +/- 0.49 microM respectively). On the contrary, the Vmax values obtained in the myelin (34.40 +/- 5.54), in the white matter (19.57 +/- 2.36) and in the cerebral cortex (6.47 +/- 1.03 ng/h/mg protein) of adult animals have been found to be consistently different. Very similar Km values were found in the myelin obtained from the brain of immature and very old rats (2.14 +/- 0.11 and 3.39 +/- 0.75 microM respectively). The Vmax measured in the myelin purified from the immature rat brain (62.25 +/- 4.52) showed a value which was much higher than that found in the myelin of adult animals (34.40 +/- 5.54); a Vmax (34.31 +/- 9.41) almost identical to that of adult animals was found in the myelin prepared from the brain of aged rats.Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 02/1990; 35(1):97-101. DOI:10.1016/0022-4731(90)90151-H
Article: Testosterone metabolism in peripheral nerves: presence of the 5 alpha-reductase-3 alpha-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase enzymatic system in the sciatic nerve of adult and aged rats.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Previous reports from this laboratory indicate that the 5 alpha-reductase, the enzyme which converts testosterone into its "active" metabolite 5 alpha-androstan-17 beta-ol-3-one (dihydrotestosterone, DHT) is highly concentrated in the white matter structures of the CNS, which are mainly composed of myelinated fibers. No studies have been performed up to now, in order to evaluate the possible presence of the 5 alpha-reductase activity in peripheral myelinated nerves. To this purpose the 5 alpha-reductase activity has been evaluated in the sciatic nerve of the rat and compared to that present in the cerebral cortex and in the subcortical white matter, a central structure mainly composed of myelinated fibers. The study has been performed in normal adult male rats (60-90-day-old) and in aged (20-month-old) animals. The data obtained in 60-90-day-old animals indicate the presence of an active metabolism of testosterone at the level of the sciatic nerve. In this structure, testosterone is actively transformed into DHT and 5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (3 alpha-diol); in the sciatic nerve, the formation of DHT is equal to that found in the subcortical white matter and higher than that found in the cerebral cortex. Moreover, at variance with what happens in CNS structures, where 3 alpha-diol is produced only in small amounts, in the sciatic nerve this metabolite is produced in amounts similar to those of DHT. The study in aged rats has shown that in the sciatic nerve, the formation of DHT and particularly that of 3 alpha-diol are much lower than in younger animals. No age-related variations in the 5 alpha-reductase activity in the cerebral cortex and in the subcortical white matter have been observed.Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 02/1990; 35(1):145-8. DOI:10.1016/0022-4731(90)90159-P
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University of Milan
Milano, Lombardy, Italy
- • Department of Endocrinology, Physiopathology and Applied Biology DEFIB
- • Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases CEND


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My first Cinematography Showreel highlighting some of the projects I worked as DP over the last year undertaken as a cinematography student at Bournemouth University. I did some music videos, short films, experimental videos and documentaries. Mostly filmed on the Canon EOS 5D Mark II, Canon EOS 7D, Sony EX3 and Panasonic 101. Edited and graded in Final Cut Pro.
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Results 1 to 22 of 22
Thread: i know this may sound stupid....
March 8th, 2005 #1
i know this may sound stupid....
but i just wanted to say how awesome it is to be a part of this community. let me explain a little why i posted. Everyday i come on to ca.org and look around and post. i see professionals and ametuers alike. i get helpful hints and tips and try to give some when i can. in my opinion have grown a lot as an artist since coming here. ca.org is like a part of my life now. its a weird way to look at it, but it is. thanks everyone for making this place so kick ass!chad yeatman
Hide this ad by registering as a memberMarch 8th, 2005 #2
There are 3 sides to every story. Yours, mine and THE TRUTH.
March 8th, 2005 #3
are you poiting at me or the womans breasts massacre? lol
chad yeatman
March 8th, 2005 #4
I think this might turn into one of those threads were we express our love towards the community. We`re like some freaky cult.
/hugs for everyone!
March 8th, 2005 #5
I feel the same way bro...
- J t J -
Fading Oasis
<(^ ^)>
March 8th, 2005 #6
weird.. i was thinking about making a topic called "What you love about CA"
this should be made into an official smiley..
March 8th, 2005 #7
Yep this site is awesome. Don't remember a day since I've signed on that i havent been here.
"Do the best that you wanna do." -My personal quote.
Sketchbook Thread. Look at it, rate it, post and crit on it.
March 8th, 2005 #8Originally Posted by thebluepuppy
There are 3 sides to every story. Yours, mine and THE TRUTH.
March 9th, 2005 #9
yeah, conceptart rocks. K, on the count of 3 everyone down their "Special lemonade" so we can meet up with the mothership *cue P-Funk*
March 9th, 2005 #10
seriously, thanks to everyone, this is surely one heck of a community
March 9th, 2005 #11
CA= Cultists Assimilated....
March 9th, 2005 #12
oooohhhh yeah!!
we all know this place rocks!
seriously, having a community is important. because of this site, i now have a weekly sketch group with some awesome artists and all around kick ass people.
plus i get to give people i don't know a hard time about their drawings 8)
it's about the love. . . .
Hey dog. . . . did you see the size of that chicken?!
March 9th, 2005 #13
Moochas smooches!
"It's too bad she won't live! But then again, who does?"
