text:
These birthday candles come in counts of 10 that are each 2.25" tall. Each candle is brightly colored to celebrate any birthday. These candles automatically relight when blown out. A party favorite!
" I have bought all my necessities from Zurchers for the past couple of years. I don't have a store close to me, but their internet staff has always... "


text:
Chad M. Middaugh, PGA
Main Address:
Jim Mclean G School-Doral
Doral, FL 33178-2101
(305) 591-6409
Doral, FL 33178-2101
(305) 591-6409
Chad Middaugh is a PGA Professional in Doral, FL. The PGA of America comprises 27,000 men and women professionals with one singular goal in mind - to make the game of golf more enjoyable for you.
Services Offered:
- Instruction
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(305) 591-6409
Home » Golf Courses » Florida » Coral Gables » Chad M. Middaugh, PGA

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Home > Hobby Electronics > Tools & Supplies > Pliers, Strippers, Cutters, Clamps
Paladin Tools
Paladin Tools Data SureStrip Adjustable Cable Cutter and Stripper
Everyone likes to work with a tool that feels good and easily completes the job. Design plays a central role at Connectool. Connectool knowledge of ergonomics and function, combined with intense field experience and state-of-the-art CAD system, produces tools that win awards and delight customers. Quality is the essential characteristic and an inherent feature of Connectool products and services. Paladin Tools Data SureStrip cuts and strips round wire and cable and flat satin telephone cable. It is made of nylon reinforced ABS plastic and stainless steel blades and is most useful for UTP and STP data cables including 25-pair cable. The Data SureStrip fully adjusts with simple thumb screw to accommodate all insulation thicknesses on round cables. It strips cable off outer jacket of cables without scoring the internal conductors or shielding.
Product Information
Mfr Part#
Features / Functions
Features / Functions
Has flat satin cable stripper, adjustable round cable stripper, and flat and round cable cutter
Cutter Cable Size
Hard plastic
Cable Type / Size
For round cables, UTP/STP/25-pair cables, flat satin cables, and hook-up wire up-to 0.5" diameter
Important Add-Ons
Questions and Answers
More Info
Warranty & Support
Vendor Support:
- Main Website: www.paladin-tools.com/
- Support Email: email@example.com
- Support Phone #: 1-800-272-8665
Micro Center Return Policy:
We guarantee your satisfaction on every product we sell with a full refund — and you won't even need a receipt.* We want you to be satisfied with your Micro Center purchase. However, if you need help or need to return an item, we're here for you!
If an item you have purchased from us is not working as expected, please visit one of our in-store Knowledge Experts for free help, where they can solve your problem or even exchange the item for a product that better suits your needs.
If you need to return an item, simply bring it back to any Micro Center store for a full refund or exchange.
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Desktop / notebook computers, tablets, processors, motherboards, digital cameras, camcorders and projectors, and CD/DVD duplicators may be returned within 15 days of purchase. All other products may be returned within 30 days of purchase. Merchandise must be in new condition, with original carton/UPC, and all packaging/accessories/materials. If you need to return software, a game or a movie, remember that you may not retain any copies — it's not legal, and it's not nice.Refunds will be credited to the credit card or debit card account used for the original purchase.
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I'm new to ASP.NET and have a form tag on an ascx user control. I'm unable to submit the form from javascript because I found out that this form is nested inside a form called 'aspnetForm'. If I just want to make a post to a cgi, how can I accomplish this?
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It's 100% free, no registration required.
Remove the
If you don't have control on the page, you can use javascript to inject a new form on the page with some hidden fields and set the values upon click of a button.
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WAMC News
4:50 pm
Mon November 5, 2012
Vermont Town Police Department Expanding
By Pat Bradley
The police department in the Vermont town of Castleton has hired two officers and is extending weekend coverage hours.
The Rutland Herald reports the addition gives Castleton three full-time officers, although it is authorized for four and is looking to fill the space.
One of the officers, Jeffrey Warfle, has a police dog, a 6-year-old black Labrador retriever named Doc.
The other officer is part-time. Steve Dechen had recently retired from the department. He will serve as the department's detective and be assigned to follow up on more difficult and major cases and investigations.
Copyright 2012 Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.


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Project Dessert
How to Make Kouign Amann
Imagine a croissant, then give it even more salted butter and crunchy, caramelized sugar -- this is what you get.Read More »
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Germany, France moot tougher EU budget rules
Heidi N. Moore
Dec 5, 2011 Merkel and Sarkozy propose amending the European Union treaty to impose budget discipline on spendthrift countries. Will markets be satisfied?
Is it too late for the euro?
Liaquat Ahamed
Dec 5, 2011 The leaders of Germany and France met today to figure out a strategy to bail out the Euro. Is it too late?
Why does the EU want U.S. dollars?
Paddy Hirsch
Dec 2, 2011 Marketplace Money Senior Producer Paddy Hirsch explains why Europe needs dollars instead of euros as the EU tries to sort out its financial problems.
Will European debt crisis sandbag U.S. economy?
David Gura
Dec 2, 2011 Despite signs the recovery is gaining steam, trouble in the eurozone could sap demand for U.S. exports.
Angela Merkel calls for strict government spending rules
Stephen Beard
Dec 2, 2011 German Chancellor Angela Merkel today called for a new legally binding set of rules to control spending in all eurozone countries, with harsh fines for any rule-breakers.
Merkel calls euro debt crisis a 'marathon'
Steve Evans
Interview with
Dec 2, 2011 Germany's leader spoke today, calling for stricter regulations across Europe.
Three big players in euro crisis finally agree
Stephen Beard
Interview with
Dec 2, 2011 German Chancellor Angela Merkel spoke today, echoing recent sentiments by the head of the European Central Bank and French President Nicolas Sarkozy.
Central banks buy European governments more time
Andrew Walker
Interview with
Dec 1, 2011 Central banks from a number of countries have decided to increase the ease of borrowing; many hope this will be enough to buy eurozone governments more time to solve the debt crisis.
European leaders must still make drastic changes
Diane Swonk
Interview with
Dec 1, 2011 The global stock market rally that sent the Dow up almost 500 points yesterday may be over, but France and Spain are offering some hope this morning that yesterday's coordinated action by central banks to ease credit is working.
ECB actions similar to the Fed's in 2008
Heidi N. Moore
Interview with
Dec 1, 2011 There is an ongoing effort to get the euro back to normal, and the crisis is looking more and more like the sub-prime mortgage crisis here in the U.S.


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Hi my name is Simon,
I'm a student from Germany and love traveling all around the world.
I have a huge interest in getting to know new cultures and people from all different countries.
Since I use airbnb this hobby of mine has become much easier!
If you have got any questions please contact me via email,
I'm looking forward to you!


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Aruba Woman's Movements to Be Re-Enacted
Aruba police to try and recreate what might have happened to Maryland woman.
Police Retrace Missing Woman's Last Known Steps
Aruban authorities are retracing missing tourist Robyn Gardner's last steps.
