text:
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Abstract: Many recent studies have assessed the
prevalence and role of herpesviruses in the
etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases, which has
led to the realization of intricate interactions between
viruses and bacteria within periodontal pockets. It has
also been shown that the occurrence of herpesviruses
may vary depending upon the age of the patient and
the race of the population studied. Thus, the present
study aimed at detecting herpes simplex virus type 1
and 2 (HSV 1 and 2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and
human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in periodontal
pockets of Indian patients with chronic and aggressive
periodontitis. Subgingival plaque samples (n = 33)
were collected from 19 randomly chosen chronic
periodontitis and 14 aggressive periodontitis patients.
Herpesviruses were detected using multiplex
polymerase chain reaction technique. Chronic
periodontitis patients revealed presence of HSV-1 in 19
(100%) samples, HSV-2 in 3 (15.7%), EBV in 15
(78.9%) and HCMV in 5 (26.31%) samples. Samples
from aggressive periodontitis patients showed the
presence of HSV-1 in 8 (57.14%), EBV in 4 (28.57%)
and HCMV in 1 (7.14%), whereas HSV-2 was not
detected in any specimen. In this population,
herpesviruses were found more frequently in chronic
periodontitis than in aggressive periodontitis patients
and their prevalence may vary according to the age and
race of the patient. (J Oral Sci 51, 79-86, 2009)
Keywords: aggressive periodontitis; chronic
periodontitis; herpesviruses; polymerase
chain reaction.
The etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease is a complex
process, involving the multifarious interaction between
microbial and host factors and a variety of disease-
modulating environmental factors. Bacterial etiology alone
has not been able to substantiate various aspects such as
i) rapid periodontal tissue breakdown with minimal plaque
(1), ii) phases of disease activity and quiescence (2), iii)
site specificity in periodontal disease (3) and, iv) progression
to advanced periodontal destruction which occurs in a
fraction of a given population (4).
Classically, microbiological research on human
Journal of Oral Science, Vol. 51, No. 1, 79-86, 2009
Correspondence to Dr. Shivaprasad Bilichodmath, Department
of Periodontics, Rajarajeshwari Dental College and Hospital,
Bangalore, India
Tel: +91-80-26793637
Fax: +91-80-28437468
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Herpesviruses in chronic and aggressive periodontitis
patients in an Indian population
Shivaprasad Bilichodmath1), Sachin B. Mangalekar2), Dileep C. G. Sharma3),
Ashok K. Prabhakar4), Sridhar B. Reddy5), Nagaraj B. Kalburgi6), Sudhir R. Patil6)
and Kishore Bhat7)
1)Department of Periodontics, Rajarajeshwari Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
2)Department of Periodontics, Chattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon,
Chattisgarh, India
3)Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Al-Fateh University of Medical Sciences, Tripoli, Libya
4)Department of Periodontics, SJM Dental College and Hospital, Chitradurga, India
5)Department of Periodontics, HKDET Dental College and Hospital, Humnabad, India
6)Department of Periodontics, PMNM Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, India
7)Department of Microbiology, Maratha Mandal Dental College and Hospital, Belgaum, India
(Received 29 July and accepted 15 December 2008)
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periodontal disease has focused on bacteria, and to a minor
extent on yeasts and parasites. Many recent studies have
shown the prevalence of herpes viruses including herpes
simplex virus (HSV 1 and 2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in the periodontal
pockets and gingival tissue of periodontitis patients (5-9).
Association of herpesviruses with bacteria was also assessed
to improve our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of
periodontal diseases (10-12). Furthermore, recent studies
have quantified the herpesviruses in periodontal pockets
to show their positive association with severity of
periodontal disease (13). The prevalence and number of
herpesviruses in periodontal pockets may vary according
to the age (5, 14), ethnicity (14), type of periodontal disease
(8), immune status (15) and genetic predisposition (16) of
Thus, further studies in other races from different parts
of the world are deemed essential to establish herpesviruses
as a recognized etiologic (or co-etiologic) agent for
periodontitis. Accordingly, this is the first study conducted
in a South Indian population to assess the prevalence of
herpesviruses in periodontal pockets of different types of
periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to detect
HSV-1 and 2, EBV and HCMV in aggressive periodontitis
patients and compare their results with those of chronic
periodontitis in a South Indian population using a sensitive
multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique.
Materials and Methods
The study population was selected from patients
attending the outpatient section of the Department of
Periodontics, PMNM Dental College and Hospital,
Bagalkot, Karnataka, India. Subgingival plaque samples
were collected from 19 randomly chosen patients with
chronic periodontitis (12 men and 7 women, age range 21-
57 years, mean age 43 ±7.3 years) and 14 with aggressive
periodontitis (11 men and 3 women, age range 21-29
years, mean age 25 ± 3.1 years).
Chronic and aggressive periodontitis were diagnosed
based on the criteria of American Academy of
Periodontology classification of periodontal diseases
(1999). Chronic periodontitis patients had periodontal
pockets greater than 5 mm and clinical attachment loss
greater than 3 mm in more than 20 teeth with moderate
to severe bone loss. Patients diagnosed as having aggressive
periodontitis exhibited probing attachment loss in the
excess of 5 mm in more than 14 teeth; at least 3 of which
were not first molars or incisors with moderate to severe
bone loss. All patients were systemically healthy and had
not received periodontal treatment or antibiotics for at
least 6 months prior to the clinical examination and
Subjects who satisfied the inclusion criteria of the study
were selected and ethical approval was obtained from the
institutional review board and Rajiv Gandhi University of
Health Sciences, Karnataka, India. Furthermore, each
patient received a detailed explanation regarding the study
procedure, and written informed consent was obtained
from those who agreed to participate voluntarily in the
The subjects for sampling were selected at random from
individuals scheduled for a routine oral examination.
Periodontal evaluation included the modified gingival
index (17), plaque index (18), probing pocket depth, and
probing attachment loss. A subgingival plaque sample
was taken from the deepest pockets of the dentition.
Subgingival sample collection
Supragingival plaque was gently removed with sterile
cotton pellets and sample sites were isolated with cotton
rolls and air-dried prior to sampling. Subgingival specimens
were collected using a sterile curette with a single stroke
after gentle insertion into the bottom of the sampling site.
From each periodontitis patient, a pooled specimen was
obtained from the two deepest pockets of the dentition (5-
10-mm probing depth). The specimens were suspended in
500 µl of TE buffer (10 mM Tris-hydrochloride, 1mM
EDTA, pH 8) and homogenized by vigorous mixing on a
Nucleic acid extraction
Samples were stored at -20°C and centrifuged at 10,000
rpm for 5 min the following morning. The precipitate thus
obtained was washed three times with TE buffer. After the
third wash, the supernatant was discarded and the precipitate
was treated with 500 µl lysis buffer 1 (Tris HCl and Triton
x-100) for 5 min, centrifuged, and the supernatant was
discarded once again. The precipitate was treated with
100 µl lysis buffer 2 (Tris HCl, Nonidet p-40, Tween 200)
with 100 µg/ml freshly prepared proteinase K and kept at
60°C for 2 h followed by 95°C for 10 min and deep frozen
at -70°C until amplification (19).
DNA amplification by multiplex PCR technique
The primers used for polymerase chain reaction are
listed in Table 1. To optimize the multiplex PCR, a series
of titrations of primer concentrations and deoxynucleotide
triphosphate (dNTP) levels were performed. Primer
concentrations of 10, 25, 50 and 100 pmol from each
primer pair were titrated simultaneously with dNTP (0.1,
0.2 and 0.3 mM concentrations of each of the dNTPs).
Amplification was performed with the PCR system
Page 3
(Corbett research palm cycler version 2.2, imported by J.H.
BIO Innovations, Bangalore, India). Forty amplification
cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 40 s at 60°C and 50 s at 72°C were
carried out in a 50-µl final volume containing 5 µl of ×10
reaction buffer (Bangalore Genei, Bangalore, India), 0.2
mM concentrations of each dNTP, 10 pmol of each of the
12 primers, and 2.5 U of cloned Pfu DNA polymerase
(Bangalore Genei). Five microliters of appropriate DNA
sample was added to the reaction mixture. After the last
cycle, the samples were incubated for 15 min at 78°C to
complete the extension of primers (20). The molecular
weight of the individual PCR product was 147 bp (HSV
I), 227 bp (HSV2), 182 bp (EBV), and 256 bp (HCMV).
Ten µl of each amplified product was analyzed by
agarose gel electrophoresis on 3.5% agarose (Sigma-
Aldrich, Bangalore, India) containing 1µg of ethidium
bromide/ml in 1X TBE buffer and was visualized in a UV
transilluminator (Bioimaging systems, imported by JH
BIO Innovations, Bangalore, India).
