text:
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International Journal of Drug Policy 20 (2009) 340–346
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Drug Policy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/drugpo
Research paper
Heroin–gel capsule cocktails and groin injecting practices among ethnic
Vietnamese in Melbourne, Australia
Peter Higgsa,b,e,∗, Robyn Dwyerc,b, Duyen Duongb, My Li Thachb, Margaret Hellardb,
Robert Powerd, Lisa Mahere
aDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Australia
bCentre for Epidemiology & Population Health Research, The Burnet Institute, Australia
cNational Drug Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Australia
dThe Centre for Harm Reduction, The Burnet Institute, Australia
eViral Hepatitis Epidemiology and Prevention Program, National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, UNSW, Australia
a r t i c l ei n f o
Article history:
Received 19 December 2007
Received in revised form 26 May 2008
Accepted 29 May 2008
Groin injecting
Gel capsules injecting
Ethnic Vietnamese
Street drug market
a b s t r a c t
Background: Evidence of harms associated with temazepam gel capsule injecting among injecting drug
users in Australia led to its withdrawal from manufacture in Australia. Subsequently, diphenhydramine
gel capsule injecting was identified among a subset of ethnic Vietnamese injecting drug users.
Methods: Observational fieldwork around an active street-based illicit drug marketplace together with
targeted purposive sampling enabled 66 ethnic Vietnamese injecting drug users to be recruited for in-
depth interview.
Results: Data revealed that the injection of gel capsules increases exposure to non-viral infections. Anal-
ysis of participant interviews show how participants have established their own ways of reducing these
harms including thinning the drug solution by jacking regularly during injection. Controversially, femoral
vein administration of diphenhydramine–heroin cocktails was also seen as a harm reduction strategy by
Discussion: Health education campaigns to address the potentially negative consequences of gel capsule
groin injection will not be successful unless health workers and policy makers work with drug users and
incorporate local understandings and meanings of risk in health promotion activities.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Studies of injecting drug users (IDUs) in Melbourne during the
late 1990s and early 2000s confirmed that heroin–temazepam gel
capsule injecting was directly associated with injection-related
harms such as vascular damage (Aitken & Higgs, 2002; Fry &
Bruno, 2002). Regular heroin–gel capsule1cocktail injecting has
been identified in ethnic Vietnamese heroin-using populations in
Melbourne (Kelsall, Higgs, & Crofts, 1999; Kelsall, Higgs, Hocking,
of injection-related harms (Dobbin, Martyres, Clode, & Champion
De Crespigny, 2003; Feeney & Gibbs, 2002), the Australian Pharma-
∗Corresponding author at: The Burnet Institute, GPO Box 2284, Melbourne 3001,
E-mail address: email@example.com (P. Higgs).
1References to gel capsules in the paper include generic names (temazepam;
Local terms are italicised in the text.
ceutical Advisory Council (a consultative forum providing advice
to the health Minister) recommended that temazepam gel cap-
sules be restricted to an authority script which required doctors to
obtain permission before issuing a subsidised prescription (Breen,
Degenhardt, Bruno, Roxburgh, & Jenkinson, 2004). Within 2 years
had ceased in Australia (Zimmer, 2005).
late 1980s in the United Kingdom, partially as a response to reports
that the injection of liquid from temazepam capsules (sometimes
with heroin as a cocktail) was associated with increased HIV risk
(Klee, Faugier, Hayes, Boulton, & Morris, 1990), liquid-filled cap-
sules were replaced with semi-solid gel capsules, ostensibly to
& Strang, 1999). Temazepam in gel form was withdrawn several
years later in response to continuing evidence of harms among
injectors (Ruben & Morrison, 1992; Strang, Griffiths, Abbey, &
in the purchase and injection of diphenhydramine gel, an antihis-
tamine sleep-aid, available over-the-counter (OTC) in capsules at
0955-3959/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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P. Higgs et al. / International Journal of Drug Policy 20 (2009) 340–346
pharmacies (Matheson, Bond, & Pitcairn, 2002; Pates, McBride, Li,
& Ramadan, 2002; Roberts, Gruer, & Gilhooly, 1999). Despite pub-
lished reports that suggested diphenhydramine had a low abuse
potential (Jaffe et al., 2004), Thomas, Nallur, Jones, and Deslandes
(2008) found evidence of its misuse.