March 9th, 2005 #14
i love ya all'
I'm a manky artist, don't mess with me
March 9th, 2005 #15
*me runs around naked spraying love on everyone*
March 9th, 2005 #16
no man, keep sprayin' things to IRC please
I'm a manky artist, don't mess with me
March 11th, 2005 #17
yuh, it's great. met some great people here.
March 11th, 2005 #18
I suck considerably less now than when I first registered. Just being around skill and experience is very helpful for a developing artist. Some people say that you aren't really guaranteed crits when you post something here, but in RIC you pop a link in, ask for suggestions, and you get something, usually. From pros or experienced students and so forth. And the people are nice, and the debate is focused and tough. To think I was thinking of Gaia as my "art boards" for awhile before finding this place...
March 11th, 2005 #19
This is my life, if I say anymore I'll probably write a 300 page novel why....so I won't....I love you all, now someone give me some L.O.V.E.
"If you only heard one side of the story, then you must be deaf in the other ear." - Sok N. Wett
Sok's Sketchbook Thread Last Updated November 25
March 11th, 2005 #20
/me gives the L.O.V.E.
March 11th, 2005 #21
this thread is turning weird !
I'm a manky artist, don't mess with me
March 11th, 2005 #22Originally Posted by Forge
But, this is weird....this is how my typical morning works....get up, coffee&cigarette....check CA....wake up. Im assimilated...NNNOOOOO!
I love this place


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I love the ease of use of Marketo. It is a highly intuitive interface that empowers marketers to create powerful programs and campaigns. The best part of Marketo is that they are constantly improving the product and adding new features. Even in the last year new tools such as the Engagement Engine, Real Time Personalization and Calendar have transformed marketing at my company. Marketo also does a great job of integrating with other marketing software tools and applications through their Launchpoint.
One aspect of Marketo i dislike is their out-of-the-box analytics package. Without RCA (an additional add-on) users will find the standard reports to be lacking in functionality and configurability. Another complaint is the speed of the product. Be sure to work with static lists when possible as the time it takes for smart lists to run and calculate can delay emails from being sent at scheduled times.
Know what functionalities you will need before purchasing. Marketo has a lot of great add-ons that do not come as part of the standard package. I would highly recommend purchasing a starter package and then upgrading and growing with the software as we have done.
With Marketo's tight integrations to SFDC and other partners we have been able to enable sales and business development with information about their customers interactions with marketing programs through notifications and tasks, an operational function we could not perform with our previous automation. We also use Marketo to integrate with our webinar provider to eliminate manual processes saving approximately 4-8 hours monthly.
I like the integration with Salesforce.com the best. This capability offers a lot of business value to show the true lead lifecycle from Lead to Closed/Won sale. The Marketo Insights plug-in for Salesforce offers great value to our sales team as to how Contacts are engaging with us.
I think their email editor is a bit weak. Our designer would complain frequently about how difficult it is to create emails. It wasn't until we brought in a developer that knew HTML that we were able to create emails the way we wanted them.
I wouldn't recommend using Marketo in a silo and not integrating it with a CRM like Salesforce, because of the amount of value that the integration can provide for business intelligence. I would also recommend bringing in a consultant who has integrated Marketo and your CRM platform before. It will save you a TON of time and headaches that will far out weigh the costs of the consultant or staff.
We are solving how Marketing is contributing to sales pipeline and revenue. We are also unlocking a lot of insight about how our customers are engaging with us and changing strategy to capitalize on those behaviors by "listening" to their digital body language.
I use Marketo as the central platform where I control all my marketing activities and lead flow. It takes some work to setup the platform at the beginning, but once you have arranged all the triggered campaigns and smart lists, it works in the background without additional efforts. I always work with Marketo integrated with Salesforce and I am able to analyze the performance from top of the funnel all the way to pipeline created and closed business. Through the use of Programs, I can clone a single landing page multiple times to have a more granular analysis of each single campaign. The other great feature is the new Lead Nurturing Engine, that makes lead nurturing extremely simple and effective. We nurture thousands of leads with 5 separate tracks based on persona and level of engagement.
The Analytical side could be improved. I keep all my dashboard in Salesforce (Leads generated, MQLs, Opportunities, Campaign Performances etc). The only reports that I use from Marketo are Email and Landing Page performance. Even the Revenue Cycle Analytics doesn't help much.
As long as you have someone who can manage it and understand how to leverage the main features, Marketo will provide be a tremendous added value to your company. I have used Marketo in 3 different companies and I implemented it from scratch in two of them, it always delivers.
Having full control of the lead flow and being able to scale certain campaigns and promotions. For example, every time we publish a new whitepaper, we can promote it to our database selectively. Every lead that fills out a form, gets tagged appropriately in Marketo and routed to the appropriate rep (I assign leads directly in Marketo). Also, lead nurturing went from being a manual and time consuming process to be something that works in the background and provide us with additional opportunities daily.
I love the ease of use that Marketo has achieved with their product. With some quick training sessions with new users, they are able to grasps the core concepts of Marketo and set up some basic campaigns on their own. Marketo has been the go-to tool for my team to solve our marketing and operational challenges and we have always been able to come through with an appropriate, scalable solution because of their powerful workflow and automation capabilities and seamless integration with Salesforce.
If I could change two things about Marketo today, it would be the Analytics reports and the Roles/Permissions settings.
As far as reporting, it's important to note that we do not have RCE, so most of my issues center around the Analytics reports. With the Analytics reports, there isn't a lot of customization available with the reports that Marketo has, whether it be the report subscription or adding additional columns to the report. I also find that with a larger database, the reports take quite some time to load and can timeout if they take too long to generate. Most of the time, we find it easier to do our lead and opportunity reporting out of Salesforce since we sync all the data between both systems.
