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Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database Maintaining at least one copy of an operational database in case of a disaster is the most fundamental task a database administrator (DBA) can perform. And performing a database backup is the most common method for accomplishing this task. Just because performing a database backup is a common operation, however, does not mean it is unimportant. This chapter emphasizes how important database backups are to your restore strategy, which defines how you can recover your database while meeting business requirements for allowed amounts of downtime and maximum data loss. Without a restore strategy, backing up a database has virtually no purpose. After describing Microsoft SQL Server's flexible options for backing up a database, this chapter explains how to restore those backups to recover data up to a specific point in time. You will also learn how to move databases by using backup/restore, detach/attach, or the Copy Database Wizard. MORE INFO SSMS backup and restore facilities In this chapter, we explore all the SQL Server 2005 backup and restore features by using the command syntax. Although you can access most of the features we cover via the SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) graphical interface, walking through the screens does little to explain this subject. In addition, you cannot perform some options and restore processes through the graphical user interface (GUI). For details about using the SSMS backup and restore facilities, see the SQL Server 2005 Books Online reference page "Backing Up and Restoring How-to Topics." SQL Server 2005 Books Online is installed as part of SQL Server 2005. Updates for SQL Server 2005 Books Online are available for download at www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/sql/2005/downloads/books.mspx. 413 414 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database Exam objectives in this chapter: I Back up a database. K Perform a full backup. K Perform a differential backup. K Perform a transaction log backup. K Initialize a media set by using the FORMAT option. K Append or overwrite an existing media set. K Create a backup device. K Back up filegroups. I Restore a database. K Identify which files are needed from the backup strategy. K Restore a database from a single file and from multiple files. K Choose an appropriate restore method. I Move a database between servers. K Choose an appropriate method for moving a database. Lessons in this chapter: I Lesson 1: Backing Up a Database. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 I Lesson 2: Restoring a Database. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 I Lesson 3: Moving a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Before You Begin To complete the lessons in this chapter, you must have I SQL Server 2005 installed. I A connection to a SQL Server 2005 instance. I A copy of the AdventureWorks sample database. I Completed Chapter 2, "Configuring SQL Server 2005," in this book. Before You Begin 415 Real World Michael Hotek I finally was going to be home for more than a couple of days straight and was looking forward to spending the day working on new projects on the lathe. But on my way through the house and to the woodshop, the phone rang. I didn't know the desperate caller, who was from an organization that I had never heard of. But a DBA from an organization that I had worked with a couple of years ago had given him my phone number. The organization had a big problem: A disk in its drive array had failed, and the person who swapped in a new drive unfortunately chose the wrong drive and caused the entire system to shut down with a completely unrecoverable redun- dant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) array. I was apparently the organization's last resort to try to fix a problem no one else had been able to solve. I've spent almost two decades doing emergency disaster recovery for hundreds of organi- zations around the globe, with a pretty high success rate. Most of the projects involved working to recover production systems that I had never seen before. The damages were caused by nearly every disaster you could think of: flood, fire, tornado, hurricane, tsunami, lightning, earthquake, water immersion, explo- sives, bullets, every "normal" hardware failure imaginable, security breeches, and even end-user error. After a virtual private network (VPN) into the organization's system and a several- hour-long conference call to work through everything, we managed to recon- struct just about everything by using a combination of backups, data extracts to other systems, and Lumigent Technologies' Log Explorer product. We could not recover a small amount of data that was damaged during an initial failed recovery operation, but the organization could manually reconstruct the data. About the time I was finishing up with this customer, an e-mail popped into my inbox, asking if I could help yet another organization. It seems its hosting provider had toasted the drive array on which its data was sitting. Even better, there were no backups for the database. For the hundredth time, I had to ask myself, when were people ever going to learn? Having a functional, tested backup and restore strat- egy, and deploying that strategy correctly, is the most fundamental part of any database implementation. Thankfully, I typically don't get several of these calls daily and have even managed an entire month in the last decade when I didn't have to deal with one. But I would have really liked to have spent a nice, relaxing day at my lathe, creating something that didn't have to do with a computer… 416 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database Lesson 1: Backing Up a Database Maintaining a duplicate copy of data that you can recover in the event of data loss is critical. And SQL Server 2005 provides a variety of features that you can use to accom- plish this goal. The most common way to maintain duplicate copies of data is by using the backup capabilities built into SQL Server. Some of these capabilities will be famil- iar to anyone who has used a previous version of SQL Server. In addition, SQL Server 2005 includes a significant step forward in providing greater flexibility with ways to perform backups. This lesson will explain the basics of each option that is available within the SQL Server backup engine. IMPORTANT Understanding database and log structures To get a better understanding of the backup and restore architecture, you first need to be familiar with the basic structure of SQL Server databases, filegroups, extents, data pages, and transaction logs. Refer to Chapter 2 before starting this lesson. After this lesson, you will be able to: I Perform a full backup. I Perform a differential backup. I Perform a transaction log backup. I Perform a filegroup backup. I Initialize a media set by using the FORMAT option. I Append or overwrite an existing media set. I Create a backup device. Estimated lesson time: 45 minutes NOTE Backup permissions Unlike previous SQL Server versions, SQL Server 2005 aims to strengthen security by implementing the principle of least privilege, using only the minimum set of permissions required to perform an operation. So you need to know what permissions are required to execute backups. Backups, no matter how you initiate them, execute within the database engine under the security context of the SQL Server service account. You need to grant this account permissions to read and write to any directories or tape devices that you will be using to back up to; otherwise, your backups will fail due to insufficient permissions. To grant a user permissions to back up the database without allow- ing additional access, add the user as a member of the db_backupoperator role, which is allowed only to back up the database, log, or checkpoint in the database. No other access is allowed. Lesson 1: Backing Up a Database 417 Performing Full Backups The purpose of a full database backup is to capture all the data that is stored in the database. The backup engine accomplishes this task by extracting every extent in the database that is allocated to an object. You can then use a full backup by itself to re-cre- ate the entire database. Note that this backup method is always available, regardless of the recovery model you configure for a database. NOTE Inside backup granularity You will find many books that say a SQL Server backup backs up a data page instead of an extent. This is inaccurate. SQL Server does not allocate a single data page to an object that needs space; it allocates a full extent. The backup engine works on the same principle. It extracts any pages allo- cated to an object, and because allocation occurs one extent at a time, the backup engine is in fact backing up all extents that SQL Server has allocated to objects, regardless of whether SQL Server has written data to all the pages within the extent. The backup engine is configured to perform a backup as quickly as possible while using a minimum of resources. When you initiate a backup, the backup engine writes pages to the backup device without regard to the order of pages. Because the backup is not concerned with the precise ordering of pages, SQL Server can open multiple threads to write data as fast as it can be accepted by the media. The only limiting factor in the backup speed is how fast data can be written to a device. Because a backup is not instantaneous and can occur while users are connected to the database and issuing queries, logical inconsistency in the database is a possibility. If a page of data were written to the backup media and then modified by another request, for example, restoring this backup would place the database in an inconsistent state. SQL Server, however, does not allow this to happen because it enforces the following specific series of steps during a full backup: 1. Lock the database, blocking all transactions. 2. Place a mark in the transaction log. 3. Release the database lock. 4. Back up all pages in the database. 5. Lock the database, blocking all transactions. 6. Place a mark in the transaction log. 7. Release the database lock. 8. Extract all transactions between the two log marks and append to the backup. 