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A method for analyzing total bound nitrogen in a sample and providing an output data of total bound nitrogen and constituent compounds (nitrate and nitrite) is disclosed. The total nitrogen bound method provides a discrete sample through a furnace in the presence of continuous flow of water as carrier as well as oxygen carrier gas, resulting in the oxidation of the nitrogen compounds to nitric oxide. The nitrate method involves a discrete sample with water as a carrier provided to a sparge tank. The nitrite is catalytically reduced to nitric oxide in the presence of tartaric acid and ascorbic acid. The nitrate method involves a first conversion to change the nitrate to a nitrite. The first conversion occurs in the presence of a copper-cadmium catalyst causing the formation of the NO2. The nitrile is subsequently converted into NO. The nitric oxide produced in each of the three methods is measured in a chemiluminescent nitrogen detector.
1. A method of treating an aqueous test sample in a test system having a test sample receiving means connected to deliver a test sample for testing in a chemiluminescent test chamber forming a light emission observed and measured by a light responsive output means to analyze for chemically bound nitrogen contained in said test sample comprising the steps of:
(a) forming from said test sample three (3) smaller samples having essentially equal volume and chemical composition;
(b) submitting a first smaller sample in the test system to oxidizing conditions sufficient to convert the total chemically bound nitrogen in said first small sample to form NOx ;
(c) converting said NOx to NO and subsequently to NO2 * which decays to be ground state accompanied by emission of quanta of light thereby performing a chemiluminescent measurement of said emission of light and determining total chemically bound nitrogen in said first smaller sample;
(d) carrying a second smaller sample through a selective reduction step in aqueous solution to reduce any NO2 - therein to NO gas, and thereafter converting said NO to NO2 * thereby performing a chemiluminescent measurement and determining total NO2 - in said second smaller sample;
(e) carrying a third smaller sample through a selective reduction step in aqueous solution to reduce any NO3 - therein to NO2 - and thereafter treating said third smaller sample to convert said NO2 - to NO gas and subsequently to convert said NO gas to NO2 * performing a chemiluminescent measurement and determining total NO3 - in said third smaller sample; and
(f) forming measurement data outputs representing total bound nitrogen, total NO2 -, total NO3 -, and other nitrogen compounds in the original test sample.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein each selective reduction from NO2 - to NO occurs in a manner such that all NO gas is directed into a chamber for conversion to NO2 * in the test system thereby enabling a chemiluminescent measurement of total NO2 -.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein each selective reduction is carried out in the test system by directing the sample into an aqueous solution in the test system containing an effective amount of ascorbic or tartaric acid, or a mixture thereof and the NO gas is removed from said aqueous solution by sparging with an inert carrier gas.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the selective reduction from NO3 - to NO2 - is accomplished in a reduction chamber in the presence of an appropriate metal catalyst.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the selective reduction to reduce NO3 - to NO2 - is accomplished in a first chamber after which the sample is directed into a second chamber for conversion of the NO2 - to NO gas.
6. A method of testing a test sample in a test system having a test sample receiving means connected to deliver a test sample for testing in a chemiluminescent test chamber forming a light emission observed and measured by a light responsive output means including chemically bound nitrogen comprising the steps of:
(a) in the test system, converting by oxidation a sample having a specified size to form NOx ;
(b) measuring the NOx by conversion to NO and then converting NO to NO2 * which decays to the ground state accompanied by emission of quanta of light in the chemiluminescent test chamber and performing a chemiluminescent measurement and determining chemically bound nitrogen;
(c) measuring in a second and equal sized sample only NO2 - to obtain a measurement of NO2 - wherein the NO2 - measurement step includes:
(1) reducing the NO2 - to form NO in gaseous form;
(2) delivering the gaseous form NO to a nitrogen detector; and
(3) converting the NO to NO2 * and performing a chemiluminescent measurement and determining NO2 -;
(d) measuring in a third and equal sized sample NO3 - and obtaining a measurement of NO3 -; and
(e) forming measurement data outputs of total bound nitrogen and subtotals of NO2 -, NO3 - and other nitrogen compounds in the total.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the reduction from NO2 - to NO occurs in a liquid solution in a container in the test system and forms NO released in gas form to flow from the container so that all of the NO is directed to a test chamber in the test system for testing in a process converting NO into NO2 * accompanied by emission of a quanta of light.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein an acidic reducing agent is placed in a water solution of the sample in a container in the test system including NO2 - and the water solution in the container is stirred by sparging an inert carrier gas through the solution converting NO2 - to NO and said carrier gas carrying NO away as a gas.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the water solution includes ascorbic or tartaric acid, or a mixture thereof.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the sample including NO2 - flows with a water carrier from said sample loop to a sparge tank.
11. The method of claim 6 wherein sample including NO3 - is:
(a) first reduced by catalytic conversion from NO3 - to NO2 -; and
(b) then reducing the NO2 - to NO in gas form.
12. The method of claim 6 including:
(a) injecting the specific sized sample NO3 - into a flowing carrier water to enable sample measurement;
(b) directing the carrier flows into a first chamber in the test system having an agent therein reducing any NO3 - to NO2 ;
(c) then directing the carrier flow into a second chamber in the test system having an agent therein reducing any NO2 - to NO;
(d) delivering NO to a nitrogen detector so that NO is separated from water in the carrier flow by heating in a furnace to enable measurement of NO only; and
(e) forming an output measurement of NO in the sample and separately indicating in the measurement the portions attributed to NO3 - and NO2 -.
13. A method of converting chemically bound nitrogen in a test sample in a test system having a test sample receive means connected to deliver a test sample for testing in a chemiluminescent test chamber forming a light emission observed and measured by a light responsive output means into NO to enable nitrogen measurement comprising the steps of:
(a) measuring a specified size of sample material from a sample having NO3 - therein, and making an intermediate and subsequent reduction of the measured sample to obtain NO2 - and then NO;
(b) measuring the NO and expressing the NO measure in acceptable units of measure wherein the NO is measured by chemiluminescent conversion in the test system NO2 * accompanied with measurable light emission;
(c) separately from steps a and b, from the same sample material, measuring the same specified size of sample suspected of having NO2 - therein, and making a reduction to convert NO2 - to NO;
(d) measuring the NO from step (c) above and expressing the NO measure in the same units of measure of step (b);
(e) from the sample material suspected of having chemically bound nitrogen therein, making a measurement of the bound nitrogen and expressing the bound nitrogen measurement in the same units of measurement of step (b); and
(f) representing the total bound nitrogen as three subtotals which are NO3 -, NO2 -, and other bound nitrogen compounds and wherein the three subtotals represent the total bound nitrogen in the sample material.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein three equally sized samples of the material are formed and separately tested to provide three measurements, and the three measurements of steps (b), (d), and (e) represent the subtotals.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein the total measurement of bound nitrogen is separately measured; wherein the NO2 - subtotal is separately measured; wherein the NO3 - is converted to NO2 - and is measured in the presence of NO2 - of the sample; and subtracting the NO2 - subtotal from the total bound nitrogen to obtain NO3 - in the sample.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/654,080 filed Feb. 11, 1989. (abandoned).