There is also a serious lack of permission sets available in Marketo. Though the addition of the "import list" permissions recently was a step in the right direction, I would also love to see more folder-based permissions so that Admins can control which users have...
We are a multi-product business and needed a way to customize our lead scoring in order to segment our leads based on which of our four markets the lead was showing the most interest. By creating custom workflows in Marketo and utilizing its integration with Salesforce, we were able to create a lead scoring algorithm for each of our four markets and create a field that we could segment and report on a lead's highest market score in real-time. As a result, we've been able to increase engagement across each market by being able to deliver a custom experience for our prospects based on their current product interest.
As a marketing department of one, Marketo gives me the ability to own more of the lead lifecycle in order to help our sales team. It's easy to use, syncs nicely with Salesforce and GoToWebinar, and the on-boarding training program (plus being able to import a lead scoring template) helped me get it up and running pretty quickly. Running smart lists to update/clean our database has also been a great feature to keep us organized.
The reports in the Spark package aren't very helpful to me. I also would like to have the ability to sync the Cases data from Salesforce to automate some additional communications through Marketo, but custom field sync isn't available in our package. Of course, we could upgrade, but the jump in price to the next package is too steep for our current budget. Also, filtering out auto-responders from getting to your inbox when you're doing a mass mailing would be a great addition (we used to use MailChimp and it would do that).
I compared Marketo with several other marketing options and felt that this was the best choice. Their on-boarding support package was a huge asset that saved time in launching our first campaign. Their team even sets you up with customized email and landing page templates for your company. And the level of information on their community helps make sure that your questions get answered. Just be sure to review all of the specs for the package you're considering. I originally thought we'd have more capabilities but we'd have to upgrade for them.
1) Increase our capacity without adding staff - Previously, the sales team was not able to follow up with all leads efficiently (namely large quantities from trade shows), so implementing Marketo has resulted in 100% of leads being contacted as soon as they're entered into the database. The smart list capabilities also allow us to keep reaching out to those leads who didn't open our first email, so we've seen additional 25% open rates on secondary mailings. This is crucial as we try to make the most of the big trade show investments.
2) Enhance Sales & Marketing Collaboration - It syncs perfectly with Salesforce, so our entire team has visibility into lead activity and scoring. Marketo also automates hand off to the sales team based on whatever criteria we select.
3) Nurture leads instead of ignore them - In the past, we'd neglect any leads who weren't warm enough today, often letting them die in our CRM. This goes back to our capacity issues in number one, but Marketo...
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WednesdayMarch 18th
Clickable Hits of the 1990s
IF you didn't have these on cassette tape (or if you were lucky, CD) then you haven't lived!
SNL Celebrity Impressions
Some of these impressions are dead ringers for the real thing.
Are You Smarter Than a College Student? XXI
No. The answer is probably no.
Blitz: Does It Contain 'E'?
The letter 'e' is in just about everything, so you might have a harder time than you'd expect.
6-Letter Clickagrams
It's been scientifically proven that 6 letters are way more manageable than 7.
Film Directors: Odd One Out
We think odd is a pretty good word to describe directors, don't you?
Last 16 Sweet 16s
It's March, that must mean madness!
Most Populous Country of Africa per Letter Minefield
Warning: You will mess up at least once on this quiz.
Even More Games
TuesdayMarch 17th
Common 'Other' Language per State
This is one of the most interesting maps we've seen recently. It's probably all the colors.
Countries From Three Sites: Europe
Tourists to Europe have a distinct advantage here.
Gimme Five: Literature
Be careful when giving an author a high five, those hands have a lot of words to write.
Close-up 'D' Images
Don't you dare dismiss the letter D.
Samuel L. Jackson Movie Quotes
Mr. Jackson on Geography: 'What ain't no country I've ever heard of!'
First Word Animated Titles
First words think they're so great, but they never get the last word.
Celebrities Playing Ping Pong
Ping pong makes for great action shots.
Even More Games
MondayMarch 16th
Movie Character Slot Machine II
These movie characters just love to gamble.
The Digestion Progression Challenge
The human body is completely disgusting.
10-to-1 Young Adult Characters
Not all of these young adult characters can be considered role models.
NCAA Tournament Teams (2015)
Who's ready for March Madness?
2-Word Movie Pictograms
If it only takes two pictures to represent an entire movie, what the heck are they spending all that money on?
'S' TV Shows by Picture II
Luckily there are very few TV shows about snakes.
Fruit and Vegetables (A-Z)
You know what they say: A Sporcle a day keeps the doctor away.
Iowa's Borders
Whenever we think about Iowa, we really think they should add another consonant or two to that name.
SundayMarch 15th
Best Friends in TV
If you're gonna be the best friend on a TV show, look forward to lots of wacky hi-jinks.
Before the Famous Line
If you were paying attention, this quiz should be a walk in the park.
4-Word Book Title Match-Up
This is the story about how 4 words met on a book cover. You'll never guess what happened next.
Things That Are Black
Warning, this quiz might be a little dark.
Band by Setlist III
If anyone requests 'freebird' this quiz is over.
Name That Alien
Some are cute and some are scary, but all are memorable.
'L' Countries by Length
There's something about the letter L that always reminds us of a straw.
Even More Games
SaturdayMarch 14th
Homer Simpson's Jobs by Picture
For being such a slacker, Homer Simpson has done an awful lot.