Among Melbourne-based ethnic Vietnamese heroin injectors,
a similar increase in the use of diphenhydramine gel capsules
– locally known by their Australian brand name, Unisom – also
occurred as a direct outcome of the reduced supply and subse-
in 2003 (Hellard et al., 2006), at least monthly injecting of heroin
in combination with either temazepam gel capsules or diphenhy-
dramine gel capsules was reported by 28% of ethnic Vietnamese
heroin users. Apart from a 2006 study which found that 71%
of other participants recruited in Melbourne reported injecting
heroin–diphenhydramine cocktails in the month preceding inter-
view (Dwyer et al., 2007) there are no other published reports of
Combined heroin and gel capsule (temazepam and/or diphen-
hydramine) injecting has become a common practice among a
sub-group of ethnic Vietnamese injectors who are regular par-
ticipants in an active street-based drug market located in the
Melbourne suburb of Footscray. This environment has been pre-
viously associated with high levels of drug-related harm (Aitken,
Moore, Higgs, Kelsall, & Kerger, 2002). In this paper we explore the
emergence of the injection of diphenhydramine gel capsules in this
population. The first section explains the origins of this practice
with a focus on the street scene, as well as describing the transi-
tion from temazepam to diphenhydramine injecting. Secondly, we
present data on the practice of groin injecting and its links with
benefits of diphenhydramine injecting are presented. Finally, we
document localised harm reduction strategies employed by par-
ticipants to minimise the perceived harms associated with this
Data were collected between January 2004 and June 2007 as
part of a larger study investigating culture and risk among IDUs
of Vietnamese ethnicity in Melbourne (n=84). Participants were
eligible for the study if they reported injecting drugs in the pre-
vious 6 months and were recruited through snowball sampling
based on street and social networks (Watters & Biernacki, 1989).
fieldwork observations. Data include field notes based on obser-
vations and conversations with drug market participants, and
transcripts of in-depth interviews with ethnic Vietnamese heroin
users. Interview participants were reimbursed $AUD20 for time
and travel expenses. Interviews lasted between 15 and 45min and
were digitally recorded and transcribed. Informed consent was
obtained from all participants and ethical approval for the study
was obtained from the Department of Human Services (Victoria)
Human Research Ethics Committee and the Monash University
Standing Committee on Research Involving Humans.
Data analysis followed the general tenets and principles of
grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Field note and interview
transcripts were read and re-read and emerging themes discussed
and refined by the authors to develop an initial coding scheme.
Data were formally coded by the first and senior authors using
derived themes. Data from 62 participants, all of whom reported
injecting heroin in combination with diphenhydramine gel cap-
are pseudonyms. Twenty-one participants were interviewed on
more than one occasion (range 1–5 interviews); participants were
aged between 18 and 40 years (median age 27 years); and women
constituted one-quarter of the group (n=16). Participants reported
injecting heroin–diphenhydramine cocktails for an average of 29
months (range 6–96 months), and over 75% reported a combined
heroin–diphenhydramine cocktail as the last drug injected.
Origins of diphenhydramine injecting
increased and widespread injection of Unisom by ethnic Viet-
namese heroin injectors in the Footscray street scene. The
well-documented disruption to the heroin supply in Australia in
late 2000–early 2001, produced a general increase in temazepam
use (Fry & Bruno, 2002) among heroin injectors. In Melbourne, the
practice was particularly prevalent among ethnic Vietnamese and
suggested that its continuation was, in part, accounted for by eth-
nic Vietnamese injectors' position in the heroin marketplace. Many
among this group supported their heroin use through street level
dealing. By supplementing heroin with temazepam, participants
had more heroin available for resale. During 2003–2004, when
restrictions on temazepam resulted in reduced availability of the
gel capsules, ethnic Vietnamese injectors in Footscray began sub-
stituting temazepam with diphenhydramine as a 'back-up' drug.
Heroin availability remained generally stable, although fieldwork
indicated there were regular short-lived interruptions to supply.
In a study of temazepam and heroin injection conducted in this
same drug marketplace (Dwyer, 2007), ethnic Vietnamese heroin
users drew a direct link between the heroin shortage and their use
of temazepam. When heroin was in short supply and purity was
low, temazepam was used as a supplement to increase feelings
of intoxication. In our study, some participants made similar link-
ages between periods of reduced availability and the injection of
simultaneously occurringconditionsledto the
[Why did you start injecting Unisom?] Because of that drought.
Not the first drought in 2000, but the most recent one now
[August 2006]. Because of that. Someone said 'have a whack
with this [Unisom]'. (Luong, male, 20 years)
Unisom were generally mixed with heroin—typically a single
capsule per injection. Participants reported being taught how to
inject gel capsules by friends:
him. I was short [didn't have sufficient money] that day and if
you're hanging [craving heroin] then you're like just looking for
anyone you know who can afford to shout. It was lucky. Like,
that day he has some Unisom as well and tells me to 'Try this, it
makes it last longer'. So I did, and it gets you more tired and so
you are phe [intoxicated] longer. (Cuong, male, 22 years)
While Normison was only one of three brands of temazepam
speaking Vietnamese, they used the word trung (egg) because the
capsules are the same shape as eggs. The word trung was also
used when referring to Unisom. Both temazepam and Unisom
were also referred to as thuoc ngu (Western sleep medicine). This
categorisation of drugs from two different drug classes – benzodi-
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P. Higgs et al. / International Journal of Drug Policy 20 (2009) 340–346
azepines and antihistamines – into the same general class of 'sleep
medicine' meant that they were considered commensurate. Qual-
itatively, people described the drug action effects of normies and
unis as similar, but with normies being the 'stronger' of the two.
