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A train communication and control system is described having the cars of the train connected by a two-wire train line running continuously from car to car. Any car may be selected to be a master unit. The selection of one car as a master unit disconnects the power sources of all other cars from the train line, leaving the master unit power source as the sole power source for the line. The master unit communicates with each other car by causing a high voltage ("mark" state or logic one) or a low voltage ("space" state or logic zero) to be on the train line. Each non-master car can receive a communication from the master unit, or can transmit to another car by applying a low impendance across the train line to change from a "mark" state to a "space" state. The power source consists of a voltage regulator with precision constant current limit. Output voltage is maintained substantially constant until a load greater than the rated current limit causes the power source to change to a substantially constant current regulator, whereby its regulated voltage falls rapidly to the "space" state voltage.
1. A communication system comprising
a plurality of spatially separated units, each unit comprising
a communication line section consisting of two continuous galvanically conductive wires, the line section of each unit being galvanically connected to the line sections of all other units to form a single two-wire communication line for all units,
a transmitting circuit and a receiving circuit,
each of said transmitting circuits and receiving circuits being connected in parallel across said line at their respective locations whereby all said circuits are connected directly to said two wires,
a direct voltage source also adapted to be connected across said line, only one said source being connected to said line at any one time at one point thereof to provide the only source of voltage on said line and producing a current flow to said circuits, said line having a resistance creating volt drops due to said current flow between said source and said circuits,
each transmitting circuit receiving power directly from the source connected to said line and comprising means for causing the voltage on said line produced by said voltage source at all points along said line to vary between a high level and a low level in correspondence with a binary signal to be transmitted,
all said receiving circuits being adapted to respond to variation of voltage on said line caused by a transmitting circuit of one unit, to reproduce said signal.
2. A system as in claim 1 in which said means for varying voltage at each transmitting circuit comprises a shunting circuit for placing a low impedance load across said line in correspondence with said signal.
3. A system as in claim 2 wherein each said receiving circuit comprises a zener diode having a regulating voltage and connected between the wires of said line, the regulating voltage of said zener diode being greater than the maximum resistive volt-drop in said line between said voltage source and any receiving circuit and less than the voltage of said voltage source in the absence of placing said low impedance load across said line.
4. A system as in claim 1 wherein said line is open at both ends.
5. A system as in claim 1 wherein said voltage source has the characteristic of maintaining substantially uniform voltage output for loads across said line having resistance above a predetermined value.
6. A system as in claim 1 wherein said voltage source has the characteristic of maintaining substantially uniform current for loads across said line having resistance below a predetermined value.
7. A system as in claim 1 wherein each said unit includes a voltage source as recited in claim 1 and further comprising means assuring that any time only a selectable one of said voltage sources in connected to said line and that all other voltage sources are concurrently disconnected from said line.
8. A system as in claim 1 wherein all said units are arranged in a linear array and adapted to be controlled by one of said units, and said one unit may be selected to be any of said units at any position along said array.
9. A system as in claim 1 wherein each said unit has its own respective ground, and further comprising means assuring that any time only a selectable one of said grounds is connected to one wire of said line and that all other grounds are disconnected from said line.
10. A communication system as in claim 1 for multi-car trains wherein each of said units is in a respective car of said train,
each car having a section of said line extending from its front to its rear, said section being directly connected at each end to the end of the line section of an adjacent car, whereby said sections form a single continuous trainline,
said trainline being open-ended at each end.
11. A system as in claim 1 wherein said voltage source has the characteristic of maintaining substantially uniform voltage output for loads across said line having resistance above a predetermined value, and of maintaining substantially uniform current for loads across said line having a resistance below a predetermined value.
12. In a control system for trains having a plurality of cars, each having a continuous galvanically conductive trainline extending from car to car, a power supply circuit for supplying power to said train line, a car ground, a transmitting circuit, and a receiving circuit with each of said transmitting and receiving circuits connected to said trainline to receive power from the trainline, the combination comprising,
a first means for activating a car to become a master car,
means operative upon activation of a master car for connecting the power supply circuit of said master car to said trainline to supply power thereto and disconnecting all other power supply circuits from the trainline,
means operative upon activation of a master car for connecting the car ground of said master car to said trainline and disconnecting all other car grounds from said trainline,
and means isolating the non-master receiving and transmitting circuits from the grounds of their respective cars.
13. A system as in claim 12 including
one or more controllable display devices at each car,
means causing the master transmitting circuit to shunt a low impedance load across said line in correspondence with a control signal for controlling said devices, and
means at each receiving circuit for responding to such shunting for controlling the display devices at the respective car.
14. A system as in claim 12, including means at each car to cause it to become the master car in substitution for a previous master car regardless of its position in the train.
15. A control system for a plurality of separately located units to be controlled form any one of said units,
said units being interconnected only by a single line formed of two continuous conductive wires,
each unit comprising a voltage supply circuit adapted to supply voltage to said line, a transmitting circuit, and a receiving circuit, said voltage supply circuit being independent of said transmitting and receiving circuits,
the transmitting circuit and receiving circuit of each unit being continuously connected across said two-wire line,
means at each unit for causing its voltage supply circuit to be connected across said line and
means operative upon connection of one voltage supply circuit to said line for causing the voltage supply circuit of all other units to be disconnected from said line, whereby said line is supplied from only one voltage supply circuit at any time.
16. A system as in claim 15 wherein each said voltage supply circuit includes a ground, whereby said line is provided with a ground from only one supply circuit,
each of said transmitting and receiving circuits being provided with a ground only by said line.
17. A multicar train system comprising
a continuous two-wire line extending serially from car to car along said train from one end of the train to the other,
each car of the train having a transmitter and a receiver, each connected in parallel to the line,
a direct voltage source coupled across said line at a selected car, said line having no other voltage or power sources connected to said line,
means at each transmitter to apply a shunt to said line in correspondence with one bit of a binary digital signal to increase the current in said line and reduce the voltage across said line at all points along the line during such shunting, and
means at each receiver for responding to said voltage reduction to detect said signal,
said source including a regulator having a regulated voltage output mode for current output not exceeding the aggregate current drawn by all said transmitters and receivers in the absence of transmission of data along said line and having a regulated current output mode for current draw substantially greater than said first current output,
said shunt-applying means being operative to provide a current draw from said regulator to cause said regulator to operate in its regulated-current mode.
18. A system comprising
a transmitting circuit,
a receiving circuit
a two-wire line connecting said circuits,
a single voltage source connected across said line for supply voltage to said line,
means for transmitting binary information in the form of binary bits of two types from said transmitting circuit to said receiving circuit, comprising means at said transmitting circuit for applying a low impedance load across said line to reduce the voltage at said receiving circuit in correspondence with each occurrence of a bit of said binary information of one type,
said voltage source having means maintaining both a substantially uniform voltage for loads having a range of impedances greater than said low impedance load and a substantially constant current for loads having a range of impedances substantially equal to or less than said low impedance,
said receiving circuit including an input having a zener diode connected across said line, said diode having a regulating voltage at least as large as the voltage created at any receiver by the resistive volt-drop in said line between said transmitting and receiving circuits during marks of said binary information, said regulating voltage also being less than that of said voltage source, whereby said diode will conduct in the absence of application of said low impedance load to maintain said receiving circuit in a mark state.
19. A method of communicating in trains having a plurality of cars and a galvanically conductive trainline extending continuously from car to car, each car having a unidirectional power supply circuit adapted to be connected to said line to supply power thereto, a transmitting circuit, a receiving circuit, and a car ground, with each of said transmitting and receiving circuits being connected to the train line in its respective car to derive power therefrom, the steps of:
connecting the power supply circuit of one car to said train line and concurrently disconnecting the power supply circuits of all other cars from the train line,
connecting the ground of said one car to said train line and concurrently disconnecting all other car grounds from said train line, and
isolating the receiving and transmitting circuits of all said other cars from their respective car grounds.
20. The method as in claim 19 wherein each car also has a display device, and including the steps of
causing the transmitting circuit of one car to shunt a low resistive impedance across said train line in correspondence with a signal,
causing at least one receiving circuit to respond to such shunting, and
controlling by said one receiver circuit the display device at such receiver.
21. A method as in claim 19, including the steps of
causing a different car from said one car to have its power supply circuit and ground connected to said train line, and
concurrently disconnecting the power supply circuit and ground of said one car from said train line.
22. A multicar train system comprising
a continuous two-wire line extending serially from car to car along said train from one end of the train to the other,
each car of the train having a transmitter and a receiver, each connected in parallel to the line,
a direct voltage source coupled across said line at a selected (master) car, said line having no other voltage or power sources connected to said line,
means at each transmitter to apply a shunt to said line in correspondence with one bit of a binary digital signal to increase the current in said line and reduce the voltage across said line at all points along the line during such shunting, and
means at each receiver for responding to said voltage reduction to detect said signal,
each car having a direct voltage source and said system also including means for coupling a second voltage source of a non-master car to said line, and for concurrently preventing all other sources except said second source and including said first source from being connected to said line, whereby the car having said second source becomes master car.
The present invention relates to systems for controlling multiple devices, such as signs for displaying messages, as for highway traffic control systems or for display of destinations in a number of subway or railway cars. It is particularly described with respect to a system for controlling and determining the display of messages on each car of a multi-car train.
In train systems such as subways, typically up to a dozen cars may be coupled together at a terminal, the cars being selected from a large pool of available cars. In some situations, the cars may be kept joined in pairs, which are assembled into a train. (Hereinbelow "car" shall refer to either a single car or a car-pair treated as a single car.) It is desirable that a system be provided for displaying the destination (or other message) on controllable signs in each car, under control from one point of the train. For desired flexibility, that control point should be available at any car of the train.