Am I A Pie?
We take Pi Day seriously here at Sporcle.
'Dis' or 'Dat' Word Blitz
Sometimes decisions are hard. These ones make you choose without having to think about it!
Rebels Who Found a Cause
We wonder what would happen if Rebel Wilson decided to lead a war on Hollywood.
Parts of a Circle
This quiz brought to you by the number pi.
Overlapping Option Trivia III
Choose wisely!
Social Networks Countries
Want to get connected? These are the best countries for it.
Upside Down Movies
This quiz is not to be held responsible for any injuries related to flipping your monitor over.
Even More Games
FridayMarch 13th
TV Character Catchphrases
These guys are so predictable.
What's That Band's Greatest Song?
But really, what does it mean to be great?
A-Z Title Character Slideshow
Not only did they star in a movie, they made the title!
Friday and 13: The Clickable Love Story
Why not embrace the connection?
Celebrity NCAA Fans
These celebs represent more than just themselves.
Words Containing 'VOY'
In Spanish, this quiz is words containing 'I go'.
10 Smallest Countries in North America
North America has some of the biggest and smallest countries in the world.
Even More Games
ThursdayMarch 12th
Monopoly: First Roll
The beginning of a Monopoly game can start in many ways, but it can only end in one way: someone flipped the board over in a fit of rage.
Click the Batman Villain
This is one of those quizzes where the decoy answers are more amusing than the real ones.
Get a TV Husband, Name the Wife
These TV husbands set the bar really high for real husbands.
Fast Food Slogans
We're not sure what getting a good score says about your diet.
March 12th
March 12th is a pretty significant day for us at Sporcle, see if you can figure out why...
Movie Cast Match (2012)
2012, the year that the movie 'Battleship' showed us that Rihanna should never be an actress.
Song Title Endings II
Song endings are just as important as the beginnings.
Word Hourglass V
We hope it doesn't take you an hour to figure this one out.
Even More Games
Hot Games Trending Now
What's fun on octoquiz right now
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Passionate man ... Jorge Luis Pinto.
Posted June 21, 2014 13:26:51
Passionate man ... Jorge Luis Pinto.
If you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news, contact the ABC.
This service may include material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, AAP, CNN and the BBC World Service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced.
AEDT = Australian Eastern Daylight Savings Time which is 11 hours ahead of UTC (Greenwich Mean Time)


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Social media: A force to reckon with in the Middle East
Kippreport's top insights from the Digital Media ForumMarch 29, 2015 11:16
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Qatar's bourse says plans rights issue trading
Soccer-Xavi close to deal with Al Sadd, says Qatari club
Soccer-Xavi close to deal with Al Sadd, says Qatari club
Abu Dhabi Airports CEO leaving to take up U.K. defence ministry role
Kuwait February inflation edges up to 2.9 pct
MIDEAST STOCKS-Gulf markets sink after Yemen intervention; Dubai worst hit
HSBC's Islamic banking unit plans sukuk sale in Malaysia
Oil rises more than 1 pct, boosted by weaker dollar
UAE's Shah gas project seen achieving full capacity in Q2
National Bank of Fujairah issues 500 mln dirham tier 1 capital
Imbalances include over-dependence on oil; Lenders still see risk; Central bank in talks with CMA
July 20, 2011 10:16 by p.deleon
Kuwait needs to increase government spending and support the private sector to overcome imbalances in its economy, its central bank governor said in an interview aired on Tuesday.
The OPEC member's "one-sided" dependence on oil and the government's control of all sectors are causing the main imbalances in the economy, Sheikh Salem Abdul-Aziz al-Sabah told CNBC Arabia television.
"There are three structural imbalances in the Kuwaiti economy… (including) the government's dominance of economic activity… the private sector investor needs to be given a chance and that will reflect positively on the state's budget," he said.
Oil revenues in Kuwait, the world's fourth-largest crude exporter, account for more than 90 percent of state income.
A fall in oil prices is one of the risks facing the country's economy in 2012, Kuwait's finance ministry has said in a report on its website (www.mof.gov.kw).
"Without majorly improving the business environment, and urgent and quick capital spending, there will be no growth, and without giving the private sector a chance, the future outlook will be limited," the central bank governor added.
Last month, the parliament approved a 19.4 billion dinar ($71 billion) state budget for the 2011/12 fiscal year, the biggest since at least 2003.
Sheikh Salem was quoted by state news agency KUNA on Sunday as saying the country's economy had imbalances which needed to be corrected, but giving no details.
Kuwaiti banks still see lending risks but their growth path is "comfortable" without surprises, Sheikh Salem told the channel.
"Of course their (banks') situation would have been better if they expanded their credit activity, but they see that there are still risks," he said.
Private sector credit in Kuwait grew by 2.4 percent year-on-year in June, after edging up 0.7 percent in May, but it is still far below around 10 percent growth seen in 2009.
The governor said the central bank and the Capital Markets Authority (CMA) were in negotiations to reach an agreement on regulating investment firms.
"We are in negotiations with the CMA regarding (our roles), and we hope to reach an agreement to assign roles and responsibilities in order to change our scheme in regulating investment firms," Sheikh Salem said.
In May, the central bank told investment firms they must have separate licences to operate their lending and investment businesses as it eliminates regulatory overlap with the CMA.
"Most investment companies don't disclose enough information. Especially the illiquid ones or some of the unlisted investment firms have a lot of issues with the banks," said Mahdi Mattar, chief economist at CAPM Investment in Dubai.
