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DEFINITION of 'Bad Bank'
A bank set up to buy the bad loans of a bank with significant nonperforming assets at market price. By transferring the bad assets of an institution to the bad bank, the banks clear their balance sheet of toxic assets but would be forced to take write downs. Shareholders and bondholders stand to lose money from this solution (but not depositors). Banks that become insolvent as a result of the process can be recapitalized, nationalized or liquidated.
INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'Bad Bank'
A well-known example of a bad bank was Grant Street National Bank, which was created in 1988 to house the bad assets of Mellon Bank. The financial crisis of 2008 revived interest in the bad bank solution, as managers at some of the world's largest institutions contemplated segregating their nonperforming assets into bad banks.
Federal Reserve Bank Chairman Ben Bernanke proposed the idea of using a government-run bad bank in the recession following the subprime mortgage meltdown in order to clean up private banks with high levels of problematic assets and allow them to start lending again. An alternate strategy considered was a guaranteed insurance plan that would keep the toxic assets on the banks' books but eliminate the banks' risk and pass the risk on to taxpayers.
Investment Bank - IBA financial intermediary that performs a variety of services. ...
Bank CreditThe amount of credit available to a company or individual from ...
Chapter 11Named after the U.S. bankruptcy code 11, Chapter 11 is a form ...
Nonperforming AssetA debt obligation where the borrower has not paid any previously ...
BankA financial institution licensed as a receiver of deposits. There ...
Technical BankruptcyThe state of a company or person who has defaulted on a financial ...
Bonds & Fixed Income
5 Signs Of A Credit CrisisThese indicators can illuminate the depth and severity of problems in the credit markets.
Options & Futures
Dialing In On The Credit CrisisWould a similar crisis have occurred if iPhone investors were offered the same loan options as homeowners?
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Mark-To-Market MayhemDid this accounting convention contribute to the credit crisis of 2008? Find out here.
Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac And The Credit Crisis Of 2008Is the U.S. Congress' failure to rein in these mortgage giants to blame for the financial fallout?
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4 Tips To Cut Your Monthly Bank FeesWe asked banking professions to share their biggest tips for tackling bank fees, and hopefully save more even before spring hits.
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Understanding Loan-to-Value RatioLoan-to-value ratio (LVR) is a tool used to evaluate the risk in a collateralized loan, usually a mortgage loan.
The Future Of Mobile BankingTypically slow to react to technological change, retail banks are finally recognizing the benefits it provides to consumers as well as the cost savings it gives the firm.
Currency Crises In These Countries Will Shape 2015Ongoing financial and geopolitical issues have led several countries to the verge of a currency crisis in 2015.
JPMorgan vs. Goldman Sachs: A Tale of Two StocksThe performance of JPMorgan and Goldman has been impressive, but one has a slight edge.
Stock Analysis
How Citigroup Ensured That It's Too Big to FailAs a business, Citi has everything going for it. Scale, operational breadth...and the ear of key policymakers.

subset: commoncrawl


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Andrea Iannone fourth on the grid.
Dovizioso's pole-winning time was set on his second run in QP2.
Andrea Dovizioso will start from a surprise MotoGP pole position for Ducati after blitzing the Q2 qualifying session at Qatar on Saturday evening.
Organizers of the VLN series at the Nurburgring have confirmed the tragic news that a spectator has been killed in a crash at the Nordschleife today.
Former A1GP racer Sebastian Stahl took Germanwings flight from Barcelona the day before the tragic 9525 crashed in the Alps – and considered delaying his departure and rebooking on the doomed flight.
Michael Johnson was transported to a local hospital.
Reigning champion leads on day two ahead of Crutchlow and Iannone
Jorge Lorenzo and Valentino Rossi made the most of their first practice session to be ready for Sunday's racing action.
A major partnership between the Blancpain GT Series and Pirelli World Challenge is set to be announced today to establish a joint venture that will see European and US GT teams race on both sides of the Atlantic.
Two-time MotoGP world champion Casey Stoner will return to racing when he competes in the Suzuka 8 Hours later this year.
Andrea Dovizioso and Andrea Iannone, were classified seventh and tenth respectively.
Repsol Honda rider leads first free practice session ahead of teammate Pedrosa and Aleix Espargaro.
Karting ace Devlin Defrancesco has joined forces with the British racing squad.
Michela Cerruti will enter the 2015 VLN Endurance Championship with BMW, joining the Walkenhorst Motorsport team.
A record number of Vantages will race around the world.
It's tough being a race fan in the Los Angeles area.
Motorsport.com – Russia announces cooperation with the first Russian Formula 1 driver as an expert.
Your weekly dose of top 10 photos from around the world, shot by the award-winning Motorsport.com photographers.
Motorsport.com adds another language to its growing list of international websites.
Legendary Italian marque Alfa Romeo has been tipped as a potential supplier for the FIA's planned new F2 category, according to sources in Italy.
The racing world lost a giant on Monday, March 23, 2015.
Audi Sport customer racing has announced details of its line-ups for the 2015 season.
Scores his second win in as many weeks and the third of his career after battle with Terry McCarl.


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Dang man, DGB in trouble again. This is the second time he's been busted with pot since he's been at MU.
First time he got out of it. Looks a little more red-handed this time. Of course in CoMo he'd just get a ticket for anything under an ounce. Not so lucky in Springfield I don't believe.


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Royals Win One, Loss One In Dramatic Doubleheader With Guilford March 29, 2015 Despite showing plenty of offense, EMU's softball women had to settle for a split in a Sunday afternoon ODAC set against Guilford. The... [full story]
Emory & Henry Stings EMU For Two Late Losses March 28, 2015 Playing under frigid conditions on Saturday afternoon and just hours after snow flurries had danced across the Shenandoah Valley, EMU's... [full story]
Women Now 9-3 After Sweep Of Rival Bridgewater March 24, 2015 The softball women just keep on rolling. Following a week where they earned two impressive splits with nationally ranked teams, EMU's... [full story]
Miller Named ODAC Player Of The Week March 23, 2015 EMU softball player Angelia Miller has been named the Old Dominion Athletic Conference Player of the Week. She helped the Royals to a 5-3 week,... [full story]
Women Earn Another Split Against Ranked Opponent March 22, 2015 While they would have preferred a sweep, EMU's women are happy to be playing even with the nation's best. Just four days after... [full story]
Royals Women Split ODAC Twinbill With Roanoke EMU's softball women split a doubleheader at Roanoke on Saturday, keeping their ODAC record even at 2-2. The Royals return home Sunday and step out of conference play to take on nationally ranked Christopher Newport University in a twinbill starting at 1:30pm. (Mar 21, 2015) [more]
Start Time For Softball At Roanoke Moved To 5:00pm The start time of the EMU vs. Roanoke softball doubleheader on Saturday has been pushed back to 5:00pm. The ODAC twinbill will still be played at the Moyer Complex in Salem, Va. (Mar 20, 2015) [more]
Women Muscle Past Juniata In Non-Conference Sweep EMU's bats were swinging Thursday at Juniata, as the softball women clubbed their way to a sweep of the Eagles. Eastern Mennonite scored 13 runs in each game of the doubleheader to improve to 5-1 on the season. (Mar 19, 2015) [more]