It is necessary to determine nitrogen in a sample in chemical or laboratory testing circumstances. This is also useful in batch or continuous process control. Such circumstances often call for determination of an output of total bound nitrogen in a particular sample. The term "bound nitrogen" refers to nitrogen which is a chemical constituent of a compound as opposed to free nitrogen. Free nitrogen or diatomic nitrogen, typically found in the atmosphere or disclosed in a sample, is compounded only with the most difficult of efforts; in fact, nitrogen in the atmosphere can be viewed practically as an inert gas which is evidence by the difficulty of reacting diatomic nitrogen with a compound. It is often important to analyze the total nitrogen content of one or more compounds in a sample or specimen where the nitrogen content is important but unknown. This type of measurement can be provided by the equipment and procedure which are set forth in Parks, et al. which is U.S. Pat. No. 4,018,562. In many instances, that analysis is more than sufficient. In other instances, it is important to have an additional break down of the nitrogen content. In other words, a representation that nitrogen represents 100 ppm may be adequate in some circumstances, but in other circumstances, the data must be broken down into specific nitrogen compounds, for instance, nitrites and nitrates are indicated separately. The present disclosure sets forth a method and apparatus for measuring nitrogen constituents in a sample and in particular for providing an indication separating the nitrite component and the nitrate component. In addition, constituents are separated into the most desirable or important nitrogen compounds from the point of view of application and use. Several examples will make this more readily apparent. Consider as one example the analysis of surface water which has washed off a large land area involving farming and ranching. The surface water discharge may carry fertilizer constituents in it. It may be very important to determine the break out of the constituents so that better control of the fertilizer application on the surface area can be executed. In this example, it may be very important to know the nitrate (NO3 -) concentration, and to also know the total nitrogen concentration. In another example, a chemical leaching process may discharge waste effluent with nitrites (NO2 -) up to a certain specified quantity. This can be tested again by use of the present method and apparatus.
One aspect of the present method and apparatus is that it avoids the wet chemistry approach which has been traditionally known as the Kjeldhal analytical procedure. The Kjeldhal method is inherently time consuming to execute and is relatively expensive. It may also create undesirable waste products. The method of the present disclosure is not a wet chemistry procedure, contrasting with Kjeldhal, and can be executed in a straight forward fashion to provide substantially no waste discharge.
Previously known methods do not provide the desirable procedure of the present disclosure. Several methods are therefore given in the following documents:
1) Nitrogen, Nitrate-Nitrite. EPA Method 353.3 (Spectrophotometric Cadmium Reduction) Storet No. Total 00630, 1974.
2) Nitrogen, Nitrate-Nitrite. EPA Method 353.2 (Colorimetric, Automated, Cadmium Reduction) Storet No. Total 00630, 1978, 1974, 1971.
3) Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Water 14th Ed., 1975. 419 LC. Cadmium Reduction Method (Tentative).
4) P. G. Brewer and J. P. Riley, "The Automatic Determination of Nitrate in Sea Water". Deep-Sea Research, 1965, Vol. 12, page 765.
5) Robert D. Cox, "Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite at the Parts per Billion Level by Chemiluminescence". Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 332-335.
6) Robert C. Doerr, Jay B. Fox, Jr., Leon Lakritz, and Walter Fiddler, "Determination of Nitrite in Cured Meats by Chemiluminescence Detection". Anal Chem. 1981, 53, 381-384.
7) James E. O'Brien and Janece Fiore, "Automation in Sanitary Chemistry--Parts 1 and 2".
8) F. A. J. Armstrong, C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland, "The Measurement of Unwelling and Subsequent Biological Processes By Means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and Associate Equipment". Deep-Sea Research, 1967, Vol. 14, pages 381-389.
9) C. Garside, "A Chemiluminescent Technique for the Determination of Nanomolar Concentrations of Nitrate and Nitrite in Seawater". Marine Chemistry, 11 (1982), pages 159-167.
10) A. Henriksen and A. R. Selmer-Olsen, "Automatic Methods for Determining Nitrate and Nitrite in Water and Soil Extracts". Analyst, May, 1970, Vol. 95, pages 514-518.
11) Ted W. Walsh, "Total Dissolved Nitrogen in Seawater: a New-High-Temperature Combustion Method and a Comparison with Photo-Oxidation". Marine Chemistry, 26 (1989), pages 295-311.
12) ASTM Designation: D 1254-67 (reapproved 1974). Standard Methods of Test for Nitrite Ion in Water.
As a generalization, the procedures above do not provide either total nitrogen or constituent break outs from the total nitrogen. To the extent that they do provide either nitrate measurement only or nitrite measurement only, they are unable to provide the total bound nitrogen output.
The present disclosure sets forth both a method and apparatus which analyzes bound nitrogen; that is, it will provide or furnish total nitrogen and individual break outs representative of nitrites and nitrates in a water sample. To this end, a single apparatus is illustrated, but it is further illustrated with certain portions of the apparatus omitted to show only a nitrite analytical system, a nitrate analytical system, and a total nitrogen system. In other words, the three individual analytical sets of equipment are combined to provide a single set of equipment which is shown and described below. Furthermore, the equipment carries out the foregoing alternatively analytical routines so that totals are provided. By suitable arithmetic analysis of the data, the total nitrogen is first indicated and from that certain deductions are made by which one obtains three constituents which are total nitrates, total nitrites, and the total of other nitrogen compounds.
So that the manner in which the above recited features, advantages and objects of the present invention are attained and can be understood in detail, more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings.
It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a system of apparatus for testing for nitrogen in a specimen wherein multiple types of tests can be run to provide measurements of nitrogen content;
FIG. 2 is a portion of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 for obtaining a measure of total nitrogen content;
FIG. 3 is a portion of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 for measuring the nitrate content; and
FIG. 4 is a portion of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 for providing nitrite measurement.
Attention is directed first to FIG. 1 of the drawings. In FIG. 1 of the drawings, a system is set forth and is indicated generally by the numeral 10 which refers to the entire system or apparatus which is shown in FIG. 1 of the drawings. Moreover, the system of FIG. 1 is a combined system of apparatus which makes separate measurement operations. The various measurements are output to a CPU and recorder so that the data is captured and is available for certain arithmetic operations as will be described. Therefore, beginning with FIG. 1, the description will set forth structural components and show how they connect together. In addition to that, FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 will then be described which take advantage of some but not all of the components. This break out will be used so that the individual test modes can be described and understood. Moreover, the descriptions of FIGS. 2, 3, and 4 will be enhanced with the description of the chemistry of the conversion. Exemplary equations will also be given whereby the test procedures can be more readily understood.
One must note that nitrogen is a polyvalent element. In view of this, and also to avoid confusion, the terms nitrate and nitrite refer to the ionic forms in solution, or to NO3 - and also NO2 -. These are handled in solution as part of the sample delivered with a water carrier. This is a valuable feature of the present system. By contrast, there are various gas forms of NOx, and this disclosure takes advantage of the fact that NO (nitric oxide) is a gas. One chance of confusion arises with NO2, a gas; generally, this disclosure deals primarily with NO2 --, the ionic form of nitrogen containing compound, and not with NO2, the oxide in gas form, That can be present in the total nitrogen measurement of the sample and will be measured if present.
In FIG. 1, the numeral 12 identifies a tank which holds a supply of pure water meaning water which has been deionized. This tank or supply will be used in certain steps to be described. There is another tank 11 provided with an aqueous solution of NH4 Cl/EDTA. Both of these tanks are connected to a three way valve 14 which provides an output of one or the other through a pump 15 which provides a specified pressure. As illustrated, all of the components in the present apparatus are connected by various and sundry flow lines. The flow lines are plumbed to the various components in suitable size and length to make the necessary connections. More importantly, the flow lines are formed of inert materials so that they do not interact with the constituents flowing in the lines. The pump therefore provides one or the other of the liquids from the tanks 11 or 12 pumped into a sample valve which is equipped with a measured sample loop. This valve and loop is indicated at 16. The sample loop is calibrated to a particular size such as 50 microliters. The system also includes an autosampler 18 which provides an output flow through a valve 19, and the valve 19 directs the output of the autosampler 18 through either of two lines. One of the lines extends to the sample valve 16. The sample valve 16 is a multiport valve switchable between two positions and having the sample loop connected between two of the ports. The sample of interest is introduced by the sample valve to fill the storage loop. There are two well accepted procedures for injection of the sample. One is by means of the autosampler 18. Another is injection through an injection port by means of a syringe. In any case, the sample loop is filled with the valve switched to one position, and the sample is then delivered out of the sample loop by switching to the other position to deliver sample through a line to a reduction chamber 20. For sake of clarity, it should be noted that the sample received at the reduction chamber 20 flows there through line 21. It is input from the autosampler by the flow line 22. Alternately, it is input by syringe (not shown) which injects into the sample valve for filling the storage loop. The line 23 provides one or the other of the two liquids from the tanks 11 and 12 under control of the valve 14 and this is used for other purposes to be described.