The sensations and feelings participants had learnt to associate
learnt to draw out from the range of possible diphenhydramine
macologically different, the gel capsule formulation makes the
tine which participants also strongly identified with the injecting
of gel capsules.
Kinh was in the mall today and I overheard him ask some of
the regulars if they know anyone who wanted to buy normies.
It was clear from the bright blue contents in his hand that he
was selling Unisom. I asked him why he called them 'normies'
when they weren't, and he replied that the "gel caps mean we
mix them up the same as the normies. That's why I call them
that." (Field notes, 15 June 2006)
Procurement practices
During the research period, boxes of eight Unisom cap-
sules (each containing 50 milligrams (mg) of diphenhydramine
hydrochloride) sold through pharmacies for $AUD12 to $AUD15.
By the middle of 2006, growing awareness among pharmacy staff
chases had become severely limited, especially for participants in
this study:
[Can you get them over the counter?] No. Asians can't get them.
If Asians ask for it, they [pharmacists] think it's a drug. (Hung,
male, 23 years)
Right now a lot of people are getting it [Unisom], so it's going to
get harder. The chemists are catching on, so pretty soon they're
going to stop selling them. Actually, a couple of days ago my
friend tried to get it and the pharmacist said 'We've run out'.
(Tri, male, 21 years)
The unusual practice of requiring a prescription for an OTC
drug emerged as a result of government campaigns educating gen-
eral practitioners and pharmacists about the potential misuse of
macies were asking for photo-identification and allowing only one
box a week to be purchased without a prescription.
Our participants primarily obtained their Unisom gel capsules
from black market sources. Involvement in heroin distribution
placed them in contact with Unisom suppliers—usually Anglo-
Australians looking to purchase heroin. This meant participants
could swap heroin or pay cash for Unisom, which commonly sold
for $AUD10 each or $AUD20 for three capsules. Most participants
ited time to spend waiting in doctors' surgeries hoping they could
convince a doctor to write them a prescription. For this group, 'doc-
tor shopping' was not an option and their position as street level
dealers enabled them to buy what they needed:
I can't be bothered with it you know. My English not that good,
so it's hard when you go to the Aussie doctor. The Asian one
more okay. But you still have to have a long story, and then,
sometimes, they not give it to you anyway. So I stopped [going
to the doctor for this] a long time ago. (Kinh, male, 39 years)
There seems to always be someone out looking to selling unis
[Unisom] and then, if not, we can always ring Anna, then she
delivers to us here. (Khuyen, male, 24 years)
quality of temazepam transactions on entering the Footscray
drug marketplace in 2003. Although diphenhydramine had largely
place continued:
I was surprised to see Thao out there today looking to buy Uni-
som. Everyone she went past, she had to ask if they had any.
After about half an hour, an older guy, who is here regularly,
came through the mall with two boxes. He got swamped, sold
out in less than five minutes, but Thao was first in line so she
got her two for $20. (Field notes, 6 July 2006)
Groin injecting
I lost the veins in my arms and moved to the neck, then to the
leg, and now I use in the groin. (Cao, male, 27 years)
Coinciding with the transition from injecting heroin to inject-
ing heroin–gel capsule cocktails, participants in this study also
reported switching from injecting in their arms to injecting in their
groins. Our data suggest several interrelated reasons for this prac-
tice. Firstly, normie injecting among some of this group, prior to
the reduction in quality and supply of heroin in late 2000–early
2001, meant that many participants had already switched (Aitken
& Higgs, 2002). Participants reported that damage to their usual
injecting site meant a different vein was required:
I just don't want to use the hands all the time. They gets blocked
up. And for safety reasons. [What do you mean by safety?] From
blockage mainly, you know what I mean? They collapsed. I
couldn't use them any more. With the gel, it was just three or
four times, then they collapse. (Huy, male, 21 years)
I used it in the groin because I couldn't use it in my arm. That's
the only reason why. If I could use it in my arm, I wouldn't be
using my groin. (Tuyet, female, 26 years)
In describing how groin injecting has become increasingly nor-
malised for some IDUs in the United Kingdom, Rhodes et al. (2006)
and Rhodes, Briggs, Kimber, Jones, and Holloway (2007) outline
five reasons for this practice, all of which were also reported by
participants in our study. These include 'the sure shot'; speed and
is done while finding a vein; and acceptable and normalised use of
this vein (Rhodes et al., 2006, p. 166). Participants in the current
study reported that the main reason for using their femoral vein
was the high likelihood of, and swiftness in, finding the vein:
These guys [pointing to her friend Phuoc] are expert at that
[injecting into the groin]. They just, like, take one shot and they
22 years)
Others reported previously experiencing frustration over the
length of time it took to administer injections because of poor
venous access:
Other veins just take too long. Sometimes you're lucky [finding
the vein], just takes five minutes. Sometime ten minutes, some-
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P. Higgs et al. / International Journal of Drug Policy 20 (2009) 340–346
times takes a couple hours. That's why I swap, I don't want to
waste too much time. (Vinh, male, 29 years)
Participants reported certainty and consistency by switching to
injecting into the groin:
[W]here you've been going in, you have the scar and then, you
female, 21 years)
The relative speed and convenience of groin injecting may be
particularly attractive to street-based injectors exposed to a high
risk of disruption and/or arrest (Rhodes et al., 2006). Some par-
ticipants also valued the discretion afforded by groin injecting,
allowing them to conceal their injecting from families and the
Because I don't want using that one [the arm]. Too many people
can see it, cops, my mum, you know. (Nhon, male, 26 years)
It was common for younger participants (those aged under 25
years) to report making the transition to groin injecting soon after
initiating injecting, as Diep explained:
About a month and a half [to move to groin injecting]. Because,
like, I was using the Unisom for that and the veins in my arms
just collapsed. [Just from Unisom?] From the Unisom. Just that
one thing, everything just all collapsed. (Diep, female, 21 years)
As injection of heroin in combination with gel capsules had
been widely practiced within this social group for at least 8 years,
many new injectors were quickly exposed to the practice of 'cock-
tail' injection. This contrasts with older injectors who commenced
injecting prior to the introduction and diffusion of gel capsule
injection. Younger, newer injectors were therefore more likely to
commence groin injecting sooner, as it was a common feature of
the injecting repertoires of their social milieu. Rhodes et al. (2006)
also highlighted such normalisation of groin injecting.