"Given the lack of transparency, bank lending has not really recovered in Kuwait. On top of that, banks and investors have been waiting for a stimulus package to be implemented for about two years now and nothing has happened," he said.
The bylaws of the Gulf Arab state's newly formed CMA came into effect in March and are still not fully implemented. (Reporting by Eman Goma and Martina Fuchs; Editing by Stephen Nisbet)


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As the Savoy is located in Worksop, we thought we should give you and idea of whats on. Don't forget the check the Savoy website for further details or call them on the number below.
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Nicholas Cage reunites with Con Air director Simon West for this frenetic kidnap thriller! After being ratted out following a...
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Danny Boyle's latest film is an audacious blend of heist movie and psychological head trip. You've seen mind-games on-screen before......
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Benedict Cumberbatch stars in the suspenseful true story of wartime code-breaker Alan Turing. During WWII, the German Enigma machine successfully...
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Shailine Woodley's Tris leads the fight for civilisation in this thrilling sequel to the dystopian sci fi hit. In a...
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You can buy tickets by calling the Savoy Worksop on 01909 481900
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Tag Archives: Pittsburgh Pirates
Nightly Notes: Burnett, Drew, Rondon, Stanton
It's been an incredibly quiet day in Yankee-land and that's saying a lot considering Francisco Cervelli was traded, Alex Rodriguez continued to pop-up in the headlines and Chris Young was dubbed the fourth outfielder earlier this week. So lets end the night with some flyaway notes around the league. -- Ex-Yankee A.J. Burnett is going to ...
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MLB mourns as St. Louis Cardinals prospect Oscar Taveras dies at 22
Oscar Taveras, the St. Louis Cardinals prospect who had a key home run during the National League Championship series last week, has died according to his agent. Taveras was in an automobile accident earlier this evening which also claimed the life of his girlfriend. Following the news of his death, St. Louis Cardinals GM John Mozeliak released ...
Posted in MLB News and Notes Tagged Cincinnati Reds, New York Yankees, Oscar Taveras, Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Cardinals, Texas Rangers Comments Off
Report: Mets, Blue Jays, Red Sox, Braves interested in Kevin Long
Well, it looks like former Yankees hitting coach Kevin Long won't be without a job for long. According to Mark Feinsand of The Daily News, Kevin Long has received interest from the New York Mets, the Toronto Blue Jays, the Boston Red Sox and the Atlanta Braves for a hitting coach position. Feinsand added the Pittsburgh Pirates, ...
Posted in Yankees News Tagged Arizona Diamondbacks, Atlanta Braves, Boston Red Sox, Brian Cashman, Kevin Long, Milwaukee Brewers, New York Mets, New York Yankees, Pittsburgh Pirates, Toronto Blue Jays 8 Comments
Rawlings Gold Glove announces finalists
Rawlings announced the Gold Glove finalists on Friday, the finalists being narrowed down to three players for each position. The New York Yankees only have one finalist while the Baltimore Orioles lead the American League with six finalists. Here are the AL Finalists: Catcher Joe Mauer - Minnesota Twins Salvador Perez - Kansas City Royals Matt Wieters - Baltimore Orioles First ...
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Russell Martin signs a two-year, $17 million deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates
It looks like the Yankees are going to need a new catcher this offseason as Russell Martin has agreed to a two-year deal with the Pirates worth $17 million, according to Ken Rosenthal of Fox Sports and David Waldstein of the New York Times. The Yankees were apparently discussing terms with Martin in the two-year, $12-$14 ...
Posted in MLB News and Notes Tagged Pittsburgh Pirates, Russell Martin 15 Comments
Yankees and Pirates agree on Burnett deal
The Yankees and the Pirates have finally agreed on a deal that sends A.J. Burnett to Pittsburgh and in return they pay $13 million of the $33 million he is owed over the next two years and the Yankees get a pair of low level prospects as well, according to Ken Rosenthal of Fox Sports. The ...
Posted in Transactions Tagged AJ Burnett, Pittsburgh Pirates 2 Comments
Rumors: Yankees and Pirates getting closer to A.J. Burnett deal
A couple of major hurdles have been cleared in a potential A.J. Burnett deal with the Pirates since this morning. The Yankees and Pirates have apparently settled on a deal where the Pirates will pay between $13 and $15 million of the $33 million Burnett is owed over the next two seasons, according to Andrew Marchand ...
Posted in Yankees Rumors Tagged AJ Burnett, Pittsburgh Pirates 7 Comments
Rumor: Yankees want Burnett deal done by Saturday
Pitchers and catchers are due to report to camp this Sunday so the Yankees want a deal for A.J. Burnett done by Saturday, according to Ken Rosenthal of Fox Sports. The Yankees are currently at an impasse with the Pittsburgh Pirates. They are holding out in an attempt to only pay $10 million of the $33 ...
