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The present invention is an efficient method for upgrading telephone networks having a large number of copper wire pairs 31 that extend from a telephone central office 300 to a predetermined number of telephone customers 250. Such networks are referred to as narrowband communication networks. However, for telephone companies to be competitive with cable television providers who may soon be offering telephone service, they must upgrade their narrowband networks to handle video communication signals such as CATV. This is done in an efficient multi-step process keeping in mind the eventual network configuration. During the first step, optical cable 21 is installed between the telephone office and a remote terminal 310; and digital loop carrier (DLC) equipment 201,202 is connected at each end. The DLC equipment is suitable for audio but not video communication signals. Thereafter, the DLC equipment is replaced at the telephone central office and at the remote terminal with broadband access (BA) equipment 203,204. The BA equipment is adapted to handle video communication signals. Finally, a broadband link 330 such as coaxial cable 34, or high speed modems 261 connected to copper wire-pairs 31, or wireless transmission is installed between the remote terminal and the telephone customers.
1. A method for upgrading a narrowband communications network to a broadband communications network; said narrowband network comprising metallic wire pairs that conduct analog voice signals between a telephone office and a plurality of telephone customers, said broadband network comprising optical fibers that extend between the telephone office and a remote terminal, and a broadband link--other than optical fibers--that extends between the remote terminal and the telephone customers; the method including the steps of:
selecting a location that is suitable for distributing video signals such as CATV over the broadband link to a predetermined number of the telephone customers;
installing a remote terminal at the selected location;
installing an optical cable between the telephone office and the remote terminal, said optical cable comprising a plurality of optical fibers;
installing digital loop carrier (DLC) equipment at the telephone office and at the remote terminal, said DLC equipment including multiplexers for combining a number of voice signals and digitally transmitting same over a lesser number of optical fibers;
removing the DLC equipment at the telephone office and at the remote terminal, and replacing same with broadband access equipment for transmitting voice and video signals; and
installing the broadband link between the remote terminal and one or more of the telephone customers for transmitting said video signals.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the predetermined number of telephone customers is less than five hundred.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the predetermined number of telephone customers is more than two hundred.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the broadband link comprises coaxial cable.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the broadband link comprises wireless transmission over the air.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the broadband link comprises high-speed modulation and demodulation apparatus at the telephone customer location and the selected remote terminal location--transmitting over a pair of copper wires.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein carrierless amplitude and phase modulation is used.
8. A method for upgrading a voice communications network to a hybrid fiber coax (HFC) network; said voice network comprising metallic wire pairs that conduct analog voice signals between a telephone office and a plurality of telephone customers, said HFC network comprising optical fibers that extend between the telephone office and a remote terminal, and coaxial cable that extends between the remote terminal and the telephone customers; the method including the steps of:
selecting a location that is suitable for distributing video signals over coaxial cable to a predetermined number of telephone customers;
installing a remote terminal at the selected location;
installing an optical cable between the telephone office and the remote terminal, said optical cable comprising a plurality of optical fibers;
installing digital loop carrier (DLC) equipment at the telephone office and at the remote terminal, said DLC equipment including multiplexers for combining a number of voice signals and digitally transmitting same over a lesser number of the optical fibers;
removing the DLC equipment at the telephone office and at the remote terminal, and replacing same with broadband access equipment for transmitting voice and video signals; and
installing coaxial cable between the remote terminal and one or more of the telephone customers for transmitting said video signals.
This invention relates to communications networks, and more particularly to a method for efficiently upgrading a telephone network from one primarily comprising low-bandwidth voice services to one primarily comprising high-bandwidth multimedia services.
The growth in optical communications is primarily attributable to the enormous bandwidth (information-carrying capacity) associated with an optical fiber. Today, many homes are connected to a telephone-service provider via copper wires for plain old telephone service (POTS), and to a video-service provider via coaxial cable for cable television (CATV). Whereas the combined bandwidth of these wires and cables is large, the bandwidth of a hair-thin optical fiber is at least an order of magnitude larger--particularly when wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is employed. Most observers believe that all homes and businesses will be equipped with optical fiber in the future, not because there is a present need for its capabilities, but because excess capacity is desirable in itself. The mere existence of such excess capacity will stimulate services and capabilities that seem unimportant today, but will be indispensable tomorrow. For service providers such as telephone companies, coping with increased competition requires the provision of timely, reliable, flexible, and evolvable information services. Of equal importance is the ability to grow the network in a cost-effective manner; otherwise, competition will drive inefficient providers from the market. Present telecommunication networks comprise a large number of narrowband (copper wire) interconnections between a telephone switching office node (also referred to as a central office) to a large number of individual customers (customers). Such interconnections deliver POTS to customers, but are incapable of delivering video services which are available from CATV providers who will soon be offering POTS.
It is widely believed that all land-line communication will be carried by optical fibers in the future. Indeed, patented technology already exists for transmitting a large number of individual channels over a single fiber using WDM--each channel operating at a different wavelength and transmitting at a rate of at least 5 Gb/s over a span of at least 360 km without signal regenerators (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,327,516). Various techniques exist for separating the individual wavelengths from each other so that only one wavelength is routed to each customer over a different optical fiber (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,306). This prevailing vision assumes that individual customers will ultimately want such capacity.
Nevertheless, it is not economical at the present time to bring fiber directly into the home because the cost is high and the bandwidth available on coaxial cable, for example, is sufficient to simultaneously deliver more than 100 television channels to each home. (Oddly, even though none may be worth watching in the first place, the ability to choose from among 200 television channels is perceived to be more valuable than the ability to choose from among 100 of them--a triumph of hope over experience.)
Systems have been proposed which extend optical fiber from a central office to an equipment enclosure where optical signals are converted to electrical signals. This is traditionally known as the feeder portion of loop plant. Apparatus within the equipment enclosure converts the optical signals into electrical signals which are routed to individual customers over a broadband link. This is traditionally referred to as the distribution portion of loop plant. However, as the fiber network extends closer to the home, the cost of optical/electrical conversion equipment increases on a per customer basis, and the customer must ultimately pay this increased cost.
What is needed is a method for economically upgrading a narrowband communication network to a broadband communication network that is capable of delivering POTS and CATV service.
The present invention is a novel method for upgrading telephone networks from narrowband (e.g., voice communication) service capability to broadband (e.g., CATV) service capability. Typical narrowband networks comprise a number of copper wire pairs that extend from a telephone office to a predetermined number of telephone customers. The broadband network of the present invention comprises optical fiber between the telephone office and a remote equipment enclosure and a broadband link, other than fiber, between the equipment enclosure and the customers. Initially, narrowband multiplexing equipment (i.e., equipment that is not capable of handling broadband services) is installed at each end of the optical fiber. At a later time, the narrowband multiplexing equipment is replaced with broadband multiplexing equipment which is capable of handling narrowband services and broadband services. Finally, the broadband link is installed between the equipment enclosure and the telephone customers.
In one illustrative embodiment of the invention, coaxial cable is used as the broadband link. In another illustrative embodiment, a wireless connection such as radio frequency transmission over free space is used as the broadband link. In yet another illustrative embodiment of the invention, the broadband link comprises high-speed modems attached to each end of a pair of copper wires. In all of the illustrative embodiments, optical fiber is used in the feeder portion of loop plant, but not in the distribution portion of loop plant.
The location of the remote equipment enclosure is selected to best serve the broadband link rather than to make efficient use of the narrowband multiplexing equipment such as AT&T's SLC® 2000 system. For example, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, specially packaged SLC 2000 modules are installed in a 60-type enclosure that was designed for hybrid fiber coax (HFC) rather than SLC equipment. Additionally, SLC 2000 equipment was designed to handle up to 2000 customers, and yet it is installed within an enclosure that is designed and located to serve 200-500 customers. This strategy only becomes cost effective when the SLC equipment is removed (and re-used at another location) and replaced by broadband access (BA) equipment. Advantageously, the same equipment enclosure, or at least the same cement pedestal on which it sits, can be used again without having to purchase rights to another location.
The present invention, as defined in the claims, can be better understood when reference is made to the following drawings. These drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a graphical illustration of the radio frequency spectrum allocation set by the Federal Communications Commission;
FIG. 2 discloses a prior art evolution of optical fiber access in loop plant;
FIG. 3 discloses the evolution of a narrowband telephone network to a broadband telephone network in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 discloses one embodiment of a broadband link in which coaxial cable is used to transmit voice and high-speed video services to a customer;
FIG. 5 discloses another embodiment of the broadband link in which wireless communications are used to transmit video services to a customer over a free space media; and
FIG. 6 discloses yet another embodiment of the broadband link in which copper wire pairs are used to transmit voice and high-speed video services to a customer.
