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Senior Member
I've seen a couple people give their opinion's on using smite. The jungle is certainly easy enough for just about anyone to not use smite, but I was wondering what the rest of you think. Please give why you think it's good to take or not.
Turtle Omega
I'd say take it-- Helps a ton early game, gives you more time for focusing on lanes, just get the mastery and use it 24/7 on anything
Cytochrome T
Its also a huge gold boost to the jungling player allowing them to keep up with allied laners.
it's the most optimal way of jungling. helps you with your early clear and allows you to gank faster
I'd say it depends on the champion.
Champs like Xin Zhao, Mundo, Shyvana and Lee Win will never need Smite as their level 3 jungling is insanely fast.
Weaker junglers benefit more with Smite, but the moment Grez's lantern is purchased smite becomes more useful as a Vile secure spell...
Late game you'll wish you had something else.
I always find it works best that you just spend a little time bot then you proceed to jungle. However the unreliability with this is that if a teamfight breaks out in your area of the map, it can really put you behind if they take your jungle CS>
It definitely helps the clear time faster, but at the same time, team fights break out very frequently so another summoner spell would be handier.
I like it for the following reasons:
-I can reach level 3 before the laners (with more or less full health).
-It makes counter-jungling and stealing the big wolf or golem super easy and quite safe (especially with a lantern).
-Less time in the jungle means that I have a stronger lane presence.
-If the other jungler doesn't use smite, they are more vulnerable early-game :3
-It doesn't happen a lot, but I can smite-steal spider.
Overall, I value the extra gold, time, and xp more than I value an offensive summoner's spell. I didn't used to feel that way because exhaust and ignite have landed me so many kills. Getting a kill from ignite is something that is immediately quantifiable (not to mention satisfying). I only tried out smite after reading these forums, and I now feel quite certain that it works better for me and my play-style (my team seems to get ahead earlier and more frequently when I use it).
btw, my main junglers are currently Riven, Amumu, and Vi (in case that's relevant ).
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Many in the W3C community — including staff, chairs, and Member representatives — present W3C work at conferences and other events. Below you will find a list some of the talks. All material is copyright of the author, except where otherwise noted.
Listing is based on the following search constraints:
La plateforme ouverte du Web, Fondements des applications puissantes
by Najib Tounsi
Salon Med-IT One to One
(Med-IT Exhibition One to One)
Palais des Congrès, Skhirat, Morocco
(see abstract)

subset: commoncrawl


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Craftsy Member since October 2011
I'm enrolled in these Craftsy classes:
Beginner Serging
Mastering Zipper Techniques
Sewing Machine Feet from A to Z
Bag-Making Basics: Reversible Tote & Zipper Pouch
My Great-Grandmother taught me how to crochet when I was about 9 or 10. I taught myself to knit a few years ago, thanks to the wonderful books and/or web info. I've been an lover of crafts forever. I began making jewelry because it was a product I could complete quickly (a relative term, but many crafters understand).
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you kno which one was th SADDEST? asuka's death in end of eva...it was sad and gory-_-
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you kno which one was th SADDEST? asuka's death in end of eva...it was sad and gory-_-
chise's death in saikano was sad because she suffered a lot just to get there.
aye i agree with you there...though it was nuttin but an action show with no point but to kick peoples arses...it was saddening T-TQuote:
Originally Posted by dragonrider2004
Nuriko from Fushigi Yugi was a very sad death.
This is kinda weird but the sadest death for me was when Lust from FMA decides to be on the good side, then Wrath finds the locket that holds her weakness to destroy her. All she wanted to do was become human and be friends with Ed and the gang. Another sad death for me was when Ed died in FMA when Envy killed him. But then he was resurrected by Al who also died. But then he was brought back. But it was sad in the begining.
I would say Spike from Cowboy Bebop, just because I cried at the end. They made it sad with the song they played, and how he died.
Grumble Grumble Grumble
To quote the Forum Rules...
-Do not post on threads that have been inactive for longer than two weeks.


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Jonathan's Archive
Armani Commercial Featuring Rihanna
Here is the commercial to coincide with Rihanna's Armani campaign shot by Steven Klein. Just like the pictures, it oozes sexiness. In the video Rihanna waits in a car for a package, later opening it up and changing out of her dress into some Armani jeans and jacket. Then later walking into an elevator. I think this commercial is perfect. I just love the song they chose. Skin has to be my favorite song off of her album. Which is probably the main reasons why I love it. You can check out the video above.
Editors note – This video does feature her in her underwear so it may not be safe for work.
Victoria Beckham in Victoria Beckham Denim & David Beckham in Ralph Lauren
David and Victoria Beckham were caught making their way with daughter Harper to go get her first passport in Santa Monica, California. Victoria wore a pair of her Victoria Beckham Side Panel Ankle-Zip jeans while David chose a pair of chinos from his favorite brand, Ralph Lauren.
I wish they got some better shots of Victoria's jeans. They are a really great pair. At first I thought she was wearing a belt, but the waistband is just a black panel. The detail on them is just really interesting. You can see the front of the jeans below.
Mary-Kate Olsen in Custom-Made Jeans by Maxfields LA
Mary-Kate Olsen was caught at JFK Airport arriving back in New York with sister Ashley. She wore her custom-made Maxfields Jeans again with a Balenciaga sweater. I just love that sweater. It makes me think of Bret from Flight of the Concords. Looks like they have gotten even more wear since our last sighting. The knees are really blown out now. I wonder if they'll get another pair made for them again?
I wonder how Mary-Kate and Ashley are feeling about all the Oscar buzz around their sister Elizabeth. There is a ton right now surrounding her for her role in Martha Marcy May Marlene. Mary-Kate has been nominated for an Emmy before, but this would be the first Oscar nomination for an Olsen. Have any of you seen or will be going to see the thriller? What are your thoughts?
Joe's Jeans Launches New Jean Sweats
Joe's Jeans has come out with a new style that will beat the comfort of probably every denim leggings. They are their new Sweat pant Jeans. They are made of a 6 3/4 oz Terry fabric and come in three different fits. They come in their Skinny, High Water, and their Skinny Bootcut. Each style has 360 degrees of comfort and can be treated just like actual denim, even though they don't feel like them.
Besides being so light-weight, they also mock the look of denim. I think it is amazing how they are able to mock the look of denim out of Terry. There is also no need to be careful about these jeans either. You can click here to purchase this new style at Joe's Jeans.


