text:
A flexible core element having a large bonding surface area suitable for sandwich type construction comprising a plurality of first hexagonal nodes defining a first surface, a plurality of second hexagonal nodes defining a second surface spaced apart from and parallel to the first surface, and a plurality of rectangular wall members which interconnect said first hexagonal nodes to said second hexagonal nodes and define the depth of the core element. Each hexagonal node corresponds to an open hexagonal cell on its obverse surface and serves as a bonding surface. The core element is fabricated from a continuous sheet of material that has been die-cut with a repeating geometrical design, creased and folded, concertina style, in upon itself to make a double-sided core material that is flexible, able to vent, exhibits good bend and shear strength, and has a large surface bonding area rendering it suitable in the construction of lightweight sandwich panels and offering a wide array of other applications.
1. A core element suitable for sandwich construction comprising
a plurality of first planar hexagonal nodes defining a first surface of said core element;
a plurality of second planar hexagonal nodes of identical dimension to said first hexagonal nodes, defining the obverse surface of said core element spaced apart from and parallel to said first surface;
planar rectangular wall elements defining the depth of said core element and connecting every other side of said first hexagonal nodes to every side of said second hexagonal nodes;
wherein said first surface demonstrates twice the number of hexagonal nodes compared with said obverse surface.
2. A core element suitable for sandwich construction comprising
a plurality of first planar hexagonal nodes defining a first surface of said core element;
a plurality of second planar hexagonal nodes of identical dimension to said first hexagonal nodes, defining the obverse surface of said core element spaced apart from and parallel to said first surface;
planar rectangular wall elements defining the depth of said core element connecting every other side of said first hexagonal nodes to every side of said second hexagonal nodes;
wherein said first surface demonstrates twice the number of hexagonal nodes compared with said obverse surface, each hexagonal node corresponds to an open cell on the opposing surface and each hexagonal node is available as a bonding surface.
3. The core element of
4. The core element of
5. The core element of
6. The core element of
7. The core element of
8. The core element of
9. The core element of
10. The core element of
11. The core element of
12. The core element of
13. The core element of
14. The spherical core away of
15. A method for the manufacture of a core element suitable for sandwich construction, comprising the steps of:
(1) cutting a continuous web of sheet material into the repeating geometric array comprising first and second surface hexagonal nodes of identical dimension interconnected by a plurality of rectangular wall members of identical dimension such that every node is surrounded by six other nodes and such that every other side of said first surface hexagonal nodes are connected by said wall member to every side of the adjacent second surface hexagonal node;
(2) creasing said web along the lines where the ends of said wall members join the sides of said hexagonal nodes; and
(3) folding said web, concertina style, to form a series of alternating 90 degree folds across the ends of said wall members where said wall members meet the side of said nodes to form a core element having opposing parallel planar surfaces comprised of hexagonal nodes and a depth defined by said wall members, wherein one surface demonstrates twice the number of hexagonal nodes compared with the obverse surface and wherein each hexagonal node is available as a bonding surface.
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
This application does not claim the benefit of any related patent application.
The invention described herein is not the result of or in any way related to federally sponsored research or development.
This invention relates to construction elements for sandwich type construction. More specifically, this invention describes a flexible core element that is ventable and suitable for sandwich construction and a method for producing the same.
A structural sandwich is a layered construction formed by bonding two thin facings to a thick one. The basic design concept is to space strong thin facings, or skins, far enough apart with a thick core to assure the combination will be stiff, to provide a core that is stiff and strong enough to hold the facings flat with an adhesive layer, and to provide a core material of sufficient shearing resistance. The structural sandwich panel is analogous to an I-beam, with the facings carrying compression and tension loads, as do I-beam flanges, and the core material carrying shear loads, as does the I-beam web.
The aerospace industry remains the greatest consumer of composite materials and sandwich construction, whether for civil aircraft, military jets, helicopters, aero-engines or the newer space satellites and launchers. Faster speeds, higher altitudes and higher G forces all put immense demands on aircraft and rocket structures. Standard honeycomb cores employed in sandwich construction make stiff and light sandwich panels used extensively in the aerospace industry.
However the aerospace industry is severely hampered by the problem of delamination of sandwich construction panels, and new solutions to this problem are of great interest to the industry since delamination can lead to expensive, and sometimes catastrophic, failures.
Delamination is caused primarily by the failure of the epoxy adhesives to maintain a bond between the skins and the core due to the minimal small bonding area that the typical honeycomb cores offer. The limited bonding area is further exacerbated by the fact that honeycomb type cores create pockets of trapped air within the closed cells of the core once the skins are adhered. The air pressure experienced at high altitudes is much lower than the trapped air within the cells, resulting in the skin being pushed away from the inner core by the higher air pressure. The ingress of water into already partially delaminated cells freezes at high altitudes into ice particles that expand and force the skin to separate from the core. After many cyclic operations, the skin delaminates. Lightning strikes can cause entrapped moisture to immediately turn to steam, further compromising the integral strength of the sandwich panels.
Currently almost one third of an average aircraft's life cycle cost is spent on inspection and repair. Skin delamination from a honeycomb core can only be detected by the use of slow and costly inspections involving guided wave, ultrasonic wave and lamb wave techniques. The damage typically occurs beneath the second hexagonal node surface of the laminate and is not readily detectable. During repair work, further unbonding of the facings from the core can result from high vapor pressure produced by the heating process used to cure the repair material. Thus, any comparable substitute to a honeycomb core for sandwich construction that eliminates or reduces the moisture retention and unbonding problem is desirable.