FIG. 1 graphically illustrates the radio frequency spectrum allocation as dictated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). From FIG. 1 we can see that in order for a network to provide switched telecommunication services, CATV, and wireless services (including PCS), the transmission medium would require a broadband capability of approximately 1200 MHz. A transmission medium having the capacity necessary to provide the above services is optical fiber. And while it is speculated that at some point in the future all customers will have optical fiber run into their home or office, it is not economically prudent to deploy an all-fiber network at the present time or in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, an evolution of fiber access in loop plant has been described in the prior art--reference being specifically made to the AT&T Technical Journal, January/February 1992 at pages 31-45.
"Loop plant" generally refers to cables and apparatus that are located between a telephone switching office and a customer's premises. It is further classified as feeder and distribution plant which are series connected. Existing feeder plant primarily comprises large bundles of copper wires that emerge from the telephone switching office, while existing distribution plant primarily comprises the copper wires that connect to each customer. Over these copper wires, the telephone company is able to supply DC voltage (48 volts) for powering the customer's telephone set, and to transmit a narrowband (e.g., 300-3000 Hz) electrical signals which are suitable for voice communication. No amplifiers are needed, although load coils are frequently used on longer loops to shape the overall frequency response.
Loop plant is costly due to constant additions and rearrangements that result from rapid growth and movement of customers. A portion of the cost of this changing plant has been offset by substituting electronics for cable; and a family of digital loop carrier (DLC) systems has evolved. It is noted that DLC is the generic name associated with any system in which a plurality of narrowband analog channels are digitized and combined into a digital data signal. In 1979 AT&T introduced a DLC system known as SLC-96 which links a remote terminal to a telephone central office terminal via two or four T1 lines. A T1 line comprises two pairs of twisted copper wires--each pair transmitting binary data in one direction at 1.544 Mb/s. The 1.544 Mb/s signal comprises 24 time division multiplexed channels--each having a data rate of 64 kb/s. Accordingly, up to 96 voice channels can be carried over four T1 lines. (It is noted that a digitized voice signal typically requires 64 kb/s, unless compression and/or fewer quantizing levels are used.)
However, the provisioning of SLC 96 carrier systems with T1 lines became difficult when the growth rate of customers on a particular route became too large. The difficulties arose from the congestion of manholes that had to house the repeaters, insufficient wire pairs to support the required number of T1 lines, and interference between T1 lines sharing the same cable. Such problems could have been alleviated by the addition of new cables and/or manholes, but it now becomes economically advantageous to install lightguide cable and utilize each lightguide to support the transmission of several SLC 96 carrier systems. It had long been recognized that the advantages of DLC systems operating on wire pairs could be enhanced by the use of lightguides in place of wire pairs. Lightwave systems provide large bandwidth, small cable size, long-range repeaterless operation, and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
FIG. 2 discloses the evolution of fiber access in the loop as envisioned in 1992. At that time, AT&T's fiber SLC carrier system had already been in operation for about ten years and optical cable 21 was used in the feeder portion, although copper wires 31 were still used in the distribution portion of loop plant. The operation of this system is described in greater detail in an article entitled "The Fiber SLC Carrier System" which was published in the AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal Vol. 63, No. 10, December 1984 and is hereby incorporated by reference. Briefly, DLC multiplexing and demultiplexing equipment 201,202 is located at the end points of optical cable 21 which extends between central office 200 and remote terminal 210-1. At the remote terminal 210-1, optical signals received from optical cable 21 are converted to electrical signals, demultiplexed, and converted back into a plurality of narrowband analog signals for distribution via copper wire pairs 31 to conventional telephone connecting apparatus 221 at the customer's home 250. The fiber SLC carrier system uses an operating wavelength (λp) of 1.3-μm to transmit at the DS2 rate (6.312 Mb/s) or DS3 rate (44.736 Mb/s) to combine 96 customers or 672 customers respectively. Multimode fiber was used in the fiber SLC carrier system; however, significant improvements in bandwidth and signal loss are now available by operating at wavelengths in the 1.55-μm region, and using singlemode fiber.
The next stage in the evolution of fiber access in loop plant took place in 1988 when AT&T introduced its SLC Series 5 equipment to provide fiber to the home (FTTH) service. Remote terminal 210-2 houses special channel units and optical cards that allow two or four DS0 rate channels (64 kb/s) to be transmitted over a single fiber to a distant terminal 222 mounted on the side of a customer's home. At the distant terminal 222, the optical signals are converted into electrical signals and demultiplexed. Conventional copper wires are then run from the distant terminal 222 into the home. Each distant terminal 222 has the necessary power conversion equipment, ringing generator, and batteries to provide POTS to customers. However, while the FTTH configuration shown in the center of FIG. 2 is compelling because of its simplicity and maximum fiber penetration, the placement of active electronics and optics on each house cannot be justified economically. Accordingly, the need to reduce the cost of such a system has driven the local exchange carriers (LECs) to relocate the distant terminal to curbside, where common costs can be spread among several customers. This configuration is known as fiber to the curb (FTTC) and is shown at the bottom of FIG. 2. Here, copper wire pairs 31 are run for distances up to 1300 feet from the distant terminal 223 to conventional telephone connecting apparatus 221 at each customer's home 250.
The present invention recognizes a number of factors that, together, suggest that a slightly different evolution in loop plant is possible.
Optical fiber is the preferred transmission medium in the feeder portion of loop plant, and DLC systems are already available for installation.
A majority of households already have coaxial cable running down their street, if not all the way to the house, and coaxial cable is capable of handling the communication and entertainment needs of most non-business customers into the foreseeable future.
Improvements in the delivery of information over copper wires are inevitable, and such improvements may well outpace the need for greater bandwidth to the home. For example, data compression algorithms can reduce a volume of data by more than an order of magnitude by eliminating redundant information.
The introduction of optical fiber into the distribution portion of loop plant represents a substantial capital investment whose return is not likely to be realized in the foreseeable future.
With these thoughts in mind, an evolution is contemplated from a narrowband network, comprising copper wire-pairs, into a broadband network utilizing optical fiber in the feeder plant and a non-fiber broadband link in the distribution plant. FIG. 3 discloses various stages in this evolution.
FIG. 3 discloses three selected stages in a method for upgrading a communications network from narrowband to broadband capability in accordance with the present invention. As discussed above, the broadband communications network comprises fiber in the feeder portion of loop plant, but a non-fiber broadband link in the distribution portion of loop plant. The narrowband communications network is shown at the top of FIG. 3 interconnecting a telephone central office 300-1 to terminal equipment 252 at customer locations 250 via conventional loop plant. Loop plant comprises a series of local loop segments extending from within central office 300-1, through various cross-connection elements, to endpoints connected to various customer premises locations. In strictly wire-pair-based arrangements (i.e., twisted pairs of insulated copper wire), these cross-connection elements typically include a main distributing frame 301 within the central office; one or more feeder/distribution interfaces (FDIs) 302, typically housed in grade-level pedestal cabinets, in huts, or in subterranean vaults; and a serving terminal (ST) 303 which is typically housed in an enclosure that is mounted on a utility pole, or on a building, or within a building. The local loop segments extending between a pair of FDIs are called distribution pairs. And the segment extending from the ST 303 to the customer premises 250 is called the drop pair, or drop.
During the first step of the evolution, a location is selected that is suitable for distributing high-frequency signals such as CATV over a non-fiber broadband link to a predetermined number of telephone customers. At this location, an equipment enclosure, hereinafter referred to as remote terminal (RT) 310, is installed. An appropriate location might be at one of the FDIs. Thereafter, optical cable 21 is installed between central office 300-2 and RT 310 for the purpose of delivering new voice services and changes to customer locations 250. At the option of the local telephone company, a portion (e.g. 85%) of the existing copper wire pairs 31 can be "dedicated" to certain customers and never rearranged in the future. Advantageously, this eliminates a principal source of expense in the labor cost associated with need to dispatch a craftsperson into the field to manually make cross-connections in the FDIs and STs. A major portion of this expense arises out of the fact that every new line or maintenance change in loop plant requires, on average, three rearrangements; and that for every three changes, an error is made--either in the rearrangement itself or in one or more administrative database entries that need to be made as a result of the changes--engendering yet additional expense in order to correct the errors. DLC equipment 201,202 is connected to each end of the optical cable 21 that converts a plurality of narrowband (i.e., 300-3000 Hz) analog signals to digital format, multiplexes the digital signals into a serial data bit stream, and transmits them over the optical cable. Suitable DLC equipment comprises SLC 2000 carrier system modules that have been packaged to fit into a 60-type enclosure--these products being commercially available from AT&T. Such packaging can be accomplished by electrical engineers having ordinary skill in the design of such equipment.
During the second step of the evolution shown at the bottom of FIG. 3, the SLC 2000 modules 201 at central office 300-3 and RT 320 is removed and replaced by broadband access (BA) equipment 203, which is capable of handling broadband signals such as CATV and narrowband signals such as voice. Advantageously, the SLC 2000 modules can be re-used at another location.