While rare, some participants injected their first gel capsule via
their groins:
It was the first time, and they say to me, at that time they say, 'If
you use the vein [in the arm], you lost a vein. Better to use this
one [groin]'. (Ly, male, 23 years)
For most participants, groin injecting had become the most
efficient and preferred way to inject, although they could still be
flexible when required:
[A]lthough I usually do it in the groin, she injected for me on
my neck. It's just there wasn't a big fit [25 gauge long needle] so
she used a small one [27 gauge 1ml syringe] to do my neck for
me. [What was it like injecting in the neck?] It was really good.
The rush was really good. Stronger, because it goes straight up
to your brain or something. I don't know what it is. The feeling
is different. (Huong, female, 22 years)
Perceived risks and benefits
& Rosenthal, 1999). We have evidence to suggest that by moving
from the arm to the groin, some injectors subjectively experience
a more 'intense' rush:
It's quicker and it's more intense. Sometimes, it's like, I'm push-
ing in half the mix [drug solution] and I can feel it already.
(Quynh, female, 26 years)
The larger diameter of the femoral vein meant that participants
could inject more volume of drug solution and could do so more
confidently and quickly, which may indeed have resulted in a more
of a more intense 'rush' were clearly an important factor in sustain-
ing and promoting the practice of groin injection.
Many participants in our study reported direct experiences
of harm and, additionally, were aware of others' experiences of
heroin–diphenhydramine cocktail injection. The first and most fre-
quently reported benefit was the increased intoxication and longer
induced by the cocktail:
It's the same taste but then it's just a lighter, milder stone. And
it gets warmer, you know what I mean, in your body. The unis
come up straight away, rush straight up. With gear alone, then
it's just sometimes [that you experience the rush]. It depend on
your habit, do you know what I mean? Unis gives you an extra
high in a way. (Trieu, male, 33 years)
As with all opiate-dependent people, participants in the current
drawal. Our participants reported that injection of heroin–Unisom
cocktails enabled them to avoid withdrawal, or hanging out, for
longer periods, especially when the quality of the heroin was poor
or they were trying to save money by using less. However, some
participants also reported hanging out for Unisom:
If I have unis, then I have to have gear. Without them [Unisom],
I just don't use [heroin]. (Hung, male, 22 years)
[Can you use the gear without unis at all?] No, not really. If some
days, if I've got the gear and haven't got uni, I'm still hanging out
for the uni. (Hien, female 28, years)
Participants had both first-hand and indirect experience of
not flush back into the syringe when drawing back the plunger),
localised skin and soft tissue infections, deep vein thrombosis
(DVT), or systemic infections such as endocarditis.
then 2 days later I got locked up in custody. The nurse from the
cells cleaned it up and stuff like that. [And is your groin alright
now?] No, it's gone. I've haven't tried [using] it again. Maybe
it like my arm, it's blocked, got a blood clot. It got swollen up
double size what it is normally ... I get so scared when I see and
hear all this stuff. (Trinh, female, 31 years)
Graphic evidence of these injuries was referred to by some
local health and welfare workers as the normie shuffle—the char-
acteristic limp of those of Vietnamese ethnicity who used their
groin for injecting. Diverse accounts of the causes of these
harms were related by participants, and uncertainty existed
about whether these harms were directly related to Unisom
injection or to the practice of groin injecting. Some felt that
these injuries were a direct result of the injection of gel cap-
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P. Higgs et al. / International Journal of Drug Policy 20 (2009) 340–346
sules, both historically with temazepam and currently with
[And what happened? Why did you stop?] It collapsed. I couldn't
use it anymore. With the gel, it was just three or four times with
normies, then they collapse. (Huy, male, 21 years)
Unisom gel capsules:
That's just the bad habit of the uni. You can use [inject] it some-
where [in one part of the body] but it explode somewhere else,
you know what I mean. It's like, [you] use in your arm, your
hand, but the infection, it can be anywhere else. It can congeal
somewhere else. It can be anywhere, my neck, my fingers, it
can be anywhere. That's why people say it's very dangerous for
the Unisom because when it goes into your blood system it still
congeals and it can congeal anywhere. (Diep, female 21 years)
tions' was not commonly articulated by participants in this study.