For enhanced versatility and flexibility in display of messages, it is desirable that such signs be electronic-controlled displays, such as have been used in electronic bus destination signs, of which one form is known as the Luminator or MAX Information Display System. In such a system a library of different messages may be stored in a memory, to be selected by an operator, for display on one or more signs such as in the front, side or rear of a bus. Such a system and a memory transfer unit for it is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,586,157 dated Apr. 29, 1986 and assigned to the assignee of the present application. The present invention provides a system useful to control a multiplicity of such displays, such as the signs on the cars of a train or the signs of a highway traffic control system or the like.
One problem associated with subway or other electric trains is that each car has its own DC power source (as from third-rail or overhead wires or other DC power supply) and has its own ground. These grounds are separated by various and usually indeterminate impedances. When interconnecting cars with a communication line, differing voltage drops between the grounds of different cars may create undesirable "ground loops".
This is avoided by the present communication system in which at any one time power and ground are applied at only one car (a "master car"), while all other cars are isolated from their normal ground and power supply but utilize the power supply and ground of the master car. Hence, there can be no potential difference between car grounds, eliminating ground loops.
According to a feature of the invention, bi-directional data communication is provided, between a "master" unit and all other ("slave") units, where any unit of the train may be made the master unit, i.e., the master unit may be located anywhere along the train and readily changed in location at any time by converting a former slave unit to a master.
According to another feature of the present invention, each car of a train system is provided with a set of message displays or signs, and each car has its own sign control unit ("SCU"). In a multi-car train, for example, an operator may make any one of the sign control units a "master" unit, for determining the operation of all of the sign control units of the other cars, which may be deemed "slave" units. Each car (whether master or slave unit) has its own data handling apparatus, including a message memory and microprocessor for supplying a selected message from the memory to the signs, to display the selected messages. Control over what is displayed and the manner of display is centralized in the master unit.
According to yet another feature of the present invention, control from the master unit to the slave units and communication in both directions between the slave units and the master unit, are provided by causing all units to be directly coupled to the same two-wire pair (called a communication line or trainline). Such a line extends along each car, from one end to the other, both ends being unterminated and open. Thus, the trainline runs in series from car to car, and the trainline in each car is automatically joined to the next car's line when cars are mechanically coupled to one another. The trainline wire pair is not closed or terminated at either end, permitting differing arrangements of individual cars to be assembled as desired while maintaining the line extending the length of the train. Circuits in each car are placed across the line, in parallel fashion. Only the master unit controls electrical data flow along the trainline, and losses and signal noise which may be caused by circulating currents or voltage loops within a car or between cars are avoided. The trainline is preferably a shielded twisted pair to reduce noise pick up and cross talk in an ordinarily high electrical/electromagnetic environment.
Communication is made in binary digital fashion, by modulating the voltage appearing on the trainline, between a high value representing one binary bit (e.g., logic "1" or a "mark") and a low voltage value representing the other binary data bit (e.g., logic "0" or a "space"). This modulating is produced at both master and slave units by providing a normal high level voltage on the trainline (from only the master unit) and shunting the trainline by a low resistance (e.g., short circuiting the trainline) at the unit transmitting data to provide a constant current, low voltage level. The succession of high and low values then represent in digital binary form the message data or control data passing between units.
The present system also provides improved circuitry permitting communication at a high baud rate (e.g., 19,200 minimum) between a large number of units, up to a designed maximum, without degrading the data signal. In contrast, prior trainline circuits have been limited typically to the neighborhood of 1,000-1,200 baud.
The present invention provides particular circuitry and procedures for a versatile and effective arrangement for controlling a multiplicity of message displays from a single point, which may be selectably located at any of the message display locations.
Further advantages and objects of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the appended drawings.
FIG. 1 is a plan conceptual view of several cars of a train showing the environment and general arrangement of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial view of FIG. 1 showing a coupler between the cars of the train;
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of the invention showing a representative circuit of both a master sign control unit and a slave sign control unit;
FIG. 4 is a circuit schematic of a voltage regulator and current controller and a master/slave connect relay in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 5 is a graphic representation of a typical output response of the output voltage of a prior art regulator with respect to the load across its output;
FIG. 6 is a graphic representation of the output response of the voltage of a regulator in accordance with the invention, with respect to the load across the output.
FIG. 7 is a circuit schematic of a data transmitter in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 8 is a circuit schematic of a data receiver in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 9 is a function diagram showing the operation procedure for establishing which sign control units are active;
FIG. 10 is a status diagram showing the operation procedure for the master microprocessor, for several purposes.
The preferred embodiment of the invention is intended for use with trains, specifically electric subway-type trains, although usable in other systems for controlling multiple signs or other devices. The invention particularly provides improved communication between and control of the display sign controllers of each car of the train.
FIG. 1 shows some of the cars of an electric subway-type train 10. Two cars are indicated as Car A and Car B. Cars A and B are connected to each other, as are the remaining cars of the train 10, through a coupling 12. The coupling 12 is a standard car-to-car coupling intended to connect two abutting cars together, both mechanically and electrically.
In accordance with the invention, a two-wire communication line (trainline) 14 is provided along each car, to be interconnected end-to-end between all the cars of the train 10. The communication line 14 is represented in this figure as a single dashed line through the center of the cars shown in FIG. 1, but will be understood to be a shielded wire-pair, preferably twisted, to minimize noise and cross-talk pickup from other circuits which may be present in the same cable way, in the typically high electrical noise environment and strong electromagnetic fields in such cars. FIG. 2 shows an enlarged portion of the train 10 between two cars. The two wires 14P, 14N of the communication line 14 of Car A, for example, are automatically connected to the corresponding wires of the counterpart communication line 14 of Car B when Cars A and B are coupled together. All communication between the cars that relates to the control and operation of the display signs within each car in accordance with the invention is carried by the simple two-wire communication line 14.
As shown in FIG. 1, each car of the train 10 includes a sign control unit (SCU) 16, display signs 18, an operator's display keyboard (ODK) 20 and a local power source 22 such as a 5-volt DC power supply which may be part of the SCU. As indicated in FIG. 2, the SCU 16 of each car of the train 10 includes a system processing board (SPB) 24, a memory 56, a trainline interface board (TIB) 28 (which includes a microprocessor 54). Each SCU 16 also includes a power supply board (PSB) 30 (which may include source 22) for supplying the local power for the SCU for that car of the train 10.
The SPB 24 of the SCU 16 for a particular car is the display system controller of that car. The TIB 28 of each SCU 16 interconnects all of the SCUs 16 of the train 10, so that each SCU 16 can communicate with the others, along the communication line 14. As described later, any SCU 16 may be chosen to be a master SCU among all the SCUs 16 of the train for controlling the display systems of the entire train 10, by controlling the operation of all the remaining SPBs which become slave SPBs.
Two or more display signs 18 are located at appropriate positions, such as on either side of each car of the train 10, and are used to display a message, either a preselected one from the memory 56 or one inputted by an operator of the train 10 by using the ODK 20. The display signs 18 are preferably of the LCD type, such as in the Luminator MAX bus destination sign system, but any electronically controlled sign can be used with the invention, such as those using flip-dots or LEDs. The display signs 18 of each car are preferably powered directly from the PSB 30 of that car of the train 10. The control of signs 18 from SCU 16 may be accomplished in any desired manner.
An operator at any car, by use of the ODK 20 located on that car of the train 10, may communicate with the SCU 16 of that car, and thereby control the message displayed by the signs 18 of that car. In addition, by means of the TIBs 28 of all the cars connected to the communication line 14, the display signs 18 of the entire train 10 become controllable by that ODK 20. The ODK 20 includes a customary keyboard portion for command and data input and a display portion to view the inputted data and the information currently being displayed by the display signs 18. The ODK may be replaced by any source of control signals for selecting particular messages to display, such as a set of thumb wheel switches.
FIG. 3 shows a block schematic of a portion of a trainline interface board (TIB) 28 and an SPB 24 (which may be contained in microprocessor 54) of two separate SCUs 16, one SCU 16A of Car A and the other SCU 16B of Car B. It will be understood that the Car B slave unit is identical in circuit to the master unit of Car A, although only partially shown in FIG. 3. Two display signs 18 are controlled by the microprocessor 54 of each SCU 16, and an ODK 20 is an input thereto. As described below, the SCU 16 of one car may be selected by its ODK 20 to have the status of "master", while the other SCU 16 shown (and all other SCUs 16 of the train 10 not shown) are then automatically placed in a "slave" status.
Referring to FIG. 3, train power at Car A is inputted by power terminal 64 and car ground 62 to a voltage regulator and current controller 40. Details of the regulator and current controller 40 are described below; it provides a regulated output voltage which is substantially constant for current loads up to a predetermined value, and toggles abruptly to a constant regulated current with low voltage upon a very low resistance (high current) load. The output of the regulator and current controller 40 is switched in or out by a master/slave connect relay 42, which is in a closed position for the master SCU 16A and in an open position for all the slave SCUs 16, including SCU 16B, as discussed below. The master/slave connect relay 42 under the control of microprocessor 54 connects the communication line wires 14P, 14N to the regulator and current controller 40 or disconnects them from regulator 40. Whenever the master/slave connect relay 42 is closed, its SCU 16 becomes the master SCU 16 (in FIG. 3, the master SCU 16 is SCU 16A), and the output of the regulator 40 in the master Car A (in FIG. 3) is then directly connected to the communication line 14. Power from the master regulator is thereby sent to all SCUs 16B throughout the train 10, whose relays 42 are then kept open, so that no power is drawn from the individual regulator 40 of any of the slave SCUs 16B. The open relay 42 in each slave SCU 16B electrically isolates the output of the slave unit regulator 40 and the car power source 64, 62 of Car B (and all non-master other cars) from the trainline 14.
