text:
Page 1
Received: 11 October, 2011. Accepted: 6 December, 2011.
Original Research Paper
Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology ©2012 Global Science Books
Micropropagation via Nodal Explants
of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.
Venugopal Rao Kokkirala1 • Srinivas Kota1 • Rajesh Yarra1 •
Mallesham Bulle1 • Mahender Aileni1 • Kranthi Kumar Gadidasu1 •
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva2 • Sadanandam Abbagani1*
1 Department of Biotechnology, Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Kakatiya University, Warangal – 506 009, India
2 Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Ikenobe, 2393, Kagawa-ken, 761-0795, Japan
Corresponding author: * email@example.com
An efficient protocol for the in vitro clonal propagation of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz using node explants from mature plants was
established. Axillary bud proliferation was initiated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA;
4.40, 8.90, 13.30, 17.70, 22.20 and 26.50 μM) or kinetin (Kn, 4.60, 9.30, 13.90, 18.50, 23.20 and 27.20 μM) alone, or with combinations
of BA (2.22, 4.40, 6.62 and 8.90 μM) and Kn (2.32, 4.60, 6.92 and 9.30 μM). MS medium supplemented with BA (17.70 μM) showed the
highest regeneration efficiency with 35 ± 1.65 multiple shoots/explant. The shoots that regenerated in vitro attained a maximum average
length of 4.5 ± 0.25 cm within 5 weeks of culture, 90% of which could root on medium containing half-strength MS salts fortified with
4.90 μM IBA. The regenerated plantlets were established in a greenhouse with 85% survival. ISSR-PCR revealed genetic fidelity among
micropropagated plants and the mother plant.
Keywords: cytokinin, fire-flame-bush, ISSR, MS medium, multiple shoots
Abbreviations: BA, 6-benzyladenine; Kn, kinetin; IBA, indole-3-butyric acid; ISSR, inter simple sequence repeat; PCR, polymerase
chain reaction
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. (syn. Woodfordia flori-
bunda Salisb), or fire-flame-bush (family – Lathyraceae), is
a threatened woody shrub which is in regular demand
amongst traditional medicine practitioners of South East
Asian countries. In India, this plant is extensively used in
Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicines. Although all
parts of the plant possess valuable medicinal properties,
there is a high demand for its flowers both in domestic and
international markets. It is an ingredient of a preparation
that is used to make barren women fertile (Burkill 1966;
Dey 1984; Das et al. 2007). The red dye extracted from the
flowers is extensively used throughout India for dyeing
fabrics (Das et al. 2007). Many marketed drugs comprise
flowers, fruits, leaves and buds mixed with pedicels and
thinner twigs of this plant (Das et al. 2007). The importance
of a tannin, woodfordin I, extracted from W. fruticosa, has
been documented as a potential lead compound against
myelogenous leukemia (Liu et al. 2004). The hepatoprotec-
tive activity of W. fruticosa flowers against carbon tetra-
chloride-induced hepatotoxicity was determined (Chandan
et al. 2008). The compound woodfordin C (an inhibitor of
DNA topoisomerase II), which exhibits antitumor activity
(against human Pancreatic Cancer-1 cell lines), was isolated
from methanol extract of W. fruticosa (Kuramochi-Motegi
et al. 1992).
Propagation via seed is difficult in this species as seed-
lings are highly susceptible to wilt caused by Fusarium spp.
(Bahuguna et al. 1988). Moreover, seeds lose their viability
within 6 months from collection (Bhagat et al. 1992). Vege-
tative propagation is difficult as this plant is considered to
be a hard-to-root species irrespective of season and hor-
mone treatment (Bahuguna et al. 1988; Rajesh et al. 1993;
Raju et al. 1994). The threatened status and medicinal
importance require the formulation of a reliable, rapid and
reproducible micropropagation protocol for W. fruticosa. So
far only one report has described a protocol for the clonal
propagation of W. fruticosa using shoot apices (Krishnan
and Seeni 1994). The aim of the present study was to estab-
lish an in vitro regeneration protocol for W. fruticosa using
nodal explants.
In vitro propagation
The defoliated twigs of W. fruticosa were collected from mature
plants growing in Adilabad forest (longitude 77° 47? to 80° 0? E,
latitude 18° 40? to 19° 56? N) during February 2007 and washed
thoroughly with running tap water to remove dust and soil parti-
cles. The twigs were then placed in 5% Tween-20 (Himedia,
Mumbai, India) for 5 min, followed by 3-4 washes in sterile dis-
tilled water (SDW). The explants were surface sterilized with an
aqueous solution of 0.1% HgCl2 for 4-6 min, followed by 4-5
washes with SDW. Upon the culture of mature nodes on MS
medium containing 8.90 μM BA, produced a mean number of
shoots (2.3 ± 0.26; here after called as in vitro-derived nodal ex-
plants). These in vitro-derived single node (1.0-1.5 cm) segments
proliferation was tested by inoculation into borosilicate culture
tubes (150 × 25 cm), each containing 20 ml of MS (Murashige and
Skoog 1962) medium supplemented with 3% (w/v) sucrose, 0.8%
(w/v) agar, and different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA;
4.40, 8.90, 13.30, 17.70, 22.20 and 26.50 μM), or kinetin (Kn,
4.60, 9.30, 13.90, 18.50, 23.20 and 27.20 μM) alone, or com-
binations of BA (2.22, 4.40, 6.62 and 8.90 μM) and Kn (2.32, 4.60,
6.92 and 9.30 μM). The explants were cultured for 3 weeks on
these regeneration media. For culture establishment and multipli-
cation of shoots, 10 explants (one explants per tube) were used
with two replicates each and the experiment was repeated twice.
The shoots proliferated without fully formed leaves and that were
1-2 cm long were excised and subcultured for an additional 2
Page 2
Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology 6 (1), 50-53 ©2012 Global Science Books
weeks on the same media for shoot elongation. For micropropaga-
tion, the node explants derived from in vitro raised plants were
subcultured at 2- and 3-week intervals on the above mentioned
media. MS medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs)
served as the control.
In vitro rooting and acclimatization
The shoots (3.0-4.5 cm) raised in vitro (from all PGR treatments
above) with 3-4 leaves were isolated and transferred to tubes con-
taining MS medium (full or half-strength) supplemented with dif-
ferent levels of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; one shoot/IBA treat-
ment; 2.46, 4.90, 7.36 and 9.80 μM). MS medium without IBA
served as the rooting control. In vitro-rooted shoots (5-weeks-old)
were removed from culture tubes, washed thoroughly with water
to remove agar and medium constituents. Individual plantlets were
potted in plastic jars containing a mixture of sterilized soil and
vermiculite (1: 1). The plantlets were covered with polyethylene
sheets to minimize the loss of moisture and transferred to a green-
house under natural light conditions (28°C day, 24°C night, 65%
RH). The plants are initially fed with liquid MS (micro- and
macronutrients) alternated with sterilized distilled water (SDW)
and subsequently supplied with half-strength MS nutrients alter-
nated with tap water and finally with only tap water from the third
Culture conditions and statistics
All media pH were adjusted to 5.8 with 0.1 N NaOH before
adding agar and autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. Each culture tube
was inoculated with a single explant and plugged with non-ab-
sorbent cotton wrapped in two layers of cheese cloth. All cultures
were maintained at 25 ± 2°C under white fluorescent light (Philips,
India, 65 μE m-2 s-1) with a 16-h photoperiod. For culture estab-
lishment and multiplication of shoots, 10 node explants were used
for each treatment and replicated twice. Experiments were
repeated twice. The data pertaining to number of shoots/culture
(multiple shoots), mean shoot length (5 weeks after subculture
onto regeneration media) and number of adventitious roots for-
ming from in vitro-derived shoots was recorded and analyzed
statistically using DMRT (Duncan's multiple range test; P ? 0.05)
after mean separation using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data
are expressed as the mean ± standard error (SE).
DNA extraction and PCR amplification
Total DNA was extracted from the leaves of the W. fruticosa
mother plant, from in vitro grown shoots derived from the 5th, 8th
and 16th subculture as well as from hardened plants according to
Doyle and Doyle (1990). Qualitative and quantitative assessment
of genomic DNA was carried out by agarose (Seakem LE, Koln,
Germany) gel electrophoresis and employed for inter simple
sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. DNA concentration was adjusted
to 25 ng/μl with SDW and stored at 4°C. Ten different ISSR
primers were tested and on the basis of their suitability. Primers -
3((GA) 8T), -4((GA) 8C) and -5((TC) 8C) were selected for a
more detailed study. PCR was performed in a reaction volume of
25 μl containing 25 ng DNA, 10X PCR buffer, 50 mM MgCl2, 10
mM dNTPs, 1 U Taq DNA polymerase (all PCR reagents Fermen-
tas, Maryland, USA), and 10 pM primer (Kranthi et al. 2011)
using a thermocycler (Biorad-C1000, Hercules, CA, USA). PCR
conditions used for amplification consisted of an initial denatura-
tion step at 94°C for 3 min, 35 cycles of 1 min at 94°C (denatura-
tion), 1 min at 50°C (annealing), and 2 min at 72°C (extension),
followed by a final extension of 7 min at 72°C, and a soak tem-
perature of 10°C. The amplified DNA was separated by electro-
phoresis on 1% agarose gel (35 mV, 3 h). The size of the ampli-
cons was estimated using a 1-kbp ladder (Bridge Biological Prod-
ucts, CA, USA). The gels were visualized and photographed using
a gel documentation system (Biorad, USA). All PCR reactions
were repeated at least twice to ensure reproducibility.
The efficiency of in vitro regeneration varied depending on
the source of the explant (i.e. nodal explants derived from
mature plants growing in a natural habitat or from in vitro-
raised shoots). Initially, different concentrations of BA or
Kn were tested alone or combinations of BA and Kn to
culture node explants derived from a mature plant. Node
explants exhibited low regeneration efficiency at all con-
centrations of BA, Kn, or BA and Kn that were tested. The
maximum efficiency (40 and 50%) of axillary bud prolifera-
tion was obtained using BA at 8.90 and 13.30 μM, respec-
tively. At these concentrations of BA, 4.0 ± 0.26 to 5.0 ±
1.13 shoots/node with a mean length of 2.0 ± 0.75 to 2.4 ±
0.18 were obtained. The other concentrations of BA, Kn, or
BA and Kn, resulted in the regeneration of single shoots
with a low efficiency (? 20%).
Further studies were conducted using the in vitro-derived
node explants (8.90 μM BA). The use of BA or Kn, or BA
and Kn at all tested concentrations resulted in the induction
of multiple shoots from node explants (Table 1). As the
level of BA or Kn increased, so too did the percentage of
explants proliferating shoots; the mean number of shoots
increased to between 8.0 ± 0.26 and 35 ± 1.65 multiple
shoots from a single nodal explant. A further increase in the
concentration of BA (22.20 and 26.50 μM) or Kn (18.50-
27.70 μM) resulted in a reduction of the mean number of
The cytokinin BA (17.70 μM) favored an optimal re-
generation response, inducing 35 ± 1.65 multiple shoots
with a mean shoot length of 4.5 ± 0.25 cm per node explant
(Fig. 1A). At 22.20 μM BA, 32 ± 1.13 shoots were obtained.
Node explants, when cultured on Kn-supplemented media,
also formed multiple shoots; however, the number of re-
generated shoots was significantly less than the optimal
level of BA (17.70 μM) (Fig. 1B). In this set of experiments,
the shoots regenerated on medium with either 17.70 or
Table 1 Effect of cytokinins on shoot multiplication from in vitro-derived
node segments of Woodfordia fruticosa.
(μM) (μM) cultures (%) shoots/ explant ±
? 70 8.0 ± 0.26 a
? 70 16 ± 0.23 c
? 75 30 ± 1.00 d
? 85 35 ± 1.65 e
? 85 32 ± 1.13 e
? 75 22 ± 1.34 d
? 4.60 50 10 ± 0.26 b
? 9.30 65 12 ± 0.27 c
? 13.90 70 15 ± 0.18 c
? 18.50 75 10 ± 0.11 b
? 23.20 65 8.0 ± 0.14 a
? 27.70 60 6.0 ± 0.37 a
2.22 2.32 60 15 ± 0.75 c
4.40 2.32 75 18 ± 0.53 d
6.62 2.32 70 17 ± 0.60 d
8.90 2.32 65 12 ± 0.50 c
2.22 4.60 70 20 ± 0.51 d
4.40 4.60 80 28 ± 0.85 d
6.62 4.60 75 26 ± 0.57 d
8.90 4.60 65 14 ± 0.51 c
2.22 6.92 45 14 ± 0.56 c
4.40 6.92 65 20 ± 0.74 d
6.62 6.92 60 18 ± 0.58 d
8.90 6.92 50 12 ± 0.49 c
2.22 9.30 45 10 ± 0.51 b
4.40 9.30 55 12 ± 0.34 c
6.62 9.30 50 14 ± 0.57 c
8.90 9.30 45 11 ± 0.46 b
Values are mean of 40 explants ± S.E. In each column means followed by the
same letter are not significantly different (P < 0.05) according to Duncan's
multiple range test.
Kn Responding Mean no. of Mean length of
shoot/ explant ±
3.0 ± 0.18 b
3.5 ± 0.23 c
4.0 ± 0.22 d