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Needle Stick Elisa
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
Prophylactic treatment post needle stick injuryHi If I take this prophylactic treatment and the source test result is negative, I have been advised to stop the treatment. However my question is if I do this and later in my career have another needle stick injury from a higher risk source how...
Response from Keith Henry, M.D.
University of Minnesota, School of MedicineLater use of HIV drugs for PEP should still work fine in majority of situations. KH Read more »
help me please anxious after needle stick injuryI am a doctor and igot accidently pricked by a needle after withdrawing blood from a patient.The... Read more »
needle stick injury-need helphi Doctor!I am sorry because I am not used to writing English. I am health care worker in rural... Read more »
Most Surgical Residents Fail to Report Needle-Stick Injuries, Increasing Risk of HIV, Other Bloodborne Diseases, Study Says...and sought treatment immediately, the Baltimore Sun reports. According to the Sun , surgical residents are prone to needle sticks because they are inexperienced. In addition, residents often work with high-risk patients and conduct... Read more »
About Half of Nurses in U.K. Have Experienced Needle Stick Injuries, Many Are Concerned About HIV Risk, Study Says...everyday threat for nurses" ( BBC News , 11/19). Currently, 94% of employers have a policy that covers prevention and reporting of needle stick injuries, but only 55% of the nurses surveyed had received training from their employer on safe needle... Read more »
Double Trouble...transmission via transfusions to 1 in 100,000 units transferred. Sharing of contaminated needles among injection drug users and needle-stick injuries are other ways HVC can be spread. It is thought that tattoo and body piercing parlors that do... Read more »
HIV Transmission...rumors. The majority of these reports and warnings appear to be rumors/myths. CDC was informed of one incident in Virginia of a needle stick from a small-gauge needle (believed to be an insulin needle) in a coin return slot of a pay phone and a... Read more »
Connect With Others
ATTN Moderator re: needle stick
Posted by notsosmart...Please block needle sticks IP address. Read more »
Needle Sticked
Posted by Anonymous, 1 ReplyI thought the chance of getting HIV was very very low ? how do you know the doctor got HIV from the needle ? and like i said im not crazy, i was right all along about the needles, so thank you all for telling me tht sick shit and tht im crazy and im... Read more »
This is not TRUE
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply...when this person may have been infected(primary infection shows up 2-4 weeks after exposure) The second group are Nurses with needle stick injuries from HIV/AIDS patients. These persons will have numerous test to see if and when they will show... Read more »
Please comment as I'm desperate
Posted by Anonymous, 3 Replies...replication at this time is it likely that these tests would find something. I then waited 8 weeks post exposure and had another ELISA test done which came back negative. At 12.5 weeks post exposure another negative ELISA Antibody test. I was... Read more »
Resource Centers
Guides for People With HIV


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REF: 0854L: This is a well presented and spacious 1 bedroom flat situated on the High Street in Edinburgh. The location is one of the most sought-after in the City Centre, and the surrounding area is a hive of activity with a number of bars, restaur
- Agency
- Date available: 09 Jul 2015
- Flat
- 1 Beds


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5333 Parkway Blvd
Land O Lakes, FL 34639-3826
Land O Lakes, FL 34639-3826
Tel: (813)794-0600
Grades: PK-5
729 students
Pine View Elementary School serves 729 students in grades PK-5.
The student:teacher ratio of 15:1 is equal to the FL average of 15:1.
Minority enrollment is 34% of the student body (majority Hispanic), which is less than the state average of 57%.
Online Public Schools in FL
The student population of 729 students has stayed relatively flat over five years.
The teacher population of 47 teachers has declined by 7% over five years.
|Grades Offered
|Grades PK-5
|Total Students
|729 students
|Gender %
|51% Male / 49%Female
|Total Classroom Teachers
|47 teachers
|Students by Grade
School Comparison
The student:teacher ratio of 15:1 has stayed the same over five years.
The school's diversity score of 0.52 is more than the state average of 0.45. The school's diversity has stayed relatively flat over five years.
District Comparison
The district's student population of 76,376 students has grown by 14% over five years.
|School District Name
|Pasco School District
|Number of Schools
|Number of Students Managed
|District Total Revenue
|District Spending
|District Revenue / Student
|District Spending / Student
|School Statewide Testing
|View Education Department Test Scores
Nearby Schools:
All Schools | High Schools | Middle Schools | Elementary Schools | Preschools | Private Schools
Show me:
- School Location Miles Students Grades
Land O LakesPine View Middle School
5334 Parkway Blvd
Land O Lakes, FL 34639
(813)794-48000.1 mi | 845 students | Gr. 6-8
Land O LakesCountryside Montessori Academy
5852 Ehren Cutoff
Land O Lakes, FL 34639
(813)996-09911.9 mi | 216 students | Gr. 1-6
Land O LakesLake Myrtle Elementary School
22844 Weeks Blvd
Land O Lakes, FL 34639
(813)794-10002.6 mi | 741 students | Gr. PK-5
Wesley ChapelVeterans Elementary School
26940 Progress Parkway
Wesley Chapel, FL 33544
(813)346-14003.5 mi | 815 students | Gr. PK-5
Land O LakesLand O' Lakes High School
20325 Gator Ln
Land O Lakes, FL 34639
(813)794-94003.5 mi | 1630 students | Gr. 9-12
School Reviews
- May 16, 2011 - My son was sent to the clinic because he was crying out in pain during class. Doreen Jaszcar, the clinic assistant, calls me and tells me that I need to control my son and that he needs to have consequences for his behavior because he is being too loud and disturbing the other children. She said all of these appalling things in front of my son and other children in the clinic. They heard every emotionally and verbally abusive word she said abot sick children. She should not be working with children since she believes children should be punished because they are sick and in pain. The principal will not say what was said to her regarding her deplorable behavior. Jaszcar has no remorse because she said that children need to have consequences for their behavior again even after she was talked to.The principal said that this would not have any effect on my child. I completely and utterly disagree. If anything words can be more hurtful and can live on in the mind of a child for a very long time and continue to cause them emotional and physical pain. I am extremely disappointed how this was handled. I have very little trust in how my children will be treated in the clinic in the future. - Posted by Parent
Reviews should be a few sentences in length. Please include any comments on:
-Quality of academic programs, teachers, and facilities
-Availability of music, art, sports and other extracurricular activities
Area Statistics
Recent Public School Articles
Updated March 20, 2015
Recent legislation that allows Illinois public schools to demand students' social media passwords has renewed the debate about students' right to privacy at school.
Measles, the once eradicated disease, has made a comeback in the U.S. in recent months, and a recent study estimates only 50% of people are immunized. The outbreak has raised questions about immunizations and the safety of children in public schools. Learn how to keep your children healthy and reduce their measles risk.
With technology advancing and changing faster than ever, how can educators and schools keep up? The answer: refurbished ed tech.