The output of the master connect relay 42 is connected, as shown, to trainline 14, one wire 14N of the trainline being a ground wire, the other 14P a positive voltage wire. The ground for all of the slave SCUs is then always the car ground 62 of only the master car, Car A in FIG. 3, thereby avoiding ground loops.
In each car, connected across the train communication line 14 and to the output terminals of the master/slave connect relay 42 is a data transmitter circuit 44 and a data receiver circuit 46. The data transmitter circuit 44 receives data from the SPB 24 (part of microprocessor 54) of the car's SCU 16A.
The data to be transmitted by the master unit is used to modulate the voltage supplied across the communication line 14 from the master regulator 40 in such a manner that allows the data to be sent along the communication line 14, with sufficient current for operation of all the slave SCUs 16. As shown below, this is done by rapidly shunting and unshunting the trainline 14 to create digital signals representative of the data to be transmitted. The transmitted modulated voltage operates the receiver components of the slave SCUs, so that they may receive such data. They also may transmit their own data to the master SCU 16A by a similar shunting operation. The operation and a preferred circuit arrangement of the transmitter circuit 44 are described in greater detail below.
The data receiver 46 of the each SCU 16 (including master SCU 16A) is also connected across the line 14, and receives its input only from line 14, independent of the local car power supply and ground. Thus, the trainline remains connected to only a single power source and ground (that of the master). The receiving circuit 46 receives any modulated signals on the communication line 14 and transmits them to microprocessor 54 which serves to control signs 18 by way of sign processing board SPB of the microprocessor.
As described above, the master SCU 16A includes both the trainline interface board (TIB) 28 and the sign processing board SPB 24. The SPB 24 controls the operation of the TIB 28 and, if it is a master SPB as in 24A, it also controls the operation of each TIB 28 and microprocessor 54 in all the other cars of the train 10.
The SPB 24 includes a microprocessor unit (MPU) 54 and a memory unit 56, each powered by the local power source 22. The microprocessor 54 of the SPB 24 of each SCU 16 of each car of the train 10 controls the related "local" functions of the particular car; for example, the microprocessor of slave Car B controls the display signs 18 located in Car B, the relay 42 of Car B and the flow of data from Car B to the master SCU (Car A, for example). The microprocessor 54 of the master SCU 16, however, controls the individual microprocessors 54 of all other cars. The master unit's microprocessor 54 only communicates serially through the trainline 14 to command the microprocessors of the slave units, but does not directly control any functions in the slave units, which is accomplished by the slave microprocessors. Communications from master to slave are initiated only by the master, and communications from slave to master (such as confirmations of commands) are as permitted by the master, in a simplex-type communication protocol, which puts data from only one unit on the line 14 at a time.
Thus, the chosen master SCU 16A powers the entire communication line 14, so that the data transmitter 44 and the data receiver 46 of each of the slave SCUs 16 operate with an isolated or floating ground, which is that (62) of the master Car A. This arrangement eliminates any problems associated with circulating currents such as might be caused by output differences in the local car power sources 64 of the different cars of the train 10. Such differences in power source can lead to static and noise generation along the communication line 14, often resulting in loss of data between SCUs 16. The load on the communications line 14 is kept small, limited to the data transmitter and data receiver circuits of the several SCUs, so that rise and fall times of the voltage are improved. Local power is supplied to other circuits of the SCUs, from their train power 64 or power source 22.
Referring to FIG. 4, a preferred circuit schematic for the regulator and current limiter 40 and master/slave connect relay 42 is shown. Power is drawn from the car train power line 64. The voltage at line 64 is preferably filtered, but not necessarily regulated. The negative line 62 remains at car ground potential while the positive line 64 is at a potential which illustratively is of the order of 37 volts dc. A fuse 66 is preferably provided in line with the positive line 64 to protect the entire trainline circuit.
A light-emitting diode 70 and an appropriate series resister 68 are connected across the input leads 62 and 64 to provide a "power-on" indication for the trainline system. Zener diode 72 having a regulating voltage illustratively of the order of 40 volts is preferably connected across the power input leads 62, 64 to protect the following circuitry from any voltage transients occurring in the car power. One terminal of another zener diode 74 is connected to the positive line 64 through resister 76 defining a node 78, the other terminal of zener diode 74 being connected to the ground line 62. The zener diode 74 is used to provide a regulated voltage of a predetermined value, illustratively of the order of 15 volts dc. A capacitor 79, connected between node 78 and the ground line 62 is used to help eliminate any electrical noise within the circuit and to maintain a substantially constant voltage.
A shunt regulator 80, which may be a commercially available part (Texas Instrument's part No. TL 431, for example), includes three terminals or leads, namely, a cathode input lead 82, which connected to node 78, an output lead 84, and a reference terminal or lead 88. A resistor 90 connects the reference lead 88 of the shunt regulator to the output lead 86. A diode 92 is connected between the positive power line 64 and the output lead 86 to prevent any reverse bias voltage derived from the capacitance of the communication line 14 from injuring the circuit, as during a power failure or circuit interruption.
Element 94 represents a commercially available I.C. chip which essentially includes a standard Darlington transistor (Texas Instrument part No. TIP122). The base terminal 96 of chip 94 is connected to node 78. The collector terminal 98 is connected directly to the positive input lead 64. The emitter terminal 100 of chip 94 is connected to the output lead 86 through resister 90. The output lead 86, representing the output of the regulator and current controller 40, is connected directly to an input lead 102 of the master/slave connect relay 42. The ground lead 62 is connected directly to another input lead 104 of relay 42. Any appropriate relay may be used in the circuit of the invention; however, in this preferred embodiment, a double-pole, single-throw relay 42 is used. When the relay 42 is activated (under control of microprocessor 54), the lead 102 (positive output of the regulator 40) is switched to a positive output lead 106 (as shown in FIG. 4), and simultaneously, the negative ground line 62 is connected to a negative relay output lead 108. The positive relay output lead 106 is connected directly through an isolating diode 134 to the positive side 14P of the communication line 14. The negative relay output lead 108 is connected through an isolating diode 134 to the ground side 14N of the communication line 14. When the master/slave connect relay 42 is deactivated (or not energized), the positive lead 102 from the regulator 40 is connected to a third relay lead 110 which is connected to the ground lead 62 through a resistor 112 and a light-emitting diode (LED) 114. The resulting flow of current will light the LED 114 whenever the master/slave connect relay 42 is in its non-activated position, indicating that this SCU is in a slave configuration. The fourth relay contact is not used in this embodiment. The master/slave connect relay 42 therefore controls whether power from the regulator and current controller 40 is sent to the communication line 14, or alternatively to an indicator LED 114.
To activate the master/slave connect relay 42, a line 116 is provided from the local power source 22 to the positive terminal 118 of the coil of the relay 42. The negative terminal 120 of the coil of the relay 42 is connected to the collector terminal of a transistor 122. A diode 124 is connected between the positive and negative terminals of the coil of relay 42 for preventing any adverse effects on the operation of the relay 42 due to any reverse bias generated during deactivation of the relay coil. The emitter of the transistor 122 is connected to the return 21 for source 22. The base of the transistor 122 is connected to a node 126 through a diode 128. Node 126 is connected to local power source 22 through a resistor 130. Another diode 132 is connected between node 126 and the relay control output line 133 of microprocessor 54 of the SPB 24. An appropriate signal from the microprocessor 54 activates the transistor 122 which, in turn, controls the relay 42 by controlling the flow of current through the coil of the relay 42. Diodes 128 and 132 are used to bias the transistor so that the relay 42 can be activated precisely and quickly.
In operation of the regulator and current controller 40, the Darlington transistor 94 will provide a current flow through the resistor 90 to the output node 86. The voltage drop across the resistor 90 appears between the leads 84 and 88 of the shunt regulator 80. At a predetermined voltage drop across the resistor 90 (illustratively of the order of 2.5 volts) caused by a low resistance load on line 14, the shunt regulator 80 will become conductive between its leads 82, 84, which will change the bias on base 96 of the transistor chip 94. The resulting control by the shunt regulator 80 will then maintain a substantially fixed current output regardless of the load across the output terminals (between lead 86 and ground line 62). That current is designed to be sufficient to supply the receiver and transmitter circuits of the SCUs for all the cars.
The circuit is a series voltage regulator which uses a high speed constant current limiting circuit. It regulates quickly to toggle between the constant voltage mode and the constant current mode, which constitutes the transition between a mark and space for coded communication. This circuit is only used for communication. As shown below, it supplies power (e.g., of the order of one watt) to isolated sections at each transmitter and receiver circuit, sufficient for communication between the desired numbers of cars. Other circuitry in the system is supplied by local car power sources and power supplies.
The present invention modulates the voltage across the communication lines 14N, 14P by shunting these lines in a controlled manner dictated by the transmitter circuit 44 (described below) and corresponding to the data that is being transmitted. It is important, for high rate of data flow, that the transition between high and low voltage states (i.e., between mark and space) be rapid and certain.