Tables 2, 3 and 4 show the distribution of viruses in the
study patients. Chronic periodontitis sites revealed HSV-
1 in 19 (100%) samples, HSV-2 in 3 (15.7%) samples, EBV
in 15 (78.9%) samples and HCMV in 5 (26.31%) samples
out of 12 specimens. Aggressive periodontitis sites revealed
HSV-1 in 8 (57.14%) samples, EBV in 4 (28.57%) samples
and HCMV in 1 (7.14%) sample. HSV-2 was not detected
in any specimen from the aggressive periodontitis patients.
Twenty-three males and 10 females were included in the
study. All males from the chronic periodontitis group,
and 5 males from the aggressive periodontitis were positive
for viruses. Herpesvirus (any one or more) was detected
in all the samples (n = 10) from females.
The distribution of viruses in 6 chronic periodontitis
patients belonging to the 31-40 years age group was as
follows: HSV-1 in 6, HSV-2 in 1, EBV in 5, and HCMV
in 1 sample. HSV-1 in 9, HSV-2 in 1, EBV in 7 and
HCMV in 4 samples were detected from 9 chronic
Table 2 Frequency of virus detection in periodontal pockets
of chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients
Table 1 Primers used in polymerase chain reaction to detect
human viruses
Table 3 Age and sex wise distribution of viruses in chronic periodontitis
Page 4
periodontitis patients of the 41-50 years age group. Out
of the 3 chronic periodontitis patients belonging to the 51-
60 years age group, HSV-1 was present in 3, HSV-2 in 1,
and EBV in 3 samples (Table 5).
In the 11-20 years age group, HSV-1 was only present
in the sample from 1 aggressive periodontitis patient. One
sample from the lone chronic periodontitis patient in the
21-30 years age group revealed HSV-1. Thirteen patients
with aggressive periodontitis in the age group 21-30 years
expressed HSV-1 in 7, EBV in 4 and HCMV in 1 sample.
In the present study, there were no aggressive periodontitis
patients over 31 years of age (Table 5).
A combination of herpesviruses was seen in 16 samples
(out of 19) from chronic periodontitis patients. The
combination of HSV-1 and 2 was seen in 3 (15.7%)
specimens, HSV-1 and EBV in 15 (78.9%) samples, and
HSV-1 and HCMV in 6 (31.5%) specimens (Table 6).
The combined occurrence of EBV and HCMV was detected
Table 4 Age and sex wise distribution of viruses in aggressive
periodontitis patients
Table 5 Distribution of Herpes viruses in different age groups
Table 6 Incidence of Herpes virus combination in periodontal pockets
Page 5
in 4 (21%) specimens, HSV-1, EBV and HCMV in 4
(21%), and HSV-1, HSV-2 and EBV in 3 (15.7%) samples
from chronic periodontitis patients.
Combination of herpesviruses in periodontal pockets of
aggressive periodontitis patients was revealed in 5 of 14
samples. HSV-1 and EBV in grouping was found in 4
(28.5%) patients and HSV-1 and HCMV in 1 (7.1%)
patient only. The grouping of all the 4 viruses was not found
in any subgingival plaque specimen from chronic and
aggressive periodontitis patients.
Statistical analysis was done using Yates Chi-square test
(Intercooled STATA statistical software Version 9.2, STATA
corporation, Lakeway drive, College station, Texas, USA)
to compare the status of Herpesviruses in chronic and
aggressive periodontitis patients. The presence of HSV-1
(P= 0.0069), EBV (P= 0.0112) and HCMV (P= 0.0112)
was statistically significant in chronic periodontitis patient
but not in aggressive periodontitis patients (Tables 7 and
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study
conducted in a South Indian population regarding detection
of herpesviruses in periodontal pockets of chronic
periodontitis patients compared with that in aggressive
periodontitis patients. Viral identification was done using
multiplex-PCR technique with which microorganisms of
different species may be detected simultaneously. Primer
pairs specific to each intended organisms are engaged in
a single-tube amplification process (21,22). PCR is a very
sensitive technique that can detect microorganisms in
smaller plaque samples than conventional and basic
microbiological techniques.
The present study detected a significantly higher
prevalence of herpesviruses in subgingival samples of
chronic periodontitis patients (HSV-1 100%, HSV-2 15.7%,
EBV 78.9%, and HCMV 26.31%) than in that of the
aggressive periodontitis patients (HSV-1 57.14%, HSV-2
0%, EBV 28.57%, and HCMV 7.14%). The results were
similar to the study conducted by Imbronito et al., in
which EBV-1 was detected in 45% and HCMV in 82.5%
of subgingival plaque samples (23).
The findings of the present study were in contrast to those
of studies conducted by Parra and Slots (5) and Contreras
and Slots (7). They demonstrated the presence of HCMV
or EBV in 90% of localized juvenile periodontitis lesions
(aggressive periodontitis) but only in 40-78% of adult
periodontitis lesions (chronic periodontitis). Kubar et al.
demonstrated HCMV DNA in 78% of subgingival samples
from aggressive periodontitis lesions, but only in 46% of
Table 7 Comparison of status of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in chronic and aggressive periodontitis
Table 8 Comparison of status of EBV and HCMV in chronic and aggressive periodontitis
Page 6
that of chronic periodontitis (8). EBV DNA was identified
in 89% of subgingival and 78% of gingival tissue samples
from aggressive periodontitis lesions, but only in 46% of
both subgingival and gingival tissue samples from chronic
periodontitis lesions (8). In another study, Kubar et al.
identified HCMV in 68.8% of aggressive periodontitis
lesions using real-time PCR (24). Also, Saygun et al. have
detected HCMV, EBV-1 and HSV-1 in 72-78% of the
subgingival samples from aggressive periodontitis patients
In the present study, herpesviruses were found more
frequently in chronic periodontitis than in aggressive
periodontitis patients. This variation in the results, compared
to previous studies, may be due to the age range of the
patients, ethnic differences within the study population,
the limited sample size, and difference in the severity of
periodontal disease in the selected group. Also, the
difference in the methodological approach used to detect
herpesviruses plays a vital role in the disparity between
the present study and the previous studies.
HSV-1 and 2, EBV and HCMV were found more
frequently in patients over 30 years of age (chronic
periodontitis) than those with age <30 years (aggressive
periodontitis) in the present study. This is in agreement with
one of the studies by Slots and Parra, which revealed
increased occurrence of CMV with increasing age (>45
years) (1). In contrast to the above findings, a study
conducted by Kubar et al (8) observed HCMV more
frequently (78%) in samples from aggressive periodontitis
lesions (ages 21-34 years). Only 46% of subgingival
samples from chronic periodontitis indicated the presence
of HCMV DNA.
The difference in the range of patients' age between the
previous studies and the present study might be one of the
reasons for the variation in the findings. Patient age may
have a greater effect on the prevalence of herpesviruses
than type of periodontitis. As age increases, the prevalence
of herpesviruses in periodontal pockets may increase. If
age of the patient is not considered as one of the criteria,
the positive relationship between herpesviruses and
destructive periodontal disease might be overestimated.
Ling et al. demonstrated that HSV was related to the
severity of periodontal diseases in terms of clinical
attachment loss (25). In the present study, HSV-1 was
found most frequently than any other herpesviruses, in
100% of chronic periodontitis and 57.4% of aggressive
periodontitis patients. These results emphasize the presence
of HSV-1 in periodontal pockets but the tangible role of
HSV-1 in initiation and progression of periodontal diseases
has to be ascertained.
All female patients demonstrated the presence of
herpesviruses (any). All males except 6 aggressive
periodontitis patients revealed the presence of herpesviruses
in the subgingival specimens. However, a relationship
between sex and the prevalence of herpesviruses in
periodontal pockets was not established.
It has been estimated that, worldwide, 90% of the
population infected with EBV is asymptomatic. HCMV
was found to be prevalent in 50-80% of adolescents and
adults in developed countries, and 40-70% of the population
acquires antibodies against herpes simplex virus from the
first year of life to adolescence (5). These data suggest that
herpesviruses are usually present in the body in inactive
state. Reactivation of herpesviruses in periodontal sites
comprises an important pathogenic event in the devel-
opment of periodontitis (26).