418 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database This process ensures that the database is completely consistent as of the time that the backup completes. The basic command to back up a database is as follows: BACKUP DATABASE <database name> TO DISK = '<directory>\<filename>' WITH INIT You use the TO clause in the BACKUP DATABASE command to specify the backup device to send the backup to, which can be the name of a logical backup device that is created, or you can specify an explicit path to either DISK or TAPE. The WITH clause has more than a dozen parameters, all of which are optional. The INIT parameter, which is the most common, tells SQL Server to overwrite anything in the backup device that might already exist before starting the backup operation. MORE INFO Backup syntax For a complete discussion of the BACKUP DATABASE command, including all possible options, see the article "BACKUP (Transact-SQL)" in SQL Server 2005 Books Online. Performing Differential Backups A differential backup captures all the extents that have changed since the last full backup. And the main purpose of a differential backup is to reduce the number of transaction log backups that need to be restored. You use a differential backup along with a full backup. If a full backup does not exist, you cannot create a differential backup. As with a full backup, you can perform a differential backup of a database no matter what recovery model is specified for the database. Note that a differential backup is NOT an incremental backup. An incremental backup captures any changes since the previous incremental backup. Therefore, restoring an incremental backup requires all other incremental backups. A differential backup always captures every extent that has changed since the last full backup. So each differential backup contains everything that any previous differential backup taken after a full backup contains. For example, suppose that a full backup occurs at midnight, with differential backups taken every four hours during the day. The differ- ential backup at 04:00 contains all extents that have changed since midnight. The dif- ferential backup at 08:00 contains all extents that have changed since midnight. And the noon differential backup contains all extents that have changed since midnight. To determine the extents that need to be backed up by a differential backup, SQL Server maintains an extent map. An extent map is just another data page within the Lesson 1: Backing Up a Database 419 database, with each bit on the page representing an extent. When SQL Server changes an extent, it changes the corresponding bit for that extent from 0 to 1. When you per- form a full backup, SQL Server resets all bits to 0. In this way, SQL Server has to inter- rogate only this page to determine which extents it needs to back up. Because databases can be an unlimited size and data pages are only 8 KB in size, SQL Server creates one of these mapping pages for approximately every 8,192 extents that it allo- cates to objects in the database. So a single page can cover thousands of data pages. The simplest command to perform a differential backup is as follows: BACKUP DATABASE <database name> TO DISK = '<directory>\<filename>' WITH DIFFERENTIAL This command is almost exactly the same as the command to perform a full database backup except that it requires use of the DIFFERENTIAL parameter. All other options are the same as with a full backup. Transaction Log Backups You can perform transaction log backups only for databases you have configured to use the Full or Bulk-Logged recovery model and that have not yet had a minimally logged transaction executed. Transaction log backups are also allowed only after a full backup has been performed. A transaction log backup contains only a subset of data and requires that you also have at least a full backup to recover the database. A log backup backs up the active log. It starts at the Log Sequence Number (LSN) at which the previous log backup completed. SQL Server then backs up all subsequent transactions until the backup encounters an open transaction. After SQL Server encounters an open transaction, the log backup completes. Any LSNs that are backed up are then allowed to be removed from the transaction log, which enables the system to reuse log space. NOTE Transaction log, replication, and database mirroring If you are implementing either transactional replication or database mirroring, an additional requirement is imposed on a transaction log. Both these features guarantee delivery of data and therefore must ensure that data is successfully delivered before SQL Server can remove a transac- tion from the log, regardless of whether it has been backed up. When you are using these features, a transaction can be removed only when 1. It has been successfully committed to the distribution database. 2. It has been successfully committed on the mirror database. 420 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database The simplest way to execute a transaction log backup is to issue the following state- ment (see the SQL Server 2005 Books Online article noted previously for syntax details): BACKUP LOG <database name> TO DISK = '<directory>\<filename>' WITH INIT Quick Check I How do full, differential, and transaction log backups interact with each other? Quick Check Answer I A full backup is required before you can perform either a differential or a transaction log backup. Differential and transaction log backups occur independently of each other. The main purpose of a differential backup is to reduce the number of transaction log backups that you must restore in the event of a database failure. Performing Filegroup Backups Filegroup backups provide an alternative backup strategy to full backups. Instead of backing up the entire database, you can perform a filegroup backup to back up indi- vidual filegroups within the database. The starting point for a filegroup backup strat- egy must include a backup of all filegroups within the database so that you can reassemble all the filegroups within that database. BEST PRACTICES Using filegroup backups You should select a filegroup backup method when the size of a database makes it impractical to either back up or restore an entire database while still meeting your recovery requirements. Because a filegroup backup enables you to back up portions of a database, it requires you to configure the database in the Full or Bulk-Logged recovery model so that you can perform a filegroup backup that is read/write. To restore, you can then use file- group, differential, and transaction log backups. NOTE Recovering from a filegroup backup If you are restoring one or more filegroups with backups taken at different times, transaction log backups are a minimum requirement to roll all filegroups forward to a consistent point in time. Lesson 1: Backing Up a Database 421 The simplest way to perform a filegroup backup is as follows: BACKUP DATABASE <database name> FILEGROUP = '<filegroup name>' TO DISK = '<directory>\<filen ame>' You can also take a differential backup on either a database or filegroup basis. The simplest form of a filegroup differential backup command is this: BACKUP DATABASE <database name> FILEGROUP = '<filegroup name>' TO DISK = '<directory>\<filen ame>' WITH DIFFERENTIAL Performing Mirrored Backups Each backup operation creates a single copy of data on either disk or tape. It is then up to an administrator to create additional copies to protect your organization from media failure. This duplication process can be tedious and time-consuming, and the single backup becomes a potential single point of failure during the process. SQL Server 2005 introduces a new capability to the BACKUP command. You can create additional copies of a backup called mirrors during the backup operation. You accomplish this operation by using the following optional clause in the BACKUP command: [[MIRROR TO <backup_device> [ ,...n ]][ ...next-mirror]] You can create up to four mirrors, with three being specified in the MIRROR TO clause. A mirrored backup also places some restrictions on the media that you use. The media for each mirror must be of the same type as well as have the same number of devices. Each must also possess similar properties. For example, if you are backing up to disk, all mirrors must also be disks; if you are backing up to tape, all mirrors must be tape. NOTE Inside backup striping A media set generally contains a single physical device, such as a file or tape drive. However, a media set can be constructed of up to 64 devices. When a media set encompasses multiple physi- cal devices, the backup engine spawns one thread per physical device and writes a portion of the data within the backup to each device. This is not the same as the striping capability present in RAID technology, but it is similar in concept to what occurs with RAID 0. Each mirror must be iden- tical. Therefore, if you specify a media set that contains two disk devices, each mirror must also contain two disk devices. Similarly, if your media set contains 64 tape devices, the mirror must specify 64 tape devices. 422 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database When you use mirrored backups, SQL Server reads the page from the data files once and then creates multiple copies as it writes the page to disk or tape. This process has the effect of writing the same page of data to each mirror at the same time. The restric- tion on each mirror being of the same device type with similar properties is to ensure minimal performance impact when using this capability. NOTE Backup locations A common misconception is that devices you are using for backups must be physically attached to the SQL Server machine. Backups can be sent to locally attached devices. You can also send back- ups to a Universal Naming Convention (UNC) path. When sending backups to a UNC path, you must consider the backup's impact on the network bandwidth. The following example backs up the PUBS database to a two-disk media set and cre- ates three mirrors of the backup. The first backup occurs to a locally attached disk, whereas each of the mirrors is a network resource accessed via a UNC path. BACKUP DATABASE PUBS TO DISK='C:\DEMO\BACKUP\PUBS1B.BAK', DISK='C:\DEMO\BACKUP\PUBS1B.BAK' MIRROR TO DISK='\\BAKSERVER1\BACKUP\PUBSMIRROR1A.BAK', DISK='\\BAKSERVER1\BACKUP\ PUBSMIRROR1B.BAK' MIRROR TO DISK='\\BAKSERVER2\BACKUP\PUBSMIRROR2A.BAK', DISK='\\BAKSERVER2\BACKUP\ PUBSMIRROR2B.BAK' MIRROR TO DISK='\\BAKSERVER3\BACKUP\PUBSMIRROR3A.BAK', DISK='\\BAKSERVER3\BACKUP\ PUBSMIRROR3B.BAK' WITH FORMAT GO NOTE FORMAT clause The FORMAT clause is normally an optional parameter. This parameter writes a new media header to each media set, overwriting the previous header and invalidating any other backups contained on the media. However, the FORMAT clause is required for a mirrored backup. Partial Backups It is possible to have databases in which some of the filegroups can be written to, whereas others are read-only. In previous versions of SQL Server, a full backup cap- tured all allocated extents in a database, even when a filegroup was marked as read- only, which meant that there were no changes to the data. SQL Server 2005 intro- duces an additional parameter to the BACKUP command to handle this situation. The READ_WRITE_FILEGROUPS clause causes the backup engine to skip any filegroups that are marked as read-only, saving time and space in the backup by having the backup engine gather only the set of extents that could change. Lesson 1: Backing Up a Database 423 An example of a statement to execute a partial backup is the following: BACKUP DATABASE PUBS READ_WRITE_FILEGROUPS TO DISK='C:\DEMO\BACKUP\PUBS1.BAK' PRACTICE Backing Up a Database by Using Full/Differential/Transaction Log and Filegroup/Filegroup Differential/Transaction Log Backups In this practice, you will create backups for the AdventureWorks database using two different methods: full/differential/transaction log and filegroup/differential/transac- tion log. Practice 1: Back Up a Database by Using Full, Differential, and Transaction Log Backups In this practice, you will back up the AdventureWorks database by using a series of full, differential, and transaction log backups. 1. Launch SSMS, connect to your SQL Server instance, and open a new query win- dow. 2. Create a directory named c:\test. 3. Execute the following command to create a full database backup: BACKUP DATABASE AdventureWorks TO DISK = 'C:\TEST\AW.BAK' 4. Make a change to the Production.Product table in the AdventureWorks database. 5. Execute the following command to back up the transaction log and capture the change you just made: BACKUP LOG AdventureWorks TO DISK = 'C:\TEST\AW1.TRN' 6. Make another change to the Production.Product table. 7. Execute the following command to perform a differential backup of the data- base: BACKUP DATABASE AdventureWorks TO DISK = 'C:\TEST\AWDIFF1.BAK' WITH DIFFERENTIAL 8. Make another change to the Production.Product table. 