4.5 ± 0.25 d
4.5 ± 0.25 d
3.2 ± 0.31 c
2.2 ± 0.27 a
3.0 ± 0.18 b
3.2 ± 0.16 c
3.0 ± 0.22 b
2.5 ± 0.19 b
2.0 ± 0.12 a
2.5 ± 0.14 b
3.5 ± 0.23 c
3.0 ± 0.18 b
3.2 ± 0.24 c
3.8 ± 0.25 c
4.0 ± 0.17 d
3.7 ± 0.21 c
3.2 ± 0.24 c
2.5 ± 0.19 b
3.5 ± 0.25 c
2.7 ± 0.22 b
2.2 ± 0.27 a
3.0 ± 0.29 b
3.2 ± 0.24 c
3.0 ± 0.26 b
2.5 ± 0.29 b
Page 3
Micropropagation of Woodfordia fruticosa. Kokkirala et al.
22.20 μM BA attained almost identical mean length (4.5 ±
0.25 cm) (Fig. 1C). BA, within the range evaluated (4.40-
26.50 μM) was more efficient in terms of shoot prolifera-
tion and multiple shoot induction than Kn when used alone
or in combination with Kn.
In a separate set of experiments, the in vitro-derived
node explants (8.90 μM BA) were cultured on MS medium
containing BA combined with Kn (Table 1). Kn at 4.60 μM
with different levels of BA (2.22, 4.40, 6.62 and 8.90 μM)
enhanced the induction of multiple shoots by 45-80%
(Table 1). The most effective combination was 4.40 μM BA
and 4.60 μM Kn, resulted in a high frequency of pro-
liferated cultures (80%) and maximum number of shoots/
node (28 ± 0.85).
The regenerated shoots (2.0-4.5 cm) could be rooted on
half- or full-strength MS medium fortified with different
concentrations of IBA. Half-MS containing 4.90 μM IBA
was ideal for the development of roots (19.0 ± 0.16) from
cut ends of in vitro-derived shoots (Table 2). On this
medium, 90% of shoots rooted within 10-12 days of culture
(Fig. 1D). Upon transfer to the greenhouse (after 7 weeks)
85% of plantlets survived. The in vitro regenerated shoots
could also root on full-strength MS medium but with fewer
roots (8.0 ± 0.25) and a prolonged culture period (15-17
days). All rooted plantlets performed similarly upon transfer
to the greenhouse. No roots developed in the control treat-
ment. The shoots with well developed roots were trans-
ferred to pots containing a mixture of sterilized soil and
vermiculite (1: 1) and hardened in the greenhouse with an
85% survival rate (Fig. 1E).
Clonal fidelity
Total DNA from in vitro-grown shoots of the 5th, 8th and
16th subculture, hardened plants and the mother plant were
subjected to ISSR analysis. No polymorphic bands were
observed in the mother plant and the in vitro raised progeny
(Fig. 2). Visual analysis of W. fruticosa plants also did not
reveal any morphological variations. These results confirm
that W. fruticosa plants obtained by the nodal proliferation
retained their genetic fidelity for a prolonged period of 10
months (16 sub-cultures) under in vitro conditions.
MS medium is routinely and widely used in plant tissue cul-
ture studies. However, there are no reports available de-
monstrating the use of MS salts for the in vitro propagation
of W. fruticosa, which in this study was possible for the first
time for axillary bud proliferation and clonal propagation.
An earlier study used Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH, 1972)
medium for micropropagation of this plant (Krishnan and
Seeni 1994). Their results indicated that the highest multi-
plication of W. fruticosa (26-35 shoots/shoot tip) on SH
culture initiation media with 2.22 μM of BA and 2.60 μM
of NAA followed by subculture in 0.88 μM of BA. The
shoot multiplication rate was further accelerated by recul-
turing 0.4-0.6 cm nodal segments of regenerated shoots in
media with 4.40 μM BA. Quraishi et al. (1997) reported 2.5
± 1.9 shoots/explant using basal sprouts of Lagerstroemia
parviflora in MS medium enriched with 2.22 μM BA.
Fig. 1 Micropropagation of W. fruticosa on MS medium. (A) Multiple
shoot induction from in vitro-derived node explants on 17.70 μM BA (3
weeks old); (B) induction of multiple shoots on 27.70 μM Kn (3 weeks
old); (C) well developed shoots (5 weeks old); (D) rooting of microshoots
on ½ MS fortified with 4.90 μM IBA; (E) Hardened plant in greenhouse.
Table 2 Effect of IBA on adventitious rooting of in vitro-regenerated
shoots of Woodfordia fruticosa.
MS medium IBA
(μM)producing roots
Full strength 2.46 55
Full strength 4.9 70
Full strength7.36 60
Full strength9.8 50
1/2 strength2.4675
1/2 strength 4.9 90
1/2 strength 7.3680
1/2 strength9.8 60
Values are mean of 40 explants ± S.E. In each column means followed by the
same letter are not significantly different (P < 0.05) according to Duncan's
multiple range test.
% of cultures Mean no. of
6.00 ± 0.15 a
8.00 ± 0.20 a
6.10 ± 0.18 a
6.00 ± 0.07 a
10.00 ± 0.23 b 1.80 ± 0.07 c
19.00 ± 0.16 f 3.00 ± 0.13 f
14.50 ± 0.43 e 2.00 ± 0.08 d
10.00 ± 0.24 b 1.60 ± 0.05 b
Mean root
length (cm)
1.40 ± 0.20 a
2.00 ± 0.04 d
1.30 ± 0.15 a
1.20 ± 0.30 a
Fig. 2 Establishing clonal fidelity by ISSR analysis. Amplification pat-
tern with primer 3(GA)8T. M, marker; 1, mother plant; 2, hardened plant;
3-7, in vitro-grown plants.
Page 4
Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology 6 (1), 50-53 ©2012 Global Science Books
Among the two cytokinins (BA and Kn) tested in the
present study, BA induced highest regeneration efficiency
(35 ± 1.65 multiple shoots/explant). BA also induced multi-
ple shoots from nodal explants of Lawsonia inermis (Kheta
Ram and Shekhawat 2011).
The combination of two cytokinins (BA and Kn) also
promoted the development of multiple shoots thereby de-
monstrating the effect of cytokinin combination on multiple
shoot induction in W. fruticosa. A combination of two or
more cytokinins could induce shoots from various explants
of Eclipta alba in vitro plantlets when placed on MS
medium with BA (4.4 ?M), Kn (9.2 ?M) and 2iP (2.4 ?M)
(Baskaran and Jayabalan 2005). Geneve (2005) reported
adventitious shoot induction and elongation on root and
petiole explants of Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus di-
oicus L.) with a combination of 1 ?M BA and 0.5 ?M thi-
diazuron (TDZ). Mahender et al. (2009) used a combination
of 4.40 mM BA and 4.60 mM Kn for efficient in vitro
regeneration and micropropagation of a medicinal plant,
Momordica tuberosa Roxb. Niranjan et al. (2010) reported
most multiple shoots (24/explant) from Lagerstroemia
indica using shoot tip culture in medium supplemented with
BA (8.9 μM) and IBA (2.46 μM) whereas nodal explants
formed most multiple shoots (5/explant) with a combination
of KN (9.30 μM) and IBA (2.46 μM).
In vitro regenerated W. fruticosa plantlets can be multi-
plied by subculturing at regular 3-week intervals. This
mode of multiplication ensured the continuous production
of shoots without a decline in growth performance. Further-
more, our findings on the effect of variations in mineral
strength for in vitro rooting of microshoots emphasizes the
importance of evaluating mineral strength as well as hor-
mone requirements for in vitro rooting of W. fruticosa. Roy
et al. (2001) employed ½ MS medium with IBA (4.90 ?M)
for in vitro rooting of Humulus lupulus L. Similarly, Dhar
and Joshi (2005) reported the use of ½ MS medium con-
taining 2.50 ?M IBA for in vitro rooting of Saussurea ob-
vallata (DC.) Edgew. Our results are similar to the above
reports in that ½ MS medium with IBA (4.90 ?M) could be
effectively used to induce in vitro roots.
The authors thank Dr. Omkar, Department of Botany, Kakatiya
University, for identifying plant material. We greatly acknowledge
financial assistance from University Grants Commission under
Special Assistance Program-Departmental Research Support. KS
is thankful to UGC New Delhi for a Rajiv Gandhi National
Fellowship award.
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5 bedroom detached house for sale Peacock Court, CarlukeVENDOR WOULD CONSIDER PART EXCHANGE TO THE WISHAW/MOTHERWELL AREAOffered for sale is this impressive, individual architect designed, modern detached villa in small, secluded, private cul de sac. Accommodation comprises of large reception hallway, three public rooms, modern kitchen, large... More details ›
£249,995 Fixed Price
Fixed Price £249,995
5 bedroom detached house for sale Carnwath Lane, CarlukeImpressive luxury detached villa, architecturally designed to a high specification, situated in a popular central location within the town of Carluke.This large family home offers flexible living accommodation of approximately 2800 sq.ft over three levels. More details ›
£229,995 Guide Price
Guide Price £229,995
4 bedroom detached house for sale Lanark Road, Braidwood, Carluke, ML8*** PRICE REDUCTION 229,995GBP MUST VIEW ***Your Move First, Lanark, is delighted to offer this spacious traditional detached property to the open market, a home that is full of character and tradition. A property that really must be viewed to be fully appreciated. Comprising on the ground lev... More details ›
Reduced on 31/01/2015 by YOUR MOVE First, Lanark. Call: 01555 477005 Local call rate
£224,995 Offers Over
Offers Over £224,995
6 bedroom detached house for sale Glen Shee Gardens, Carluke, South Lanarkshire A FANTASTIC asking price for a SUPER SIZED SIX BEDROOM property. Oozing style, quality and design throughout. The flexibilty of this accomodation really is what makes it so special. You can only view it to really appreciate what we mean! EER Band C More details ›
£224,995 Offers in Excess of
Offers in Excess of £224,995
3 bedroom detached house for sale The Meadows, Carluke, South Lanarkshire***HOME REPORT VALUE £245,000***Substantial one and half storey detached family home situated in a spacious plot set in a beautiful rural location just a short distance from the town of Carluke. The property was built by the current owners in 1998 and was individually, architecturally... More details ›
£220,000 Offers in Excess of
Offers in Excess of £220,000
5 bedroom bungalow for sale 133 Carnwath Road CarlukeBeautifully presented and deceptively spacious detached five bedroom family home situated in a central location within Carluke, close to all the amenities the town has to offer.The house occupies a generous plot and offers potential buyers flexible accommodation arranged over two levels. More details ›
£215,000 Offers Over
Offers Over £215,000
6 bedroom detached house for sale Glen Shee Court, Carluke, South Lanarkshire HR £240,000 A well appointed six bedroom detached villa situated in a modern development within the village of Carluke. More details ›
£215,000 Offers Over
Offers Over £215,000
4 bedroom detached house for sale Paddock Drive, Carluke, South Lanarkshire CLOSING DATE MONDAY 30th MARCH, 2015 @ 12 NOON Flawless quality and attention to detail can be a rarity in modern properties; however Paddock Drive has an abundance of both. The property boasts tasteful, contemporary décor, large rooms (particularly the kitchen and bathrooms. (contd...) More details ›
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User Tip: If you're unsure of your vehicle type, you may skip the machine type selection box.
Please select make, model and yearCages
We carry the best selection of rollcages and rollcage accessories for your UTV.
Jeff in UT
Installation went easily, but recommend you follow the instructions carefully. Parts are high quality and lined up perfectly, but it's critical to leave all bolts very loose. It's a tight fit. Once installed, begin at the bottom and work your way up, slowly tightening each section, then repeat until all parts are firmly tight. If you think something is off, loosen up and start over - you'll find that it all comes together (lesson I had to learn..) One important note - instructions say this rack won't work with Polaris Lock & Ride storage box. Not true, it works fine - even with a 4 gal. Rotopack mounted under the top storage rack - I still have decent access to the box.Read All Reviews
Brandon in OH
Easy install. As indicated probably doesn't add much strength to the ROPS as it does not wrap around at mounting locations, but has jaws that clamp to it. The bar doesn't rattle. I'm happy with the purchase.Read All Reviews
CLyde in WY
Received the shipment within 3 days as promised. Rocky Mountain ATV had the cheapest price with very quick shipping. Package contents were very well protected. Instructions left a lot on the table and in my mind could be better for less mechanically inclined people. Install took roughly an hour and was overall pretty easy, would recommend a second set of hands to help with alignment. As previously stated in other reviews the color doesn't match the factory cage but it is close enough for me. I don't ever use the bed but I don't see it being too big of an issue for those that do, there's still plenty of room. If you're on the fence with ordering this like I was I highly recommend purchasing it. Makes the rzr look a lot like the old S used too.Read All Reviews
Lowrey in CA
Great, right size and fit on the UTV.Read All Reviews
Lowrey in CA
Good quality but rattles a little. Not a big deal but for the price I expected a little tighter fit, less rattle.Read All Reviews
M. in CA
A great, small hand held extinguisher which came with a wall mount. When combined with the quick release mount it works great with my XP900.Read All Reviews