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Mandarin Oriental, San Francisco and Red Car Wine Company present an exclusive second vintage of Cuveé S&P Pinot Noir, a true reflection of California's Sonoma Coast. This vintage honors our partnership with local and boutique wineries producing exquisite quality wine with a sense of place. Cuvée S&P offers blood orange, clove and cranberry on the palate with balanced acidity and a velvety finish.
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Napoleon's Integration of Europe
This book is the first overall study of Europe in the Napoleonic uears. It is a study not only of an early exercise in imperialism, but of the conflict that tis aroused between teh rationalising tendencies of the modern state and teh spatial and cultural heterogeneity of individual societies. As well as a history of France, it also provides a major contribution to the history of ITaly, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Poland and Spain at a crucial moment in the history of each nation state.
Additional information
- New York
- 1991


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This week's Key Study Passage might be puzzling to many. It tells us that without Christ humanity is lost in sin and under the complete control of Satan. Does this mean that people can't do good things without Christ? No, but it does mean that all of our good deeds always fall short of God's perfect standard (see also Rom. 3:23 and Isa. 64:6). In order to be freed from the consequences of sin, we ...
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New Study: Champions of religious freedom tell Christians, 'Keep your faith to yourselves.'
Some Christian schools challenge an Illinois requirement. Experts weigh in.
An excerpt from 'Rejoicing in Christ.'
How Christians can show grace instead of taking sides.
The five-minute rule and other tips
5 steps to unclutter your ministry
An invitation to a journey of spiritual growth
Find the perfect study for yourself or a group.
Some of us can't pinpoint a moment of conversion, and that's okay.
Wisdom from Simon Sinek
Ruth Haley Barton explains how to experience transforming community.
Attentive listening is hard work, but it's necessary for healthy community.
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Our new devotional "If God Loves Me, Why Did I Lose My Job?" explores the struggle of unemployment. Sign up here.
15:1–16:14 This oracle of judgment against Moab was probably delivered around the time of Sargon's defeat of Moab in 715 b.c. See also 11:14; 25:10; Jer. 48; Ezek. 25:8–11; Amos 2:1–3; Zeph. 2:8–11. The oracle concerns Moab's distress (ch. 15) and the response to Moab's distress (ch. 16).


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All quotes tagged Best
(9322 quotes found)
"When I stand before God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a single bit of talent left, and could say, "I used everything you gave me."
"Remember, always give your best. Never get discouraged. Never be petty. Always remember, others may hate you. But those who hate you don't win unless you hate them. And then you destroy yourself."
"We're not necessarily doubting that God will do the best for us; we are wondering how painful the best will turn out to be"


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This is the third and final time that the Thing temporarily becomes human again.
This episode is a clip show, with segments from "Klaws", "The Mysterious Molecule Man", "Blast Starr, The Living Bomb-Burst", "Invasion Of The Super Skrulls", "Danger In The Depths", "Galactus", "The Micro World Of Dr. Doom", and "Rama-Tut".
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text:
Has Anyone Ever Increased their Basement Size?
ddd2motivateSeptember 15, 2008
I want to add a 2 story addition to my home, with a basement. I have an exising 2 story home with a full basement - so I was thinking that this would not compromise the existing foundation, by excavating pouring an additional basement foundation, and then cutting a door opening to the existing basement.
So, anyone out there done this, or know how doable this is?