Herpesviruses may cause direct cytopathic effects on
keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and inflam-
matory cells (27). Contreras et al have detected HCMV
in monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes, EBV-1 in
B lymphocytes, and HSV in T lymphocytes and
monocytes/macrophages (28). Infected immune cells may
not mount a proper immune response against peri-
odontopathogenic bacteria predisposing to microbial
superinfection. Herpesvirus induced defective poly-
morphonuclear neutrophils can increase the risk for
destructive periodontal disease. The study found
herpesviruses infecting various types of inflammatory
cells in periodontitis lesions (28). It was not known whether
the infected cells carry functional or latent herpesviruses.
Active herpesvirus infections would potentially be more
detrimental to the periodontium than latent herpesvirus
Herpesviruses existing in combination in periodontal
pockets may act in synergy against host tissues. Co-
existence of HSV-1 and EBV was found most frequently
in both chronic periodontitis (78.9%) and aggressive
periodontitis (28.5%) patients in the present study.
Genetic predisposition of the patient for disease
susceptibility and severity should also be contemplated
when considering viral etiopathogenesis. A patient may
be genetically predisposed to severe periodontal breakdown,
as shown in cases with genetic polymorphism of numerous
interleukins (29-31). Therefore, studies that detect or
quantify herpesviruses should also analyze the genetic
polymorphism to better understand the role of herpesviruses
in periodontitis.
In a study conducted by Ting et al, it was hypothesized
that active HCMV infection could be associated with the
initiation and progression of localized juvenile periodontitis
(9). In another study conducted by Contreras and Slots,
results suggested that active HCMV replication could
Page 7
occur in periodontal sites (32), but it remained unclear if
HCMV reactivation was related to the initiation or the
progression of destructive periodontal disease.
Despite circumstantial evidence of a role of herpesviruses
in destructive periodontal disease, a cause-and-effect
relationship remains to be established. Questions remain
as to whether active periodontal herpesvirus infection
gives rise to destructive periodontal disease or whether
destructive periodontal disease reactivates a latent viral
infection. Thus, more studies on viral pathogenesis from
different parts of the world are essential to establish
herpesviruses as an etiologic or co-etiologic agent of
periodontal diseases.
In conclusion, we found that herpesviruses (HSV-1 and
2, EBV, and HCMV) are associated more with chronic
periodontitis than aggressive periodontitis, and this finding
may be related to the age range of the patients, limited
sample size, and methodology used to detect the viruses
in this study. Also, prevalence of viruses in periodontal
pockets may vary according to ethnicity, type of periodontal
disease, immune status, and genetic predisposition of
patients. The present understanding of the potential role
of herpesviruses in etiopathogenesis of destructive
periodontal disease is credible but not decisive. Additional
studies in other populations are required to better understand
the association of viruses in periodontal diseases.
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Mombelli A, Murakami S, Page R, Papapanou P,
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text:
The 3rd International Workshop on Linked Media – taking place at WWW 2015 on 18th May – has published its program.
Besides 2 full papers and 3 demos on various aspects of Linked Media, we are particularly proud to announce Harald Sack from HPI Potsdam will be our keynote speaker, on the topic of "From Script Idea to TV Rerun – The Idea of Linked Production Data in the Media Value Chain". Harald Sack is co-initiator of the D-Werft project, focused on semantic data integration in the media value chain and his talk will surely reveal new processes making use (and re-use) of Linked Data and semantic metadata in the film production industry.
Accepted papers and demos cover topics such as:
To bring all of this together, we plan to close the workshop with a joint group activity to bring Linked Media to life! Don't miss out, participate at LIME 2015 – we look forward to seeing you!
Mar 15
On 25 and 26 February, LinkedTV partners Noterik and RBB participated in an EuropeanaSpace workshop in Berlin. We were able to use the MultiScreen Toolkit to develop a small app to view a tour of the Berlin wall on a TV screen, with a smartphone serving as a remote control. Viewers can click a link on their phone, that acts as a second screen, after which the Berlin wall tour is loaded on the main screen (TV). Other participants were impressed at how we were able to use our toolkit to build a working multiscreen application in a relatively short time. Together with Sound and Vision we were able to add links to related content which become available to viewers on the second screen while the Berlin wall documentary plays on their TV by using their Editor Tool – taking an activity which today requires building dedicated applications and making it quick and simple for editors thanks to the support of the Multiscreen Toolkit (see also the Showcase) to handle the enrichments created in the Editor Tool (see also the Showcase). The whole experience showed the value of the LinkedTV technology workflow, giving broadcasters eased access to enriching their TV programming with other content and handling its delivery synchronised across screens to their viewers.
For a comprehensive report on the workshop, check the Sound and Vision blog. For more on the LinkedTV technologies, see our Showcases.
This article was originally published at http://www.noterik.nl/smart-tv-apps-at-european-space-hackathon/
Feb 15
See and hear Linked Television at next month's EBU BroadThinking 2015 event!
With the recent launch of HbbTV 2.0, the SmartTV standard for broadcasters to deliver Internet based services alongside their broadcast programming, this is the perfect moment for the LinkedTV project to show broadcasters its innovative technology solution to analyse and annotate TV programs. LinkedTV enables TV enrichment, i.e. temporal segments of programs may be linked to related content from the Web about the topics and objects that occur therein. Combined with HbbTV 2.0, broadcasters can offer this added value content as part of their existing broadcast channels and viewers can access and browse enrichments on a connected second screen without needing to download any applications or purchase any additional hardware.
LinkedTV will present in the Application Showcases slot on 18 March 2015 under the title "Linking the Web seamlessly with broadcast TV: issues and lessons learnt". This talk will reflect on the issues we experienced in implementing Linked Television for broadcast TV and how HbbTV 2.0 can facilitate broadcasters in offering Linked Television.
Feb 15
On 12-13 February 2015 LinkedTV participated at the EuropeanaTech Conference in Paris with its contribution on LinkedCulture: linking related art objects with a cultural heritage TV program using the Europeana API.
LinkedTV works on synchronized delivery of Web content related to objects and topics present in a parallel online television program, which we call "Linked Television". An "ignite talk" (slides below) explained our LinkedCulture prototype which enhances the Dutch TV program Tussen Kunst et Kitsch (with a similar format to the BBC's Antiques Roadshow) with links to art objects from Europeana similar to the art object being discussed in the show, displayed and browseable on a second screen such as a laptop or tablet alongside the TV viewing. A poster explained the technical developments of the LinkedTV project which make LinkedCulture possible.
Thanks to Johan Oomen for giving the talk, Lyndon Nixon for accompanying the poster and Lotte Belice Baltussen for continual support!
Feb 15
In order that the LinkedTV Platform is able to produce rich metadata descriptions of ingested video, LinkedTV has been working on providing a wide range of multimedia analytics techniques to fragment video, label fragments with concepts and extract textual metadata from audio and image. These techniques have been combined into a single Web service which is available to the Platform via a REST API. A new video has been produced to describe the latest version of this Web service covering methods for chapter and topic segmentation, scene and shot detection, concept extraction and audio processing. For more information or access to these multimedia analytics capabilities, please contact our project partner CERTH-ITI (Evlampios Apostolidis, apostolid AT iti DOT gr).
LinkedTV Multimedia Analysis REST Service: Video Demo from Linked Television on Vimeo.
Feb 15
At the Ibero American Biennial of Design (BID) in Madrid, LinkedTV researchers Lilia Perez and Michiel Hildebrand from the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in Amsterdam, have been awarded a honorary mention in the category Digital Design for the concept and interaction design of Linked TV News. Linked TV News is a second screen companion for watching the news based on semantic web technologies.
Linked TV news was selected out of six hundred submissions and reached the top 5 in its category. As a consequence the project will be featured in the international exhibition of the Biennial that will be shown until 28 February 2015 in Madrid. Following this, the collection will tour throughout Spain and several Latin American countries to be shown in design and art museums and venues. See the winning application in the video below:
LinkedTV News Final English version-HD from Linked Television on Vimeo.
LinkedTV is pleased to announce an extension to the submission deadline of our third international Linked Media workshop to January 31!
Taking place on May 18, 2015 it is co-located with the globe's most important annual Web conference, WWW 2015, this time in Florence, Italy.
LinkedTV supports the so-called principles of Linked Media, which are to publicly publish online multimedia descriptions in a semantic and structured fashion so that Web agents may be able to retrieve and re-use online media in new applications and services. The workshop will give researchers and practitioners the chance to present and discuss developments in this domain, whether annotation models for online media, retrieval and re-use of online media, or application and service innovations and business opportunities for Linked Media.
The workshop submission details are on its webpage http://www.linkedtv.eu/event/lime2015/.