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Item girl Rakhi Sawant's shocking reaction on the controversial show, ÁIB Knockout has left everyone stunned. Her reply about the show is something very bizarre and out of the world. When Rakhi was asked to comment about AIB Roast, she said that Karan Johar, Ranveer Singh who is participating on
Comedy Ka Badsshah - Hasega India - Deepak Raja peps up the audience with his funny yet sensible digs - Episode 6
Deepak Raja plays pranks upon Rakhi Sawant and Raju Shrivastav. Further he brings in cricket mania and drives puns on the news published in the newspapers. Later he joins Raju and Rakhi to form the panel of judges. Who will win judges heart? The king of comedy, Raju Srivastav, hosts Comedy ka Badsshah - Hasegaa India exclusively on Sony Entertainment Television. The show is a combination of spoofs, gags and stand-up comedy show with Raju Srivastav and is rib-tickling. A popular fellow comedian also joins Raju for an entertaining tete a tete. To add some more excitement to the funny proceedings there is aa glamorous guest from the world of showbiz each week who is part of the comic caper. There's more to this funny business. Every week two new comic talents are pitted against each other to vie for the crown of the 'king of comedy'. Raju along with the celebrity guest and the guest comedian judges the winner who in the next episode is pitted against the next new comic talent the following week.
rakhi sawant
Numerous B-town celebrities expressed their views on the most recent hot topic, the 'AIB' roast: 1.Rakhi Sawant: Rakhi Sawant's mouth is something that is difficult to keep shut. How could the drama queen remain silent when there is so much controver
Rakhi Sawant has always been in controversy for one or the other reason. She once stirred up news, when she fought for the rights of the fellow residents of her residential society. But this time she is on cloud number 9 as she has been appointed as the chairperson of Disputes Settlement Committe
Latest Bollywood News
- Radhika Apte speaks about sex before marriage and nudity
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- Rishi Kapoor building new home for Ranbir, Katrina at Krishnaraj
- Deepika, Sonam, Aishwarya sizzle at HT Most Stylish Awards
- Sakshi Tanwar to star in desi version of 'Game of Thrones'