In rocketry there is a need for a core material that is lightweight, formable and ventable for use in the fabrication of integral cryogenic fuel tank walls to prevent cryo-pumping. Cryo-pumping is the influx of gas into a closed volume resulting from the vacuum generated when cryogenic temperatures liquefy and condense the gas on the boundaries of that volume. This cryo-pumping will occur when the tank wall face sheets develop leaks and allow the cryogen to permeate into the core. Subsequent warming of the cryogen causes a transition from a liquid to a gas phase and results in a substantial increase in core pressure. Without proper venting of this pressure, the core, face sheets, and bond line must sustain the resultant pressure loads without failure. The most likely initial failure mode due to cryo-pumping is face sheet-to-core debonding (delamination). This failure mode occurred recently in a reusable flight demonstration vehicle.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,348,601 issued to Hemen Ray discloses a low-density sandwich construction with an open core that makes it self-venting. It comprises corrugated strips having planar peaks and second hexagonal nodes, arranged adjacent to and parallel with each other, with the peaks and second hexagonal nodes of adjacent strips being 180 degrees out-of-phase with each other. This creates a plurality of passageways through which moisture can escape. Such a construction has good bending strength in the direction perpendicular to the corrugated strips, but less bending strength in the transverse direction.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,143 issued to Porter describes a sandwich construction having a core comprised of a plurality of criss-crossed corrugated strips. The corrugated strips cross at their peaks and second hexagonal nodes. To manufacture the construction, forming protrusions are positioned on a base, and the corrugated strips are placed over the protrusions to form the peaks of the corrugations. One protrusion is required for each peak crossing point. The criss-crossed strips are cured to form the core of the sandwich construction. The forming protrusions are then removed, and face sheets are adhesively bonded to the core. This construction thus does not overcome the face sheet unbonding problem from which most sandwich constructions suffer.
The prior art fails to teach a core design for sandwich construction that allows adequate venting capabilities, a large surface bonding area for attachment of face sheets, and good bend strength in all directions along the core plane.
A primary object of the present invention is to provide a core construction element suitable for sandwich construction that resists delamination and sheet-to-core debonding by providing a large bonding surface area.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a core construction element suitable for sandwich construction that resists delamination and debonding by providing a structure that is ventable and unlikely to trap moisture. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a ventable core construction element that exhibits good bending strength in both traverse directions.
Conventional honeycomb cores are composed of closed cells that are combined to form rigid, inflexible, cores. Panels constructed from such inflexible cores are similarly stiff and inflexible. While stiff cores and panels are appropriate for many applications, other applications call for flexible cores and cores that are formable into a variety of shapes and structures.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a core construction element suitable for sandwich construction which is ventable, has a large bonding surface area, exhibits good bend and sheer strength, and is flexible such that it can be formed into a variety of shapes and structures.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a core construction element suitable for sandwich construction which is ventable, has a large bonding surface area, exhibits good bend and sheer strength, is flexible and formable yet strong, and can be manufactured inexpensively and efficiently.
These and other problems are solved by the subject invention, a core element for sandwich type construction made from a continuous sheet or web of flat material. The web of flat material is die-cut to demonstrate a repeating geometrical design comprising hexagonal surface nodes interconnected by rectangular wall members. By employing a series of alternating folds, the flat die-cut sheet is folded, concertina style, in upon itself, along creases formed where the sides of the hexagonal nodes meet the edges of the rectangular wall members, to form a double-surfaced core material.
In its folded configuration, a first set of hexagonal nodes define a first surface, while a second set of identically dimensioned hexagonal nodes define a second surface which is spaced apart from the first surface by the length of the wall members. Each hexagonal node corresponds to an open hexagonal cell on its obverse surface and serves as a bonding surface.
The core element of the subject invention offers a large surface bonding area, is flexible, able to vent and is suitable for use, yet not exclusively, as a core component for lightweight sandwich panels. The element offers the further advantages of exhibiting good bending and shear strength, while being stackable, edge joinable and formable.
These and further objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent from consideration of the drawings and ensuing description.
Illustrated in
Nodes 14A that form a first surface of core element 10 are surrounded by six other nodes, three other first surface nodes 14A and three second surface nodes 14B. Nodes 14B that form a second surface of core element 10 are also surrounded by six other nodes, all of which are first surface nodes 14A. Three wall members 12 extend out from every other side of first surface nodes 14A connecting first surface nodes 14A to the three adjacent second surface nodes 14B; while six wall members 12 extend out from every side of second surface nodes 14B connecting second surface nodes 14B to all adjacent first surface nodes 14A. First surface nodes 14A are not interconnected to the three adjacent first surface nodes 14A, only to the three adjacent second surface nodes 14B.
In terms of numerical ratios, there are twice the number of first surface hexagonal nodes 14A compared with the number of second surface hexagonal nodes 14B, and there are six wall members 12 for each second surface hexagonal node 14B.