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Summit was either being coy or having a bit more faith in humanity than everyone else by projecting "The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part One" to open lower than "New Moon." No such luck, humankind -- the lethal siren song that is Stephenie Meyer's ignorance scored agai...Read More »
So many goodies in store in this pre-Thanksgiving weekend. Violent vampire sexy times! George Muthafuckin Clooney, and dancing penguins. However will we choose?! That's right, the latest "Twilight" installment opens this weekend, which means that those Occupy Twilight Twi-hards can fin...Read More »
Review: Lackluster 'Twilight: Breaking Dawn Part 1' Is Barely 1/2 A MovieRead More »
"If this beautiful, expensive home in Brazil is a rockin' with vampire/virgin sex, don't come a-knockin'." That will be the sign Edward puts on the door when he escapes to South America with Bella for their honeymoon in "Twilight: Breaking Dawn," and ever the gentleman, he's going to at least carry ...Read More »
If for some reason you feel the need to catch up with the "Twilight" series and you can put up with the crying, screaming, talking back to the screen and the general pandemonium that usually overtakes Twihards whenever they watch one of these movies, you'll be heartened to know you can watch "Twilig...Read More »
So what happened to the soundtrack budget on the first part of the last installment of the "Twilight" franchise? While the first film rounded up folks like Muse, Perry Farrell, Linkin Park even RPatz himself, and "New Moon" raised the stakes considerably by going Pitchfork heavy with Thom Yorke, Lyk...Read More »
And Five We're Worried About/DreadingWith the Toronto International Film Festival now over, the dust is beginning to settle on 2011 and we're moving into the final stage of the fall movie season. Many, if not most, of autumn's Oscar season big hitters have now been revealed, leaving principally commercial fare, and a few prestige-y films that are rushing towards completion. As ever, the benefits of opening your Christmas presents early is a mixed bag; it means that we're able to firmly recommend some big fall films, movies like "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy," "Shame" and "We Need To Talk About Kevin." It means we can also tell you to be wary of ...Read More »
It's time for another look at that disturbing pop culture, uh, thing, that is "Twilight." A new poster has surfaced for the first part of "Breaking Dawn," highlighting the intimacy between the ages-old, cradle-robbin' vampire and his human prey/wife. Presumably, this is a clip from the honeymoon, be...Read More »
SQUEEEEE! NEW PICS OF EDWARD AND BELLA! TAKE THE PHONE OFF THE HOOK!Read More »
More Photos From 'Dragon Tattoo,' 'MI4,' 'We Bought A Zoo,' 'The Muppets,' 'Breaking Dawn' & More"The Rum Diary" starring Johnny Depp has been in the can for what feels like two years now, but there's a reason for the delay apparently. ''You can't open it next to some blockbuster thing,'' Depp told EW in their Fall Film Preview issue. ''It's a special little film.'' While we've seen photos of Depp as the writer Paul Kemp who works at a Puerto Rico newspaper in the '50s-set adaptation of Hunter S. Thompson's early novel, this is our first look at Amber Heard in the picture. The director is Bruce Robinson of "Withnail & I" fame? Wait, who? Exac...Read More »


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Our special coverage of the closest race for years
Explore the personal stories of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
07 Aug 2011 14:50 GMT | Arts & Culture, Europe, Germany
Born in Nairobi, Kenya Nelson Mike Mithambo Miriuki alias K-Nel first began singing at the age of four in a gospel choir. He wrote small plays and poems performed at local youth theatres.As a teenager, K-Nel embraced the trends of the time turning to R&B and hip hop icons Boyz II Men, Tupac Shakur, the Notorious B.I.G. and later, Jay-Z. In 1999, upon entering university in Germany, K-Nel performed at local clubs and gained the attention of hip hop DJs.Two years later the DJ, artist and entrepreneur released his first singles Hydro and Fresh Brain.In 2004, K-Nel released his debut album The Middle Finger. In the following year, K-Nel recorded with one of his idols, Jay-Z, and performing at the Kenyan Independence Day grand celebrations in Cologne.
"Be informed before you come and all that glitters is not gold" is what K-Nel says to all those who have overwhelming expectations about Europe and abroad. K-Nel takes us through the Surprising Europe series to look at the good and bad side of life as an immigrant from Africa in Europe.
Surprising Europe can be seen each week at the following times GMT: Monday: 2230; Tuesday: 0930; Wednesday: 0330; Thursday: 1630.
Click here for more on Surprising Europe.
Source: Al Jazeera
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Trash is a fast-growing import in the Scandinavian country, which turns it into heat for people's homes.
Environment, Europe, Sweden
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Human Rights, Politics, Racism
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Polio, Asia, Pakistan
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Human Rights, India, Asia
It is a source of sustenance but also of tension and new political realities are now increasing uncertainty.
Egypt, Sudan, Middle East
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Media, Edward Snowden, Security
The untold story of how the Lebanese community overcame the odds and found their place in multicultural Australia.
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How to keep a telenovela profitable and demanding sponsors happy while inspiring the production team to stay passionate.
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COLD SWEAT "Break Out" (1990) By Donna Anderson Cover: 2 Sticks of Deodorant out of 10. The background of the cover is orange with drops of "sweat" all over. The band's name is printed in the most basic ...Read More »
HEAVY PETTIN "LETTIN LOOSE" (1983) by bastard boy floyd Cover: 2 Gropes out of 10 It's a set of window blinds being held open by someone's hands. Gay. Booklet: 2 Feel-Ups out of 10 This booklet did nothing to ...Read More »
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DIRTY LOOKS "Cool From The Wire" (1988)
DIRTY LOOKS "Cool From The Wire" (1988) by Dana Brittingham Cover: 3 Nasty Stares out of 10 Hum? Well, it's a duotone closeup of the singer's face. It looks like he put his face on a photocopier and then ...Read More »
Rewind with Eric Brittingham, 10/3/02
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Imagine Spa at the Grade II-listed Best Western Dower House near Harrogate is offering a spa package for two for £35, including half-day spa access and afternoon tea.
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You can spend an afternoon on a "wonderfully scenic" (Lonely Planet) Durham river cruise and save 50% on two adult tickets.
12:30, 2, 3pm 5 Apr-17 Jul
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Overnight stays at Battlesteads Hotel -- a converted 18th-century Northumberland farmhouse near Hadrian's Wall -- are now up to 53% cheaper than usual, and include an 8-course tasting-menu dinner.
Sunday-Thursday until 30 June. Fridays and Saturdays are an extra £20 per room, per night (payable direct to the hotel)
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The Yorkshire Post recommends Farthing's Steak Emporium in Beverley for its many "tempting offerings" and for steak that is "cooked like a dream". For £35 you can now get a 2-course dinner with wine for two.
5-10:30pm Mon-Thu; 5-9pm Sun until 31 Jul
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You and a friend can visit Stillingfleet Lodge Gardens, a "delightful" (The Daily Telegraph) series of cottage gardens surrounding a 19th-century farmhouse, for half the usual price.
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TV favourite Brian Conley stars as showman Phineas T Barnum in the "spectacular" (London Evening Standard) musical "Barnum" and you can now save up to 41% on tickets when it comes to Leeds Grand Theatre.
14-17; 20-24 Apr
Source: Goldsborough Hall
A sumptuous suite stay at Goldsborough Hall can cost up to £265 alone, so we think this cracking package -- including a dinner worth £55 per person -- is a treat too good to miss. You'll now save 47% on stays through spring.
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Source: Oro at The Pump House
Oro at The Pump House, a "rustic and luxurious" (Durham Times) award-winning venue, is offering a 3-course lunch or dinner for two for just £12.50 a head.
12-2pm Tue-Sat; 6-7pm Tue-Thu from 16 Mar-16 Jun
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The 12th-century Chillingham Castle is "packed to the brim with curiosities", according to The Daily Telegraph, and you can now explore it for yourself while saving 50% on two adult tickets.
12-5pm Sun-Fri 13 Apr-17 Jul; last entry 4:30pm
Source: Diamonds Beauty & Spa
For £25 instead of the usual £49, you and a friend can get a massage each and three hours' access to the facilities at Diamonds Beauty & Spa near Hull.
Daily until 31 Jul*
Source: BEST WESTERN Crown Hotel
The BEST WESTERN Crown Hotel, in the rural market town of Boroughbridge, is a great base from which to explore York and Harrogate. Dinner-bed-and-breakfast stays are £99 instead of up to £171.
Sunday-Friday from 1 April until 30 June
Source: Castle Arms Inn
The 18th-century Castle Arms Inn -- a "homely pub in a pretty village", according to The Good Pub Guide 2015 -- is now offering a 3-course meal for two, including a starter, a main course and a dessert each, for £32.
6-9pm Tue-Sat; 12-2:30pm Thu-Sat 23 Feb-15 May
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With this deal from Bolton Castle, you can explore over 600 years worth of history for less than half the usual price.
10am-4pm until 31 Mar; 10am-5pm from 1 Apr-16 Jul
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For £55 you can get a pamper package for one person, including a 25-minute energising facial, a 25-minute Leighton Denny custom manicure and a 15-minute scalp massage, at any of 30 Bannatyne Spas nationwide.
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Spend two nights at the 4-star Coniston Hotel in the Yorkshire Dales -- described as a "haven" by The AA Hotel Guide 2015 -- for up to 47% less than usual. This getaway for two, including dinner and bubbly, is now £179.
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The AA Restaurant Guide 2015 has awarded the Wensleydale Heifer a Rosette for its "top-notch seafood". For £32.50 per head, you can now get canapés, followed by a 5-course tasting menu for two.