Posted in Yankees Rumors Tagged AJ Burnett, Pittsburgh Pirates 5 Comments


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NEVADA CLASSIC CAR DEALER # 40339 , VIN # CE148J122994 More goodies have been added to this killer Orange 1968 CHEVY C10 TRUCK since it was Built & Painted... More
Before we had compact pickups, we had full-sized rigs like this 1970 Chevrolet C10 step-side. The closest thing to a sports truck at the... More
1956 Chevrolet 3200 4x4 Stepside Pickup finished in Ermine white with a clean red interior. It is powered by a 400CI V8 engine... More
1970 Chevrolet Custom C10 Stepside Pickup. Finished in beautiful bright red paint with fresh chrome bumpers and custom black leather seats. A smooth running... More
WORLDWIDE VINTAGE AUTOS CALL OUR SALES TEAM AT 720 457 9145 MONDAY-FRIDAY 10AM-6PM SATURDAY 10AM-4PM AS ONE... More
We just took this ultra clean 95,000 mile Chevy 1500 pickup on trade and were absolutely shocked by the condition when it came in.... More
1959 Chevrolet Apache. Silver Metallic Exterior with Custom Gray Interior. Equipped with a Big Block Chevy and Automatic Transmission. Built to... More
1967 Chevrolet C-10 Custom Cab Short Bed Pickup. Our C-10 is finished in beautiful Baby Blue with a White roof accented by a Blue... More
64,000 miles. 4x4, 350 V8, copy of original window sticker, original owners manuals, excellent condition.... More
Short bed. Frame off restoration! 327 V8, automatic, dual exhaust, power steering, air conditioning, AM radio, chrome front and rear bumpers, front bumper guards... More
This 1953 Chevrolet Suburban Suburban Convertible features a CHEVY SMALL BLOCK V-8 8cyl Gasoline engine. It is equipped with a Automatic transmission. The vehicle... More
We sell a lot of '60s Chevy pickup trucks like this 1967 example, but not many are the heavier-duty C20 models, which today we... More
1977 Chevrolet C10 Long Bed 4X4, Truck is equipped with 350 cubic inch engine (small block Chevy V8), high performance crate motor from Chevy with... More
This freshly restored classic pickup is powered by a straight-6 engine and 4-speed automatic transmission. It features very clean brown vinyl bench seating and... More
Two owner SS, purchased from the original owner. Recently restored inside and out and in excellent condition. 402 V8 automatic... More


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flowers for windy spots
I live in a flat on the third floor of my building. I have a large, sunny balcony that unfortunately is very windy in Summer. I don't know how to code Sydney zone-wise, but according to the garden publications here, it's temperate.
Would anyone be able to recommend container-grown flowers that keep their petals on in the wind? So far I've had success with Portulaca, Asters and Marigolds, but I'd like to try something new. Any suggestions would be appreciated.
You should be able to grow most of these, particularly in larger pots:
Pentas, dahlias, cape plumbago, iris, mallows, ageratum, chrysanthemum, osteospermums, lysimachia, salvia, scaevola, lantana, alyssum, scabiosa, verbena, anagallis, astroemeria, bacopa, callas, clivia, cannas (big pots), convolvulus, daylilies, erysimum, euryops, lamium, gazania, dianthus, geraniums, pelargoniums, hellebores, heuchera, impatiens, lavendar, lotus bertholotii, snapdragons, mimulus, nierembergia, bluett (centaurea montana), pieris, ranunculus, dwarf rudbeckia, common garden sage (it has lovely spikes of purple flowers and will rebloom if you deadhead it), gazanias, tulips (but they'll need chilling if you want them to come back).


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The High Commission for the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago regrets to inform of the death of Her Excellency Yvonne Gittens-Joseph, former High Commissioner to Jamaica, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Head of the Foreign Service of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The late Excellency Gittens-Joseph passed away on Monday 23 February, 2015.
The funeral service for the late former High Commissioner to Jamaica will take place on Thursday 5 March, 2015 at 10:00 a.m. at St. Jude's Anglican Church, No. 19 King Street, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago.
Her Excellency Yvonne Gittens-Joseph was appointed High Commissioner to Jamaica with accreditation to Dominican Republic, Cuba (until 2008) and Haiti from 2006 to 2010.
She joined the Foreign Service in July 1975 and worked in various Divisions including that of Political and Economic Affairs, International Economic Relations and International Trade, Protocol and Consular, and Administration. She also held the positions of Director of the Division of Political Affairs from 1992 to 1995 and Director of the CARICOM and Caribbean Affairs Division from 2002 to 2004.
Her Excellency Yvonne Gittens-Joseph served as First Secretary at the Permanent Mission to the United Nations, Geneva (1977-1981); Deputy High Commissioner at the High Commission, New Delhi (1981-1983); and Deputy Permanent Representative at the Permanent Mission to the United Nations, New York (1995-2002).
She was elected Chairperson of one of the main United Nations Committees, the Third Committee at the 55th Session of the United Nations General Assembly serving in this capacity from 2000 to 2001.
As High Commissioner, the late Excellency Gittens-Joseph represented Trinidad and Tobago at several meetings of CARICOM, Association of Caribbean States, Commonwealth and the United Nations. She was also part of the United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa (UNOMSA) in April 1994.
A book of condolences will be opened for signature at the High Commission for the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, 25 Windsor Avenue, Kingston 5, on Thursday 05 March, 2015 from 9: a.m. to 3:00 p.m.


text:
Southern Stories Event, Set for April 3, Is Wonderful Addition to Tri-County's Bluegrass Concert FestivitiesRead More
Medical Office Specialist Certificate
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Click here for more information about program graduation rates, median debt of students who completed the program, and other important information.
Medical Office Specialist Certificate


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Submitted by juniortay on March 6, 2015 at 5:08 AM.
I would like to showcase the best games of the above-mentioned event.
First up, the 'Caveman Attack' Award goes to FM Andrean Susilodinata for a barnstormer of an hack.
