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Baygrower and others, how to freeze/store fresh shellies??
Hi Everyone,
I am wondering how to store the fresh shelled beans from borlotti beans. I saw a picture posted by Baygrower about midway down on this post
and it looks like they are shelled borlotto or cranberry beans in a freezer bag. I've never seen shellies saved that way and I'm looking for instructions on how to do that.
Are they blanched, or frozen raw? Do they need to be in a vacuum sealed bag, or would a ziploc freezer bag work, also?
I really don't like the hassle of soaking dried beans overnight (and my DH really seems to suffer terrible gas from any dried beans and he generally refused to eat them).... but he LOOOOOOVES the fresh borlotti beans from the garden each year. They don't seem to be so hard for him to digest.
This year I am going to grow more than I did last year and I'm wondering how to possibly freeze them so we can enjoy them later in the year.
Kmama, shellies should be blanched before freezing. You can use the same blanching instructions as for frozen limas (I use the Ball Blue Book as my canning & freezing reference). I use 3 minutes for smaller beans, and 4-5 minutes for the larger shellies. These times are based upon freezing about one pound at a time, which is usually about a quart of shellies by volume.
A ziplock bag or plastic freezer container works OK for short-term frozen storage, maybe 3-4 months. After that you will likely see some degree of freezer burn.
For long-term storage, I recommend vacuum sealing. The best way to do this is to first freeze the beans into a block (I use square 1 pint plastic freezer boxes) then vacuum seal the block. This overcomes the problem of liquid and/or debris being sucked out, which can lead to a bad seal on the bag. With a good seal, I've kept frozen shellies as long as 2 years (at zero F*) with minimal reduction in quality. They won't last as long in a refrigerator ice box, which usually has temps just below freezing.
I can't imagine a winter without frozen shellies. Good luck!
A very big thank you for that question Kmama & for the very detailed response Zeedman!
With the price of everything (property taxes, fuel oil, etc...)going up and my income staying the same, my next step in vegetable gardening is increasing my food preservation.
Zeedman, when you say blanch, you mean the green or NOT dry beans.
For totally dry beans, you can freeze them in a zip lock for 6-8 months, with out cooking or blanching?
In any case I would use vacuum lock for half the beans, which I would store in the bottom of the freezer. I would put the other half in freezer zip lock bag & stack them on top, because the zip lock is cheaper to buy.
Yes, Jolj, I was answering the question on freezing shellies, which are ripe beans that have not yet dried. There would be no need to blanch dry beans - or to freeze them, for that matter. Dry beans store quite well in a sealed container (such as a plastic bag or jar) at room temperature. Even the need for a sealed container is questionable... I just cooked up a batch of dried beans that had been stored in a basket on a shelf for over 5 years, and they were still OK.
But just so that last comment won't be misunderstood, storing dry beans for eating is easy. As long as the beans are dry, it's almost goof proof. Dry beans saved for planting need more exacting conditions - in the degree of dryness, the choice of container, and proper storage conditions.


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Matthew G. Nelson | January 18, 2008 | Comments
Analyst firm expects growth in display and search advertising through 2012, and changes in classified advertising.
Jupiter Research predicts local online advertising will reach $8.9 billion within five years.
In a report titled "US Local Online Advertising Forecast, 2007 to 2012," analyst Barry Parr states that local display and search advertising will grow over the next five years at compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) of 18 percent and 16 percent, respectively. It attributes that growth to continued interest by newspaper and yellow pages publishers along with improved local performance by major search engines. It also states that local advertising will grow at a CAGR of 13 percent from 2007 to 2012, a faster clip than online advertising in general, which has an anticipated 12 percent CAGR.
Parr writes in the report that although the newspaper industry and local broadcasters face challenges, their more established mature readers will keep them afloat as "local media must learn to work in a world increasingly dominated by the search bar and prepare themselves for an eventual face-off with their national competitors."
Drilling down into consumers' preferred methods for accessing local business information, Jupiter found portals have maintained a strong position with younger individuals. Thirty-six percent of those aged 18 to 24 cited portals as among the top two or three "most helpful" sources. Online yellow pages and traditional yellow pages also ranked well with the younger demo, appealing to 33 percent and 30 percent respectively.
Online review sites like Yelp and others performed comparatively poorly across age groups, ranking below 5 percent in all demos with the exception of those aged 25 to 34, 8 percent of whom said they found value in them. Perhaps not surprisingly, 45- to 54-year-olds tend to favor traditional channels, with 46 percent citing newspapers and 44 percent citing print papers as "most helpful." Respondents could select up to three preferred methods for researching local business info.
The report also said classifieds will continue to be the dominant form of local advertising, but predicts that major changes will occur in real estate and employment fields due to fears of a recession and major job sites like Yahoo HotJobs and Monster building relationships with local newspapers.
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A weekly talk show dedicated to YOU!. Whatever your needs are. If you have a project, organization, or thought you would like to share, you can do it here. Or, you can listen to me speak on things from my heart. Each week I include a word from The ORACLE from a series of Inspirational booklets I have penned.
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Believe with all your heart in your G-D, your you, and in all those you consider family and friends. believe in a G-d, supreme being, greater-than-thou, greater-then-you kind of entity. It's all semantics. I think you know what i mean.
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Loving wife and mama to my sweet little son (Fall 2008) and a beautiful baby girl (Fall 2010)
When a stupid man is doing something he is ashamed of, he always declares that it is his duty. --George Bernard Shaw
My mother said this to me one day when I was taking my unvaxed son to international airport with me to pick up my sister. What do you tell Pro vaxers that say this? I can't think of a good argument, or don't have the facts to start spitting out...
Thank you in advance.
I have done a lot of research on the subject, but when this "people bringing it from other countries" argument is brought up, I'm somewhat stumped.
|The first generation (eight cases) included the boy's two siblings, two playmates from his school, and four children from the pediatrician's office. The second generation cases included a sibling of a child from the first generation and two friends of one of the boy's siblings.
Where are all those people on planes going? Do they just stay in the airport forever? No! They go in to town and have meetings and play at the amusements parks and visit with their friends and family and eat at restaurants.
Me: DH: DD: DS1: DS2:
Wife to DH (06/10) and Mummy to DD (07/08).
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5:21 pm
Tue May 10, 2011
Community Impact Series -- Just the Right Attitude
By Ian McNulty
New Orleans, La. –
Hal Chambers was doing well as a self-employed plumber in New Orleans. But as the recession put a chill on large building projects, business started drying up, and soon things got very bad for him.
"It got to be a point where, you know, I didn't have nothing in my refrigerator or cupboards to eat," Hal says. "I was like Old Mother Hubbard. Went to the cupboard and nothing was there."
Hal was hungry. But soon he found an extraordinarily accessible local resource to help him get back on track. He found Just the Right Attitude, a nonprofit based in New Orleans East that serves hot meals, supplies groceries for home and provides other assistance to anyone in need. Its special niche, though, are those who need help yet don't qualify for government assistance, as founder and director Debra South Jones explains.
"There are so many working people out here that go to bed hungry at night. There's a lot of people that said, oh we're not eating lunch today, oh I'm on a diet.' And then you find out they're saying that because they don't have any money to eat," Debra says. "So that's why it's hard to judge a book by just one look. You know just because a person has a nice house and a nice car doesn't mean there's not problems behind the doors."
Debra brings an intensely personal perspective to this. In the mid-1990s, she had a good job as an accountant for a local company. But when she was diagnosed with thyroid and ovarian cancer, her medical expenses shot out of control. Her husband left and she found herself unable to provide for her children. But when she sought relief at the welfare office, she was turned away because of her income. It was a dark time for her.
"I've never forgotten what it felt like that day. When I left that office and didn't know how I was going to feed my children. That's something you never forget. You never forget that," she says. "So my promise to God was, if you allow me to live that I would do something that other people would not be humiliated and not be helped. Because my tax dollars pay for food stamp assistance and for all the other government assistance. But when I needed help it wasn't there for me."
Her answer was Just the Right Attitude, which started as a grassroots food bank in the garage of her New Orleans East home. Debra eventually beat her cancer and Just the Right Attitude has grown into a major organization. It now serves people in space provided by the Toyota of New Orleans auto dealership off Interstate 10, where the kitchen serves some 5,500 hot meals and where up to 2,000 families receive groceries in any given month. Funded entirely through private donations and foundation grants, the group dispenses this assistance based solely on need, just as Hal Chambers experienced when he was down.
"Basically I walked in one day and, you know, I was served. I was helped," Hal says. "It really has helped me, and I know it could help other people just as well."