Ordinarily, the voltage across a circuit such as trainline 14 would vary with load placed on the line, as shown in FIG. 5, where the voltage varies substantially linearly with decreasing load resistance and increasing current of the load. However in the present system, slave units will be at varying distances along the train from the master unit, depending upon which unit has been caused to become the master and depending upon the location of the particular slave unit which may be in communication with the master. This provides differing resistances between the slave and the master unit, depending upon the length of line and line resistance between the then transmitting unit and the then receiving unit, each of which may be at any car of the train.
Thus, if the trainline 14 were switched between an open circuit voltage and even a full short-circuit at a slave unit to provide binary-coded information to a master unit, (or vice versa) in a conventional power supply the voltage at the receiving unit would vary from full voltage at open circuit at the transmitting unit to some different value on short circuit at the transmitting unit, depending on which unit is transmitting and its distance from the receiving unit. This produces an indeterminate voltage low at the receiving unit, which may adversely affect reliability of communication.
To avoid these effects and to assure that both the voltage high and the voltage low are definitive, the present invention provides an output voltage from voltage regulator 40 with a characteristic such as shown in FIG. 6, which maintains a substantially uniform (or only slightly declining) voltage output for increasing loads (and current) up to a predesigned value, at which the circuit converts to a regulated current circuit, maintaining substantially constant current (as at X, FIG. 6). The result is an abrupt voltage drop. Therefore, as the communication line 14 is shunted by a slave unit anywhere along the line, the maximum line resistance is designed to have a value less than that represented at point X of FIG. 6 so that the voltage on the trainline, previously maintained at the upper level Y, will drop sharply upon shunting of the line to a voltage well below the level Z indicative of the desired voltage "low" representing a space or logic 0. This characteristic is provided by the circuitry described above with respect to the voltage regulator 40 of FIG. 4. In this way, the two voltage states ("high" or "low") representing the logic "0" or logic "1" binary data bits are more precisely determined and data is transmitted and received with greater reliability. The result is data being transmitted from a master SCU to the slave SCUs or conversely, in the form of a clean binary data signal.
Referring to FIG. 7, a preferred circuit schematic of the transmitter 44 is shown. As indicated above, the transmitter circuit 44 is connected across the communication line wires 14N and 14P. A zener diode 140 is connected between the negative communication line 14N and a node 147. A noise-reducing capacitor 144 is connected between the negative communication line 14N and node 147. A diode 146 and a resistor 148 are connected in series between node 147 and the positive communication line 14P. The communication line 14 therefore passes current through resistor 148 and diode 146 to charge up capacitor 144 until it attains the regulating voltage (zener voltage) of zener diode 140, illustratively of the order of 13 volts. An isolating coupler 48 (preferably an opto-coupler 48 with a Darlington transistor I.C. 152, such as Texas Instruments part No. 6N139) is supplied with power from local source 22 through resistor 156 to an input portion of the coupler 48 by line 154 and is connected to the microprocessor 54 by line 155. Data from the microprocessor 54 will control the flow of current along line 154 and thereby control the input to coupler 48. The chip 152 is powered by the voltage at node 147.
The coupler 48 forwards the data signal to a conventional schmitt triggering circuit 162 illustratively in the form of I.C. chip such as Texas Instrument part No. CD40106B. The output of the triggering circuit 162 is connected to a node 164 which is connected to the gate 166 of a power mosfet 168. The drain 170 of the mosfet 168 is connected directly to the positive communication line 14P. The source 172 of the mosfet 168 is connected directly to the negative communication line 14P. A rener diode 174 and a parallel resistor 176 are connected between the negative communication wire 14N and node 164. It is appreciated by those skilled in the art that the schmitt triggering circuit 162, the resistor 176 and the zener diode 174 are used to provide a more effective pulse wave shape with sharp rise and fall, and hence improved switching characteristics and operating performance for the mosfet 168.
In operation of the transmitting circuit 44 and coupler 48, an output voltage signal modulated by binary data representing information to be sent over the communication line 14 is produced by the transmitter circuit 44 in response to a pulsed signal sent by the microprocessor 54 over lead 155. This modulating signal is coupled through and amplified by the coupler 48 and trigger 162, to operate the mosfet 168. The mosfet 168 will become conductive between its leads 170, 172 in response to and corresponding with the pulse modulating signal and will therefore modulate the voltage across the communication lines 14N and 14P by repetitively shunting the positive communication line 14 nearly to ground, which drops the previous high line voltage to a low value during one of the binary bits of the modulating signal.
Thus, according to the present invention, communication along the trainline 14 is accomplished by transmitting data from master unit to slave unit (or from slave unit to master unit) by controlling the voltage on the trainline, by switching the line voltage from a high value to a low value, each value corresponding to a logic "0" or logic "1" bit of a binary data signal. This switching is accomplished at either the master or any slave by applying a substantially zero or low resistance load across the trainline 14 by power mosfet 168.
The voltage supplied to the communication line 14 from the master unit is used by the slave SCUs 16 to provide power for the portion of their transmitter circuits 44 coupled to communication line 14, those portions being isolated from the remainder of the SCU by the opto-couplers 148. Capacitor 144, diodes 140, 146 and resistor 148 of a slave unit serve to extract power from the voltage on line 14 so that the slave transmitter circuit 44 can return data to the master SCU merely by shunting line 14, without drawing power from its own regulator 40 (which is then cut off). While the line voltage is "high", capacitor 144 is charged through resistor 148 and diode 146 until the voltage rating of zener diode 140 is reached. When the line voltage is "low", because some unit is transmitting data, the diode 146 prevents discharge of capacitor 144, which substantially retains its voltage to supply necessary voltage for chip 152 and schmitt trigger 162. Any loss of charge is replenished when the voltage of line 14 goes "high" again, which is its rest condition as well as the condition for one of the logic bits. Therefore, the communication circuits of the slave SCUs 16 of the train 10 are effectively powered by a single regulated voltage supply, that of the chosen master SCU 16.
In response to data or commands from the master unit, as controlled by its microprocessor, one or more slave units addressed by the master unit may respond by the transmit signal placed on its line 155, to produce binary-coded shunting of the line 14 by the slave unit's mosfet 168. The master microprocessor determines which slave unit transmits and when, by controlling the slave microprocessors so that the master and slave units do not transmit simultaneously.
All the receiver circuits 46 of the various SCU's 16 in the system are identical and each is connected across the communication lines 14P, 14N. A preferred receiver circuit is shown schematically in FIG. 8. The switched-voltage data signal on wires 14P, 14N is supplied to an isolating coupler (e.g., an opto-coupler) 182 through resistor 186 and zener diode 184. The coupler 182 is also preferably in the form of an I.C. chip and may be the same type of I.C. chip as used in the transmitter circuit described above. The portion of the coupler 182 not connected to wires 14N, 14P is powered from the local car power source 22. An output lead 188 of the coupler 182 is connected to the power supply 22 through a resistor 190. A capacitor 192 is connected between the output lead 188 of the coupler 182 and the ground return 21 of the power source 22. A lead 194 of the coupler 182 is also connected to the ground 21. A resistor 196 is connected between terminal 187 of the coupler 182 and the ground 21. The coupler output is supplied to a schmitt triggering circuit 198 similar to the one used in the transmitter circuit described above, which is connected between the output lead 188 of the coupler 182 and a receiver circuit output terminal 200. A pull up resistor 202 is connected between the circuit output terminal 200 and the power source 22, which also energizes circuit 198 by lead 199. The output terminal 200 of the receiver circuit is then connected to the microprocessor 54, which determines the use to which the received data is to be put (e.g., to acknowledge receipt of signals transmitted from the master unit, or to supply message data to the signs 18).
As is apparent to those skilled in the art, the schmitt triggering circuit 198, the capacitor 192 and the resistor 196 are used to filter and square-off the output data pulses. Also, the zener diode 184 and resistor 186 create a threshold voltage, several volts above zero, below which the receiver will register a logic "0". The regulating voltage of the zener 184 is selected to be just greater than the voltage created at any receiver by the maximum volt drop which may be experienced along the trainline (for example, if the master is at one end of the train and a slave transmitter is at the other end of the train seeking to communicate with the receiving circuit at the master's location). Thus, so long as the trainline voltage is high (for "mark") current will flow through zener 184 into the coupler 182 input. When the trainline voltage at a receiver drops below the zener regulating voltage due to shunting at any car, its zener 184 becomes non-conductive, cutting off input to the opto-coupler, designating a "space", regardless of the differing trainline resistances to the various cars. The circuit thus defines the values of low and high voltage states so that current will flow through the coupler 182 only when the voltage detected along the communication line 14 exceeds a predetermined value as dictated by the value of the zener diode 184. Representatively, this may be about 6 volts.
The operation of the system is determined by the microprocessor 54 of the controlling (master}SCU 16 which controls the operation of all the slave SCUs 16 by controlling the microprocessor 54 in each slave SCU 16. The master microprocessor 54 uses the communication line 14 to send data to and receive data from any or all the slave SCUs, by following a specified software protocol as outlined in the charts of FIGS. 9 and 10, described below.
Furthermore, the SCU 16 within each car controls each of its own peripheral devices, such as the signs 18 and the ODK 20 within the particular car. Through the use of the SPB portion of the SCU 16 of each car, data flow is controlled between the SCU of the car and the car's peripherals. The TIB portion of each SCU 16 allows the master SCU 16 of the train 10 to interface with and determine the action of all SCUs 16 together, as described above. FIG. 10 may be taken as showing also the flow of data between the SCU 16 in each car and that car's peripherals.