9. Execute the following command to perform a full database backup to the speci- fied disk location: BACKUP LOG AdventureWorks TO DISK = 'C:\TEST\AW2.TRN' 424 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database Practice 2: Back Up a Database by Using Filegroup, Filegroup Differential, and Transaction Log Backups In this practice, you will add a second filegroup to the AdventureWorks database and then perform a series of full filegroup, differential filegroup, and transaction log backups. 1. If necessary, launch SSMS, connect to your SQL Server instance, and open a new query window. 2. If necessary, create a directory named c:\test. 3. Execute the following batch to add the filegroup FG1: ALTER DATABASE [AdventureWorks] ADD FILEGROUP [FG1] GO ALTER DATABASE [AdventureWorks] ADD FILE ( NAME = AW1DATA, FILENAME = 'C:\TEST\FG1.NDF', SIZE = 5MB) TO FILEGROUP [FG1] GO --Now, create a testing table on the filegroup. CREATE TABLE dbo.t1 ( id INT , v CHAR(1000) DEFAULT 'bbbb', ) ON [FG1] GO 4. To perform a full filegroup backup, execute the following command: BACKUP DATABASE AdventureWorks FILEGROUP = 'PRIMARY' TO DISK = 'C:\TEST\AWPRI.BAK' go BACKUP DATABASE AdventureWorks FILEGROUP = 'FG1' to disk = 'C:\TEST\AWFG1.BAK' go 5. Insert a row of data into the dbo.t1 table. 6. To perform a transaction log backup of the database, execute the following command: BACKUP LOG AdventureWorks TO DISK = 'C:\TEST\AW3.TRN' 7. Insert another row into the dbo.t1 table. 8. Now perform a differential filegroup backup by executing the following command: BACKUP DATABASE AdventureWorks FILEGROUP = 'FG1' TO DISK = 'C:\TEST\FG1DIFF1.BAK' WITH DIFFERENTIAL Lesson 1: Backing Up a Database 425 9. Insert another row into the dbo.t1 table. 10. Execute the following command to perform another transaction log backup to capture the latest data change: BACKUP LOG AdventureWorks TO DISK = 'C:\TEST\AW4.TRN' Lesson Summary I The backup engine in SQL Server 2005 provides a flexible set of tools to ensure that your data is backed up and available for restore to provide protection in case of a disaster. I You can use full backups with differential and transaction log backups to capture the entire database as well as any changes occurring since the last full backup. I You can use filegroup backups in conjunction with differential and transaction log backups to target portions of a database for backup. I You can also mirror each type of backup to as many as three devices, enabling you to use a single command to create up to four equivalent backups simulta- neously. Lesson Review The following questions are intended to reinforce key information presented in this lesson. The questions are also available on the companion CD if you prefer to review them in electronic form. NOTE Answers Answers to these questions and explanations of why each answer choice is right or wrong are located in the "Answers" section at the end of the book. 1. If you want to let a member of your technical support staff back up a database without having to grant any other permission to a database or SQL Server instance, to which role should you add the staff member? A. db_accessadmin B. db_owner C. db_backupoperator D. sysadmin 426 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database 2. You perform a differential backup of the AdventureWorks database every four hours starting at 04:00, with a full backup being run at midnight. What data does the differential backup taken at noon contain? A. The data pages that have changed since midnight. B. The extents that have changed since midnight. C. The data pages that have changed since 08:00. D. The extents that have changed since 08:00. 3. You perform a full backup of the AdventureWorks database that completes at midnight. Differential backups are scheduled to run every four hours beginning at 04:00. Transaction log backups are scheduled to run every five minutes. What information does the transaction log backup created at 09:15 contain? A. All transactions that have been issued since 09:10. B. Transactions that have been committed since 09:10. C. Pages that have changed since 09:10. D. Extents that have changed since 09:10. Lesson 2: Restoring a Database 427 Lesson 2: Restoring a Database The ability to restore a backup determines how quickly your databases can resume responding to business requests after damage occurs. This lesson explains all the options that are now available in SQL Server 2005 to restore all or part of a database. You can use this lesson to form the basis of any disaster recovery planning that is per- formed within your organization. After this lesson, you will be able to: I Identify which files are needed from the backup strategy. I Restore a database from a single file and from multiple files. I Choose an appropriate restore method. Estimated lesson time: 45 minutes IMPORTANT Recovery-oriented planning Don't be confused by the fact that restoring a database is the second lesson in this chapter. Restor- ing is the most important concept for you to master. The topic is covered second because you first need to know what types of backups you can create to design a restore strategy. The restore strat- egy is what makes any backup useful. As the saying goes, "If you have never restored a backup, you do not have any backups." Restoring a Full Backup Most restore operations begin by re-creating the database at a specific point in time and then applying subsequent backups to bring the database up to a particular point in time. This process begins with a restore of a full backup. As explained previously, a full backup contains the entire contents of a database. To reconstruct a database, the restore operation must place the pages back into the data- base in sequential order. This process ensures a completely coherent database when finished. It also takes additional time. Restoring a full backup generally requires about 30 percent more time to complete than the backup being restored took to generate. 428 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database BEST PRACTICES Overwriting and moving databases Restoring a full backup overwrites a database of the same name, if it already exists on the instance. If the database does not exist, the restore operation creates the files and filegroups for the data- base before restoring pages. Because creating the files from scratch can consume a significant amount of time, you should not drop a database before a restore if you are going to overwrite it. If you are using backup and restore to move a database to a different server with a different direc- tory structure or the directory structure has changed, you can use the WITH MOVE option to cause the restore operation to create the underlying files in a path different from the original backup. An example of the syntax for a full database restore is as follows: RESTORE DATABASE PUBS FROM DISK = 'C:\DEMO\BACKUP\PUBSFULL.BAK' WITH REPLACE, STANDBY = 'C:\ DEMO\BACKUP\PUBSSTANDBY.STN' This command uses the contents of the PUBSFULL.BAK file for the restore operation. The REPLACE option tells SQL Server to overwrite the existing database named PUBS. The STANDBY option leaves the database in a restoring state: Writes are not allowed to occur in the database, but users can connect to the database and issue SELECT statements. The other important clauses in any restore command are WITH RECOVERY or WITH NORECOVERY. When a restore operation uses the WITH RECOVERY option, the database is brought online, the LSN is rolled forward, and then the database is allowed to accept transac- tions. No further restore operations are allowed after you recover a database by using the WITH RECOVERY option. When a restore operation uses the WITH NORECOVERY option, the database or file- group state remains set to RESTORING. In this state, you can restore additional back- ups, such as differential and transaction log backups, to apply any changes that have occurred since the full backup was taken. NOTE Inside restore operations A restore operation can be a single step in which a full backup is restored and then the database is recovered and allowed to process transactions. However, in most production environments, a restore operation consists of multiple backup files that are restored one after another to place a database in a particular state and ensure recovery of the maximum amount of data. To accomplish this, the RESTORE command must enable the user to explicitly specify when the last restore opera- tion has completed, and the database should be recovered and placed into service. Lesson 2: Restoring a Database 429 Restoring a Differential Backup To restore a differential backup, you must first restore a full backup while ensuring that the database is NOT recovered. The most recent differential backup is then applied to the database. NOTE Filegroup differential restore The process for restoring a filegroup differential backup is very similar to restoring a differential backup. It requires that you execute a full filegroup restore first and that you do not recover the file- group. Consider the following example of this sequence of operations for a full backup fol- lowed by a differential backup: RESTORE DATABASE PUBS FROM DISK = 'C:\DEMO\BACKUP\PUBSFULL.BAK' WITH NORECOVERY RESTORE DATABASE PUBS FROM DISK = 'C:\DEMO\BACKUP\PUBSDIFF.BAK' WITH RECOVERY The first command restores the full backup, leaving the database unrecovered. The second command applies a differential backup and then recovers the database. NOTE Restoring a differential backup The syntax to restore a full backup is the same as it is to restore a differential backup. SQL Server simply takes the extents from the differential backup and writes them into the database. An example of this sequence of operations for a filegroup backup, along with a file- group differential backup, is as follows: RESTORE DATABASE AdventureWorks FILEGROUP = 'FG1' FROM DISK = 'C:\TEST\AWFG1.BAK' WITH NORECOVERY RESTORE DATABASE AdventureWorks FROM DISK = 'C:\TEST\FG1DIFF1.BAK' WITH RECOVERY When restoring a differential backup to roll a filegroup restore forward, you do not need to specify the filegroup to which the differential is being applied. SQL Server automatically recognizes the filegroups that are in a RESTORING state as well as the extents within the differential backup that can be applied to the filegroup. Any extents that do not correspond to a filegroup that is in a RESTORING state are ignored. 