Each rectangular wall member 12 is preferably a straight flat strip demonstrating a transverse mountain crease 18 at one end and a transverse valley crease 20 at the other end from which the respective hexagonal nodes 14A and 14B extend. Each second surface hexagonal node 14B is a planar hexagon providing six co-planar crease lines 20 about which the respective wall members 12 hinge. Each first hexagonal node 14A is a planar hexagon, identical in size and dimension as second hexagonal node 14B, providing three co-planar crease lines 18 about which the respective wall members 12 hinge.
Wall members 12 and hexagonal nodes 14A and 14B are preferably formed from a continuous co-planar sheet. Wall members 12 are creased and folded where they meet the sides of hexagonal nodes 14A and 14B. The joinder of wall members 12 and first hexagonal nodes 14A are creased from below to create mountain folds 18, whilst the joinder of second hexagonal nodes 14B and wall members 12 are creased from above to create valley folds 20.
Illustrated in
Referring first to
Referring next to
Open cells 30A and 30B are responsible for core 10's flexibility and ventability.
One application of core element 10 of the present invention is as a lightweight sandwich panel. According to this application, aluminum alloy face sheets or similar skin material is bonded to each surface of the core element 10 when core element 10 is fully folded as shown in
Depicted in
An alternative embodiment of the present invention, not illustrated, is to bond hexagonal inserts 24 into open cells 30A that open from the first surface of element 10 as well into open cells 30B that open from the second surface of core element 10, in order to further increase the compression and shear strength and bonding area of element 10 in the context of lightweight sandwich panel construction, albeit with a total loss of panel venting.
A further embodiment is to bond hexagonal inserts 24 into all of the open cells 30A accessible from the first surface and some but not all of the open cells 30B accessible from the second surface of core element 10 in order to balance the need for additional compression and shear strength with the need for venting, with a partial loss of panel venting.
A further application of the core element 10 of the present invention is as flexible body armor. According to this embodiment (not shown), the core element is formed from a flat sheet of flexible material. Solid metal or ceramic hexagonal inserts 24 (as shown in
Additional core element 10 layers can be bonded to the top or bottom of a core element 10, to provide multiple layers extending in any direction and to any extent. By overlaying, layering and nesting in the manners illustrated in
By way of example, core elements 10 can be layered in the manner shown in
Illustrated in
Another further embodiment of the present application, not shown, is to provide wall members 12 and hexagonal nodes 14 as disassembled components of an assembly kit suitable as a child's or adults' plaything, teaching aid, or display stand or ornament.
Core element 10, if fabricated from galvanized metal sheet for example, may be used as a concrete reinforcement in earthquake prone areas. A further application of core element 10 is as a soil stabilization mat with multiple layers as illustrated in
A method of manufacture of core element 10 is illustrated through
The first step of core element 10 fabrication comprises feeding a continuous web of sheet material through a die punching unit (not shown) which cuts the repeating geometric pattern depicted in
The first step may include, or may be followed as a subsequent step, the creasing of the die cut web along the lines where the sides of nodes 14A and 14B meet the edges of wall members 12.
The second step of the fabrication process involves feeding the die-punched web through a series of roller stations 40 as shown in
While this second step is illustrated and described in terms of a specific folding machine comprising roller stations 40 and hexagonal dies 42, other means and manner of folding, concertina style, core element 10 from a flat form to a compressed form, can be employed without departing from the scope, and spirit, of the instant invention.
In a further optional step, core element 10 is fed into a further unit (not shown) that attaches a flexible self-adhesive scrim to one side of the material prior to the material being cut into appropriate lengths. This optional step may instead include attaching a scrim to both surfaces of core element 10, or attaching the scrim first to one surface and then to the other.
When core element 10 is used for sandwich type construction, skins or facings, fabricated from a large variety of materials, are adhered to one or both surfaces of core element 10. Where additional depth is required, core element 10 can be layered after folding, and where additional strength is required, core element 10 can be stacked in the manner depicted in
Accordingly, it will be readily appreciated that the core construction element of the present invention offers substantial advantages over prior art core materials and has great utility and applications.
Among the advantages of the core construction element of the present invention are its larger bonding area, open fast-venting core, lightweight construction, lateral strength, stackability and edge joining capability, one-piece construction and formability.
Because core element 10 is highly ventable while offering a large bonding surface area, it represents a superior choice for sandwich type construction because of its ability to resist delamination common to conventional core construction elements. The core element of the present invention exhibits good bend and shear strength in all transverse directions and may be reinforced, through the selected bonding of inserts, to increase crush strength.
Core element 10's flexibility and sub-unit structure renders it highly versatile and appropriate for a wide variety of applications. It can be flexed into tubular and spherical configurations, and can be extended and strengthened by layering and edge connecting.
Among the applications for core element 10 not described above are in the construction of solar energy reflection and collection panels; radio frequency shielding; sound attenuation panels; athletic shoes; double-skinned marine hulls; double skinned oil tanks; insulation curtains hazardous material removal; tent walls; double-skinned exhaust manifolds; motorcycle fairings; heat exchange panels; oil pipelines having an interstitial monitoring device with automatic alarms; roof paneling; and flexible fuel tank, to name but a few.
All of the features disclosed in this specification and/or all of the steps of the method of manufacture disclosed may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. Alternative features and steps serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose may replace each feature and step disclosed in this specification, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.
While the present invention has been described in terms of specific structures and steps the invention is not limited to these structures and steps. Additional and alternative structures and steps may be employed without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention and are contemplated to be part and parcel of what is claimed herein.
Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than with reference to any particular example, embodiment or illustration.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


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N.J. Judges Were Allegedly Pressured To Back Paula Dow's Nomination To Bench
TRENTON — Three Democratic state senators have asked state Supreme Court Chief Justice Stuart Rabner to investigate allegations that a Republican lawmaker pressured two Superior Court judges in an attempt to secure former Attorney General Paula Dow's nomination to the bench,The Star-Ledger has learned.
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Positive line darker than control line on hpt
Started by Red Mollie , Dec 12 2012 09:06 PM
13 replies to this topic
Posted 12 December 2012 - 09:06 PM
My positive line is darker than the control line on the hpt - anyone else had this?
I'm to thinking twins just wanting one bubba, but interested to know I'm about five weeks and my hcg is about 800.
Posted 12 December 2012 - 09:08 PM
I've heard it's because there is only a certain amount of dye in the tests, so if the HCG is strong enough it claims all the dye.. although i've never had it happen myself.
Either way, Congratulations!!
Posted 12 December 2012 - 09:12 PM
Hehe, I had this at 5 weeks and I now have 2 year old twins!! Good luck and I really hope you get twins. One would be amazing too but if you are having twins, don't be nervous, it's bloody hard but they are so so beautiful!!
Oh, and my HCG was 900 and something.
Edited by Hutchess, 12 December 2012 - 09:13 PM.
Posted 12 December 2012 - 11:48 PM
My test line was heaps darker than the control too at about 16DPO. My hcg levels were 9844 at 5 weeks and I'm pregnant with only 1 baby
Posted 13 December 2012 - 12:17 AM
Mine was like that too. One baby. It means nothing specific apart from you are pregnant. Congratulations.
Posted 13 December 2012 - 12:41 AM
Happened to me too, one baby each time :-)
Posted 13 December 2012 - 12:57 AM
my positive line was darker than the control as well and i only have one baby.
Posted 13 December 2012 - 08:00 AM
It's very common to get a darker test line than control line once your HCG reaches a certain level. It is in no way an indication of twins. Mine was darker at 16 DPO although I have no idea if I'm having twins or not, but not likely.
Posted 13 December 2012 - 08:09 AM
Yep mine are always like that at around 5 weeks. Its normal.
Posted 13 December 2012 - 08:15 AM
totally normal...and for arguments sake, I have twins and I didn't get even a faint positive until I was about 4 days late and I never had darker test lines!
Posted 13 December 2012 - 08:57 AM
I wouldn't read too much into it. The more accurate way is the blood test and your NT blood test. Sometimes that result can come up strange, but then the scan shows two babies. I had tests with a stronger control line, and some with a stronger positive line.
Posted 13 December 2012 - 09:11 AM
Mine was (on a FRER) at 16 dpo and HCG was 458.
Also has a lot to do with how hydrated you are etc.
Edited by bright*future, 13 December 2012 - 09:12 AM.
Posted 13 December 2012 - 09:17 AM
Mine was too. But it was only a singleton pregnancy and alas it didn't stay.
Posted 13 December 2012 - 04:48 PM
It means you're pregnant, that's about it.
At 5 weeks pregnant my HCG was 11,300 and I was pregnant with only one baby. Tests and HCG levels are not a reliable indicator of much.
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Healing energies needed
My husband just found out that his best friend was found dead, likely an apparent suicide, this afternoon. We haven't got a lot of information, not being next of kin, we can't learn anything yet. He was estranged from his wife-and we don't have her current contact info either. I am absolutely numb at this moment.
We also learned today that DH's other good friend who has stage 4 cancer is now terminal, with only a very short time left.
This on top of not knowing a prognosis on his mom's cancer yet (we will learn if chemo has been effective on the 16th) is really taking a toll. Please send healing thoughts to my DH as he goes thru this very hard time.
Oh Pesky, how awful. I hope your mind and heart can soon make sense of all this.
I understand the feeling of being hit from every direction. I've been through it recently, too. It's also a feeling of helplessness. All you can do is be the very best friend that you can be. Sending good thoughts your way.
Thank you all. We cannot find out any information; nothing in the paper, his coworkers know nothing. I went to his house last night and his motorcycle was gone and a light on in the house...this is odd about the bike-that was his mode of transportation. I left a note for whomever comes over to call us.
DH is a wreck, alternating between anger and blaming himself. He feels that he should have known this was going to happen, he should have seen the signs. I think he was hoping that his buddy would be around when his other friend passes, and to be his shoulder to lean on for his mom.
I didn't sleep well last night, I'm still in shock, and not having ANY answers, no clear information, is awful.
DH says thank you for your kind thoughts-he knows you're a wonderful group for all your support over the years.
Pesky; I'm so sorry. We've had a few years like this; I know it is not easy.
Please let us know how your MIL makes out.
I know your hub is hurting; but this directly affects you too; so prayers for you. You've been through so much this last year; who is holding you up? My FIL was hospitalized while we were at my dads viewing; so I didn't really have my hub to lean on. He was either working or running to another state to be there for his parents. We then lost my FIL 6 weeks after my dad; so my grief was thrown on the back burner.
I just hope that you also have support. ~Hugs
Wow, pesky...so difficult to deal with one of these, much less three.