Broadband link 330 is capable of providing both narrowband service (e.g., to telephone 252) and broadband service (e.g., to television 253). In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the broadband link comprises coaxial cable; although other non-fiber broadband links are possible as discussed below. An example of apparatus that is suitable for replacing the SLC 2000 modules is AT&T's HFC-2000™ Broadband Access System which is a hybrid fiber coax system wherein optical cable is used in the feeder portion of loop plant and coaxial cable is used in the distribution portion.
Remote Terminal
Optical cable 21 terminates at an equipment enclosure which is interchangeably referred to as remote terminal (RT) 310, and which is preferably located to serve about 200-500 customers. This is a large enough customer base to effectively share the costs associated with optical/electrical conversion, multiplexing, and power; yet small enough to minimize the problems of distributing electrical signals to customers. Moreover, it is desirable to eliminate all active electrical devices (e.g., amplifiers) in the loop plant since power loss and electrical surges can disrupt service for substantial time periods, and often require the dispatch of a maintenance crew. It is also desirable to avoid the need for customer-provided electrical power in the delivery of communication services. RT 310 houses optical equipment, electrically-powered apparatus, and power equipment in a cabinet such as the 60D Power/Video Node cabinet, which is commercially available from AT&T. The optical equipment functions to convert information from an optical format to an electrical one in the downstream direction (i.e., toward the customer), and performs the opposite translation in the upstream direction. Electrically-powered apparatus includes amplifiers, lasers, multiplexers and demultiplexers. Power equipment includes backup batteries, apparatus that converts AC power, received from the local public utility or a local generator (fueled by natural gas or propane), to DC power for charging the backup batteries and powering all electronic apparatus between RT 310 and customer premises 250.
The optimum location of the SLC 2000 carrier system has been discussed above and found to be in the range of 500-2000 customers based on cost and reliability criteria. The contemplated upgrade, however, goes beyond the SLC 2000 system and seeks a more optimum design for a broadband link which does not include optical fiber. What this leads to, however, is the construction of a system that is deliberately designed to be sub-optimum owing to the expectation that it will evolve to include a non-fiber broadband link. Examples of suitable broadband links for use between the equipment enclosure and the customer include coaxial cable, wireless transmission over the air, and copper wire pairs equipped with high-speed modems at each end. Each of these broadband links is a cost-effective alternative to optical fiber since they avoid the need for optical/electrical and electrical/optical conversion circuitry at each customer location 250. Moreover, because the optimum broadband link may change with time as new technologies emerge, the remote terminal should be located, in the first instance, to efficiently accommodate any of the above-mentioned broadband links.
Coaxial Cable
The ultimate state of the contemplated broadband communications network preferably comprises coaxial cable in the broadband link and thus is an HFC network. In the illustrative embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 4, AT&T's HFC-2000 Broadband Access System is shown. At central office 300-3, BA equipment 203 receives broadband signals from various sources, converts them to optical signals, and transmits them to RT 320 over optical cable 21. These are downstream signals. RT 320 converts these downstream signals to electrical radio frequency (RF) signals and places them onto the four coaxial cables 34 for reception by the customers. Each coaxial cable 34 handles 120 customers and carries DC power for amplifiers 35 in the broadband link 330-1. A coaxial cable run may include one or more amplifiers 35, splitters 36, and taps 37 before reaching customer premises 250. At customer premises 250, interface control box 241 is used to pass video and other broadband service signals from the coaxial cable 34 to the premises (e.g., to television 253), and to pass control signals from the premises to the coaxial cable. Although not shown in FIG. 4, copper wires between RT 320 and customer premises 250 may continue to serve telephone set 252.
Upstream RF signals can originate at the customer location 250 or at active components of the distribution system. BA 204 converts these signals and others originating at RT 320 to lightwave signals and transmits them to BA 203 at the central office 300-3 via optical cable 21.
A general discussion of hybrid fiber coax networks was presented at Session 9 of the 10th Annual National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, Jun. 12-16, 1994 San Diego, Calif.; published in Vol. 2, of the Proceedings at pages 289-340, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Another contemplated broadband link 330-2 is shown in FIG. 5 wherein wireless services are provided to customer premises 250 within microcells 50 which surround different RT locations 320-2. In this embodiment, the remote terminal locations are selected to optimize the wireless coverage of a serving area. Generally, microcells are laid out to blanket the particular serving area with predetermined overlap. Assuming that low capital cost and interference-free performance is desired, a number of factors need to be considered when selecting locations for the various RT 320 locations including the available frequencies, the allowable interference between microcells, and the allowable transmission power levels. As shown in FIG. 5, optical cable 21 and copper wire-pairs 31 interconnect central office 300-3 with remote terminal 320. BA equipment 203 at the central office 300-3 carries, at least, video communication services to BA equipment 204 at the remote terminal 320. This equipment is substantially the same as was disclosed in connection with FIG. 4. However, RT 320 now includes apparatus for broadcasting video communication services to each subscriber. Although not required in the practice of the invention, antenna 325 at each RT 320 has an omnidirectional pattern so that circular microcells 50 are made. At customer premises 250, antenna 255 has a directional pattern, which is aimed at antenna 325 (at its associated RT 320) in order to minimize interference from adjacent microcells, to more efficiently transmit upstream control signals, and to more efficiently receive downstream signals.
At customer premises 250, interface control box 251 is used to pass video and other broadband service signals from the antenna 255 to the premises (e.g., to television 253), and to pass control signals from the premises to the antenna. Although not shown in FIG. 5, copper wires between RT 320 and customer premises 250 may continue to serve telephone set 252.
Carrierless Amplitude and Phase Modulation
Yet another contemplated broadband link 330-3 is shown in FIG. 6 wherein high-speed data transmission carries video communication service over twisted copper wire-pairs 31. Modems 261 (modulator/demodulator) using a carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation algorithm are used to transmit signals at speeds up to 6.3 Mb/s, compared to 28.8 kb/s of regular modems. With it, copper wire can carry broadband video, data, and voice services at speeds that previously required optical fiber or coaxial cable. Voice signals are transmitted without modulation and occupy the frequency band from 300-3000 Hz. CAP technology uses the frequencies above that for data. A passive filter prevents data from interfering with the voice signals so that power is not needed to separate the two. Accordingly, if there is a power failure, voice service is retained. At 6.3 Mb/s, service can be provided over a distance of 12 kilofeet. Higher speeds are achievable at shorter distances. It is noted that acceptable quality television signals can be transmitted digitally at 6.3 Mb/s with known video compression algorithms. Devices using the CAP modulation algorithm are available from AT&T and are referred to as its GlobeSpan™ transmission technology; and an overview of CAP can be found in IEEE MultiMedia, Local Distribution for IMTV, Fall 1995, pp. 14-23.
CAP is a bandwidth-efficient two-dimensional passband transmission scheme, which is closely related to the more familiar quadrature amplitude modulation transmission scheme. Briefly, a bit stream to be transmitted is first scrambled and then fed to an encoder which maps blocks of m bits into one of k=2m different complex symbols An =an +jbn. The two-dimensional display of the discrete values assumed by the symbols an and bn are fed into digital shaping filters. The outputs of the filters are subtracted and the result is passed through a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter, which is followed by an interpolating low-pass filter. The digital shaping filters and the D/A operate at a sampling rate 1/T'=i/T, where i is a suitably chosen integer and 1/T is the symbol rate.
At customer premises 250, modem 261 is used to pass video and other broadband service signals from the copper wire-pairs to the premises (e.g., to television 253), and to pass control signals from the premises to the copper wire-pairs. A simple low-pass filter, which may be incorporated into the design of modem 261, is used to separate audio communication from video communication. The structure of a digital CAP receiver consists of an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter followed by a parallel arrangement of two adaptive digital filters. The A/D and the digital filters operate at the sampling rate 1/T'=i/T, which is typically the same as the sampling rate used at the transmitter. The parallel arrangement of adaptive filters is called a T/i fractionally spaced linear equalizer (FSLE). The two outputs of the FSLE are sampled at the symbol rate 1/T and the results are fed to a decision device followed by a decoder, which maps the symbols into bits.
More complete detail on the design of CAP transmitters and receivers can be found in AT&T/Bellcore contribution T1E 1.4/92-149, Design of digital carrierless AM/PM transceivers, Aug. 19, 1992, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many modifications and variations may be made to the present invention as described above. The disclosure and description are intended to illustrative and not in any sense limiting to the present invention, which is more particularly defined in scope by the following claims.
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Scavenger hunt held during orientation for BYAC members
Kaija Roy, left, works with Lilly Heltzer during a scavenger hunt at a day-long orientation session for members of the 2010-11 Bemidji Youth Advisory Commission. Roy and Heltzer, who are both juniors at TrekNorth Junior & Senior High School, had to photograph Bucky the Beaver on a non-motorized vehicle, so they set him on a canoe.
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CBI to submit investigative report on March 16
The Ministry of Environment and Forests is considering giving a fresh hearing to the controversial Adarsh Co-operative Housing Society regarding the demolition order issued against it this January, Additional Solicitor-General Darius Khambatta said in the Bombay High Court on Tuesday.