430 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database Restoring a Transaction Log Backup You use transaction log backups to roll a database forward to a specific point in time. This point in time is generally the last operation that was executed against the data- base, but you can select a different point. Transaction logs can be applied to a full backup or after a differential backup has been restored. A transaction log backup contains a sequence of transactions identified by an LSN. Transactions can also be explicitly named by placing a mark in the transaction log. The exact time a transaction was executed is logged along with the change that was made. CAUTION Restoring to a specific point You can use the STOPAT option to restore a database to a particular LSN, named transaction, or point in time. This capability enables a database to be restored so that it does not contain all the transactions up to the most recent. You usually choose this option when restoring a database that has become corrupted so that you can restore to just before the corruption occurred. You can also use it to recover a database in which data has been accidentally deleted; you restore the database to a point in time just before the delete was executed. But because this process causes any trans- actions after this point to be lost, you must use it with caution. Transaction Log Chains When a database is created, the LSN starts at 1 and increments to infinity. This LSN is written into the header of each file that comprises a database. As long as a database is never switched to the Simple recovery model or the BACKUP LOG…WITH TRUNCATE_ONLY command is not issued, the transaction log backups executed against a database form a continuous chain back to when the database was created. This log chain crosses every full, differential, and filegroup backup that is ever performed. As long as you keep all full backups and all subsequent transaction log backups, you can always recover a database to a point in time by starting with any full backup and then applying every subsequent transaction log backup. In extreme cases, databases have even been recovered by restoring a full backup that was created years before and then subsequently restoring the thousands of transaction log backups that had been created over a several-year time span. Lesson 2: Restoring a Database 431 An example of two different restore sequences follows: --Restore sequence using a full, differential, and transaction log backup. --Full RESTORE DATABASE AdventureWorks FILEGROUP = 'FG1' FROM DISK = 'C:\TEST\AWFG1.BAK' WITH NORECOVERY --Differential RESTORE DATABASE AdventureWorks FROM DISK = 'C:\TEST\FG1DIFF1.BAK' WITH NORECOVERY --Transaction log RESTORE LOG AdventureWorks FROM DISK = 'C:\TEST\AW2.TRN' WITH RECOVERY --Restore sequence using a full backup and multiple transaction log backups. --Full RESTORE DATABASE AdventureWorks FILEGROUP = 'FG1' FROM DISK = 'C:\TEST\AWFG1.BAK' WITH NORECOVERY --Transaction log RESTORE LOG AdventureWorks FROM DISK = 'C:\TEST\AW1.TRN' WITH NORECOVERY RESTORE LOG AdventureWorks FROM DISK = 'C:\TEST\AW2.TRN' WITH RECOVERY BEST PRACTICES Recovering to a point in time following a disaster Recovering databases without any data loss would be much easier if problems always occurred just after you completed a backup and before your application issued any additional transactions. Alas, we are never that lucky. So in any disaster scenario, you always have transactions in the log that have not yet been backed up. For this reason, your first step in any recovery operation is to issue one final BACKUP LOG com- mand. This process captures all remaining committed transactions that have not been backed up and is commonly referred to as backing up the tail of the log. Because you can issue a BACKUP LOG command against a database even if every data file, including the primary data file, is no longer available, the only excuse for not backing up the tail of the log would be when the transaction log no longer exists. The backup of the tail of the log then becomes the final transaction log that you apply in a restore process, enabling the database to be recovered without any loss of data. Quick Check I What is required to restore multiple backups to a database? Quick Check Answer I You must start with a full backup or a filegroup backup. These backups are restored while specifying the WITH NORECOVERY option. Additional dif- ferential and/or transaction log backups are applied, also using the WITH NORECOVERY option. The final restore operation specifies the WITH RECOVERY option, which rolls the LSN forward, places the database into service, and prevents any additional differential or transaction log backups from being applied. 432 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database Performing a Partial Restore A new capability in SQL Server 2005 enables you to partially restore a database while the remainder of the database is accessible to requests. As long as a query does not request data within the filegroup(s) you are restoring, users do not even know any- thing is happening. This partial restore is accomplished by taking advantage of the fact that each filegroup, except the primary filegroup, has a state that is independent of the database. You accomplish partial restores always by using filegroup backups. NOTE Restore granularity Depending on how your database is constructed, the restore of a filegroup can affect multiple tables, a single table, or—in the case of partitioning—a portion of a table. After the filegroups are restored to the database, you can apply differential and/or transaction log backups to bring the database current with all of the other filegroups. It is not possible to restore a portion of a database to a specific point in time because all filegroups within a database must be rolled forward to the current LSN to enable a write to a particular filegroup to occur. Restoring a Corrupt Page Although not common, corruption to one or more pages in a table can occur. In pre- vious SQL Server versions, this corruption caused a severe error and could take the entire database offline. Fixing this type of error depended on the specific page that became corrupted. If the corruption happened on an index page, the index could be dropped and re-created. However, if it was corruption in a data page, you had to restore a backup, which would take the entire database offline during the restore pro- cess. SQL Server 2005 provides an alternative to this process: the PAGE_VERIFY CHECK- SUM option. After enabling this verification in the database, any page that becomes corrupted is logged and quarantined, which is commonly referred to as a corrupt page quarantine. To enable verification, execute the following command: ALTER DATABASE <database name> SET PAGE_VERIFY CHECKSUM This option is off by default because it does incur a small amount of overhead for reads and writes to any page in the database. After it is enabled, each time a data page needs to be read or written to, SQL Server calculates a checksum for the page. If this Lesson 2: Restoring a Database 433 checksum does not match the checksum previously stored on the page, the page has become corrupted. This mismatch causes an error to be thrown, and the transaction encountering the corrupt page is rolled back. The page is then logged into the suspect_pages table in the msdb database. To fix the problem, you can restore the individual page from a backup. An example of the set of commands to perform a restore of a corrupt page is as follows: --Back up tail of log. BACKUP LOG PUBS TO DISK='C:\HA\DEMO\BACKUP\PUBS1.TRN' WITH INIT GO --Restore corrupt page from a recent backup. --Note: This command requires all users to be out of the database, -- so it will incur a very brief outage of generally 1 – 2 seconds. USE MASTER GO RESTORE DATABASE PUBS PAGE = '1:88' FROM DISK='C:\HA\DEMO\BACKUP\PUBSMIRROR1.BAK' WITH RECOVERY GO --Additional transaction logs are applied to roll the page forward. --Apply tail of the log to bring database to current point in time. USE MASTER GO RESTORE LOG PUBS FROM DISK = 'C:\HA\DEMO\BACKUP\PUBS1.TRN' WITH RECOVERY GO Restoring with Media Errors The most difficult problem to overcome during a restore is having media that has been damaged. In previous SQL Server versions, media damage always made a bad sit- uation even worse. Damage to the backup media is rarely detected before a backup begins. And after a restore starts, it wipes out everything that had previously existed in the database. If the restore operation were to abort, you would be left with a com- pletely invalid database. Unfortunately, this is what occurs when the backup media is damaged. SQL Server 2005 now has an option for the RESTORE command that enables SQL Server to skip damaged media sectors and finish the restore operation. By using the WITH CONTINUE_AFTER_ERROR option, damaged media sectors are skipped, and any readable parts of the media will be restored. 434 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database Although the restore operation completes, it does not guarantee that the database will be usable or that it will even contain any data. At the completion of a RESTORE oper- ation in which media errors have occurred, the database is placed in emergency mode. In this mode, you can make a connection to the database and execute SELECT statements, but you cannot make changes to the data. If you determine that the data- base is intact and operational, you can change the state to allow normal operations. In a worst-case scenario, any intact data can be extracted from the database. Although this solution isn't perfect, it is better than nothing. That is why this feature is more popularly known as a best-effort restore. Validating a Backup You have performed several backups, but how do you know the backups are usable? The only way to guarantee that a backup is usable is to restore it and verify all the data. This process can be very time-consuming and is rarely practical. However, SQL Server provides a way to verify the integrity of a backup. Although not the same as actually restoring a database, it provides a very thorough check of the backup integrity. You use the following command to verify a backup's integrity: RESTORE VERIFYONLY FROM <backup_device> [ ,...n ] When you execute this command, SQL Server checks the media header to ensure that it is intact. It then verifies the backup checksum, reads the internal page chains, and recalculates the backup checksum for comparison. A variety of checks are performed to ensure that the backup is intact. However, SQL Server does not check the actual data structures in the backup. NOTE Previous versions and backup verification Previous versions of SQL Server also had a RESTORE VERIFYONLY… command, which checked the media header and then returned a success or an error. The entire backup set could be invalid, and every other sector on the media could be bad. But as long as the media header was intact, it would return a success. This behavior effectively rendered this command worthless in previous versions because the command didn't actually check anything useful. So, everyone recommended not using this command. However, SQL Server 2005 now performs the necessary checks, so you should exe- cute this command every time you perform a backup. Lesson 2: Restoring a Database 435 PRACTICE Restoring the AdventureWorks Database Using the backups from Lesson 1, restore the AdventureWorks database to the current point in time. 1. If necessary, launch SSMS, connect to your SQL Server instance, and open a new query window. 2. Change the context to the master database. 3. Back up the tail of the log by executing the following command: BACKUP LOG AdventureWorks TO DISK = 'C:\TEST\AWTAIL.TRN' 4. Execute the following RESTORE commands to restore the AdventureWorks data- base: RESTORE DATABASE AdventureWorks FROM DISK = 'C:\TEST\AW.BAK' WITH NORECOVERY RESTORE DATABASE AdventureWorks FROM DISK = 'C:\TEST\AWDIFF1.BAK' WITH NORECOVERY RESTORE LOG AdventureWorks FROM DISK = 'C:\TEST\AW2.TRN' WITH NORECOVERY RESTORE LOG AdventureWorks FROM DISK = 'C:\TEST\AWTAIL.TRN' WITH RECOVERY 5. If you have performed both exercises from Lesson 1, the AdventureWorks data- base should have only a single filegroup, and the dbo.t1 table should not exist. 6. If you did not perform the filegroup backup from Lesson 1, you need to verify that the AdventureWorks database contains all the changes that were made. Lesson Summary I SQL Server 2005 provides a flexible and granular way to restore damaged data. I To recover an entire database, you can perform a full restore along with restoring differential and transaction logs. I You can use the STOPAT option to restore a database to a particular LSN, named transaction, or point in time. I You can restore individual filegroups, and as long as the primary filegroup is not restored, the rest of the database can remain online and operational. I You can restore individual pages to fix corruption issues. I Restore operations can continue past bad sectors within backup media to make a "best effort" to recover as much data as possible. 