This may sound strange, but I can offer this: another situation in which someone who had been very close friends with another person for years suddenly hung himself in a park. The survivor-friend was racked with guilt, just disabled by it. He kept saying he should have seen it coming, he should have relied on his instincts and named what he was seeing and encouraged/forced his friend into therapy or meds or whatever would have helped him beyond the crisis point until he could regain his even keel. But nobody wanted to talk about it, no one wanted to acknowledge what was happening, because the friend could be so jolly and entertaining at times that it was easy to forget the chasms in between. It left a scar that was so deep it took him a couple of years to come to terms with it.
This is a long way of saying that an album by my favorite songwriter, who is our age and, like a true poet, writing songs that relate to his experiences now, rather than trying to stay young and poppy, grew out of his dealing with the sudden suicide of his longtime good friend/band member. Even if you don't know the band already, the album was hailed as a painfully honest artistic masterpiece. Here are the lyrics to the first song...it never fails to make me cry. I hope it can help open some doors and give support at the same time. The entire album is called "Time on Earth". It's timeless.
(btw, after this album they made another album that started with a song about emerging from a long dark night and seeing that life still goes on, called "Saturday Sun")
Nobody Wants To
Down on the ocean floor
That's where I'm heading for
Hold on to a sinking stone
Until the worst is known
Nobody wants to think about it
Nobody wants to talk about it
Nobody protects you
They make it go away
Pretending that it's all okay
Broken pieces on the ground
And everyone's tiptoeing 'round
Nobody wants to think about it
Nobody wants to talk about it
No one protects you, yeah
Are we losing something?
We used to cry, we used to say why
For all I know I might not get home
Well, I found out if we opened it up
We could work this out
Nobody wants to think about it
Nobody wants to talk about it now
What you suspected all along
Everything he told you was wrong
And you can see it if you want
But nobody wants to
Here is a link that might be useful: the song itself; the whole album resonates...
I can't leave you with this just this one song, the first on the album.
The *last* song on the album is called "People are like suns" and it's just as unbelievably wise and beautiful as the first song. It's more philosophical, with a sense of reflection, and broadens its focus out to life in general. It's so sadly gorgeous, and perhaps relates to more of what you and your family and friends are having to go through now...
People Are Like Suns
Sweet madness it must be wrong
What kind of fool imagines love
With all this going on
Stars burning in the empty sky
And the city is aflame
With a million lights
And they come and they go
In the blink of an eye
People are like suns
Science will enable us to hear
To be crystal clear
To make diamonds in the shifting sand
Better take all the love that you got in a single hand
And they come and they go
In the fullness of time
People are like suns
They are burning up inside
People are like suns
Breathing into life
All that's good in us
To saints become...
It can't be helped
Doesn't stop me thinking out loud
I could have done something
And they come and they go
And they come and they go
And they come and they go
People are like suns
People are like suns
People are like suns
They go out tonight
Set this town alight
All fade into white
Wishing you all strength and peace...
Here is a link that might be useful: incredible video made by a lover of the song
Pesky I'm so sorry all this is happening in your life and also to say that most people who are close to the person who took his own life will have the exact feelings you're husband is experiencing. It's the "what if I had " part of grief but let me say this. Years ago I watched a documentary on people who take their own lives and the summary was that, in almost all cases, trying to help wouldn't have made a difference. They interviewed people who had been found in time to get help and they all said the same thing. They would not have listened. The despair is so deep that they feel the world would be better off without them. None of us can mind read. You can live with a person and think you know how they're doing and then this happens. For a while he can beat himself up about it but, if it lasts, then he'd need some therapy as guilt can cause horrible depression. He's not guilty of anything, we all choose our own course. I'm sure his friend thought long and hard about it. God bless you and your DH.
I'm so sorry. From someone who is going through a lot all at one time as well, I can tell you this: there are moments when the grief is so overwhelming I feel like I can't breathe, but then I realize I am getting through it with the love of my family and friends. And with each passing day comes a little less pain and a little more peace. The "what ifs" are a natural part of grief. I have them myself. Accepting what you cannot change will bring peace, questioning it will eat you up inside. It is a difficult thing to do, but with your love and support, your DH will get there.
I'm so sorry. From someone who is going through a lot all at one time as well, I can tell you this: there are moments when the grief is so overwhelming I feel like I can't breathe, but then I realize I am getting through it with the love of my family and friends. And with each passing day comes a little less pain and a little more peace. The "what ifs" are a natural part of grief. I have them myself. Accepting what you cannot change will bring peace, questioning it will eat you up inside. It is a difficult thing to do, but with your love and support, your DH will get there.
Thank you all so very much. The shock is sinking in, and we're both still a bit shell-shocked. DH is starting to get angry-a healthy part of the grieving process.
He found out some more info today-his friend was well liked by his co-workers, so that is helping DH to feel a little better. We always want to know that our loved ones meant something to others.
Your kind words have really helped my DH deal with this. It was 8 years ago that he essentially lost his other best friend...that man had been senselessly attacked in a dispute over a parking spot, and he ended up on life support-he survived, but severely brain damaged and in a home. My DH feels like he's having bad luck with friends. But we keep putting one foot in front of the other and know that each and every day brings us closer to being able to breathe easier again.
Pesky, I am feeling for your family too. I have started going to a counselor, never been to one before, because of my mom's terminal illness (cancer), I feel I may lose it, when that time comes, so I am preparing myself. Maybe your DH might benefit by just talking to someone like that. It has helped me already knowing I can go somewhere and cry to someone that doesn't even know my family.