Lunch or dinner Sun-Fri* until 15 May
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Iles Tours, which was "Highly Commended" in the Tourism Experience of the Year category at the North East England Tourism Awards 2014, is offering 25% off a choice of three different tours of Newcastle.
10am, 12, 2, 4pm, Mon-Sat until 31 Jul
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Rowley Manor, a former rectory in Little Weighton, is offering dinner with bubbly for two for up to 60% less than usual.
6:30-8:30pm Sun-Fri until 17 Jul
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For £17.50 per head, you and a friend can now get an "enticing" (The Good Pub Guide 2015) côte de boeuf steak meal with a glass of bubbly each at The Fleece Inn in Addingham.
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Save 45% on a spa day at the Hilton Sheffield Hotel on Victoria Quays. For £24, you'll get a 25-minute treatment of your choice and a coffee, or add a second treatment for just £20 extra.
6am-10pm Mon-Fri; 8am-9pm Sun until 31 May
Source: The New Inn & The Great Yorkshire Brewery
For £29, you and a friend can go on a tour of The Great Yorkshire Brewery, then indulge in a 2-course lunch and beer tastings. You'll also take home a beer gift pack to share.
11am, 2pm Wed-Sat until 31 May
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Arthur Miller's modern classic "A View from The Bridge" starts touring the UK in March, and Travelzoo members can save up to 42% on tickets when it comes to the Darlington Civic Theatre.
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Furniture Living Room Shelves & Bookcases Plantation Cabinet - Antique White
On plantations, furniture had to be sturdy, versatile and well ventilated. That's certainly carried forward in this antiqued white cabinet, with shutter doors above and below that open to adjustable shelves, a dovetailed drawer in the middle and fitted side panels-in-frame construction. And with its tall, handsome silhouette, we're confident you can find just the right place for this cabinet.
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Good Together
- The Prison Industrial Complex and the Global Economy by Eve Goldberg
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The Invisible StringHardback
List price $22.43
You save $8.43 37% off
Free delivery worldwide
Dispatched in 2 business days
When will my order arrive?
- Publisher: DeVorss & Co ,U.S.
- Format: Hardback | 1 pages
- Dimensions: 251mm x 264mm x 10mm | 386g
- Publication date: 30 May 2001
- Publication City/Country: Marina Del Rey, CA
- Edition: 1
- Sales rank: 394
Product description
When Liza and Jeremy run to their mother during a scary storm, she comforts them by telling them about the Invisible String, which connects people who love each other no matter where they are and means that they are never alone.
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Customer reviews
By Melissa Brady 25 Apr 2012
Wonderful heart warming book, highly recommend!
By Freya 20 Apr 2011
Nice picture book about how we don't stop loving each other just because we're apart. It's based on a curious premise (being afraid of the noise of the rain), but the basic theme is worthy.
I'm hoping it will help my kids deal with having their father go away for an extended period.
Review quote
The Invisible String is part of my social skills/feelings book purchases. This is a story about how twins realize there is an invisible string connecting all people who love one another you can feel it in your heart and always be connected, even from afar. Beautiful. Delicate. Perfect for: dealing with loss, moving, friendship issues, family problems, nighttime fears Quite the special book. -- The Styling Librarian "The Styling Librarian"


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1. 'The Rachel' cut is the most requested hairstyle of all time. [StyleList.com]
2. The votes are in and Lee Dewyze takes home the crown as this year's American Idol. [People.com]
3. Audrey Hepburn's Givenchy LBD from Breakfast at Tiffany's was named film's greatest female outfit. [Independent.co.uk]
4. Womenswear designer Sara Burton has been tapped as creative director of Alexander McQueen. [HuffingtonPost.com]
5. Jean Paul Gaultier leaves his post at Hermes. [Fashionologie.com]
6. J. Crew opens its first bridal boutique in N.Y.C. [WWD.com]


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Update on gun control part 2
The last post on part one was addressed to me by BV. He directed to me watch an NRA propaganda piece on how bad things are in aUSTRALIA SINCE WE LOST "OUR FREEDOMS" (SOB SOB) this piece contains such gems as "Americans should join the NRA" and contains comments from "concerned gun owners."
it tells lies and contains comments which are ascribed to the Attorney general and which are false.
BV this report is for you and it tells the real story....and BTW the important "statistic" is the number of Australian school children killed by gun massacres in their classrooms.......THE ANSWER IS ZERO
Here is a link that might be useful: gun buyback reduces gun deaths
I said Obama was going to come for the guns as soon as he won the second election. I've said it for the last 4 years, and I don't buy that crap that it's as a result of Newtown. That just facilitated it, and he used that tragedy for political reasons.
YQ-- right. You don't believe it, so your link is right, and mine's wrong. It was NOT put together even by anyone in this country, much less the NRA. It was put together by YOUR OWN COUNTRYMEN. I guess someone else must be moving their mouths.
You never let a serious crisis go to waste. And what I mean by that it's an opportunity to do things you think you could not do before.
Rahm Emanuel
Bill. You know I love you, but please...
Here is a link that might be useful: Crisis, not tragedy. And the full quote.
How come no Democrats know anything about this Obama plan to attack gun rights during his second term?
Only NRA types know about it--hmmmmm. I wonder why? They are prescient? or paranoid and projecting their suspicions onto the President?
Hmmmm.............you're right, he kept it a secret from his supporters. And I even made a donation.
I'm really not happy about this. I think we should have known that he was going to come for all the guns, too. Talk about being blindsided.
Oh well.
How come no Democrats know anything about this Obama plan to attack gun rights during his second term?
You don't ADMIT to knowing. I know you know because I brought it up last summer (and sourced it with a sound bite), atleast one time where he got caught by a mic that was left on telling someone that gun control was very much on his mind, but for the time being he had to "fly under the radar". Nice try, Kate. But I'm glad to hear you consider yourself to be an NRA type! :-)
from my link
"The study shows that in the 18 years before the legislation was passed, there were 13 mass shootings in Australia, in which 112 people died and 52 were wounded.
There have been no mass shootings since the law came into force.
The fall in the number of deaths associated with the use of firearms, including suicides, rapidly accelerated after the law took effect.
The decline was at least twice as high (6%) as it had been before the reforms were introduced.
In the 18 years prior to the legislation, on average, 491 people took their lives, using a firearm. After the legislation, this fell to an average of 246.
Similarly, the number of murders using guns fell from an annual average of 93 to just over 55.
There was no evidence that the use of other methods to commit suicide or homicide increased.
Before the introduction of the law, the overall number of homicides not related to guns had increased 1% a year. After the law took effect, this number fell by almost 2.5% a year.
And the total numbers of suicides fell by 4% after having risen annually by 2% before the introduction of the gun laws.
British Medical Journal
BMA House, Tavistock Sq
London WC1H 9JP
United Kingdom
BV your link is peppered with OPINIONS from gun malcontents.
My link quotes from a 10 year STUDY of the facts.
And here I was thinking it was the NRA who makes out like a bandit every time there's a similar crisis.
Why, if you read their literature with even a modicum of skepticism, its pretty apparent that this is their business model -
1)create hysteria that the gvt will break down your door to confiscate all of 'em
2) profit
rinse, repeat. Hey, its worked well since the hard liners took over the organization in Cincinnati, moved away from gun safety and into ideology. Why stop now?
marshall, not sure what you're talking about.
yq-- your link is peppered with slanted stats, and I'll prove it. First, below is the link to the video, so everyone can see just how skewed your post and your info is. Next, lets list these "gun malcontents":
Bob Perry-- concerned gun owner
Raymond Carn- Collector (well dressed, obviously successful-- definite malcontent)
Gary Fleetwood-- Chief Inspector of Police yep-- this one can't be trusted.
Patrick Kitschke-- competitive shooter
Trevor Griffin-- ATTORNEY GENERAL Here's another real malfeasant.
Graham Gunn-- Member of Parliment How could ANYONE think of this man as a productive member of society?
Ivy Skowronski-- concerned citizen Better watch out for this one-- she might wack you.... WITH HER GERITOL BOTTLE!