436 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database Lesson Review The following questions are intended to reinforce key information presented in this lesson. The questions are also available on the companion CD if you prefer to review them in electronic form. NOTE Answers Answers to these questions and explanations of why each answer choice is right or wrong are located in the "Answers" section at the end of the book. 1. Your database has become damaged. Which of the following can be used to determine which backups can be used to restore the database? (Choose all that apply.) A. SQL Server error log B. msdb.dbo.sysbackuphistory table C. msdb.dbo.backupset table D. Windows Application Event Log 2. The patient claims database at Contoso Limited contains a very sophisticated structure. The database contains six filegroups: PRIMARY, FG1, FG2, FG3, FG4, and FG5. FG4 and FG5 contain the claims table, which is partitioned. Active claims are in FG4, and inactive claims are in FG5. Full database backups are per- formed once per week on Sunday, with differential backups occurring every 12 hours and transaction log backups running every five minutes. Because of the highly volatile nature of the active claims data, FG4 has a filegroup backup run against it once per day, with filegroup differential backups every hour. Claims are only moved from an active to an inactive state during a maintenance routine that occurs at midnight on Saturday. On Thursday afternoon, a portion of the claims table containing the inactive claims becomes damaged and needs to be restored. Which backups will accomplish this? (Choose all that apply.) A. Filegroup backup B. Full backup C. Transaction log backups D. Filegroup differential backup Lesson 3: Moving a Database 437 Lesson 3: Moving a Database Occasionally, databases need to be moved either within the same server or between servers. SQL Server provides three mechanisms that you can use to move databases. The first method, backup and restore, has already been discussed in the previous two lessons. This lesson will cover the other two methods: using detach/attach and the Copy Database Wizard, which enables you to use detach/attach or SQL Management Objects (SMO). After this lesson, you will be able to: I Choose an appropriate method for moving a database. Estimated lesson time: 20 minutes Moving a Database by Using Detach/Attach You can unmount databases from a SQL Server by detaching them. This process removes the entries in the system tables for this database, causing it to no longer be accessible on the SQL Server instance. Although the database is inaccessible, the files that contain all the objects and data still exist on the operating system in the location in which you created them. After they are detached, you can copy these files to any location on your network because they are no longer being accessed by SQL Server. To make the database accessible again, you only have to attach it. This process adds an entry in the system tables for the database. And SQL Server then enables access to the database. NOTE Detach/attach performance The detach operation requires SQL Server only to close the files and remove an entry in the system tables. And an attach requires SQL Server to simply open the files and make an entry in the system tables. Each operation requires only 1–2 seconds at most to complete. The following example shows the command required to perform a detach operation: EXEC sp_detach_db 'AdventureWorks', 'true' And the next example shows the command to attach a database: CREATE DATABASE AdventureWorks ON (FILENAME = 'C:\TEST\AdventureWorks_Data.mdf'), (FILENAME = 'C:\TEST\AdventureWorks_Log.ldf') FOR ATTACH 438 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database MORE INFO Attach options For all options that you can use with the detach or attach command, see the SQL Server 2005 Books Online article "CREATE DATABASE (Transact-SQL)." Using the Copy Database Wizard IMPORTANT Make sure SQL Server Integration Services is installed The Copy Database Wizard runs via custom tasks within SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS). To use this wizard, you must have SSIS installed. The proxy account that the package is running under also has to be a member of the sysadmin role on both the source and destination instances. SQL Server's Copy Database Wizard enables you to copy all objects within a database to another instance or to another database within the same instance. This process copies all database objects, users, schemas, and permissions, creating an exact dupli- cate. You must copy server-level objects such as logins separately. To access the Copy Database Wizard, right-click a database and select Tasks, Copy Database. When the splash screen appears, click Next. Select the source server from which the database will be copied and click Next. Select the destination server to which the database will be copied and then click Next. Select either detach/attach or SMO. When you select the detach/attach method, SSIS detaches the database, copies it to the destination, and attaches the database. This process is exactly the same as described previously in this lesson. Selecting SMO leaves the database online and accessible to users while the scripting APIs are used to generate scripts to re-create all objects on the destination as well as move all the data. Copying a database by using SMO is much slower than using either detach/attach or backup/restore. Click Next to select the databases you want to move or copy. If you specify move, the database is created on the destination and then removed from the source. If you spec- ify copy, the database is created on the destination as well as left on the source. Click Next to display the Configure Destination Database page shown in Figure 11-1. Lesson 3: Moving a Database 439 Figure 11-1 Configuring the destination database You can specify the name of the destination database along with the file locations. If the database already exists on the target, you can specify the copy to either fail or over- write the existing database. Click Next to specify the options for the SSIS package, such as package name and logging options. Clicking Next enables you to specify whether you want the package to execute immediately or at a scheduled time, and specify under which proxy account it should run. Clicking Next enables you to verify the options selected. To complete the wizard, click Finish. Quick Check I What are the three methods to move a database, listed in order of the least amount of time required? Quick Check Answer I The detach/attach method is the fastest possible method because it requires only a modification to a system table, a copy of the files, and then a modification to a system table to bring the database online. Backup/ restore is the next-fastest method. It is slower than a detach/attach because the restore operation might have to re-create the files for the database as well as place the pages into the files in order. SMO is the slowest method because it needs to script out all objects, extract all data, re-create all objects, and then load the data. 440 Chapter 11 Backing Up, Restoring, and Moving a Database PRACTICE Using Detach/Attach to Move a Database In this exercise, you will detach the AdventureWorks database, copy it to a new loca- tion, and then attach it by using SSMS. NOTE File names The actual names of the files in your AdventureWorks database might vary. You might also have added filegroups to the database in previous exercises. Therefore, this practice refers to file names in a generic manner. You will need to make appropriate adjustments to match your environment. 1. If necessary, launch SSMS and connect to your SQL Server instance. 2. Ensure that no connections have been created to the AdventureWorks database. 3. Within Object Explorer, right-click the AdventureWorks database and select Tasks, Detach. 4. Click OK. 5. Open Windows Explorer and copy the AdventureWorks .mdf, .ndf, and .ldf files to the c:\test directory created earlier. 6. Right-click the Database node in Object Explorer and select Attach. 7. Click Add and select the AdventureWorks .mdf file. 8. Click OK. 9. Verify that the AdventureWorks database now appears in Object Explorer and that you can access the database and read data from and write data to the data- base. Lesson Summary I Although not a frequent need, you will occasionally have to move databases between instances. SQL Server provides three ways to accomplish this task: K Using backup/restore K Using attach/detach K Using SMO through the Copy Database Wizard I Using SMO through the Copy Database Wizard will move the database, but any server-level objects such as logins or linked servers that an application needs to work with the database have to be copied separately. Lesson 3: Moving a Database 441 Lesson Review The following questions are intended to reinforce key information presented in this lesson. The questions are also available on the companion CD if you prefer to review them in electronic form. NOTE Answers Answers to these questions and explanations of why each answer choice is right or wrong are located in the "Answers" section at the end of the book. 1. You need to move a large database from Server1 to Server2. During this opera- tion, users still have to be able to execute reports, but they will not be modifying data. Which methods can you use to accomplish this task? (Choose all that apply.) A. data pump B. detach/attach C. backup/restore D. SMO 442 Chapter 11 Review Chapter Review To further practice and reinforce the skills you learned in this chapter, you can I Review the chapter summary. I Review the list of key terms introduced in this chapter. I Complete the case scenario. This scenario sets up a real-world situation involv- ing the topics of this chapter and asks you to create solutions. I Complete the suggested practices. I Take a practice test. Chapter Summary I Database backup and restore provides the core capabilities for any disaster recovery planning. Without backups, data cannot be restored if it becomes dam- aged. Although you might be able to create workarounds by using technologies such as replication, bulk copy program (BCP), or scripting, these processes can be error-prone and can have a high probability of failure. I Backups provide the following: K A way to capture all allocated pages in a database, including all schema, data, and permissions. K A way to capture any extents that have changed by using differential back- ups. K A way to capture all incremental transactions with transaction log backups. K A way to back up only a portion of a database by using filegroup backups. I A restore operation can leverage each of these backups in a very flexible manner to restore an entire database, an entire filegroup, a portion of a table, or even a single page. I SQL Server provides three mechanisms that you can use to move databases: backup and restore, detach/attach, and SMO through the Copy Database Wiz- ard. Chapter 11 Review 443 Key Terms Do you know what these key terms mean? You can check your answers by looking up the terms in the glossary at the end of the book. I active log I backup device I backup strategy