Customarily, each car for a train has a master switch (i.e., key-switch or forward/reverse switch) which first energizes the car such as to turn on the headlights of the car when it is a lead car. When, for example, ten train cars are connected to form a train 10, the key switch which is first activated creates a voltage which is detected by and informs the microprocessor 54 of the SCU 16 in that car to activate its master/slave connect relay 42, thereby connecting its power lines 62, 64 through its regulator 40 to the communication line 14 common to it and the other nine cars of the train 10. The connect relay 42 of all other (slave) cars is kept de-energized (by command from the master CPU 54 to all slave CPUs 54), so that no slave unit power supply 40 is connected to the communication line 14.
As a preliminary operation, the system first identifies which cars are in the train. While all cars have the same sign control equipment, each SCU (and thus each car) is assigned its own permanent pre-programmed address which is unique, so that no two cars have the same address. In the present arrangement, up to 2000 separate addresses may illustratively be used for up to 2000 cars, without duplicating addresses. Of course, the number of possible addresses may be increased, as desired, by appropriate choice of the microprocessor used and its memory capacity. Each CPU 54 thus will accept and respond only to messages or commands identified by its own specific address.
FIG. 9 is a function diagram illustrating a preferred way in which the master microprocessor 54 establishes which SCUs 16 (of the 2000 cars) form the particular train 10 so that it can then address them and communicate with them as necessary, and in addition sets the SCUs in proper condition. In order to save computing time and memory space, a slave table 300 is generated and provides a current list of address data designating those SCUs 16 that have been recognized as being connected to form the train 10. The train table 300 is kept in non-volatile memory and is continually updated in the search (i.e., polling) cycle indicated in FIG. 9. In the above example, the table should contain ten SCU addresses (nine slaves and one master).
First, by operation of its microprocessor 54, an SCU 16 becomes master upon actuation of the key-switch (indicated at circle 301). As indicated above, concurrently all other SCUs are conditioned to become slaves. The microprocessor then resets a sequential counter for the 2,000 addresses of the total number of SCUs (circle 312) and then updates all the slave units listed in table 300, by the procedure described below with respect to FIG. 10, to place them in the "OK" state (starting by an "Idle" signal as described below). In this update, each SCU listed in table 300 is interrogated; if there is no response (because the address is that of an SCU not in the train) that address is merely skipped.
The master microprocessor 54 then searches or polls through the entire list of possible SCU addresses (in this example, 2000), but not all at once. In order to provide prompt access to those SCUs which are in the train 10, only a predetermined portion of the total number, such as 250 addresses, is polled at a time. As indicated by circle 302, the microprocessor 54 will call each address of the first group and wait for a reply. If no reply is received from an SCU at that address in a pre-determined time, then it is assumed that no SCU exists in the train 10 with that address. If any of the SCU addresses that do not reply are already listed in the table 300, then these addresses will be removed from the table, as indicated by circle 304, after which the poll continues to the next address. If a reply is received by the microprocessor for a particular address, then that address is added to the train table 300, as indicated in FIG. 9 by circle 306, again resuming to the search (circle 302) when the addition is complete.
After a portion of the complete CPU list (e.g., after 250 addresses) is polled, the CPU 54 calls sequentially the SCUs 16 listed in the train table for a status check (indicated by circle 308). The status check procedure determines the status of the particular SCU, for example, is it in an "OK" state, an "Empty" state, a "Receive Configuration" state, etc., all described below. The SCU is then put into or kept in the "OK" state. Thus, each time the table is polled, all the SCU's listed in the table are placed in the "OK" state, ready for further commands. As indicated by arrow 310, after this checking the CPU 54 returns to the searching procedure (circle 302) and continues with the next group (e.g., 250 addresses), followed by again checking the status of those SCUs listed in the train table. This cycle (circle 308, arrow 310, circle 302) is repeated until the full set of SCUs (all 2000 in this case) has been polled, at which point the sequential address counter is reset to zero (circle 312) to prepare for the next full cycle.
By this cycle, the train table will list all SCUs in the train, and each SCU has been placed in "OK" status. If during this cycle, at circle 308, an ODK input is sensed at the master SCU addressed, the message data called for by that input is supplied to all SCUs in the manner described as to FIG. 10. This causes all the signs to display the data called for by the ODK input. The searching at 308 then continues.
If during the status check (circle 308) a slave SCU is addressed which has an input to its ODK, this is taken as an instruction to take over mastership. The previous master is made a slave, as at circle 307 (by switching off its voltage supply as described below) and the former slave SCU becomes the new master. As indicated by line 304, the new master enters the state shown in circle 301, and the process described above is repeated.
After resetting the address counter (circle 312), the new master CPU 54 then communicates with those SCUs whose addresses are listed in the table 300, which are thus the only SCU's of the possible 2000, for example, that are in the particular train arrangement. The SCU's listed in the train table are then updated (circle 314) with the current display sign information and/or checked to make sure that all signs of the train are displaying the proper message, with for example, appropriate configuration parameters, destination information, or the like to ensure that all display signs 18 of the train 10 display the correct message.
This polling of the full set of SCUs is done continuously, at a repetitive period of about 30 seconds. Thus regardless of whether any car is replaced, or if the train is reassembled with different cars, the train table is promptly made up and kept current. The train table is thus continuously updated to ensure that the master CPU 54 may correctly communicate with all the particular SCUs 16 present on the train 10. During each train polling cycle, (circle 302) the master CPU 54 will also check the status of the master ODK and of the slave units to determine whether any change is needed in the data determining the displays of the car signs of all cars. If the master ODK 20 has data, indicating a message change (as indicated by line 316), the new message will be transferred to all signs by a command to all the SCUs 16 of the train table, as described below.
Once the master CPU 54 has created an updated train table from available SCU 16 addresses, communication with all or any SCUs 16 in the train can be performed according to the procedures outlined in the chart shown in FIG. 10, while FIG. 10 is described in terms of control of peripherals (e.g., signs) from the SPB of an SCU (whether slave or master) it also illustrates the states of a slave SCU in response to various commands from the master SCU. Thus, the same diagram indicates the states of slave peripherals (e.g., signs) in response to commands from the SPB of each SCU 16 as well as the states of slave SCUs in response to commands from a master SCU.
Referring to FIG. 10, once the power of each car is turned on, after coupling the cars into a train to interconnect their trainlines 14, each peripheral of each slave SCU will be at an "Empty" condition, as indicated by condition circle 320 of FIG. 10. Depending on the type of sign used, the sign will either display nothing (a blank screen) or its last message prior to being turned off. With respect to each car of the train, the SPB of the SCU 16 will send a particular command such as a "Receive Configuration" command, indicated by the command arrow 322 to a display sign address stored in memory. The display sign 18 on that car at that address will assume a "Receive Configuration" condition (circle 324) which will be detected by the SPB portion of the car SCU as it polls its peripherals (i.e., signs 18 and the car's ODK 20) and which will indicate to the SCU 16 that the particular display sign is ready to receive general configuration data (such as length of the message, font type, etc.). The actual configuration data is then sent by the car SCU to the signs in turn, in a standard record format (e.g., 16 bytes per record) which includes a data terminator record, indicating the end of the particular data transmission. If any errors occur, as suggested by the circle 326 (labeled "Configuration Error" ), as detected by a known check-sum method, the "Configuration Error" will be detected during polling by the SCU 16, and the configuration data will be re-sent, indicated by command arrow 328. If no errors occur and the peripheral display sign 18 successfully receives both the configuration data and the appropriate data terminator, the peripheral will enter into a "Need Data" state, indicated by circle 330, which, when read by the SPB of the SCU will indicate a request for legend data from memory.
The SPB of the SCU will then prepare to send the legend data to the sign by first sending a "Receive Data" command, command arrow 332 (meaning "are you ready to receive sign data?") to the particular peripheral display sign 18. The peripheral will place itself into a "Receive Data" condition (circle 334), which will indicate to the SPB (as detected during polling) that the peripheral is ready to receive data. Actual message data (representing the legend to be displayed by the signs 18) is then sent and again includes a data terminator record which is checked following the check sum procedure used before.
If there are "Data Errors", either as to the data or the terminator for data, as indicated by arrow 336, and the correct data transfer is incorrect or incomplete, the peripheral display sign 18 will enter a "Data Error" condition (circle 338). The "Data Error" condition will be received by the SCU 16, which will repeat the "Receive Data" command (command arrow 340, asking the peripheral "are you ready to try again?"). When no errors result and the entire legend data and data terminator record are received by the peripheral 18 (indicated by arrow 342) the peripheral enters into a "Wait Trigger" condition (circle 344), indicating to the SCU 16 that the peripheral 18 has received all the information sent and is ready (upon command from the SCU) to display the stored legend data.
At the appropriate time, the SPB of the SCU 16 sends a "Universal Trigger" command (command arrow 346) which will cause the peripheral 18 to display the message, placing the peripheral into an "OK" condition (circle 348). The "OK" condition is read by the SPB of the SCU 16, indicating that the display signs 18 are now displaying the desired message. The SCU 16 may change the message displayed by sending a new "Receive Data" command, to any particular peripheral 18 (command arrow 350), placing the status of the particular peripheral back to condition circle 340, and ready to receive new data.
If the message to be displayed is longer than the display sign 18 can accommodate (e.g., is a multi-line message), the sign will display a portion of the message in the "OK" condition (circle 348) which will indicate to the SCU to change the status of the peripheral to a "Need Partial Data" condition, needing another part of the message (circle 354). While in the "Need Partial Data" condition (circle 354), the display signs 18 will continue to display the previous message (partial data) until overridden by new data. The "Need Partial Data" condition 354 will be detected by the SCU, causing the SCU to send a new "Receive Data" command (command arrow 356), to the peripheral, placing the peripheral back to the "Receive Data" condition (circle 340). New data is sent, as before, during the "Receive Data" condition, again placing the peripheral into the "Wait Trigger" condition. The "Universal Trigger" command is sent after detection of the "Wait Trigger" condition signal, again placing the peripheral 18 into the "OK" condition so that the peripheral display sign 18 displays the message portion corresponding to the new data.