Now Playing: Police Retrace Missing Woman's Last Known Steps
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Industry trade shows serve a good purpose. Anyone who attends typically comes away feeling like they've been bettered by the personal interaction and camaraderie that shows engender. This week's AOAP show is a good example. By all accounts it was a great sophomore effort. To put it simply: Everyone loves a good show.
But what happens when there's not just one show, but four, or eight or 12 or 24? That's the reality for a professional attempting to work across both industries, and it seems the number of them grows annually. Call it showflation.
It's burning us out. At every one of the many shows I've attended at least one person has commented to me how worn out they are from shows. How they wish there were fewer of them. Part of the problem is the segmentation in the industry — both between residential and commercial and within those industries — and frankly the reality that trade shows are big business. (Full disclosure: Hanley Wood, which publishes Aquatics International and Pool & Spa News owns one of the industry's largest trade shows, the Pool Spa Patio Expo.)
I can't fault the associations that want in on the action. But I would like to see some effort made to offer a more consolidated show for commercial and residential markets. Anyone who's been to the major European shows, such as Piscine, knows what I'm talking about. These shows dwarf most of our largest shows because they bring in all elements from commercial and residential under one giant roof. It's one stop shopping for industry pros.
Could something like that work in U.S.? I'd like to think so, but many roadblocks exist. What's your thought on the industry's show situation? What would you like to see? Perhaps this can be the beginning of the end of showflation.
NESPA decides to merge its Capital and Metro chapters to better serve members
Gary Thill
Remembering the longtime chairman of United Aqua Group.
Insurance groups offer coverage, minus the meetings and sick route obligations
Event attracted more than 100 Blue Haven franchisors
Manufacturers and associations come together for a good cause.
Rather than pretending that drowning doesn't happen, this pool firm is working to make...
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McGregor Vacation Rentals with hot tub(1)
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Recent McGregor Reviews
Great people to work with
Considering all the other reviews are also 5 stars there isn't much more to say. This place is really a great spot to stay, relax and be entertained. I can't say enough about how easy it was to work with Amy. The log home and surrounding grounds are beautiful. The amenities are untouched. Our family had a great time staying here. Thanks for a much needed vacation away from the cities!


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Growing Up: Then and Now
Any excuse to dive into the shoebox for baby pictures is a good one! Show your kid his baby pictures and talk about what's the same and what's different between then and now. Have him draw pictures of himself and you'll both be marveling at how he's grown.
Topics: Preschool, Drawing & Painting
Updated on Nov 18, 2014
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Newsmaker: Jamie Baxter
Noteworthy: Baxter helped organize and lead the Committee for Education Funding's 2012 Legislative Conference and Gala on Oct. 2 in Washington. She met with key contributors to the nation's education dialogue, including members of Congress and staff, education advocates and advisers to President Obama's and Gov. Mitt Romney's campaigns.
Age: 31
Residence: Downtown
Family: Husband, Rob
Occupation: Allegheny Intermediate Unit's director of Legislative Policy and Advocacy
Background: Formerly an education lobbyist for the Association for Career and Technical Education in Alexandria, Va., and the Federal Trio outreach programs in Washington. She also serves as the president of the Committee for Education Funding.
Education: Bachelor's degrees in women's studies and political science, West Virginia University, 2003
Quote: "Every student has the right to a quality, well-rounded education. The best way to ensure our nation remains strong and competitive in a global economy is to invest in that education. As a representative of the Allegheny Intermediate Unit, I was able to provide a local perspective on how decisions in Washington impact our school districts."
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How can you not be a skeptic on 9/11?
With all the evidence of controlled demolition.
- Login to post comments
With all the evidence of controlled demolition.
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Dr. Tom O'Bryan -- host of next week's Gluten Summit -- returns to the show to share and comment on a handful of his favorite sound bytes from the summit.
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Frank the Golem
Senior Member
This thread is for posting problems that started in Patch 110.
Please DO NOT post your personal complaints here, or what you wish were done to your favorite champs. Do not post known issues from prior to Patch 110 (like Red Card, Javelin Toss, Heroic Charge, etc.)
Be concise.
Be polite.
Don't complain.
Known Issues
--Ryze Bot and Alistar Bot do not act or move; they stay at the fountain indefinitely. Other bots functioning normally.
--Bots are assigned Summoner Spells, but spells assigned are not visible on the Loading screen. Ryze Bot and Alistar Bot do not receive summoner spells at all.
--Ryze did not receive the MP/5s buff that all other mana champs gained.
Discrepancies from Patch Notes (possibly working as intended)
--Teemo's Move Quick passive adds 10/14/18/22/26% and active lasts 3s (rather than 10/15/20/25/30% and 4s).
Not quite sure if this happen this patch...or last patch...but, cleanse does not remove exhaust anymore. I didn't notice this last patch. I assume RIOT made the same mistake they did a few patches ago.
Patchers start at 80-105 kbps then slows right the fk down....
EDIT: This isn't just my problem... I've read 4 or 5 post of other people experienceing it too...
I have found that restarting the client will increase the DL rate...though it may just slow again. Mine downloaded fine and I live in Italy. It was coming in at 700kb/s
Junior Member
I haven't had this problem, myself, but 2 of my friends as well as a few others have had this issue. They create/join a game, it goes fine up until after champion select, then at the loading screen, it's just black and the game fails to respond.
u know why riot is hiring? because there is NO ONE WORKING THERE!!!!!!
Still can't see the ring for Pantheon's ult
K, so I've seen it a few times now, and it seems to be in specific situations. While I was facing Warwick, in a game as Rammus, he went to run past me to kill at the tower so I taunted him. It didn't apply the taunt, but the taunt worked every other time. However, that was the only time I was facing my target when I taunted.
This also applied to the stun from Pantheon, but for some reason it only happens when the person is running at you and you jump stun to them. Every other time it works well. I've seen this a few times since the patch, so it must be a common issue.
Edit: this is a repost from another post I made.
© 2015 Riot Games, Inc. All rights reserved. Riot Games, League of Legends and PvP.net are trademarks, services marks, or registered trademarks of Riot Games, Inc.


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The 7th Marine Regiment terminated Operation Indiana in Vietnam with 69 Viet Cong killed.
April 2015 Articles
"Like most people I had not fully realized that the horror of war is wounds, not death." -"From the Somme to the Armistice: The Memoirs of Captain Stormont Gibbs, M.C.," 1986 Modern battlefield medicine can give wounded warriors about a 98 percent chance of surviving battlefield injuries, according...
CMC, MCA&F Recognize Superior Performance The Marine Corps Association & Foundation helped recognize the finalists for the 2014 Commandant of the Marine Corps Combined Awards during a ceremony held at The Clubs at Quantico, Marine Corps Base Quantico, Va., Jan. 29, 2015. The awards...
"Our merchants are very indignant; our government very prostrate in the view of every man of energy." "I presume you will have heard before this reaches you, that a French privateer has made captures at the mouth of our harbor. This is too much humiliation after all that has passed. Excerpted from...