Diep was one of several participants who had been hospitalised as
a result of injecting complications. Her explanations were based
on information provided by medical staff. Unfortunately, informa-
tion provided by health professionals was not always accurate or
relevant to participants:
what caused my blood clot. The doctor didn't even know what
Unisom was, and so instead of him giving me information on
DVT or Unisom injecting, he gave me a handout on buprenor-
phine injecting. (Quynh, female, 26 years)
Although Quynh reported that she had explained to hospital
staff that she had been injecting diphenhydramine–heroin cock-
tails, and that her symptoms (leg swelling) had been previously
misdiagnosed as a spider bite, she claimed that she was not given
the information she required to reduce risks of further complica-
her predicament.
Other participants believed that it was the use of the femoral
vein, together with Unisom, which resulted in these problems:
[Why don't you use it on your groin?] I had a bad experience with
the other one, the yellow one [Normison], a few years ago. [That
time when you had the bad experience, that was in your groin?]
Yeah, I missed and everything swelled up and you get that bad
taste and not just the bad taste, you feel like shit. (Tuyet, female,
26 years)
Other recognised risks of groin injecting included the widely
reported hazard of missing the vein and injecting into the nearby
femoral artery. The associated pain was described by Diep:
When you play [inject] down here [the groin], two kind of veins,
one is an artery and one's a capillary, or whatever. And so, you
have to find the black blood – that's how we know. With our
knowledge, or education, we call it the black [vein] and red
[artery] blood. So we have to look for the black blood, the darker
blood. If you get the red blood, it really hurts. [So you've done
that?] Yeah, it just really, really hurts. Basically, I was holding
my leg, I was in such pain, you know. You know how you have
to kneel when you're basically doing it [injecting in the groin],
and I was just basically holding my leg like this because I was in
so much pain. It really hurts when you get that red blood. (Diep,
female, 21 years)
Indigenous harm reduction practices
harm rather than a reduction in drug use per se (Lenton & Single,
1998). While not using the term 'harm reduction', participants
in this study articulated specific strategies which, they believed,
reduced the harms associated with injecting heroin–Unisom cock-
The most common strategy articulated in interviews involved
the actual technique of injecting, where participants would mix
and dilute the drug solution with blood, believing the warmth of
the blood made the gel solution easier to inject:
Once I'm in, I would push a quarter, and another quarter, and
when I'm down to the last quarter – [I jack] back and forward,
back and forward. [How many times?] About three or four times
until get more blood mixed into it. Since it's a gel-based liquid,
I want it to pump around my veins properly, instead of it just
being clogged up in one place, as you can die from that. (Luong,
male, 20 years)
Luong believed that by 'pumping' the heroin–Unisom solution
into his veins slowly and gradually he could avoid obstructed veins
or DVT; he was clearly aware that serious health complications
could arise from clots and blockages. Huy described a similar pro-
cedure, and explains how, in his opinion, using his groin helped to
reduce potential harms:
When I inject, I just pull out more blood and because there's a
lot more blood in the groin than the arm, so I can do that. (Huy,
male, 21 years)
As an associated harm reduction strategy, participants also
reported using more water to mix the cocktail solution than would
be the case with heroin alone. This reduced the viscosity of the
affected the types of injecting equipment favoured by participants.
As described in the field note below, Khuyen and Nhon used both
3-ml syringes and 23-gauge needle tips, as well as 1-ml syringes
with 27-gauge needle tips.
Khuyen and Nhon had just picked up [bought their drugs]. They
invited me [Peter] to come with them, and over the next 20
minutes I watched them preparing their shots [injections]. The
whole process was complicated, with each person having their
individual role. Nhon was cutting up [breaking up the required
amount of heroin from a larger supply] and then mixing the
heroin in the fit [needle and syringe] wrapper, whereas Khuyen
prepared the Unisom gels. Khuyen started by melting the bright
blue capsule, which he had pushed onto a 23 gauge needle at
the end of 3ml syringe, with a cigarette lighter flame. It was
all new equipment. Picking up the prepared 3ml syringe, Nhon
then used a 1ml syringe and front-loaded them. They each had
about 40 lines (0.4ml) of dissolved heroin mixture. They shook
the contents furiously to mix it, and then both squatted and
simultaneously injected into the right side of their groins. (Field
note, 19 June 2004)
The 3-ml syringe enabled participants to use a range of nee-
dle sizes. The 23-gauge (larger bore needle) was considered best
for extracting the gel from the capsule, while either a 25-gauge
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P. Higgs et al. / International Journal of Drug Policy 20 (2009) 340–346
or 27-gauge (smaller bore needles) was preferred for injecting. All
these needle sizes were available from the local needle and syringe
[And how do you get it [the heroin solution] into the two syringes?]