Like everyone else, the LinkedTV partners will now take their Christmas and New Year break and return refreshed in 2015 to complete the last three months of the LinkedTV project. It should be an exciting time, with all the technologies and services being finalised, evaluations, public and private releases, online trials of the LinkedTV experience, final dissemination actions and exploitation plans. Join us again next year and in the meantime remind yourself of what LinkedTV is and does at our Public Showcases page!
Dec 14
LinkedTV is pleased to announce the third international Linked Media workshop!
Taking place on May 18, 2015 it is co-located with the globe's most important annual Web conference, WWW 2015, this time in Florence, Italy.
LinkedTV supports the so-called principles of Linked Media, which are to publicly publish online multimedia descriptions in a semantic and structured fashion so that Web agents may be able to retrieve and re-use online media in new applications and services. The workshop will give researchers and practitioners the chance to present and discuss developments in this domain, whether annotation models for online media, retrieval and re-use of online media, or application and service innovations and business opportunities for Linked Media.
The workshop submission details are on its webpage http://www.linkedtv.eu/event/lime2015/.
Dec 14
With the kind permission of AVROTROS, LinkedTV has implemented a companion screen application for watching episodes of the Dutch TV program "Tussen Kunst und Kitsch" and providing viewers direct access to relevant related information about the art objects being discussed in the program. Viewing can be done on the main TV screen while exploring information on the second screen, and art objects and their associated information can be bookmarked to return to later.
See the video:


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RT @newsflicks: Here's why #PranabMukherjee is the strictest of the last 4 Presidents http://t.co/xWVkJjcZry http://t.co/yFOqx3YyIE
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Music maestro #ARRahman to produce #films? http://t.co/4JWtBsN6RD http://t.co/8hg1V63Hge
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2 people are killed and 4 injured as gunmen storm #Garissa University in north-eastern Kenya http://t.co/xvNVG66qxW http://t.co/tjbGNbdQYH
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Mahindra & Mahindra loses its third position in the Indian car market http://t.co/RFA4q0rpvI http://t.co/T3NPNiQV0s
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Crashed Dornier killed a woman lieutenant. Another played key role in search operations http://t.co/FcjxBZ8hVY http://t.co/xlWxVvOKjc
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Thu Apr 02 00:13:06 MST 2015 ago by Economictimes


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Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
$50-43: SH uucmuu ilua-Jzz:
OR 2.881.654 V" April 14, 1959 D. s. TOFFOLO 2,881,654 72 6 3 BICONICAL REFRACTOR A42 0 33) Filed Oct. 24, 1955 ILELE INVENTOR DOMINIC S. TOFFOLO BY WWfi w ATTORNEY5 United States Patent BICONICAL REFRACTOR Dominic S. Tolfolo, Camp Springs, Md.
Application October 24, 1955, Serial No. 542,534
2 Claims. (Cl. 88-1) (Granted under Title 35, US. Code (1952), see. 266) The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
The present invention relates to refractors and more particularly to a refractor which passes plane parallel incident radiation of a given intensity to plane parallel radiation of greater intensity than the incident radiation.
The refractor comprises a radiation transparent medium presenting to the incident flux an annular conical surface, and having a second conical surface coaxial therewith through which the emergent flux passes. The element may be formed as two identical cones in axial alignment with bases abutting and preferably is optical contact. In this case, the entrance cone may be centrally masked to leave at its base portion an annular conical incident surface. Peripheral incident fiux is refracted to concentrate centrally of the exit pupil at greatly increased intensity.
The refractor of this invention therefore afiords means of increasing the intensity of an incident light source and further provides many advantages in optical and astronomical work. It may replace multi-element lenses of a telescope wherein the same telescopic effect can be obtained without the use of multiple lenses. The retractor element can be installed in front of a light signalling device to increase the intensity of the signal, and by use of materials having a specific index of refraction, increases in intensity of radio frequency radiation can be obtained where the application of optical techniques is desired, such as in antennas.
An object of the present invention is to produce an element which will afford increased emergent intensity for plane parallel electromagnetic radiation incident thereon.
A further object of this invention is to increase the intensity of incident light that passes through a refractor element.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide an optical element which will effectively replace a multiple number of expensive optical lenses now used in optical equipment.
A final object of the present invention is to provide a refractor element which can be made inexpensively as by molding or other means.
Other and more specific objects of this invention will become apparent upon a careful consideration of the following detailed description when taken together with the accompanying drawings, in which;
Fig. l is a side elevational view of the element of this invention illustrating the path of plane parallel light through the refractor.
Fig. 2 is a projection from Fig. 1 illustrating the relationship of the areas covered by the incident plane parallel light and the emergent light.
Fig. 3 is a perspective view illustrating a preferred 2,881,654 Patented Apr. 14, 1959 ice geometrical configuration of the optical element of this invention.
Figs. 4, 5 and 6 diagrammatically show further embodiments of the invention.
Referring now to the drawings there is illustrated in Fig. 1 a refractor 10 which passes incident plane parallel radiation of a given intensity to an emergent plane parallel radiation of a greater intensity. The element is a solid that may be made of a single piece of glass, or other radiation transparent material. The appearance of the element is a geometrical configuration having right conical sections 11 and 12 with common bases, one of said cones (11) being truncated to form a fiat end surface 13. The fiat end surface is coated with a radiation absorbing material 8 to prevent radiation from entering the refractor element within the area of the fiat end surface. It is obvious that instead of the end of one cone being cut away, the complete vertex and could be coated with light absorbing material otherwise masked so the entrance flux is limited to an annular zone near the base of the cone. Equally, the annular base portion of the exit conical surface could be masked instead, as shown at 14 in Fig. 4.
In many applications where precision requirements do not arise, such as systems for illuminating photocells or photosensitive crystals, the utilization device may present a sensitive area limited to the intensified exit pupil area, and in such situations an unmasked element whose entrance and exit surfaces are both complete, cones may be used. An outer radii the exit pupil of such an element presents increasingly lower intensities which may be negligible in many applications. The invention may then be used for microscope substage illumination.
A peripheral incident annular diaphragm 15 in the latter application will effect dark field illumination, Fig. 5.
For many uses the refractors active surfaces may be formed by molding in other applications, however, it is essential that the surfaces be worked to optical quality, that is, within a wavelength or less at the frequency of the radiation.
For maximum emergent radiation intensity, the angle X" (Fig. 1) formed by the surface and a line drawn perpendicular to the axis of the optical element must be equal to the angle of incidence 6 of plane parallel light. This angle X must be a specific and unique angle related to the index of refraction of the material from which the refractor element is formed. For any index of refraction N, the angle X" which gives the greatest intensity for plane parallel incident radiation that passes through the element can be found from the formula where N is the index of refraction of the material from which the element is formed and 0 is the angle of incidence for plane parallel radiation. 0 is numerically equal to the angle X. In other terms the angle 8 as shown in Fig. 1 can be expressed as the angle formed by the interception of a line perpendicular to the outer surface of a cone and a line perpendicular to the base of the cone. The angle formed being equal to the angle of incidence of plane parallel radiation incident on the conical surface. It is obvious that the material from which the element is formed must have a specific index of refraction N," which will probably be known, if not, the index of refraction may be found by use of Snells law,
of the material, sin a is the angle of incidence, and sin 3 is the angle of refraction.
It has been determined that the element of this invention with any base angle will have an emergent intensity which is greater than the incident intensity due to the incident radiation being confined to a smaller area by refraction caused within the material of the optical element. There is a critical base angle as illustrated above which forms the surfaces of the cone in order to pass incident light which will have the greatest intensity on emerging from the optical element.
Since the element has the appearance of integral cones with the same base angles, the surface of one cone section directly opposite the surface of the other cone section will be parallel and plane parallel radiation incident on one surface of the element will be refracted parallel with the surface of the adjacent side of the other cone in such a manner that the rays will strike the opposite surface of the adjacent cone and emerge as a plane parallel beam (Fig. 1).
The incident radiation emerges from the second active refracting surface 12 with an intensity which is greater than the incident intensity. The element elfects this by two refractions which are self correcting at any wavelength, thus making it archromatic. If b, is the radius of the base of the cone, r is the radius of the circle of the emergent pupil, and a is the radius of the effectively masked central entrance portion of the element then the useful incident radiation is bounded by the two circles of projection (Fig. 2) having radii b and a." Further, b=a+r.
The incident intensity has a direct relationship to the average emergent intensity and is related according to the formula Emergent intensity g for maximum intensity amplification. The radius a" is made such that a plane parallel incident ray striking the element at the beginning of the non-covered surface at the top portion will enter the element and be refracted toward the opposite side of the other cone shaped portion of the element. When the radiation strikes the side of the exit cone surface it will be refracted again and emerge as plane parallel rays. All of the radiation incident on the annular conical surface of the truncated cone will be refracted twice on passing through the optical element and on emerging will be confined to a smaller area whereby the intensity will be greater than at incidence.