I best-effort restore I corrupt page quarantine I differential backup I differential restore I filegroup backup I filegroup restore I full database backup I full database restore I log pointer I media set I mirrored backup I partial backup I partial restore I point in time recovery I recovery model I restore strategy I tail of the log I transaction log backup I transaction log restore 444 Chapter 11 Review Case Scenario: Designing a Backup Strategy In the following case scenario, you will apply what you've learned in this chapter. You can find answers to these questions in the "Answers" section at the end of this book. Contoso Limited, a health care company located in Bothell, WA, has a very volatile database that contains patient claims data. The patient claims data is essential to Con- toso's business. Any loss of data would cause severe business damage and, in the worst-case scenario, might cause the company to go out of business. Because of the mission-critical nature of its database, the company has invested in a storage area net- work (SAN) to ensure that data is always available. With the rapid growth of its customer base, Contoso's management has finally decided that it needs to hire a DBA to manage its database. Upon joining the company as that DBA, you find out that the data volume is passing the 500-GB mark and rap- idly heading toward 1 terabyte. Management has indicated that it needs to ensure that the data is always available; at maximum, the company can have a 30-minute unavail- ability. That is why the company spent so much money on its SAN. To your horror, you find out that everything relies on the SAN because management has been convinced by the solution provider who recommended and installed the SAN that the SAN is completely bulletproof and can never fail. After many discussions, you finally explain to management that guaranteeing zero data loss is a complete impossibility and exists only in the minds of salespeople want- ing to sell the company software. Management has agreed that although it would like to avoid all data loss, the company can handle up to five minutes of data loss. 1. What tasks do you immediately need to perform to protect the company's data before something goes wrong? 2. What backups should you implement to ensure that you can recover data? 3. What actions should you take for a longer-term approach to managing the mis- sion-critical data? Chapter 11 Review 445 Suggested Practices To help you successfully master the exam objectives presented in this chapter, com- plete the following practice tasks. Backing Up a Database I Practice 1 Create and test a backup strategy for your databases that includes full, differential, and transaction log backups. I Practice 2 Create and test a backup strategy for your databases that includes filegroup, differential, and transaction log backups. I Practice 3Create a database that contains both read-only and read-write file- groups, and back up only the read-write filegroups. I Practice 4 Change the backup strategies created in Practices 1 and 2 to include duplicates of each backup by using the new mirrored backup capability. Restoring a Database I Practice 1 Test your backups created in "Backing Up a Database" Practice 1 by restoring them. I Practice 2 Test your backups created in "Backing Up a Database" Practice 2 by restoring them. I Practice 3 Test your backups created in "Backing Up a Database" Practice 3 by restoring them. I Practice 4 Test your backups created in "Backing Up a Database" Practice 4 by restoring from a mirror. I Practice 5Restore a single filegroup (not the primary filegroup) into a database and then observe that any objects in filegroups not being restored can be accessed. I Practice 6 Restore a page into a database to simulate a corrupted page that needs to be restored. I Practice 7 Shut down SQL Server, delete the master.mdf, and then restore the master database and verify that all databases are intact and accessible. (You are backing up your master database, right?) I Practice 8Create a Database Snapshot against a database. Make some changes. Restore the database by using the Database Snapshot and verify that your changes no longer exist in the database. 446 Chapter 11 Review Moving a Database I Practice 1 Move a database by using the detach/attach method. Determine which other objects also need to be moved to make the database fully accessible to applications. I Practice 2Move a database by using the Copy Database Wizard. Select the SMO option and observe the move process. Determine which other objects also need to be moved to make the database fully accessible to applications. Take a Practice Test The practice tests on this book's companion CD offer many options. For example, you can test yourself on just the content covered in this chapter, or you can test yourself on all the 70-431 certification exam content. You can set up the test so that it closely sim- ulates the experience of taking a certification exam, or you can set it up in study mode so that you can look at the correct answers and explanations after you answer each question. MORE INFO Practice tests For details about all the practice test options available, see the section titled "How to Use the Prac- tice Tests" in this book's Introduction.
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Record: 39 – 26 – 12
NY Rangers 3
Winnipeg 2
Florida 2
Boston 3
Carolina 2
Washington 4
New Jersey 2
Columbus 3
FINAL (OT)Boxscore
Tampa Bay 1
Toronto 3
Ottawa 2
Detroit 1
FINAL (SO)Boxscore
Vancouver 5
Nashville 4
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Toronto -
Buffalo -
Apr. 1 at 6:30 p.m.
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Pittsburgh -
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Edmonton -
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Colorado -
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Winnipeg Free Press - PRINT EDITION
Now it really hits home
Cancelled regular-season games considered a lock
National Hockey League players have seen this coming for days, if not weeks and months.
The other shoe is expected to drop today or tomorrow when the NHL -- having already wiped out the preseason -- is expected to start cancelling regular-season games as part of its third work stoppage in the last 18 years.
"Everyone has seen this coming," said Winnipeg Jets' captain Andrew Ladd. "Everyone wants to be optimistic, but seeing how the negotiations are going and the fact they (the owners) haven't really given us anything... no matter what they say there's been no give back whatsoever.
"We even asked for one extra trainer on the road and they're trying to make us pay for that. I mean, when you look at it that way, you can see it coming.
"It's unfortunate, but it's part of the process."
Ladd was one of five Jets who skated Wednesday at the MTS Iceplex, along with Olli Jokinen, Antti Miettinen, Mark Stuart and Bryan Little. Also joining them was Toronto Maple Leafs netminder James Reimer, free agent Eric Fehr, St. Louis Blues winger Ryan Reaves and former University of Manitoba goaltender Steve Christie, now with the Pensacola Ice Flyers of the Southern Professional Hockey League.
But where there was once a tiny bit of optimism, a cold, hard reality is now settling in among the pros who have regularly gathered at the Iceplex. The cancellation of exhibition contests and shortening training camps is one thing, spiking regular-season games is another matter altogether.
"It kinda sucks," said Reaves. "This is an owners' lockout that doesn't really need to happen. We want to get back on the ice, we're kind of going stir crazy here.
"When the lockout starts you're, 'OK, we'll miss the exhibition games, we'll miss camp.' And you smile about it a little bit. But when it gets to the point where regular-season games are getting cancelled... now we're really missing paycheques. Now it starts hitting home a little more.
"We're all sticking behind what we're trying to get accomplished, but it's a different feeling now."
Jets centre Olli Jokinen said Wednesday he believes more NHLers will head over to Europe in mid-November. The pro leagues in Russia, Finland, Sweden and the Czech Republic annually shut down for 10 days at the start of next month for national team training camps.
It's his belief NHLers might look at signing one-month deals that take them from mid-November to the Christmas break.
And in the meantime, they train and they wait.
"We say we're optimistic and it's a good thing the two sides are talking but, to be honest, I don't think there were too many players who felt the season was going to start on time," Jokinen said. "Nobody had their hopes up high that we were going to be playing on Oct. 11th. The biggest question is how long it's going to be and when we're going to be playing.
"If we miss one game this season, I think it's a shame, with what the players went through, what the fans went through and what the owners went through seven years ago with missing the whole year."
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Republished from the Winnipeg Free Press print edition October 4, 2012 C4
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Portland chief fires officer who shot man in 2011
By STEVEN DUBOIS
Of the Associated Press
PORTLAND — Portland Police Chief Mike Reese has fired an officer who critically wounded a man two years ago with live rounds from a shotgun he mistakenly thought was loaded with less-lethal beanbag rounds.
Officer Dane Reister, who is facing assault charges, was notified of his dismissal Tuesday. The Police Bureau cited unsatisfactory job performance and the violation of a directive regarding less-lethal weapons and munitions.
"This has been a long and thorough investigation, which had complexities due to the pending criminal charges," Reese said in a statement Wednesday afternoon. "The events of June 30th (2011) devastated the lives of those involved, but we hope that this action will bring some sense of closure."
Daryl Turner, the president of the police union, declined to comment, citing the active criminal case. Reister's lawyer, Janet Hoffman, told The Oregonian newspaper that she's confident the union will pursue all grievance procedures.
Reister has pleaded not guilty to the assault charges. He shot William Monroe during an incident that began in a southwest Portland park. Officers had been called because Monroe, a 20-year-old who had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, was acting oddly by tossing discarded flowers toward children.
Monroe was shot multiple times and nearly bled to death. Earlier this year, the Portland City Council agreed to pay more than $2 million to settle a lawsuit filed on the man's behalf. It was the largest individual settlement in city history.


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How can you say something has crab meat in it when it's fake crab? Gross. And the food arrived ice cold. Won't be ordering from here again.
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Emily ordered from here over a year ago
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Sautéed mushrooms and grilled peppers sit atop handcrafted patties at a burger joint that also serves all-beef dogs and milk shakes
Wayback Burgers
$10 $4
Italian and Mediterranean Meal for Two or Four at Tre Piani (Up to 47% Off)
Tre Piani
Menu includes tuna tartare, linguine with clams and bacon, osso buco, eggplant alla parmigiano, tuscan meatballs, and lasagna al forno
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Sushi and Contemporary Asian Fusion Food at Pure Restaurant & Lounge (Half Off). Two Options Available.