The reduction chamber is useful in converting nitrate to nitrite; this will be described in detail below. The numeral 24 identifies a sparge tank. It is provided with a flow of inert gas from a tank 25. One acceptable gas is helium and another is argon. This flow is metered through a sparge gas valve 26. That delivers the metered flow into the sparge tank 24. Flow from the tank 24 is directed outwardly to an outlet vale 27. The nitrogen detector 30 detects bound nitrogen in the sample delivered through the output valve 27.
Attention is momentarily directed to an additional tank 32 in FIG. 1 which holds a supply of pure water, again deionized water. It is connected with a pump 35 which is similar to the pump 15. That provides an output flow to a pressure regulator 34 which then connects with a sample valve with storage loop at 36. In turn, that connects by a supply line into the nitrogen detector 30.
As a matter of construction convenience and to hold down costs and complexity, the tanks 12 and 32 can be separate or can be one tank. In similar fashion, the pumps 15 and 35 can be the same pump or separate pumps which are duplicate devices. Likewise, the valves 16 and 36 can be duplicates, or a sinlge valve (with multiple ports) can be sued. For purposes of explanation, the present apparatus is illustrated in FIG. 1 to show two separate water tanks, two pumps, and two sample valves. Nevertheless, they can be connected precisely as illustrated or alternatively, single devices can used instead of the illustrated duplicate devices.
The system of FIG. 1 shows water sources cooperative with valves, pumps and pressure regulators; a sample is introduced at the sample loop 16 and is carried with the water flow. The water serves as a carrier, and flows through the indicated conduits as a result of the operation of the pumps illustrated in FIG. 1.
A suitable nitrogen detector is illustrated in the Parks patent mentioned above. Assume for purposes of example that a sample is input having a volume of 50 microliters and is tested. The total bound nitrogen in the sample is output from the nitrogen detector 30 to a CPU 38 and that data is transferred to a suitable recorder 40 such as a strip paper chart recorder. That output might indicate that the nitrogen content is a specific number such as 10 parts per million (ppm hereinafter).
Consider now the possibility of injecting a sample for testing in a different fashion and obtaining greater detail in the data.
Assume for purposes of illustration that the sample merely has chemically bound nitrogen and is represented by the symbol RN. The R refers generally to the rest of the molecule(s) in the sample. In that event, the nitrogen detector 30 executes the following two steps where the RN is exposed to oxygen to yield NO plus gases of combustion.
As seen in FIG. 1, the nitrogen detector includes a furnace. The NO gas is introduced into the nitrogen detector and the NO gas is subjected to an increase in temperature in the furnace. The second equation below shows how the NO is mixed with ozone which yields NO2 * in a conversion which is accompanied with emission of a quanta of measureable light. Note that metastable form (marked by an asterisk) has a life of less than one second, and probably is in the millisecond range. The two conversions are given by equations 1 and 2: ##STR1##
Assume however that the sample includes nitrates in it. In that instance, a different sequence of conversions is necessary. The nitrate is conducted through a first conversion to change the nitrate into a nitrite, and the nitrite is subsequently changed into NO. In a typical specimen including any of a variety of nitrate salts, the NO3 - is first converted to NO2 -, and that is subsequently converted to NO. The first conversion occurs in the presence of a copper-cadmium catalyst causing formation of the NO2 -. As a second step, the NO2 - is converted into NO in a conversion assisted by a mixture of two catalytic agents which are L-tartaric acid and also L-ascorbic acid.
The two conversions just mentioned as described in equations 3 and 4. ##STR2##
Consider now operation of the present system. This is best illustrated and described by utilization of FIGS. 2, 3, and 4. For instance, FIG. 2 shows the system for making a total nitrogen analysis. In this instance, either through the use of a sample injection syringe cooperative with the sample valve 36 or through the autosampler 18, a sample is provided and input to the nitrogen detector 30. That provides the appropriate analysis and provides an output where the nitrogen is indicated in acceptable units either as a percentage of the sample or measured in ppm.
FIG. 2 of the drawings shows certain other components from FIG. 1 which had been again illustrated while certain components had been omitted. This is a system which provides for total nitrogen analysis. Assume for purposes of example that the system is equipped with a 50 microliter sample loop which stores a sample or specimen. Moreover, this is loaded into the system by means of the autosampler 18, or alternately, through use of the sample valve 36 equipped with the requisite loop for metering the supply of sample. By means of the autosampler or through the use of a syringe, the necessary water solution of the sample is loaded. It is delivered into the sample loop and held in the sample storage loop momentarily. By proper manipulation of the sample valve 36, and by further operation of the pump 35, a fluid media is supplied which forces the sample out of the loop into the nitrogen detector. The fluid media that is supplied is from the tank 32. Preferably, this is water which is completely neutral and free of chemically bound nitrogen and which is sufficiently pure that it does not create an artificial base line. Assume for purposes of description that the supplied sample includes RN and also various salts of nitrate and nitrite. They are all input to the nitrogen detector and all are collectively consumed by this system which converts all the chemically bound nitrogen (e.g., nitrogen in the form of NO3 -, NO2 -, amines, CN-, etc.), and the total is output in the form of percent (%) or ppm depending on the calibration of the system. Note that there is no discrimination; note however that there is no false data derived from atmospheric nitrogen or nitrogen which might otherwise be dissolved in the sample. In other words, it is primarily an indication of bound nitrogen in compound form.
Contrast FIG. 3 with FIG. 2. In FIG. 3, a nitrate bearing specimen is loaded. Again, the specimen is input through the use of an injection syringe at the sample valve and is placed in the storage loop, again having a representative capacity of 50 microliters. In an alternate mode of injection, the sample is delivered through the autosampler 18 and is conveyed to the sample valve 16 and is stored in the loop. The valve is operated in the well known manner, and in response to pump pressure which is applied through the pump 15, the sample is delivered along with a fluid flow media which is a water solution of NH4 Cl/EDTA from the supply tank. Again, this water is neutral. It is first delivered through the chamber 20 and then into the chamber 24. In the chamber 20, there is a first conversion which occurs. The chamber 20 provides a serpentine flow path over an expanded surface area. The surface can be any suitable material so long as it is primarily inert and does not interact with the flowing sample. For instance, the surface area can be teflon coated, can be formed of glass, or can be most metal surfaces. Primarily, metal surfaces are acceptable provided they do not interact with the sample, and this is ordinarily the case. The surface areas however include partial coating with copper and cadmium. The copper and cadmium act as a catalyst. The chamber 20 thus provides a serpentine flow path which holds the sample flowing through it for a fraction of a second or longer. It is sufficiently long that the dwell time is perhaps one second or greater. The dwell time is not critical except that it be sufficient to cause conversion of the nitrate which conversion is in accordance with the teachings of equation 3 above.
Moreover, the chamber 20 is operated typically at ambient temperature, and hence no preheater or thermal jacket is required for the chamber 20. It operates primarily at ambient temperature and at sufficient pressure to provide throughput of the sample which flows with the flowing liquid media delivered through the pump 15. As will be understood, the connective lines are neutral in the choice of materials, and the pump pressure and throughput are sufficient to cause adequate flow into the chamber 20 and out of the chamber.
In the chamber, the equation 3 conversion occurs whereby NO3 - is converted into NO2 - by reduction. This then inputs the sample in the next stage of processing after reduction from the NO3 -. Assuming surface contact with an adequate surface area of the metal catalyst as mentioned, complete conversion occurs and no further NO3 - remains in the sample. Rather, it is now all NO2 -. At this juncture, it is introduced into the sparge tank 24 where NO2 - derives from two sources. That is, it includes NO2 - which was originally in the sample, and it also includes all the nitrate after conversion to the nitrite form by reduction in the chamber 20.