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Zool 2 Cheats & Codes
Check out our 1 cheat for Zool 2.
1 CheatsSubmit a Cheat.
Submitted by:IGN_Cheats
Cheat Codes
To enable cheat mode, press [Esc] at the configuration menu. Then type: PHONEBOOK, followed by [Esc]. Thereafter to activate a cheat, enter its corresponding code.
Cheat Code 20 Credits VISION Additional points (+300) 4 Invincibility TOUGHGUY Jump higher [Ctrl] Level skip 0 (or BUMBLEBEE) Play a bonus round 3 Unlimited bombs KICKASS
* Complete current mission to unlock Super X Car.
You must be Logged in to submit a cheat.
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© 2008-2015 Sustainable Seed Co.
All photos appearing on this site are not to be downloaded or reproduced in ANY way without the written permission of Sustainable Seed Co.
|Helena Tobacco
Helena Tobacco
|Hillbilly Tomato Seeds
Indet. with potato leaves. Hillbilly is a stunning bicolor beefsteak tomato, excellent for slicing. These hefty, yellow-gold 1lb. tomatoes are streaked with red on the blossom end. Hillbilly is sweet and juicy, great for slicing. Heavy production means it needs sturdy staking.


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A Moment of Simple Justice - Felony Everything
Understanding the Different Mandates Between Legal and Compliance February 3 2015
Investment Management Update - January 2015
Government's Health Care Fraud "Cash Cow" Keeps Mooing
Cullen & Dykman Sees Colleges Calling for Title IX Help v
What is a PBT? Do I have to cooperate?
BigLaw Recruiter: We Didn't Kill Dewey & LeBoeuf
How the Rise in Undercover Investigations is Changing the Law
A Moment of Simple Justice - A Prosecutor's Duty
Government's Health Care Fraud "Cash Cow" Keeps Mooing
Uncovering Factory Farming - The Effects of Ag Gag Laws
Uncovering the "Why" in FCPA Compliance Issues
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FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report-Episode 117-the Avon FCPA Enforcement Action
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A Moment of Simple Justice - Stop Talking
A Moment of Simple Justice - Snitching Ain't Easy
Combining Arms for Justice-Involved Veterans
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Before agreeing and executing a business sale involving a transfer of a business, an international publishing company (Wolters Kluwer) consulted its works council. The works council refused to deliver its opinion and issued...more
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Current or former client? Write a review
Posted by: a DUI client over 3 years ago.
I recommend Michael Dunn
I hired Michael more than 3 years ago.
Michael handled my DUI & DWI matter.
I have previously worked with no lawyers.
Michael Dunn has been fantastic in helping me with all of my legal concerns. He is always accessible, and truly takes an interest in his clients well being, and genuinely seems to care. I would recommend him with no doubt in my mind.


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Planting in Florida clay
I am finding it very difficult to grow anything in my yard. This is a new-construction area and the dirt from the pond was dumped on my lot. The landscaper eventually planted a weeping willow where he tried to put a crape myrtle...and it is thriving because it sits in a "bowl", usually full of water, especially during rainy season. I'd like to put some color and some trees on the property.
Is there a difference between Georgia clay and Florida clay? My friend who moved there seems able to grow things that fail here even if I follow the same steps.
There is a difference between healthy, native clay and the stuff that is taken from the bottom of the pond. ;-(
Some clays are wonderful...I know, I have it in my own yard! It is the hardest stuff you can imagine, but bright red and well-drained. Red means that the clay has plenty of oxygen, in spite of the fact that it's clay. Plants thrive in it.
A clay soil must drain decently in order to be productive. Extra clayey soils can be improved by the additions of large amounts of organic matter of some kind, and then being kept mulched with more organic matter. Leaf litter, compost, wood fines, etc. are all examples of what many people use.
not sure if you'll see this message since it's now june1 but what i found when i moved to north mississippi with very hard clay, is that you should either wait for a rain or water first before planting. water well and then dig when the soil is like moist cake and not mushy, after a big rain, wait maybe 2 days. raised beds may also be used for plants that do not go very deep with their roots, like most annuals and perennials. for trees and shrubs, dig a hole no deeper than the root ball, but 2-3x as wide. break up and re-use the native soil. for annuals and perennials, use lots of organic matter like compost, leaf mold, etc.
also mulch alot as this will help the underlying soil. i was totally upset after moving here (displaced after hurricane katrina) from coastal louisiana, and just couldn't believe i had to deal with clay soil, but it's working. clay soil is actually very nutrient rich and holds moisture, but it is a challenge.
good luck. and i don't wish any hurricanes on you.