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"Now you'll get to know God in the land of the damned," a military police officer threatens chillingly midway through "Heli." But this is just further confirmation of where things are going, as the movie makes it clear from the start that it's headed down a bracing path in which neither animals nor ...Read More »
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There is, ultimately, something to be said for the pleasures of a simple, sleek and well-shot run-or-kill-or-die thriller. The sort of film where the heroes are trapped in the middle of nowhere and find themselves threatened by hostile locals, and must then strike back to survive. That's what "Black...Read More »
Has there ever been a franchise like the "Fast & Furious?" Begun over ten years ago with a film most notable for its '50s-style B-movie title, "The Fast & The Furious," it was a modest sleeper hit. Before long the series saw its biggest draw, the potato-headed growl-monster Vin Diesel, exit the seri...Read More »
It's been seven far-too-long years since the last feature effort from Christopher Guest, and besides a failed pilot for the U.S. adaptation of the U.K. hit "The Thick Of It" and appearing alongside his regular roster players in a sketch for the 2012 Oscars, not much as been heard from him. But the w...Read More »
Eli Roth was hailed by none other than genre demigod Quentin Tarantino as "the future of horror" following his debut feature "Cabin Fever," a grotesquely inventive chiller about a flesh-eating virus that has its way with a group of youngsters out camping in the woods. But since then, Roth hasn't rea...Read More »
Well, at the very least, "No One Lives" actually delivers on its title, however, it also tells you exactly what will happen in an already rote, routine and predictable movie. It's an R-rated horror flick that -- with a few obvious, quick cuts -- could easily be PG-13, perhaps indicating no one reall...Read More »
There's a nugget of a great satire within Zack Bernbaum's "And Now A Word From Our Sponsor," which begins with the discovery of missing advertising wizard Adan Kundle (Bruce Greenwood). A year has passed since the eccentric head of Kundle Advertising walked out of his office and disappeared, found p...Read More »
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After "Down Terrace" and "Kill List," midnight-movie manqués and buffs in the know were wondering what director Ben Wheatley would do next; the answer is, apparently, make you laugh until you sound like a hole in the side of an airplane. "Sightseers," starring and written by Steve Oram and Alice Low...Read More »


text:
(Semantic) Web Services M.-S. Hacid University Claude Bernard, Lyon – France http://www710.univ-lyon1.fr/~dbkrr 1 Outline Evolution of MIS/DSS Enterprise Applications Integration (EAI) Web Services Semantic Web Semantic Web Services Conclusion 2 History The information processing profession is historically immature because it has existed only since the early 1960s. Classical Operational Information Systems: - How much an account balance is, right now? - How much is an inventory, right now? - What the status of a shipment is, right now? But there is a real value in looking at and integrating information over the spectrum of time as well 3 History (Cond.) DSS is at the end of a long and complex evolution but continues to evolve. 1960 - master files - programs (Cobol) - reports 4 History (Cond.) 1965 Lots of master files!!! - complexity of maintenance development - synchronization of data - hardware 5 History (Cond.) DASD 1970 DBMS database – '' a single source of data for all processing'' Online, High-performance 1975 Transaction Processing 6 History (Cond.) 1980 MIS/DSS tx processing PCs, 4GL technology 7 History (Cond.) 1985 OLTP extract program Why extract program? - Performance 8 - Control History (Cond.) ''spider web'' 1990 9 History (Cond.) Problems with Naturally Evolving Architecture: - credibility of data - productivity - inability to transform data into information 10 History (Cond.) Lack of Credibility of Data: Dept. A +10% activity up Dept. B -15% 11 activity down History (Cond.) No time basis of data Dept. A: +10% Sunday evening Dept. B: -15% Wednesday pm 12 History (Cond.) Algorithmic differential Dept. A has chosen to analyze all old accounts Dept. B has chosen to analyze all large accounts Is there any necessary correlation between the characteristics of customers who have old accounts and customers who have large accounts? Probably NOT! 13 History (Cond.) Levels of extraction Many levels of extraction being done from the time data enters the corporation's system to the time analysis is prepared for management 14 History (Cond.) Dept. A: +10% Sunday evening old accts Dept. B: -15% Wednesday pm 15 large accts History (Cond.) External data With today's technologies at the PC level, it is easy to bring in data from outside sources 16 History (Cond.) Wall Street journal Dept. A: +10% Sunday evening old accts Dept. B: -15% Business Week Wednesday pm 17 large accts History (Cond.) No common source of data Analysis of department A originates from files XY Analysis of department B originates from databases XUVW No synchronization or sharing of data between XY and XUVW! 18 History (Cond.) Wall Street journal Dept. A: +10% Sunday evening old accts Dept. B: -15% Business Week Wednesday pm 19 large accts History (Cond.) Problem with productivity To produce a corporate report locate and analyze the data for the report lots of files to explore Locate data : 9-12 months Get data : 15-24 months 20 A Change in the Approach Data Warehouse Enterprise Applications Integration Web Services Semantic Web Services 21 Enterprise Applications Integration (EAI) What is EAI? Enterprise Applications Integration is a solution that supports real-time seamless access to information resident in a variety of repositories. Business processing logic is extracted from application code and placed into an EAI tool where it is graphically represented and manipulated. 22 Today's Business Reality BFDI E-Commerce 15 14 SAP 17 DRP 2 3 11 16 9 Customer Call Email CBCF BW Computer 12 Financials 6 COPS 1 Telephony Customer Call 7 JDA Tax System BW 6 Computer COPS 1 Telephony 13 1 10 7 JDA 4 5 8 BFDI E-Commerce 14 15 13 4 1 10 14 SAP 5 8 BFDI ? E-Commerce 14 17 DRP 15 2 SAP 16 14 3 11 9 17 DRP 2 Email CBCF 3 11 16 12 Financials 9 Email Tax System CBCF 12 Financials Tax System Customer Call BW 6 Computer COPS 1 Telephony Customer Call 7 JDA BW 6 Computer 1 COPS 1 Telephony 13 4 10 7 JDA 5 8 BFDI E-Commerce 14 15 1 14 SAP 13 4 10 5 8 17 BFDI 2 DRP E-Commerce 14 15 16 14 SAP 3 11 Customer Call 9 BW 17 DRP Email 6 Computer 2 CBCF Telephony 12 Financials COPS 1 3 11 16 7 JDA 9 Tax System Email CBCF 13 1 10 12 Financials 4 5 8 BFDI E-Commerce 14 Tax System 15 14 SAP 23 Why EAI? The needs for AI stem primarily from the following business and technical objectives: 1. Integrate with outside partner/customer (as part of a merger) or a «net new» entity, which varies widely from a new set of e-commerce applications to supply chain integration. 2. Migrate towards a customer centric operating model to gain additional Insights in customer behaviors and identify new revenue streams and cross-selling opportunities. 3. Isolate components of huge monolithic systems so they can be replaced or retired because the legacy systems become un-maintainable. 4. Layer an end-user application (especially portals, CRM, and Web-based self-service) that must access data across multiple systems and/or databases. 5. Lower total cost of ownership by reducing system management complexity and maintenance costs. 24 EAI provides a structured and efficient way to integrate not only the applications but also the business process. EAI solutions offer the following unique benefits: 1. Reduced development and maintenance cost (separation of business logic from transaction processing capability…). 2. Enhanced performance and reliability (asynchronous messaging mechanisms…). 3. Centralized information bus (unification of isolated applications…). 4. Extension of legacy system lifecycle. 5. Reduced time to market (customize existing business rules and extend application functionality). 25 Enterprise Integration Solution Customer Supplier Business Process Management (BPM) Reseller B2Bi EAI B2Bi Exchange Distributor Mfg. BSP Packaged Custom Legacy App Apps Apps Apps Servers Service BSP Logistics BSP Mediate the interactions between the applications to integrate 26 Customers, Distributors, -Community Resselers -Content -Web Site -Commerce -Profiling -Personalization -Customization Distribution Data Channels Rules Engine Data Customer Service Relationship Business Process Integration Product/Customer Analysis -CRM Customer Message Routing & Transformation -Data Warehouse -Call Center Service Information -Data Analysis -eMail Systems -Targeted Marketing -Instant Messaging Message Transport Data Data -Payroll Rules Operational -HR Metadata Systems -Benefits Partners -Order Management -Etc. -Warehouse Management -Backend Support -Billing. 27 Data Data Web Services We look at Web services as a way to expose the functionality of an information system and make it available through standard web technologies. The use of standard technologies reduces heterogeneity, and is therefore key to facilitate application integration. Web services represent the first concerted effort that has gathered wide support for standardizing interactions across information systems. Difficulties of integrating applications across the Internet: 1. Firewalls 2. Lack of standardized protocols 3. Need for loosely-coupled interactions 4. Etc. 28 Web Services and their Approach to Distributed Computing (main ingredients of Web services) Defining Web services Generic definition A Web service is seen as an application accessible to other applications over the Web [Fisher 2002, Menasce and Almeida 2001]. Anything that has a URL is a Web service (ex. cgi script) A program accessible over the Web with a stable API, published with additional descriptive information on some service directory. M. Fisher. Introduction to Web Services. Part of the Java Web Services Tutorial. Aug. 2002. http://java.sun.com/webservices/docs/1.0/tutorial/. 29 D. Menasce and V. Almeida. Capacity Planning for Web Services. Prentice Hall, 2001. Definition by UDDI Consortium A Web service is considered as a self-contained, modular business application that has open, Internet-oriented, standards-based interface. Published interface that ? can be invoked across the Internet 30 Definition by W3C «A software application identified by a URI, whose interfaces and bindings are capable of being defined, described, and descovered as XML artifacts. A Web service supports direct interactions with other software agents using XML-based messages exchanged Internet-based protocols» [W3C 2002] Should be advertised so that it is possible to write clients that Part of Web technology. bind and interact with them. Data format used for many Web-based interactions. W3C. Web Services Architecture Requirements. October 2002. http://www.w3.org/TR/wsa-reqs/. 31 Another Definition [Jupitermedia Corporation] A standardized way of integrating Web-based applications using the XML, SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI open standards over an Internet protocol backbone •XML is used to tag the data •SOAP is used to transfer the data •WSDL is used for describing the services available •UDDI is used for listing what services are available Jupitermedia Corporation. Webopedia: Online Dictionary for Computer and Internet Terms. http://www.webopedia.com/. 