The chamber 24 is operated substantially at ambient temperature and has a slightly elevated internal pressure as a result of introducing a sparge gas from the tank through the valve 26. Bubbling and agitation occurs in the chamber. This chamber is a liquid chamber which is partially filled with liquid, and the sample which is introduced flows with a liquid stream also. In the chamber, the pressurized gas from the gas tank is permitted to bubble up through the tank and flows out through the top flow line. Reduction of the nitrite occurs in the tank 24 and produces NO. At the pressures and temperatures that are apt for operation of the tank 24, NO is only in the gaseous form. Therefore, it is able to escape the tank 24. The tank is initially charged with water holding the catalytic acids mentioned above. This catalytic agent in the liquid remains in the tank 24. The sample which is introduced from the reduction chamber 20 is also liquid. Coupled with the sparging which occurs as the gas bubbles up through the tank, there is a gas discharge flow out of the tank 24 which includes the inert gas from the tank 25 and this carries with it the NO in gaseous form. As will be understood, the foregoing typically occurs at ambient temperatures, and the pressure within the tank 24 is several psi above atmospheric to assure that there is a pressure drive which carries the gas flow out of the tank 24. This gaseous drive is then delivered to the nitrogen detector 30. It then makes the conversion so that the NO which is in the gas flow to the detector 30 is oxidized whereby all the NO is measured. At this juncture, the detector 30 will form an output signal. Note however that this output signal is indicative of conversion of nitrates and nitrites into NO. For instance, if the sample in the sequence described with regard to FIG. 3 includes water soluble amines, they will remain in the tank 24. The nitrates and nitrites will be converted into the gaseous form and escape for subsequent detection and measurement. But, those which are in solid or liquid form and which do not vaporize remain in the tank 24. This enables a sample to be converted whereby only the combination of nitrates and nitrites are output as bound nitrogen constituents and the measure thereby indicates the sum of the two. This will be discussed in detail below.
FIG. 4 shows the use of the apparatus solely for the detection of nitrite in the sample. Again, the tank 32 which provides water is utilized and is delivered by the pump 35. This is input to the sample valve 36. As before, the sample valve is loaded either by syringe or by autosampler to fill the sample loop, and this is preferably filled so that it can be delivered by deionized water from the tank 32. This flow is directed into the sparge tank 24; the reduction chamber 20 is not needed for this conversion. As before, any nitrite is converted into NO in gaseous form which is removed from the sparge tank along with the flow of argon or helium gas as a carrier to the nitrogen detector. Moreover, in the next stage, the same conversion again occurs as mentioned before. If there are any other bound nitrogen constituents in the sample, they remain in the liquid and are trapped in the sparge tank. Accordingly, the output represents a measure of nitrite only.
Putting the foregoing steps together and assuming that one wishes to obtain a test of constituent components in a sample, assume for purposes for description that a sample is supplied of perhaps 10 or more milliliters. This sample is broken up into individual measured or metered segments of 50 microliters each. This presupposes the use of a sample loop of 50 microliters size. First, a 50 microliter sized sample is delivered and a total output is obtained for all nitrogen constituents contained in the sample. This is accomplished using the arrangement of equipment which is shown in FIG. 2. It completely circumvents the reduction chamber 20 and does not use the sparge tank 24. It will provide a measure of bound nitrogen in all aspects including nitrates, nitrites, and various oxides of nitrogen. This will be accomplished merely by delivery of the sample flowing with deionized water into the nitrogen detector 30. Assume for purposes of description that the output is 1200 ppm for that sample.
Next, another measured portion of 50 microliters is again separated from the larger sample and is delivered through the system of FIG. 3. In this approach, any nitrates which are found in the sample are converted into nitrites, and the output provides a measure which is the sum of both nitrates and nitrites. Assume for purposes of description that this provides an output of 500 ppm. This will represent the sum of the two, namely the nitrate and nitrite constituents.
A third sample again of 50 microliters is measured from the larger sample and is tested in the routine shown in FIG. 4. When tested, it provides an output which is indicative of nitrites only, and assume that this is 300 ppm. Recalling that 500 ppm were measured for the sum of nitrates and nitrites, this indicates that the nitrite constituent is 300 ppm and the nitrate part is only 200 ppm. The remaining 700 ppm derives from other nitrogen containing compounds.
One of the advantages of the present system is that the catalysts are preserved during the analytical run. Conveniently, FIG. 1 shows a tank which provides a mixture including EDTA. This is a chelating agent which is well known as a metal chelate. It isolates interfering metals by tying up any metal ions such as iron, etc. They are removed from possible interaction occurring in the chambers 20 and 24. It assures that the system does not become slowly poisoned. The EDTA is permitted to flow through the system for this purpose to particularly charge the reduction chamber 20 on a continuing basis and by clearing away any available metal ions which might otherwise slow down the reaction or which might otherwise tie up the anions to which the present process responds. In addition to that, the NH4 Cl in water solution also does the same thing by making available a cation which is readily soluble in water and which will enhance ionic transfer with the fluid flow which ultimately ends up in the sparging tank 24. In the sparging tank, the ammonium chloride buffered solution will nevertheless permit the nitrites in that solution to be selectively reduced so that NO is liberated in gaseous form for subsequent processing.
The internal surfaces are preferably inert in all vessels and tubing which is used for the apparatus. If desired, it may be helpful to add pressure regulators at various locations. Generally, the pressures that are accomplished are sufficient to cause fluid flow, and excessive pressures need not be accomplished. To the extent that the system holds trapped water for any period of time, there is the possibility of bacteria growth in the water which might create undesirable conversions. To this end, it may be helpful to either cleanse and sterilize the water periodically, or if the water is to be left in the system for a long time, incorporate such equipment as will be necessary to prevent this. This can be understood and readily accomplished without difficulty.
As seen in the process where the liquid carrier (mostly water) flows into the sparge tank, the water is left in the tank and the sample constituents formed of nitrogen are separated as gas; this is tested devoid of excess water. In testing the sample flowing in a water based carrier (in FIG. 2) where total nitrogen is tested, the flow of water may be excessive and will enter the nitrogen detector 30. The excess water may create difficulties in testing; accordingly, the amount of water is reduced by installing a water trap in advance of the nitrogen detector 30. One approach is water reduction by distillation, or perhaps by membrane separation.
As a practical matter, the EDTA chelate is the preferred form but other chelate agents are known. Also, the organic acids are preferred because they are generally safer to handle; but inorganic acids will also suffice even though they are more dangerous to handle.
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment, the scope thereof is determined by the claims which follow.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Please visit me at my websitePaulThompsonPhotography
The origins of WGW lie in an ad hoc meeting of around forty pen-pals who Hampshire had met through NME and which was arranged in 1994.1 Hampshire states that Whitby was chosen for its Dracula connections, although probably more so because this had already fostered a sense of acceptance on the part of locals and businesses rather than any inherent romanticism regarding the location. 1
The festival was held yearly until 1997, when it became twice-yearly, now held in April and October. It has since grown into one of the most popular gothic events in the world, attracting attendees from across the UK and around the world. Most of the events are held at the town's 1,000 capacity Whitby Spa Pavilion (known just as 'The spa', this is also where the 'Goth Market' is held); however, other venues such as The Metropole Hotel are used for overspill and The Resolution Pub for unofficial events.
Although referred to as a "weekend" it includes events during the day on Friday and Saturday as well as fringe events on the Thursday, Sunday and Monday. These events include additional club nights, markets, and a charity football match between goths and the local newspaper on the Sunday. There are often unofficial day events that vary from year to year including sandcastle building competitions, picnics, photoshoots and boat trips.