Various home invasion victims
Andy Dunn-- South Austrailian Police Association Another one you just can't trust
Darrel Suter-- concerned gun owner
Keep your BS to yourself, yq. At this point, if ANYONE'S buying it, then it's only because they don't care about the facts, but rather just want whatever boosts their own agenda. The first video I posted last year, I couldn't prove sources. This one, you screwed up hard core.
Here is a link that might be useful: YQ, you're toast. I finally got you for the lair you are.
I suppose next you'll say that Obama arranged these shootings so he'd have a "reason" to pursue action against gun owners ....
esh-- there are those who accuse him and Holder personally of exactly that. I'm not one of them. Much as I don't like either one, I don't think either one of them could stoop that low.
BV let me list another video of NRA propaganda for you.....this one is about gun control in the UK......IT MAY LOOK FAMILIAR AS THEY USE SOME OF THE SAME FOOTAGE AS THE AUSTRALIAN ONE!!!
all of those people you list are just speaking their own opinions and as far as your list. trevor Griffin is quoted as "Attorney general" by you. Correct?
Well he WAS the AG of one of our states 10 years ago....and as such , in this is once again only SPEAKING AS A PRIVATE CITIZEN !!
Gary Fleetwood appears in lots of NRA propaganda. You must have seen him before he aLSO appeared inthe british one.
and BTW I am sorry you consider me to be a "lair"
Here is a link that might be useful: OMG those poor brits...let hte NRA save them !
No fun at all when BV accuses YQ of being a "lair" and slanting published facts to bit her POV. According the BV, Australia has become a hotbed of criminal activity now that guns are regulated. No facts needed; anecdotes trump facts every single time.
I have several guns. I completely support having to register them (yearly).I support having to fill out forms & show ID to buy ammo. I support being fully libel is your weapon is stolen (It should have been locked up, not left in your truck /in the night stand)
I think every gun should have a sample bullet shot & stored so the markings can be traced (stored at the owners cost,by a private facility).
Futhermore I support a limit to magazine size - 15 or 12 or less.
I'm still pro-gun, I believe we have a right to own one ( in our homes/property). I'm torn on the right to carry since so many of the people I know who carry aren't quite all there.
Does this seem reasonable to the pro or anti gun laws types?
Facts are shown in video form in the video I posted. NO WAY to skew them.
yq-- if you noticed, every time they showed one of those same scenes, you see an Austrailian flag in the corner of the frame. Nice try, though. Let me show you ANOTHER one about Britain, though:
Here is a link that might be useful: Britain's crime rate one of the worst in Europe
yq-- again, I can prove you a liar. linked below is the one I showed.
Here is a link that might be useful: Austrailian Gun Facts. Nice try, though.
I agree. It's one of the changes I advocate. Even for myself, any gun I've ever sold has been either to someone with a CCP, an FFL, or a badge. I wasn't going to be responsible for one of my guns being used to murder someone, and I certainly wanted to make sure I wasn't selling to a convicted felon. I have no problem with running all sales through a gunshop and the back ground check. That's not what the new legislation says, though. It says you CAN NOT SELL them. period. You can not give them away, not even to your heirs. If you get rid of them in any way-- it has to be through forfeiture to the ATF.
Roughseas, I think what you say seems reasonable.
I am not pro-gun and I am not anti-gun. I am all for responsibility and reasonable use. I believe a person should be able to own a gun if they pass certain criteria. I like the controls you propose.
Having excess guns and having guns that can fire off rapid amounts of bullets doesn't seem like reasonable use.
I also think that the fear factor that has been circulated since Obama was elected in 2008 has been way overdone.
Those videos aren't anything but opining, Bill.
That's like "opining" from Eric Holder, or Harry Reid. Two cops, including one who was a chief inspector, an attorney general, someone from the Austrailian Parliment-- that's not opining.
I just LUV videos of LeggoPeople citing figure after number after data -- no need to confirm attributions. Bill, you just made my day!!! I need to figure out how to create a tiny font appropriate to highlight how lightly I take this contribution to this thread.
I also think that the fear factor that has been circulated since Obama was elected in 2008 has been way overdone.
I agree, esh. people should stop this crap of trying to make people believe that black guns are bad and are all out to kill you, as are those who own them.
Dear Bill open your mouth and let the NRA spoon feed you some more rubbish ! hahahahahh that video was the funnyest thing I have seen in ages. a robot? are you kidding.
it cLearly states that it was made one year after the gun buy back THAt makes it 17 years old !!!!!
Better than swallowing the garbage YOU'RE trying to feed us.
And yes, I know-- you were laughing last year, too..... when I originally posted THAT video-- NOT the one I posted this afternoon, as you lied about. one of TWO lies I've caught you in today.
This post was edited by bill_vincent on Sun, Jan 13, 13 at 19:50
bill, it's opining..
we can get congress critters here to say a woman can not get pregnant during a rape.
a video of him saying it doesn't make it true.
I'm looking for common ground.
registration, required lessons or proficiency (i'm sure you've been to a range & seen people who need a lesson)
I'm looking for common ground.
registration, required lessons or proficiency
And on one of these threads, I agreed with you on this. Right now, it's only required for a concealed carry permit. It SHOULD be required of anyone prior to bbuying a firearm.
what really amazes me is how little most people know about guns, even most gun owners. Also how they skip over anything they dont like or agree with.
Just a few: marking a bullet does little good. guns are routinely re barreled.
making guns which can only be fired by 1 person: many many guns are shot by several different people in the same day. When I go to the range I mmight take 5 .22s one day, the nest 3 in .308, or 5 in .223. I might shoot up to 10 different factory loads and tyhat many more hand loads.
a flash suppressor doesnt make a gun any more dangerous, nor does a pistol grip or the color or an adjustable stock.
Hardly any gun owner thinks any one is coming for their guns, sure, a few nuts may think it, so?
Obama has stated more than once he would ban guns and doesnt support gun ownership. \ 1st, it was ban Saturday night specials, then handguns(same thing actually) then 50 caliber, tghen guns with a certain physica;l appearance. There has also ben blah blah about banning all kinds of ammunition.
All of these things dont do 1 thing to lessen crime. They pick the guns they would like to ban from picture books. The anti gun people havent got a clue what thety are talking about, the just rant on and on.
No facts needed; anecdotes trump facts every single time.
Which is why I generally avoid the gun threads. With the anti-control crowd, there's absolutely no reason to exclaim "There must be a pony!" Just the droppings and little else.
God help us -- because we seem incapable of helping ourselves.
BV at 19.16 sunday 13 jan I told you that you had repeated yourself by posting the same video twice. I was correct.
You posted a video on the last post of the first part of "update"
1) "Aust gun control aint working"17.05
and then
2) you posted the same video less than 2 hours later on this thread under the title "YQ you are toast" at 18.58 sunday jan13.
this is what I was referring to.....when you called me a liar(or a lair although what my clothes have to do with anything is a mystery to me)
I then advised you that your video pf Britain SHOWED THE SAME FOOTAGE AS THE AUSTRALIAN NRA video that you have twice posted.
therefore NRA is using the same footage and ascribing it to 2 different countries.
then you posted a video of a robot quoting from 17 years ago.....AND IT IS APPARENT THAT YOU THINK THE INFO IS CURRENT.
Can I suggest a good nights sleep perhaps??
Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley will seek to institute some of the nation's strictest gun-licensing requirements, ban assault weapons and restrict visitor access to schools in one of the most expansive government responses sought to last month's school shooting in Newtown, Conn.
Perhaps most controversially, O'Malley (D) will ask the General Assembly to force prospective gun owners to provide fingerprints to state police, complete a hands-on weapon-familiarization and gun-safety course, and undergo a background check to be licensed.....
Marylanders strongly support gun control proposals, poll finds
Here is a link that might be useful: Link
"SAN DIEGO-Following the events of last week, in which a crazed western lowland gorilla ruthlessly murdered 21 people in a local shopping plaza after escaping from the San Diego Zoo, sources across the country confirmed Thursday that national gorilla sales have since skyrocketed.