32 Example: B2B integration Customer Supplier Web server Internal procurement requests Internal infrastructure Internal B2B interactions occur by infrastructure accessing Web pages, filling Web forms, or via email. Warehouse Web server Internal infrastructure Automation is driven by the goals: •Lower costs •Streamlined and more efficient process •Ability to monitor and track process executions •Ability to detect and manage exceptions 33 Limitations of Conventional Middleware in B2B Integration third party A ''global'' workflow is Where to put the middleware? executed here (drives the whole WfMS business process) •Trust The combination of message •Confidentiality WfMS adapter broker and adapters enables •Autonomy interoperability message broker supplier customer Supplier's adapters Customer's adapters Internal procurement warehouse Internal requests infrastructure Internal Warehouse's infrastructure adapters Internal infrastructure 34 The Web brought •Standard interaction protocols (HTTP) •Data formats (XML) Adopted by many companies Creation of a basis for establishing a common middleware infrastructure that reduces the heterogeneity among interfaces and systems. 35 B2B integration with Web Services Three main aspects •Service-oriented architectures. •Redesign of middleware protocols. •Standardization. 36 Service-oriented paradigm Assumption The functionality made available by a company will be exposed as a service A service is a procedure, method, or object with a stable, published interface that can be invoked by clients Requesting and executing a service involves a program calling another program Services are loosely-coupled 37 Middleware protocols Web services redesign of the middleware protocols to work in a peer-to-peer fashion and across companies. In conventional middleware: lack of trust and confidentiality issues often make a case against a central coordinator. needs to be redesigned to allow more flexibility in terms of locking resources. 38 Standardization In conventional application integration: CORBA and Java enabled the development of portable applications. Service-oriented architecture standardization Redefinition of middleware protocols Not sufficient OASIS (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Standards) W3C B2B integration is what generated the need for web services 39 It is possible to make web services available to clients residing on a local LAN Languages and protocols Customer Supplier standardized, eliminating need for many different middleware infrastructures Web Web (need only the web services middleware) service service Internal procurement requests Internal Internal infrastructure Interactions based on infrastructure protocols redesigned for peer to peer and B2B settings Warehouse Web service Internal functionality made available as a service Internal infrastructure However, the challenge and ultimate goal of web services is inter-company interactions (a long-term goal!) 40 No centralized coordination! Web Services Technologies The first required issues: • What exactly a service is? • How it can be described? Service description in conventional middleware is based on interfaces and interface definition languages (IDL). Implicit context: • Clients and services are developed by the same team. • Semantics of operations + order of invocation known in advance. • The middleware platform defines and constrains many aspects of the service description and binding process. In web services and B2B interaction no such implicit context! service descriptions must be richer and more detailed. 41 Service description and discovery stack Non-functional properties e.g., return policy, QoS,.. (UDDI) Properties and semantics Order in which to execute operations by a client A language for specifying (WSCL, BPEL) URI and transport protocol (HTTP) Business protocols (WSDL) Interfaces Common base language Meta language for specifying all aspects of services (XML) WSDL: Web Services Description Language WSCL: Web Services Conversation Language BPEL: Business Process Execution Language UDDI:Universal Description, Discovery and Integration 42 Service discovery • At design-time (static binding) • At run-time (using dynamic binding techniques) 43 Service interactions (a set of abstractions and tools that enable interactions among services) WS-transaction Middleware properties (horizontal protocols) WS-coordination Protocol infrastructure (meta-protocol) Basic and secure messaging WS-security SOAP Transport 44 Combining Web Services : Composition Web service RequestQuote PC manufacturers (latest prices) Customer Shippers (delivery schedules) Reseller of personal computers 45 Web Services Architectures Web services are a way to expose internal operations so that they can be invoked through the web. Centralized brokers Company A (provider) Company D (client) •Route messages •Provide properties to the interactions Web service •Logging client •Transactional guarantees Web service interface •Name and directory services •reliability Access to internal systems Web service Internal Web External architecture service architecture Web service middleware Company C (provider) internal internal Web Web service service service service Service composition infrastructure Supports the definition and Company B (provider) execution of composite services Protocol infrastructure •Coordinates the interaction among web services •Implements the peer to peer protocols 46 Internal Architecture of a Web Service other tiers service interface The basic components of each middleware instance integration logic reside on a LAN and the resulting application also runs on the same LAN. middleware service interface service interface integration logic integration logic middleware middleware resource resource resource resource manager manager manager manager 47 External Architecture of a Web Service Wrapping internal functionality as a Web Service brokers and workflow management systems in the case of conventional middleware External middleware for web services where this middleware should reside? Two solutions: 1. Implement the middleware as a peer-to-peer system (appealing but problem of reliability and trustworthiness) 2. Introduce intermediaries or brokers acting as the necessary middleware. 48 Company A (service requester) Company B (service provider) Web service client Web service 3. interact Web service middleware Web service middleware (internal) (internal) other tiers other tiers 2. find 1. Publish the service description The abstraction and infrastructure provided by the registry are part of Service descriptions the external middleware Company C (directory service provider) 49 Basic Web Services Technology Web services architectures are mainly based on three components: 1. The service requester 2. The service provider 3. The service registry Thereby closely following a client/server model with an explicit name and directory service Basic infrastructure necessary to implement web services: • A way to communicate (SOAP) • A way to describe services (WSDL) Core of web services • A name and directory server (UDDI) 50 A minimalist infrastructure for web services 1. Common syntax for all specifications (XML) 2. A mechanism to allow remote sites to interact with each other a. A common data format for the messages being exchanged b. A convention for supporting specific forms of interaction (messaging or RPC) c. A set of bindings for mapping messages into a transport protocol (TCP/IP, HTTP, SMTP) Messages as basic unit of communication 51 SOAP messages exchanged on top of HTTP, SMTP or other transport Service requestor Service provider Application object Application object (client) (service provider) SOAP-based SOAP-based middleware middleware Converts procedure calls to/from XML messages sent through HTTP or other protocols 52 <operation name=""orderGoods""> <input message="""OrderMsg""/> WSDL of </operation> Service provider WSDL compiler WSDL compiler (client side) (server side) Service requestor Service provider Application/proxy Application/proxy object (provider) object (client) stub skeleton SOAP-based SOAP-based middleware middleware SOAP messages 53 Service requestor Service provider Application object Application object (client) (service provider) stub skeleton SOAP-based SOAP messages SOAP-based middleware middleware SOAP messages SOAP messages (to look for services) (to publish service description) SOAP-based middleware •How to publish services? •What information needs to be provided to register a service? Service descriptions •How to query the registry? UDDI registry 54 SOAP : Simple Object Access Protocol A joint effort from Canon, IBM, Microsoft and SUN First version (1999) based on HTTP Current version (2003) XML encoding SOAP defines how to organize information using XML in a structured and typed manner so that it can be exchanged between peers. - A message format describing how information can be packaged into an XML document. - A set of conventions for using SOAP messages to implement the RPC interaction pattern, defining how clients can invoke a remote procedure by sending a SOAP message and how services can reply by sending another SOAP message back the caller. - A set of rules that any entity that processes a SOAP message must follow. - A description of how a SOAP message should be transported on top of HTTP and SMTP. 55 Schematic Representation of a SOAP message SOAP envelope Optional can be processed by SOAP header intermediate nodes Header block SOAP body Body block Mandatory Intended to the receiver 56 SOAP envelope SOAP envelope SOAP body SOAP body Agreement on the structure PurchaseOrder Acknowledgment of the document document document - product item - order ID - quantity Document-style interaction SOAP envelope SOAP envelope SOAP body SOAP body Agreement on the RPC method Method name signature orderGoods Methode return Input parameter 1 product item return value order ID Input parameter 2 quantity RPC-style interaction 57 The structure of a SOAP message is also influenced by encoding rules, which define how a particular entity or data structure is represented in XML. <ProductItem> <ProductItem <ProductItem name=''…'' <name>…</name> name=''…'' <type>…</type> <type>…</type> type=''…'' <make>…</make> <make>…</make> make=''…'' </ProductItem> </ProductItem> /> <?xml version='1.0 ?> envelope <env:Envelope xmlns:env=''http://www.w3.org/2002/06/soap-envelope''> <env:Header> <t:transactionID xmlns:t=''http://intermediary.example.com/procurement'' header Transaction identifier env:role=''http://www.w3.org/2002/06/soap-envelope/role/next'' env:mustUnderstand=''true'' > 57539 </t:transactionID> </env:Header> blocks <env:Body> <m:orderGoods env:encodingStyle=''http://www.w3.org/2002/06/soap-encoding'' xmlns:m=''example.com/procurement''> <m:productItem> <name>ACME Softener</name> </m:productItem> body <m:quantity> 35 </m:quantity> </m:orderGoods> </env:Body> -none </env:Envelope> 58 -next -ultimateReceiver <!-- request GetLastTradePriceInput is of type TradePriceRequest --> <wsdl:message name="GetLastTradePriceInput"> <wsdl:part name="body" element="xsd1:TradePriceRequest"/> </wsdl:message> <!-- request GetLastTradePriceOutput is of type TradePrice --> <wsdl:message name="GetLastTradePriceOutput"> <wsdl:part name="body" element="xsd1:TradePrice"/> </wsdl:message> <!-- wsdl:portType describes messages in an operation --> <wsdl:portType name="StockQuotePortType"> <!-- the value of wsdl:operation eludes me --> <wsdl:operation name="GetLastTradePrice"> <wsdl:input message="tns:GetLastTradePriceInput"/> <wsdl:output message="tns:GetLastTradePriceOutput"/> </wsdl:operation> </wsdl:portType> 59 SOAP Message Embedded in HTTP Request POST /StockQuote HTTP/1.1 Host: www.stockquoteserver.com Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: nnnn SOAPAction: "Some-URI" <soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"> <soapenv:Body> <m:GetLastTradePrice xmlns:m="Some-URI"> <m:tickerSymbol>DIS</m:tickerSymbol> </m:GetLastTradePrice> </soapenv:Body> </soapenv:Envelope> SOAP Message Embedded in HTTP Response HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" Content-Length: nnnn <soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"> <soapenv:Body> <m:GetLastTradePriceResponse xmlns:m="Some-URI"> <m:price>34.5</m:price> </m:GetLastTradePriceResponse> </soapenv:Body> </soapenv:Envelope> 60 A Simple Implementation of SOAP Service requester Service provider Proxy procedure located in a stub appended client service implementation implementation invokes the local invokes the service procedure of the service as local call implementation to the client at copmpile time client stub server stub The router passes the message, invoke SOAP engine to identifies the appropriate stub, prepare SOAP message and delivers the parsed message SOAP engine SOAP router Packages SOAP into HTTP and passes the content of HTTP passes it to an HTTP client that message to the router sends it to the provider HTTP engine HTTP server 61 WSDL: Web Services Description Language Originally created by IBM, Microsoft, and Ariba WSDL = merge of three previous proposals: • Microsoft SOAP Contract Language (SCL) and Services Description Language (SDL) • IBM's Network Accessible Service Specification Language (NASSL) In WSDL, specifications are XML documents that describe Web services (service interfaces); that is operations offered by a Web service. Existing IDLs are tied to a concrete middleware platform. WSDL also needs to define the mechanisms to access the Web service. Lack of a common middleware platform the need for defining the location at which the service is available. 