The event often sells out and many more people attend than there are tickets available, resulting in booming business for Whitby pubs such as The Elsinore (where the WGW originally started) and The Little Angel. The October 2007 festival was dedicated to the memory of the murdered goth Sophie Lancaster and a collection was raised of over £3000 from various events to place a memorial bench to her in Whitby.
Canon 5D Mk2
Great shot Paul, lovely light and composition!! I must pay a visit to the gothic weekend one day!!
Thanks alot Shaun, it is a must
– Paul Thompson Photography
Many thanks Malcolm
– Paul Thompson Photography
Outstanding lighting and captrure!!
Thank you very much Carol
– Paul Thompson Photography
Wonderful shot and thanks for the information
Thank you very much Shulie
– Paul Thompson Photography
nice one paul
Many thanks Steve
– Paul Thompson Photography
Don't ya just love that red, looks so dynamic against the black clothing and pale skin! Beautiful!
Thank you very much Mel
– Paul Thompson Photography
Many Congratulations Paul From DSLR Users Group
I'm so happy to let you know it's a great to privillege be able to Feature such outstanding work.
Just click the banner picture to take you to the features page.
Your Feature is Well deserved and I hope you have an Amazing Weekend.
All the best and may you get many visits, favs and comments and hopefully SALES:-)
Regards, Don. Host of DSLR Users Group
Don't forget the NEW DSLR Skills Challenge No3 Summer Fruit
Thank you very much Don, you have a great weekend too!
– Paul Thompson Photography
Thank you very much rocamiadesign
– Paul Thompson Photography
very cool, didn't even know of that weekend
Thank you very much, Ryan, it is on twice a year
– Paul Thompson Photography
Fabulous capture, Paul!
Many thanks my friend
– Paul Thompson Photography


text:
How do I remove duct tape goo from wood floors?
I am helping out my 86 year old mother in law with her kitchen. Years ago, she taped a rug down to her wooden floor with duct tape. The rug is a toxic mess with filth and I need to remove it. The duct tape is thickly stuck to the floor.
How do I remove the duct tape without destroying the finish on her wood floor? All ideas welcome!
I used duct tape to adhere red rosin paper to protect my newly installed prefinished hardwood floors and left the floors covered for about 16 months as my renovation continued in another part of the house. I used Lift-Off (comes in a blue container), which is available at both Home Depot and Lowes and is similar to Goof Off, but not as harsh, to remove the duct tape residue. It didn't harm the finish on my floors, as far as I can tell. I love this product.
I've used the product listed below to remove old silicone caulk from shower doors. It works!
If the duct tape adhesive has already reacted with the finish on the floor there may not be any way to prevent damage to the finish. Spray the tape with the cleaner, let it soak overnight and then use a plastic spatula or credit card to gently pry the tape off. You may have to do more than one treatment.
I believe you can find the cleaner at Home Depot or Ace stores.
Here is a link that might be useful: cleaner


text:
Newport Harbor Corp. has sold the Newport Yachting Center on the city's waterfront to Peregrine Group LLC for an undisclosed price, the company announced Tuesday. more
By Patrick Anderson
"Frozen" is still hot. Two toys based off Walt Disney Co.'s hit animated film made Adventure Publishing Group's Toy Insider Hot 20 list released today, making it the only entertainment property with multiple items on the roster. more
By Matt Townsend
Discovery Communications Inc. is seeking to purchase control of The Hub from partner Hasbro Inc. and rename the children's TV network Discovery Family to attract a wider audience, two people familiar with the plan said. more
By Christopher Palmeri
Wynn Resorts Ltd., the casino company founded by Steve Wynn, was awarded the sole license to operate a casino in the Boston area, beating a rival plan from the Mohegan Tribal Gaming Authority. more
By Christopher Palmeri
Gaming technology provider GTECH S.p.A. released its 2013 sustainability report to communicate its commitment to responsible gaming. more
By PBN Staff
The Revel Casino Hotel was envisioned as a playground for Wall Streeters who hated flying to Las Vegas. Instead, it's become a money pit for the banks and money managers who spearheaded the New Jersey project, and the losses will keep coming even after its closing earlier this week. more
By Christopher Palmeri
Lego A/S expanded revenue in the first half, bridging the gap with toy industry market leader Mattel Inc. as consumers flocked to pick up play sets from box office hit "The Lego Movie." more
By Katarina Gustafsson
AAA Southern New England projects that 34.7 million Americans will journey 50 miles or more from their homes during the Labor Day holiday weekend. This is the highest volume of travelers for the holiday since 2008. more
By Elizabeth W. Lorenz
In a case brought before U.S. District Court, Foxwoods Resort Casino has refused to pay three customers who claim the casino owes them nearly $1.2 million in winnings plus damages, The Day reported Monday. more
By PBN Staff
Hasbro Inc. and video game publisher Ubisoft this week announced the upcoming launch of a digital Hasbro Game Channel that will allow consumers to download Hasbro-brand games such as Monopoly and Trivial Pursuit on next-generation game consoles. more
By PBN Staff


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Sameera Alshaikh
Behind the smiles Poem by Sameera Alshaikh
This disgusting feeling grows uncontrollably and imperfectly.
This repugnant feeling grows arbitrarily!
Troubled - I sat down and felt like I'll never get up again.
Self-doubt and self-hatred - my eyes filled with rain.
Bitterness spreads through my body each time my aching heart painfully pumps;
It runs freely in my veins.
I don't feel young, I don't feel well.
Is there a way out of this hell?
Repeatedly insulted and hurt...
I lock myself in my room
Writing is my escape and my comfort.
My nerves blind me and I wonder in silence;
What have I got to do to end this!
Lost to apathy - depression and loneliness.
There's no escape from this!
Remnants of dying laughter, echoes of silent cries;
It's difficult to not think of death sometimes.
Sameera Alshaikh's Other Poems
Related Poems
Read this poem in other languages
This poem has not been translated into any other language yet.
I would like to translate this poem »
Comments about this poem (Behind the smiles by Sameera Alshaikh )
Clinton Ekeh (4/30/2013 8:31:00 PM)
nice piece of write up you penned. keep it up! (Report) Reply
Subbaraman N V (4/13/2013 6:54:00 PM)
One of the greatest gifts of God is the human life to love and serve. You have along life to live; be positive, be cheerful, be optimistic, love all, serve all. You will find this life verily a heaven! (Report) Reply
Muhammad Mirash (3/26/2013 1:13:00 PM)
is there a way out of this hell.
wonderful poem.i like it (Report) Reply
Siyabonga A Nxumalo (3/19/2013 4:57:00 AM)
Great write Sameera, thanks for sharing.
Siya_! ! (Report) Reply
Alufa Joshua (3/18/2013 4:57:00 AM)
Titilayo Sunday (3/15/2013 10:46:00 AM)
i love this poem......it's so true, i call it poetic war! (Report) Reply
Ramesh Rai (3/15/2013 6:22:00 AM)
Ramesh Rai (3/15/2013 6:21:00 AM)
Hans Vr (3/15/2013 6:13:00 AM)
These verses touch the heart of the reader very much. I think your talent for poetry is really big.
There is nothing wrong with being sad. It is a very normal feeling.
Let the bitterness run through the veins for a while, cry it out loud.
When I am sad, I try to spend some time in nature.
A beautiful spot can give so much energy.
Prayerful reflection in nature often shows me the way out of my sadness
If the sight of our eyes and the hearing of ears is still ours, we have so many blessings
If we look really deep iin our soul, our soul knows the truth.