Leatherneck Digital Content
Today in History
March 30


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Bucknell's Russian Studies Department hosts a multi-layered reference on the history, culture, and language of the Russian people. Click on "Resources" to learn more.
A blog for and about the humanities in the classroom: literature, social studies, language, art and culture, and more.Take Me There!
Get updates on new lesson plans and other resources.
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Rated 4 out of 5 stars
There's probably zero chance of this since it hasn't been updated since 2011 and we're in 2013, but I'm wondering if you can update it and release a new version? The one feature I would really love to have, is the ability to see the remaining time on downloads, but in word form. Like it would say 30 seconds remaining instead of 30:00. Like how it is done in Status-4-Evar. Thanks if you ever see this and can update it!


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The Winner of Our Trip To See Paul McCartney in Salt Lake City Has Been Announced
Congratulations to Kenneth Toombs. He is the winner of our trip to see Paul McCartney live in Salt Lake City, Utah.
This Month's VIP Winners Announced
We gave away an iPad mini, a Samsung Chromebook, a gas grill and more last month through our VIP program. Check out the complete list of winners here.
Win a Trip to See Paul McCartney in Salt Lake City
Seeing music legend Paul McCartney in concert is a once in a lifetime experience and we want to help you live the dream.
Meet the First Winners of our Cash Contest
We've been giving away cash two times a day throughout the month of May on-air! We've compiled a list of our winners so far, but we're not done yet! There are still plenty of opportunities to win a grand on-air and $10,000 online for our VIP club members. Check out the full list of winners.
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Congratulations to the some of the most recent winners in our VIP program!
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Congratulations to Wendy Kostinko! She is the winner of our trip to Chicago for the Ultimate Hockey Experience!
President Obama Declares 2014 a 'Year of Action' in State of the Union Address
Declaring 2014 a "year of action" as he unveiled a series of relatively meager executive actions, President Barack Obama vowed in his State of the Union address Tuesday night to sidestep Congress "whenever and wherever" he can in order to push through his agenda.
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BERGEN, Norway -- TCO AS and TCO UK, a provider of well completion technologies, has announced the acquisition of UK firm i-Quip Technology for an undisclosed sum.
This acquisition alone is estimated to give an additional turnover of £2 million in 2013 to approximately £9 million in 2015. The company currently has a turnover of £15 million, which is expected to double next year. It will also result in up to 15 new employees for the firm in Aberdeen and I-Quip Technology and TCO UK will merge into the same office and workshop premises as part of the acquisition deal.
Founded in Norway in 2001, TCO has 55 staff based in Bergen and Stavanger, eight in Aberdeen and bases in Russia and Angola. The firm specialises in the design, manufacture and installation of glass barrier plugs and the provision of Tubing Conveyed Perforating (TCP) equipment and services.
i-Quip Technology is based in Altens, Aberdeen, and will give TCO extensive knowledge and expertise with its high-end chemical injection technology. Mr Woodford has over 30 years of experience in the areas of well control, intervention and pressure control.
Rune Moan, managing director, TCO UK, said: "We are delighted to be announcing the acquisition of i-Quip Technology. The joining of the two teams will provide a market leading range of products and services within the innovative well completion sector. It is a natural step for us to significantly increase our capability – adding the chemical injection offering to our portfolio will provide our global customers with a package of qualified products and applications support that is not currently available within the sector."
"We anticipate substantial growth in the well completion market both in the UK, Norway and in key global regions including Gulf of Mexico, West Africa, Australia, Asia and South America. Our aim is to carry out a recruitment campaign to aid our growth over the next 18 months and we look forward to an exciting future for TCO in both Europe and worldwide."
Keith Woodford added: "I am delighted that my team and I will be joining TCO and adding our chemical injection expertise to their existing knowledge. I look forward to a successful future and on-going growth both in the UK, Norway and overseas."
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text:
The wine I am currently brewing (pear) along with the yeast I am using is creating a huge amount of overflow. It's been sitting for nearly 24hrs now and since yesterday at about 8 o'clock it's been overflowing into the bubbler airlock and out.
My approach to this was to sterilise my other bubble airlock and quickly swap them around so that it doesn;t become block. I also spun the demijohn around left to right - right to left so that the pulp at the top settled. This didn;t last very long and I've repeated the lock changing process 4 times now (note i've also been away to work for the last 7 hours but the thing is sitting in a pretty safe place as to not cover anything if the overflow happens again. This mornings lock change presented a jet of pulp out of the demi-john!
I only have demi-johns and bubbler airlocks and it was filled with a good 3 inches from the neck of the bottle.
Is changing the airlock a safe idea provided everything is done swifty and sanatised well so not to introduce "bad" yeast and bacteria? Is there another approach to take?
Is it ok to lose that amount of pulp? I know the lost yeast will be replaced by the good yeast inside the demijohn but surely losing this pulp might affect taste?
What are the chances that this process (provided it settles down soon) will ruin the wine? Is it best to give up and start again now or will I see this through?
Now this was kind of an experiment. My juicer was on the fritz so I blended the pears (8 Rocha pears) and introduced that into the demijohn. Is this one of the factors causing such a violent ferment?
I have read that oxegen is good at the first stages of fermentation. Would it be safe to remove the bung and airlock and put a sanatised cloth/towel over the top and seal around the neck of the demijohn firmly with a strong elastic band.
I was planning on acquiring a cheesecloth bag and after 10 days or so transfering the wine from the primary into the secondary (including the must) but straining it through the cloth. Is this a good idea or should i just rack provided the must settles (sitting at the top now - due to Top Fermenting yeast?)?
Sorry to ask so many questions but thanks in advance.
For whats it's worth it stopped overflowing when I left for work it's settled down and bubbling like good un.
That said I would still be keen to know - my must is all sitting at the top - do I need to break the cap daily to prevent the fermentation sticking?
I have two 1 gallon glass jugs with apricot working at this time. I used my juicer and poured the juice and pulp into the jugs. I must have had about 2 inches of pulp sitting on the bottom. After I added my yeast on jan. 11, I had major overflow out of both jugs. I just pulled the airlocks off and cleaned them and then put them back onto the jugs. I don't believe that you will have any problem with contamination by changing out the airlocks as needed. As far as using cheesecloth, it is way too porous to do any good in capturing the must since it is so fine. I would just be careful when racking into secondary. I made an asian pear wine that I bottled on dec. 27 and I am very pleased with the taste. Not too dry, not to sweet.
kouphax -
Loads of questions in your post!
Most of them can be avoided by getting a bigger primary! Plastic brew buckets really come into their own with added fruits. no 'bottle necks' to foam up and easy to clean afterwards. Either use an airlock on a bucket (if it has a grommet) or tie a cheesecloth on and put the plastic top on, and weight in down with a few cups etc to stop fruit flies.