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For the fourth quarter of 2014, Delaware International Value Equity Fund (Class A shares at net asset value and Institutional Class shares) lagged its benchmark, the MSCI EAFE Index, primarily due to adverse stock selection.
On a sector basis, unfavorable stock selection in telecommunications, financials, energy, and consumer staples more than offset strong stock selection in information technology and industrials. Overall sector allocation was positive due to favorable overweight exposures to consumer discretionary and information technology. On a regional basis, adverse stock selection in Europe, the United Kingdom, and Japan more than offset strong stock selection in Asia Pacific ex-Japan. Overall regional allocation was negative, with adverse exposure to Russia more than offsetting the favorable effects of exposure to Canada and an underweight exposure to the U.K.
Net currency effect was positive primarily due to favorable exposure to the U.S., Canadian, and Hong Kong dollars.
We believe that successful value investing requires both a sharp attention to developing valuation disparities across industries and regions and a clear-eyed view to the varying levels of secular growth and cyclical mean reversion that may justify those disparities. In our previous two quarterly updates, we indicated the attractive valuations to be found in both Europe and Japan, but with the caveats that European cyclical recovery and Japanese structural improvements would likely be needed to support the expansion of those valuation metrics. In the interim, neither region has seen substantial progress on these issues, and both have lagged U.S. market performance. The United States, by contrast, after enjoying a longer and stronger market up-cycle, appeared among the most richly valued of the world's major markets (source: MSCI).
The euro zone's weak overall returns in U.S. dollars mask considerable variation across the region, and though overall returns were down, local investors were spared most of the decline, and thus valuations changed little. Japan's returns in yen again put that country at the top of major market rankings for local-currency performance, up more than 6%, with a slight increase in underlying valuations (source: MSCI). In the U.S., the market gain is reflected in higher valuations.
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A Mintel report says that about 45% of new makeup and nail polish products make claims for long-lasting color. The finding suggests that long-lasting color is the top trend this year in color cosmetics. The most popular products were for face and cheeks; 55% of face products this year are of the long-lasting variety, while 52% of eye makeup items claim to have long-lasting properties.
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Supreme Court holds that issues decided by the TTAB may be preclusive in Federal Court
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Apr 07, 2015 - Ashly Iacullo Boeche is moderating an event at the CBA entitled "Perspectives from In-House IP Counsel."
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text: ""; ?> Gregory And The Hawk guitar chords, guitar tabs and lyrics - chordie guitar tabs, guitar chords and lyrics Artists Songs Public booksPublic My songbookSongbook ResourcesDiv Forum Browse artists: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z # -first letter-A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z # Filter the songs: Show all songs Show only songs that are easy to play Show only songs with formatted chord grids Show only songs with tabs Chordie needs editors! Improve this page Gregory And Hawk MusicGregory And Hawk Songs There was no article about Gregory And Hawk in Wikipedia. If you know anything about Gregory And Hawk, please contribute to the free encyclopedia by writing an article. Gregory And Hawk A Wish (1) Avalanche Oh Avalanche (1) Boats And Birds (1) Bolder Thing To Do (1) Bravo Charlie (1) In Fact (1) Irreplaceable (1) Isabelle (1) Kill The Turkey (1) Victorian Full (1) Young One (1) play their songs - buy their music - support the artists copyright © 2011 chordie guitar chords 5 popular songs I Don't Want To Talk About It Rod Stewart Summer In The City Lovin' Spoonful Who'll Stop The Rain Creedence Clearwater Revival Bad Moon Risin Ccr Southern Cross Crosby Stills Nash


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old Type: Is there no law about euthanasia in Holland?
Bert Keizer: There is. It's against the law to help a person kill her or himself. However, there is jurisprudence which has grown over the past 26 years, and in this way a set of rules evolved under which physician-assisted suicide is allowed, the above law in those cases being overruled. Do not press me for sound legal reasoning, I haven't any to offer. In the courts there's no difference between physician-assisted suicide (patient takes overdose which doctor provides) and euthanasia (doctor gives lethal injection).
BT: What are the conditions that must exist for physician-assisted suicide to be allowed?
Keizer: The patient must be suffering from an objectively diagnosed disease and that suffering must be unbearable and without any prospect of improvement. The death wish must be durable and persistent--if a patient puts in a request on a Tuesday and is helped to die on a Wednesday, then this would be almost impossible to get away with. The death wish must not be uttered in the course of a psychiatric disease, such as, of course, a depression. In doubt, a psychiatrist must certify this. The death wish must also be put in writing by the patient, and signed in the presence of witnesses. (The patient also states that she or he allows the doctor to divulge medical information afterwards to the police.) The doctor must keep written records of all conversations about this subject and a second opinion must be given by a doctor not involved in the case in any capacity, preferably a doctor who doesn't even work in the same hospital. This doctor checks all the above.
BT: What are some of the problems with the law as it stands?
Keizer: Some of the conditions are hopelessly subjective. What is unbearable? There's nothing here about terminating the life or stopping medical support in cases of coma, severely handicapped newborn, etc. Holland is the classic example of the slippery slope: as the debate has gone on, more and more categories applied the rules to themselves. Thus we moved on from the terminally ill to the horribly ill to the mentally ill and now there is a clamour for a death-pill to be marketed which would enable elderly people who feel that their lives are over, to die peacefully at their own appointed hour without having to wait endlessly for Godot.