I think you will enjoy reading my poems, 'Y.. A deep valley', page3 and 'when your heart is hopelessly broken', page1. (Report) Reply
Valsa George (3/15/2013 3:55:00 AM)
Don't ever give in to depression! This is only a passing phase. If winter comes can spring be far behind, A very powerful write though the melacholic tone is a little haunting! ! Thanks for the invitation! ! (Report) Reply
Anoop Nair (3/14/2013 11:23:00 PM)
Nice poem but you can do one hundred better things than death (Report) Reply
Unwritten Soul (3/14/2013 11:18:00 AM)
Be strong Sameera, i understand the feeling, yes i know....but i believe you are stronger inside, there must be something that down you, No No dont listen to it fight it and your smile will glow like sun in the universe at least moon at night! _Soul (Report) Reply
Aria Siren (3/14/2013 10:08:00 AM)
Vizard Dhawan (3/14/2013 9:47:00 AM)
nicely written..showing intense emotions..god bless ur talent/... (Report) Reply
Rohit Sapra (3/14/2013 9:09:00 AM)
Yes, death is a common feeling when depressions arrive. To escape it is not easy however writing does help to a certain extent. (Report) Reply
Famous Poems
Phenomenal Woman
Maya Angelou
Still I Rise
Maya Angelou
The Road Not Taken
Robert Frost
If You Forget Me
Pablo Neruda
Langston Hughes
Annabel Lee
Edgar Allan Poe
Caged Bird
Maya Angelou
Rudyard Kipling
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Robert Frost
A Dream Within A Dream
Edgar Allan Poe
Maya Angelou
(4 April 1928 - 28 May 2014)
Pablo Neruda
(12 July 1904 – 23 September 1973)
Robert Frost
(March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963)
Langston Hughes
(1 February 1902 – 22 May 1967)
Emily Dickinson
(10 December 1830 – 15 May 1886)
John Donne
(24 January 1572 - 31 March 1631)
William Wordsworth
gerry mark
(6 may 1991)
Edgar Allan Poe
(19 January 1809 - 7 October 1849)
Roald Dahl
(13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990)
- A LONELY HEART, gerry mark
- Still I Rise, Maya Angelou
- If, Rudyard Kipling
- If You Forget Me, Pablo Neruda
- The Road Not Taken, Robert Frost
- Dreams, Langston Hughes
- Daffodils, William Wordsworth
- Phenomenal Woman, Maya Angelou
- A Dream Within A Dream, Edgar Allan Poe
- Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Robert Frost


text:
Mini Reveal- farmhouse modern and plea for lighting ideas
Our cabinets were installed over Thanksgiving break, while we were away. The countertops have been templated, and the install is this Thursday. I may actually have a sink and a dishwasher by the weekend! You have all been so helpful during our process that I wanted to share some early pictures and beg for some lighting assistance.
From 2012_12_03 From 2012_12_03 From 2012_12_03
While I am sure you all love the bare bulb over the island, I bet more than a few of you think I should put in something a bit more elaborate.
First lighting question: I love the cute little sconces I have over the two windows, but do you think the finish is a mistake? I could paint them matte black, or do a rubbed on black finish to antique them. Black will match the pulls I have planned and the cast iron grate on the stove. I am fine with mixing metal finishes, but I feel strongly that all the light fixtures in the kitchen should be the same finish. Since the island light will be more visible, which finish do you think will look best there(it can't be polished anything because my husband and children loathe all things shiny and we are totally a non-bling family)?
Second lighting question: Help me find a light! I can hang one fixture over the island, there are post and beam constraints. The center of the island is centered between to beams and in the center of those two beams is one box. The island is 94" x 38". Some of the lights I have considered are in the style called "island lights", like these: From lighting From lighting From lighting
But then I wonder if I should go in a completely different direction like this:
Love the shape and the industrial feel but I think I might tire of it.From lighting
Or this one, again love the shape, but the bare bulbs would bug me I think, From lighting
This one has a rustic feel, but is still modern and I am intrigues by the idea of a round shape in my very straight edged space, but could it work
From lighting
One major concern is that the space is busy with the beam and I don't want too much visual clutter overhead. I just keep going round and round on finish and style and shape, I really need guidance and look forward to all your brilliant thoughts and perspectives.
YAY, two votes for the same thing- keep the votes coming and I promise not to cry if someone says they are all wrong, that's actually what I am worried about.
That light is actually in a finish called antique silver, which is probably an excellent compromise between the brushed nickel and matte black. Also, I think I can take my existing sconces which are in brushed nickel and apply an antique finish and have them come out to be very similar.
annsch: My countertops will be brushed Madre Perla quartzite with an eased edge. There is a tall hutch cabinet in the right corner of the sink wall, but it sits on the countertop, so it's not installed yet. Also, on the sink wall there is a high backsplash of Madre Perla the length of the window to the window bottom. Haven't figured out backsplash on the range wall yet.
Number three is my vote. It compliments the lights already up on the walls. And leave them shiny silver...all of them. Number 4 is not right for your place and that you said "but I think I might tire of it." is reason enough not to choose that one. Nice kitchen :)
I sense a trend.... but don't feel constrained to the options I posted feel free to suggest others. I am resigned to not having a light by Christmas but Valentine's Day might be nice.
annsch: good thoughts about the two finishes blending, if I decide to go with that light I will definitely wait until after it is hanging in the space before I undertake any changes to the sconces.
alexx: my existing sconces are "seaside" by Kichler. It comes in a couple of different finishes and sizes. Mine are the very smallest size(7" x 6.5") and are brushed nickel.
sassafras: Thank you for your vote of dissent, it keeps me thinking. As an FYI nothing actually is shiny right now, the sconces are actually brushed nickel. While I voiced my concern for #4, I have concerns about all the lights I posted as options.
Actually sassafras pegged it when she said that light #3 matches the shape of the sconces. I think I found light #3 when I was seeking a light to match them. Unfortunately, while the shapes match, I feel that its spirit doesn't. With the sconces I get a feeling of function and simplicity; they feel like home. However #3, which I almost didn't include as an option, may feel like someone else's home. I worry that it might be too big, too metallic/cold, too ornate- when I picture it in the middle of my kitchen I get a little tense and/or claustrophobic. Maybe it is not as airy as some of the other options? Should I rule it out even though it does match nicely?
lolauren, we must have been posting at the same time.
Yes #3 is insulator glass- so cool. It is a good length, and it has 5 bulbs each with a max of 60 watts, since I only have 60 watts now and am just fine cooking after dark, it will be more than satisfactory. I am a little concerned about the height needed but those cables look like they can be adjusted by a handy person.
Pesonally, I would love to see something take up more space in there. You have a gorgeous home and lots of air-space to fill.
Rather than posting lots of pics, go to Google, and do an image search for Aiden Gray Chandeliers. I think a lot of those might look really nice in your space.
Or what about an oversized rectangular lantern? Something from Pottery Barn maybe?
I just think that that the elongated ones you are picturing above are not filling enough space. If that makes any sense.
I vote for # 3...Maybe in Copper to complement the black hardware and the future painted sconces. Hubbardton Forge 2nd choice.
I meant perhaps the insulator lighting isn't wide enough to work in that space... along the lines of beekeepers' thinking. I know insulators are small, so that fixture is probably not very wide... With that said, have you done a mock up and hung something from the ceiling to see how the size works in the room? I would cut out some cardboard and hang it from the ceiling just to make sure the size is right...
Thanks all for the continued advice and feedback.
Bee: I did google Aiden Gray Chandeliers, there are quite a few different styles, so I wasn't sure what you were referring to. There was one oval, wrought iron chandelier that I thought might work, but a concern I have with many chandeliers is that they are just up lights. I would prefer bulbs oriented down, for some task lighting.
Bee/Lolauren: ahhh, width. Ok I will mock something up but my island is not very wide either, only 38" so I think it will be ok. And, (looking confessional) I do have some hangups about clutter, visual and otherwise so a more airy look could be preferable. That said, I don't want it to look just plopped there either.
One thing I may do it take the insulator light concept and customize it with a local craftperson. If I decide to go that route, you can all just go crazy with ideas!
Hey! It's looking really good in there! You might want to check out this website for some lights. Beautiful stuff. I've kinda fallen in like with a few things.