After 5 days in primary transfer the must into glass through a cheesecloth/grain bag. Because the main ferment has gone on in primary you won't get mad 'through the airlock' activity. You'll have strained all the fruit pieces which you no longer need. (you'll get a little sediment but it will clear)
Another one of your questions concerned stirring- yes, stir while it's in the primary to break up the "cap". I do my primary in a big bucket, lightly covered with a towel, so that air can get to it and I can stir.
You move to secondary when the fermentation slows down a bit and should be under airlock- around 1.020 or 1.010 and after about 5 days or so. That's about the longest you want the wine sitting on the fruit. When I use fruit, I use a big pulp bag and after 5 days, I remove the pulp bag, and rack off the lees into secondary. You can use cheesecloth if you don't have a pulp bag.


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For post-conflict societies, the challenges of reintegrating ex-combatants and war-affected youth are likely to far outlast and outsize the formal demobilization, disarmament and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants. These programs, conducted in war's immediate aftermath, form an important part of a policymaker's post-conflict toolkit. While ex-combatants receive special policy attention, poor and underemployed men are also widely considered a threat to political stability.
In Liberia, where the bulk of the population is young, poor, and underemployed, many rural youth continue to make their living through unlawful activities, including unlicensed mining, rubber tapping, or logging. Many of them are ex-combatants, and some remain in loose armed group structures, doing the bidding of their wartime commanders. While the security situation has steadily improved since 2003, the government, the UN, and NGOs fear that these youth are a possible source of instability, particularly in hotspot regions where mining, rubber tapping, or logging and the allure of "fast money" attract young men from around the country. These youth may also be recruited into regional conflicts as mercenaries. Agriculture is and will continue to be a major source of employment and income for rural Liberians. The international NGO Landmine Action (LMA, now known as Action on Armed Violence) runs an innovative and intensive agricultural training program, targeting ex-combatants and other high-risk youth in rural hotspots.
The LMA program is broader and more intensive than most ex-combatant reintegration programs, and is designed to rectify some of the main failings of prior demobilization programs: it is oriented towards agriculture (the largest source of employment in Liberia); it provides both human and physical capital; and it integrates economic with psychosocial assistance. It also targets youth at natural resource hotspots that presented the most immediate security concerns.
LMA took youth selected for the program to residential agricultural training campuses, where they received 3-4 months of coursework and practical training in agriculture, basic literacy and numeracy training, psychosocial counseling; along with meals, clothing, basic medical care, and personal items. After the training, counselors facilitated graduates' re-entry with access to land in any community of their choice. Graduates received a package of agricultural tools and supplies, valued at approximately US$200. The program's total cost is approximately $1,250 per youth, excluding the cost of constructing the campuses. The program was designed to give youth a sustainable and legal alternative to illegal resource extraction, ease their reintegration into society, reduce the risk of re-recruitment into crime and insurrection in the future, and to improve security in hotspot communities.
LMA recruited twice as many youth as it had space for in its programs, and researchers randomly assigned half of the youth to treatment (receiving the program), and half to a comparison group (not receiving the program). By comparing these two groups 18 months after the program, researchers can see the effect of the intervention on agricultural livelihoods, shifts from illicit to legal employment, poverty, social integration, aggression, and potential for future instability. Despite massive migration, 93% of the youth were found at the time of the endline survey. The qualitative study included observation and a series of interviews with 50 of the youth.
Engagement in agriculture: More than a year after completion of the program, program participants are at least a quarter more likely than the control group to be engaged in agriculture, and 37% more likely to have sold crops. Interest in and positive attitudes toward farming are also significantly higher among program participants.
Illicit activities:The program had little impact on rates of participation in illicit activities like mining, but those who participated in the program do spend fewer hours engaged in illicit activities, as agricultural hours seem to substitute somewhat for hours spent in illicit activities.
Income, expenditures, and wealth: There was a sizable increase in average wealth from the program, especially in household durable assets, but no change in current income (last week and last month), savings or spending for the average program participant. Overall, the evidence suggests that cash cropping provides periodic windfalls from sales, and that these are mainly invested in durable assets (and not necessarily in agricultural inputs or equipment). Qualitative observations also suggest that access to markets may have been an important constraint on success.
Social engagement, citizenship, and stability: There were small but positive improvements across most measures of social engagement, citizenship, and stability. While not all of the estimated impacts are large enough to be statistically significant, they nevertheless suggest a small but broad-based reduction in alienation and some gains in stability. The evidence on aggression and crime, however, does not point to a significant reduction in illegal or aggressive behaviors among program participants.
Interest and mobilization into the election violence in Cote d'Ivoire:Conflict broke out in Cote d'Ivoire shortly before the launch of the program evaluation. Self reported rates of interest in the violence and mobilization were fairly low among the sample population, but they were especially low among program participants – they tended to report a third less interest in or links to recruiters and recruitment activities. Given the difficulty of shifting such behaviors, these impacts of the program are regarded as extremely promising.
More information can be found in the policy brief here (PDF) and full paper here.
To foster economic productivity and stability in post-conflict countries, many development organizations have created economic programs and psychosocial programs for youth. Yet little evidence exists on ways to increase economic opportunities for young people and reduce their risk of participating in violence and risky behaviors. In this study, researchers evaluate the impact of both a cash-for-work program and a psychosocial support program for young people in urban Liberia. This research will contribute evidence on how to best enable highly vulnerable youth in post-conflict settings to pursue productive opportunities.
Youth development programs are widely viewed as a critical tool for preventing the re-escalation of violence in post-conflict countries. Ninety percent of violent onsets occur in countries with a previous conflict,1 and when conflicts end, young people have the potential to contribute to future development, but they may also be a force of instability in their societies.2 In situations of armed conflict, youth are more likely to be recruited into fighting forces, become targets for violence, be forced to generate a livelihood for themselves and others, and miss out on an education.3 Many organizations therefore identify youth development as an urgent priority for building peace and spurring economic development, and investment in such programs has risen substantially in recent years.4 Yet little evidence exists regarding the impact of these programs, and which interventions are most effective in increasing economic opportunities for youth or reducing their risk of participating in violence and risky behaviors. This study will contribute evidence to help fill this gap.
Liberia emerged out of a 14-year long civil war in 2003, and the security situation remains fragile and economic development has been slow.5 In Liberia, where people between the ages of 15 and 35 years constitute over 60 per cent of the total population,6 the government has identified youth unemployment as a major challenge.7
Mercy Corps, a global aid agency, is implementing a three-year program in Liberia called Promoting Sustainable Partnerships for Economic Transformation, or PROSPECTS. The program combines life skills training and workforce development via apprenticeships, technical training, financial education and mentoring, and aims to help participants find gainful employment while also developing positive social ties with their communities. Mercy Corps has worked in Liberia since 2003.
PROSPECTS includes a Cash for Work (CFW) program that centers on paying youth to collect recyclables in their communities and a Sports for Change (SFC) program that combines sports with life skills sessions for groups of youth. These interventions are designed with the aim of preparing highly vulnerable youth in Monrovia, Liberia for the employment market by developing self-confidence and resilience.