While the display signs 18 are operating, the SCU can initiate an "Idle" command, represented by command arrow 358, which changes the status of the peripherals from the "OK" condition 348 to an "Idle" condition (circle 360). This "Idle" command can be initiated during any condition except the empty condition (circle 320). The "Idle" condition functions as a pause control. The display sign 18 may continue to display the previous message, but all activity (data transfer) will cease, until a "Resume" command (arrow 362) is issued by the SCU 16. While in the "Idle" condition, a "Reset" command (arrow 364) can be sent to the peripherals 18 to reset their current condition back to "Empty" (circle 320).
As stated above, the operation of the SCU 16 of each car of the train 10 is controlled by the master SCU in one of the cars. The master SCU 16 communicates along the communication line 14 to the other SCUs 16 following the same process described and shown with respect to FIG. 10. In this instance, the master SCU functions in the same manner as the car SCU as described as to FIG. 10, and the car SCUs function in the same manner as the sign peripherals. In effect the master SCU of the train functions in the same way as the described operations of the controlling SPB of the slave SCU. For example, if the master SCU 16 has data to send to a particular slave SCU listed in the slave table 300, it will send a "Receive Configuration" command, as described above, to the particular slave SCU (then in the "Empty" state). The slave SCU will change its state to the "Receive Configuration" (circle 324 of FIG. 10). The new condition will be detected by a confirmation signal returned to the master SCU 16. As described above, configuration data will be sent to the slave SCU 16. The SCU 16 enters a "Need Data" condition, then a "Receive Data" condition after the master SCU sends a Receive Data command (arrow 332). Again legend data will be sent to the particular SCU 16 which will place it in the "Wait Trigger" condition with the legend stored. Once the SCU 16 with its stored legend message receives the "Universal Trigger" command, it will proceed to communicate with its own peripherals, the display signs 18, (as described above) following its own address order, as if it were the master SCU for its own car.
In any slave car, if an operator introduces data on the car's ODK 20, this is taken as a demand to take over mastership, and for the relays 42 of the requesting car and the previous master car to interchange states, so that the new master will provide the sole power for the trainline, as described above. The new master ODK 20 will enter a "Have Data" condition (circle 366) which will be detected by the car's SCU 16 during its polling procedure of its peripherals. Thus SCU 16 will request the new data by sending a "Send Data" command (arrow 368) placing the peripheral ODK 20 into a "Send Data" condition. Data will then be transmitted to the SPB of the SCU 16 in the form of data records (e.g. 16 bytes per record). After each record sent, the ODK 20 will enter a "Wait Acknowledge" condition (circle 374) to wait for the SPB to continue the transmission by sending a "Continue Send Data" command (arrow 376). If there are errors during transmission, the SCU will automatically send another "Send Data" command (arrow 377) to restart the transmission. Once the SPB of the SCU receives all the new data from the ODK 20, it will enter a "Have Data" condition with respect to the entire trainline which will be detected by the master SCU of the trainline during its polling of all the SCUs 16. This will cause the slave SCUs (whose ODK has data) to request mastership from the previous master SCU, and transfer mastership to the SCU whose ODK has the new data. The SCU 16 with the new data, now the new master SCU of the trainline, will then send the new data to all the other SCUs 16 of the train 10 in the order that they appear in the slave table 300 and simultaneously proceed to pass the new data to its own peripherals within its car. After each slave SCU 16 receives the new data from the new master SCU 16, it will in turn proceed in a similar manner to pass on the new data to its local peripherals, such as the car's display signs 18 and ODK 20.
In order for the master SCU 16 to display the new data received from it's ODK 20, it must send an "Idle" command to the display portion of the ODK 20, (arrow 378), thereby placing the ODK's display into the "Idle" state (circle 360). A "Reset" command from the SCU 16 will then put the ODK's display in the "Empty" state from which it can proceed to reload the new data into the ODK's display, so that the operator can view the decoded equivalent of what he has inputted. After the ODK's display is in the "OK" state, the local SCU (which is now the master SCU) will continue to distribute message data to its other peripheral addresses, as they appear in the SCU's memory.
In operation of the entire trainline system, upon initialization of the master SCU 16 by actuation of the first key-switch car of the train 10, the relay 42 of the master SCU 16 is activated and held closed so that power from the output of voltage regulator and current controller 40 is sent along the communication line 14 to all the other SCUs 16 (slaves). The equivalent master/slave connect relay 42 in the slave SCUs will be kept de-activated and therefore the regulator 40 of each slave SCU 16 will remain isolated from the communication line 14. When the master CPU 54 desires to send commands or message data to any or all the slave SCUs 16, it sends corresponding coded binary pulses representing the command or message data to its transmitter circuit 44, which shunts the voltage across the communication line 14 by a low resistance in correspondence with the binary data, and thus transposes the same binary data signals from the CPU 54 to the communication line 14 in the form of a pulse-modulated voltage signal. The modulated signal is sent to all the SCUs 16 of the train 10 and read by the receiver portion of each slave SCU 16. If the address information of the received signal includes the address of a particular slave SCU 16, then the data will be accepted and processed by the CPU 54 that SCU 16. Other SCUs 16 will ignore that signal. The addressed SCU 16 will follow the commands of the data in accordance with the procedure described above and will communicate with and control the display signs 18 and ODK 20 of its car, as necessary, until the commands are complete. During the communication procedure, acknowledgement or confirmation responses from the polled slave SCU 16 are provided by causing its mosfet 168 (FIG. 7) to short the communication line 14 in an appropriate binary coded manner. The voltage change thus produced is read by the master circuit's receiver (FIG. 8), as described. Any car may become the master unit by actuation of its ODK.
If an operator, located in a non-master (slave) car of the train 10, desires to change the message to be displayed by the signs located in the cars of the train, he may do so through that car's ODK 20. The new message will be detected by the slave CPU 54 during its continuing polling procedure and will send a "request to become master" to the pre-existing master CPU 54. The existing master CPU 54 will exchange mastership by deactivating its master/slave connect relay 42, and immediately causing the requesting slave CPU 54 to activate its own master/slave connect relay 42 and become the master SCU 16 of the entire train 10. The inputted message from the actuated ODK 20 is then displayed by the display signs 18 of all cars, as described above.
One advantage of the present system is that the data signal is not degraded by the numbers of slaves in the system (up to the designed maximum). This is because the voltage regulator 40 has a relatively low output impedance and is in the constant voltage state when all receivers are high (quiescent or mark state). This is in contrast to conventional train systems which utilize a much higher impedance voltage source, whose voltage drops by an appreciable amount as the load of each receiving load is added to the system in increasing the number of slave units accommodated.
Moreover, a quick transition is provided from a low voltage (space) state to a high voltage (mark) state. This is created by having the regulator in a constant current state during the spaces. Upon change to the mark state, this causes charging of the line capacitor linearly (rather than exponentially as is conventional for high impedance sources), resulting in faster transition, permitting higher baud rates. This also permits handling higher resistance in the trainline wires or their couplings between cars, and hence, more slave units.
The quick transition from high to low states uses a power mosfet as the shunting device. Such a mosfet is fast in transition from no conduction to full conduction, and can quickly shunt a large amount of current with a high current rating. It also has low gate current requirements, suitable for drive from a voltage source powering the trainline.
Another feature is the use for the trainline of an unterminated non-closed wire pair, aiding in the capability of having the master anywhere along the trainline.
While the above system has been described primarily with respect to providing controllable message displays or destination signs for subway or train cars, it will be understood that the invention is applicable to other systems having control of multiple message displays or other devices. For example, in a highway traffic control system or an airport message display system, message display signs may be located at various points along the system, which may be controlled from any sign location by use of the present invention, with the various locations being interconnected solely by a single wire pair. Other devices, such as car safety devices or controls may also be made controllable from any selected car.
It will be understood that the foregoing description is to be deemed merely illustrative of the present inventions, which may readily be varied or modified by those ordinarily skilled in the art. The inventions shall be deemed defined solely by the appended claims.
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Front of house - looking for plant ideas
I'm having front of house redone (driveway, front steps, brick wall along one side), and am looking for some plant/design ideas.
Front of house faces NW. Live north of Atlanta, zone 7. Driveway is directly in front of house (drive up driveway toward front door and turn left into garage). Area looking for plants is between driveway and front of house, both sides of front door.
Left side of front door is mostly sunny during summer once sun gets above house (6+ hours direct sun per day). Right side is shaded for much of the day by large oak tree (maybe 1-2 hours direct sun per day).
With new driveway/brick wall, left and right side of the house will be same size, same elevation, but as above, different amounts of sun. Plants will be barely 2 feet below bay windows.
Looking to put in plants (shrub? or other ideas?) as backdrop for flower beds. Thinking evergreen plants as backdrop, since this is in front of house, but maybe not evergreen?
Bloom isn't necessary; easy care desired, i.e. do not want shrub/plant that has to be trimmed/hedged a couple times a year, would prefer small, slow growing that keeps under 2 feet tall even after 10 years.
Soil has been amended some (compost, peat moss), but can be amended more if needed.
Sprinkler system in place, so watering not an issue. Biggest issue is hot-hot-hot on left side, not so hot on right, humidity of Atlanta area, need for plants that remain below 2 feet tall. Searched lots of sites/plant references, but not sure what would really work in this heat.