He said the ministry would file an affidavit two weeks after the hearing. The court would hear the matter on March 25.
Hearing adjourned
Meanwhile, the Division Bench of Justices Ranjana Desai and Rajesh Ketkar adjourned the hearing of another Adarsh-related matter, in which the society had appealed that its bank accounts be de-freezed. It will now be heard on March 16.
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) may also submit its progress report on the investigation of the society to the court on March 16.
A slew of petitions relating to the society have been filed in the Bombay High Court, a few of which the court has clubbed. The society members have filed a petition challenging the demolition order and the stoppage of water and electricity supply to the society.
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The court has handed the case over to the CBI, acceding to the petitions filed requesting so.
The Crime Branch was previously investigating how certain important pages from the Adarsh files had gone missing from the Urban Development Department office here.
Keywords: Adarsh Housing scam, Environment Ministry, High Court, Demolition


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Robin, a Food for the Hungry (FH) child sponsor, recently traveled to Uganda to meet Abraham. He was the little boy who was her sponsored child and who had written to her for the past year. She'd been writing him, too. They were finally going to meet. She described their introduction like this: "I… was […]
What does "back to school" look like in Burundi?
It's that time of year again! The ads on television announce blue light specials for notebooks, pens and backpacks. Kids rouse from their late summer slumber to the terrifying prospect of book reports not yet started and essays not yet conceived. Moms and dads rush around in double time picking up last minute items that will […]
Children: Give them freedom from poverty
America is celebrating the Fourth of July to remember the gift of freedom. I find myself thinking of ways to celebrate the freedoms I enjoy. And not just freedoms of speech or religion, but a life of without the oppression of poverty. A great way to celebrate our freedom is to teach our children about […]
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commercial property for rent or lease in Strongstown (PA), Industrial Space For Lease.
Strongstown commercial real estate for lease, rent, and leased investments.
Find Strongstown industrial buildings for lease, retail rentals, & Strongstown shops. Locate a Strongstown warehouse lease and any real estate for lease / investment, including industrial properties to rent and sale.
Securing the perfect Strongstown commercial unit is obviously the goal, but sometimes thats not always feasible due to time and other restraints. Expectations are often reset after discovering that what you prefer an ideal world, just isnt attainable. While negotiating the lease document and completing your due-diligence, you will also likely organize the series of events to enable you to relocate to the new location on time. Using both your broker and attorney to help decide what is the correct dollar amount for the lease is a common approach.
commercial space listings
New Florence (Westmoreland), Jerome (Somerset), Vintondale (Cambria), South Fork, Connoquenessing (Butler), Portersville, Parker (Armstrong)
in Strongstown Pennsylvania (PA) (Indiana)


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Barcelona brings taste of Spain to Calgary dining sceneLast week I wrote about the lifespan of restaurants and mentioned the passing of Belgo, a large pub/restaurant that resided at 501 - 8 Avenue S.W. It thrived for eight years but in recent times it had lost the buzz.
Jane Seymour exhibits her fine artSpotlight Jane Seymour at ArtEvolution Gallery and Lounge Artist appearance Saturday November 15, Noon — 3 p.m. artevolution.com Crossroads Market Mall Jane Seymour didn't let the wind chill stop her Friday.
Work In Progress: Disconnect between employers and educators is real, and worse than you thinkOn Sunday, I boarded a plane in Calgary bound for a Toronto conference on the Future of Work (which sent me into fits of nerdy joy considering my research of late, but I digress…) and my seatmate, it
Top Chef Canada recap: And the winner is...Through near-eliminations and immunity saves, challenges that saw chefs cooking with bizarre ingredients and putting out fires (literally) and more gimmicks than you can shake a wooden spoon at, it has
Ruth Myles: Oh my gravy! Cowboys Jet and Cord McCoy talk elimination from The Amazing Race All-StarsThings got real for the McCoy brothers on this week's episode of The Amazing Race All-Stars. Jet and Cord McCoy were eliminated on this week's episode of TV series that sees teams race around the
Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week 2014 in New York: Brazilian Designer Ivan AguilarBrazilian designer, Ivan Aguilar - his last name sounds similar to pop singer's Christina Aguilara, but without the letter "a" at the end - made his debut at New York Fashion Week earlier this month.
Here's why wine lovers should give sherry a trySherry, the fortified wine produced in Spain's deep south, not far from Gibraltar, is building a buzz again — at least among the wine geek crowd. The wine, which is produced in many different styles,
Confederations Cup 2013 Photos - Final: Brazil vs SpainBRAZIL vs SPAIN 3-0 Final, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Brazil produced a resounding victory over world champions Spain in the Confederations Cup final in Rio Sunday.
Confederations Cup 2013 Photos - Semi finals: Spain vs ItalySPAIN VS ITALY 0-0 (Spain wins 7-6 in penalty shootout) Semi final, Fortaleza, Brazil It took penalties to decide the semi final between Spain and Italy - Spain running out winners 7-6 after a scoreless draw.
Confederations Cup 2013 Photos - Semi-finals: Brazil vs UruguayBRAZIL vs URUGUAY 2-1 Semi final, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Paulinho sent Brazil into the final of the Confederations Cup with an 86th minute header against Uruguay in the first semifinal of the competition Wednesday.


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Long Saskatoon
(125) for Long in Saskatoon
D & d TravelSK, 101A-502 Cope WayS7T 0G3 Saskatoon(306) 955-1414Open
Advantage D&D Travel Ltd. is one of the very few locally owned and operated Agencies in Saskatoon. We have been in business since 2001, and remain a strong force in the Saskatoon Business ... year, new years, easter break, christmas holiday, christmas holidays, long weekend, long weekends
Agricultural Biotechnology International Conference FoundationSK, 101 - 111 Research DriveS7N 3R2 Saskatoon(306) 975-1939
The ABIC Foundation is overseen by a board of directors with representation from several countries. It is a not-for-profit corporation based in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The ABIC Foundation was ... Family, Health, Immigrant, Legal Clinics, Long Term Complex, Care, Membership, Seniors, Training,...
Request for Quotation
Are you looking for Road Haulage & Freight Forwarding ?Use our "Request for Quotation" service to get customized offers from companies in Saskatoon, tailored for your exact needs!
Long & Mcquade Musical InstrumentsSK, 437 2Nd Avenue NorthS7K 2C1 Saskatoon(306) 664-1966
Music Arrangers & Composers, Pianos, Sound Systems & Equipment
Long & McQuade617 8Th St EastS7H 0R1 Saskatoon(306) 665-9900Open
... Guitars, musical instruments store, musical instrument rental, drums, Keyboards, audio equipment,...
Long & Mc Quade Mscl InstrmntsSK, 437 2Nd Ave NS7K 2C1 Saskatoon(306) 664-1966
... Furnishings and Equipment Stores, Home Furniture, Musical Instruments, Musical instrument stores,...
Long Shot EntertainmentSK, 1102 Wright WayS7N 4T6 Saskatoon306-270-1252
... Entertainment Organizations
De Long Ancient Mystery SchoolSK, 221 Gladmer ParkS7J 2X3 Saskatoon(306) 652-0346
... Holding Companies, Service, Family, Individual & Family Services, College, Schools, Counsellor,...
Long & McQuadeSK, 721 43Rd St ES7K 0V7 Saskatoon(306) 664-1966Open
... drums, Guitars, musical instrument rental, audio equipment, Band Instruments, Keyboards, DJ...
Eastern Transport LtdSK, 8-3027 Millar AvenueS7K 6G5 Saskatoon(306) 242-4144
... Trucking, long, haul
A-1 Building Movers LtdSK, 1432 1St Avenue NorthS7K 1Z1 Saskatoon(306) 665-7573
... Long Haul Trucking, contractors general, surveyors construction, industrial consultants,...
Aero Delivery (1982) LtdSK, 1410 Alberta AvenueS7K 1R5 Saskatoon(306) 242-6300
... Long Haul Trucking, Warehouse Cold Storage, Warehouses,...
A & L TransportSK, 507 Avenue K SS7M 2E3 Saskatoon(306) 664-3030Open
... Long Haul Trucking, Camionnage et fret, Camionnage, Trucking, Trucking & freight, Cargo Transport,...