"After seeing yet another deranged gorilla just burst into a public place and start killing people, I decided I need to make sure something like that never happens to me," said 34-year-old Atlanta resident Nick Keller, shortly after purchasing a 350-pound mountain gorilla from his local gorilla store. "It just gives me peace of mind knowing that if I'm ever in that situation, I won't have to just watch helplessly as my torso is ripped in half and my face is chewed off. I'll be able to use my gorilla to defend myself.""
Here is a link that might be useful: Gorilla Sales Skyrocket After Latest Gorilla Attack
Not till you pry this gorilla from my cold dead hand!
Once the government bans spider monkeys it's a slippery slope that'll send swat teams into your home to take away your gorillas!
Gorillas don't kill people, gorilla owners kill people!
(this is what happens when you open that door)
This will turn into a state-by-state battle with the gun nuts. You can't reason with these people because there is no reasonableness. They fight EVERYTHING tooth-and-nail.
Here's part of an interesting article by a writer at lifescience.com:
In the 1980s and 1990s, research on gun violence in the United States was going strong. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) funded studies on gun violence, and research was bearing fruit, said Fred Rivara, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital. In particular, Rivara said, agency-funded research had revealed that residents of homes with guns had a higher likelihood of violent death in the home. [The History of Human Aggression]
However, once those findings came to the attention of the National Rifle Association (NRA), a political firestorm ensued. Congress members who supported the NRA first attempted to remove all funding from the NCIPC. That failed, but Congress did manage to remove $2.6 million from the CDC's overall budget, the exact amount spent on firearm injury research in the past year, Rivara wrote Dec. 21 in a commentary in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
More chillingly, Congress added language to the budget appropriations bill forbidding any CDC funding that might "advocate or promote gun control."
"The net effect is that we don't have any research going on in the public health sector about ways to prevent gun violence," Rivara told LiveScience.
In 2011, the wording on budget appropriations was expanded to include funding from all Department of Health and Human Services agencies, including the National Institutes of Health. In other words, Congress let it be known that attempts to get at the root of the more than 31,000 U.S. deaths from firearms each year would be punished, Rivara said.
Similar efforts to hamper gun safety and education abound. In Florida, the Privacy of Firearm Owners bill would make it a crime for a health-care professional to ask a patient if they kept a gun in the home � although a study in the journal Pediatrics in 2008 found that counseling by a family doctor increased the rate at which families with guns either removed the guns from the home or stored them safely out of the reach of children.
Oh, so you're back! But just to make a dig on my typing abilities, cool.
So, ya knew these comments were at the very end even before ya had to read all the way thru 5o some posts?
But thanks fer the tip.
Huh? Right, I couldn't possibly have been reading the post all along. Must have read it all at once. Only explanation you could come up with, huh? Not surprised. As usual your post makes no sense.
From Ron's article:
Congress let it be known that attempts to get at the root of the more than 31,000 U.S. deaths from firearms each year would be punished
How dare anyone try and figure out how to prevent those deaths!
Just goes to show you what the NRA (and its followers) cares about. It's certainly not the value of a human life.
In Florida, the Privacy of Firearm Owners bill would make it a crime for a health-care professional to ask a patient if they kept a gun in the home - although a study in the journal Pediatrics in 2008 found that counseling by a family doctor increased the rate at which families with guns either removed the guns from the home or stored them safely out of the reach of children.
Wow, a crime to ask? Really?
So, in the last few decades, Congress has gone out of its way to make sure we find out nothing accurate about gun violence--and, by suppressing such information, to make sure we have to rely on the biased and deceptive claims of the NRA which is trying to promote a gun in every home, in every hand!
In condensed form, here is what Ron's article pinpointed (all heavily influenced by the NRA):
1. A couple decades ago, Congress tried to remove all funding for research on gun violence. That failed, but Congress did manage to remove the previous year's amount of research monies: $2.6 million.
2. Congress added language forbidding any CDC funding that might "advocate or promote gun control."
3. Congress declared that research into the causes of firearms deaths would be punished in all govt agencies.
4. A recent Florida bill made it a crime for a health-care professional to ask a patient if they kept a gun in the home.
I was not aware Congress and legislatures were actually passing such bills. Now that I know and the NRA's fingerprints are all over those bills, I'm starting to get even angrier than I was before.
My mind is still boggling over the idea that we have a law saying it is illegal to promote gun control but it is not illegal to advocate for pro-gun policies. That is outrageous!
A recent Florida bill made it a crime for a health-care professional to ask a patient if they kept a gun in the home.
They also shouldn't ask about keeping poisons under the sink, un-guarded swimming pools, what they feed the baby, or anything else that might effect children's health.
Of course the NRA. If we allow health professionals to inquire about health safety items around the house in order to protect their patients, that could be a sneaky way for the goverment to create a master list of every gunowner in America--so when "they" come to get our guns, "they" will know exactly where they are. Makes is easier to pick up all guns in America, ya know. You don't think the NRA is going to let such a sneaky maneuver (health professional, my eye!) get by without putting a stop to such an invasion of a gun-owners 2nd Amendment right to privacy, do you?
Well now I know it has been literally "decades" since I had a young child, but not one single health care professional ever asked me if I had a gun in the house ... or any other health safety items lying around.
They really ask these questions?
1/2 penny
"Mexico provides a case study of what happens when more guns meet weak institutions. In the four years following the lapse of America�s assault weapons ban in 2004, 60,000 illegal firearms seized in Mexico were traced back to the U.S. Luke Chicoine, an economist at the University of Notre Dame, estimates that the expiration of the federal assault weapons ban led to at least 2,684 additional homicides in Mexico. Similarly, a study from New York University researchers found that homicides spiked in Mexican border towns after 2004, particularly those most involved in narcotics trafficking. The spike was far less dramatic in towns that bordered California, which had a state-level assault weapon ban that remained in place after the U.S. ban lapsed. A survey of court cases reported in their paper found that 3 percent of trafficked guns came from California, vs. 29 percent from Arizona and 50 percent from Texas."
Here is a link that might be useful: Guns don't kill people, gun culture does
Thank you, Marshall, for the link to the Business Week article. Besides your excellent excerpt, there's also this to consider: A survey of academic studies by Harvard University's Lisa Hepburn and David Hemenway concluded that high-income countries with more firearms have more homicides. Americans have the highest gun ownership in the world, with nine guns for every 10 people. The U.S. also has by far the highest level of gun violence among rich countries. In another study looking at 23 countries in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Hemenway and a colleague find that U.S. homicide rates were 6.9 times higher than rates in the other high-income countries, driven by firearm homicide rates that were 19.5 times higher.
In addition, unintentional firearm deaths in the U.S. were more than five times higher than in the other countries. Among these 23 countries, the U.S. accounted for 80 percent of all firearm deaths; 87 percent of all children under 15 killed by firearms were American children. In 2005, 5,285 U.S. children were killed by gunshot compared with 57 in Germany and none in Japan -- a country with some of the toughest gun controls in the world. In America, people who live in houses with guns are more likely to be killed. Homes with guns are 12 times more likely to have household members or guests killed or injured by the weapon than by an intruder. And while the guns-violence relationship is not perfect across or within rich countries, the counter-examples have implications that gun-rights advocates might not like. Consider Switzerland, which has the second-highest gun ownership rate amongst OECD countries, yet a very low overall homicide rate -- one-third the OECD average. While Swiss gun-related homicides are more common than elsewhere in the OECD, that still suggests that the mere availability of guns doesn't necessitate a lot of violent crime.
Yet if any country understood the "well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state" part of the U.S.'s Second Amendment, it would be Switzerland. Gun possession is required as part of compulsory military service. Increasingly, those guns are being kept in depots, so they're not immediately available. Military service requires soldier-citizens to attend repeated, extensive training sessions from age 20 to 50. Switzerland is a prime example of why culture and institutions matter to the relationship between guns and violence.