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The Grundig shortwave radio model FR 200 allows youto stay prepared and informed. If the power goes out and batteries aren't available, the FR 200 can function for up to an hour with only one minute...More
Heart-cut diamonds nestled in a ribbon-tied box, a decadent assortment of chocolate treats or a string of pearls with a name-engraved clasp-all are classic g... Read More
|Quick Glance
|Additional Specifications
|Home accessories type
|FR200 AM/FM Shortwave SOS Emergency Radio w/ Built-In Flashlight
### For camping, power outages, or just relaxing in the backyard, the FR200 seems to be just the thing. My particular unit has seen 10 months of steady use, and has displayed its good and bad points. The radio itself is pretty durable. Although the plast...ic casing feels somewhat flimsy, it can withstand a good share of abuse before developing any marks on the cabinet. The build quality seems to vary from unit to unit. Some have switches that don't always work; others with hand cranks that give out after a short period of use. Mine seems to have been one of the better-made radios. I have tested the AC 4.5v input, along with inserting 3 alkaline AA's to make sure it was all good. From then on, I've only used the generator and internal NiMH battery pack without any problems. Performance-wise, the audio tends to be in line with other Grundig products. Despite the speaker size, the sound is robust, and quite pleasant. FM reception is OK, with some overloading in strong signal areas. The sectional antenna on the back can help with this, but is limited in its rotation pattern. AM reception is actually decent, and includes the expanded 1610-1710 portion of the band. Reception of all bands is helped by the coarse/fine combination tuning knob. Signal reception of the 2 SW bands is a little lacking, and is helped greatly by clipping a small amount of wire to the antenna. Searching for a shortwave frequency can be a little frustrating due to the sparse dial markings. The emergency lamp is fairly bright, and illuminates a pretty wide area. The generator crank lies flat on the side of the radio until needed. When folded out for use, it can be turned in either direction, with a charging indicator light on the top of the radio letting you know that the batteries are getting some juice. Turning the crank for 60-70 seconds gives the radio roughly one hour of listening time. Again, quality control per radio seems to dictate the listening time of the unit. I've had my radio on for over 2 hours at a time using the rechargeable batteries, with no real dropoff in performance. Although the radio doesn't use much power, the light does. Leaving the lamp on drains the batteries at a fairly quick pace. It comes with a lightly padded carrying case that protects the radio well, but, be warned. The power and lamp switches extend from the radio far enough to be accidentally turned on when sliding the radio in the case. Grundig has good customer service for their products if any problems or questions arise. The light on my unit burned out after roughly 8 months of use. Upon contacting Grundig as to where I could purchase more micro bulbs, they took my info and promptly sent me 2 replacements at no charge. Overall, I would have to say that my experience with the FR200 has been a good one. Durable and easy to use, but with some quality and performance drawbacks. Although I would suggest this radio to anyone who likes to spend time outdoors, I would recommend that you check the store's return/exchange policy before purchasing one of these. Read more Less
### I have now had three of these radios and I have had to return all three to the seller(s). The hand crank system is not robust and will not hold a charge. I have followed all instructions and have had up to an hour of power, but the system starts degr...ading soon after and will not take/hold further charges. Read more Less
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text:
As of Sunday, April 6, 2014
© Copyright 2015 Albany Herald
ALBANY — The Dougherty County School Board will hold a called meeting at 8:30 a.m. Monday at which time interim Superintendent Butch Mosely is expected to be named as the system's 15th permanent superintendent.
Mosely, 72, has held the interim job since January 2013 after former superintendent Joshua Murfree stepped down at the end of 2012. In an unrelated development, Murfree on Friday was named as the new intercollegiate athletic director at Fort Valley State University
Two weeks ago, the board officially announced Mosely and Colquitt County School Superintendent Samuel DePaul as the two finalists for the DCSS job.
The Albany Herald, however, has learned that Mosley has the support from the majority of the board members needed to be offered the DCSS position, and that he would like for that vote to be unanimous.
When Mosely arrived in Albany, he found a school system in dire need of a major makeover. He inherited a CRCT cheating scandal dating back to the administration of Murfree's predecessor, Sally Whatley. The state accused 49 teachers and administrators of manipulating test scores, shaking the system to its core.
The state probe resulted in the early retirements, resignations or reassignments of nearly 20 educators. As many as 20 more were cleared by administrative tribunals or by the state's Professional Standards Commission. The PSC still has to render decisions on the remainder of the case files that remain in its possession.
In early 2012, the Georgia Department of Education launched a probe into three years' worth of the district's Title I expenditures that led to more than $700,000 in reimbursements to the state, along with the system being placed on "high risk" status. In December 2012, Murfree stepped down with six months remaining on his contract.
Mosely named new directors of federal programs, curriculum, child nutrition and human resources and has convinced the Georgia Department of Education to ease the restrictions it had placed on the system. He also brought in or reassigned nine principals — including at three of the system's four high schools.
In the past year, the system's reserve fund has increased $3 million to a total of just more than $9 million. The state is expected to award the district an additional $3 million in QBE (Quality Basic Education Act) funding for the new fiscal year, which should lift the district's reserves to nearly $12 million.
The School Board recently unanimously approved a tentative Fiscal Year 2015 school calendar which, for the first time in more than five years, includes no employee furlough days.
Mosely said then that the board's decision to eliminate the remaining four furlough days from the tentative calendar was possible because of a combination of the system's improving finances and better budget management.
Mosely will have to temporarily leave the TRS (Teacher Retirement System) to take the permanent superintendent's job. A source says the length of his new contract will be for at least two years and the salary will be negotiated.
More like this story
- School chief's contract will pay him $14,584 per month ( January 15, 2013 )
- Dougherty County School Board names two superintendent finalists ( March 17, 2014 )
- Dougherty County School Board receives 23 applications in its superintendent search ( January 29, 2014 )
- Former Dougherty school chief Joshua Murfree to head athletics at Fort Valley State University ( April 4, 2014 )
- Mosely discusses options as waiver vote nears ( September 8, 2013 )


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Network Administration
Network Administration News
March 18, 2015
SN blogs: Competitive acquisition dangerous for partners?
SN blogs: This week, an analyst discusses why competitive acquisitions can hurt some companies and another discusses how to transition away from technology silos.
December 23, 2014
For IT pros who don't have it all: The network manager's wishlist
Network managers share their holiday IT wishlists for 2015.
November 11, 2014
Juniper CEO shuffle creates uncertainty, excitement
Leadership problems and troubled negotiations with an unnamed customer spurred the resignation of Juniper CEO Shaygan Kheradpir.
October 17, 2014
Integrated computing requires vendors to step up
SN blogs: This week, an analyst shares why vendors need to rise to the occasion and launch marketing campaigns aimed at integrated computing.
Network Administration Get Started
Bring yourself up to speed with our introductory content
moves, adds and changes (MAC)
Moves, adds and changes (MAC) keep computing equipment in line with user needs and up-to-date, with disciplined process management. Continue Reading
2014 Information Security Readers' Choice Winners
The votes are tallied. The readers have spoken. Information Security is honoring readers' picks for the best security hardware, appliances and services in our ninth-annual Readers' Choice Awards. Continue Reading
mesh network topology (mesh network)
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Manage Network Administration
Learn to apply best practices and optimize your operations.
'Network Know-How' offers network troubleshooting techniques
Download this free chapter excerpt from "Network Know-How" to gain insight into basic network troubleshooting techniques. Identify and solve most networking errors in your environment. Continue Reading
Wireless expense management shouldn't spook employees
Tom Nolle discusses the dos and don'ts of wireless accounting and the steps enterprises must take to address BYOD expense management. Continue Reading
Good BYOD expense management hinges on clear telecom expense policies
A cohesive telecom expense management program must be based on clear policies governing how employees are reimbursed for using their own devices. Continue Reading
Problem Solve Network Administration Issues
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How will creating intellectual property affect the role and purpose of IT?
As intellectual property becomes the objective of business, IT must focus more on security and flexibility. Continue Reading
Handling network change: Is IPv4-to-IPv6 the least of your problems?
Engineers need to implement major network change for IPv6, SDN and hybrid cloud. But they're learning they'll have to manage the old and the new at once. Continue Reading
Handling network change: Is IPv4-to-IPv6 the least of your problems?