62 Structure of a WSDL interface Conceptually analogous to conventional IDL WSDL specification abstract part types each message is a typed document messages one-way operations notification asynchronous request-response solicit-response synchronous port types concrete part defines protocol bindings binding and other information services and ports 63 64 WSDL of service provider Using WSDL 1. A contract that a Web service implements 2. Input to a stub compilers and other tools 2 1 WSDL compiler WSDL compiler WSDL generator (client side) (server side) service requestor service provider application object application object (client) (service provider) stub skeleton SOAP-based SOAP messages SOAP-based middleware middleware 65 UDDI: Universal Description Discovery and Integration Specification of a framework for describing and descovering Web services UDDI specification originated from: 1. Ariba and IBM collaborations on B2B 2. IBM and Microsoft collaborations on XML and SOAP 3. Microsoft and Ariba collaborations on BizTalk and cXML First specification appeared in 2000 UDDI defines data structures and APIs for publishing service descriptions in the registry and for querying the registry to look for published descriptions 66 Information in a UDDI registry White Pages : organizations and contact information (e.g., telephone, email address) and the services the organizations provide. Yellow Pages : classifications of both companies and Web services according to taxonomies. Green Pages : how a given service can be invoked (pointers to service description documents, typically stored outside the registry) 67 UDDI data structures businessEntity name tModel contacts key description name identifiers description categories overviewDoc identifiers A group of related Web services businessService categories offered by a business entity service key name description categories tModel bindingTemplate key Specs stored binding key name at the provider's description description site address overviewDoc detailed info identifiers references to tModels categories 68 UDDI tModel: example <tModel tModelKey=''uddi:uddi.org:v3_publication''> <name>uddi-org:publication_v3</name> <description>UDDI Publication API V3.0</description> <overviewDoc> <overviewURL useType='"wsdlInterface''> overviewDoc http://uddi.org/uddi_api_v3_binding.wsdl#UDDI_Publication_SoapBinding (refer to WSDL specs and </overviewURL> to API specs) </overviewDoc> <overviewDoc> <overviewURL useType='"text''> http://uddi.org/pubs/uddi_v3.htm#PubV3 </overviewURL> </overviewDoc> <categoryBag> <keyedReference keyName=''uddi-org:types:wsdl'' keyValue=''wsdlSpec'' Classification information tModelKey=''uddi:uddi.org:categorization:types''/> (specifies that this tModel <keyedReference keyName=''uddi-org:types:soap' is about XML, WSDL and keyValue=''soapSpec'' SOAP specs) tModelKey=''uddi:uddi.org:categorization:types''/> <keyedReference keyName=''uddi-org:types:xml'' keyValue=''xmlSpec'' tModelKey=''uddi:uddi.org:categorization:types''/> <keyedReference keyName=''uddi-org:types:specification'' keyValue=''specification'' tModelKey=''uddi:uddi.org:categorization:types''/> </categoryBag> 69 </tModel> A (Java) program which resides and executes on a Web services at work server to provide functionality to the server or Case of a stored procedure service provider service WSDL generator 1 implementation processing of data on the server. server stub WSDL service descriptions 2 SOAP router WSDL compiler HTTP engine UDDI publisher 3 businessEntity businessService bindingTemplate tModel Inquiry API Publishers API UDDI registry 70 Service Coordination Protocols In real applications, interactions are typically more complex than single, independent invocations. Using a particular service typically involves performing sequences of operations in a particular order. customer supplier (client) (Web service) 1: requestQuote 2: orderGoods 3: makePayment Complex internal logic Context information (conventional programming language or service composition) 71 Modeling Conversation between a Client and a Web Service Conversation: sequences of operations (i.e., message exchanges) that could occur between a client and a service as part of the invocation of a Web service. Coordination protocol: the specification of the set of correct and accepted conversations. State machine requestQuote quote requested orderGoods goods ordered cancelOrder makePayments order canceled order completed WSCL 72 Modeling Conversations among Multiple Web Services (Multi-party Conversations) Reason: asynchronous nature of Web services 1: requestQuote 2: orderGoods customer supplier 3: confirmOrder 4: makePayment 73 1: requestQuote 2: orderGoods customer supplier 4: confirmOrder 5: makePayment 7: getShipmentDetail 3: checkShipAvailable 6: orderShipment warehouse 8: confirmShipment 9: confirmShipment 74 Sequence diagram customer supplier warehouse requestQuote orderGoods checkShipAvailable confirmOrder makePayment orderShipment getShipmentDetail confirmShipment confirmShipment 75 customer supplier warehouse requestQuote (to supplier) orderGoods (to supplier) checkShipAvailable Activity diagram (to warehouse) confirmOrder cancelOrder (to customer) (to customer) makePayment (to supplier) orderShipment (to warehouse) getShipmentDetails (to customer) confirmShipment (to warehouse) confirmShipment (to supplier) 76 Service Composition Composition as a way to master complexity requestQuote orderGoods customer supplier (client) (Web service) makePayment notifyPayment requestQuote another supplier (Web service) approval (Web service) 77 customer supply chain inventory accounting procurement supplier planning … approval another supplier … 78 Semantic Web 79 Semantic Web • It is the sucess of the web that creates serious needs for its improvement. • The web uses the computer as a device for rendering information for the human reader but neither for information processing nor computing. The semantic web is aiming on bringing back the computer as an information processing device. 80 Semantic Web • The semantic web is based on machine- processable semantics of data. • It will significantly change our information access based on a higher level of service provided by computers. • It is based on new web languages such as XML, RDF, and OWL, and tools that make use of these languages. • Applications are in areas such as Knowledge Management (eWork, eLearning, eGoverment, ...), Enterprise Application Integration, and eCommerce. 81 The Evolving Web Web of Knowledge Proof, Logic and Ontology Languages DATA/PROGRAMS Shared terms/terminology Machine-Machine communication 2010 Resource Description Framework eXtensible Markup Language Self-Describing Documents 2000 HyperText Markup Language DOCUMENTS HyperText Transfer Protocol Foundation of the Current Web 1990 82 Berners-Lee, Hendler; Nature, 2001 Semantic Web Main achievements: • A ontology language proposal called OWL. • Several case studies for intranet applications and a methodology. • A three-layered software architecture for making the semantic web a reality. • A large number of interwoven web services that implement this vision. 83 Hierarchy of Languages DAML + OiL RDFS RDF XML 84 RDF – Resource Description Framework • Resources are related to each other by properties to form subject/predicate/object statements (triples). • The triples can be used to construct a graph: subject http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title object predicate http://www.w3.org "W3C Home Page" predicate object http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher "WWW Consortium" • Statements themselves can be resources of other statements (i.e. reified statements) 85 RDF Syntax • Data model does not enforce particular syntax • Specification suggests many different syntaxes based on XML • General form: Starts an RDF-Description Subject (OID) <rdf:RDF> <rdf:Description about="http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila"> <s:Creator>Ora Lassila</s:Creator> <s:createdWith rdf:resource="http://www.w3c.org/amaya"/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> Literal Resource (possibly another RDF-description) Properties 86 Resulting Graph http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila s:Creator s:createdWith Ora Lassila http://www.w3c.org/amaya <rdf:RDF> <rdf:Description about="http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila"> <s:Creator>Ora Lassila</s:Creator> <s:createdWith rdf:resource="http://www.w3c.org/amaya"/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> 87 RDF schema • Different from XML DTD: syntax vs. semantics • Defines Class, Property, subClassOf, subPropertyOf, domain, range, and some others • http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/ http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/ 88 Why RDF Is Not Enough • Only range/domain constraints on properties (need others) • No properties of properties (unique, transitive, inverse, etc.) • No equivalence, disjointness, etc. • No necessary and sufficient conditions (for class membership) • No defined semantics 89 From RDF to DAML+OIL • DAML+OIL: DARPA Agent Markup Language – Current version unites early DAML language with OIL • DAML+OIL extends RDF statements to provide a rich descriptive logic language – Provides restrictions and additional notations on properties • Cardinality restrictions • Notations include inverseOf, Transitivity, etc – Provides additional properties for class definitions • Disjoint-with, complement-Of, intersectionOf, etc – Provides universal & existential quantification through class restriction http://www.daml.org/language 90 DAML+Oil example Define a "product number"'s domain and range.. <daml:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID="productNumber"> <rdfs:label>Product Number</rdfs:label> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#Product"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource= "http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema#nonNegativeInteger"/> </daml:DatatypeProperty> "Availability" is a sort of enumerated type.. <daml:Class ID="Availability"> <daml:oneOf parseType="daml:collection"> <daml:Thing rdf:ID="InStock"> <rdfs:label>In stock</rdfs:label> </daml:Thing> <daml:Thing rdf:ID="BackOrdered"> <rdfs:label>Back ordered</rdfs:label> </daml:Thing> <daml:Thing rdf:ID="SpecialOrder"> <rdfs:label>Special order</rdfs:label> </daml:Thing> </daml:oneOf> 91 </daml:Class> Semantic Web Layer Cake • Semantic Web layer cake proposed by Tim Berners-Lee • Build upon successive W3C standards • Add meaning through semantics to the existing WWW Ontology & Description Logic DAML+OIL Defining Taxonomies RDFS (RDF Schema) Relating Statements RDF Syntax Layer XML WWW Protocol HTTP 92 Web Services • Web Services will transform the web from a collection of information into a distributed device of computation. • Web services should transform eCommerce from a nice application into a mass phenomena. • Bringing E-commerce to its full potential requires a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) approach. Anybody must be able to trade and negotiate with everybody else. • However, such an open and flexible E-commerce has to deal with many obstacles before it becomes reality! • The issue is scalability and economy in price. 