Pure Restaurant & Lounge
Locally sourced pan-Asian cusine; Green River roll with spicy salmon, tuna, whitefish, and avocado; sashimi; and coconut curry shrimp
Thai Dinner for Two or Four or $12 for $20 Worth of Thai Lunch for Two at Da's Kitchen & Catering
Da's Kitchen & Catering
Chef-recommended specialties include duck over sautéed vegetables and rice and salmon simmered in panang curry
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The Untelling
By Tayari Jones
(Grand Central Publishing, Paperback, 9780446694568, 336pp.)
Publication Date: April 2006
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Aria Jackson lived through the car crash that killed her father and brother when she was nine. At 25 she begins to unearth secrets about family, friends, her past, and her altered reality in this journey through truth and forgiveness.


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Meir Panim delivers warmth, special care to families in need.
Chaim* was admired in yeshiva for his incredible diligence. His days were consumed with learning and he could be found in the Beis Midrash almost 24/7. For him, sleep was a waste of time. Great things were forecast for his future until neighbors found him lying in the middle of the street in Geula, hallucinating that he was Moshiach. Medications stopped his racing mind but made him feel like a zombie. He became depressed and shell of his former self. His parents thought they were acting responsibly when they had him hospitalized and then put in a hostel.
Rivki*, a lively high school senior, was flattered when she was chosen to lead fifty girls on a two-week, end of the year outing. It was exciting, but between planning the next day's activities and studying for her final exams, Rivki barely had time to sleep or eat. In fact, she discovered that she needed no sleep at all. By the end of the two weeks, she began to hallucinate and ended up in the emergency room. Despite a six-month stay in a psychiatric facility, where she received shock treatments and a variety of drugs, Rivki's condition deteriorated over the next three years. Her mother heard about me and was willing to try a different approach. When I first met Rivki, she was overweight, lifeless and depressed. Eventually, during the three months it took to wean her off the meds, she adopted a healthy diet, went to aerobics classes and took the natural mood-stabilizers I recommended. She soon lost weight, regained the spark in her eyes and enrolled in college. She told me recently, "I feel like I'm alive again, having emerged from a three-year nightmare during which I completely lost my sense of self."
While I do not hesitate to recommend drugs for the severely disturbed or for a short-term crisis, I believe the vast majority of people can improve by learning to overcome negative thoughts and self-harming habits, and especially by getting adequate sleep and propernutrition. Telling people they must be on meds forever is like saying that we must take antibiotics forever due to one infection. This is especially true during the turbulent teen years or during a single crisis, when it is normal to suffer from intense emotions, fears and identity issues.
I know this because I went through one such experience myself forty years ago, at the age of thirty. Like many emotional and sensitive types, I loved the excitement which came with creative endeavors. So, as I was writing my doctoral dissertation in psychology, I gave full expression to the impulse. With ideas flooding my mind, I easily skipped breakfast and then lunch; I was on a high which filled me like no food possibly could. I felt no need for food or sleep. I wrote day and night, only stopping to take care of my daughter until she went to gan or returned. This continued for three weeks during which time I did not lose weight; I was sustained by a delicious divine energy. I thought I had reached such a high level of spirituality that I no longer had physical needs! But then, at the end of three weeks, I began to hallucinate, thinking that I had G-dly powers and secret information to reveal to the world. A relative took me to Dr. L., chief psychiatrist of a prestigious hospital who, after reviewing my history, looked grimly at my family member and said, "She will need to be medicated for the rest of her life and will probably need frequent hospitalizations." He handed me a list of prescriptions and ushered me briskly out.
Thankfully, this relative took me to a n alternative healer who had helped her in the past. He gave me a shot of vitamins, as well as various supplements to help me calm down. He told me about the importance of sleep and good nutrition, which no one had ever mentioned before. Since then, I have never relapsed, although I still take natural supplements, avoid junk foods and gluten, and make sure to get adequate sleep. I share this in a public forum because Big Pharma and its advertisers have teamed up to convince people that they cannot be sane without psychiatric meds. They minimize the fact that, in addition to the "minor" side-effects, such as dry mouth, stomach upset and loss of libido, these drugs accelerate Alzheimer's, diabetes, Parkinson's, internal bleeding and osteoporosis. True, some people want to be put out of their misery quickly with drugs, but they must be informed of the consequences. If this article gives people hope to heal without drugs, then it is worth facing the ridicule and censure which is bound to come from people who are threatened by the concept of self-healing techniques.
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First, sit down with your helpers and a pen and paper and break the jobs down into small parts.
Kitchen surfing is a unique concept that brings professional chefs to your home to prepare a meal in your own kitchen.
A lot of people have heard about dyslexia, a learning disability that concerns reading.
I believe that Hashem will only bring Moshiach when we finally achieve achdus.
He always impressed me with his brilliance and erudition. But it was his warm remarks and his sincere concern that made me want to please him.
Often I open Haggadot and find depictions of the Makos or slavery that I find troubling for a young audience.
Because birth order can affect most children in similar fashion, there are things you can do to help your children overcome weaknesses that birth order has thrown their way.
There's so much he could do
Resources are not few
He refuses to end all
His SILENCE.
Playing a musical instrument can help build faith in yourself as you observe yourself do something splendidly.
The task of studying Latin may not be a worthy endeavor to most of the population, but for those who plan on going into medicine or law it may not be such a bad idea.
Chaim* was admired in yeshiva for his incredible diligence. His days were consumed with learning and he could be found in the Beis Midrash almost 24/7. For him, sleep was a waste of time. Great things were forecast for his future until neighbors found him lying in the middle of the street in Geula, hallucinating that he was Moshiach. Medications stopped his racing mind but made him feel like a zombie. He became depressed and shell of his former self. His parents thought they were acting responsibly when they had him hospitalized and then put in a hostel.
Since suffering from colitis as a teen, I finally adopted a strict diet in my 30s that ended my torment. It wasn't easy to forgo white flour, white sugar and all chemical additives, but it meant that I spend the last 40 years pretty much free of doctors, medications and illness, thank God. Thus, I was surprised when two weeks before Rosh Hashanah, I began to experience increasingly severe stomach discomfort – until I was barely able to move. Despite what I was soon to endure, it helped greatly to focus on the moment-to-moment miracles.
As a teenager, I suffered from occasional panic attacks, social anxiety, and more than the usual amount of teenage angst. In today's drug-obsessed society, I would certainly have been given psych meds; thankfully, back then, it was expected that maturity would bring greater resilience and awareness. And so it was.
Psychologist David Richo defines love in terms of five A's: appreciation, affection, attentiveness (listening), acceptance and allowing (as in allowing others the freedom to fulfill their own dreams). Love is the opposite of control.
The couple had barely completed their brief intake papers, which included a small handwriting sample, when, her eyes blazing with fury, the wife pounded on the small table between us and yelled, "He has to grow up! I need a husband who is a real partner, not a lazy good-for-nothing who won't take responsibility and is totally clueless about my needs!" Her husband sat hunched in his chair, looking like a hapless cat which had somehow survived the spin cycle in a washing machine.
Kindness is such an essential Jewish trait that we are told to suspect that a cruel person is not really Jewish. The media constantly uplifts us with inspirational stories about saintly people who radiated love to their fellowman and did their utmost to avoid hurting others. Yet we are also told, "Those who are kind to the cruel will eventually be cruel to the kind" (Koheles Raba 7:16). It is not a kindness to allow ourselves to be abused, exploited or manipulated. By not taking protective action when possible, we encourage destructive behavior. The following stories are examples of naïve and trusting people who paid a heavy price for being overly "nice."
In a paper greeted enthusiastically at the May conference of the American Psychiatric Association, in San Francisco, a new name was given to a common problem, Post Traumatic Embitterment Disorder. My initial response: another excuse to drug people. However, upon thinking it over, I think that the word embittered does describe the essence of a serious problem. Many of us suffer from some degree of jealousy and bitterness about the injustices in our lives. But does that make us embittered? I would hope not. So, what characterizes embittered people? Here are some actual examples (the names have been changed):
Like medical doctors, every therapist is tormented at times with the question of the hopelessness or hopefulness of a marriage or any other relationship. Everyone is anxious to know if the "broken" spouse/child/parent/sibling can be fixed. With desperation in their voices, they ask, "Can medication, therapy or other interventions turn him/her around and stop him/her from being so depressed, anxious, addicted or angry?" How can a therapist say, "There is no hope."?
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Bolt Prospects
> Taxonomy term
Tampa Bay Lightning
Content regarding the Tampa Bay Lightning organization.