It starts off in one small fit [1ml syringe], and then we put it
into two. We just got two new clean fits [3ml syringes] already
loaded with uni, then we open them [take the needle tip off],
and then just squirted through the front. (Minh, male, 29 years)
divided by back-loading the syringe.
Some participants clearly saw injecting via the groin as a harm
reduction strategy, finding that the size of the femoral vein made
injecting the heroin–gel capsule cocktail easier, particularly as the
viscous heroin–gel capsule combination required slower injection.
Participants could also use both hands when injecting, making the
process more stable:
I can hold it straight and steady much better when I shoot in
down there [groin]. It [the needle] just seemed to fall out too
easy when I inject in my arm. (Quynh, female, 27 years)
Additionally, the relatively larger diameter of a femoral vein
meant that it did not become obstructed as quickly as veins in
the arm, and made it possible to sustain the practice of injecting
heroin–gel capsule cocktails.
The injection of gel capsule preparations appears to increase
exposure to injecting related non-viral harms. Those identified in
this study, both from participants' direct experiences as well as
boses. Like our participants, we are uncertain if this greater harm
is due to gel capsule injection, groin injecting or a combination of
Our study also has several limitations. Sampling involved
recruiting from an active street-based drug market and a major-
ity were involved in street-level dealing, meaning participants may
not be representative of all ethnic Vietnamese heroin users. It may
also be the case that participants were unable to remember events
accurately and that post hoc reasoning may also have been used to
justify participants' behaviour.
Transitions from smoking to injecting heroin have been doc-
umented among ethnic Vietnamese in Melbourne and Sydney
(Maher et al., 2001; Sargent, Maher, Higgs, & Crofts, 2001; Swift,
Maher, & Sunjic, 1999). In this study we documented transitions
from injecting in the arms to injecting in the groin, and identi-
fied a shift from injecting heroin to heroin mixed with gel capsules
(Normison succeeded by Unisom).
Our study identified previously undocumented injection prac-
tices. For ethnic Vietnamese participants, the development and
expansion of street drug markets led to the evolution of a street-
based using culture (Maher & Dixon, 1999; Maher, Dixon, Hall,
& Lynskey, 1998). The settings or environments in which peo-
ple inject drugs constitute an important dimension of the risks
associated with their use (Rhodes, 2002; Rhodes et al., 2003).
Several studies have associated public injecting with increased
harm, including overdose, physical violence, spatial displacement
and risk of blood-borne viral infection (Maher & Dixon, 1999;
McKnight et al., 2007). The risk environment of the current study
site (Aitken et al., 2002) clearly influenced the harms associated
with heroin–diphenhydramine cocktail injection and, in particular,
administration using the femoral vein.
Participants were aware of the potential harms associated with
their injecting practices and identified attempts to reduce them,
including "jacking" or "booting" during administration in order to
dilute the drug solution (by mixing it with blood). Participants also
reported vascular damage and described specific routines, such
as replacing needles after preparing the gel capsule but prior to
injecting the cocktail, to minimise further damage.
Somewhat controversially, groin injecting was perceived by this
group as a harm reduction strategy, helping to minimise both the
risk of arrest by speeding up the process of injection and the
risk of "blocked" or obstructed veins. This conflicts with medical
McCarroll, Donovan, Rashid, & Kling, 1989), although there is some
recent debate as to whether groin injecting can be done safely
(Miller, Lintzeris, & Forzisi, 2007; Zador, 2007). Although most par-
ticipants were aware of the health-related consequences of groin
injecting, the narratives presented here suggest that from the per-
beyond health-related harms, a point made by Maher et al. (1998)
in relation to perceptions of 'risk' and blood-borne viruses.
A recent paper by Rhodes et al. shows how among injectors
in six English cities the groin has become a "normative, rational
and socially acceptable injection site" (Rhodes et al., 2006, p. 166).
injecting was conceived as a pragmatic response to the demands of
heroin–Unisom cocktail injection and the structural impediments
of a heavily policed, street-based injecting environment. Despite
a regular supply of heroin, participants in the current study com-
monly injected heroin mixed with diphenhydramine gel capsules.
This was because of the increased and sustained euphoria experi-
enced but also because the drug cocktail was believed to be more
effective than heroin alone in alleviating opioid withdrawal. This
paper has described participants' understandings of the positive
and negative effects of this phenomena, highlighting the specific
strategies they used to increase drug sensation and mediate the
harms of vascular obstruction and opiate withdrawal.
Despite attempts to reduce the prevalence of gel capsule
injecting via regulatory mechanisms, such as the removal of the
Normison formulation from the Australian market, this group
of injectors appears likely to continue this practice. Attempts
to reduce the harms associated with diphenhydramine injecting
ing equipment and protective practices, including hand washing.