93 Web Services Def 2. New concept for eWork and eCommerce Def 3. New programming technology Def 1. Software Architecture Figure Taken From Dieter Fensel Talk 94 Web Services Def 1. Web Services as a Software Architecture "Web services are a new breed of Web application. They are self-contained, self- describing, modular applications that can be published, located, and invoked across the Web. Web services perform functions, which can be anything from simple requests to complicated business processes. … Once a Web service is deployed, other applications (and other Web services) can discover and invoke the deployed service." IBM web service tutorial 95 Web Services Web Services connect computers and devices with each other using the Internet to exchange data and combine data in new ways. The key to Web Services is on-the-fly software creation through the use of loosely coupled, reusable software components. Software can be delivered and paid for as fluid streams of services as opposed to packaged products. 96 Web Services Def 2. Web Services as a new Concept for eWork and eCommerce Web Services are Services accessible via the web Dieter Fensel`s definition 97 Web Services • Business services can be completely decentralized and distributed over the Internet and accessed by a wide variety of communications devices. • The internet will become a global common platform where organizations and individuals communicate among each other to carry out various commercial activities and to provide value-added services. • The dynamic enterprise and dynamic value chains become achievable and may be even mandatory. 98 Web Services Def 3. Web Services as a programming technology Web Services are Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) over HTTP current state of the art 99 Web Services The web is organized around URIs, HTML, and HTTP. • URIs provide defined ids to refer to elements on the web, • HTML provides a standardized way to describe document structures (allowing browsers to render information for the human reader), and • HTTP defines a protocol to retrieve information from the web. ==> Not surprisingly, web services require a similar infrastructure around UDDI, WSDL, and SOAP. 100 Web Services UDDI WSDL SOAP URI HTML HTTP 101 Web Services • UDDI provides a mechanism for clients to find web services. A UDDI registry is similar to a CORBA trader, or it can be thought of as a DNS service for business applications. • WSDL defines services as collections of network endpoints or ports. A port is defined by associating a network address with a binding; a collection of ports define a service. • SOAP is a message layout specification that defines a uniform way of passing XML-encoded data. It also defines a way to bind to HTTP as the underlying communication protocol. SOAP is basically a technology to allow for "RPC over the web". 102 Web Services • UDDI, WSDL, and SOAP are important steps into the direction of a web populated by services. • However, they only address part of the overall stack that needs to be available in order to achieve the above vision eventually. • There are many layer requires to achieve automatic web service discovery, selection, mediation and composition into complex services. 103 Web Services • Many organizations had the insight that message definition and exchange are not sufficient to build an expressive web services infrastructure. • In addition to UDDI, WSDL and SOAP, standards are proposed such as WSFL, XLANG, ebXML, BPSS, BPML, WSCL, and BPEL4WS. Bringing web services to their full potential requires their combination with semantic web technology. 104 Semantic Web Services Imagine a travelling service: • Decompose into elementary services • Describe elementary services by goals instead of hardwiring them. • Keep the human programmer out of the loop to keep it economic, on demand, and scalable. You cannot achieve this vision without semantic web technology that maintains selection and combination of heterogeneous web services during runtime. 105 Semantic Web Services • Mechanized support is needed, for example in finding and comparing vendors and their offers. Machine processable semantics of information allows to mechanize these tasks. • Mechanized support is needed in dealing with numerous and heterogeneous data formats. Ontology technology is required to define such standards better and to map between them. • Mechanized support is needed in dealing with numerous and heterogeneous business logics. Mediation is needed to compensate these differences, allowing partners to cooperate properly. 106 Semantic Web Services mediators • The WSMF consists of four main different elements: web services – ontologies that provide the terminology used by other elements; – goal repositories that define the problems that should be solved by web services; – web services descriptions that define ontologies various aspects of a web service; – and mediators which bypass interoperability problems. 107 The General Vision Semantic Web enabled Web Services 500 million user more than 3 billion pages WWW Static URI, HTML, HTTP 108 The General Vision Semantic Web enabled Web Services Serious Problems in information •finding •extracting •representing •interpreting •and maintaining WWW Semantic Web Static URI, HTML, HTTP RDF, RDF(S), OWL 109 The General Vision Semantic Web enabled Web Services Bringing the computer back as a device for Web Services computation Dynamic UDDI, WSDL, SOAP WWW Semantic Web Static URI, HTML, HTTP RDF, RDF(S), OWL 110 The General Vision Semantic Web enabled Bringing the web to its full potential Web Services Web Services Intelligent Web Dynamic UDDI, WSDL, SOAP Services WWW Semantic Web Static URI, HTML, HTTP RDF, RDF(S), OWL 111 Semantic Web Services 112 Semantic Web Services Semantic Web Techniques Web Services techniques Existing Web 113 Semantic Web enabled 114 Web Services 115 Slide taken from Grosof's Talk 116 Slide taken from Grosof's Talk 117 Slide taken from Grosof's Talk Describing & Discovering Agents & Services on the Semantic Web • DAML – DARPA Agent Markup Language! • Can be used as a tool to investigate and solve many of the agent-based semantic mismatch issues – i.e. Semantic mismatches in agent discovery, selection, negotiation, interoperation, & in the composition/planning of larger scale solutions • DAML -S Coalition formed to explore DAML for Services 118 DAML-S • An upper ontology for describing the properties & capabilities of agents & (Web) services in an unambiguous, computer interpretable markup language. • Built as an additional layer above DAML+OIL • Designed to the following automated tasks… http://www.daml.org/services 119 Automation enabled by DAML-S • Web Service Discovery & Selection – Find an airline that can fly me to Toulouse, France. • Web Service Invocation – Book flight tickets from AirFrance to arrive 21st Aug. • Web Service Composition & Interoperation – Arrange taxis, flights and hotel for travel from Lyon to Toulouse, OR, via Paris. • Web Service Execution Monitoring – Has the taxi to Toulouse Blagnac Airport been reserved yet? 120 Layered Approach to Language Development • The first major DAML-S application of (Services) DAML+OIL • Layer exists above XML DAML+OIL DAML+OIL & RDF • Future versions will RDFS (RDF Schema) build upon emerging layers RDF (e.g. DAML-Rules etc) HTTP 121 DAML-S Upper Ontology . input types . output types . preconditions . postconditions . communication protocol (RPC, HTTP, …) • process flow . port number • composition hierarchy . marshalling/serialization • process definitions 122 DAML-S Service Models 123 Presenting Service Profiles • Service Profile – Presented by a service. – Represents "what the service provides" – One can derive: • Service Advertisements • Service Requests 124 DAML-S Service Profile Non Functional Properties Functionality 125 Description DAML-S Service Profile Functionality Description • Functional Specification of what the service provides in terms of parameters, subclassed as: – preconditions – inputs – outputs – effects 126 DAML-S Service Profile Functionality Description • Preconditions – Set of conditions that should hold prior to service invocation • Inputs – Set of necessary inputs that the requester should provide to invoke the service • Outputs – Results that the requester should expect after interaction with the service provider is completed • Effects – Set of statements that should hold true if the service is invoked successfully. – Often refer to real-world effects • Package being delivered, or Credit card being debited 127 DAML-S Service Profile Functionality Description • An Input/Output/Precondition/Effect parameter has three properties: – parameterName: the name of the parameter – restrictedTo : a resource corresponding to some RDF/DAML property type within some ontology (i.e. the range of a parameter instance) – refersTo : the corresponding parameter defined within the process model 128 DAML-S Service Profile Functionality Description 129 DAML-S Service Profile Non Functional Properties 130 • Provides supporting information about the service. DAML-S Service Profile Non Functional Properties • These include – serviceName – textDescription – has_process – qualityRating – serviceParameter – serviceCategory – contactInformation 131 DAML-S Service Profile Non Functional Properties - Actor 132 DAML-S Service Profile Non Functional Properties - QualityRating 133 DAML-S Service Profile Non Functional Properties – ServiceCategory 134 DAML-S Service Profile Non Functional Properties – ServiceParameter 135 Profile Hierarchy • Sub-classing the Profile model facilitates the creation and specialisation of service categories • Each subclass can: – Introduce new properties – Place restrictions on existing properties • Sub-classing can also be used to specialise requests for service • An example Profile Hierarchy is provided, but others could just as easily be defined 136 Profile Hierarchy – sample ontology 137 DAML-S Service Models 138 Describing Service Models • Service Process – Describes how a service works. • Facilitates – (automated) Web service invocation – composition – interoperation – monitoring 139 DAML-S Service Model (Overview) 140 Types of the process in DAML-S • Atomic processes: directly invokable (by an agent), have no subprocesses, executed in a single step. • Composite processes: consist of other (non-composite or composite) processes. They have a composedOf property, by which the control structure of the process is indicated, using a ControlConstruct subclasses (see table …). • Simple processes: abstract concepts, used to provide a view of some atomic process, or a simplified representation of some composite process (i.e., the "black box" view of a collapsed composite process). 141 Atomic Process Example <!– Atomic Process Definition - GetDesiredFlightDetails --> <rdfs:Class rdf:ID="GetDesiredFlightDetails"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/Process#AtomicProcess" /> </rdfs:Class> <!