BT: Do many doctors provide euthanasia to their patients when requested to do so?
Keizer: Believe me, doctors still dislike having to take part in euthanasia and Dancing With Mr. D should make it clear why. A recent survey by the Dutch Euthanasia Society shows that doctors on the whole are very reluctant to get involved with euthanasia.
BT: What effect do the rules have on the execution--pardon the pun--of physician-assisted suicide?
Keizer: The point is this: there are reasonably strict rules for appendectomy. You cannot mess around. If you have a set of criteria for allowable euthanasia, then doctors cannot fool around. You wouldn't believe how messy the ongoings are in cases where doctors just don't know how to go about things. Openness implies control: you have to account for what you did, because everybody is watching you, just the way they are when you are in the operating room removing an appendix. Doing it on the sly, in secret, leads inevitably to shoddy performance. In Holland the effort at openness only partially succeeded: a thorough, recent survey showed that only 50 to 60% of cases are duly recorded, and this is despite a lenient legal climate. Still, the percentage of openly recorded cases in the USA is zero.
BT: Are patients ever euthanized without their consent?
Keizer: In the Dutch statistics you'll find a number of cases, around 1000 each year, in which the patients' lives are shortened without their express consent. Opponents wouldn't put it like this, they would say each year 1000 people are being killed by their physicians. It sounds rather terrible, but in fact these staggering numbers represent a very ordinary occurrence, in tens of thousands of cases, in all hospitals around the entire globe, also in the USA, also and expressly so in the English hospices where morphine practically rains down from the bloody ceilings and oozes through the walls.
Let me explain:
In the terminal stages of an illness you often give morphine injections against pain, dypnea, sleeplessness, fear and other discomforts. Often you have discussed this in advance with your patient and in all cases you notify the relatives of what you are doing. Morphine means eating less, drinking less, coughing less, and moving less. In short you more or less cause a number of complications which will hasten a patient's end. If you start this at the right moment, the patient will die after one to two or four days. Often you will increase the dose intermittently. Now just how would you characterize this use of morphine depends on where you are: talking to a journalist from Reader's Digest you would say, or should say, that you only meant to ease the pain, and the thought that the medication hastened her death never even crossed your mind.
Writing for The New York Times you would say that you realized it would hasten her end but that that was certainly not your purpose.
Talking to your wife that evening you would say: I don't know whether she had more pain this morning, but, Jesus, I was so relieved when she died 3 hours after I doubled the dosage.
No, this is not physician-assisted suicide, this is good palliative care, I would say. No, say the opponents, this is killing people off.
BT: How do you answer these critics?
Keizer: It's almost impossible to argue against this kind of criticism. Opponents of euthanasia usually have a parade of crummy performances of euthanasia in their files, from which they conclude it should never be done. These can easily be countered with some shockingly devastating deathbeds where euthanasia was withheld. From which one cannot conclude that it should always be done.
A truly adult conversation on this topic is only possible when we realize that the same deathbed in the case of Mr. A and Doctor B ends in physician-assisted suicide, and in the case of Mrs. C and Doctor D does not, and that BOTH are good deathbeds.
BT: Physician-assisted suicide is currently under debate in the United States Supreme Court. What are some of the differences you see between medicine in Holland and in the United States that may affect this decision?
Keizer: A striking difference between us and the States is, for instance, the malpractice circus. I am particularly vulnerable, attending so many deathbeds, yet I don't even have any insurance against legal fees for litigation against me. Another striking difference between our countries is the availability of health care, or the access to health care. In Holland everybody is insured. No joke. This means that having a diseased relative is never a financial problem, even if transplant surgery is considered. What I'm driving at is that in Holland medical bills will never be a reason for a patient to ask for her death. I understand this is not always the case in the States. These are considerations that I am vaguely aware of and which should keep me from talking too assuredly about what should be done in the USA.
BT: Do you fear death?
Keizer: Yes. People would say to me that you're dealing with it every day, but that doesn't lessen my own fear of what may happen to me.
--Larry Weissman
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Photo Credit: Roger Fokke.


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Understanding Group Behavior: Small group processes and interpersonal relations
Erich H. Witte, James H. Davis
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996 - Psychology - 316 pages
These books grew out of the perception that a number of important conceptual and theoretical advances in research on small group behavior had developed in recent years, but were scattered in rather fragmentary fashion across a diverse literature. Thus, it seemed useful to encourage the formulation of summary accounts. A conference was held in Hamburg with the aim of not only encouraging such developments, but also encouraging the integration of theoretical approaches where possible. These two volumes are the result.
Current research on small groups falls roughly into two moderately broad categories, and this classification is reflected in the two books. Volume I addresses theoretical problems associated with the consensual action of task-oriented small groups, whereas Volume II focuses on interpersonal relations and social processes within such groups. The two volumes differ somewhat in that the conceptual work of Volume I tends to address rather strictly defined problems of consensual action, some approaches tending to the axiomatic, whereas the conceptual work described in Volume II is generally less formal and rather general in focus. However, both volumes represent current conceptual work in small group research and can claim to have achieved the original purpose of up-to-date conceptual summaries of progress on new theoretical work.
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It was important to this couple that their wedding reflected their personalities and be fun and memorable. They chose a non-traditional venue, Rock n Bowl, and tied together traditional yet modern elements within their theme.