The following was the best game of the event. IM Goh Wei Ming wins the 'Carlsen...Read more »
posted in Junior Tay's Blog
790 reads |
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Author: The Benko Gambit: Move by Move ,Ivanchuk: Move by Move (Due in December 2014) and The Old Indian: Move by Move (Due in March 2015)
Chess Training: http://www.chess.com/coach/junior-tay
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Programs & Degrees
Signed Language Interpreting
As a field, signed language interpreting provides direct and indirect services for members of deaf and hard of hearing communities. Some settings served by signed language interpreters include education, mental health, medical, video relay services, legal, business, and other various settings. Through education and community awareness, the focus of signed language interpreting is to improve quality and access of interpreting services for deaf and hard of hearing community members.
Quick Info
Program Code18BS-SLI
Real-World Learning ComponentsRequired clinical experience
Duration4 years
Admission CriteriaSelective
LocationMain Campus
DepartmentSigned Language
College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services
Contact361 Dyer Hall
Cincinnati,OH 45221
CECH Student Services CenterEmail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: 513-556-2336
Student Success Factors
Candidates who succeed in signed language interpreting demonstrate:
- A history of academic success
- The ability to collaborate with others, including those from diverse populations
- Leadership characteristics
- Responsible, caring, fair, honest and ethical behavior
- A commitment to social justice and a diverse society
- A history of good critical thinking and problem solving
- Enthusiasm for working with deaf and hard of hearing children and adults
Career Possibilities
In general, graduates of the special education signed language interpreting specialization will work as interpreters in various education and/or community-based settings. Some students may work as freelance interpreters while others may seek employment as full or part-time staff interpreters within an agency, organization, or school.
Additional career options are listed on the Center for Exploratory Studies website.
Major Details
Signed language interpreting at the University of Cincinnati provides education at the baccalaureate (bachelor's) level. At the baccalaureate level, the program focuses on educating interpreters to apply evidence-based practices through consideration and application of various interpreting and translation theories. We focus on addressing standards as outlined by the Commission on Collegiate Interpreter Education (CCIE). Specifically, cohort members are required to complete course and field experiences to meet the prerequisites for state and national standards.
Advancement in the program is a two-step process. The first step is admission to the university. The host college is the UC College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services (CECH) as a signed language interpreting student. The second step involves admission into the professional cohort. Students will apply to the professional cohort during the sophomore year. For more information about the cohort selection process and criteria, please contact an academic advisor. During the sophomore year, SLI students who meet requirements for advancing in the program must attend a mandatory information meeting during fall semester and submit a completed application for admission to the signed language interpreting professional cohort that begins the following fall semester, junior year.
Enrollment is limited; admission is competitive.
Students must be admitted to the professional cohort in order to enroll in the professional cohort courses. During the fourth year, all students are required to complete a practicum or field experience series. Upon successful completion of the undergraduate program requirements, students earn a bachelor's of science degree in signed language interpreting from the UC College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services.
Minor Details
There is no minor in signed language interpreting. Students may contact the CECH Student Services Center for information on the deaf studies certificate.
These tools assist students to identify course requirements and individual progress toward completion of academic programs. It is important to utilize these resources with personalized guidance from a UC academic advisor regularly to ensure timely graduation..My Degree Audit - for confirmed and current students
My Transfer Course Equivalencies - for students considering transfer to UC
UC Schedule of Classes - search course availability and descriptions
Curriculum Guide Versions:
Signed Language Interpreting Requirements
Predominant Program
- Fall (Year 1)
- ASL1001, Beginning American Sign Language I, DC, 3
- ENGL1001, English Composition, EC, 3
- SLI1010, Introduction to Interpreting , SE, 3
- XXXXxxxx, Natural Science Elective, NS, 3
- ASL1003, Orientation to Deafness, DC, SE, 3
- Spring (Year 1)
- ASL1002, Beginning American Sign Language II, DC, 3
- ASL1004, History of Deaf Heritage, SE, HP, 3
- XXXXxxxx, Diversity Culture Elective, DC, 3
- XXXXxxxx, Humanities/Literature Elective, HU, 3
- SLI1012, Theory and Process of Interpreting Preparation, 3
- Summer (Year 1)
- Fall (Year 2)
- ASL2001, Intermediate American Sign Language I, DC, 3
- SLI2010, Theory and Process of Interpreting I, 3
- ASL2003, Psychosocial Aspects of Deafness, DC, SS, 3
- XXXXxxxx, Historical Perspective Elective, HP, 3
- XXXXxxxx, Mathematics Elective, 3
- Spring (Year 2)
- ASL2002, Intermediate American Sign Language II, DC, 3
- SLI2012, Theory & Process of Interpreting II, 3
- ASL2004, Legal Issues in Deafness, SE, 3
- SLI2014, Intercultural Communication for Interpreters, DC, 3
- ENGL2089, Intermediate Composition, EC, 3
- Summer (Year 2)
- Fall (Year 3)
- ASL3001, Advanced American Sign Language I, 3
- ASL3003, American Sign Language Linguistics, 3
- SLI3011, Theory & Process of Interpreting III, 3
- SLI3013, Critical Analysis for Interpreters, SE, 3
- SLI3015, Educational Interpreting Theory & Process: Learning, 3
- Spring (Year 3)
- ASL3002, Advanced American Sign Language II, 3
- SLI3012, Theory & Process of Interpreting IV, 3
- SLI3014, Discourse Analysis for Interpreters, 3
- SLI3016, Educational Interpreting: Language, 3
- SLI3017, Clinical Practice Preparation & Portfolio Development, 3
- Summer (Year 3)
- Fall (Year 4)
- SLI4001, Clinical Practice I, 6
- SLI4019, Special Settings in Interpreting I, 3
- SLI4022, Professionalism and Ethics of Interpreting , 3
- XXXXxxxx, Free Elective, 3
- Spring (Year 4)
- SLI4002, Clinical Practice II, 6
- SLI4020, Special Settings in Interpreting II, 3
- XXXXxxxx, Social and Ethical Issues Elective, SE, 3
- XXXXxxxx, Humanities and Literature Elective, HU, 3
- Summer (Year 4)
UC Advantages and Special Opportunities
Formed as the Teachers College in 1905, the UC College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services (CECH) continually merits local, state and national recognition. Recent commendations include:
- UC is one of 96 institutions across the United States ranked as a level 1 research institution (classification: RU/VH) by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
- Accreditation from the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), the organization responsible for professional accreditation of teacher education
- CECH was recently ranked 55th in U.S. News & World Report
- The Best Practice Award from the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE)
Signed language interpreting provides small classes, talented faculty (deaf, hard of hearing and hearing) and extensive field and practicum experiences.