Here is a link that might be useful: beautiful lighting site
Localeater, I was thinking of something like this for my island, but it's 32" round which I don't know if would be too big, also, don't know about amount of light from filament bulbs. But, I love it...
Source: potterybarn.com via Susie on Pinterest
Thanks all. Yes, we love our beams too. Have to make sure they and the other natural elements of our home shine through.
Thanks deedles. love that site, lots of beautiful fixtures.
Annsch, Bee, Lolauren: still working through potential of the insulator light idea. Our ceilings height is 94 1/2" to the bottom of the beam, the beam itself adds another 7 1/4". The #4 light is 5.75"W 42"H 44.5"L. Based on the mockup I did for length on the island top, the length works. I know the height does not, but I am pretty sure I can bring that to a lighting shop and have it adjusted, if I can't handle the re-wiring myself. I think the width works, but there is no really good dimensional drawing so I am not 100% sure. I will try to contact the manufacturer tomorrow.
Thanks again for all the help, inspiration and motivation.
Susie3d: I do love that light, and something like that is what I have in mind when I think of custom work.
I need a that light, in an oval or more linear shape, with insulator glass not bare bulbs. I wouldn't mind an antique silver finish instead of straight up matte black wrought iron.
Oh well, calls to make tomorrow. I am fortunate that I live near a great custom wrought iron chandelier maker who also has, from what I hear, fairly reasonable prices. I guess I will find out if my reasonable and others' perspective of reasonable mesh when I make the call.
I definitely prefer the last three over the first three, and would vote for number 4 I think. It is gorgeous. I don't know why you'd tire of number 4 any sooner than numbers 1-3, as they are far more commonplace I think.
Your kitchen looks gorgeous, I can't wait to see the final product.
I like #'s 3 and 4. I am partial to #3 because I like larger fixtures and I think #3 is more dominant in size (3 larger lights on #3 vs. 5 smaller lights on #4).
Did you stain your beams? Are they knotty pine?
Kitchen is looking great. Finishing touches is the hardest part.
Check this site. This guy does some interesting things with insulators!
Here is a link that might be useful: railroadware
Those beams are droolworthy. I love the modern farmhouse vibe you've got going on. I too love option number 4 if you are into a visually light look.
I also think someone, maybe Beekeeperswife, suggested a light with a shade. I agree with that suggestion as well. I think fabric would add some softness. Maybe a big, modern shade of some kind.
I guess it all comes down to whether I can handle a large light, or if I can't. Thank you all for your assistance. I will do mockups and more research today.
Dilly NY: Our beams are fir, and they are stained. The original owners stained them to look like aged fir.
We are currently working on the design of our kitchen with a beamed (and tounge and grove) ceiling. For me as I look at source stuff and inspiration, I find myself wanting to go mostly clean farmhouse with the insertion of just a touch of lmore modern, with a little edge. I'm worried about looking too....well, too any one thing.
So, I vote for a variation of the last one, #6. I don't think ithat fixture will work, as it looks too small for the space, but I think adding a little modern, something....will make it personal and nice.
Wow. Those beams stopped my breath!
I also vote for 3 or 4.
You mentioned painting the sconces.
You'd have to look at #3, but could you paint a part of the light? Leave the shade part silver, but the upper black to match the sconces?
I was just surprised I liked the 4.
I can't wait to see this done. How gorgeous.
I am all alone out here but I love #6 it has a "hand forged on the farm by the blacksmith who makes the horse reigns" feel to it. it would be great in sets of 3 if it is too small on its own. What are the dimensions?
Thanks for asking about an update. You are all too kind. I am still in love with my kitchen but, alas, still not finished. I did find my over the island fixture- and I love it, but its arrival has made me less in love with my sconces. I am now in the process of trying out replacements. So far one is sitting in my sunroom, deemed to large, one is en route from Schoolhouse Electric.
I did do a Mostly Done post, which I updated this AM with pictures of the island light and I have linked it below
Here is a link that might be useful: Localeater's Kitchen -Mostly Done post


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CoverGirl Outlast Stay Fabulous 3-in-1 Foundation Reviews
Outlast stay fabulous 3-in-1This foundation is pretty awesome. I have it in classic tan and it almost matched my skin tone. Its blendable and smooth. A little goes a long way so don't over do it. My skin is acne prone and this foundation didnt make me break out so that's a plus! additionally, it had staying power. I would have it on for more then 5+ hours and it was still there without making my skin shiny. I will definitely purchase this foundation again. Thanks totalbeauty! — 2 years, 3 months agojustmilly | 10 reviews
This review is: Helpful | Not helpful | Inappropriate | 1 of 1 people said helpful
Amazing FoundationI received this product from Total Beauty to review and I was very impressed. I read through the information and they have a good variety of different shades, and the one they sent me matched my skin tone very well. It goes on easily and has a thick, creamy texture. A little goes a long way and it really does give your face an all over smooth and even coverage. My face is usually dry/combination a...read morend I have mild Rosecea and with a little bit of this my face looked great. I will defiantly repurchase this when mine runs out. Great sample thank you Total Beauty! — 2 years, 3 months agoanna1002 | 79 reviews
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Cover Girl 3 in 1 FoundationI really liked this product. It went on smooth and lasted all day without getting shiny. It also moisturized my skin which I was happy about because my skin is dry to begin with but especially at this time of the year. I have and will continue to tell friends and family about this product, it didn't even look like I was wearing foundation.. EDIT: II received an e-mail reminder to post a revi...read moreew on this product so I'm editting it to add that family and friends I saw over Christmas time, that I hadn't already told about this product, asked what was different about me and that I looked pretty. I told them about the new foundation I was wearing. They wouldn't have guessed it was the foundation because it really is not noticeable. I really love this product! — 2 years, 2 months agoAngel7 | 1 reviews
COVERGIRL Outlast Stay Fabulous 3-1 FoundationThe Covergirl Outlast Stay Fabulous 3-1 Foundation went on smooth & dried to a powder smooth Matte finish. Stayed moist long enough to smooth out any trouble spots & to add more if needed for imperfections. It works as an undereye concealor great. Didn't creep into my fine line or wrinkles. The Matte Finish Lasted at least 8 hours. No Break Through Shine or Oiley Spots. As a Primer It worked Great...read more as I said above it lasted at least 8 hours and still has a very smooth finish at the end of the day. This Shade Palette has light to deep skin tones & has revamped with a balance of cool, neutral & warm undertones to meet the shade needs of all us women. Which is pretty awesome for a drug store brand. It also includes a SPF 20. Will not be good for photos but hey who get their picture took everyday anyways..My Bottom Line is This is a Great Product which I will purchase and tell all by BFF to give it a try. Can't go wrong for the Price & The Great Product. You will be Very Happy with it....peace — 2 years, 3 months agoLuvsmymom | 2 reviews
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Love itI was very excited and surprise to receive this as a sample from Totalbeauty. I was eager to try it because it was a 3-in-1 foundation. It has everything I always wanted in a foundation: the lasting power of primer, concealer coverage, and foundation. Best of all, Shine free and has SPF 20. I have combination skin and my problem with make up is the shine that comes through after a while. I ...read moream happy to say that I did not have any problem with face looking shiny after a long period of wearing this foundation. My skin looked smooth and natural...perfect for me. I will definitely buy this product again. — 2 years, 3 months agoMarieG10 | 3 reviews
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Good but not greatI used this for 5 days. the color did match my skin tone but I needed extra to cover up my acne. It made my face shiny and oily even though the bottle said it was shine free. The smell wasn't that back and I really liked the pump. I dont know if I would buy it again. — 2 years, 3 months agorna | 32 reviews
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Love how it works !!Used CoverGirl Outlast Stay Fabulous 3-in-1 foundation for more than ten days cant keep my hands of the bottle. love how I did not have to reapply it in the afternoon and how flawless it makes my skin feel. Wonders on my skin and I absolutely recommend this am so happy I got to try it out. — 2 years, 3 months agonatasha_loaiza | 1 reviews
Really does stay on!Used CoverGirl Outlast Stay Fabulous 3-in-1 foundation for 10 days. Very impressed that I did not need to reapply after lunchtime. Great coverage! Shine was not a problem. Went on easy and stayed on until bedtime. I would definetely recommend this product. — 2 years, 3 months agofiestytiara | 1 reviews
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Détail du Conseil Général de Clermont-Ferrand
Félicitations pour ta DF miss c'est vraiment une belle photo et c'est donc plus que méritéNov 2nd, 2012 Reply www.edwinchaine.fr
Mais il n'y a pas de quoiNov 3rd, 2012 Reply www.edwinchaine.fr
Your art is very inspirational to all of us artists and at Shadowness we like to thank our amazing artists for all they do, to show our appreciation for you, your artwork has been featured in todays Daily Inspiration #605
amazing shot!!Nov 1st, 2012 Reply
Congratulations, Capucine!