text:
A system and method for authentication verifies the address of an information sender based on the sender's address, public key, and a digital signature. A portion of the sender's address is derived from the public key, such as by incorporating a portion of a hash of the public key with or without a modifier. The sender provides information including content data, the public key, the address, and the digital signature generated using the private key corresponding to the public key. Upon reception, the recipient verifies the address by recreating it from the public key. The signature is verified using the network address and public key. The recipient accepts the content data when both the address and signature are verified. The content data may include a communications parameter of the sender, such as a care-of address where the sender is a mobile device and the recipient is the sender's home agent.
1. A method for a first computing device to make authentication information available to a second computing device, the method comprising:
creating authentication information, the authentication information including content data, a public key of the first computing device, a network address of the first computing device, and a digital signature, the network address having a portion derived from the public key of the first computing device, the digital signature generated by signing with a private key of the first computing device corresponding to the public key, the digital signature generated from data in the set: the content data, a hash value of data including the content data; and
making the authentication information available to the second computing device.
2. A method as in
3. A method as in
4. A method as in
5. A method as in
6. A method as in
7. A method as in
8. A method as in
9. A method as in
10. A method as in
11. A method as in
12. A computer-readable medium containing instructions for performing a method for a first computing device to make authentication information available to a second computing device, the method comprising:
creating authentication information, the authentication information including content data, a public key of the first computing device, a network address of the first computing device, and a digital signature, the network address having a portion derived from the public key of the first computing device, the digital signature generated by signing with a private key of the first computing device corresponding to the public key, the digital signature generated from data in the set: the content data, a hash value of data including the content data; and
making the authentication information available to the second computing device.
13. A computer-readable medium having stored thereon a data structure, the data structure comprising:
content data;
a public key of a computing device;
a network address of the computing device, the network address having a portion derived from the public key of the computing device; and
a digital signature, the digital signature generated by signing with a private key of the computing device corresponding to the public key, the digital signature generated from data in the set: the content data, a hash value of data including the content data.
14. A data structure as in
15. A data structure as in
16. A data structure as in
17. A data structure as in
18. A data structure as in
19. A data structure as in
20. A method for a second computing device to authenticate content data made available by a first computing device, the method comprising:
accessing authentication information made available by the first computing device, the authentication information including the content data, a public key of the first computing device, a first network address of the first computing device, and a digital signature;
deriving a portion of a second network address from the public key of the first computing device;
validating the digital signature by using the public key of the first computing device;
accepting the content data if the derived portion of the second network address matches a corresponding portion of the first network address and if the validating shows that the digital signature was generated from data in the set: the content data, a hash value of data including the content data.
21. A method as in
determining whether to accept the content data based on a time stamp in the authentication information.
22. A method as in
updating a record of a communications parameter for the first computing device.
23. A method as in
24. A method as in
25. A computer-readable medium containing instructions for performing a method for a second computing device to authenticate content data made available by a first computing device, the method comprising:
accessing authentication information made available by the first computing device, the authentication information including the content data, a public key of the first computing device, a first network address of the first computing device, and a digital signature;
deriving a portion of a second network address from the public key of the first computing device;
validating the digital signature by using the public key of the first computing device;
accepting the content data if the derived portion of the second network address matches a corresponding portion of the first network address and if the validating shows that the digital signature was generated from data in the set: the content data, a hash value of data including the content data.
[0002] The present invention relates generally to communications in computer networks, and, more particularly, to information authentication in connection with communications between network nodes.
[0003] Authentication is an important issue in all types of network communications. The ability to authenticate is especially critical when the communications are for the purpose of changing network communication parameters. The computer network environment of a computer may change so rapidly that it is rarely practical to configure a device to know beforehand the values of all the parameters it may need to use in communicating with other devices (here called �correspondents�). As an example of rapidly changing communication parameters, consider a mobile device such as a laptop computer equipped with a wireless network card. The network address of the laptop changes as it moves from one wireless network area to another. A correspondent wishing to communicate with the laptop cannot know beforehand what wireless network address the laptop will use. Even if the correspondent could discover the laptop's current network address, that address may become obsolete the next instant as the laptop moves to a new wireless network area.
[0004] To allow communications to proceed in the face of such flux, some communications protocols provide for update messages. Continuing the example of the mobile laptop computer, when the laptop changes its wireless network address, it sends update messages to all correspondents it intends to communicate with to inform them of the new network address. In this context, the new wireless network address is the communication parameter to be changed. Besides this direct publication of the new address, some protocols allow the address change to be published indirectly. To that end, the laptop has a fixed and routable �home address.� The home address serves as a unique identifier of the laptop on a �home network.� Correspondents send messages intended for the laptop to the laptop's fixed home address. A �home agent� on the home network receives the messages and forwards them to the current wireless network address of the laptop. In this indirect addressing method, the laptop's current wireless network address is called its �care-of address.� The laptop needs to inform only the home agent of changes to its care-of address, and the other correspondents continue to use the laptop's unchanged home address to communicate with the laptop. Similar direct and indirect methods are generally useful for publishing parameters other than changing addresses.
[0005] A serious concern regarding the use of update messages for changing communication parameters is caused by the risk of fraudulent publication. For example, in one scenario, a malicious attacker who wants to �tap� the communications intended for the laptop may send a fraudulent update message to the laptop's home agent to update the laptop's care-of address to be the address of the attacker. If the home agent is unable to detect the falsity of the fraudulent message and acts on the message to make the change, traffic intended for the laptop will be routed by the home agent to the attacker instead. The attacker can then read the traffic before sending it along to the laptop, thereby �tapping� its communications.
[0006] Protocols address the problem of fraudulent publication by implementing authentication services. The recipient of an update message uses the authentication services to verify the identity of the sender of the message and acts on the update message only if the authentication shows that the message was sent by a device with the authority to change the parameter. For example, the Internet Engineering Task Force Request for Comments (IETF RFC) 2401 �Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol� mandates the use of IPsec authentication for update messages in the Mobile Internet Protocol (MIPv6). Other protocols provide similar authentication services. However, one perceived difficulty in implementing the authentication functionality is that IPsec and other authentication services provide their security by means of quite complicated mechanisms. They come at a heavy price in terms of a significant investment in administrative and communicative overhead. This overhead may impede the growth of mobile networks. On the other hand, without a suitable authentication mechanism, the new networks are vulnerable to simple attacks.
[0007] What is needed is a lightweight, easily deployable, mechanism for authenticating parameter update messages that provides much of the security of heavyweight authentication mechanisms such as IPsec, but with lower administrative and communicative overhead.
[0008] In view of the foregoing, the present invention provides a simple unilateral authentication mechanism that enables an information recipient to quickly ascertain that the information comes from an authorized sender without the extensive network communications and administrative overhead associated with heavyweight authentication mechanisms. This authentication mechanism integrates a private-public key pair authentication scheme with the selection of a network address of the sender such that the recipient can verify the association between the network address and a private key held by the sender, i.e., the information could only have come from a sender for whom the home address was created. When this association is verified, the recipient accepts the information and acts on it accordingly. This authentication mechanism is unilateral in that the recipient can authenticate the information based only on the data provided, without having to conduct further communications with the sender or any authentication services to complete the authentication process. The simplicity and low overhead of this unilateral authentication mechanism makes it especially suitable for networks where there is a strong need for authentication but the deployment of heavyweight authentication services such as IPSec is not feasible for various reasons.
[0009] Particularly, according to the authentication mechanism of the invention, the sender holds a public-private encryption key pair for cryptographic authentication purposes. The sender has a network address that is derived from the public key, such as by incorporating a portion of the hash of the public key with or without a modifier for preventing address conflicts. The sender provides information including content data, the network address of the sender, the public key of the sender, optional data such as a time stamp for preventing replay attacks and the modifier if it is used in creating the network address, and a signature generated by signing, with the private key of the sender, a hash value of data including the content data, the network address, and the optional data. The content data may include data for updating a communications parameter of the sender, such as a care-of address in the case where the sender is a mobile device and the recipient is a home agent for the sender.
[0010] Upon receiving the information, the recipient uses the public key and modifier, if present, to recreate the relevant part of the sender's network address. If the recreated part of the address does not match the corresponding part of the received network address of the sender, the message is considered invalid and may be discarded. If the network address is properly recreated, the recipient verifies the signature using the received public key and the network address. If the signature is verified to be valid, the recipient knows that signature was created using the private key that corresponds to the public key used to create the sender's network address. In this way, an association between the network address of the sender and the private key of the sender is established. Since the sender is presumably the only device that knows that private key, the recipient can determine to accept the received content data based on this association.
[0011] While the appended claims set forth the features of the present invention with particularity, the invention, together with its objects and advantages, may be best understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:
[0012]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary computer architecture usable for constructing computer nodes for network communications, on which the message authentication mechanism of the invention may be implemented;
[0013]FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary communications network in which an embodiment of the invention may be practiced for authenticating update messages send by a mobile device;
[0014]FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram similar to that of FIG. 2 but with the mobile device moved to a different wireless network and showing the transmission of an update message from the mobile device to a home agent;
[0015]FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating portions of a home address of the mobile device derived from a public key of the mobile device;
[0016]FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a procedure for setting a home address of the mobile device;
[0017]FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the data structure of the update message of the mobile device;
[0018]FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a procedure for creating the update message by the mobile device; and
[0019]FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a procedure for the home agent to authenticate the update message from the mobile device.
[0020] Turning to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, the invention is illustrated as being implemented in a suitable computing environment. The following description is based on embodiments of the invention and should not be taken as limiting the invention with regard to alternative embodiments that are not explicitly described herein.
[0021] In the description that follows, the invention is described with reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations that are performed by one or more computers, unless indicated otherwise. As such, it will be understood that such acts and operations, which are at times referred to as being computer-executed, include the manipulation by the processing unit of the computer of electrical signals representing data in a structured form. This manipulation transforms the data or maintains them at locations in the memory system of the computer, which reconfigures or otherwise alters the operation of the computer in a manner well understood by those skilled in the art. The data structures where data are maintained are physical locations of the memory that have particular properties defined by the format of the data. However, while the invention is being described in the foregoing context, it is not meant to be limiting as those of skill in the art will appreciate that various of the acts and operations described hereinafter may also be implemented in hardware.
[0022] Referring to FIG. 1, the present invention relates to communications between network nodes on various connected computer networks. Each of the network nodes may reside in a computer that may have one of many different computer architectures. For description purposes, FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary computer architecture usable for these devices. The architecture portrayed is only one example of a suitable environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the invention. Neither should the computing devices be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in FIG. 1. The invention is operational with numerous other general-purpose or special-purpose computing or communications environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and configurations suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, mobile telephones, pocket computers, personal computers, servers, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices.
[0023] In their most basic configuration, each device typically includes at least one processing unit 102 and memory 104. The memory 104 may be volatile (such as RAM), non-volatile (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.), or some combination of the two. This most basic configuration is illustrated in FIG. 1 by the dashed line 106. The devices may have additional features and functionality. For example, they may include additional storage (removable and non-removable) including, but not limited to, PCMCIA cards, magnetic and optical disks, and magnetic tape. Such additional storage is illustrated in FIG. 1 by removable storage 108 and non-removable storage 110. Computer-storage media include volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable, media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Memory 104, removable storage 108, and non-removable storage 110 are all examples of computer-storage media. Computer-storage media include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory, other memory technology, CAROM, digital versatile disks (DVD), other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, and any other media which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by the mobile computer, correspondent, and home agent. These devices may also contain communication channels 112 that allow the host to communicate with other devices. Communications channels 112 are examples of communications media. Communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and include any information delivery media. The term �modulated data signal� means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communications media include wired media, such as wired networks and direct-wired connections, and wireless media such as acoustic, radio, infrared, and other wireless media. The term computer-readable media as used herein includes both storage media and communications media. The devices may also have input components 114 such as a keyboard, mouse, pen, a voice-input component, a touch-input device, etc. Output components 116 include screen displays, speakers, printer, etc., and rendering modules (often called �adapters�) for driving them. Each of the devices has a power supply 118. All these components are well know in the art and need not be discussed at length here.