Special Programs
Future Educators of America (FEA) UC's FEA chapter is dedicated to fostering the love of teaching, examining the reality of teaching and promoting the rewards of teaching. FEA is open to all UC students; however, our main focus is to offer a path for teacher education students to stay connected to their college and to their future profession. Members have the opportunity to work with children and young adults in local schools and FEA chapters.
Kappa Delta Pi (KDP) Kappa Delta Pi is a prestigious international honor society that recognizes scholarship and excellence in the field of education. Members must have a college GPA of at least 3.0 for undergraduate students or 3.25 for graduate students. KDP members work on several volunteer activities that focus on education. Some of the benefits of being a member of KDP include annual scholarships, professional development, a nationwide job database and access to the ideas, research, insights and expertise of internationally renowned educators.
Student Council for Exceptional Children (SCEC) SCEC is the largest international professional organization dedicated to improving educational outcomes for individuals with exceptionalities, students with disabilities and gifted children, as well as those typically developing. If you are committed to children, focused on becoming the best educator and want to meet new people, then SCEC is for you! Membership dues permit you to receive professional development opportunities, journals and newsletters with new research and classroom practice and the opportunity to attend conventions and conferences.
CECH Tribunal The purposes of the CECH Tribunal are to ensure that the interests of the students of the college are voiced and to provide student representation on behalf of all undergraduate students in CECH where representation is warranted. Also, the tribunal organizes programs and social events for students of the college.
Student Ambassador Program The Student Ambassador program represents CECH at the University of Cincinnati by assisting with the recruitment and retention of students in the college. CECH student ambassadors provide a valuable service by representing the student perspective of university life to prospective and new students. Ambassadors also represent the college at numerous collegiate functions, professional events and key promotional events. Being selected as a CECH student ambassador is an honor that reflects academic rigor and a commitment to the fields of education, health promotion and education and criminal justice.
Admission Requirements
All incoming freshmen must meet one of the following requirements:
- Graduate in the top 10 percent of their high school class with a 2.7 high school GPA and test score of 18 ACT or 860 SAT
- Score 22 ACT or 1020 SAT with a 2.7 high school GPA
- Graduate in the top 60 percent of their high school class with a 2.7 high school GPA and test score of 21 ACT or 980 SAT
Additionally, incoming freshmen must meet Ohio articulation requirements including:
- College preparatory English (4 units)
- College preparatory Math (3 units)
- Science (2 units)
- Social Science (2 units)
- Foreign Language (2 units same language)
- Fine Arts (1 unit)
- Additional units from above (2 units)
Changing Majors Within UC
Students changing majors from other programs or colleges within UC will be considered based on the same criteria as transfer students.
International Student Requirements
International students should contact the University of Cincinnati's Office of Admission for details at 513-556-1100.
Graduation Requirements
To graduate from the UC College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, a student must:
- Complete all required course work and program requirements.
- Be in good academic standing; that is, not on academic or disciplinary probation or suspension.
- Meet the college's residency requirement of 30 semester credit hours.
- File formal application for the degree by the posted deadline.
Application Deadlines
Application deadlines for freshmen are as follows: fall semester - February 1; spring semester - November 1; summer semester - March 1.
Application deadlines for all transfer students are as follows: fall semester - July 1; spring semester - November 1; summer semester - March 1.
Students applying for admission after closing dates may be referred to UC Blue Ash College or Clermont College. UC operates on a semester system, with 14-week grading periods. Fall semester will begin late August and end mid-December. Spring semester will begin in early January and end in late April. Summer semester will begin in early May and end in early August. While mid-year admission is possible, fall is generally the best time to enter the college, since many course sequences begin that semester.
The University of Cincinnati and all regional campuses are accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.


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MJM magic is the real deal! Very affordable prices and what I like most is their custumer service. Very accommodating and they really answer every...Read More ->
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text: Temple of Atal'Hakkar NPCs Edit Classic editor History Talk0 102,615pages on this wiki Contents[show] The following NPCs can be found in Temple of Atal'Hakkar. Quest NPCs Edit Neutral Edit Elder Starsong (Lunar Festival) [70] Starsong the Elder (Lunar Festival). Retrieved from "http://www.wowwiki.com/Temple_of_Atal%27Hakkar_NPCs?oldid=1516075" Categories: Temple of Atal'Hakkar NPCs by zone Add category Cancel Save