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This item is excluded from our standard returns policy as it is custom made and cannot be returned
Was £799.00
Now £524.25
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Save a total of £274.75
Ladies 3.5mm ,9ct white gold,0.14ct diamond set wedding ring
Item No.60292_C83D979W
Exquisite ladies handcrafted 9ct white gold wedding ring with beautiful brilliant cut diamonds perfectly set in between stunning bevelled edge. Each ring will be made specially for you when you place your order.
This item is available for
UK Home Delivery Free (UK orders over £30) or £3.99
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- If you require a different size that is not stated please contact Clarity
- This rings is beautifully handcrafted to order especialy for you.


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Elmer Table of Contents
|Welcome to the SERC Elmer
An Elmer is a radio mentor, a big brother,, someone who helps you become an experienced ham. Hopefully you will find some useful information here!
Page 1 of 2 : Next
- General Info
- Local Information
- New Hams
- Technical Information
- Frequency References
- N4SER Digipeater
- Antennas
- Digital
- WinLink
- Uncategorized


text: About our third or fourth stay at this particular group of condos. Almost every amenity one could want within the condo except a few basics like aluminum foil, tupperware containers for leftovers, or can opener for vegetables in our particular condo. Close to town but not within walking distance unless you want to brave the traffic or the elk. They... More


text:
From Angel Ben's Dogster Photos[ View profile page ]
|"I am always with you."
How true, I love that text!
yes, they are!
Wildebeest creates the perfect present for new dog parents.21
|"I am always with you."
January 24th 2012 at 6:26 pm
January 25th 2012 at 3:16 am
Copyright © I-5 Publishing, LLC. All rights reserved.


text:
My name is Badi Jones. I'm from Charleston, SC, and I've been making websites since 1997.
I worked full time for a couple of web design firms for a couple of years, and later (1999-2004) as the webmaster for a weekly newspaper in Charleston, SC (charlestoncitypaper.com). During that time I also did my undergraduate work in Biology at the College of Charleston, planning to go to Pharmacy school, but after working at a pharmacy for a year I decided that a pharmacy career wasn't for me.
A good friend convinced me that I could make a good living as a web developer, and pointed me to a graduate school in Vermont that he had attended. I decided to go, and chose the Master of Science in Internet Engineering (MSIE) degree. The bulk of the program dealt with Java (mostly J2EE using Struts, Spring, EJB, etc, and also SQL, XML, and server administration. Everything was geared toward making web applications. I finished in the Spring of 2006, and am now working full-time for a company in the online travel industry.
I also maintain several websites of my own, including the 3 sites listed here.


text:
18,000 people of 9 islands now under financial inclusion
Kadamakkudy panchayat, a cluster of 9 islands in Ernakulam district, will have its first full- fledged bank branch from Monday. The new branch of Union Bank of India, the lead bank of the district, is being opened at Pizhala in the panchayat on March 31, the last day of the financial year. The branch will have an ATM too.
Ernakulam district was declared fully banked in November, 2012, when Kadamakkudy, with a population of 18,000, was the only panchayat without any bank branch. The Hindu had reported it on the eve of the declaration by the RBI Governor.
The banking facility at Kadamakkudy was provided through the Business Correspondent model of the RBI. Accordingly, limited amenities such as investments were being carried out through a person engaged by the Union Bank of India. Absence of an ATM and difficulties in cheque-based transactions had rendered the service unattractive to customers in general.
The declaration as a totally banked district was made by the RBI Governor on the basis of surveys and an intensive campaign undertaken by various banks under the district lead bank scheme. The tag 'fully banked' tag is given to those districts with a minimum of 90 per cent of the people having accounts with any bank, according to officials of the lead bank.
The 'fully banked district' scheme was an offshoot of the policy decision taken by the Union government, based on an announcement on financial inclusion, made by Union Finance Minister in the 2010-11 budget speech. The idea was to provide banking facilities to all habitations with a population of 2,000 or more. Over 70,000 habitations have been identified under the programme all across the country.
Kadamakkudy residents had been making use of the services of Korampadam Service Cooperative Bank, but the service cooperative banks do not qualify for the nomenclature of a bank as per RBI guidelines, banking officials said.
The service cooperative banks are not authorised to issue MICR compliant cheques. MICR cheques enable speedy transaction in the banking channels and non-MICR cheques are being phased out.
The district has 904 branches of various banks in the public and private sectors now, including the district cooperative bank.
Keywords: Kadamakkudy panchayat, Kadamakkudy bank, Ernakulam banks


text:
2000 Ford Taurus • 187,000 miles
On start up engine will run rough for about 2-5 min
December 23, 2012.
December 23, 2012.
It is probably the Idle Air Control Valve, IACV, which keeps the idle steady when cold or under engine load. It is located on the intake manifold near the throttle body. It may need to be replaced or you can check the ports that it opens and closes for carbon deposits to see if you can just clean out the manifold and throttle body ports.
Dec 23, 2012.
Dec 23, 2012.
What would be compatible to use for a replacement engine in my Breeze? I am just looking to get something that would work with it to get it up and running. Can I use a different model ...
1 answer • 1999 Plymouth Breeze • 120,000 miles
If i took out my 91 toyota carolla engine what other cars would it be compatible with?
4 answers • 1991 Toyota Corolla
We have two Jeeps that we need to replace the 4.0 engines on. a 1996 2 wheel drive and a 1998 4 wheel drive. We have found a 1994 2 wheel drive engine that we are planning on putting ...
2 answers • 1998 Jeep Laredo • 165,000 miles
1990 Toyota Camry mileage: 150,000. 1. The oil warning light is on. 2. There are four quarts of oil in the car. 3. The oil filter is dry. 4. The engine sounds rough. 5. There is noise ...
3 answers • 1990 Toyota Camry • 150,000 miles


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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"The wedding announcements I ordered are wonderful. They looked exactly as they did on the website and were shipped and received very quickly. The price was extremely competitive with other wedding announcements."
"We were absolutely pleased with the quality of the cards we ordered. We requested a review of the design to make it more personalized, and the promptness of the reviewer in satisfying our needs was impressive. All of our friends who received the cards have told us they like them, and a few have requested info on where/how to get them. We highly recommend this company and their products."
"I'm an artsy gal, but not too extravagant, so I was looking for something simple yet striking for our wedding announcements, and I found it. I chose red since the date is close to Christmas, but the other color options look lovely, too. I was able to play with the fonts quite a bit, and personalized the monogram with a typewriter-style font that was very me. The weight and texture is delightful, and reminds me of handmade paper. Family and friends have complimented them, as well. Once I placed my order, I received the online proofs very promptly, and the delivery was right on time. Given the volume and the time of my order, the total price was nice and affordable."
"I loved everything about the process. I was able to personalize both text and colors. It was great because they even gave me a preview of what I changed. The paper quality and printing where great. The process was so wonderful and easy that I have already recommended this awsome product and Wedding Paper Divas to my family and friends."
"The announcements were wonderful, elegant, and very classy. We got compliments from everyone who received an announcement. They look exactly as shown on the website and were delivered very quickly. I cannot think of any way in which this item can be improved."