text:
A method for programming a controller of a memory unit has been developed. The method includes inputting variable initialization parameters of the memory unit and a clock delay and a command delay for each parameter. Based on each pair of clock delays and command delays, calculate a set of delays for a read command and a write command. Calculate the system performance for each pair of clock and command delays bases on the read and write delays and select the initial parameters that offer optimum system performance.
1. A method for programming a controller of a memory unit comprising:
inputting a plurality of initialization parameters of the memory unit;
calculating a set of pairs of clock delays and command delays using the plurality of initialization parameters;
calculating a set of read command parameters for each pair of clock delays and command delays;
calculating a set of write command parameters for each pair of clock delays and command delays;
calculating a set of system performance measures for each pair of clock delays and command delays, using the set of read command parameters and the set of write command parameters; and
selecting the pair of clock delay and command delay and the set of read command parameters and write command parameters calculated therefrom that offer optimum system performance.
2. The method of
system parameters;
device parameters of a SDRAM unit; and
a time period ratio of a system clock and a SDRAM unit clock.
3. The method of
bandwidth performance; and
margin performance.
4. The method of
a sample delay;
a RAS to CAS delay;
a valid extension delay;
a pre-charge delay;
an auto-refresh delay; and
a delay for other banks after a current command.
5. The method of
a push delay;
a RAS to CAS delay;
a valid extension delay;
a pre-charge delay;
an auto-refresh delay; and
a delay for other banks after a current command.
6. The method of
7. The method of
This invention relates to programming memory controllers for computer systems.
In computer system operations, a memory controller (MC) driven by a Central Processing Unit (CPU) interacts with an outside memory. A CPU in a single integrated circuit chip is often referred to as a microprocessor. A memory controller may be outside of the microprocessor chip or it may reside inside. An MC resident inside the microprocessor chip can operate at the speed of the processor clock, which indicates the computer speed. In modern, high performance computer systems, synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) is typically used as the outside memory. The clock for the SDRAM operates at a speed many times lower than the processor clock.
Signals passing between the MC and the SDRAM take a finite time to travel, and both the MC and the SDRAM take a finite time to respond. Thus, time delays are associated with the finite speed of signal travel and the finite response time of a device or a system. These time delays have their origins in the physical processes involved in the construction and operation of electronic devices that make up the computer system. Therefore, various time delays encountered in computer operations can be minimized or optimized, but cannot be eliminated. Reliable computer design must take into account all significant time delays affecting computer operation.
Certain time delays are always significant, and thus must be taken into account in the design of the MC for input/output operations. Significance of some other time delays is measured with respect to the time period of the processor clock. Therefore, as the computer speed increases, various additional time delays have to be taken into account to ensure reliable operation of the MC. In computer input/output operations involving an MC and a SDRAM, signals originating in the MC do not appear instantaneously at the SDRAM, and vice-versa, due to propagation delays. Further, various time delays associated with a SDRAM depend on that specific SDRAM and its actual physical layout in the computer circuit board. Thus, the signaling delays between an MC and a SDRAM vary from system to system due to different types of system configurations and memory performance specifications.
Computer operations such as the input/output (I/O) operations are synchronized with the processor clock. The I/O operations take place around precise digital transitions in logic gates and flip flops constituting digital devices and systems. In order to make computer operations reliable, (e.g., a data read from a memory) it is necessary to hold a participating signal (e.g., a command signal) stable for a short time before and after the precise transition moment. Such time considerations, together with the various time delays mentioned earlier, constitute a significant fraction of the clock time period.
A memory controller in a digital computer typically will have the capability of generating a replica of the processor clock signal delayed by half a time period. This creates a digital time delay unit of half a processor clock period. This digital time delay unit along with the aforementioned analog time delays inherently present in the computer system dictates the programmed design of the MC for reliable input/output operations with the SDRAMs.
Digital signals for communications between the MC and the SDRAM fall into three categories: clock signals; command signals; and data signals. In a computer system, multiple signal lines constitute both the command and data paths. All communicating I/O signals must be designed to flow in concert in order to produce the right digital transitions at the right time. Precise timing designs of all these signals may be done, for example, by �Firmwire�, which is an embedded software contained in an erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) or a flash memory. The present technique of MC programming design has been to use a spreadsheet to store all possible timing combinations and to manually design suitable solutions. Such exercises are specific for a particular system configuration. This becomes more difficult as the number of time delay elements to be considered increases with the increase in processor clock speed, and design may not be optimized for highest achievable performance. It has become necessary, therefore, to define the design problem with mathematical precision and create a general algorithm to solve it.
In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for programming a controller of a memory unit comprising: inputting a plurality of initialization parameters of the memory unit; calculating a clock delay and a command delay for each initialization parameter; calculating a set of read command delays for each pair of clock delays and command delays; calculating a set of write command delays for each pair of clock delays and command delays; calculating a system performance for each pair of clock delays and command delays; selecting the initialization parameter that offers the optimum system performance.
Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.
FIG. 1a is a schematic diagram of a computer system showing a processor interconnected with an external memory controller and a memory (SDRAM).
FIG. 1b is a schematic diagram of a computer system showing a processor with an internal memory controller connected to a memory (SDRAM).
FIG. 2 is a block diagram describing SDRAM access by a memory controller.
FIG. 3 is a timing diagram describing SDRAM read and write operations.
FIG. 4 is a timing diagram depicting analog delays of various computer signals.
FIG. 5 is a timing diagram showing clock and command signal programming.
FIG. 6 is a timing diagram describing SDRAM read operation.
FIG. 7 is a timing diagram describing SDRAM write operation.
FIG. 8 is an algorithmic flowchart describing timing parameter calculations for programming a memory controller in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.
The present invention relates to methods for programming memory controllers to correctly and optimally perform input/output operations with outside memory like a SDRAM. The method of the invention provides systematic analysis of various time delays and time constraints inherently present in the operation of devices and systems like a SDRAM. Deliberate programmable time delays may be introduced at the MC to serve as design elements. One such time delay element is the processor clock time period, which is the smaller digital time unit. The other is the SDRAM clock time period, the larger digital time unit. With these two digital time delay input parameters, along with an analog delay element (SDRAM device parameters and system input parameters involving propagation delays), correct and optimal timings in communications between an MC and a SDRAM are then systematically designed. Exemplary embodiments of this systematic method for programming an MC to provide high speed and efficient input/output operations with an external memory are described below with reference to the attached Figures.
FIG. 1a is a schematic diagram of a computer system showing a processor 11 connected (13) with an external Memory Controller (MC) 15. The MC 15 is connected (17) to an external memory 19 for input/output operations.
FIG. 1b is a schematic diagram of a computer system showing a processor 21 with a memory controller 23 resident in the processor. The MC communicates (25) with the external memory 27. By having the MC inside the microprocessor chip allows the MC to operate at the processor clock speed. The MC then could be designed to have faster external memory (SDRAM) access for input/output (I/O) operations.
FIG. 2 depicts a typical SDRAM controller hookup 30. Communicating signals between the MC 31 and the SDRAM 33 are physically arranged in three groups: the clock signal 35; the unidirectional (from MC to SDRAM) command bus 37; and the bi-directional data bus 39. The command and data signals are sampled synchronously. The clock signal makes that synchronous computer operation possible.
FIG. 3 shows basic SDRAM read and write accesses 40. There are three signals shown in the plot: a clock signal 41; a command signal 43 and a data signal 45. They represent the signals at SDRAM I/O pins. The three signals correspond to the signal groups discussed in FIG. 2. Since SDRAMs operate synchronously with the clock, the commands must be sampled at a clock edge, e.g., a rising edge, shown in the figure as A 47; B 49, D 53; and E 55. For an SDRAM read or an SDRAM write, SDRAM receives a RAS (row address strobe) 57 and a CAS (column address strobe) 59 commands. Similarly for a SDRAM read or a SDRAM write, SDRAM receives a RAS 61 and a CAS 63 commands. The delay from a RAS to a CAS is defined as the RAS-CAS delay, which is an SDRAM parameter given by the SDRAM manufacturer. Systems use the smallest given RAS-CAS delay to achieve the best performance. To sample the commands correctly, the clock and the commands must satisfy the minimum setup time F 65 and minimum hold time G 67 given by the manufacturer. For a read operation, the data appears on the data bus at a clock rising edge C 51 (only cache latency 2 is shown). For a write operation, written data must be driven at the same time as the CAS command 63 so write data 71 is sampled the same time as the CAS command.