– (sample) Inputs used by atomic process GetDesiredFlightDetails --> <rdf:Property rdf:ID="departureAirport_In"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/Process#input" /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#GetDesiredFlightDetails" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.daml.ri.cmu.edu/ont/ DAML-S/concepts.daml#Airport" /> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:ID="outboundDate_In"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/Process#input" /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#GetDesiredFlightDetails" /> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.daml.ri.cmu.edu/ont/ DAML-S/concepts.daml#FlightDate" /> </rdf:Property> AtomicProcess departureAirport_In Airport GetDesired Flight Details 142 Flight Date outboundDate_In Composite Process Example <rdfs:Class rdf:ID="BookFlight"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#CompositeProcess" /> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/Process#Sequence" /> <daml:subClassOf> <daml:Restriction> <daml:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/Process#components" /> <daml:toClass> <daml:subClassOf> <daml:unionOf rdf:parseType="daml:collection"> <rdfs:Class rdfs:about="#GetFlightDetails" /> <rdfs:Class rdfs:about="#GetContactDetails" /> <rdfs:Class rdfs:about="#ReserveFlight" /> <rdfs:Class rdfs:about="#ConfirmReservation" /> </daml:unionOf> </daml:subClassOf> Composite Process </daml:toClass> </daml:Restriction> BookFlight </daml:subClassOf> </rdfs:Class> Get Flight Get Contact Confirm Reserve Flight Details Details Reservation 143 Sequence Sequence Sequence DAML-S Service Models 144 Supporting a Service Grounding • Service Grounding – Provides a specification of service access information. – Service Model + Grounding give everything needed for using the service – Builds upon WSDL to define message structure and physical binding layer • Specifies: – communication protocols, transport mechanisms, agent communication languages, etc. 145 WSDL (Web Services Description Language) • Structured mechanism to describe: – Abstract operations that a Web Service can perform – Format of messages it can process – Protocols it can support – Physical bindings to: • communication languages, e.g. SOAP or HTTP messages • Location of services, i.e. URI and port numbers • XML based • Current Status: – Developed by IBM and Microsoft – Version 1.1 submitted as a W3C Note 146 WSDL Components • Types – containers for XSD data type definitions • Message – abstract definition of the data being communicated • Operation – abstract message exchange protocol • Port Type – abstract set of operations • Binding – concrete protocol and data format for a port type • Port – single, physical endpoint 147 • Service – collection of related endpoints DAML-S / WSDL Binding DAML-S Process Model Resources/Concepts Atomic Process Inputs / Outputs Operation Message Binding to SOAP, HTTP, etc. WSDL 148 DAML-S / WSDL Mapping 149 Service Grounding The class Service supports a ServiceGrounding, that describes a mapping from an abstract (ServiceProfile and ServiceModel) to a concrete specification of the service description elements, that are required for interacting with the service, i.e. the inputs and outputs of atomic processes. The central function of a DAML-S grounding is to show how the (abstract) inputs and outputs of an atomic process are to be realized concretely as messages, which carry those inputs and outputs in some specific transmittable format (e.g. RPC, CORBA, Java RMI, HTTP etc.). 150 Reasoning in DAML-S • Service requests are constructed as partial service descriptions. • Requests are then evaluated against the advertised service taxonomy using subsumption (classification). • Matches are generally recognized whenever the service advertised is subsumed by (is a particular case of) the service description requested. Note: Advertisements and requests can differ sharply, in level of detail and in the level of abstraction of the terms used. 151 A whole example can be found at: http://www.daml.org/services/daml-s/2001/05/Congo.daml 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 Services modelling (from www.sncf.com) Timetable_SNCF_One_Way_Ticket Travel transport_means.Train dateDeparture.Date hourDeparture.Hour nbAdults.Integer category.Boolean Voyage lieu_dep.Chaîne_car lieu_arr.Chaîne_car 168 Services modelling (from www.sncf.com) Timetable_SNCF_One_Way_Ticket Travel transport_means.Train dateDeparture.Date hourDeparture.Hour nbAdults.Integer category.Boolean Voyage lieu_dep.Chaîne_car lieu_arr.Chaîne_car 169 Services modelling (from www.sncf.com) Timetable_SNCF_One_Way_Ticket Travel transport_means.Train dateDeparture.Date hourDeparture.Hour nbAdults.Integer category.Boolean Voyage lieu_dep.Chaîne_car lieu_arr.Chaîne_car 170 Services modelling (from www.sncf.com) Timetable_SNCF_One_Way_Ticket Travel transport_means.Train dateDeparture.Date hourDeparture.Hour nbAdults.Integer category.Boolean Travel lieu_dep.Chaîne_car lieu_arr.Chaîne_car 171 Services modelling (from www.sncf.com) Timetable_SNCF_One_Way_Ticket Travel transport_means.Train dateDeparture.Date hourDeparture.Hour nbAdults.Integer category.Boolean Voyage lieu_dep.Chaîne_car lieu_arr.Chaîne_car 172 Services modelling (from www.sncf.com) Timetable_SNCF_One_Way_Ticket Travel transport_means.Train dateDeparture.Date hourDeparture.Hour nbAdults.Integer category.Boolean Voyage lieu_dep.Chaîne_car lieu_arr.Chaîne_car 173 Services modelling (from www.sncf.com) Timetable_SNCF_One_Way_Ticket Travel transport_means.Train dateDeparture.Date hourDeparture.Hour nbAdults.Integer category.Boolean Voyage lieu_dep.Chaîne_car lieu_arr.Chaîne_car 174 computeBCov features • rewriting algorithm – Transform a query into another query expressed in terms of services names defined in the ontology – Compute the differences « query – rewriting » and « rewriting – query » as concept descriptions on which other reasonings can be applied initiate a user-machine dialogue to make him precise his query • combinatorial search – Optimized exploration of all possible combinations of services names (exponential space) – Only best are displayed (possibility to order worse additional solutions) • inference technique – Logical inference done in parallel with combinatorial exploration – Solutions may be found even if query's terms and services' 175 terms are not the same Example : the rewriting process User query System answer 176 Example : the rewriting process User query System answer In this case, only one best combination of services : Q6ter query is rewritten into the combination of 2 services : { Inn_France, Timetable_SNCF_One_Way_Ticket} 177 Example : difference query-services User query System answer First difference between the query and the rewriting : Part of the query that does not match any part of any service : the « rest ». The rest can be sent to other discovery systems as a new query. 178 Example : difference query-services User query System answer Second difference between the query and the rest : Parts of the services that do not match any part of the query : the « miss ». The miss can be reused in order to automatically generate forms in which the user can add mandatory details in order to run the services. 179 Example : the rewriting process User query Step 1 : concept normalization Proposed services Useful concepts (from the ontology) for normalization 180 Example : the rewriting process User query Step 2 : concept matching etc… Proposed services Useful concepts (from the ontology) for normalization 181 Conclusion 182 183 Slide taken from Grosof Talk 184 • Logic – I am an employee of UMBC. UMBC is a member of W3C. UMBC has GET access to http://www.w3.org/Member/. I (therefore) have access to http://www.w3.org/Member/. • Proof – UMBC's document employList lists me as an employee. W3C'c member list includes UMBC. The ACLs for http://www.w3.org/Member/ assert that employees of members have GET access. • Trust – UMBC's document employList is signed by a private key that W3C trusts to make such assertions. W3C'c member list is trusted by the access control mechansim. The ACLs for http://www.w3.org/Member/ were set by an agent trusted by the access control mechanism. 185 Some tools, software, and systems Pellet : http://www.mindswap.org/2003/pellet/demo OntoLink : http://www.mindswap.org/2004/OntoLink/ PhotoStuff : http://www.mindswap.org/2003/PhotoStuff/ Swoop and SwoopEd : http://www.mindswap.org/2004/SWOOP/ METEOR-S : http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/projects/METEOR-S/ GLUE : http://www.themindelectric.com ... 186 Resources •Web Services: Concepts, Architecture and Applications. G. Alonso, F. Casati, H. Kuno, V. Machiraju, Springer Verlag 2004 • DAML+OIL – http://www.daml.org/language • OWL – http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/WebOnt/ • DAML-S – http://www.daml.org/services http://www.daml.org/services/ http://www.w3.org/2002/ws/ http://www.computer.org/intelligent/ http://classweb.gmu.edu/kersch/infs770/Topics/web_services.htm 187 Example: an atomic process The LocateBook program takes as input the name of a book and returns a description of the book and its price (if the book is in catalogue). <daml:Class rdf:ID="LocateBook"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resouce="http://www.daml.org/services/daml- s/2001/10/Process.daml#AtomicProcess" /> <rdfs:subClassOf> <daml:Restriction daml:cardinality="1"> <daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#bookName"/> </rdfs:subClassOf> </daml:Class> <rdf:Property rdf:ID="bookName"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/services/daml- s/2001/10/Process.daml#input" /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#LocateBook"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/10/XMLSchema#string"/> 188 </rdf:Property> Example: an atomic process <rdf:Property rdf:ID="bookDescription"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/services/daml- s/2001/10/Process.daml#conditionalOutput" /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#LocateBook"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="InCatalogueBookDescription"/> </rdf:Property> <daml:Class rdf:ID="InCatalogueBookDescription"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resouce="http://www.daml.org/services/daml- s/2001/10/Process.daml#ConditionalOutput" /> </rdfs:subClassOf> </daml:Class> 189 Example: an atomic process <rdf:Property rdf:ID="condInCatalogueBookDescription"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/services/daml- s/2001/10/Process.daml#coCondition" /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#InCatalogueBookDescription"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#InCatalogueBook"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:ID="outInCatalogueBookDescription"> <rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/services/daml- s/2001/10/Process.daml#coOutput" /> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#InCatalogueBookDescription"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="#TextBookDescription"/> </rdf:Property> <daml:Class rdf:ID="TextBookDescription"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=" http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil#Thing" /> </daml:Class> 190 Example: a composite process With a description of each of the atomic programs/processes in hand, it is possible then to describe compositions of these programs that provide specific services. The DAML-S composite process is built recursively in a top-down manner. Each CompositeProcess is composedOf a ControlStructure, which may be a Sequence, If-then-else, etc. Each such ControlConstruct, in turn, has a "components" property, which specify the classes of the subcomponents. 191 Example: a composite process In the Congo example, CongoBuy was described in terms of two main steps – locating the book, and then buying it. ExpandedCongoBy is the name for the sequence of the atomic process LocateBook, followed by the composite process CongoBuyBook. Other restrictions (on inputs, outputs, preconditions and effects) can also be specified. 192 Example: a composite process <daml:Class rdf:ID="ExpandedCongoBuy"> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resouce="http://www.daml.org/services/daml- s/2001/10/Process.daml#CompositeProcess" /> <rdfs:subClassOf> <daml:Restriction> <daml:onProperty rdf:resource="http://www.daml.org/services/daml- s/2001/10/Process.daml#composedOf "/> <daml:toClass> <daml:Class> <daml:intersectionOf rdf:parseType="daml:collection"> <daml:Class rdf:about="process:Sequence"/> <daml:Restriction> <daml:onProperty rdf:resource=" process:components"/> <daml:toClass> <daml:listOfInstanceOf rdf:parseType="daml:collection"> <daml:Class rdf:about="#LocateBook/"> <daml:Class rdf:about="#CongoBuyBook/"> </daml:listOfInstanceOf rdf:parseType="daml:collection"> </daml:Class> </daml:toClass> </daml:Restriction> </daml:intersectionOf> </daml:Class> </daml:toClass> </daml:Restriction> 193 </rdfs:subClassOf> </daml:Class> Conclusions DAML-S is an upper ontology for describing Web-Services, written in DAML+OIL. By providing a rich declarative representation and an efficient reasoning support, DAML-S addresses the objective of making Web Services computer- interpretable and, hence, enables their automatic discovery, invocation, verification, composition and interoperation as well as execution monitoring. 194
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"Play it safe" is not in Rachel Richardson's rule book. Thank goodness for that, because whether you're a size 8 or 18, the Lovely in LA...