text:
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Macaroni and Cheese Video
Reduced-fat macaroni and cheese?!
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All you need is this one kitchen staple.
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McDonald's is about to start testing an all-day breakfast option. Here is the complete 24-item Mickey D's breakfast menu, ranked.
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You cruel, beautiful temptress.
Scientists Have Created a Hangover-Free Wine
They've also figured out a way to make it healthier.
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text:
Wedding DJs near washingtonville,oh
Other Wedding Vendors near washingtonville,oh:
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0 Vendors Selected. Select up to 5 vendors to compare in one of the following categories: Venues, Bands, Catering, Photography or Videographers.
Drop The Mic Entertainment12 Reviews
The Best Wedding DJ Service in Akron
Akron, OH | 330-631-6469
Drop The Mic Entertainment is the best and most affordable wedding DJ in Akron. We are a non cheesy wedding DJ service for modern brides and grooms...(more)
Contact Us Website
Expires: May 04, 2015
$800 diamond package includes projection monogram and 6 uplights when you mention wedding wire.
Absolutely Unbelievable Entertainment91 Reviews
Willoughby, OH | 440-946-4076
EXCELLENCE...INTEGRITY...PASSION! ...(more)
Music Therapy Inc.45 Reviews
Dj, Lighting & PhotoBooth.
Strongsville, OH | 216-338-6617
Welcome Music Therapy offers Professional DJ, Photo Booth, Lighting and Ceremony music services; all at a reasonable price. We offer unique...(more)
Steve Fazzini Wedding Entertainment30 Reviews
A " Fresh Alternative " to the cookie cutter DJ Show!
Youngstown, OH | 330-518-6549
" Live " Professional Vocal Performance and exceptional DJ and Emcee skills combined with class and personality. ...(more)
UNLIMITED MUSIC PRODUCTIONS12 Reviews
Eastlake, OH | 440-953-9486
WELCOME TO UNLIMITED MUSIC PRODUCTIONS!!! WE GO ABOVE AND BEYOND FOR YOU!! Unlimited Music Productions provides the ultimate in Wedding...(more)
Audio Extremes Entertainment110 Reviews
Making Memories Through Music One Event At A Time!
Hudson, OH | 888-688-8003
Why Choose Audio Extremes Entertainment? With over 15 years in the dj/entertainment industry, Audio Extremes Entertainment has grown to become one...(more)
Opening Minds Entertainment10 Reviews
Cincinnati, OH | 513-813-4131
Opening Minds Entertainment started with the vision of owner, Vikas Sondhi. With over 18 years of event & entertainment experience, Vikas wanted...(more)
Cipriano Productions153 Reviews
DJ's and Live Ceremony Music at a reasonable price. Voted one of NE. Ohio top 6 wedding vendors.
Ravenna, OH | 330-687-7210
What started off as a vision in 1999 has now become a refined business that is rapidly becoming a favorite in Northeast Ohio. Steve Cipriano has...(more)
Q Event Productions18 Reviews
Where the "Q" stands for quality.
Cleveland, OH | 216-307-7651
Professional DJ, lighting and photo booth service as well as other event rentals. Q Event Productions is a one stop shop for all things...(more)
Contact Us Website
Thank you for your service, both past and present. To show our appreciation for you and your sacrifice, please accept Free Up Lighting for your event.
MUSIC & MORE INC. PROFESSIONAL DISC JOCKEY SERVICE11 Reviews
MUSIC & MORE INC. IS THE PERFECT DJ/ENTERTAINMENT FOR YOUR WEDDING RECEPTION, CEREMONIES, AND ALL OCCASIONS FORMAL/NON-FORMAL. WE ARE CLEVELAND'S...(more)
On the Mic Entertainment104 Reviews
Entertaining NE Ohio for 20 years
Canton, OH | 330-327-0273
NO EXTRA $ FOR SETUP NO EXTRA $ FOR TRAVEL JUST ONE FLAT RATE FOR ALL NIGHT Entertainment is a major part of making your special event...(more)
SoundProof Entertainment52 Reviews
We have the dance floor covered!
Cleveland, OH | 440-864-8864
Your choice of entertainment is one of the most important decisions you will make in the planning of your special event. The success of the affair...(more)
A Bride's DJ & Uplighting96 Reviews
Finally, Formal And Fun Tied The Knot!
Cleveland, OH | 216-526-9008
Classy, Experienced & Fun Wedding DJs "Our DJ was extremely professional, well-mannered and kept our event rockin' all night long! We really...(more)
Contact Us Website
Finally! Formal and Fun Tied the Knot!
Jules Productions DJ and Karaoke Service
Cleveland, OH | 440-897-9353
Create the perfect event! Need music for a wedding reception? No problem - Jules has handled hundreds of weddings and receptions from small family...(more)
Rock & Roll Express50 Reviews
Sandusky, OH | 419-621-0117
Thank you for your interest in Rock & Roll Express! We are Sandusky's Premiere Entertainment Company. With over 28 years as Wedding Reception...(more)
Contact Us Website
Expires: Dec 31, 2016
Schedule your FREE Entertainment Consultation with us and receive our Date Night Gift, just for coming to see us!
DJ Entertainers16 Reviews
Cleveland, OH | 216-226-2790
DJ Entertainers are dedicated professional DJs that offers the finest in music entertainment for any event in Cleveland, Akron, and Northeast Ohio....(more)
Bruce Steven Entertainment13 Reviews
Professional Disc Jockeys & Multi-Media Event Production
Twinsburg, OH | 440-725-3706
Bruce Steven Entertainment is a Professional Disc Jockey & Multimedia Event Production company serving the Greater Cleveland & Akron area since...(more)
Erie DJ Entertainment | C Three Ent32 Reviews
Erie, PA | 814-520-5141
"CREATING UNIQUE WEDDING EXPERIENCES" Erie DJ Entertainment Erie DJ Entertainment Create Unique Award Winning Wedding DJ...(more)
Hitman Entertainment16 Reviews
Mansfield, OH | 419-522-9013
Hitman Entertainment is the most requested wedding DJ in North Central Ohio. We come highly recommended by wedding coordinators, banquet hall...(more)
Sound Waves Entertainment1 Review
North Canton, OH | 330-620-6554
I began my DJ career in 1991 working for a few friends in the business. My friends began getting numerous requests for me to DJ events, so I...(more)
Contact Us Website
Say you found this add on Wedding Wire and receive free dance floor digital lighting


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Cantaloupe damage.... bird?
Anyone know what is likely to be causing this sort of damage to a nearly mature cantaloupe? It almost looks like some bird had been pecking on it. TIA
I'm sure that there are other possibilities but in my southern gardens that kind of damage would be from those pesky voles. Good grief, those varmints can do a bunch of damage! Just try growing cucumbers or summer squash when sharing the garden with voles.
Just a confirmation on the source of the cantaloupe damage. Not voles, but roof rats... I believe... if I have those ears right. Caught six so far and more nibbling at the bait station. Damage has stopped - thanks for pointing me in the direction of rodents. Been so long since we've seen a flare up like this, I hadn't checked the station for signs of activity since last winter. They appear to love the cover of our large stand of Turk's Cap that sits between the cantaloupes and dwarf peaches they were feasting on.
Edit: Added link confirming ID... ears did give it away.
Here is a link that might be useful: Features of Norway vs Roof Rats
This post was edited by bostedo on Thu, Sep 19, 13 at 9:20


text: Last evening, I attended my parents annual Christmas party. It was the 28th version of it. I feel my parents are extremely fortunate. My dad will be 80 and my mom will be 78 this coming March. They have a group of around 30 people of similar age that travel and spend their winters in Florida. My father plays golf 2-3 times/week with "guys his age". one of the best golfers in their group is Andy who's almost 86! So back to the party! In the early days, my parents would pack 50-60 people into their tiny cape-style home. It doesn't have any fancy additions, so it's basically the kitchen, dining room and living room. Last night, they had about 25 people attend. I know most of them from over the years, so it's always nice to have the privaledge of hanging out with seniors who truly appreciate and love life. For a while, all the men sat in the living room by the fire telling old war stories from WWII and Korea. My father and one of his close buddies told the longest, most detailed stories. So after hearing a few, I told my dad and the other story teller, "Obama should send you two over to Afghanistan to tell the Taliban some stories...they'll surrender within 2 days!" and they laughed loudly...especially the other guys who knew exactly what I was saying! But to hear about their bravery and their fears from "America's Greatest Generation" was truly an honor. After we finished the story telling, everyone went intot the open Kitchen-dining room area to sing....who TF SINGS these days?! My mom & dad handed out the old Christmas carol books and began to sing from the heavens! After a while, I started to feel very emotional as tears threatened to fall. But I couldn't help or stop the emotion I felt. These people had all lived full lives and raised large families and they were not only still "ticking", they were BEATING the drums of life like no one I know! After the carols were over, my dad sang some Irish ballads. he still has a great voice and knows so many songs by heart that I can't believe he always forgets people's names! Finally, the guys started to sing old war songs like The Halls of Montezuma and the Caisson Song and finally into old patriotic songs like America & God Bless America. These men & women survived the great depression, WWII, the Korean conflict, Vietnam & the 60's....and they have nothing but love, family, friendship and comraderie in their hearts. They honestly seem to fear nothing...unlike many of our generations that fear almost everything. They are all, "nearing the end" but live their lives as if they're never going to die. I learned a lot last night and it affected me deeply. I can only pray that I'll be blessed with so many friends who care about each other that deeply and share a connection that transcends generations of change and adaptation. And to think I once thought they were all to blame for America's wrongs! Today, i know I have them to thank for most of the blessings we now have.3 Harry, I wish you could have been there!