On behalf of my fellow gallery moderators, I am happy to share the news that your beautiful creation was selected for the Daily Feature Award and is now in rotation on the front page of Shadowness!
This piece can be seen under the "star" menu at the top of every page, and it will also be featured in the next issue of "Daily Inspirations"! fb.com/shadowness
You are very welcome. It's a great shot of the building detail!Nov 2nd, 2012 Reply


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Unplug your dryer from the dryer outlet. Pull the dryer away from the wall enough that the control console can rest in a service position.
How to Replace a Dryer Timer
The dryer timer cycles the heating components of your dryer on and off through the drying cycle. When the timer is faulty, it will not advance through the cycles. Homeowners should learn how to replace a dryer timer when this happens. A dryer that does not advance will overheat and burn out the heating element prematurely. Get the brand name and model number of your dryer, and purchase a new timer from your local appliance repair facility.
Things You'll Need
- Phillips-head screwdriver
- Putty knife
- Needle-nose pliers
- Replacement dryer timer
Disconnect the control console from the top of the dryer. Some models have a single screw at each end so that the console can be removed with a Phillips-head screwdriver. Other models require the blade of a putty knife to be inserted between the control console and the top of the dryer to disengage retaining clips.
Remove the timer control knob from the timer shaft by pulling it off the face of the control console. Some models may require that you squeeze the shaft from inside the console to release the control knob.
Raise the control console, and let it rest on its hinges. Locate the dryer timer, and disconnect the wires from the timer terminals. Use the needle-nose pliers to grab the wires by the leads and pull them off the terminals.
Use the Phillips-head screwdriver to remove the screws that secure the timer to the control console. Lift the timer out of the control console.
Insert the shaft of the new timer through the control console, and secure the timer using the two retaining screws. Slip the wire leads over the new dryer timer terminals.
Set the control console back into its working position on top of the dryer. Push the timer control knob over the timer shaft. Secure the front of the control console to the top of the dryer using the retaining screws. If your model uses retaining clips, push the control console down until the clips engage.
Plug the dryer back into the dryer outlet. Push the dryer back into its original position.
- 1
Tips & Warnings
- Always disconnect power to appliances before attempting repairs.
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Matsushita Fuel Cell Battery for Laptops
Matsushita Battery has made a prototype for fuel cell use in laptops and demonstrated it at CES 2006. In this demo, they had a fuel cell mounted on a laptop computer (a custom built one by Matsushita Electric known as "Let's note T4″).
The prototype was able to run for 20 hours continuously by using 200 cc of fuel. The fuel cell uses methanol with a concentration of approximately 100%. The fuel is diluted outside of the cell before use.
The fuel cell has been able to produce an average of 13 watts and up to a max of 20 watts.
Obviously, this is just a prototype and a lot of work need sto be done. Matushita plans on having the product commercially available by 2010.
Imagine your laptop running for 20 hours off one battery. Not bad.
via Tech-On!
Christen Costa
Grew up back East, got sick of the cold and headed West. Since I was small I have been pushing buttons - both electronic and human. With an insatiable need for tech I thought "why not start a blog focusing on technology, and use my dislikes and likes to post on gadgets."
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Reporting Requirements
Below are links to essential reporting and payment information for California employers. You can find more detailed information in the California Employer's Guide (DE 44).
- Important Information, Updates, and Changes to Payroll Taxes
- Employer Registration
- New Hire Reporting
- Independent Contractor Reporting
- Tax Payments
- Filing Reports
- 2015 Calendar – Payroll Tax Due Dates
- e-Services for Business Advantages and Features
- Changes to Your Business
- Year-End Notification Requirements
This Google Translate™ translation service is provided for informational purposes only as the EDD is unable to guarantee the accuracy of this translation. View Disclaimer
Self-Service Options
- e-Services for Business
- Register as an Employer
- File and Pay Taxes
- Rates and Withholding
- Forms and Publications
Top Links This Month
- e-Services for Business Enrollment Process
- File and Pay Taxes
- e-Services for Business Information
- Forms and Publications
- Register as an Employer


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Baby Boy or Girl Christmas Ornaments
Celebrate your baby girl or baby boy's first Christmas with a beautiful glass ornament that's just for them. Choose from collectible glass figurines and glass ball ornaments that can be personalized for your new son or daughter. Hang these ornaments in your new baby's nursery or on the tree.
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I am committed to delivering our customers the greatest selection of unique, personalized Christmas ornaments and gifts on the internet! We have over 6000 Christmas ornaments to choose from, each personalized with a name or special greeting from you!
Sincerely, Dianne Weller — Owner, Ornamentshop.com


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Please ask for basically free quote at: firstname.lastname@example.com
Our house is in a prime traffic location in the Rhine-Main area between the Taunus Frankfurt, airport "fraport" and Wiesbaden. From Frankfurt you need with a car or the ...
Our holiday house with 3 vacation homes,
in order to experience further pictures and details, see also the individual descriptions of the objects 7638, 7639 and 7640.
If necessary I arrange for you gladly further vacation homes in ...
Description of object:
2.5 di App. for 3 - 5 Pers., (approx. 50sqm) in a 1995 finished house.
White timber ceilings and tiles (laminate in the bedroom), walls with glass fiber wallpaper, white style doors.
Kitchen ...
Description of object:
Vacation home for 4 - 6 persons (approx. 70qm) in a 1995 finished house.
3 rooms, Kitchen, bath (tub bath and shower/WC).
White timber ceilings and tiles (laminate double bedroom), walls with ...
Description of object:
1.5 room apartment for 1 - 3 persons, (approx. 40sqm). Terrace m. garden furniture and afternoon sun.
Complete furnished kitchen line m. refrigerator ***, stove m. baking-oven and Ceranfeld, ...


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Picture Perfect Quick Pages
By Shmooangel Designs
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Product Information
- Type: Quick Page Pack
- Designer: Shmooangel Designs
- Software Category: Everyday
- Download Size: 59.5 MB (approximate)
Design Elements
- Page Elements: 4
Designer Notes
12" x 12" quick pages
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We've been notified about this issue and we'll take a look at it shortly.
Click here to return to the main scrapbookboutiqueonline.com page.


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Andrew Clark, an award-winning journalist, screenwriter and author, is Director of the Comedy Writing and Performance program at Humber College in Toronto. He has won a gold award and been nominated several times for his writing at the National Magazine Awards, and was nominated for a Governor-General's Aaward for Literary Non-Fiction for his most recent book, A Keen Soldier: The Execution of Second World War Private Harold Pringle. He has written for publications including The Globe and Mail, The Walrus, Maclean's and The New York Times.
He commutes happily around Toronto, gaining comic insights for this column, in a Toyota Camry and Dodge Grand Caravan, imagining he is Jim Rockford in a Pontiac Firebird.