[0024] The present invention is directed to a simplified, lightweight, authentication mechanism for a recipient of a message to authenticate the message, i.e., to determine whether the message is from an authorized sender. This authentication mechanism may be advantageously used for providing adequate network security with respect to messages for updating network communication parameters and is especially useful for mobile computers to send their new network addresses as they move to different network areas. It will be appreciated, however, that the present invention is not limited to parameter updating and may be used for the authentication of other types of network communications with different message contents.
[0025] To facilitate an understanding of the need for a lightweight, low-overhead, and easily deployable authentication mechanism such as the one provided by the invention, consider an embodiment in which the message is a parameter update message sent by a mobile computing device such as the laptop computer 100 in FIG. 2. The laptop communicates via a wireless communications protocol. When the laptop operates within the wireless network A 202, the laptop uses an address compatible with that network. When the laptop moves to another wireless network, such as wireless network B 204, the laptop changes its address to one compatible with the new network. To enable messages to continue to reach the laptop, the laptop must publish news of its changed address. The networks and devices in FIG. 2 are all connected together by a network 206, called an �internetwork,� which may comprise one or more linked computer networks. The Internet is one example of an internetwork.
[0026] For a correspondent 208 that wishes to send messages to the laptop computer 100, there are two methods that the correspondent can use. In the �direct� method, the correspondent knows the wireless network address currently used by the laptop and sends messages directly to that address. This method requires that the correspondent keep track of the laptop's address as the laptop moves from one wireless network to another. In the �indirect� method, the laptop sets up a unique and fixed home address. To communicate with the laptop, the correspondent always sends its message 210 to the laptop's home address. Following message path 212, the message is received by the laptop's home agent 214. The home agent provides message-forwarding services to the laptop. By reading the home address in the message, the home agent decides that the message is intended for the laptop. The home agent translates the laptop's home address into the laptop's current wireless network address and forwards the message along message path 216 to the laptop. When forwarding, the laptop's current wireless network address is called its �care-of� address. In this indirect method, only the home agent need keep track of the laptop's wanderings. Although the indirect method requires at least one more network �hop� for every message sent to the laptop, it is administratively more efficient than the direct method if there are several correspondents. The indirect method also enables correspondents previously unknown to the laptop, correspondents that could not keep track of the laptop's wireless network address as it changes, to communicate with the mobile laptop through the laptop's well-known and unchanging home address. The remainder of this discussion focuses on the indirect method. The techniques discussed below to update the home agent, when using the indirect method, can be used in exactly the same manner to update the correspondent, when using the direct method.
[0027] Note that FIG. 2 is for illustrative purposes only and is not meant to limit the scope of the invention. The invention is generally useful for authenticating messages, which are not necessarily for publishing parameters. For example, the invention is useful even among devices none of which move.
[0028] In the scenario shown in FIG. 3, the laptop computer 100 has moved to wireless network B 204. It operates under a new care-of address appropriate to the new network. Messages sent to its previous care-of address no longer reach it. The laptop prepares a parameter update message 300 to inform the home agent 214 of its new care-of address. In the specific case of updating the care-of address, the parameter update message is commonly called a �binding update� message. The binding update message travels along message path 302 to the home agent. Upon receipt of the binding update message 300, the home agent changes its message forwarding translation table. Future messages addressed to the laptop's unchanged home address are now forwarded to the new care-of address contained in the binding update message. For example, the correspondent 208, oblivious to the change in the laptop's care-of address, sends its message 210 via message path 212 to the laptop's home address, just as it did in FIG. 2. The home agent 214 translates the home address into the new care-of address and forwards the message over message path 304 to the laptop. Thus, the correspondent 208 stays in communication with the laptop 100 even though the correspondent is unaware of the change in the laptop's care-of address.
[0029] Without a mechanism for authenticating the binding update message, this system is vulnerable to security attacks. For example, by producing the fraudulent update message 308, the attacker 306 can redirect traffic coming from the home agent 214 and from the correspondent 208. The attacker redirects the traffic to itself instead of to the laptop 100. To fend off this attack, a recipient of a binding update message needs to determine if the message is indeed sent by the laptop device, that is to say, by the only device authorized to change the value of the care-of address. More generally, the recipient of a parameter update message needs to authenticate the sender of the message and act on the message only if it is sent by a device authorized to set the parameter. The next section details how the present invention enables this authentication.
[0030] The invention enables a device, such as the laptop computer 100, to write a message, such as the binding update message 300, in such a way that the message could only have been written by this particular device. This authentication mechanism is unilateral in that the recipient does not need to have further communications with the sender for completing the authentication process. This is because the message contains everything the message recipient, such as the home agent 214, needs to decode the message and to determine that it must have come from this particular device. Thus, in the case that the message is for updating communication parameters, if the device has the authority to change the parameters, then the message can be accepted.
[0031] The invention is based on public key/private key cryptography used in combination with the selection of a network address of the message sender based on the public key. In the example of FIGS. 2 and 3, the network address is a home address of the laptop computer 100. One way this home address may be derived from the public key of the laptop is describe in connection with FIGS. 4 and 5. In step 500, the laptop selects a cryptographic key pair with a private key 400 and a public key 402. Modem network addresses, such as those used in IPv6, are composed of two parts. The first part, called the route prefix 408, contains a routable address that can be used to route a message to an appropriate network link. In step 502, the laptop sets the route prefix 408 of its home address 410, possibly by listening on its network link for advertisements from a local router. For details on how this works on an IPv6 network, see the IETF RFC 2462 �IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration.�
[0032] Starting in step 504, the laptop sets the second part of its home address. This part is called the �node-selectable� portion 412 because the device is free to set this part as it sees fit. In IPv6, the node-selectable portion is called the �interface identifier� and is often set to the network interface's Medium Access Control (MAC) address. Here, however, in accordance with the invention, the laptop in step 506 creates a hash 406 of the public key 402 and selects part of the hash to be the node-selectable portion 412 of its home address. In IPv6, the interface identifier comprises 64 bits, but two of those bits (the �u� and �g� bits) should be set to zero, leaving the laptop to choose 62 bits of the hash for the remainder of the interface identifier. While it is not intrinsically important which bits the laptop chooses, its procedure should be well-known so that a recipient of the message can recreate the home address as will be described in greater detail below. For instance, the laptop may choose the lowest-order 62 bits of the hash 406 for use as the interface identifier. In step 508, the laptop checks whether this address is already in use by another node in the network. In other words, the laptop checks whether there is an address conflict with respect to the home address it has generated. Different protocols may provide different ways of determining this. For IPv6, the mechanism is called �duplicate address detection.� If the address is not already in use, the process of constructing the home address of the laptop is complete. If the constructed home address is in use by another device, however, the laptop in step 510 chooses a modifier 404, which may be, for example, a 2-bit integer. The laptop appends the modifier 404 to the public key 402, in step 512 creates a hash of the composite number, and again tests to see if the generated address is unique. If necessary, the laptop continues to loop through steps 508, 510, and 512 choosing different modifiers until one is found to produce a home address that is not used by another device.
[0033] By constructing the unique home address of the laptop based on its public key, an association between the home address of the laptop and its public/private key pair is created. This association is then used in the authentication mechanism of the invention to allow a recipient of a message to authenticate the sender of the message by verifying the association.
[0034] Still describing the embodiment of a mobile device in the form of a laptop and referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, the laptop sends a binding update message 600 to its home agent and, possibly, to other correspondents when it moves to a new wireless network. The message contains, among other things such as the standard IP header, message content data, the home address 410, and the public key 402 of the laptop. The message content data in this particular example includes the new care-of address 602 of the laptop. In one preferred embodiment, the message also contains data for preventing a replay attack. Such data may include, for instance, a time stamp 604 and data 606 identifying the intended recipient of the message. The identifier of the recipient may be anything that uniquely identifies the recipient and will often be the recipient's network address. The message content data, home address, public key, and the optional data are in plain text (i.e., not hashed or encrypted).
[0035] In addition to the plain text data, the message further includes a digital signature generated from the data included in the message. To generate this signature, the laptop in step 702 creates a hash of its care-of address 602, the home address 410 it set earlier, and the optional data such as the timestamp 604 and the identifier of the intended recipient 606. In step 704, a cryptographic signature 608 of the hash generated in step 702 is created from the hash using the private key 400 associated with the public key 402, which was used to create the home address of the laptop. In step 706, the binding update message 600 is populated with the cryptographic signature, the home address, the care-of address, and any optional data that went into forming the signature, the public key, and the modifier 404 if it was used in creating the home address.
[0036] Referring now to FIG. 8, when the home agent 214 receives the binding update message 600, it performs the process in FIG. 8 to decode the message and to attempt to authenticate the identity of the sender of the message. Note that, for the most part, these steps may be performed in any order. In step 800, if there is a timestamp 604 in the message, the home agent compares it to its local time, which should be synchronized with the clock of the mobile device to within a few seconds. The home agent discards the message if it deems the message to be too old. In step 802, if the message contains an identifier of the message's intended recipient 606, the home agent compares the identifier in the message with its own identification and discards the message if there is no match. In steps 804 and 806, the home agent uses the public key included in the binding update message to recreate the node-selectable portion of the sender's home address. This operation is identical to that of step 512 of FIG. 5. Specifically, the home agent hashes the message's public key and modifier, if present, and then takes part of the results of the hash to be the node-selectable portion of the sender's address. Then the home agent compares the value for the node-selectable portion it has generated from the public key with the node-selectable part of the home address 410 in the binding update message. If the two values differ, then there is something amiss and the home agent discards the message. On the other hand, if the two values match, the home agent knows that public key included in the message is the one used to create the home address.
[0037] In step 808, the home agent uses the public key 402 in the message to validate the cryptographic signature 608 and extracts the hash that was used to form the signature. In steps 810 and 812, the home agent follows the same procedure of step 702 of FIG. 7 to recreate the hash using the data included in the message. In the illustrated embodiment, these data include the care-of address 602, the home address 410, and, if present, the timestamp 604 and the identifier of the intended recipient 606. If the hash created by the home agent does not match the hash extracted from the cryptographic signature in the message, then the home agent discards the message. If the hash values match, then the home agent knows that the cryptographic signature was written by a device that knows the private key 400 that corresponds to the public key 402 in the message. The home agent also knows, by the results of step 806, that this public key 402 is the one used to create the sender's home address 410. Therefore, the home agent knows that the binding update message must have been written by the device that created the home address 410, the only device with the private key 400, that is to say, by the laptop 100. The laptop's address has been verified, and the home agent is now free to accept the binding update message as authentic. The home agent changes its routing tables so that future messages directed to the laptop's home address are sent to the care-of address contained in the binding update message.
[0038] It will be appreciated that the authentication described above in connection with the example in FIGS. 2 through 8 does not depend on any specific attribute of the care-of address. The message can be used for updating any other communication parameter (or parameters) by replacing the care-of address 602 in the message with the data for that parameter and generating the signature accordingly. A generalized parameter update message may contain an identifier specifying which parameter it contains. Note that �update� in the name �parameter update message� need not imply that the parameter has changed, only that the recipient is being updated as to the current value of the parameter. There are many occasions when a sender will inform a recipient of an unchanged parameter value.
[0039] It should be appreciated that although the unilateral authentication mechanism of the invention is especially useful for handling parameter update messages from a mobile device, the invention can be used for the authentication of messages with general message contents. This can be done, for example, by simply replacing the care-of address field 602 in the data structure of FIG. 6 with the general message content data and generating the signature from the message content data. Moreover, the sender of the message does not have to be mobile. Instead, the sender may be a stationary node, and in that case the home address may be the �permanent� network address of the sender.
[0040] The methods of the present invention are applicable to several other applications, including, for example, detecting and protecting against address impersonation, protecting against �man-in-the-middle� security attacks, optimizing the Internet Key Exchange and other security negotiation algorithms, and preventing illicit repudiation in commercial and other transactions.
[0041] The authentication information can be provided to the recipient in any number of ways. For example, the information may be placed in an IPsec Authentication Header or Encapsulating Security Payload, or in a packet option.
[0042] The sender may choose to protect multiple messages with the same key pair. In that case, for efficiency's sake, the recipient can cache the public key, and the messages can be sent without the public key. Alternatively, the recipient can discover the public key through a �loose� Public Key Infrastructure mechanism. This mechanism delivers several responses, some of which may be incorrect. The recipient picks the correct response based on the bond between the sender's network address and the public key.
[0043] The cryptographic strength of the invention may be improved over the above embodiments by, for example, increasing the number of address bits derived from the public key, and caching public keys on the recipient so that the recipient can detect attempts to use public keys that hash to the same network address.
[0044] In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of this invention may be applied, it should be recognized that the embodiments described herein with respect to the drawing figures are meant to be illustrative only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of invention. For example, for performance reasons the cryptographic operations may be implemented in hardware, such as on a network card, rather than in software. Therefore, the invention as described herein contemplates all such embodiments as may come within the scope of the following claims and equivalents thereof.
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Join us at the 2015 CMOS Emerging Technologies Research Conference on May 20th thru 22nd, 2015 in Vancouver, Canada. MonolithIC 3D Inc.'s members are invited to give a presentation on our technology. The paper is entitled: 'Monolithic 3D Technology: Keeping Alive Transistor Economic Scaling, and Current Applications' and will be presented by Brian Cronquist, VP of Technology and IP of MonolithIC3D Inc. Our presentation will be held in in Session R3 (3D Integration and Packaging), on May 21nd.
2015 IEEE S3S Conference | October 5th thru 8th, 2015, in Sonoma Valley, CA
Join us at the IEEE SOI-3D-Subthreshold Microelectronics Technology Unified Conference on October 5th thru 8th, 2015 in Sonoma Valley, CA. Zvi Or-Bach, President and CEO of MonolithIC 3D Inc. is the 3D Chair of the Conference.