This study tests the impacts of the Cash for Work and Sports for Change programs, and any synergistic effects of both programs, on risky and violent behaviors and labor outcomes of vulnerable youth. Researchers are carrying out the randomized evaluation with 3,000 out-of school youth, ages 16 to 25, in urban Monrovia.
Through a public registration and lottery, participants were randomly assigned to a group of peers. There were a total of four groups, which serve to compare different programmatic options:
Both programs will run for approximately three months with two sessions typically held per week. Researchers will measure the different programs, and any synergistic effects of the two, on enabling vulnerable Liberian youth to become economically productive adults, and resist risky behaviors over a one-year period. Additionally, researchers will evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the programs, both together and separately.
Data will be collected on the participants' stress levels (measured using biometric data), risk preferences, labor outcomes, aggression, and self-reported risky behaviors. Social network mapping – how youth interact with one another – will also be used to provide a rich perspective of linkages and ties of Liberian youth within and outside of their traditional communities.
Results forthcoming.
[1] The World Bank, "The World Development Report."2011.
[2]United Nations. Guide to the World Program of Action for Youth.
[3]World Conference on Youth, 2014.
[4]Sommers, Marc, "Youth and Conflict: A Brief Review of Available Literature."
[5]World Bank. Country Overview, Liberia.
[6]United Nations Volunteers. "Peacebuilding and Volunteerism: Considerations for post-2015 development agenda."
[7]All Africa. "Liberia: Youth Unemployment is a Major Concern."November 21, 2013.
As girls pass through adolescence, a number of factors influence whether they complete secondary school, avoid teenage pregnancy, and develop the life skills, attitudes, behaviors and relationships that will set them on a path to a healthy and productive adulthood. This evaluation investigates whether being part of a mentorship and life skills program, "Sisters of Success," during early adolescence improves outcomes for girls in Liberia's capital city, Monrovia.
Adolescent fertility rates in Sub-Saharan Africa are substantially higher than other regions of the world, with 115 births per 1,000, compared to 72 births per 1,000 in Latin America and just 19 births per 1,000 in Europe.[1] The gender gap in education is also significant, with West and Central Africa having the largest gender gap in education of all regions in the world.[2] Increasing the number of girls who complete secondary school, and reducing early motherhood, are common policy goals across many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. This evaluation will contribute evidence to policymakers on effective programming to reduce school drop-out and teen pregnancy. Secondly, Liberian policymakers, and NGOs working with Liberia, have noted that life skills are fundamental to individuals' labor market success, but there is little evidence on the impact of life skills training, or the impact of enhanced life skills on real world outcomes. One factor behind this evidence gap is that life skills training is typically delivered together with vocational training, credit, or even cash transfers, thus making it impossible to isolate the impact of the life skills training itself. This evaluation will help fill this evidence gap.
In Liberia, the adolescent fertility rate is 117 births per 1,000 girls, ages 15-19.[3] Meanwhile, within Liberia, the gender gap in school attendance is high. Only 60 percent of girls complete primary school in Liberia, compared to 71 percent of boys, and 19 percent of men have completedsecondary school or higher, but only 8 percent of women have accomplished the same.[4]
The Sisters of Success (SOS) programis taking place in an urban area of 1.1 million people. The SOS program's goals are for girls to adopt healthy behaviors, build confidence and self-esteem; learn and practice their rights; begin to develop savings and financial literacy habits; increase their community participation and involvement; and help them work towards their own personal development goals, among others. SOS is coordinated by the International Rescue Committee (IRC), in partnership with two local organizations, EDUCARE, the Planned Parenthood Association of Liberia (PPAL), and volunteer mentors, drawn from the same communities as the girls they mentor.
Researchers hope to find out whether the Sister of Success mentoring program improves specific outcomes for adolescent girls, including their likelihood of staying in school or returning to school, and their likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behavior and becoming pregnant as minors. The study will also deliver evidence on the characteristics of girls for whom the program is more or less effective.
Sisters of Success will recruit and match girls ages 12-15 with mentors. Each mentor will be randomly matched with ten mentees. Approximately 2,880 girls will participate in the randomized evaluation, with half becoming mentees and half serving as a comparison group.
SOS mentors and mentees meet in "sisterhood sessions," comprised of two mentors and 20 mentees, which meet twice a month over the course of 15 months. The program also includes extracurricular activities in which larger groups of mentors and mentees do activities together. SOS mentors, who are unpaid, are intended to serve as trusted individuals, friends, advisors, coaches, guides, teachers, and role models for the mentees.
Researchers will collect data on a wide range of topics, such as who and what influences girls to leave school; the social and economic factors that influence when girls first have sex and birth their first child, the number and type of partners girls choose, and their use of contraception. The study will also measure the impact of the SOS program on girls labor market activities and earnings. In addition, researchers will evaluate the relative cost-effectiveness of the SOS program as compared to other policy options. Finally, if the program is effective, this study will pinpoint the key mechanisms that make an impact on girls' outcomes.
[1] Population Reference Bureau. "Trends in Adolescent Fertility A Mixed Picture." http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2013/adolescent-fertility.aspx
[2] http://www.ungei.org/gap/reportWafrica.html
[3] World Bank. Adolescent Fertility Rate. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.ADO.TFRT
[4] UN Development Group. "Fact Sheet: Empowering Women in Liberia." Available at: http://www.undg.org/docs/11143/genderemail.pdf
Many post-conflict countries suffer from high rates of crime, violence, and unrest. Early warning systems, if viable, would help police and peacekeepers anticipate violence before it happens. But is it possible to predict where violence will occur? In response to this question, researchers built a statistical model based on data IPA gathered over four years in the most conflict-prone areas of Liberia. The model correctly predicted 88 percent of violence two years into the future, albeit at the expense of many incorrect predictions that violence would occur. The study also found that of 56 potential risk factors, only a handful consistently predicted violence over time—especially ethnic diversity and polarization. The study should be replicated to determine whether these results generalize beyond these communities and time periods.
Weak and war-torn states are especially vulnerable to violence and political instability. Fragile governments typically fall short in delivering services to citizens, in controlling corruption, and in holding law-breakers accountable, and many punishments for wrong-doing occur outside the law.1 In post-conflict settings, governments often focus their efforts and resources on communities that are perceived to be at high risk of violence based on their past history. In some settings this may be a sensible rule of thumb. However, is prior violence the best predictor of future violence? What risk factors, if any, predict future violence? Answering these questions could help in the development of early warning systems that identify hot spots and anticipate violence before it occurs. Such systems could help police and peacekeepers allocate scarce resources to the places that need them most.
In 2014, Liberia celebrated over a decade of peace after 14 years of civil war. Yet incidents of local violence continue to threaten life and property, and even apparently small-scale disputes easily spiral out of control. While violence has decreased steadily since 2008, the decline has slowed over the last two years, and the prevalence of violence remains moderate to high. Seventeen percent of the communities in this study suffered at least one destabilizing incident of violence in 2012.