Education, including peer-based education, designed to increase
anatomical awareness and encourage the use of multiple injection
associated with injection-related injuries including systemic infec-
2007). Structural interventions such as supervised injection facil-
ities should also be considered for this group. Finally, indigenous
attempts to reduce the harms associated with groin injecting in
this context, including reducing the viscosity of the cocktail solu-
tion by diluting it with blood and extra water, provide useful entry
points for health workers seeking to engage this group.
The authors thank the participants in this study who gave their
time to be interviewed. We also thank Rebecca Winter, Stuart
Armstrong, the Open Family youth outreach team and the Health
Page 7
P. Higgs et al. / International Journal of Drug Policy 20 (2009) 340–346
public health scholarship and a post-doctoral fellowship. Robyn
Dwyer was supported by a National Drug Research Institute Post-
graduate Research Scholarship. Lisa Maher and Margaret Hellard
are supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council
tre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research is core funded by the
Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing.
Aitken, C., & Higgs, P. (2002). Severe vein damage caused by temazepam injecting.
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 26(1), 79.
Aitken, C., Moore, D., Higgs, P., Kelsall, J., & Kerger, M. (2002). The impact of a police
crackdown on a street drug scene: evidence from the street. The International
Journal of Drug Policy, 13(3), 189–198.
Breen, C., Degenhardt, L., Bruno, R., Roxburgh, A., & Jenkinson, R. (2004). The effects
of restricting publicly subsidised temazepam capsules on benzodiazepine use
among injecting drug users in Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 181(6),
Dobbin, M., Martyres, R. F., Clode, D., & Champion De Crespigny, F. E. (2003). Associ-
ation of benzodiazepine injection with the prescription of temazepam capsules.
Drug and Alcohol Review, 22(2), 153–157.
Dwyer, R. (2007). Privileging pleasure: Temazepam injection in a heroin market-
place. The International Journal of Drug Policy, doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.09.004
Dwyer, R., Power, R., Topp, L., Maher, L., Jauncey, M., Conroy, et al. (2007). The IRID
Project: An exploratory study of non-viral injecting-related injuries and diseases
among Australian injecting drug users, Melbourne. The Burnet: The Centre for
Epidemiology and Population Health Research., p. 155.
Journal of Australia, 176(8), 380.
Fitzgerald, J. L., Louie, R., Crofts, N., & Rosenthal, D. (1999). The meaning of the rush
for initiates to injecting drug use. Contemporary Drug Problems, 26(3), 481–504.
Fountain, J., Griffiths, P., Farrell, M., Gossop, M., & Strang, J. (1999). Benzodiazepines
in polydrug-using repertoires: The impact of the decreased availability of
temazepam gel-filled capsules. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 6(1),
Fry, C., & Bruno, R. (2002). Recent trends in benzodiazepine use by injecting drug
users in Victoria and Tasmania. Drug and Alcohol Review, 21(4), 363–367.
Hellard, M., Nguyen, O., Guy, R., Jardine, D., Mijch, A., & Higgs, P. (2006). The preva-
lence and risk behaviours associated with the transmission of blood borne
viruses among ethnic-Vietnamese injecting drug users. Australian and New
Zealand Journal of Public Health, 30(6), 519–525.
Jaffe, J., Bloor, R., Crome, I., Carr, M., Alam, F., Simmons, A., et al. (2004). A post-
marketing study of relative abuse liability of hypnotic sedative drugs. Addiction,
99(2), 165–173.
Kelsall, J., Higgs, P., & Crofts, N. (1999). The Vietnamese injecting drug use and harm
tre for Medical Research.
Kelsall, J., Higgs, P., Hocking, J., Aitken, C., & Crofts, N. (2001). The Vietnamese harm
reduction project: Stage 2. Melbourne: Centre for Harm Reduction, Macfarlane
Burnet Centre for Medical Research.
Klee, H., Faugier, J., Hayes, C., Boulton, T., & Morris, J. (1990). AIDS-related risk
behaviour, polydrug use and temazepam. British Journal of Addiction, 85(9),
Lenton, S., & Single, E. (1998). The definition of harm reduction. Drug and Alcohol
Review, 17(2), 213–220.
Maher, L., & Dixon, D. (1999). Policing and public health: Law enforcement and harm
minimization in a street-level drug market. British Journal of Criminology, 39(4),
Maher, L., Dixon, D., Hall, W., Lynskey, M. (1998). Running the risks: Heroin, health
and harm in South West Sydney (NDARC Monograph 38). National Drug and
Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney.
Maher, L., Sargent, P., Higgs, P., Crofts, N., Kelsall, J., & Le, T. T. (2001). Risk behaviours
and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 25(1), 50–54.
Matheson, C., Bond, C., & Pitcairn, J. (2002). Misuse of over-the-counter medicines
from community pharmacies: A population survey of Scottish pharmacies. The
Pharmaceutical Journal, 269(7206), 66–68.