Slim Suits! Your Body's Best Bathing Suit Ever
This season's tie-dye trend has made its way to the beach in the form of a breezy, kimono style caftan perfect for après-ocean lounging. $40, victoriassecret.com.
Let your style change with the tides in this cover-up that doubles as a beach dress and maxi skirt. $38, us.asos.com.


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Catnapper Crosby Power Leather Glider Recliner - Tobacco - DO NOT USEItem # HN-CAT236
- Upholstered in top grain leather and vinyl
- Comfort coil seat cushion for support and durability
- Comfortable seat cushion in tobacco
- Precision-cut engineered wood frame
- Assembled dimensions: 44W x 42D x 41H in.
KitchenAid KSM150PSGC 5 Qt. Artisan Series Stand Mixer - Gloss Cinnamon
Celestron AstroMaster 114 EQ Reflector Telescope
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The Next System Project, which launches today, offers systemic solutions to the systemic climate, political, economic, social and cultural crises the United States is experiencing.
A construction accident illustrates the differential risks still facing Latino workers, often employed by a tangled web of contractors and subcontractors.
Robert Greenwald, president of Brave New Foundation and producer/director of Koch Brothers Exposed, recently launched a blog about the country's notorious one percenter brothers.


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Call for Music Writers... Rock, Indie, Hip-hop, R&B, Electronic, Americana, Metal, World and More
Replacing the best new series of the season, Smith, CBS' hospital melodrama sticks closely to formula in its first episode.
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Burke Lake Park
Fairfax Station, Virginia
Visit Campground Website
Sites: 100
Recent Rate: $20 9/2005
Latitude: 38.75705
Longitude: -77.3058
These reviews are the opinion of an RVParkReviews' member and not the views of RVParkReviews.com
You would not believe this place in the the heart of hustle bustle Northern Virginia! It
was great camping. We were there a weekend in June along with maybe 3 other campers. It was great! The showers were clean, the kids running the place
were just HS kids working for the summer and they were fine. It was quiet, shady, and overall very relaxing. I would give it a ten if it had water and electric, or at least electric. But if you can stand to be without hookups for a day or two and want to go visit the District, this is the place to stay! We camped at Burke Lake Park in a Tent.
351 Ratings
College Park, Maryland
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Vixen - 12mm NLV Lanthanum Eyepiece... Learn More
Model#: 37108
Vixen - EA36.4mm to 42mm
36.4mm Thread; 15mm long light path; Wt 1.4oz... Learn MoreModel#: 37201
Regular Price: $64.95
Special Price: $58.46
Vixen - Giant 16-40x80 ARK Series Zoom Binoculars
The NEW 16-40x80 Zoom Binoculars (not waterproof) have the zoom focus conveniently located near the right eye piece.... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: 1420(48 States)
Vixen - Cable Release BracketCamera Specifications: *Shutter position : less than 22mm from the side of the bracket *Camera Height: less than 80mm from the bottom of the bracket *Thread hole position: less than 80mm from the side of the bracket * Cable Release *Over 12mm in length *Wi ... Learn More
Model#: 39191
Vixen - Arena Compact Wide Angle 8x21 CF Binoculars... Learn More
Model#: 1339
Vixen - Counterweight 2.8Kg 6.2Lb
With your choice of 4.2, 6.2 or 8.1 Lbs. in extra counterweights, your Sphinx, GP2 or GPD2 mount is open for many other possibilities. Made of machined steel, these weights will fit anything with a 3/4 inch (19mm) counterweight shaft... Learn MoreModel#: 2578
Vixen - 8x20 Multi Monocular
Vixen's 8x20 Multi monocular has a good combination of magnification and viewing angle, given that it is a monocular. The impressive close focusing capacity of just 10" (25.4 cm) is great for museums & exhibitions. The high fit and finish of the device is apparent immediately.... Learn MoreModel#: 1122
Vixen - C Mount Reducer 6x
This threads into a C Mount thread found on many items, including many modern video and digital cameras. By using this reducer you can image more of the sky into one photo, this reduces the focal length to 60% of your instruments normal length. You may also need optional #3763 T-C ring to mount this to a telescope.... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: 3772(48 States)
Vixen - Swing Bracket
Inroducing the new Vixen Fork Mount Swing Bracket MT-FM-3798image. This Vixen telescope accessory attaches to the Vixen BT80A (BT80M-A) binocular on its tripod.... Learn MoreModel#: 3798
Vixen - Universal DigiScoping Adapter
Allows intermediation between your telescopes eyepiece and digital camera for photos of Moon, Planets and Brighter Deep Sky Objects or with the addition of many free photo stacking software programs, incredible deep sky photos of thousands of objects.... Learn MoreModel#: 3919
Vixen - 70mm A70Lf (f/12.9) Achromatic Refractor Telescope - (Porta II Mount)
If you are looking for the an affordable starting package, the A70Lf with Porta Mount II is the one. This package combines sharp optics and a rock solid, light weight mount. It takes just seconds to place the telescope on the mount and you are ready for an evening of observing.... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: 39951(48 States)
Vixen - Cigarette Lighter Plug Adapter (DC)Cigarette Lighter Plug Adapter allows you to use your scope while away from an AC source. Runs Sphinx, Sphinx SDX and Skypod Mounts from standard 12V DC car plug adapter ... Learn More
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Vixen - Viper 90mm Maksutov-Cassegrain Telescope with a High-Speed Motor-Driven Altazimuth Mount
Use Viper's joy stick controller to easily slew the telescope. The Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope has a motor-driven altazimuth mount with single fork arm... Learn MoreModel#: 3284
Vixen - Tube Rings - VMC330
Vixen Tube Rings clamp onto telescope tubes to provide mounting points for accessories and mount heads.... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: 5625(48 States)
Vixen - Alpina 10x42 DCF Binoculars
Vixen Alpina 10x42 DCF Binoculars have excellent light gathering and brilliant magnification, making these suitable for taking when traveling to observe nature's magic!... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: 1442(48 States)
Vixen - 140mm NA140SSf (f/5.7) Neo Achromat Optical Tube Assembly
Weighing in at 14.3 lbs this 5.5 inch Vixen telescope is an incredible performer. Deep Sky objects are easily visible and Astro-Imagers looking for a fast instrument with clear aperture will be impressed with the NA140's performance.
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Vixen - A70Lf 70mm Achromatic Refractor Telescope Package with GP2 Mount... Learn More
FREE SHIPPINGModel#: VIXEN-3225GP2(48 States)
Vixen - Geoma II ED 82-S Spotting Scope w/ GLH48 Zoom Eyepiece (Straight Through View)
The Geoma II ED Series Spotting Scopes give you all the features of the non ED product and adds the highest quality extra low dispersion glass generally... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: 5891(48 States)
Vixen - SD-1 Single Axis Controller
This single-axis controller/drive corrector is for use with an optional #3752 Vixen MT-1 right ascension motor drive.... Learn MoreModel#: 3739
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Vixen A40 Zoom eyepiece for spotting scopes. Has a magnification of 21x, 30x, and 39x.... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: 1856(48 States)
The Vixen Co., Ltd has manufactured the most respected line of Telescopes and Mounts in Japan since 1949, where it is the #1 selling brand. Vixen produces a varied selection of telescopes, mounts, binoculars and spotting scopes. Each product is fully inspected to meet Vixen's high standard of quality.