Their wedding theme consisted of peacock and comic book elements. The challenge was to blend these two themes without being tacky; the trick was being subtle with both. Be inspired by the entirety of this groovy comic book wedding found in the full gallery here, captured by Arte de Vie.
DIY and custom-made items became a big theme for our decor. Many hours of shopping and crafting with family and friends made it a fun and collective effort! My bouquet was handmade with brooches that were gifted by family and friends as well as thrift store and flea market finds. Our table top decor consisted of 28 assorted jewel-toned vases with carefully curated peacock and peasant feathers and gold embellishments accompanied by various lanterns and candles. All of the cake toppers, ring box, and "I DO" letters were beaded and glittered by hand. My bright blue shoes were trimmed with handcrafted feather shoe clips.
custom comic book cufflinks and boutonnieres
The groom's and wedding party boutonnieres and corsages were custom-made paper flowers from comic book pages (a character for groom and each groomsman) and pages from Doctor Zhivago (paying homage to the origin of my name, Lara). All of the men in the wedding party wore cufflinks that were made to perfectly match each boutonniere. The mothers' paper flower corsages were embellished with brooches and feathers to tie the elements together. The bridesmaids each carried a custom-made clutch with handcrafted decor in lieu of flowers while the flower girls carried unique "princess wands". Other custom-made items included personalized wooden mugs for each groomsman designed by the groom and made by a friend of the couple, a Superman garter knit by a friend of the bride, engraved wine and pint glasses, and personalized lace handkerchiefs for our 2nd line at the end of the evening.
trust and time
In hindsight I held too closely to much of what I was doing. Also, I should have stopped my "research" much sooner and focused on the vision that I developed. Sadly, I wasted some valuable time scouring the internet making sure that there wasn't something else out there that I might like better… Trust yourself and your own vision. And most of all, I would have been better organized so we weren't still crafting on my wedding day! But it all worked out perfectly and came together exactly as I envisioned. My advice to DIY brides is not to get too caught up in the DIY idea. Being a DIY bride takes a lot of extra planning and organization and some things are more time- and money-efficient to just outright buy! Also, stay organized and on schedule – time will quickly escape if you don't manage it properly causing undue stress. Plan for your projects to take double the amount of time and trust me when I say you will be wondering where the time went. Most of all, have fun and enjoy every moment!
Photography: Arte de Vie
Venue & Caterer: Rock n Bowl
Stationery: Wedding Paper Divas
Cake: Sucre
Caterer: Dickie Brennan & Company
Hair: Gerald William with Keith Noonan Salon
Makeup: Melissa Vaccaro with Ashley Sievert Beauty
Dress Shop: Humbug Bridal
Dress Designer: Maggie Sottero "Emma"
Bridesmaid Dresses: Alfred Angelo Chiffon in Tealness
Shoe Designer: BCBG Paris Jaze Suede Pump
Groom's Attire: Jeff's Haberdashery
Superman Pendant: Peora Sapphire
Band: Groovy7
A Cappella Group: Jay-Ray & Gee
Event Live Artist/Painting: Christina Pappion Artistry
Cupcakes: Haydel's Bakery
Wedding Rings: Béjé Fine Jewelry
Bride's Bowling Shoes: Striking Products
Groomsmen Attire: John's Tuxedo
Bridesmaids Clutches: Ruby Rue Creations
Boutonnieres and Cufflinks: GlamMKE
2nd Line Handkerchiefs: Roxygs
Groomsmen Mugs: Rick Guhman, Sr
Read on to see how much this ___ wedding cost. Please note that costs change as the years go by, and prices are subject to change. This is just one couple's breakdown to give you a rough estimate on how much a wedding like this may cost you.


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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29 year old woman | Shreveport, LA, USA | Seeking men 26-35 within 50 miles
Pretty eyed...pirate smile
I am a down to earth girl. Just moved to the area and trying something different to meet someone. The bar thing can get old after a while. A little about me...I like sports, random adventures, doing anything outdoors, and I enjoy reading. I teach English and love my job but most of all love the kids. I could honestly make a list of everything I like to do but I'll save that for another time. I do love my family, and my niece is my favorite little lady! It's sad being far away from them but the trips home are always fun. So I'm giving this a shot and just looking to meet a nice guy out there..that's honest. I did grow up in the country in upstate NY, which just means that I will always be a New York Yankee fan and a Yankee:) On that note..."When life gives you lemonade, make lemons. Life will be all ?Whaaaat?? ? Phil Dunphy. I love Modern family Submitted from mobile
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Dancing, Football, Hockey, Soccer, Swimming, Walking / Hiking
I like Dogs
I am a country music lover...don't judge! I have a few favorite TV shows, I watch movies a lot, and enjoy good food!
I love movies, anykind of movie. Sports have always been apart of my life and nothing beats going to a sporting event! I do like going out once in a while but enjoy spending time home and with the Family.
I am reading The Perks of Being a Wallflower....haven't read it for a long time and I tend to read the book before I see the movie.
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|What she is looking for
|5'3" (160cms)
|5'6" (167cms) to 6'2" (187cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Athletic and toned
|Blue, Green, Hazel
|Light brown
|Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde, Bald
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Education / Teacher / Professor
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
|I'll tell you later
|Atheist, Other
|Bachelors degree
|High school