Ideas? both sides same plant? different plants on either side? other thoughts and ideas? Nuke crepe myrtle and do something else there? Any and all ideas will be appreciated.
You don't say how deep the planting beds are between walls of house and driveway, which is critical information to have if you intend shrubs as foundation plants against the wall fronted by flowering perennials or annuals. There are few shrubs that will only grow to 2 foot tall and take both hot mid-day sun and dappled shade and remain looking similar at both sides of your entry. A picture would be helpful, and probably posting this on a plant forum dealing with your part of the south here on the gardenweb would generate plant choices that would be most useful. Given that you dont want to have to prune anything on a regular basis, I'd suggest that herbaceous perennials such as daylilies might be a good fit for the sun, and compact dwarf Nandina or Pittosporum tobira 'Wheelers Dwarf's for the shady side. Crinums might also work. If Trachelospermum jasminoides is reliably hardy in your zone,it can easily be kept trimmed to a neat 2 foot height indefinitely with just a once yearly trim. Acanthus mollis _might be another choice of perennials for the shady side, along with classic southern plants like Liriopes or Acorus gramineus 'Ogon'.__@

subset: commoncrawl


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9 Banned iPhone Apps
Wait, "Obama Trampoline" was a thing?
Wait, "Obama Trampoline" was a thing?
Mark Celestino a year ago 85 responses
Break-up and hook-up apps like KillSwitch and Bang With Friends rarely actually work. So why do they keep getting made?
Katie Heaney a year ago 23 responses
There's a new glut of apps aimed at young, horny hookup culture. We rank them for you so you can get back to your kegstands.
Katie Notopoulos a year ago 47 responses
Who works at Facebook and is trying to bone their buddies?
Katie Notopoulos a year ago 22 responses
The secret's out, all you have to do is click a simple link to find out which of your friends is up for banging.
Ryan Broderick a year ago 38 responses
Last week, we told you about an app that asks you and your Facebook friends if you secretly want to bang each other. The app's (anonymous) creators built it, they say, in two hours.
Katie Heaney 2 years ago 39 responses
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Mia Guesthouse Tbilisi Reviews
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Advertised double room with private bathroom. Did not have such a room. We chose it over a hostel with shared bathroom, when they only had a shared bathroom. Breakfast was varied but too heavy. Owners worked hard but were not experienced. Offered day tours - driver/guide and vehicle - were not trained to provide required information and experience for price charged.
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- robert3814
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- (6 reviews)


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Who is worried about the incumbents?I personally have never given a damn about Google's TV offering and i actually think it's a mistake the way they went about it.A more reasonable price for broadband? are you on crack? It's either free or 1000 megs for 70 bucks. and who gives a crap about your other concerns? not anyone i know off.
Google's service is not free.


text: OverviewBack to top of page Pet Naturals of Vermont - Ear Wash for Cats - 4 oz. Code#:52623 Manufacturer:Pet Naturals of Vermont Size/Form:4 oz. Packaged Ship Weight:0.40 Ear Wash for Cats--A patent pending, all-natural, proprietary blend of citrus oils with deionized water.--It helps to clear the ear canal of debris and reduce wax buildup without alcohol, harsh chemicals or irritants that are common in other leading brands.--Available in an easy to apply liquid and safe for everyday use


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In Stock
Fox is the ultimate name for hoodies, socks, and boardshorts, and now has the perfect item for your active lifestyle. Whether you're spending a day at the beach or hitting the gym, the Fox Gnasher sleeveless tank top is the perfect complement to a life filled with activity - and you'll probably turn a few heads too. With a comfortable blend of cotton and polyester, it will keep you looking and feeling great. Fashion and durability are the name of the game with the Fox Gnasher!


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Throughout the post-colonial period, Arab countries have consistently failed to produce an efficient – let alone democratic – system of government. Now, after a half-century of competition between military or royal dictatorships and militant Islamist regimes, many Arabs are again seeking a "third way"More
The behaviour of Jordan's Royal Court in the days following the official announcement of the victory of the Muslim Brotherhood's Mohammed Mursi in Egypt's presidential election tells an intriguing story. At first, Jordan's King Abdullah II hesitated to sign a long-sought-after election law. This was followed by approval of the law, a request for its revision and a surprise official meeting with the leader of Hamas. Daoud Kuttab explains what is going onMore
Nowruz is one of the oldest celebrations in the world. It has been a fixture on the cultural calendar in many regions for more than 2,500 years. It marks the beginning of spring and also the change of seasons in the Iranian solar calendar. Sharam Ahad offers his impressions of the celebrations.


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Well… Wine and grapes :)
Congratulations !!! :)))
Thx a lot)
– YamatoHD
That is pretty cool, what program did you use?
Thx alot)
I used plain Blender. Its a very cool and powerfull software)
– YamatoHD
And its absolutely free, btw
– YamatoHD
beautiful work..
Thank you so much :)
– YamatoHD


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NewsJanuary 13 2012
Gov. Daugaard asks for Flags at Half-Staff for Former Gov. Janklow
Governor Asks For Flags at
Half-Staff For Former Gov. Janklow
Governor Daugaard requests that all flags in South Dakota fly at half-staff, upon the passing of Governor William Janklow Thursday, January 12. Flags shoud remain at half staff until Governor Janklow's interment, Wednesday, Jan. 18th 2012. "Our prayers go out to Mary Dean and to the Janklow family. Over the past few weeks, South Dakotans have taken time to recall Governor Janklow. He will always be remembered as a strong leader and one of our state's most consequential governors." Former Gov. Bill Janklow will lie in state at the Rotunda of the South Dakota Capitol on Tuesday morning, Jan. 17, with a memorial service to follow. Former Gov. Janklow's funeral has been set for Wednesday, Jan. 18, 2012, at 10:30 a.m. CST at Our Savior's Lutheran Church, 909 W. 33rd Street, Sioux Falls. South Dakota legislative leaders have announced that there will be no legislative session on Tuesday, Jan. 17 or Wednesday, Jan. 18.
- Successfull Shamrock Shuffle
- Speed limit and fees increase April 1
- Wheat Growers holds open house in Kennebec
- Central South Dakota 's Scavengers Journey set for June
- Coach receives star quilt
- Irish celebration draws near
- Annual event draws crowd to Presho gym
- Presho, Kennebec to hold city elections
- Wheat Growers releases site layout for new facility at Kennebec
- Lyman meets Jones Co. in Dist. 13B Championship game on Thursday
- Lyman plays Whiter River tonight at Dist. 13B
- Lyman to host Dist. 13B Girls Tournament


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S. Sean Younai, MD, FACS
Ratings based on 33 reviews
Write a review
Are you a patient of S. Sean Younai, MD, FACS?
Reviews (33)
5 out of 5 stars Male Breast Reduction
Gynecomastia Surgery...so Glad I Did It
Doctor Younai and office staff are so nice and professional. He has done hundreds of these procedures and his methods are conservative instead of leaving huge scars as other surgeons suggested was the only method. I followed his suggestions and now have excellent results. I am very pleased...
5 out of 5 stars Tummy Tuck
11 days
I put 5 stars first and re-rate my MD after I see my results n his ff up. bedside manner is great, makes me feel comfortable thats y i chose him after all my consultation with other plastic surgeons. And ofcourse he had the best TT pictures of his clients. ill post again soon. goodnighr! ff up! more than 5 stars. Im very pleased..... ;:)
5 out of 5 stars Liposuction
Large Volume Liposuction - Before and Afters - Beverly Hills, CA
He did an amazing job. The office was lovely, the staff was helpful. Only thing i wish there was more after care instructions, also when i had spoken to Harpreet she told me my medications were all included however i ended up having to spend $120 on more (i needed more). Firstly let me say, I chose Dr.Younai because of his large volume liposuction photos on his website. His results were amazing, and I think mine are too! I am so happy with the job he did. The lady i spoke to most - Harpreet - was TERRIFIC! She was super friendly and helpful and answered every question i had. Payment was tricky since I was from out of country but it all turned out okay :) Let me just sum it up in this box and say the staff were amazing, he did a fantastic job and now lets get on to the good stuff - after the surgery!
3 out of 5 stars Tummy Tuck
My Journey to a Better Me
Dr. Younai, his anesthesiologist and his staff, did everything in their power, to place my fear at eased at ease in regards the entire procedure. Everyone went beyond the call of duty to also place me and my mom's fear at eased. I have nothing but glowing reviews in regards Dr. Younai and his entire staff. After my TT surgery, Dr. Younai, personally came to my hotel twice 2 days in a row to check in on me.
5 out of 5 stars
Most Excellent Plastic Sugeon in Los Angeles Area
Dr. is by far the best plastic surgeon in the Los Angeles area. Not to mention he has the most wonderful staff and his prices are below average cost. I have done my research and have had liposuction twice before with far less superior results. The difference with Dr. Y is that he is a true artist who looks at your body individually and molds it to perfection. I was so impressed with his work that I have since had him do some face work and additional body work that has all turned out excellent. I have no complaints with him or his office. Thanks to him, I am now a beautiful size 4/6 and loving my life. I will definately be using him again in the future to maintain my appearance.
5 out of 5 stars Ear Surgery
Finally I Went Through Long Overdue Ear Surgery and Now I Feel Liberated - Encino, CA
I was extremely anxious of going through surgery but Dr. Younai from the initial consultation made me feel at ease, was very honest with what the outcome would look like and his prices were right within my budget. His honesty won me over and I had a very good feeling that I made the right choice.