Fig. 1 illustrates a bundle of plane parallel light rays entering the annular surface 11 and refracted toward the surface 12 wherein the rays are again refracted as parallel emergent rays. The emerging rays will be parallel with the incident rays and confined to a smaller bundle which is confined to the circle of projection having a radius of r (Fig. 2) and illustrates the usable light area after passing through the optical element.
In making an element of the present invention, the element may be made of glass, or a more readily moldable material of which there are many suitable clear plastics on the market which can be used, also, in case of use with X-rays, the element can be made of wax, such as paraffin. Elements of this invention can be used for many purposes in increasing the intensity of incident radiation and is bound by the index of refraction of the specific material which is used for the specific radiation to get the proper angle of refraction. The proper base angle of the cone shaped element is related to the index of refraction of the material used for the specific radiation and the base angle is the same as the incident angle formed by the cone surface and the in cident rays, which is found according to the formula previously cited.
An element for illustrative purposes made in accordance with the present invention is formed from glass or any other material having a specific index of refraction for the specific radiation, which in this case is plane parallel light and the index of refraction is 1.4052. The element is a solid optical element which has the appearance of a right angular cone surface integral with a second right angular cone surface joined at their bases. One of said conical surfaces is truncated and the flat end surface coated with a light absorption material to prevent the entrance of incident radiation. Instead of being truncated and the flat end surface coated to prevent light entrance, the cone can be coated over the vertex end surface which would normally be cut-off if it were truncated, to provide the same effect.
The provision of an optical element for maximum increased intensity depends on the radius a across the fiat end surface of the truncated cone, the radius b of the base, the base angle of the integral cone sections, and the radius r of the circle of emergent light. The relationship of the various radii being b=a+r, and the formula for finding the correct base angle is where the base angle is the same as the angle of incidence. From the above formula and a known index of refraction, the maximum emergent intensity can be obtained for optical elements of this invention which would be used to replace multiple lenses now used in the optical art. The optical element illustrated has a base angle of 65.1 degrees the radius a of the truncated end surface is 0.4 inch, the radius b is 1.3 inches for the base of the cone section and a radius r of 0.9 inch for the circle of emergent light. These valves make an optical element which can be used for viewing objects of great distances and can be used to replace multi-element lense devices now used in the optical art especially a telescope.
The active surfaces of the refractors so far discussed contemplate the conical bases in substantial abutment. Fig. 6 illustrates that the active surfaces may be spaced by a cylinder 17 of length equal to twice the altitude of either cone or a multiple of that length, refiectively coated externally at 17. Other intermediate spacing will affect the radial intensity distribution of the exit beam.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teaching. It is therefore to be understood, that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
What is claimed is:
l. A refractor for increasing the intensity of incident plane parallel radiation which comprises a solid body of radiation transparent material having first and second identical conical surfaces positioned in axial alignment with their bases abutting and with directly opposite surfaces parallel, said conical surfaces having base angles equal to the angle formed by the interception of a line perpendicular to one of said conical surfaces and a line perpendicular to the base, the latter angle formed being equal to the angle of incidence of plane parallel radiation incident on one of said conical surfaces along a line perpendicular to the base, said base angle being formed by the formula for maximum emergent intensity for plane parallel incident radiation that passes through the refractor, where 0 is the angle of incidence and N is the index of refraction of the material of the refractor.
2. The structure of claim 1 further including means irnercepting radiation directed at the central vertex acc- FOREIGN PATENTS fsa1d surfml- 29,282 Great Britain of 1909 686,268 France Apr. 8, 1930 Reference cued m me of this P 14 72 France Sept 14 1931 UNITED STATES PATENTS 270,132 Ross Ian. 2, 1883 OTHER REFERENCES 1,202,223 Redfield "Oct. 24, 1916 Optik, vol. 12, September 1955 on Theory of the 2,059,033 Rivier Oct. 27, 19 5 Hufner-Rumbus, pages 404,, 409, 410, published Wisscn- 2,514,492 Hayward July 11, 195 10 schaftlichc Verlagsgesellschaft m.b.H. 2,587,972 Criee Mar. 4, 1952 2,821,107 Bouwers Ian. 28, 1958
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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What is this weed and how to get rid of it
I recently bought this property and the backyard had an old patio and weeds. We cleaned up everything but had to wait for seeding until the fence guy finished his work. Today, the yard looks like this. There are primarily two kinds of weeds shown in the lower part of the picture.
Before laying seed for the new yard, I want to take the right steps. I can spray with a non selective herbicide and kill all these but i am wondering how will I uproot each of them individually because as it comes off the ground its so spread out. I am worried that after i seed the yard these things will come back like this.. ?
Please help.
Their seeds are in the soil seed bank. In other words, you have an unseen stash of seeds that will germinate any time you disturb the soil.
You might like to review this info at the link below about one way to decrease the stash of seeds in the seed bank ----
Here is a link that might be useful: stale seedbed
AFAIK, both of these are annuals. If you mow/weed-wacker them to the ground, and keep doing so to prevent seeds from forming this year, that would help - no new seeds will be dropped. Most of the seeds sprout the following spring, but agreed with the above, likely there are still quite a few seeds that have not yet sprouted. Regardless, with regular mowing, they shouldn't affect a lawn.
In most places, these plants would be cultivated, popular edibles.
And as annual weeds, they are preeminently suited to a variety of strategies. First, is this going to be planted to turf? If so, mowing itself will eventually tire these guys out and the growth of the perennial turf grass species will more than be able to overtake them. Plus, in a stand of turf-all monocots-any of the broadleave herbicides will easily vanquish these weeds. Maybe I'm not interpreting your situation correctly, but these are easy species to deal with.
PS...I do eat the purslane on salads now and then. Leaves are filled with juice and have a nice crunchy texture, while also having a surprisingly peppery taste.
I just finished harvesting my Amaranth/Pigweed. It's an edible. Getting ready to saute it with onion. Can use it as a side of greens or freeze til the next time I want to make A Wild Amaranth Quiche.
Purslane is also edible. You might want to look this up. How great that you didn't have to plant them, water or tend nor pay for them. How much better can it be? Since I haven't used any weedkiller, I'm not worried about them. Eventually, all mine will be gone and I'll have to go outside my fence in search of a meal.
This is just another perspective.
Here is a link that might be useful: Foraging Texas
You probably have plenty of time to seed.
Purslane and pigweed (amaranth palmerii). Both are edible, but ANNOYING annual weeds. Purslane tender tips are nice salad garnish.
I would kill them with the glyphosate
Buy the concentrate and a sprayer (Walmart's "Eliminate" is an inexpensive generic glyphosate compared to "Roundup")
Mix a gallon it according to instructions and then add 1/4 teaspoon of a diswashing detergent. It helps the herbicide get past the waxy coating of the purslane and the hairs of the pigweed.
Spray them thoroughly on a calm day, within a week they should be changing color and wilting. If you see any spots you missed, spray those spots.
Water thoroughly once ... wait a week and see if any more sprout. The idea is to lure them out and then kill them.
Dead purslane dries up and is easy to rake out. Dead Amaranth tends to break off a couple of inches above the dirt, but the stubs won't interfere with your lawn.
NEXT YEAR ... patrol the lawn and hand-pull any that show up. Concentrate of getting a healthy lawn and it can suppress the weeds.
Those "weeds" growing there removed nutrients from the soil as they grew as well as utilized the sunlight to make more that could be used by what ever else gets planted there if they are tilled into the soil rather then killed off by poisons. I would assess the soil and determine if there is adequate amounts of organic matter in that soil, how well it drains, etc. and have a good reliable soil test done for soil pH and major nutrient levels and balance.
Then, if needed, amend that soil and finally sow seeds or lay sod once the soil is in or heading toward a good healthy condition that will grow a strong and healthy plant. Depending on where in the United States you are your state university (Ag School) may do soil testing through the Cooperative Extension Service.
Get a good healthy stand of grass growing there and you will not need to be very concerned about "weed" seeds in the soil.
Adding insult to injury here, all weeds have milti-annual seeds. Some will sprout this year, some next year, others in following years. It is true that you can encourage more to grow just by tilling the soil so I would avoid roto-tilling or turning-over the soil.
Glipiside (Round up) will not affect seeds even on contact. It only works on actively growing plants. It does not even affect insects. It is systemic in that it will flow to the roots and stop them from working. After a few weeks, it is no longer present.