text:
Raising a Lawn up 1-2 feet! I need your help and advice
My first post!
I've got a 1.2 acre lot in Seattle that I'm planning on raising at least 1-2 feet (currently slopes) with soil from an excavation company. Assuming the soil is not 'topsoil' (they told me it has a lot of clay, they are digging it out for four town-homes), how much topsoil should i add on top before I plant grass seed? 4-5 inches? The actual area of lawn is going to be about .3-.4 acres. They told me that I need about 400-600 yards of this fill dirt to bring it up to the level I want, but I'm concerned that it would cost thousands for the topsoil.
How do new construction companies plant lawns? Am I crazy to take this project on?
Thanks for any and all advise!!
Do you have any idea how much 400 to 600 yards of dirt is? Assuming the standard size dump truck bucket hold 6 yards ought to give you an idea it will be around 100 truck loads.
To raise the grade 1-inch per 1000 square feet takes 3.2 cubic yards of material. Depending on where you live a single truck load (6 cubic yards) of mediocre top soil will cost anywhere from $75 to $250
Welcome to the forums and thanks for not really doing anything before asking for suggestions. Too many people would have waited until they dumped a few truck loads of junk and then asked for advice. Is there a house on the property now? That much soil is guaranteed to change your drainage to something much different from what it is now. Are you sure you want to do this?
Can you post a picture so we can see what you're dealing with? Usually there's nothing wrong with a slope. Maybe someone will have a different way of looking at your issue that you have not thought about.
For new construction they first build a pad for the building, build the building, then call in a "finish grader" to prepare the soil and profile it according to the landscape architect's drawings. The finish grader will use a tractor with a box blade attached to the back. A really good finish grader can prepare 5 acres (flat) in a morning if there are no trees, sprinklers, or concrete in the way. If you want it profiled it might take the rest of the day to do 5 acres. An average driver might take twice that long to do the job, but that's about the limit of the job.


text:
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text:
I am having an issue with any rails version that is after 3.0.3 when creating a new application and I would like your opinion.
First I remove rails from my system
gem uninstall rails and follow the instructions properly. Then I install the latest version of rails
gem install rails and everything goes fine, I get rails 3.0.7 on my system.
When I try to create a new app, here is what I get:
rails new APP_PATH [options]
-J, [--skip-prototype] # Skip Prototype files
-T, [--skip-test-unit] # Skip Test::Unit files
-G, [--skip-git] # Skip Git ignores and keeps
-m, [--template=TEMPLATE] # Path to an application template (can be a filesystem path or URL)
[--dev] # Setup the application with Gemfile pointing to your Rails checkout
-b, [--builder=BUILDER] # Path to an application builder (can be a filesystem path or URL)
[--edge] # Setup the application with Gemfile pointing to Rails repository
[--skip-gemfile] # Don't create a Gemfile
-d, [--database=DATABASE] # Preconfigure for selected database (options: mysql/oracle/postgresql/sqlite3/frontbase/ibm_db)
# Default: sqlite3
-r, [--ruby=PATH] # Path to the Ruby binary of your choice
# Default: /System/Library/Frameworks/Ruby.framework/Versions/1.8/usr/bin/ruby
-O, [--skip-active-record] # Skip Active Record files
Runtime options:
-q, [--quiet] # Supress status output
-s, [--skip] # Skip files that already exist
-f, [--force] # Overwrite files that already exist
-p, [--pretend] # Run but do not make any changes
Rails options:
-v, [--version] # Show Rails version number and quit
-h, [--help] # Show this help message and quit
The 'rails new' command creates a new Rails application with a default
directory structure and configuration at the path you specify.
rails new ~/Code/Ruby/weblog
This generates a skeletal Rails installation in ~/Code/Ruby/weblog.
See the README in the newly created application to get going.
There is no way to create a skeleton, I keep getting that menu.
If I remove 3.0.7 and switch back to 3.0.3 then everything is fine, I do get an application skeleton. If I try 3.0.4, same problem.
Any idea?


text:
Book your room at Feel Inn
Economy Double RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 2 infants)
Double RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 2 infants)
Double Room, TerraceMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 2 infants)
Triple RoomMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)
Triple Room, TerraceMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)
Townhouse accommodation with a complimentary breakfast, in Mestre (Campalto)
This townhouse accommodation is located in Mestre (Campalto), near the airport, San Giuliano Park, Forte Bazzera, and Forte Marghera. Local attractions also include Municipal Tower of Mestre and Piazza Ferretto.
Property Features
Feel Inn provides a rooftop terrace, wireless Internet access (surcharge), a computer station, and multilingual staff.
Room Amenities
In addition to complimentary wireless Internet access and air conditioning, guestrooms feature climate control along with safes and minibars.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is available for a surcharge. This Mestre townhouse accommodation also offers a rooftop terrace, tour/ticket assistance, and multilingual staff. Parking is available onsite for a surcharge.
- Express check-out
- Total number of rooms - 11
- Free breakfast
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Babysitting or childcare
- Rooftop terrace
- Express check-in
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Computer station
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Multilingual staff
- Luggage storage
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: WiFi (surcharge)
Self parking (surcharge)
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Bidet
- In-room safe
- Free WiFi
- Free newspaper
- Climate control
- Room service (limited hours)
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary continental breakfast.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-in time ends at 11 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Pets allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR .7 per person, per night for adults; EUR .35 per night for guests aged 10-16 years old. This tax does not apply to children under 10 years of age.
- Self parking fee: EUR 9 per night
We should mention
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation. Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.


text:
Our special coverage of the closest race for years
Explore the personal stories of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
09 Feb 2013 10:53 GMT | Politics, Latin America, Cuba, Spain, Venezuela
Venezuela is devaluing its currency by 32 percent against the dollar on the orders of President Hugo Chavez, in part to reduce the country's budget deficit.
The bolivar will go from 4.3 to the dollar to 6.3 at the official exchange rate. The move was announced on Friday by Jorge Giordani, planning and finance minister, who said it will take effect on Wednesday.
The goal is to "minimise expenditure and maximise results", he said.
One effect of a devaluation is to make a country's exports cheaper and thus more enticing to buyers. But another effect is to cut the deficit, which in Venezuela last year was estimated to be nearly 10 percent of GDP.
The economy grew 5.5 percent last year and inflation was 20 percent. That was down seven points from the previous year and hit the government target, but was still the highest official inflation rate in Latin America.
Venezuela is South America's largest oil exporter and has the world's largest proven reserves. Its oil transactions are dollar-denominated, so the bolivar-value of those sales will now be higher, boosting state revenues on paper.
'Major effort'
The change had been widely expected by analysts and business leaders since last year.
This is Venezuela's fifth currency devaluation in a decade.
Giordani said the government would honour dollar-purchase requests made before January 15 at the old exchange rate.
Vice President Nicolas Maduro, who visited Chavez this week, said on Friday that Chavez was concerned about the Venezuelan economy and called for a "major effort" to maintain its pace of growth.
Chavez established currency controls in 2003, and the government sets the rate to curb capital flight. But the existence of a strong black market for the dollar shows the continuing desire for hard currency.
The devaluation announcement drew strong criticism from Henrique Capriles, opposition leader, who said that the government's heavy spending was to blame for the situation and that officials were trying to slip the change past the public at the start of a long holiday weekend.
"They spent the money on campaigning, corruption, gifts abroad!" Capriles said in one of several messages on his Twitter account.
He also criticised Maduro's handling of the situation. "They give Mr Maduro a little more time in charge and he finishes with the country," Capriles said.
"Look at the inflation in January, and now the devaluation."
Inflationary effect
Jesus Casique, an economist, said the devaluation would have a major inflationary side effect and the government should not see it as the main tool for reducing the deficit.
The devaluation comes amid growing uncertainty in Venezuela over the future of Chavez, who is convalescing in Cuba, where he underwent a fourth round of cancer surgery on December 11.
But since his operation, Chavez has neither been seen nor heard from, a dramatic departure for a president who had been a near-constant presence in state-run media.
Even among the Latin American leaders who have gone to Cuba to offer their well-wishes to Chavez, none has claimed to have seen him.
Chavez was too sick even to attend his own inauguration to a new six-year term on January 10, which prompted the government to indefinitely postpone his swearing in while extending him and his current administration in office.
Source: Agencies
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