Titan Transport LtdSaskatchewan, 2021 Dudley StreetS7M 1K9 Saskatoon(306) 374-1739Open
... Camionnage et fret, oil, trucking, Long Haul Trucking, Service, Camionnage
Tri-Star Transport LtdSK, 2420 11Th Street WestS7M 1J6 Saskatoon(306) 242-1618
... Transport Service, Long Haul Trucking, Trucking
Hudson Bay Transport Co LtdSK, 2405B Wheaton AvenueS7L 5Y3 Saskatoon(306) 244-2282
... Trucking, Long Haul Trucking
Jose Bairos Trucking IncSK, 254 Hunt RdS7L 7H6 Saskatoon(306) 651-6999
... Transportation, Transportation, Electric, Long Haul Trucking, Cargo Transport, Communications
Kavanagh TruckingSK, 128 E Avenue SouthS7M 1R6 Saskatoon(306) 664-3617
... Long Haul Trucking
Malamute Express LtdSK, 1925 Alberta AvenueS7K 1S1 Saskatoon(306) 652-7636
... Trucking, Long Haul Trucking
Yanke Group Of CompaniesSK, 2815 Lorne AvenueS7J 0S5 Saskatoon(306) 955-4221
... haul, Transport Service, Trucking, Long Haul Trucking, long
FedEx Ship CentreSaskatchewan, 3703 Millar AveS7P 0B3 Saskatoon
Drop off shipments and purchase FedEx services. Whether you're shipping within Canada, to the U.S., or around the world, FedEx has the right shipping service for you. ... long distance shipping, express shipping, courier...
Jubilee Residences Inc.SK, 833 Avenue P NS7L 2W5 Saskatoon306-282-2626
Arrow ReloadSK, 409 Packham PlS7N 2T7 Saskatoon(306) 931-4970Open
..., Transportation, Trucking & freight, Transport, Camionnage et fret, Trucking, Long Haul Trucking
Blanchard Transport LtdSK, 2335 Schuyler StreetS7M 5V1 Saskatoon(306) 242-3884
... Long Haul Trucking
Directwest Carriers IncorporatedSK, 808 46Th Street EastS7K 3V7 Saskatoon(306) 934-2700
... haul, long, Trucking, Long Haul Trucking
D Rak Enterprises IncorporatedSK, 510 45Th Street EastS7K 0W2 Saskatoon(306) 934-4448
... Long Haul Trucking, Trucking, long, haul
Henrys TransportSK, 8-3027 Millar AvenueS7K 6G5 Saskatoon(306) 934-7087Open
... Trucking, Long Haul Trucking
Kelsey-Trail Trucking LtdSK, 115-71St St WS7K 6N3 Saskatoon(306) 665-7055
... Long Haul Trucking
Liason Freight Services LtdSK, 809 46Th St ES7K 0X1 Saskatoon
... Long Haul Trucking, Motor Freight Transportation, Electric, Communications, Traffic, Trucking,...
Edwards Transport LtdSK, 1802 Saskatchewan AveS7K 1P9 Saskatoon(306) 522-3444
..., Gas, Motor Freight Transportation, Electric, Long Haul Trucking, Transportation, Communications
Gardewine North TransportSK, 1415 Ontario AvenueS7K 1S4 Saskatoon(306) 931-4551Open
... Camionnage et fret, Trucking, Camionnage, Long Haul Trucking
Sunnyside Adventist Care CtreSK, 2200 St. Henry AveS7M 0P5 Saskatoon(306) 653-1267
Bridge Carriers IncorporatedSK, 8-1540 Alberta AvenueS7K 7C9 Saskatoon(306) 651-3099Open
... Camionnage et fret, Trucking, haul, Transport Service, Camionnage, long, Transport
Elmwood Residence Inc.SK, 2012 Arlington Ave.S7J 2H5 Saskatoon306-374-5151
... MENTALLY HANDICAPPED, LONG TERM CARE FACILITIES, Residential Care, LONG TERM CARE, HEALTH SERVICES
Risdale Transport LtdSK, 2314 Northridge DrS7L 1B9 Saskatoon(306) 668-9236
... Long Haul Trucking, Cargo Transport, Motor Freight Transportation, Electric, Gas, Communications,...
S W C Building Movers LtdSK, Confederation Park Po Box 20056 Rpo Confedration PkS7L 7K9 Saskatoon(306) 382-0117
... consultants, home inspection service, Long Haul Trucking, engineers consulting, raising...
Affordable Hearing SolutionsSK, 108-2750 Faithfull AvenueS7K 6M6 Saskatoon(306) 931-3707
Supplier of affordable security systems, alarms, video surveillance, CCTV, amplified phones to homeowners, business, seniors, deaf, hard hearing. ... long range transmitter & receiver, taxi cab security, deaf, security, digital video recorder, cam,...
Epp S Trucking IncSK, 3250 Idylwyld Dr N #3S7L 5Y7 Saskatoon(306) 664-3777
... Long Haul Trucking, Electric, Gas, Motor Freight Transportation, Transportation,...
Epps Trucking IncorporatedSK, 100-2420 11Th Street WestS7M 1J6 Saskatoon(306) 242-3777
... Elevator, grain hauling, hay, hauling, Grain Elevators, Long Haul Trucking
Allan Cey-Mobile Home Moving IncorporatedSK, 218 Heise CrescentS7M 4Y8 Saskatoon(306) 683-6402
... home transporting, Home Transporting, Homes, Long Haul Trucking, manufactured home transporting
Allan Transport (1980) LtdSK, 1030 Boychuk DriveS7H 4Z2 Saskatoon(306) 955-1944
... Camionnage et fret, Express, long, Trucking, haul, Camionnage, Cartage, Long Haul Trucking
Earl Beebe Trucking LtdSK, 3030 Cleveland AvenueS7K 8B5 Saskatoon(306) 956-1755
... haul, Camionnage et fret, long, Transport, Camionnage, Long Haul Trucking
Sparrow Transport LtdSK, 436 1St Street EastS7H 1S4 Saskatoon(306) 244-2350
... mailing, Long Haul Trucking, Pilot Car Service, Trucking
Trimac Transportation SystemSK, 2945 Millar AvenueS7K 6P6 Saskatoon(306) 242-8880
The Trimac Group of companies are in the business of providing truck transportation as well as related distribution and management services throughout North America. ..., transport logistics, owner operator, Truck Repairing, Long Haul Trucking, tank cleaning, job
Vitran DistributionSK, 202 Portage AveS7J 4C6 Saskatoon(306) 934-0771
... Long Haul Trucking, Cargo Transport, Motor Freight Transportation, Electric, Transportation,...
Wts DistributionSK, 304 Edson StS7J 0P9 Saskatoon(306) 978-7390
... Long Haul Trucking, Gas, Communications, Motor Freight Transportation, Transportation, Cargo...
Rosthern Valley TransferSK, 2314 Northridge DriveS7L 1B9 Saskatoon(306) 242-8734
... Trucking, Long Haul Trucking
Rsb Logistic IncorporatedSK, 219 Cardinal CrescentS7L 7K8 Saskatoon(306) 242-8300Open
Compass Logistics International is an internationally oriented corporate group with head offices in Bremen and Dubai. Compass Logistics International implements... Long Haul Trucking, long, Trucking, Camionnage et fret, Transport Service, Transport, haul,...
R-C-l Holdings LtdSK, 1708 Saskatchewan AvenueS7K 1P8 Saskatoon(306) 343-9077
... haul, Trucking, Long Haul Trucking, long
Ray S Transport LtdSK, 805 48Th St ES7K 0X5 Saskatoon(306) 933-2424
... Transport, Camionnage, Electric, Transportation, Motor Freight Transportation, Long Haul Trucking
Northern Resource Trucking Ltd PartnershipSK, 2945 Millar AvenueS7K 6P6 Saskatoon(306) 933-3010Open
... Transport, Camionnage et fret, Long Haul Trucking, Camionnage
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Teammate Emil Assentato less fortunate after crashing the sister car No. 69 AIM/FXDD Ferrari in practice.
APR Motorsport will for the first time this season run two cars in the GT class at Watkins Glen.
Segal and the AIM Autosport team have won three times this year, and have led the points for the last four events.
Segal and AIM Autosport increase GT points lead.
A sudden downpour at Road America led race officials to cancel Friday's qualifying session and set the field for Saturday's race by team points.


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Under $30
Browse this list of boy's costumes under $30 for a great outfit that will help you stay within budget. There's no reason to settle when we have so many high quality costumes at low affordable prices. There's something in this section for every age boy, no matter what his interests are. If your boy is into movies or TV then he'll have no trouble finding his favorite characters in here. There are costumes for Transformers and Power Rangers, Teen Titans and Ben 10. He can be SpongeBob or Shaggy, Indiana Jones or Gandalf.
Zombie Punk Rocker Boys' Costume
Silver Skull Lord Ninja Boys' Costume
Rotten to the Core Boy's Zombie Costume
Skylanders Spyro Deluxe Child Costume
Child's Leader Rex Clone Trooper Costume
I'm Invisible Boys' Black Skin Suit
Child's Darth Maul Classic Costume
Deluxe Amazing Spider-Man 2 Muscle Chest Kids Costume
Deluxe Boy's Jack Sparrow Costume
Toddlers Stealth Ninja Costume
Classic G.I. Joe Snake Eyes Costume for Boys
Children's Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Costume
Teen's Metal Biker Skull Costume
Classic Thor Boys' Avengers Muscle Costume
Boy's Iron Man Mark 42 Classic Muscle Costume
Boy's The Hobbit Gandalf Costume
Child's Batman Dark Knight Costume
Big Top Terror Boy's Clown Costume
Boys who love horror have lots of choices too. He can be a ghost or a zombie, a reaper, or one of our freakiest costumes ever, a decapitated boy who carries his own head. All of these costumes are cheap enough that they won't break your budget, but are high quality and built to last. There are great under $30 costumes for young boys, too. If yours loves Jake and the Never Land Pirates, Thomas the Tank Engine, or Mario Bros. then you'll have no problem getting him an inexpensive outfit. If you'd rather he use his own imagination instead of emulating a TV show, get him a firefighter or police officer costume. He can even be a dragon or a Christmas elf.