I have seen good results with a complete layer of new sod (and even that will have weeds) then for a few years, use good doses of a pre-emergent weed killer (it destroys actively sprouting seedlings only) such as Preen for lawns. Do NOT use Preen for gardens in lawns and do not use preen for lawns in gardens as it will be attacking the wrong seeds.
Preen is good for 12 week cycles, I would be avid in giving a dose in every 10 weeks. Do not put it on heavier than the directions suggest as you are just wasting it.
Have you considered a ground cover instead? You might consider miniature clover and it is drought resistant and stays green. It mows like "normal grass".
P.S. Did you know that grasses that we use for lawns are not native to North America? BTW, neither are earth worms for that matter. (-:
Would it be best to scatter the Preen for Lawns prior to a rain or can it sit there for quite some time?
I'll try it. There's too much area to have to spray, so am I looking for a pre-emergent or a post emergent to put out in the Fall?
Does the clover drop seed for next year? Love the fact that it adds nitrogen back into the soil


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Homemade Valentine's Day Cards
See in slideshow:Cool Valentine Crafts for Third Grade
These homemade Valentine's Day cards offer a heartfelt greeting for a special friend. Our homemade Valentine's Day cards feature hearts and a funny message! Minimize waste and cost this year by encouraging your child to make her own homemade Valentine's Day cards. The card-making process will boost her fine motor skills, and you'll love seeing the sense of accomplishment that will comes about after she finishes her own creative, personalized cards.
What You Need:
- Sheets of colored construction paper (one for each child in the class)
- Leftover paper scraps (scrapbook pages, picture books, old greeting cards, calendars, etc.)
- Scissors
- Thick thread or yarn
- Wide-eyed needle
- Straight pins
- Pen
- Small hole punch (optional)
What You Do:
- Show your child how to cut out hearts from the paper scraps. The easiest method is to fold paper in half, and then cut half-hearts along the paper's edge. The hearts can differ in size, shape, and color; a greater variety makes for more interesting cards.
- Have your child fold the sheets of construction paper in half for the structure of the cards. Fold them to either open from the right or the bottom.
- Thread the needle with a long string of yarn or thread, tying a knot at the end to secure it.
- Ask your child to arrange the hearts on the front of each folded paper however she see wishes.
- Once she is happy with each design, secure it with straight pins.
- Show her how to carefully stitch each heart into place. She can either decide to creatively stitch around the edges, or place one wide stitch through the middle of each heart.
- After each card is constructed, have her write a friendly greeting inside. Encourage her to get creative! She can take this opportunity to either personalize the greeting to each classmate or write a generic greeting, such as "I hope your Valentine's Day is sew special!"
This project may be a little more time consuming than buying a box of pre-made cards, but the result is both fulfilling and thoughtful.
Updated on Jan 9, 2014
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Pictures from Santa's big day with the Little Active Cheetahs 2014
LAC's Super Stanley for Star Award
LIMERICK Athletic Club's Stanley Ikeh has been selected for a Munster Star Award 2014.
The 15-year-old will be one of the guests of honour at this prestigious award ceremony and banquet to be held on January 31, 2015 at the Blarney Golf Resort Hotel.
Munster Star Awards are given only to the most consistent performers throughout the year and are in honour of the athlete's participation, dedication and overall performance at selected events.
In March 2014, at the All-Ireland Juvenile Indoor Championships held at the Athlone International Arena, Stanley smashed through his previous High Jump record and cleared 1.6m – his new Personal Best – and just one notch below a medal finish. On the same day Stanley was ranked in the country's top eight sprinters at U16 over 200m when he achieved a Personal Best of 24.93 seconds and that time was just over one second behind the Gold medal position. More recently, in November, Stanley secured his position as the fastest U16 sprinter over 60m in Limerick city and county in a time of 7.14 seconds.
His coaches at LAC were ecstatic to have been informed by the Munster Council of his selection for the award and in a club statement said: "Stanley is a phenomenal athlete and a natural performer. He keeps a cool head at competitions and while others may feel the nerves on the day, Stanley has no problem breaking his own records. We are extremely proud to train with him and we are confident that this will not be the last time that the LAC community will applaud this young man. Stanley's performances during the year have been nothing short of impressive and while we at LAC knew how good he was, the club is in jubilant form now that his talent and skill has been being recognised for this prestigious award at Munster level."
The juvenile athlete has built an impressive trophy cabinet through his time with LAC including an All-Ireland Bronze medal over 80m, a Munster Silver medal over 200m, three trophies from one day competing at Cork IT and a host of medals and trophies from local and regional events.
Congratulations to Stanley from the entire LAC community of athletes, coaches, club officers and supporters on this fantastic achievement.
Limerick Leader cover LAC's Greatest Christmas Party Ever
Fun, Food, Prizes and more fun at LAC's Christmas Party 2014
ATHLETES, parents, coaches and supporters congregated en masse to The Pavilion at UL last Saturday, December 13, to celebrate a monumental 2014 for LAC and its community at their Christmas party.
In an illustrious year for LAC, memberships increased across all categories and some of the regions great coaches came on board to join the already deeply committed coaches to share their skills and expertise with the athletes.
2014 will be an acclaimed year in the annals of LAC as it was a period where success at local, regional and national competitions was improved including participation, medal positions and personal bests.
Families started to arrive in all their Christmas attire and The Limerick Leader had a photographer present to capture some special moments and family portraits for inclusion in their paper this week.
The multi-media presentation Click here to view: "Limerick Athletic Club Celebration of Participation 2014" tracked the club's highlights from January 2014 right up to training on the morning of the party. Individual and team entries were honoured throughout the year including the national indoor championships, the local, regional and national track and field events along with the cross country.
LAC coaches thanked the athletes of the club for their hard work and dedication given throughout the year and in unison agreed that 2015 is looking extremely bright for everyone in the club.
The family fun table quiz was hotly contested, 16 teams entered and two teams – The Christmas Jumpers and Team Sport – got maximum points and each were given a family pass for Limerick's newest fun attraction Jumplanes at Delta Sports Dome.
The DJ got the party started with some great tunes for all the family to dance along to and the Standing Statues game proved difficult for the adults, but the Panthers succeeded in winning and were without a doubt the best at the game.
LAC would like to thank the Pavilion for providing the finger food which was gulped down along with gallons and gallons of fruit squash. A special word of thanks goes to LAC vice-chair Tom Foley who ensured that all were fed and provided with that most essential of condiments – ketchup.
The Super-Awesome-Mega-Raffle (Totes) lived up to its name with super prizes. Laura Hession won the top prize of a family pass to Limerick Panto Society's Cinderella starring Emma O'Driscoll from RTÉ and playing at the Limetree Theatre from Dec 27 to Jan 4.
Makayla Ryan-Wade won a €50 voucher for horse riding lessons at Clonlara Equestrian Centre. Caoimhe Ryan won a €30 voucher for Delta Sports Dome.
The best Christmas Jumper competition was won by Orla Grimes and she received a voucher for her entire family to dine at Subway Roxboro.
Other prizes included two €20 vouchers for Gleeson Sports Scene kindly donated by the Mangan family, a box of chocolates kindly donated by the Prendeville family, wine donated by the Ryan family and sweets donated by the Leahy family and many tens of euro worth of vouchers donated by Subway Roxboro.
Table quiz results:
First Place: Team Sport 18 points
Christmas Jumpers
Second Place: Lough Gur Lakers 17 points
Snowman Plus 1
Custard Creams
Christmas Crackers
The Greats (Emer, Emma, Sarah, Ella, Sarah-Kate)
Third Place: The Penguins 16 points
Daragh, Aisling, Emily, Richard
Merry Jingle Bells
Grimes Plus 3
Fourth Place: Team Ava 15 points
Fifth Place: Quizmas 14 points
Sixth Place: Squad 13 points
Seventh Place: L+M 7 points
More images from the Greatest Christmas Party Ever


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Is this a mistake? (Too late)
My husband left something cooking too long in a good stainless steel pot and it ended up with burnt-on residue. After soaking, scrubbing, and scouring with little effect, I grabbed the oven cleaner, gave the pot a good spray, and left it for a few hours. The residue rinsed right off. The pot looks great, but now I'm wondering if this was a smart thing to do. Assuming the pot is well-cleaned before we use it again, is it all right or have I ruined it? Or even worse, do I run the risk of poisoning the family if I use it again?
I've used oven cleaner on stubborn burned spots on pots,pans, baking and serving pieces. Just don't leave on too long, maybe 5 minutes, it works great. Definitely wash and rinse well before cooking in them. Nobody in my family has been made sick by doing this.
I don't think it will hurt anyone but would not be at all surprised if the finish has been damaged. It would be visible, though and I guess depends on the quality of the piece.