Researchers tested the feasibility of an early warning system for predicting violence in Liberia using data collected in three waves (2008, 2010 and 2012) from 242 Liberian towns and villages in three conflict-prone counties: Lofa, Nimba and Grand Gedeh. The researchers, from Columbia University and Yale University, focused on the most destabilizing forms of local violence:2 violent strikes and protests, violent clashes between ethnic groups, murders, rapes, fights or assaults involving weapons, and extrajudicial punishments.
In each survey year, IPA interviewed an average of 20 randomly selected residents per community and four non-randomly selected local leaders—typically a town chief, youth leader, minority group leader, and women's group leader. IPA collected data on seven types of violence and 56 potential risk factors, including demographics, availability of social services, presence of natural resources, exposure to wartime violence, and incidence of adverse economic shocks, such as droughts and floods.
Researchers used the first two waves of survey data, from 2008 and 2010, and a variety of different statistical techniques to build models for predicting violence. They then used the models to generate predictions for where violence was most likely to occur two years later, in 2012. Then, in 2012, IPA collected data from the same 242 communities to see where violence had actually occurred, and researchers compared the models' predictions to reality.
The models were intentially designed to overpredict violence, the reason being that if a model predicted violence would occur somewhere and it didn't, the cost could be wasted resources (e.g. from pre-emptively sending police to an area). Whereas, if a model predicted violence would not occur and it did, the consequence could be loss of life, destruction of property and persistent tensions between groups. To manage this trade-off, the researchers' goal was to maximize correct predictions of violence ("true positives"), while maintaining an accuracy rate of at least 50 percent.
The best statistical model correctly predicted 88 percent of violence two years into the future, though this performance came at a high price in terms of over-predictions. The model predicted violence four times more often than actual incidents occurred. Researchers believe that with further research this model or a similar one may be improved, generating fewer "false positives" while still correctly predicting most actual incidents of violence.
The model also found five risk factors out of 56 that reliably predicted violence:
1) Power-sharing, measured by an indicator for whether or not minority tribes and religions are represented in local leadership
2) Town population
3) Ethnic polarization, measured as the proportion of residents who describe other ethnic groups as "violent"
4) Ethnic diversity, measured as the proportion of residents who belong to the majority ethnic group in town
5) Collective action, measured as the proportion of residents who report contributing money or labor to public facilities
Violence was more likely to occur in communities that were larger, more diverse and more polarized. More surprisingly to researchers, violence was also more likely where multiple ethnic groups and religions were represented in local leadership (i.e. power-sharing). In fact, local-level power sharing was the single best predictor of violence in the best model. However, it is important to note this finding is a correlation,not evidence that power-sharing causes conflict. (One should consider that power-sharing is sometimes the outcome of negotiations following conflict, for example.) Investigating the roots of this correlation should be a priority for future research.
While it is unclear whether these models would perform well in other time periods or settings,the results suggest that relatively simple statistical models to predict violence may indeed be feasible. Peacebuilding researchers and practitioners should replicate similar exercises to identify which risk factors, if any, reliably predict violence across different time periods and settings. Replication will help develop fast, effective, and low-cost early warning systems for the future.
[1] World Bank. "Fragile states: good practice in country assistance strategies."
[2] Researchers identified the most destabilizing forms of local violence through a combination of formal qualitative research (e.g., interviews with local leaders) and informal conversations with peacebuilding actors.
Poor and underemployed youth can be found at the hearts of riots, revolutions, civil wars, and petty and organized crime. In post-conflict countries, where state capacity is weak, frustrations are many, and jobs are few, policymakers are particularly concerned about these youth's potential to destabilize society. Liberia, which recently suffered through 14 years of civil conflict, has named "youth disempowerment" as one of two major threats to durable and lasting peace. Liberia's 2009 Youth Fragility Assessment sums it up this way: "the youth… simply wish for… the prospect of some day earning an income, even a modest one. For many, this is the impossible dream... the challenge is to make it possible, soon and for everyone." The stakes are extremely high. The World Bank writes: "while much of the world has made rapid progress in reducing poverty in the past 60 years, areas characterized by repeated cycles of political and criminal violence are being left far behind….," and calculates a civil conflict costs the average developing country roughly 30 years of GDP growth. A quarter of the world's population (1.5 billion people) live in places plagued by recurring and endemic violence.
How can governments and NGOs raise employment and reduce the risk of violence among these poor and risky populations? Aid programs increasingly focus on helping youth through markets, especially through microenterprise development. The logic of this assistance, however, rests on the existence of market failures among the poorest of the poor: imperfect credit markets, or production discontinuities such as minimum start-up costs or low returns to small investments. Cash grants or credit are needed to achieve minimum scale. Street youth with no assets and weak social networks may be particularly vulnerable to this trap. But so far there has been little research proving the existence of market failures or the ability of aid to help.
Meanwhile, both psychologists and economists have begun to explore the extent to which behavioral skills – such as impulse control, time preferences for immediate vs. delayed gratification, risk aversion, conscientiousness, setting and keeping long range goals, and being deliberate in choices – contribute to poverty. In a war zone, being highly present-focused might indeed be the optimal survival strategy. During peacetime, however, the absence of such preferences could in theory constitute a second source of persistent poverty: a behavioral poverty trap, leading to low savings rates, wastage of any windfalls, and high-risk behavior including involvement in drugs, crimes, and violence. Importantly, core principles underlying much economic and psychological theory assume that such preferences are fixed in young adulthood, leading anti-poverty projects to take a paternalistic approach. Again, little research has critically examined these assumptions.
Counter to conventional wisdom, preliminary investigation suggests that a behavioral transformation program, akin to cognitive behavioral therapy, can be successful. This finding, if true, would be groundbreaking, challenging conventional economic and psychological models of behavior, which posit that preferences and behaviors are stable and difficult to change, especially among adults.
The study is designed to disentangle how cash and capital constraints versus dysfunctional preferences and behaviors contribute to the poverty and violence of the young men and women living on Monrovia's streets, and to create an inexpensive and scalable program that will reduce poverty, violence, and social instability among unstable youth in Liberia and beyond.
On the preferences and behaviors side, the questions are (a) What role do cognitive and behavioral traits play in persistent poverty and violence?; (b) Are these cognitive and behavioral traits malleable in adulthood, and is sustained cognitive behavior change possible?; and (c) Will changing them reduce poverty and violence? On the market failures side, the questions are (a) What role does the lack capital and credit play in persistent poverty and violence?; (b) Will unconditional cash transfers relieve this constraint and reduce poverty and violence?; and (c) Do capital constraints and cognitive and behavioral deficiencies interact, and must both constraints be relieved to reduce poverty and violence in sustained way?
This "Sustainable Transformation for Youth in Liberia" (STYL) program is an experimental program, being jointly run by the research team and two NGO partners: CHF International and NEPI. As of mid-2012, STYL will have enrolled approximately 1,000 youth. Youth are recruited from urban areas where large numbers of underemployed youth congregate, and are targeted for the program on the basis of exhibiting the following characteristics: persistently poor; homeless; lack of self-discipline; angry, hostile, depressed; idle and not busy with productive pursuits; involved in organized or petty crime, and/or conflict with the law; and getting drunk and/or high regularly.