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(Item #1539200)
Navy & White Stripes
Adore stripes? You can't go wrong with the Tiffany Colorblock Stripes Maternity Dress. Its navy and white stripes make this nautical inspired maxi maternity dress ideal for summer! Solid navy bodice with navy and white chevron striped skirt. Ideal for maternity and nursing with its bra friendly and nursing friendly design. (Chevron stripes on skirt do not match up exactly.)
"I'm very pleased with my purchases on Figure 8. I love the free shipping and how quickly I receive my orders. The quality of the merchandise is wonderful. I recommend this site to any new or to-be mom."
Sarah in Tallahassee, FL
Copyright © 2015 Figure 8 Maternity. All Rights Reserved.


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Egypt: Pro-Morsi supporters plan nationwide protests
Egypt: Pro-Morsi supporters plan nationwide protests
Sin City Saints Episode 1: The Fool Monty
Unlock your personal NFL Now stream by signing in to NFL.com
Must Watch
In Egypt, supporters of former President Mohammed Morsi plan nationwide protests, as the president is under arrest in an undisclosed location, and other leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood are being rounded up. For now, military leaders say they will allow demonstrations. Clarissa Ward reports on the situation from Cairo's Tahrir Square.
When a bone-headed incident threatens to ruin the Saints' season, owner Jake Tullis and his staff jump into crisis mode. The league sends a gorgeous, no-nonsense lawyer, Dusty Halford, to oversee a disgruntled Jake.
An old issue rears its ugly head for Jake. As Dusty plots his demise, she has a Vegas fling to get over her ex. Byron and Sam attempt to convince a player to come out of retirement to play for the Saints.
The group has to go on the offensive against a claim that Greendale graduated a dog; Abed creates an attack ad discounting the dog; Britta, after pooping her pants, connects with Elroy over the band "Natalie is Freezing;" Chang shoots a single person porn.
Yahoo Sports' Marc J. Spears reports on LaDarius Pope, the rookie sensation from Sin City that is lighting up the association and preparing to start in his first All-Star game
When out for dinner and drinks, people may not be paying attention to calorie counts in drinks. But perhaps they should be, MarketWatch's Charles Passy says. Photo: Red Lobster
Sin City Saints Episode 1: The Fool Monty
Sin City Saints Episode 2: Smoke and Mirrors
Community Episode 3: Basic Crisis Room Decorum
Meet the star point guard of the Sin City Saints
A 900 Calorie Cocktail? What's in Your Drink?
Roast of Justin Bieber - Shaquille O'Neal - Straighten Up
Sin City Saints Episode 1: The Fool Monty
Sin City Saints Episode 2: Smoke and Mirrors
Sin City Saints Episode 3: Gone Catfishing
Sin City Saints Episode 4: Mrs. Wu's Tang
Sin City Saints Episode 5: A Basket Full of Rainbows
Sin City Saints Episode 6: You Booze, You Lose
Tedeschi Trucks Band LIVE Concert
Andy Grammer LIVE Concert
Fifth Harmony - Worth It - Live from Wilbur Theatre #YahooLive
Ricky Martin - Livin La Vida Loca - Live from Gramercy #YahooLive
Flogging Molly - Drunken Lullabies - Live from Hollywood Palladium #YahooLive
Black Joe Lewis - Skulldiggin - Live from Brazos Hall #YahooLive


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Hi, I'm 30 years old and living in Sweden. In June 3, I will be coming to Finland and Helsinki for the first time, but I do not know anyone there and therefore I wonder if you would like to show me Helsinki.
I have to admit that I have been in Helsinki quite often in March and there is always much to do and it really depends... more
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Reader's view: Story on cancer survivor was inspiring
I found the March 14 story about Jessica Mendez Jeffers, headlined, "Repeat cancer survivor knows value of support," to be inspiring and informative.
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On-Page SEO Expert
Closed - This job posting has been filled and work has been completed.
Job Description
On-Page SEO Expert to go through my clients sites and make recommendations, estimate of hours to change and then make changes for each website.
Skills: on-page
Other open jobs by this client
- Hourly – Fix wordpress update issues


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"It's become an Easter dinner tradition! The bread has just the right amount of sweetness and it looks wonderful with the dyed eggs." – Carole
"My grandmother has been the paska maker in our family, but now it is my turn. I am so grateful for this recipe! My very first paska turned out beautifully." – Shelly
"Light and fluffy, wonderful flavor! Took me back to my childhood in upstate New York, where everybody has hot cross buns for Easter. I got 18 good-size rolls." – DebinNM
"I made this for my son's preschool Easter party. The kids loved it!" – Laurie
"A rich, eggy dough is twisted into pretty flowers, then filled with jam or lemon curd in this decadent Easter bread." – Sarah-May
Recipe of the Day
Easter Bread Ring
A braided ring of bread with colored eggs baked inside.
Similar Recipes | More Daily Recipes
See how to make traditional braided Easter bread with a simple glaze.
Staff Picks
Hot Cross Buns I
Romano Cheese Easter Bread
Choereg (Armenian Easter Bread)
Italian Easter Bread (Anise Flavored)
Cheese Babka
Paska Bread
Easter Bird's Nest Bread
Easter Bread
Sweet Dinner Rolls
Ninety Minute Cinnamon Rolls
Cinnamon Rolls III
Strawberry Muffins
Streusel Topped Blueberry Muffins
Lemon Blueberry Bread
Cinnamon Rolls II
Easy Cream Cheese Danish
Lemon Zucchini Bread
Overnight Cinnamon Rolls I
Bread Machine Challah I
Cinnamon Rolls I
Jiffy Cinnamon Rolls
Rhubarb Bread I
Buttermilk Cinnamon Rolls
Banana Coconut Loaf
Miss Betty's Super Quick Dinner Rolls
Braided Easter Egg Bread
Bunnies, nests, lambs, and more!
These potato dishes are an Easter ham's best friend.
Made with wheat berries and ricotta, this pie is a Neapolitan specialty.
See how to make beautiful brightly colored Easter eggs.
See how to make simple corn bread with a touch of sweetness.


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Posts from Uncooked
Side Dish Recipe For Chili: Apple Cabbage Salad with Cider Vinaigrette
Pick a Side! From Tara Mataraza Desmond
When the dimmer seasons turn you inward toward big pots of braising things or simmering batches of slow-cooker meals, match those recipes with a sturdy side dish that won't cower behind their homey hardiness. Chili, for example, with its robust kick and bulky beany, meaty sauciness would use a "mixed greens salad" as a footrest, stomping out the side's subtlety. This apple cabbage mélange is made for fall comfort classics, but it's as vibrant and fresh as any summer predecessors.
Raw Recipe: Tahini-Date Salted Caramels
Recipes from The Kitchn
I considered waiting until the holidays to share these salted tahini date caramels with you, but they are so swoon-worthy that I just had to post the recipe right now. Plus, if you can get your hands on caramel-like Barhi dates, which won't be in season for long, they will make these confections all the more special. I like to think of them as the heavenly offspring of caramels and halva, without the need for stirring a pot of bubbling hot sugar; in fact, they don't even contain any refined sugar, or flour, or dairy.
Gluten-Free Dessert Recipe: No-Bake Sesame Coconut Ginger Cookies
Recipes from The Kitchn
3-Ingredient Dessert: Cheater Banana Pudding
Classic banana pudding is comfort by the spoonful, but Nilla wafers and boxed pudding mix aren't exactly foods you want to eat every day. That's why I love this "cheater" banana pudding from Melissa of The Faux Martha, which is made with three simple ingredients and takes just five minutes to assemble.
Easy Lunch Recipe: Roasted Red Pepper, Chicken & Mozzarella Sandwich
Recipes from The Kitchn
I'll be the first to admit that my daily "lunch" usually consists of a wedge of gouda and a handful of (oftentimes stale) crackers. Other days it includes a few slices of pie. But every now and then when I want to feel like an actual grownup, I make a gussied-up sandwich that I may even sit down to eat.
Essential Recipe: The Perfect Tuna Salad
Recipes from The Kitchn
No matter how creative or spontaneous or inventive I aim to be with my weekday lunches, at some point I always end up craving just simple a tuna salad sandwich. It's lunchtime comfort food. Has it been a while since you last had tuna salad? Here's my favorite, most basic recipe. I think it's just about perfect.