You'll know for sure the next time you use it to cook- if it is damaged everything will stick and it will be so annoying that you toss it.
But if it looks the same chances are it is the same and will be fine.
Bottom line- try it and see.


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Increasing Industrial Automation
Increasing Industrial Automation
Increasing Industrial Automation
Embedded connectivity in manufacturing applications helps meet the industrial sector's evolving needs.
Increased automation with connected intelligence maximizes production efficiency.
Dr. Reiher explains why embedded security has become an issue for embedded OEMs and developers.
Experience one harmonized system for deterministic, real-time performance. (v.2, Feb. 2014)
A demonstration that shows how Atom can be used for real-time capability as it applies in the industrial environment.
Create seamless, secure factory solutions that turn real-time data into business knowledge.


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- Casings and Coolers
Thursday, 23 May 2013
Cooler Master Announces New Products to be Unveiled at Computex 2013
Cooler Master is set to reveal a slew of their new products at Computex 2013. From the Elite 130 mini-ITX to the next generation CM 690 full tower casings, the company also has plans to showcase their new Glacier premium water cooling series. In addition, their Haswell-compliant V-series PSUs will be on show.
Tuesday, 21 May 2013
Enermax Launches Five New Cooling Fan Models
Enermax has just announced five new cooling fan models that feature its patented APS (Adjustable Peak Speed) control technology. This innovation will allow manual speed control of a fan's peak speed and the speed will be regulated by pulse-width modulation or by an integrated thermal sensor.
Wednesday, 8 May 2013
Thermaltake Announces Its LifeCool II Notebook Cooler
Supporting up to 17-inch notebooks, the lightweight LifeCool II comes with an angled top and grip pads to stay in position when you type. The lifestyle notebook cooler includes an underlying cushion for comfort while your laptop is resting on your lap.
NZXT Introduces Its H630 Silent Chassis and Sentry Mix 2 Fan Controller
NZXT presents its H630 Silent PC Chassis as well as the Sentry Mix 2 Fan Controller.
Monday, 6 May 2013
Cooler Master Introduces the NotePal U2 Plus Laptop Cooling Pad
The successor of the NotePal U Stand, the NotePad U2 Plus is made with lightweight aluminum and two patented quick release fans that can be fully adjustable (as well as removable) to accommodate your laptop.
Friday, 26 Apr 2013
Thermaltake Releases Its Water 3.0 AIO Liquid Cooling System
Thermaltake has launched the new All-in-One LCS (Liquid Cooling System) Water 3.0 Series, which includes the Water 3.0 Extreme, Water 3.0 Pro and Water 3.0 Performer.
Friday, 19 Apr 2013
Cooler Master Announces N Series Mid-tower Cases
Designed with cooling performance - especially liquid cooling - in mind, the N300 and N500 cases feature full mesh front panels and vents all over to allow air to easily stream through the case.
Thursday, 18 Apr 2013
Thermaltake Releases the GOrb II Laptop Cooler
First unveiled at the CES 2013, the lightweight notebook cooler that's shaped like a ball is ideal for 10- to 17-inch notebooks.
Monday, 8 Apr 2013
Gelid Launches SlimHero CPU Cooler
Featuring four sintered power heatpipes with a silent, slim 120mm fan, the copper heatpipes ensure maximum heat transfer from the CPU to the aluminum fins.
Wednesday, 3 Apr 2013
Thermaltake Adds Urban S71 to Its Urban Series of Chassis
A full tower available in two versions - windowed and non-windowed - the latest member of the Urban series comes with a front door panel in brushed aluminum to mask the extrusive drive devices, and sound dampening foams to absorb noise on both side panels.


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heart beatt sound made from my yamaha psr
knocking on a glass surface, for example on a window, in different tempi and rhythms.
The noise it makes when you bend a large sheet of plastic
A 9sec crescendo of marching drums (snares and toms) Made by request for "dianakennedy"
Metal container impact firm
Wind howling on a windy eastern cost night. Yes, it contains lots of classic whistles and howls!
Stereo contact-microphones recording a wobbly landing-stage rubbing against the bollard along a river. See picture. Because the synthetic rubber roller ...
A balloon hitting the floor.
Hitting wooden beams with a cardboard tube.
entering and exiting room
I'm regularly asked for "woo-sh" sounds, so here are some I made... This one was used for a title appearing ...
Tapping a glass with liquid in it
Industrial Sounds M/S Recording --> The recorded audio is processed in logic by using different FX like (reverse/reverb/delay/all kinds of ...
Part of Cars & other vehicles -pack, which includes sounds of common cars. Sounds of this pack are just recordings ...
Splined Kick fragmented by early reflections.


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Will a new era for pensions put the consumer first?
- Personal Finance
- March 11, 2014, 01:10
The Pensions Board last year embarked upon a review of the structure of Ireland's defined-contribution (DC) pension schemes. The process saw 44(...)
Early access to much-needed cash can be enticing, but such schemes can end up wiping out half the value of your pension
- Personal Finance
- June 4, 2013, 01:00
While it calls to mind such grand images as Daniel O'Connell and the beaches of Normandy, pension liberation is actually one of those cunning tricks t(...)
Can you believe the pension promise?
- Personal Finance
- May 14, 2013, 02:00
They might be "gold-plated", but the so-called Rolls Royce of pension schemes are likely soon to be a thing of the past. A host of Irish corpor(...)


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Description: GT Pool BMX Tire
GT's BMX Street bike tires are super smooth rolling with a knurled surface for ultimate traction on hard surfaces. It comes in 2 sizes: 20" x 2.3" and 20" x 2.1", each has wire bead, stiffer sidewall for impract resistance. Alternatively, size 20" x 2.3" and 20" x 2.1", each made with Kevlar, skinwall 60 tpi, foldable and lightweight.
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This grandma knows nothing about the bikes. What are the Skinny tires they buy for outdoor track racing?
Best Answer: For outdoor track racing you will want to get a micro track, you'll want to go with a 1.5" (width) tire. Intense sells a product called Intense Micro Tread...unfortunately we do not carry it


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Wallpaper version available here http://fc09.deviantart.com/fs45/f/2009/146/3/b/...
Great concept, and the contrast between her and the background is perfect.
Incredible work like always!
I'm speechless.
love it, class :]
put this on a shirt – its a winner….
Great contrast you got goin here. Well done!
Cool – love this
Yeah agreed- this would look great on a shirt!
nice sun :)
Aww this is Gorgeous!
Awesome work :o)


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Floor Water Feature - Baptismal Font
Water Feature Supply...for all your freestanding watThis contemporary floor water feature commands attention and will definitely become the center piece in any design plans. Created to operate off a standard 110 AC volt outlet this freestanding water wall will impress your clients and captivate anyone in its presence. Water Feature Supply...for all your freestanding waterfall needs.er feature needs.
Product Specifications
- Sold By
- Water Feature Supply LLC
- Category
- Indoor Fountains
- Style
- Contemporary


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Boomer Consumer
The Boomer Consumer is dedicated to helping boomers get what they want in life through using consumer information, making effective choices, and sharing their own experiences.