5 out of 5 stars
Very Satisfied with My Fantastic Results - Encino, CA
I gave Dr. Younai an excellent rating because he truly deserves it! He's an expert in this field and took the time to answer all of my questions and concerns as well as informed me and gave me the best advice as to how the procedure would best benefit me in achieving the "desired look" I wanted. I choose Dr. Younai because of his knowledge, years of experience preforming calf-implants on many satisfied patients from all over the globe. I am very satisfied with my results! And wished I'd done it much sooner! As soon as I take my "after Pic's" I'll be happy to share them with you.
4 out of 5 stars
Great Results - Encino, CA
He's a caring individual and his office staff is very nice as well. Couldn't have asked for a better doctor!
5 out of 5 stars
My Dream Tummy Tuck - Bakersfield, CA
I had been looking for doctors online, when I came across Dr Younai who does a procedure called high tension abdominoplasty. After viewing his before and after pictures I had decided that I was going to have my tummy tuck with him. After 4 years, in Dec 2012 I realized my dream and travelled 24hours halfway across the world to California to have this procedure done by him. Dr Younai is an extremely skilled and artistic surgeon, who managed to give me the figure of my dreams. He is also a lovely, caring Dr who was always available before and after surgery regardless of the time. Of course the starting point was communication which was via email was handled by Ms Harpreet. Harpreet was very informative and accommodating to my needs. She responds to all my emails promptly to date, one month after my op. While in California I was introduced to her colleague Linda who was also very helpful. I highly recommend Dr Younai's practice, I cannot fault the experience I had there be it with communication, facilities, anesthetist, care received and most importantly my results.
5 out of 5 stars Tummy Tuck Revision
Tummy Tuck Revision Success - PO 7 weeks w/pics
I found this surgeon online. I saw his work and I was really impressed. He specializes in the High Tension Abdominal Plasty Revision. He has an amazing staff and he gave me EXCELLENT results!
About S. Sean Younai, MD, FACS
S. Sean Younai, MD, FACS practices in Encino at California Center For Plastic Surgery as a Plastic Surgeon, board certified by American Board of Plastic Surgery. Dr. Younai began participating on RealSelf in 2008, and has achieved "Distinguished Member" status. The doctor has 18 years of experience providing cosmetic and aesthetic medical services, and is a member of American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) and Fellow, American College of Surgeons (FACS). Dr. Younai has hospital affiliations at Tarzana Regional Medical Center and Encino Hospital.
Consultation Fee
Free. free if you mention RealSelf.com
Treatments offered at California Center For Plastic Surgery
- AlloDerm
- Arm Lift
- Asian Eyelid Surgery
- Asian Rhinoplasty
- Body Lift
- Botox
- Brazilian Butt Lift
- Breast Augmentation
- Breast Implant Removal
- Breast Implant Revision
- Breast Implants
- Breast Lift
- Breast Reconstruction
- Breast Reduction
- Brow Lift
- Buccal Fat Removal
- Butt Augmentation
- Butt Implants
- Butt Lift
- Calf Implant
- Cellulite Treatment
- Cheek Augmentation
- Cheek Lift
- Chemical Peel
- Chin Implant
- Chin Liposuction
- Chin Surgery
- CO2 Laser
- Collagen Injection
- Contour Thread Lift
- Cool Lipo
- Dermabrasion
- Dysport
- Ear Lobe Surgery
- Ear Surgery
- Eye Bags Treatment
- Eyelid Surgery
- Facelift
- Fat Transfer
- Forehead Lift
- Glycolic Peel
- Juvederm
- Labiaplasty
- Laser Hair Removal
- Laser Liposuction
- Laser Resurfacing
- Laser Surgery
- Laser Treatment
- Latisse
- Lip Augmentation
- Lip Implants
- Lip Lift
- Lip Surgery
- Lipodissolve
- Lipoma Removal
- Liposculpture
- Liposonix
- Liposuction
- Lipotherme
- Lower Face Lift
- Male Breast Reduction
- Male Tummy Tuck
- Mini Lift
- Mini Tummy Tuck
- Mole Removal
- Mommy Makeover
- Neck Lift
- Nipple Surgery
- Non Surgical Face Lift
- Non Surgical Nose Job
- Nose Surgery
- Panniculectomy
- Pec Implants
- Perlane
- Phenol Peel
- Photofacial
- Pulsed Dye Laser
- Quick Lift
- Radiesse
- Restylane
- Retin-A
- Revision Rhinoplasty
- Rhinoplasty
- Salicylic Peel
- Scar Removal
- Sclerotherapy
- Sculptra
- Septoplasty
- Sinus Surgery
- Skin Rejuvenation
- Slim Lipo
- Smart Lipo
- SmartLipo MPX
- SmartXide
- SMAS Facelift
- Stretch Marks Treatment
- TCA Peel
- Thigh Lift
- Thread Lift
- Tumescent Liposuction
- Tummy Tuck
- Tummy Tuck Revision
- UltraShape
- Vaser Liposuction
- Weight Loss
Blog Posts and Articles
How to choose the best plastic surgeon in Los Angeles?
Los Angeles has many excellent plastic surgeons but how should a person find the best plastic surgeon for themselves. As a Board Certified Plastic Surgeon who knows many well respected and skilled plastic surgeons in Beverly Hills, I found it hard to decide who would be the best for me, when it came time for me to have plastic surgery. To help me decide, I asked my own patients how they went about choosing their plastic surgeon. I found that a patient's perspective can be often different...
How to Choose the Best Plastic Surgeon in Beverly Hills? A Plastic Surgeon's perspective
I always ask my patient what they liked or didn't like about thier plastic surgery experience. I also ask them what characteristics are important to them for a plastic surgeon. I my self have also sought plastic surgery in Los Angeles! Interestingly, When I looked for a plastic surgeon for myslef, I found that I had a different emphasis and look as most of my patients did. Why? The reason was that I was judging the plastic surgeons more on thier before and after pictures or results, as well...
Tummy tuck for Men- Male Abdominoplasty in Beverly Hills
Male abdominoplasty or tummy tuck for men has become more prevalent in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, and throughout Southern California. There are many reasons why male tummy tuck has become a popular plastic surgery procedure for men. Men who were once heavy have shaped up with diet and exercises to only find themselves unable to attain an ideal body, despite significant weight loss. Southern California men have even tried liposuction of their "love handles" and "smartlipo"...
The word Testosterone has become anonymous with sex drive and masculinity. However, testosterone is a human hormone which plays a significant role in many essential functions in the body of men and women. Depletion of a man or a woman's Testosterone level with aging can affect muscle strength and repair, bone strength and repair, favorable body composition, belly fat, mental and emotional well-being, cognitive function and memory, overall mood, and cardiovascular health. ...
Brachioplasty Scars- New "Hidden Scar" Brachioplasty Technique
Sagging arms is a common complaint among many women, including those who have had massive weight loss from gastric bypass surgery. While women who have loose and hanging arm skin would love to have their arms trimmed, many are reluctant to pursue Brachioplasty because of its noticeable and visible scars. Women who want to get arm tuck or brachioplasty say that their reason for having this post-weight lose cosmetic surgery is to be able to wear short sleeves. How can they wear short...
Show More Articles
Education / Training
Medical: MD, University of California Los Angeles, 1989
Plastic Surgery Research Fellowship, USC, 1994
Plastic, Cosmetic & Reconstructive Surgery, Lahey Clinic, 1997
Plastic, Hand, & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 1995
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Good actors doing bad movies is an unavoidable reality. After all, a film can get rolling with the best of intentions, but that doesn't always... ...http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-actors-and-their-disastrous-film-choices/16092186
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Artemis Yoruk Hotel Reviews
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Reviews & Ratings Explained
The rating percentage is calculated from customers who booked within the last 12 months.
All ratings and reviews are based on the feedback and opinions of the customers who submitted them and do not express the opinions of Hostelworld.com. This way, you get an up-to-the-minute opinion of just how good a hostel really is.
Read our review guidelines »
以前从来不写评价 可能我实在不写这家评价我觉得对不起大家 !我在这里住了两晚 我被那些小虫咬死 当初我以为是过敏 才发现我同房的女孩和我一样 身上手脚都长这些。害我痛苦了几天 还要那个狗屁热水 都没热水。那么冷的城市还要没热水 还要Wifi都没有在房间。如果不是预定了两天我真心不住 我都不知道那些人怎么给评价 如果不信我说的 可以去住下看看。
- Novice Nomad
- Anonymous
- China
- Female, 18-24
- (1 review)
Nearby location in a small city. Not the nicest of service staff. Overall a bearable stay.
- Avid Traveller
- Anonymous
- Singapore
- Male, 25-30
- (13 reviews)
To be fair it was out of season so as with most places it seemed half shut down so I stayed a few hours and got the overnight bus to cappedocia, security is naff but nothing really to complain about.
- Globetrotter
- Anonymous
- England
- Male, 31-40
- (30 reviews)
The guys from across the street, at the travel agency seems to be connected somehow to the hotel. The thing is that they tricked us buy selling us a train ticket for the next city, and finally put us into a mini van for the whole ride without telling us, which is kind of a very stupid thing to do to tourists who paid for something precise. After asking other tourists, we paid much more than them, but they also paid for something else (a better quality coach seat). I am highly deceived.
- Novice Nomad
- Anonymous
- Canada
- Male, 31-40
- (2 reviews)
Too many bugs in the rooms,
- Globetrotter
- Anonymous
- Female, 41+
- (34 reviews)