Recipe: Italian Chopped Salad with Creamy Garlic Vinaigrette
Recipes from The Kitchn
Have you ever spent months, years even, trying to replicate a recipe from a favorite restaurant? I've been trying to perfect this chopped salad since the day I first tasted it at my beloved red-sauce Italian joint in L.A., and I'm proud to say I think I finally nailed it. (Sans the red checkered tablecloths.)
Recipe: BBQ Chicken Cobb Salad
Recipes from The Kitchn
Cobb salads are a weekly occurrence at my house. They are filling, fast, and can be modified to suit any preferences, plus they are a great way to use up leftovers. This version is loaded with zesty barbecue chicken, black beans, and cheddar jack cheese for a Southwestern spin on the American classic.
Recipe: Gooey, Crunchy, Chocolate-Filled S'mores Pie
Recipes from The Kitchn
Fall is my favorite season for spending time in the great outdoors, because it means steaming hot cocoa and hearty chili cooked over an open flame. But if you don't have a campfire nearby, this s'mores pie is the next best thing. A graham cracker crust holds sweet chocolate custard and light-as-air marshmallow cream. After a quick toast with a kitchen torch, you may never bother with original s'mores again!
End of Summer Recipe: Tomato Salsa Salad
Recipes from The Kitchn
How many ways can you make a tomato salad? Last weekend I loaded up on gorgeously ugly and misshapen but absolutely succulent heirloom tomatoes and started the challenge. There was a messy caprese salad with chopped tomatoes, basil, and mozzarella with a little olive oil and balsamic. There was an even more simple affair with delicate multi-colored tomato slices with really good salt and pepper and a touch of oil. And of course there was a panzanella: hunks of crusty bread and tomato with cucumber and capers and all the rest.
Can you really stretch beyond those three tomato salads?


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Backmarch House
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text: eCommons Community: Materials related to the study of food, fiber and fuel systems at Cornell, and application to larger questions around sustainability . http://hdl.handle.net/1813/14201 Materials related to the study of food, fiber and fuel systems at Cornell, and application to larger questions around sustainability . 2015-03-29T22:28:29Z Developing a Vibrant Local Food Economy in New York Communities http://hdl.handle.net/1813/14227 Title: Developing a Vibrant Local Food Economy in New York Communities Authors: Kroeger, Ruth; Zeltser, Yelena Abstract: A well connected local food system creates new jobs in the agricultural and processing sectors, increases tax revenue and contributes to vibrant local economies in New York State. The lack of appropriately scaled local processing and distribution infrastructure, however, creates challenges for small and medium-scale producers. Local governments have an important role to play in bringing together actors from across the food sector to develop innovative solutions to this problem. Through a series of case studies, we show how local governments can build a strong local food economy by promoting local and regional products, coordinating existing resources and assisting with development of business infrastructure for local producers. Description: working paper 2009-12-24T22:40:15Z The Private State Of Agribusiness: Brazilian Soy On The Frontier Of A New Food Regime http://hdl.handle.net/1813/14031 Title: The Private State Of Agribusiness: Brazilian Soy On The Frontier Of A New Food Regime Authors: Peine, Emelie Abstract: This dissertation investigates the construction of the soybean industry in Mato Grosso, Brazil, and the relations between farmers, agribusiness, and the state that have given rise to a model of agricultural production that is suggestive of a new, third food regime. Soybean cultivation began in earnest in Mato Grosso in the 1980, but it was not until the mid-1990s that the state became a significant competitor with the US for soybean export markets. This dissertation argues that the soybean industry in Mato Grosso is structured by a "private international soy regime" consisting of government, corporate, and farmer interests that work to integrate production into global markets, albeit through a contested and contradictory process. The concept of 'food regimes' helps to clarify those contradictions as well as they ways in which this mode of production differs from earlier historical periods. Chapter 2 explores the place of Brazil and Mato Grosso in the global soybean commodity system both historically and analytically. This chapter located Brazil within a chronology of food regime development and decline and argues that the emergence of the Mato Grosso soy sector signals a departure from previous modes of political-economic organization of production. This chapter uses the concept of the "corporate food regime" to highlight the contradictions inherent in this historical moment. Chapter 3 looks in detail at the experience of the food regime on the ground in Mato Grosso through qualitative research with farmers, agribusiness employees, and community members in 5 towns throughout the state. This chapter argues that the category of "agribusiness" must be disaggregated and the experiences of soy farmers themselves taken seriously in order to understand how power is accomplished in a global commodity network governed by a private regime, such as soy. Chapter 4 examines private governance at the global level by investigating Brazil's role in the World Trade Organization and the constitutionalization of market rule. I argue here that various WTO mechanisms allow for and enable the exercise of private authority in ways that are often obscured by the political language of trade negotiations. 2009-10-14T20:04:29Z Seeds Of Modernization: Conflicting Roles Of Agriculture As The Core Development And Growth Strategy In Senegal http://hdl.handle.net/1813/13768 Title: Seeds Of Modernization: Conflicting Roles Of Agriculture As The Core Development And Growth Strategy In Senegal Authors: Raza, Saira Abstract: Modern development strategies, as defined by the World Bank, IMF, and other leading financial institutions, perceive agriculture as a viable source of economic growth in developing countries. However, in countries like Senegal which suffer from declining environmental conditions, agriculture is not a sustainable solution for economic growth. Growth in industrial activity during the colonial era and in the decades following independence have affected rain patterns, soil quality, and water salinity in the Sahel region, making it unsuitable for continued mass production of colonial crops like cotton, groundnuts, and maize. As a result, economic growth has been challenging, and domestic food security has become a major concern. Indigenous knowledge of farming practices could be a solution to these problems by leveraging tradition and local understanding of the environment. Other industries like manufacturing and IT services could also be explored as alternative sources of growth for the economy. However, the more common strategy has been to continue focusing on agriculture and using more fertilizers, pesticides, hybrid seeds, and in some cases, genetically modified seeds to boost agricultural production and thus meet development goals. Not only is the use of these products harmful to the environment and potentially to people who consume the products, but it is also harmful to the economy. Since most of these products are privatized and patented, traditional farmers are forced to purchase seed and other agricultural products every year from private corporations. Even though many times the increased agricultural production does positively affect the GDP, a major indicator of economic growth to development agencies, more and more farmers are finding themselves in debt. Therefore, the perceived success of these development programs is at the expense of the livelihood of local farmers, who continue to experience a sub-par quality of life. This thesis challenges the notion of development, especially as it relates to the African experience of capitalism. Agriculture, as a main vehicle of colonial expansion in Africa and many other places in the world, provides an interesting lens into the fundamental assumptions of capitalist expansion. Ideas of ownership, modernity, and tradition are questioned, using the history of Senegal and its role as a major agricultural hub during and after colonialization. Increasing biodiversity in agricultural practices and focusing mostly on domestic food security while turning to other industries to provide economic growth, such as IT services or manufacturing, may be steps in the right direction. 2009-10-09T13:41:05Z Multifunctional Fetishism: Neoliberal Restructuring And The Valorization Of European Agriculture http://hdl.handle.net/1813/13493 Title: Multifunctional Fetishism: Neoliberal Restructuring And The Valorization Of European Agriculture Authors: Da, Via Abstract: This thesis conceptualizes the transformation of food from a source of cultural and social reproduction into a commodity for speculation and bargaining as a central component of neoliberal agricultural reforms. Within this framework, I underscore how the emergence of market-based strategies for the valorization of agricultural multifunctionality in Europe has deepened the subjection of agriculture and food to circuits of capital accumulation, rather than promoting the development of ecologically sustainable and socially embedded farming systems. In particular, I analyze how the strategic deployment of a Euro-centric notion of multifunctionality has allowed for the retention of subsidies decoupled from production which are compliant with WTO demands of trade liberalization and benefit large producers and food industries operating on a world scale. Correspondingly, I argue that the discourse of multifunctionality promoted by the EU is closely associated with the deployment of neoliberal concepts of self-help, social capital, and value-adding which seek to justify the contested withdrawal of the state from the provision of public support to small scale producers. As such, the commercialization of agriculture?s multiple functions has become a focal site of resistance for farmers? movements and rural communities across Europe advocating for an alternative model of agricultural development premised on the notion of food sovereignty. In this respect, the thesis concludes by focusing on forms of agrarian politics which seeks to transcend the structural contradictions of the neoliberal project of agricultural restructuring by re-embedding agriculture and food in their social and ecological foundations. 