For the design of an algorithm to correctly program the MC, various time delays and time constraints (analog type time elements) associated with the physical operation of a memory device like a SDRAM need to be specified. Table 1 is an exemplary specification for a SDRAM. Not all listed parameters are needed for this algorithm development.
The programmable parameters for the MC required for correct and optimum I/O operation with the MC and SDRAM need to be specified. Table 2 lists and describes seventeen related programmable parameters in the MC. Other programmable parameters, such as refresh control and SDRAM initialization parameters are not listed. These timing parameters are necessary for I/O operations such as memory read, memory write, same bank access, different bank access, etc.
Table 3 lists required system input parameters for calculating MC programming parameters. Ten important parameters are listed and described. These system parameters are needed as inputs to the design method. This table describes an exemplary development process.
In estimating the design parameters described in Table 2 for design development, it is necessary to characterize and to estimate various design input parameters. Some time delay elements arise from signal propagation delays. Electrical signals take a finite amount of time to travel a finite distance in an integrated circuit. As the processor clock speed increases, these time delay elements become more significant. When a propagation delay becomes a significant fraction of the processor clock period, it needs to be accounted through correct and reliable I/O timing designs, involving an MC and a SDRAM. These time delay elements are analog types dependent on the physical layout of the computer hardware.
FIG. 4 shows the analog delays between an MC and a SDRAM. Six signal waveforms are shown in plot 80, representing the signals at both MC and SDRAM I/O pins. The upper three signals 81, 85, and 89 correspond to the signal groups in FIG. 2 for the MC I/O pins. The lower three signals 83, 87, and 91 correspond to the signal groups in FIG. 2 at SDRAM I/O pins. Clock signals 81 and 83 are unidirectional from the MC to the SDRAM. Command bus signals 85 and 87 are unidirectional from the MC to the SDRAM. The data bus signals 89 and 91 are bi-directional between the MC and the SDRAM.
Analog clock_delay 93 is the clock signal's delay from the MC to the SDRAM. Clock_delay varies within the range of clock_delay_min and clock_delay_max provided as system input parameters (Table 3). The following relation holds:
clock_delay_min<clock_delay<clock_delay_max (EQ 1)
The analog cmd_delay 103 is the command bus signal's delay from the MC to the SDRAM. The cmd_delay varies within the range of cmd_delay_min and cmd_delay_max as system input parameters (Table 3). The following relation holds:
The analog sdram_mc_data_delay 109 is the data delay from the SDRAM to the MC for a read operation. The sdram_mc_data_delay varies within the range of sdram mc_data_delay_min and sdram_mc_data_delay_max provided as system input parameters (Table 3). For this delay the following relation holds:
The analog mc_sdram_data_delay 113 is the data delay from the MC to the SDRAM for a write operation. The mc_sdram_data_delay varies within the range of mc_sdram_data_delay_min and mc_sdram_data_delay_max provided as system input parameters (Table 3). For this delay the following relation holds:
The MC must guarantee the commands and data are correctly sampled at the MC and/or the SDRAM. The commands must satisfy setup time 119 and hold time 121 given by the SDRAM specifications. As shown in FIG. 4, for a read operation, the MC must be programmed internally to sample with delay 108, to get data with setup time 104 and hold time 106, to satisfy MC I/O specifications. As noted earlier, data 107 at the MC is the same data 105 at the SDRAM, which arrived with time delay 109. For a write operation, the MC must control data 111 to be sampled at the SDRAM with setup time 112 and hold time 114 to satisfy the SDRAM specification.
To satisfy the above setup time and hold time at the right time for variant system designs, the MC must be programmable. The programmable parameters, described in Table 2, compensate for the appropriate time delays by the correct amount to achieve the best timing and performance in the MC to SDRAM I/O operations.
FIG. 5 depicts MC clock and command programming 200. It does not include analog delays due to propagation path delays as discussed in FIG. 4. The MC, resident in a microprocessor, is able to generate a delayed version 203 of clock 201 with delay (clk_dly) 205 in CPU clock resolution. The programmable digital delay 205 in the CPU clock resolution produces a corresponding programmed delay 213 in command signal 206 at the MC output.
Internally, the MC has a base signal that is always synchronous with the clock and which has SDRAM clock resolution. The SDRAM clock rate is slower, (typically 4-15 times), than the CPU (microprocesor) clock rate. Additionally, the MC is able to generate the commands with programmable delay (cmd_dly) 209 in the SDRAM input clock 207 in SDRAM clock resolution resulting in a corresponding, programmed delay 217 in the command signal 215 input at SDRAM. Therefore, by programming the clk_dly 205 in CPU clock resolution and cmd_dly 209 in SDRAM clock resolution, and taking into account the analog delays clk_delay and cmd_delay, shown in FIG. 4, (not included in FIG. 5), the command to SDRAM is sampled at a rising edge 219 of SDRAM clock 207. Let tSS be the set up time and tSH be the hold time specified by the SDRAM specification, and let clkr be the clock frequency ratio of the processor and SDRAM which is the same as the SDRM to processor clock period ratio. For the setup time, the following relation holds:
In addition, for the hold time, the following relation holds:
where N is an integer number satisfying both inequalities. The programmable delays clk_dly and cmd_dly need to be produced in discrete units in the range {0, 1, . . . clkr−1}. To obtain the legal settings for clk_dly and cmd_dly the following steps need to be executed:
(i). Set cmd_dly={0, 1, . . . clkr−1}
(ii). Vary clock_dly from 0 to clkr−1;
(iii). Substitute the above values into the relation involving wr_psh_dly (wait time to push the write data out in processor clock unit) in (EQ 19) derived below for write setup time to obtain best possible performance in terms of idle latency. Check the validity of the current cmd_dly and sdram_clk-dly values chosen. The valid settings can be obtained based on the iterations of the above three steps.
A read operation will now be considered to generate correct MC programmable parameters, which pertain to the read operation. Toward this end, the SDRAM read timing diagram 300 in FIG. 6 will be considered. This diagram is a simplified version of a SDRAM read timing of a recent actual CPU: UltraSPARC-III.
The first signal 301 is the processor internal clock. The second signal 303 is the MC internal base SDRAM clock. The SDRAM clock period is always a multiple of the processor clock period. The third signal line 305 represents the SDRAM clock at the MC I/O pin. It has a programmable delay (clk_dly) 307 with respect to the internal SDRAM clock base. The fourth signal 309 is the SDRAM command sync signal. All SDRAM commands must be synchronized to this signal. It has a programmable delay (cmd_dly) 311 with respect to the internal SDRAM clock base. The fifth signal 315 represents the MCU command output at MC I/O pins. The three commands on the command bus are the RAS command, 317, the CAS command, 319 and the CKE DIS deassertion command, 321. When CKE is deasserted, the data valid will be extended by one SDRAM cycle. The sixth signal 327 is the data sampling signal. The memory read data will be sampled into MC with the rd_smp_dly 329 with respect to the SDRAM internal base clock, 303. The seventh signal 333 is the SDRAM data 339 reaching the MC I/O pins after a time delay (sdram_mc_data_dly) 341. The hollow part of the data signal represents the valid portion. It consists of MC read data setup time 335 and MC read data hold time 337. The eighth signal 339 is the SDRAM data driven out from the SDRAM I/O pins. The ninth signal 347 is the SDRAM command signal reaching SDRAM I/O pins after a time delay (cmd_dly) 355. The tenth signal 367 is the SDRAM clock reaching the SDRAM pins after a time delay (clk_dly) 351. There will be no new read CAS during the period of time (clkr x rd_rd_dly) 369 and there will be no new write CAS during the period of time (clkr x rd_wr_dly) 371. The delays, set time and hold time, marked in FIG. 6, have been described in Tables 2 and 3.