Lawrence Lights It Up
Submitted by chad on September 22, 2006 - 21:20
Tampa Bay Lightning
Now that's how you start a season. [url=chris-lawrence]
Chris Lawrence
[/url], fresh from Tampa after participating in the Lightning's training camp, scored a career high 5 points, including a hattrick, as the Mississauga Ice Dogs absolutely crushed Lightning prospect [url=kevin-beech]
Kevin Beech
[/url] and the Sudbury Wolves 10-4 in the both teams first game of the year. Beech, expected to be one of the better goalies in the league this year as a 20 year old, was pulled before the half-way mark of the game after allowing 6 goals on 30 shots. Lawrence was named first star of the game. In other action,
Marek Bartanus
had two assists in his season debut for Owen Sound but the Attack fell to Guelph 4-3. In the "Dub," Dan Crowley went scoreless and was (minus)1 in a 5-2 Swift Current loss to Regina. The alternate captain blocked several shots in the game, mixed it up in multiple scrums, and earned four minutes in penalties.
Preseason Game Night 9/22: Lightning at Red Wings
Submitted by pete on September 22, 2006 - 21:14
Tampa Bay Lightning
An unfortunate end to a very nice comeback. TB-4 DET-5 (OT) The Lightning erased a 2 goal deficit in the final 5 minutes of regulation before falling in OT.
Vincent Lecavalier
led the way with a hat trick scoring an even strength goal, a short handed goal and capping the Lightning comeback with a power play goal. The Lightning's other goal was scored by overage prospect
Eric Perrin
. Individual assists went to
Vaclav Prospal
Doug Janik
, [url=ryan-craig]
Ryan Craig
Nikita Alexeev
Martin St. Louis
Brad Richards
Johan Holmqvist
had a rough reintroduction to North America allowing 5 goals on 26 shots (that's more of a Johan Grahame stat line). Box score courtesy [url=http://www.nhl.com/scores/htmlreports/20062007/GS010040.HTM]NHL.com.[/url] Among prospects, Doug Janik was -1 in 19:10 with 2 blocked shots. Eric Perrin was +1 in 15:51 with 2 shots and was 45% in the faceoff circles. [url=doug-obrien]
Doug O'Brien
[/url] played a very respectable 19:30 of even hockey with 2 shots 1 hit and 2 blocked shots. Falcons invitee Zdenek Blatny played 11:19 and was +1 with 1 blocked shot. [url=mike-egener]
Mike Egener
[/url] was -2 in 16:59 with 3 hits and 1 blocked shot. [url=nick-tarnasky]
Nick Tarnasky
[/url] was -1 in just 9:21 of ice time and had a fight in the first period. Another round of cuts is expected this weekend.
Preseason Game Night 9/20: Lightning at Capitals
Submitted by pete on September 20, 2006 - 21:21
Tampa Bay Lightning
It's always nice to put a beat down on the Capitals, even if it is preseason. TB-3 WSH-2 (OT) Marc Denis made an auspicious debut stopping 40 of 42 shots for the victory. Any worries about his play in the scrimmages were easily allayed tonight. [url=norm-milley]Norm Milley[/url] went a long way towards sealing a 4th line job scoring a goal off assists by Rob DiMaio and
Eric Perrin
. In similar fashion to Denis,
Vincent Lecavalier
turned on the light switch following up his hat trick in the final scrimmage with 1 goal and 1 assist tonight, both on the power play which was 2 for 8 tonight. Andy Delmore and
Filip Kuba
chipped in helpers on Lecavalier's third period goal while Dan Boyle scored the overtime game winner.
Doug Janik
was -1 in 21:39 of ice time with 4 shots on goal, 1 hit and 2 blocked shots. Perrin was +1 in 15:05 with 3 shots on goal and 1 blocked shot. Milley played 13:43 and was +1 with 1 shot, 2 hits and 1 blocked shot. [url=mitch-fritz]
Mitch Fritz
[/url] had 2 shots in 7:15 and was even. [url=matt-smaby]
Matt Smaby
[/url] was +1 in 13:59 with 1 shot and 2 blocked shots. [url=blair-jones]
Blair Jones
[/url] played 9:29 with 2 hits and 2 blocked shots. [url=marek-kvapil]
Marek Kvapil
[/url] played 12:03 with 2 shots on goal. Game sheet from [url=http://www.nhl.com/scores/htmlreports/20062007/GS010022.HTM]NHL.com.[/url]
Kvapil, Jones, Smaby to Make 2006 Debuts Wednesday
Submitted by chad on September 19, 2006 - 17:41
Tampa Bay Lightning
Quickly becoming one of the best sources for inside info on the web,
Erik Erlendsson's blog on the Tribune's site
states that
Marek Kvapil
Matt Smaby
, and
Blair Jones
will make their 2006 NHL exhibition debuts Wednesday night against Washington. Kvapil, who is positioning himself nicely for a spot on a scoring line should an injury occur, will get Ruslan Fedotenko's spot alongside
Vaclav Prospal
Vincent Lecavalier
. The lineup for Wednesday:
Day Four Scrimmages: Team Blue Wins
Submitted by pete on September 19, 2006 - 17:39
Johnstown Chiefs
Springfield Falcons
Tampa Bay Lightning
Before the Lightning made their first 18 cuts today, the players participated in the fourth and final round of scrimmages. Recaps are now up on [url=http://www.tampabaylightning.com/tbl/content.cfm?pageid=1712]Tampabaylightning.com[/url]. Team Blue completed the tournament with a perfect 4-0 record by virtue of a 5-4 shootout victory over Team Black today. Although it was not enough to stave off reassignment, [url=darren-reid]
Darren Reid
[/url] led the way with 1 goal and 2 assists for Team Blue. [url=ryan-craig]
Ryan Craig
[/url], Zdenek Blatny and Sylvain Dufresne also scored goals for Team Blue and Craig also contributed the shootout winner. [url=adam-henrich]
Adam Henrich
[/url] had two assists and [url=pj-atherton]PJ Atherton[/url] added a helper in the win. Team Black's goals were scored by
Martin St. Louis
Marek Bartanus
and Dimitry Afanasenkov. St. Louis also added a helper as did [url=blair-jones]
Blair Jones
[/url], [url=mitch-fritz]
Mitch Fritz
[/url], and
Brad Richards
. [url=karri-ramo]
Karri Ramo
[/url] stopped 15 of 19 shots faced for the win.
Johan Holmqvist
stopped 17 of 21 before falling in penalty shots. In the third place match between Team Red and Team White, Red prevailed 5-3. [url=stanislav-lascek]
Stanislav Lascek
[/url], in his first game back from a groin injury, sparked Team Red with 2 assists. All of Red's goals came from seperate scorers: Rob DiMaio, Cory Sarich, [url=marek-kvapil]
Marek Kvapil
[/url], [url=norm-milley]Norm Milley[/url] and
Eric Perrin
. Individual helpers were notched by John Adams and Tim Taylor. Team White was led by a hat trick by
Vincent Lecavalier
with assists from Eric Healey and Andy Delmore. Marc Denis stopped 14 of 17 in the win. [url=gerald-coleman]
Gerald Coleman
[/url] stopped 15 of 16 before giving way to [url=jonathan-boutin]
Jonathan Boutin
[/url] who allowed 3 goals on 13 shots for the loss.
Nikita Alexeev
and Craig tied for the tournament lead with 8 points. Martin St. Louis had a tournament high 5 goals. Richards and Craig each had 5 a leading helpers. Ramo led in record with an unbeaten 3-0-0 mark, Boutin in save percentage at .898 and Coleman in saves with 70.
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Now that they're six, they're as clever as clever. And that means they need great toys that challenge, entertain, and teach [all at the same time]. Amazing activities, art kits, and all kinds of construction sets will have them learning more than they'll even know.
A pretty box with a note for the Tooth Fairy! This fancy treasure box makes it easy for adults to "help" the Tooth Fairy do her job. The outside of each box is decorated with a cute illustration, and inside is a Tooth Fairy certificate. There is even a soft pillow for the tooth to rest on!
Measures approximately 3.5" long x 2.5" tall x 1.5" wide.
Each sold separately. Ships in randomly selected, assorted styles according to availability.
Use the "Magic" pen to colour in the pictures, and see vibrant colours, details, and patterns appear! Each page of the kids' activity book features a lively fairy-themed artwork to complete and a seek-and-find activity. Perfect for travel!
Includes 24 fairy-themed pictures and a no-mess marker.
Glitter wings, a pretty pink dress, and a wand make this fairy ready to add a little twinkle to your charm bracelet! With a simple snap of a clasp, girls can personalize their CHARM IT! jewelry.
Measures approximately 1" high.
A pretty box with a note for the tooth fairy! This pretty Tooth Fairy Sweet Treasure Box is a great idea and makes it easy for adults to "help" the tooth fairy make her exchange. The outside of each box is decorated with a pretty fairy scene, and written inside is a little note to the tooth fairy. There's even a white satiny pillow for kids to place their tooth on!
Each Sold Separately. Ships in randomly selected assorted styles according to availability.
Measures approximately 3.5" long x 1.5" wide x 2.5" high.
Whether you're enjoying the great outdoors, collecting cuddly plush bunnies, or flying colourful kites we've got all the toys and books you need to celebrate spring
read more...
We're now hiring staff for our brand new locations in South Edmonton Common and Red Deer!
resumes to firstname.lastname@example.com
We are thrilled to announce the opening of our fifth Alberta location.
Details Here