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The special effects are great, and the acting is pretty funny as well.
While touted as a "horror" film, this most resembles an art film, one of the more experimental variety, and it is masterfully-shot and -directed.
This is one of those awesome movies I like to show people who like campy B flicks, just to see their reaction when things get nasty.
my favorite movie ever! please check out this rare film. It's awesome.Published 21 days ago by Jazz Heartsong
Perfect horror comedy film. Incredibly dream like. Over the top special effects make it humorous and creepy. Perfect performance from all actors/actress. Read morePublished 1 month ago by Mitchell Forman Schnapp
This is cracked out even for Japan. I highly recommend this sureal film.Published 1 month ago by Steven Brent Mcmichen
I think this might be the best hidden gem of a movie in existence, never have I cared so little of the incoherent nature of the house and its cannibal tendenancies. Read morePublished 1 month ago by Tony
This has to be the weirdest movie I've watched in awhile….or maybe ever. Hausu is a bizarrely offbeat, psychedelic, comedy-horror, Japanese haunted house/ghost movie. Read morePublished 3 months ago by fra7299
There are movies where you can explain the plot and not have the other person scratching their head. This is not one of those films. Read morePublished 3 months ago by M Lizarraga
Was it good? I don't know.
Did I understand everything that happened. Doubt it.
Was I entertained? Very. Read more