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The Vixen Co., Ltd derives its name from Santa's Reindeer. The Vixen company philosophy is to bring happiness to users of Vixen products. When you compare Vixen products to others, the difference is evident. Vixen attaches great importance to flexible ideas and continues to pursue technical advancements in order to make your experience more enjoyable.


text:
When I first started writing, I was heavily into music. I'd stand at good gigs, bad gigs, sweaty gigs and sweary gigs. I wrote about them all. Move forward five years and life has completely changed. With a child at home, late night shenanigans were no longer an option. So, I turned to the sweet comforts of food blogging.
I got a few offers to write for magazines and for a while, I liked it. I rode the crest of the wave; life was great back then and my husband didn't sigh look when I took another picture of my starter.
Tonight my friend text me to ask my advice on how to set up a food blog. Since it's by far (in my opinion) the most difficult type of content to get right, I thought I'd put my thoughts down on here – my very own not-so-foody-but-somewhat-foody…not really committing to much, kind of blog.
1. Story first
Any good food blog envelops the actual eating within a soft, floury wrap of a story. Readers don't just care about what's on the plate, they want to know about the cushion beneath your butt; the sounds in your ears. Most good food blogs carefully portion their writing to cover all angles of the experience, giving the reader a full picture.
2. good photography
You mustn't be afraid of taking pictures. Pictures with a flash in dark, atmospheric places. You mustn't be afraid to make fellow diners jump as a by-product of your photographic zeal. Take photos away from your food. Show the quirks. Invest in a small SLR; filters on a smart phone can look cute, but definitely don't hold the journalistic clout of a beautifully-defined image.
3. exciting dishes
People don't want to read about another burger. If the restaurant has a unique dish, do your readers a favour and order it. Not only will this challenge your palate, it will push your writing skills. Good food blogs cover an engaging array of meals and locations.
4. micro-interview
Whether you've been invited on a PR request, or you're writing a post, pre-arrange some words with the owner or the Head Chef. It makes for an intelligent piece and once again, will make you think about why you're actually there and what you want to get from your visit.
5. make connections
The more you read about food, the more you'll get to know the better writers out there. Appreciate and learn from them. Create a list on Twitter so that you can see their updates. Over the course of time, you'll build a network that will help you to improve and keep motivated.


text:
Dr. Patel is board certified in Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases, Nuclear Cardiology and Adult Echocardiography. He has been in practice in Orange County since 2008. He went to medical school at St. George's University in Grenada, West Indies, and completed his residency in Internal Medicine at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center in Patterson, New Jersey. Dr. Patel completed his Cardiovascular fellowship at Seton Hall University in South Orange, New Jersey, where he also completed his fellowship in Interventional Cardiology.
This physician is a member of MemorialCare Physician Society which drives clinical outcomes and performance for MemorialCare Health System.
- Cardiology


text:
Red Pepper Mousselines
|Red peppers
|1 Pound, sliced (500 Gram)
|2 Ounce, chopped (60 Gram)
|4 , beaten
|Cheese curd
|8 Ounce (250 Gram)
|Lemon juice
|2 Teaspoon
|Cabbage leaves
|6 , blanched
|To Taste
|Sweet paprika
|1 Teaspoon
Cook peppers and onion gently but until really soft in 150 ml/1/4 pint of water.
Sieve and when cool, fold in eggs, cheese and lemon juice.
Season to taste with garlic and salt.
Line ramekin dishes with the blanched cabbage leaves.
Fill with mixture.
Sprinkle hot or sweet paprika on top.
Bake covered with foil in a tray half-filled with water (bain marie) for 30-40 minutes at 150°C/300°F/Gas Mark 2.
Turn out and serve with some spicy tomato sauce poured round.
Recipe Summary
Difficulty Level:Easy
Preparation Time:40 Minutes
Cook Time:10 Minutes
Ready In:50 Minutes


text:
Winchester USA Ammunition 7.62x54mm Rimmed Russian 180 Grain Full Metal Jacket Box of 20
You must be 21 years or older to order ammunition. Ammo must ship UPS ground. Due to Department of Transportation regulations, we cannot accept returns on ammo. Please check local laws before ordering.
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Hacked Dieing Pokemon Game
PROTIP: Press 'i' to view the image gallery, 'v' to view the video gallery, or 'r' to view a random entry.
This entry has been rejected due to incompleteness or lack of notability.
To dispute this DEADPOOL flagging, please provide suggestions for how this entry can be improved, or request editorship to help maintain this entry.
This meme came from http://scratch.mit.edu/forums/viewtopic.php?id=45455&p=1. It is a very passing on meme.Due to the topic,many people on the website started posting their fake,edited,stories.The story was named Lost Silver.It is a real game,then the outbreak of edits started.The edits include:Lost Ruby,Lost Platinum,And Lost Rancher.
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Woman on a High Stool
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Woman on a High Stool (French: Femme au tabouret) is an oil painting on canvas by the French artist Henri Matisse from early 1914. It is a portrait of Germaine Raynal, the wife of art critic Maurice Raynal. The piece is influenced by analytical cubism.
- Elderfield, John (1996). Henri Matisse: Masterworks from the Museum of Modern Art. New York City: MoMA. ISBN 0-87070-112-6.
|This painting-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Divine Fits: One Of The 'Nicest' Songs Of 2012
Originally published on Tue July 8, 2014 8:51 am
When two of my favorite musicians, Britt Daniel of Spoon and Dan Boeckner of Handsome Furs and Wolf Parade, joined forces and, along with powerhouse drummer Sam Brown of New Bomb Turks, created Divine Fits, I thought it was a dream, as if someone had hand-crafted a band just for me! Divine Fits brings the prodigious songwriting and performing talents of Boeckner and Daniel together to create a captivating and energetic collection of songs that will delight fans both new and old. When the band, joined by Alex Fischel on keyboards, performed their energetic and infectious set live on KEXP, I finally knew that I wasn't just dreaming.
Watch the band perform one of public radio's songs of 2012, "Would That Not Be Nice."
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- Photo: Dave Lichterman


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Adaline Lau | January 22, 2014 | Comments |
Find out from this video as Vincent Digonnet, Razorfish Asia Pacific's executive chairman, explains how brands could navigate in China's emerging social commerce ecosystem.
"China is 10 years ahead of the West in both e-commerce and social media," Vincent Digonnet, executive chairman for Razorfish Asia Pacific, says.
For example, last November, China's e-commerce giant Alibaba raked in $5.75 billion in sales on Singles' Day, the largest online shopping event in the country. Meanwhile, Adobe reported that the Singles' Day equivalent in the U.S., Cyber Monday, saw $2.29 billion total in online sales, a far cry from China's total.
So what are the characteristics that make China a leading market for social commerce?
Chinese social media users tend to be older, between 25 and 40 years old, the same demographic with purchasing power. And the majority of Chinese Internet users are also more active on social media, either as creators or curators. Because many of them are single children, they're more likely to create new communities to challenge authorities, media, and institutions including brands, Digonnet explains.
Additionally, local e-commerce and social media platforms are fueling social shopping in the country.
Since Alibaba bought an 18 percent stake in Sina Weibo, China's popular microblogging site, last spring, members can manage their Weibo accounts from the Alibaba Taobao Marketplace's backend as well as push their Taobao products via their social IDs on Weibo.
E-commerce sites in China also adapt to local netizens' social behaviors. For instance, Alibaba's nearest rival, JD.com or Jingdong Mall, has a feature that allows consumers to add pictures to their product reviews, Digonnet points out.
Many luxury, fashion, and cosmetic brands, such as Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Coach, Zara, adidas, and Anna Sui, have brand pages on Meilishuo, a social shopping site similar to Pinterest. According to Digonnet, 90 percent of visitors on the fashion e-commerce site would end up transacting.
The site, which appeals to young females, has a social recommendation feature where VIP users are selected as editors to recommend products and then get a small margin if their peers make a purchase from the endorsements.
Tencent-owned WeChat, also known in China as Weixin, is another up and coming player, with 270 million active users. The mobile messaging app is already seeing success with its in-app purchase, which saw 150,000 Xiaomi smartphones snapped up within 10 minutes last November.
And what is Razorfish's role in this emerging social commerce space in China?
The Publicis-owned digital agency recently helped Asos, one of the U.K.'s largest online fashion stores, to localize in the country using hybris technology. And its other clients include Nike, Diageo, Unilever, and Gap in the region.
Find out from this video as Vincent Digonnet, Razorfish APAC's executive chairman, explains how brands could navigate in China's emerging social commerce ecosystem.
This video clip was taken on Tuesday at Razorfish's office in Hong Kong during Digonnet's brief visit in the city.
On the heals of a fantastic event in New York City, ClickZ Live is taking the fun and learning to Toronto, June 23-25. With over 15 years' experience delivering industry-leading events, ClickZ Live offers an action-packed, educationally-focused agenda covering all aspects of digital marketing. Register today!
Adaline Lau, ClickZ Asia editor, oversees day-to-day editorial operations covering digital marketing from search to social media, mobile to analytics in the region. Before ClickZ, she was senior reporter at Marketing Magazine and has worked as a journalist for The Singapore Marketer and Asia Pacific Broadcasting. Connect with her @adalinelau or Google+.
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