The STYL study is currently experimentally evaluating two interventions, each on its own as well as in concert with the other.
A behavioral Transformation Program (TP), akin to cognitive behavioral therapy (similar to Alcoholics Anonymous) and life-skills programs. The TP has the aims of bolstering the cognitive and social skills necessary for entrepreneurial self-help, raising youth's aspirations, and equipping the youth to reach them. The TP involves half-day sessions 3-times a week, for 8 weeks, held in groups of 20 led by 2 counselors. The curriculum includes modules on anger management, impulse control, future orientation and planning skills, and self-esteem.
An unconditional cash grant program, in which youth are given a large $200 one-time cash grant disbursement. How the grant is spent is entirely up to the recipient, though a grant orientation session provides some basic training on financial management and business planning.
Individual youth are randomly assigned to either receive the TP; the cash grant; the TP and then the cash grant; or neither.
The plan is to conduct both short-term and long-term endline surveys to capture treatment effects, through surveys and behavioral games. If the basic interventions are shown to be effective, the research team hopes to further improve program design through iterative tweaking and testing, including varying cash grant size and TP length and intensity, and trying additional potentially complementary interventions, in order to help policymakers achieve goals most cost-effectively.
Media coverage of this project:
Chris Blattman Talks with NPR's Planet Money team here.
Chris Blattman and Paul Niehaus in Foreign Affairs here.
Jason Margolis interviews ex-combatants and researchers Tricia Gonwa and Chris Blattman.
Governments, multilateral agencies, and corporations, have touted local content policy (the requirement for multinational organizations to develop local supply chains and source in-country) as a means for fostering the growth of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). However, evidence for the positive linkage effects of local procurement remains mixed. This pilot – originated as a result of conversations between the principal investigator and the partner organization at the first SME Initiative working group – will evaluate via a quasi-experimental study the impact of the Building Markets' business facilitation services in Liberia. Findings will assess the viability of the design, will set the stage for future RCT and quasi-experimental studies, will improve understanding of the impact of local sourcing on SMEs, and will contribute to knowledge on the role of market access on SME growth.
For new democracies and societies emerging from conflict, encouraging tolerance and dialogue, strengthening non-violent conflict resolution systems, and increasing understanding of human rights are key priorities. Governments and NGOs commonly try to change the political culture, civic values, and practices of conflict resolution at the local level through widespread dialogue, education, and information campaigns. But do these dialogue and education programs actually work as intended? Do they change norms and behaviors, and if so, how? How are new patterns of conflict resolution formed? And how do they contribute to national reconciliation? How do new state structures integrate with pre-existing local bodies to jointly support security goals and human rights, especially where traditional structures are in conflict with the later? In short, what programs are most useful in helping post-conflict countries achieve lasting peace?
Find a more in-depth policy report here.
More than five years after the end of Liberia's fourteen year civil war, underlying tensions between tribes, over land, and between youth and elders continue to pose threats to a fragile peace. The UN's Peacebuilding Commission and the Government of Liberia are working together to promote non-violent dispute resolution and inter-group reconciliation, but how best to do this is unknown. This study was jointly designed by the UN, the government, and the research team to assess whether civic education and conflict resolution programs can contribute to this broader peacebuilding agenda.
Target communities for the program were identified within Liberia's three most conflict-prone counties: Grand Geddeh, Lofa, and Nimba. The researchers randomly assigned half to receive the program as the "treatment" group, and half to not receive the program as a "control" group. The program took place in 67 villages and town quarters. The program mobilized and trained community members in order to achieve three main goals: (1) educate people on their rights and to respect the rights of others; (2) encourage community collective action towards shared goals; and (3) foster non-violent dialogue and conflict resolution. The program is notable for its intensity and reach: in each community, roughly 10% of adults participated in an eight-day long interactive workshop held over the course of several weeks. Workshops had between 20 to 30 participants, both men and women, were led by a professional facilitator, and were conducted in local dialects. Multiple workshops were held in most communities to reach the 10% coverage target.
Pre-program baseline data was collected in 2009, and the endline took place between 1 and 22 months after the program. Data came from more than 5,000 individuals with three main surveys. In each community, the team interviewed: 20 randomly-selected "community members", 4 "community leaders", and 3 people identified by local chiefs as potential trainees, including a "troublesome" person. The study measures the impact of attending the program on potential trainees, random community members, and community leaders, and the impact on the community of having the program take place in their community. An in-depth qualitative study in 14 of the communities was conducted alongside the randomized evaluation to determine the mechanisms of impact. The study focuses on four major outcome classes: community and political participation; attitudes to rights; civic knowledge, attitudes and beliefs; and the prevalence and resolution of conflict.
Community and political participation: Community participation was measured through contributions to public goods and community projects, membership in groups (from farming to sports), membership in a peace group, and leadership in groups. Across all measures, the only treatment effect was on membership in peace groups. On political participation, the only statistically significant treatment effect was seen on an index measuring whether potential trainees feel free to speak their minds to "big people" in the community and whether they feel community members have the right to speak out to elders: Those trained are 4% more likely to feel empowered to speak freely. This effect is concentrated among the "troublesome" individuals, who see a larger increase of about 8%.
Attitudes on human rights: Across multiple measures, nearly all the treatment effects are positive, indicating that respondents in trained communities generally report more progressive beliefs. For community members, however, these impacts are fairly close to zero. The impacts on trainees and leaders are modest in size – often in the range of 1 to 10% —and seldom statistically significant at conventional levels.
Civic attitudes and knowledge: The civic education component provided information on citizenship, civic rights and responsibilities and Liberia's political structure. At endline, amongst potential trainees in the control group, only about 12% correctly understood the statutory requirements for citizenship. This understanding nearly doubled among treated trainees. Little change was seen in political knowledge, and the program also appears to have little to no impact on perceptions of equity in community governance as well as on perceptions towards the national government.
Prevalence and Resolution of Conflict: The most striking program impacts were on conflict and its resolution. In treatment communities (i.e. those that received the program), the evaluation found sizeable increases in non-violent inter-personal and inter-group disputes; suggestive evidence of a decrease in violent disputes; increasing levels of land conflict since the program, though also suggestions of lower rates of violence, and increased rates of dispute resolution and of satisfaction with those resolutions in trained communities. At the community level, leaders reported a 93% increase in conflicts (typically disputes and disagreements) between youth and elders in treated communities. Treatment communities were also twice as likely to have a peaceful strike or protest, and three times as likely to have a witch killing (though the latter result is not statistically significant).
Violent strikes, protests, and inter-group violence are 59% less likely in treatment communities, however, though this result is not statistically significant (partly because the events are rare, making it difficult to estimate their prevalence precisely with such a small sample of communities).
In addition to the policy report detailing the impact evaluation results, the team has produced a second policy report analyzing patterns of conflict.