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End sex trafficking: Legalize prostitution and let men be men
On Feb. 4, Reuters, the international news agency, published an article with the following headline: "45 Arrested, 16 juveniles rescued in Super Bowl prostitution bust."
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25 things to do this spring in New York City
Looking for fun activities this spring in the Big Apple? From seeing Alicia Keys light up the stage at Madison Square Garden to watching must-see flicks during the Tribeca Film Festival, amNewYork compiled 25 events that you won't want to miss this spring in New York City, presented in the order of when they take place.
Division vs. Clarke Smithtown East vs. Smithtown West Long Island and New York City's top photos LI's car accidents Promotions, hires on Long Island Syosset vs. Port Washington Recent LI fires 23 weird Long Island laws Peek into Long Island's most lavish homes 58 signs you're from Suffolk New York City parties LI notable deaths


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Field Tests for Revised Psychiatric Guide Reveal Reliability Problems for 2 Major Diagnoses
May 6th, 2012 | 12
PHILADELPHIA—In the summer of 2011 I began working on a feature article about a book that most people have never heard of—the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), a reference guide for psychiatrists and clinicians. Most of the DSM's pages contain lists of symptoms that characterize different mental disorders (e.g. schizophrenia: delusions, hallucinations, [...]Keep reading »
APA Announces New Changes to Drafts of the DSM-5, Psychiatry's New "Bible"
May 3rd, 2012 | 2
I have this slim silver book on my desk called the "Quick Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria From DSM-IV-TR." Page 153 reads: Schizophrenia A. Characteristic symptoms: Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated): (1) delusions (2) hallucinations (3) disorganized [...]Keep reading »


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Ports in the area popular with U.S. tourists remained closed to navigation and police officers were sent to the evacuated neighbourhoods to prevent looting, Pettit added
The annual monsoon season has struck hard across the region, leaving people to wade through rushing water
Winnipeg city staff say one of the harshest winters in a century led to the pile-up. To make matters worse, a cool spring and reluctant summer slowed the annual melt
Pictures posted showed streets covered in so much hail it looked like a winter scene after it rained down on Airdrie, Alta., damaging cars, gardens and siding
Hawaii will take its first direct hurricane hit in 22 years from Iselle. Tracking close behind it is Hurricane Julio, which has strengthened into a Category 2 storm
A typhoon left at least seven people dead and knocked out power in many areas Wednesday but the Philippine capital and densely populated northern provinces were spared a direct battering when its fierce winds shifted slightly.
The body of a French climber who disappeared into a snowstorm in 1982 has been discovered on the slopes of Mont Blanc
When the couple and photographer returned for the reception, they found the tent in Chandra's parents' backyard blown down by strong winds
A tropical storm warning is in effect for all of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, as well as eastern and southern New Brunswick, which are expecting 100- to- 150 millimetres of rain
Environment Canada confirms that a low intensity tornado struck a rural area near Tottenham, Ont., north of Toronto on Tuesday afternoon.


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By Audi Media
Audi and AT&T today announced that 2016 model year Audi vehicles will offer AT&T 4G LTE or 3G coverage. AT&T and Audi enabled the first-ever in-vehicle 4G LTE data connection in North America in 2014
By Kris Hansen
December 2014 marks the 48th consecutive month of record sales for Audi in the U.S. The most recent month stands as the best-ever U.S. sales month and the first time monthly sales have topped 19,000 vehicles All-time record sales year for Audi Certified pre-owned vehicles Audi reported that its U.S. sales in 2014 increased 15.2% […]
By Kris Hansen
Week 29 in our Weekly Wallpaper presented by Michelin series we offer up one of our favorite all around daily drivers, the Q5 TDI. It is nearly impossible to imagine a more practical, frugal and fun vehicle. During our time with this car we did some light off-roading, some sporty touring, and some commuting, and […]
By Kris Hansen
Week 28 in our Weekly Wallpaper presented by Michelin series we change directions, from the sporty TT RS, to the roomy, and highly functional Q5 range. This particular example is the 3.2 V6 model, which we tested in 2010. We have loved the Q5 ever since. Click the header image in this article, or this […]
By Audi Media
Audi achieved the best month ever in AoA sales history in August 2014. This month's record sales increased to 22.1% to 17,101 vehicles, a total that stands as the 44th consecutive month of record monthly U.S. sales for the brand. Audi U.S. sales year-to-date have increased 14.5% to 116,066 vehicles


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|Young adult fiction
Juvenile fiction
|Additional Physical Format:
|Online version:
Murdock, Catherine Gilbert.
Dairy queen.
Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 2006
|Material Type:
|Fiction, Secondary (senior high) school, Internet resource
|Document Type:
|Book, Internet Resource
|All Authors / Contributors:
Catherine Gilbert Murdock
|0618683070 9780618683079
|OCLC Number:
|Sequel: The off season.
|A Junior Library Guild selection.
|275 pages ; 22 cm
|Schwenk farm --
Put to work --
Brian bails --
Amber --
Back to normal, more or less --
Jimmy Ott steps in --
Sunday --
People who are crazy and need to have their heads examined --
Dairy queen --
Wash day --
Training --
Long weekend --
Talk --
Talk back --
Epiphany --
Heifers don't play football --
Family secrets --
D.J. goes to town --
Opposite of flirting --
Most disgusting thing I've ever heard of --
Whoever said love was fun? --
Banquet --
Mom --
Welcome to Schwenksville --
Practice begins --
Dog days --
Making the team --
Scrimmage --
That's my ball --
Brian Nelson --
The end.
|Catherine Gilbert Murdock.
|More information:
After spending her summer running the family farm and training the quarterback for her school's rival football team, sixteen-year-old D.J. decides to go out for the sport herself, not anticipating the reactions of those around her.
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80 (110)cm, Pimienta Palmera (Capsicum frutescens cultivar) is a cultivar from the island of La Palma and makes large, up to 12cm long red fruits, which are dried for long-time storage. Dry fruits have a dark red color. They are watered and serve to make a local famous sauce "Mojo Rojo" or "Mojo Picón" with a very spicy and hot flavor, depending on the amount of Pimienta Palmera. Under appropriate conditions with sufficient light and warmth it may be grown as a perennial. VI-IX.
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About this item
Gene Kelly hits the happy road to Paris, love and laughter! The Hollywood icon - the creative force behind "Singin' in the Rain", "An American in Paris" and more musical landmarks - produces, directors and stars in a winning family comedy about two single parents who team up in pursuit of their respective children, runaways from a posh Swiss boarding school. Never fear: after many mix-ups, the parents find their offspring and romance. Michael Redgrave cameos as a can-do NATO officer whose troops join the search. "Lively and charming... an amusing lot of comic complications," cheered Bosley Crowther in The New York Times, who noted that "Mr. Kelly is outstanding...functioning most effectively in each of his roles - as actor, producer and director, but particularly as a propagandist for brotherly love." Filmed on location and bright with joie de vivre, The Happy Road won a 1958 Golden Globe(R) as Best Film Promoting International Understanding.
|Gene Kelly, Barbara Laage, Bobby Clarke, Brigitte Fossey, Michael Redgrave
|Studio Name:
|Team Marketing
|DVD Release Date:
|Not Rated
|Screen Format:
|Run Time (in minutes):
|100 minutes
|Audio Tracks:
|AC, Mono
|Shipping Weight (in pounds):
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FRR Sheared Rabbit Fur Coat with Silver Fox Fur TrimSheared Rabbit Fur Coat with Silver Fox Fur Trim on collar, cuffs and bottom hem. This lovely coat features a satin lining and a hidden hook and eye closure on the front and comes with two side pockets as well as a matching sheared Rabbit Fur belt. Top-notch workmanship helps create a great polished look for this coming fall and winter.
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From: New York
The coat is beautiful! Excellent quality! Reasonable price! Shipping is on time! Love to shop here, will come back again! Thank you!
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My wife loved this coat and it was exactly as shown in the photo. The only negative and it is not much one is the hooks, which takes a little practice.
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Kol Nidre Banner Code
sermon archives
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10400 Wilshire Blvd. Los Angeles, CA. 90024 Phone (310) 481-3340 Fax (310) 478-9478
Date: February 3, 2015 - 6:30 pm
Sinai Temple Men's Club: Dialogue:Israel and Azerbaijan: Cooperation, Security, Economic Ties
Dialogue between the Israeli Consul General, David Siegel & Consul General of Azerbaijan, Nasimi Aghayev
Moderated by Rabbi Erez Sherman
Topic: Israel and Azerbaijan: Cooperation, Security, Economic Ties
Men's Club January 9th Meeting @ 6:00 PM
Mayor Jimmy Delshad
Confessions of a Mayor: Local Politics Up Close and Personal