For the read operation, the following parameters are to be calculated:
act_rd_dly (read command RAS to CAS delay);
rd-wait (read data valid extension);
rd_smp_dly (wait to sample a read data).
For the read command operations, the following relation must be satisfied:
Therefore, set
Because act_rd_dly is the minimum possible legal setting, act_rd_dly in (EQ 8) gives the best possible performance in terms of read idle latency.
For read setup time, the following relation must be satisfied:
In addition, for read hold time, the following relation must be satisfied:
Given positive numbers X and Y, the Remainder function is defined such that R is a positive number that satisfies:
where P is an integer and 0<R<Y. R is denoted as:
Therefore, let
this results in,
RD_WAIT must be maintained as a positive number because no logic circuit can control past performance. Therefore,
The setting of write parameters can be obtained in a similar fashion.
FIG. 7 is a simplified version of the SDRAM write timing diagram 400 (used in an actual CPU, the UltraSPARC-III). The first signal 401 is the processor internal clock. The second signal 403 is the MC internal base SDRAM clock. The SDRAM clock period is always a multiple of the processor clock period. The third signal line 405 represents the SDRAM clock at the MC I/O pin. It has a programmable delay 407 with respect to the internal SDRAM clock base. The fourth signal 409 is the SDRAM command sync signal. All SDRAM commands must be synchronous to this signal. It has a programmable delay (cmd_dly) 411 with respect to the internal SDRAM clock base. The fifth signal 415 represents the MCU command output at MC I/O pins. There are two commands on the command bus. They are RAS command 417 and CAS command 419. The sixth signal 425 is the data driving signal. The memory read data would be driven out from MC with the wr_psh_dly 427 with respect to SDRAM internal base clock. The seventh signal 429 is the SDRAM data out at the MC I/O pins. The eighth signal 433 is the SDRAM data reaching SDRAM I/O pins after a time delay (mc_sdram_data_dly) 437. The ninth signal 439 is the SDRAM clock reach the SDRAM pins after a propagation path time delay (clock_delay) 443. The tenth signal 445 is the SDRAM command signal reaching the SDRAM I/O pins after a propagation path time delay (cmd_delay) 451. The delays, set time and hold time marked in the figure, have been described in the Tables 2 and 3.
A memory WRITE operation is controlled by the following parameters:
act�wr_dly (write command RAS to CAS delay);
wr psh dly;
wrdata_thld (write data valid extension).
Because act_wr_dly is the minimum possible legal setting, act_wr_dly in EQ 18 gives the best possible performance in terms of idle latency.
For write setup time, it must satisfy
Hold time:
Therefore, let
wr_psh_dly=Floor(clkr(1+act_wr_dly)+cmd_delay_min+Remainder(clk_dly+clk_delay_min−cmd_dly−cmd_delay_min, clkr)−1−mc_dram_dly_max); (EQ 21)
this results in,
Programmable parameters to avoid conflicts will now be considered.
For same bank access, the following parameters are important:
rd_cycl_dly(wait for row precharge time tRP after a read command is issued);
wr_cycl_dly (wait for row precharge time tRP after a write command is issued);
auto-rfr-cycle(wait for auto refresh to finish).
For a bank access, we have:
rd_cycl_dly=Ceil((tRC−tRCD−clk_delay_max+clk_dly_min+RD_WAIT*clkr)/clkr)−1 (EQ 26)
For different bank accesses:
rd_rd_dly (delay for a read allowed to other banks after current read);
rd_wr_dly (delay for a write allowed to other banks after current read);
wr_rd_dly (delay for a read allowed to other banks after current write);
wr_wr dly (delay for a write allowed to other banks after current write).
The following formulas compute starting and ending points for the use of the data bus during read and write operations:
In the above derivation, legal settings are mathematically obtained to achieve the best idle latency for the MC. All legal settings are then checked for peak bandwidth performance. The memory system performance is measured in terms of read bandwidth and write bandwidth, expressed in bytes/sec. The bandwidth represents the rate of data transfer out of memory (read) or into it (write). The peak bandwidth performance will ultimately decide the best setting among all the legal settings obtained by the above equations.
For single bank:
Two Banks on One DIMM Set:
Write Bandwidth=1/Max (Ceil(clkr(1+act_wr_dly)+wr_cycle_dly)/clkr)clkr*2, wr_wr_delay*clkr); (EQ 41)
Two Banks on Two DIMM Sets:
Four Banks on Two DIMM Sets:
From the three pairs of the inequalities, the following margins can be calculated:
Command setup margin:
For the hold time:
cmd_hold_margin=cmd_dly+cmd_delay_min−clk_dly−clock_delay_max−N clkr−tSH; (EQ 47)
MC data setup margin:
MC data hold margin:
SDRAM setup margin:
SDRAM hold margin:
With these margin performance numbers, the best legal setting can be obtained easily.
The MC programming method is now ready for implementation. The flow chart 500 for the MC programmable parameter calculation is described in FIG. 8. The first step 501 is initialization of all inputs, including the SDRAM parameters in Table 1, system parameters in Table 3 and the time period ratio parameter clkr. The next step 503 includes storing all the legal settings described in Table 3 and the computation of programmable time delays clk_dly and cmd_dly. In the third step 505, for each pair of clk_dly and cmd_dly, the parameters rd_smp_dly, rd_act_dly, rd_wait, wr_psh_dly, wr_act_dly and wr_thld are calculated. Based on these calculated parameters, the parameters rd_cycle_dly, wr_cycle_dly, auto_rfr_cycle, rd_rd_dly, wr_wr_dly, rd_wr_dly and wr_rd_dly are calculated. All the calculated parameters are stored.
In the last step 507, for each pair of clk_dly and cmd_dly, memory bandwidth performance and margins are calculated from the above mentioned equations. Then, a set of parameters is chosen that give the best performance and the best margins.
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.
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We are addressing the biggest challenge: access. My Wall Street background proved to be an advantage as I was able to translate my experience as a trader into the healthcare market. There was an enormous market disparity, and therefore great potential, in leveraging technology and creativity to solve the resource inefficiencies. TalkSession as a platform is unique as we specialize in online tele-mental health. Also, we have strict quality control around our providers, which is unusual as well as difficult in a highly subjective population.
We have been fortunate to have amazing partners. Springboard is a fantastic non-profile accelerator for women-founded businesses in life sciences. TalkSession is in the GE Ventures / StartUp Health Entrepreneur Accelerator program, and has been recognized by the White House as an innovative breakthrough technology in behavioral health IT. I am fortunate that we have achieved the exposure to reach people who not only appreciate what we do, but can make a difference.
Healthcare is one of the most formative issues of our time and as Einstein said, "We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them." That is a quote I live by daily as I increasingly realize that utilizing creative destruction and pushing the limits of the anti-fragility of healthcare, are going to be the only ways we can get everyone in this country the care they deserve.
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Professors Jeffrey Harris and Todd Jick, in particular, have made an indelible imprint on my career as an entrepreneur. Innovator or Die, with Professor Harris was an inspiration to my career choice. We studied more than a dozen entrepreneurs in highly varied industries. He led discussions around entrepreneurial attributes. What was it about Steve Jobs that made him a great entrepreneur? We asked the same question about Hugh Hefner, Harold Schultz (Starbucks), and Michael Milken, among others. Of all of our class workbooks it is Professor Harris' that has stayed active on my bookshelf, years after graduation.
Professor Jick leads Organizational Management and Change, one of the most popular classes at the business school. Aside from his deep experience and insightful lectures, Professor Jick inspired me in his role leading our class' Chazen trip to India. For over two weeks Professor Jick was an incredible leader, friend and role model for the thirty students trekking through four cities together. By having that concentrated block of time with Professor Jick, I learned more from one professor than any other during my time at Columbia Business School.
I love Columbia. I went to Barnard in addition to Columbia Business School. We had our company's launch party at Low Library, which was just grandiose. It is such an incredible space, full of history and presence, and I was honored to be able to launch this company that meant so much to me, in a place that also meant so much to me.
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