Posts filtered on Category
Giving Tuesday tip: Before you donate to a charity, check it out
We've lived through Black Friday and Cyber Monday. Now, today, on a different note, is Giving Tuesday, a national day of giving when Americans are encouraged to donate to the charity of their choice. Giving Tuesday kicks off the holiday giving season. Be sure to make wise choices when giving money to charities, and avoid […] [Read More]
Happy Veterans Day
Veterans Day, which became a national holiday in 1938, is a day to recognize the contributions of the nation's veterans. Three of my uncles served in World War II. My uncles Richard and Orval Telecky came back; my uncle Frank Gilliam didn't. In his Veterans Day proclamation, President Obama said America needs to support veterans […] [Read More]
Veterans and servicemembers: Get information to fight fraud
By Carol Kando-Pineda, Attorney, Federal Trade Commission Veterans Day is intended to honor and thank all who served in the U. S. Armed Forces. Despite the nation's gratitude to these heroes, there are some who would lie to make a buck off them. Con artists target veterans and servicemembers for scams and rip-offs. Some scammers […] [Read More]
Olympic Animal Sanctuary accused of operating illegal charity, failing to account for donor contributions
A Forks resident who raised $300,000 for a non-profit dog rescue organization, but failed to register with the Secretary of State or produce required records of how the donations were spent, is being sued by the Washington State Attorney General's Office for violating state laws. Stephen C. Markwell, founder of Olympic Animal Sanctuary, is accused […] [Read More]
Mudslide charity scams: Beware of rip-offs
As donors consider contributing to relief efforts for the Snohomish County mudslide tragedy, state officials are urging consumers to watch out for scam artists trying to make a fast buck. The officials joined forces with the Better Business Bureau in reminding consumers that rip-off artists follow news coverage of natural disasters such as this one […] [Read More]
Attorney general warns consumers about Kures 4 Kids, and offers tips for donating to charities this holiday season
The Washington State Attorney General's Office has filed a consumer protection lawsuit and will seek a temporary restraining order against Knowledge 4 Kids, known as Kures 4 Kids, and its operators, Michael and Amy Gannon. How Kures 4 Kids operates The agency alleges the Mill Creek couple uses deceptive practices to entice consumers to donate […] [Read More]
Make sure your Oklahoma tornado donation goes to a reputable charity
With massive tornados causing deaths, injuries, and devastation in Oklahoma this week, the Better Business Bureau, Washington State Attorney General's Office, and the Secretary of State's Office are warning consumers about fraudsters. Con artists follow the headlines and can easily create bogus charities under the guise of helping victims. Washington State Attorney General Bob Ferguson […] [Read More]
Watch out for scams related to the Boston Marathon bombing
Don't get scammed by fake fundraisers using the Boston Marathon tragedy to scam people into making bogus contributions. "It's unfortunate that in this time of national mourning, there are those who would exploit our compassion for their own personal gain – but we want to remind people to be careful with their money and make […] [Read More]
Planning to contribute to a charity before the end of the year? Be sure to give wisely
If you've given to the same charity for years and are familiar with its record, you're in good shape for your end-of-year giving. However, if you're planning to give to an organization you're not familiar with, it's best to check out the charity so you can avoid greedy fundraising groups. Seniors 65 and older – […] [Read More]
Watch out for scammers following Hurricane Sandy
After Superstorm Sandy slammed into the East Coast, the Better Business Bureau is warning of scams and complaints that come with natural disasters. Cybercriminals: Frauds and hackers pursue those looking for news and help. Be wary of: Search engine results from unknown or untrustworthy websites. Unsolicited emails, instant messages, and social media posts from unknown […] [Read More]
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5 Tips To Burn That Stubborn Body Fat
Why can't you burn that ugly, stubborn body fat? Good question. Watch television or surf the internet for one hour and you will find quick solutions for burning your fat. There's only one problem with this.....there are no quick solutions for burning body fat and losing weight!
Start your fat burn adventure by burning total body fat. Never do "spot fat reduction," such as targeting abdominal fat. Spot reduction won't work.
The overall goal should be for you to have a healthy, lean body and not just great looking legs or abs.
Here are some common body fat areas that are sometimes hard to lose:
--belly fat,
--butt/hips/thighs fat,
--low back fat and
--upper back arm fat
Any of those fat areas sound familiar? I think we all have dealt with one or more of those stubborn fat areas. Do you know what to do about it?
First, stop wasting money on fitness gadgets! You don't need them to burn fat and lose weight.
Second, don't spend any more money on fat loss and weight loss pills. You don't need those supplements either. And finally, forget about quick weight loss programs. They don't work long-term and that's why they are called quick!
Burn stubborn and total body fat with these 5 tips:
1. Start a healthy meal plan filled with whole, natural foods. Fruits, vegetables, lean meats, low-fat diary products and whole grains fit the bill. Severely limit sugars, fast foods, processed foods and foods in a box or bag.
I don't ever recommend any diet that significantly omits one of the macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins). Your body's metabolism needs all 3 macronutrients to operate properly. So, diets that are very low in carbohydrates or fats will not help your body in the long-term.
Base your daily caloric intake on your basal metabolic rate, your daily activity and your goals. This way, you won't eat too much or too little (severe calorie restriction).
You need to maintain a caloric deficit on most days to burn fat and lose weight consistently.
2. Drink only water and unsweetened drinks most of the time. Drink about half your body weight in ounces every day. So, if you weigh 150 pounds, drink at least 75 ounces of water every day. This will improve your health and help with weight loss.
3. Start building muscle mass and burning fat at the same time. You must change your body's composition to more muscle and less fat. This will speed up your metabolism and help you burn more calories every day.
You don't need to be a body builder but you need to burn the fat (to an acceptable body fat percentage) on your body and build muscle mass.
And, you must do more than cardio exercise to change your body's composition. "Cardio only" will not lean out your body.


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Wednesday, September 7, 2011
An Epic Wedding: Jen & Eric
Sometimes things just fall into place effortlessly. Our engagement session with Jen & Eric was just that...effortless (view their engagement session here). When it came time for their wedding, I wasn't surprised how well the day turned out...more specifically the candid session and group photos. Though I have to confess, I did do some scouting for locations earlier in the week, but no matter how much you plan things may or may not turn out the way you envisioned. As we made our way out for group photos, I told Jen & Eric of this spot that I had picked out.....an old Chicago Firehouse. To my surprise, I quickly learned that both Jen & Eric have family members that are firemen which made the location all the better. Its definitely going into my book of favorite photos! Hope you enjoy these as much as we do.
Congratulations Jen & Eric! Tweet this!
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DEFINITION of 'IRS Publication 513 '
A document published by the Internal Revenue Service that details tax requirements for workers earning an income in the United States who are non-resident aliens. Income earned in the United States is taxed regardless of citizenship status, although non-residents who do not earn income, such as tourists, or who do not conduct business do not have to file a return. If a worker in the United States earns income from abroad or has income exempt from U.S. taxes, that worker still has to file a return. Wages, rents, interest, dividends and income from business activities are subject to taxation.
INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'IRS Publication 513 '
Workers in the United States are considered non-resident aliens if they do not have a green card (not a lawful permanent resident) or if they do not pass the substantial presence test. However, non-resident aliens can seek to be treated as residents for a part of the year, meaning that someone can be both a non-resident alien and a resident during the same tax year. More information on this can be found in IRS Publication 519 (U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens).
183-Day RuleThe 183-day rule is part of the "substantial presence test" used ...
Dual-Status TaxpayerA taxpayer that has met the criteria to be both a resident and ...
Income TaxA tax that governments impose on financial income generated by ...
AlienAny person who is not a citizen of the country in which he or ...
Internal Revenue Service - IRSA United States government agency that is responsible for the ...
Nonresident AlienA non-U.S. citizen who doesn't pass the green card test or the ...
I am a non-U.S. citizen living outside the U.S. and trading stocks through a U.S. ...The tax implications for a foreign investor will depend on whether that person is classified as a resident alien or a non-resident ... Read Full Answer >>
Tax Tips For The Individual InvestorWe give you seven guidelines to help you keep more of your money in your pocket.
How To Appeal Your IRS AuditThe auditor's review isn't always the last word. Many taxpayers who are audited can successfully appeal their audits and save thousands of dollars.
Surviving The IRS AuditKeeping thorough records and knowing the penalties make this experience easier than you'd expect.
Should You File An Early Tax Return?When it comes to filing your taxes, it can often pay to wait until the deadline.
How Microeconomics Affects Everyday LifeMicroeconomics is the study of how individuals and businesses make decisions to maximize satisfaction. Microeconomic principles can describe many everyday experiences. We use renting a New York ...
How Does An IRS Audit Work?It doesn't automatically mean an IRS agent will be ringing your doorbell. Here are the different types of IRS audits and how to handle them.
Switzerland's Declining Tax Haven AppealSwitzerland's tax haven allure is being threatened by efforts by the US and other governments to make Swiss banks give up their much-vaunted secrecy.
Are You Missing Out On These Tax Exemptions?To lower your tax bill, make sure that you're taking all the exemptions that apply to you.
Venezuela Teeters On Edge As Oil Revenues ShrinkLow oil prices have drastically revised the economic status quo -- dealing a destabilizing blow to oil-exporters like Venezuela due to falling oil revenue.
What Must The UK Do To Keep North Sea Oil Afloat?The UK government may need to take drastic action to ensure the viability of UK North Sea offshore oil production amid high costs and shrinking margins.


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I want to know how to get Badge notification in ios. I mean inside the app. I can't post the image. Follow this link I want to get that badge notfication inside the app over a button.
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It's 100% free, no registration required.
closed as not a real question by rckoenes, Janak Nirmal, hims056, Jaguar, Mehul Nov 7 '12 at 6:27
It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. For help clarifying this question so that it can be reopened, visit the help center. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
I don't know what do you mean by "bubble notification" but maybe you meant to badge over a UIButton? maybe CustomBadge could help you.
I don't know if this is what you're looking for, but take a look at CMPopTipView!