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We have been in contact with Luca the owner and he agreed to charge 3,000 for the period. Here the copy of his message:
"Dear Geovanna, you can proceed with the Air Bnb payment, you have just to confirm my offer of 3000 €. let me know if you need more information Luca"


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I don't personally know either man
so I can only use my own mind and follow what is logical in my view. Pratt is arguing FOR the 2nd ammendment. What he says makes sense to ME. Morgan has an agenda. Pratt may have an agenda but its not counter to what our founding fathers believed. I just can't imagine any man, given an option to have an AK47 or to have no gun, to choose no gun if a stranger had broken into his home and he had family members he wanted to protect.
Right this minute I can call a 17 year old that can get me a gun within 24 hours...probably less.
Without exception, people who want any type of gun banned, still have not figured out that Governments are nothing other than the largest "gang" in their geographic area. I used to think Governments were all about helping the people. And I used to think OUR Government was the MOST caring and the one Government that truly wanted to help the people of all other nations. Boy was I duped.
The pain of being deceived has long passed....but the memory of what I once believed remains. I used to get drunk and sing lee greewoods "God bless the USA" with pure pride. Now if that song comes on, my wife and I both laugh and curse as we reach to change the dial ASAP. lol
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Auberge Bourrelly
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TripAdvisor Reviews Auberge Bourrelly Aix-en-Provence
Travel Blogs from Aix-en-Provence
... low for the morning and then went out to get some fresh air. We ended up walking up a very large hill to the Basilica Notre Dam. It was beautiful and we could see out across the whole city and the water. And I also just about killed Cortney who was having a very hard time with the whole breathing thing because of her cold. So we decided walking downhill would be a better choice. It was pretty chilly out and we needed a rest so we ended up going to a movie! We ended ...
Update & preparing for the walk of a lifetime
... produced by local and regional artists and artisans. The pictures attached show some of these things.
Diana took us back to Lyon France for our flight to Barcelona while she departed to Paris for her flight back to Vancouver. We were very graciously welcomed by her sister-in-law Christine for our overnight stay in Lyon prior to our flights. Lyon is a very interesting looking city which we would love to spend more time exploring in the future.
Day Trip: Salon de Provence
... with salad. It was delicious. After we ate, we did a little shopping in the stores. It was smaller and a more relaxing atmosphere than Aix-en-Provence, but similar.
There were some amazing buildings and architecture. It was quite hot walking around (35 C). We decided before we got back on the road to get some gelato to cool off. We both got two scoops, same flavors: pear and some pink flavor with a name I can not reproduce (papasomething). It seemed like it could be ...
Start of the great social experiment
... tpod.html
4. The experiment was taken a step further when it became obvious that Rick and Beth needed to fully demonstrate that they had understood the Cooking Class. It was a tense evening but they were successful in Aix Kitchen Rules and secured an invite to our next trip
http://blog.travelpod.com/travel-blog-e ntries/buckgw/9/1403889506/tpod.html
5. We ...
... living in Florida too long for this to seem like a refreshing novelty. By the end of the day, John was finding his way around town pretty well, and they have little minivans that take six people around town for just .75 each. Cute. We did that too.
We walked 7.5 miles today according to my fitbit, so we're both pretty tired. We stopped at a market and picked up a few things and a bottle of wine for dinner. Tomorrow is another day....


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BatDad Simply Won't Let His Kids Get Ebola
While Batman is protecting Gotham City from every themed criminal that swoops into town, BatDad has other concerns.
While Batman is protecting Gotham City from every themed criminal that swoops into town, BatDad has other concerns.
The classic Halloween song 'Monster Mash' is getting a makeover.
Guess you could say this forecast called for a bark-tic chill.
A word of advice for this driver: call a cab.
Dogs are talented creatures. They can catch a Frisbee mid-air, give you their paw when you ask and now...this.
Much like the Kansas City Royals and their improbable playoff run, this guy knows how to sneak up on people.
This woman has let the world know a dirty little secret about her relationship with her hubby.
Flying Bison Brewing Company is a packaging brewery located in the city of Buffalo, and the first stand alone brewery to operate in the city proper since Iroquois Brewing closed its doors in 1972.
Big Ditch Brewing Company is a start-up of a production craft beer microbrewery located in downtown Buffalo.
Hey Buffalo craft beer fans! It's that time of year again. The fall weather and beauty of Western New York's scenery make for the perfect back drop to Oktobeerfest!


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Anybody ridden Santa Ana River Trail lately after the recent storms?? Any snow still left on the upper sections?? I am planning a ride there in two weeks and like to know if I should bring the snow tires......
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Cornwall Vermont – 1885 Town Officers
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The following are the officers elected at the March meeting for 1885: Town clerk, C. H. Lane; selectmen, P. N. Cobb, E. D. Searle, A. S. Bingham; listers, C. H. James, N. B. Douglass, R. A. Foot; constable and collector, A. W. Frost; second constable, H. E. Taylor; treasurer, W. H. Bingham; overseer of the poor, R. A. Foot; superintendent of schools, T. P. D. Matthews; auditors, L. W. Peet and Frank Warner; inspector of wood and shingles, P. N. Cobb; agent to prosecute and defend suits, C. G. Lane; representative, H. F. Dean; town grand jurors, W. H. De Long, C. C. Ward, W. H. Matthews.
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