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The Federal Emergency Management Agency today launches a new bilingual awareness campaign designed to encourage Americans to prepare in advance for natural disasters by developing family disaster plans and having the necessary supplies on hand. The ads also promote the government's Ready.gov and Listo.gov ("listo" means "ready" in Spanish).
The ad was originally developed for Spanish media only, but it tested so well that FEMA decided to produce the same exact ad in English, according agency officials. Watch both versions above.


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This is a cute and spacious, nonsmoking, 1-bedroom and a loft condominium with 2 bathrooms and a 3 star rating. It has a full kitchen, microwave, fireplace, 2 TVs (one in the master bedroom), VCR/DVD combo, stereo and a phone. It also has a 2-car garage. The living room has a queen fold-out couch, the bedroom has a queen size bed and the loft has 2 single beds. There are 17 stairs to reach this unit and it has 2 levels inside. The entry level has the living room, kitchen, the bedroom and a bathroom. Upstairs is the loft and another bathroom. This unit sleeps up to 6 people. This unit has a 2 car garage with no clearance for large vans and SUVs.
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VIEWS: 9 PAGES: 1 CATEGORY: Farm Service Agency POSTED ON: 9/3/2008
MO6 GUIDANCE FOR USING THE NASIS "PARTICLE SIZE ESTIMATOR" CALCULATION The particle size estimator calculation is intended to be used for horizons for which the sand and silt sized separates are not known. Ideally, one would have data on the particle size separates which would be used to manually populate the separates. If you have manually populated the separates, and know them to be correct, there is no need to run this calculation. Don't assume calculated values (C) to be "better" than manually populated values (M). So, if you have good lab data use it rather than calculated values. However, if you need to use the particle size estimator calculation they are a few things you need to know about using it correctly. Below is the description text for the Particle Size Estimator calculation. Additional MO6 guidance comments are in red: Computes representative values for the sand fractions, total sand and total silt using the texture, clay percent and taxonomic particle size class. The following rules apply: - The results will be blank if needed data are not entered. Total clay and texture are always required, and particle size class is required for textures CL, L, SCL, SICL, and SIL. (Make sure the particle size class is populated in the component table before running this calculation. If the component is a "taxon above the family", e.g. Torrifluvents, you should populate the particle size class with "not used".) - When a horizon has multiple textures the one marked RV (yes) is used, or the first texture is used if there is no RV. No results are calculated for stratified textures at this time. (There should only be one texture identified as RV "yes" in the horizon texture group table.) - If total sand (RV) has been entered the sand fractions will be adjusted so their sum equals the specified total. If you want to calculate a new sand total you must erase the old one before running the calculation. If you change the texture and/or the percent total clay (RV) for a horizon that had been previously calculated you will need to rerun the calculation. Prior to running the calculation you will need to: 1. If you are changing the texture, enter the new texture and recalculate the horizon texture group name and make sure the RV = "yes". 2. Enter the new percent total clay (RV). You may need to adjust the low and high percent clay to make sure the new RV clay percent fits between the low and high. 3. Delete the previous entry for the percent total sand (RV). Deleting this entry will change the calculation box from a (C) to an (M). 4. Make sure particle size class is populated. 5. Run the calculation again. Do not click "Use all rows currently loaded". Click "Replace manual (M) entries with computed values. If previously populated values (P) are present you will need to click on "Replace prior (P) entries with computed values. 6. Run the validation called "Texture Class vs. Particle Size Separates". Fix any inconsistencies found by the validation and, if needed, rerun the calculation. Great care should be used when running this calculation on a large selected set. Running this calculation on the entire selected set runs the risk of overriding valid (M) or (P) entries. Make sure you know your selected set before running this calculation on more than one row.
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Dubliner Alan Joyce has no plans to step aside at Qantas Airways
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Feel the Chicago wind in your hair Guests at the recently opened Virgin Hotel in Chicago can experience the world's hottest electric car, the Tesla SP(...)
Li Ka-shing's 02 power play must clear hurdle of regulatory approval
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If Li Ka-shing pulls off his £10-billion-plus bid for Britain's largest mobile phone operator, O2, it will be the legendary Hong Kong investor's bigge(...)
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Billionaire entrepreneur Richard Branson today rejected suggestions that he had ignored safety warnings about his Virgin Galactic spaceship before it (...)
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Published: February 15, 2015
Liberty Inn
counter service Restaurant
Published: February 15, 2015
This indoor counter-service restaurant serves burgers, crab cakes, Louisiana-style shrimp, salads, and chicken nuggets, as well as a 6-ounce New York Strip Steak. Prices range from $8-12.Tweet
Okay chicken and burgers I suppose. Love the flags theming though.
We chose this restaurant because we were afraid our young kids wouldn't like anything "foreign." They were happy with the typical American fare here, while dad and mom thought it was pretty good.
I am just commenting. If the entire World Showcase has great food from 10 unique cultures, why eat at a place that serves the same food you could find at your local Six Flags?
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Language Learner Looks for Leads in Learning? 42
from the say-title-three-times-fast dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
The classroom context provides the motivation to practice and therefore to learn. Is the structure defined by assignments and tests, or by the community of learners in the classroom? Thinking back on my experience, assignments (and the resulting grade) provided the "stick", especially when I wasn't particularly self motivated. But I also remember thinking, on occasion, "Why am I cramming this stuff into my head? I'm going to forget it 24-hours after the test." Regular thoughts like that seemed to lead
Good question. The content came from the books, blogs, etc. Skill came from putting the information into practice. In your case, was there any educational value from the college classroom/coursework, or could you have done it on your own (with appropriate projects, of course)?
Your comment about projects strikes me as very important, and was something I missed when I put the original post together. Going autobiographical for a moment...
I learned about C as a Freshman in college from a K&R book
Amen to this! Parent has it all correct!
Programming languages don't do the work. They help the programmer express his/her idea of what task needs to be done. Any Turing-complete language will allow you express any task. But can you see the internal structure of the task and are you able to use the most efficient and appropriate language for that task.
Most often I see people learning a litany of languages only to use all of them like C. For example writing a Java app with nothing but static data and
I'm not convinced one of these methods was more effective than the others.
I think, following Wittgenstein, that there's no such thing as thinking independent of a language. Ok, it's not necessarily an actual programming language but you think at least in pseudocode. And I bet this thinking tends to be thinking in a C-like language. Which does not help very much if you program in Prolog or ML. Even Java needs a different mindset. I'm afraid of those '
Don't waste time learning a lot of computer languages. Pick one or two, learn them well, learn their standard libraries, write programs in them, and read/maintain other people's code. Spend most of your time focusing on concepts that generalize to all programming.
Knowing about design patterns is useful in any language. The intricacies of C++ template programming are not. If I say "That's a singleton", people will know what I'm talking about whether the code is written in Ruby, C++, Java, or Cobol.
>"...What's missing?..."
a plug and learning like Neo in Matrix
P.S. I know that it will take the fun out, but we can always learn the traditional way.
What good is a ticket to the good life, if you can't find the entrance?