2009-08-19T16:35:07Z Agrarian Change and Social Transformation in Mozambique: 1928-2006 http://hdl.handle.net/1813/13086 Title: Agrarian Change and Social Transformation in Mozambique: 1928-2006 Authors: Olsefski, Tanya Abstract: This honors thesis considers the main lines of agrarian transformation in Mozambique in the context of two major political and social transitions: from the period of late colonial rule to the post-independence socialist oriented policies under The Liberation Front of Mozambique (Frelimo); and from the latter to the market oriented set of policies that became dominant in the post-Cold War era. The primary focus is on the transition from socialist policies characterized by the creation of cooperatives, state farms, and communal villages; to market-led transformations characterized by a system of private property in land and a system of production and exchange for the market. In the process, I look at the IMF-imposed Structural Adjustment Program and the civil war with the Renamo (The Mozambican National Resistance) movement that was armed and backed by apartheid South Africa, in shaping the nature of this transition. I find that the creation of cooperatives, state farms, and communal villages was not successful at integrating peasants and bringing together communities to increase production largely because the policies implemented did not reflect the needs and desires of the peasantry. They often were inimical to the situation many peasants found themselves in. I also find that the liberalization of the economy was laden with policies that were unfavorable to the peasantry. The privatization of the cooperatives and state farms was accompanied by the reduction of state funded projects such as the development of rural infrastructures and road networks that are crucial in linking peasants to marketplaces. In the future, Mozambique will need to empower local communities and develop rural markets and infrastructure if it is to increase production and generate a positive dynamic of development that can improve rural peoples livelihood and decrease levels of poverty. 2009-07-02T12:56:41Z The Container And The Contained: Functional Preservation Of Historic Food Markets http://hdl.handle.net/1813/12840 Title: The Container And The Contained: Functional Preservation Of Historic Food Markets Authors: Donofrio, Gregory Alexander Abstract: The Container and the Contained explores the motivations, meanings, and methods of functional preservation planning through a case-study examination of three food market districts: Pike Place Market in Seattle, Washington; Faneuil Hall Marketplace in Boston, Massachusetts; and Gansevoort Market, in New York, New York. The functional preservation planning of these districts spanned from the postWorld War II era into the present. Expanding upon the conventional objectives of historic preservation in the United States, with its narrow focus on the retention and restoration of architectural features, the goal of functional preservation is to document, protect, and perpetuate both the forms and the functions of historic resources. Interviews and archival research revealed that individuals involved with each market held a range of motivations for pursuing functional preservation planning. They all expressed a general belief that the historic character of cultural resources, however defined, was a manifestation of more than just architectural fabric. It also stems in part from how they are used, and by whom. Those who pursued functional preservation utilized a broad array of methods and tools to bring their plans to fruition, including not only established strategies like historic district designation and design review, but also novel approaches such as the regulation of building uses and oversight of market vendor products and sales techniques. Their efforts are set against the broader background of federal, state, and local market planning ideologies that evolved over the course of the twentieth century. Lastly, sources of data and quantitative methods of measuring the degree of functional preservation planning's success and failure are proposed. 2009-05-22T18:39:11Z The Role of Municipalities in Regulating the Land Application of Sewage Sludges and Septage http://hdl.handle.net/1813/11806 Title: The Role of Municipalities in Regulating the Land Application of Sewage Sludges and Septage Authors: Harrison, Ellen Z; Eaton, Malaika M Abstract: Application of sewage sludges to agricultural lands is increasing. This use represents an economical disposal option and provides the benefit of recycling the nutrients and organic matter sludges contain. The practice, however, raises a number of concerns. Although the combination of federal and state regulatory requirements is significant in forming the initial base for sewage sludge management decisions, local regulations also play a part in seeking to protect the health, safety, and welfare of citizens, who may object to land application. The primary legal constraints that localities face are constitutional Commerce Clause challenges and conflicts with right-to-farm statutes. The authority of a municipality varies from state to state. This article focuses on New York State, which has granted strong home rule to its municipalities. Examples of local ordinances and how they address particular concerns are described. Local ordinances vary widely in the issues and the level of detail they address. Issues addressed in local ordinances include human health risks, animal health risks, water quality, nuisance issues such as odor, liability and uncertainty, monitoring, and enforcement. They may impose restrictions on the type, amount, quality, or source of sludge. Some specify management practices, notification requirements, and additional monitoring beyond that required by federal or state rules. As a result of concern over the inability of state and federal agencies to provide consistent enforcement of rules due to staffing shortages, local ordinances frequently supply enforcement provisions. Local ordinances may also include fees to cover municipal costs. 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z An Overview of Production, Processing, Marketing and Utilisation of Okra in Egbedore Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria http://hdl.handle.net/1813/10698 Title: An Overview of Production, Processing, Marketing and Utilisation of Okra in Egbedore Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria Authors: Farinde, A. J.; Owolarafe, O. K.; Ogungbemi, O. I. Abstract: This is a paper from International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR, Commission Internationale du Genie Rural) E-Journal Volume 9 (2007): An Overview of Production, Processing, Marketing and Utilisation of Okra in Egbedore Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Manuscript MES 07 002. Vol. IX. July, 2007. Description: Rosana G. Moreira, Editor-in-Chief; Texas A&M University 2007-07-01T00:00:00Z Learning Sustainability of Rural Tourism: Farm Competitiveness and Landscape Health Risk Assessment http://hdl.handle.net/1813/10697 Title: Learning Sustainability of Rural Tourism: Farm Competitiveness and Landscape Health Risk Assessment Authors: Agostini, S. Abstract: This is a paper from International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR, Commission Internationale du Genie Rural) E-Journal Volume 9 (2007): Learning Sustainability of Rural Tourism: Farm Competitiveness and Landscape Health Risk Assessment. Manuscript MES 07 001. Vol. IX. October, 2007. Description: Rosana G. Moreira, Editor-in-Chief; Texas A&M University 2007-10-01T00:00:00Z Entrepreneurship Development in Agriculture through Agro Processing Centre: a Case Study of Almora District in NW Himalaya http://hdl.handle.net/1813/10681 Title: Entrepreneurship Development in Agriculture through Agro Processing Centre: a Case Study of Almora District in NW Himalaya Authors: Singh, K.; Srivastava, A.; Srinivas, K.; Singh, S.; Gupta, H. Abstract: This is a paper from International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR, Commission Internationale du Genie Rural) E-Journal Volume 9 (2007): Entrepreneurship Development in Agriculture through Agro Processing Centre: a Case Study of Almora District in NW Himalaya Description: Rosana G. Moreira, Editor-in-Chief; Texas A&M University 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z


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harmonikas996 saidI'll vote!
All songs are pure sh** Next year we are sending our Tim Mc Morris to represent our Republic of Envato marketplaces!
unfortunately, neither tim nor envato are in europe
Not really a great song this year. Liked Norway's… although maybe I just liked the singer Greece was pretty good. As a German Swede, and long time fan of Cascada, I am ashamed of her copy of Euphoria.
None, really
Pricop said
None, really
this was really nice:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOimfHq76xk
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*Daily Collectibles* This is another example of the wonderful 2004 vintage for Bordeaux. They are so delicious to drink now. The Cos is one of the best out there. And very reasonably priced at less than $150 a bottle. The charcuterie that hits you as soon as you open this Bordeaux is overwhelming: It's smoky, spicy and sexy. Minutes later you realize the complexity on offer, catching just a scent of the dark fruits hidden beneath, and before those, long and wonderful hints of balsamic vinegar. On the palate this shows elegance and finesse thanks to fabulous balance, extremely integrated tannins and a long and glorious finish. This is so satisfying and wonderful now, but the slightly bitter aftertaste on the rear palate suggests this could do with at least another 10 years before opening.
(8/ 2014)
(Collectibles) Loads of currant and blackberry, with hints of Indian spices. Full-bodied, with velvety tannins and a long, caressing finish. Round and generous for the vintage. Best after 2011.
(5/ 2007)
A beautiful example of the vintage, proprietor Michel Reybier and his top-notch winemaker, Jean-Guillaume Prats, have fashioned an exceptional wine displaying a dense ruby/purple color as well as a sweet perfume of boysenberries, black currants, cherries, pain grille, roasted herbs, and licorice. Medium-bodied with impressive density for the vintage, sweet tannin, and outstanding richness and length, it should be at its finest between 2009 and 2020+.
(6/ 2007)
Deep red-ruby. Aromas of cassis, plum, licorice and coconutty oak. Round, suave and ripe, with lovely depth of flavor and a pliant, full texture for the year...it's lively and fresh, and finishes ripely tannic and long.
(6/ 2007)
More Cabernet than usual; even more than 2003. Mocha aromas mixed with smoke and spice. Cola nuances also. Great structure and power. Very long--tons of everything. One of the best of 2004.
Below is a listing of the wine review scores we frequently reference in our notes. While these sources remain an excellent source of information, we always recommend that you trust your own palate. Scores in these publications often represent the personal taste of an individual critic, which may not always coincide with your own. We have a huge team of excellent wine professionals that can match wines you've had in the past with new arrivals that meet your flavor profile.
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1997 Potensac, Médoc
2001 Tertre Daugay, St-Emilion
2003 Lanessan, Haut-Médoc (375ml)
2001 Lanessan, Haut-Médoc
2001 Corbin Michotte, St-Emilion