McKnight, I., Maas, B., Wood, E., Tyndall, M., Small, W., Lai, C., et al. (2007). Fac-
tors associated with public injecting among users of Vancouver's supervised
injection facility. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 33(2), 319–325.
Miller, P., Lintzeris, N., & Forzisi, L. (2007). Is groin injecting an ethical
boundary for harm reduction? The International Journal of Drug Policy,
Pates, R., McBride, A., Li, S., & Ramadan, R. (2002). Misuse of over-the-counter
medicines: A survey of community pharmacies in a South Wales Health Author-
ity. The Pharmaceutical Journal, 268(7184), 179–182.
ing drug-related harm. The International Journal of Drug Policy, 13(2), 85–94.
ball injection and its implications for vein care: Qualitative study. Addiction,
102(11), 1782–1790.
Rhodes, T., Lilly, R., Fernandez, C., Giorgino, E., Kemmesis, U., Ossebaard, H., et al.
(2003). Risk factors associated with drug use: the importance of 'risk environ-
ment'. Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy, 10(4), 303–329.
Rhodes, T., Stoneman, A., Hope, V., Hunt, N., Martin, A., & Judd, A. (2006). Groin
to 'acceptable risk'? International Journal of Drug Policy, 17(3), 164–170.
Roberts, K., Gruer, L., & Gilhooly, T. (1999). Misuse of diphenhydramine soft gel
Roszler, M., McCarroll, K., Donovan, K., Rashid, T., & Kling, G. (1989). The groin hit:
Complications of intravenous drug abuse. Radiographics, 9(3), 487–508.
Ruben, S., & Morrison, C. (1992). Temazepam misuse in a group of injecting drug
users. British Journal of Addiction, 87(10), 1387–1392.
Sargent, P., Maher, L., Higgs, P., & Crofts, N. (2001). Initiation into injecting drug
use of young Indo-Chinese people. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 12(3),
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zodiazepines among drug users in Britain. British Medical Journal, 308(6936),
for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
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istration: a study of Caucasian and Indochinese heroin users in south-western
Sydney, Australia. Addiction, 94(1), 71–82.
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detoxification: A brief review and case report. Journal of Psychopharmacology,
populations. Social Problems, 36(4), 416–430.
Zador, D. (2007). Facilitating groin injecting behaviour: Harm reduction or harm
production? Addiction, 102(11), 1791–1792.
Zimmer, G. (2005). Temazepam injection prevention initiative—A prevention cam-
paign. Of Substance, 3(4), 16.


text:
Game Control Design
There are other things to consider regarding playability. For example, in Teardrop Explodes, I tried to create the hi-score table so that players would find it fairly easy to get their name in lights. On the other hand, I made it quite hard, but certainly possible, to beat the highest score. You should also save the table, as this gives players something to beat after they have completed the game.
Saving the game's configuration data is also advisable. The player should have to monitor brightness levels only once, for example.
A recurring trend in games is to use cut-scenes to further the story line. If you use them, try to keep them fairly short and allow them to be skipped through as well. The same goes for the "Game Over" sequence, where the player will (hopefully) be eager to have another try at your game. Also, if you have a "lives" system, don't take too long in restarting the game. If you do, the player might get frustrated and just switch off.
As for game completion, you should offer something that rewards the player directly for how much effort he has put into the play. Someone who spends three months of his life trying to finish your game will want something fairly substantial. If it takes 30 minutes, on the other hand, a single static screen would suffice.
Again, I'm not claiming that following these tips will make your game a block buster. Guidelines such as these are purely optional; if you disagree with anything, feel free to do it your way. Incidentally, the quote at the start of this article is by a Scottish sweet-maker and appears on the back of his company's wrappers. I include it because I think the quote can be applied equally to games, particularly in these days of eye candy over content. I wish you luck with your projects, and I look forward to seeing a flurry of games activity on the Linux scene.
Dave Thomson is close to graduating with a CS degree from Heriot-Watt University, in the UK. He can be contacted at email@example.com for heated debate on the virtues of almost anything and, in particular, games.
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subset: commoncrawl


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I hope you will be able to see the true color on this Mid Century sterling leaf pin and matching earrings. It reminds me of a very light lemon chiffon - it is yummy! The backs and edges have a gold wash.
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– The Offshore Wind International Business2Business Event
Speed-networking - New business opportunities on a silver plate. Participate in a number of short meetings with potential business partners within the offshore wind industry! Read more here.
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Dr. Sangeeta C. Logani, MD
- 17750 Sherman Way Ste 100
Reseda, CA 91335
- 2 Locations
- (818) 886-6700
Dr. Sangeeta C. Logani graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine in 1991. She works in Reseda, CA and 1 other location and specializes in Ophthalmology. Dr. Logani is affiliated with Northridge Hospital Medical Center, Providence Saint Johns Health Center and Saint Johns Regional Medical Center. She speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Female
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Medical School: University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine; Graduated 1991
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


text:
Chat wrap: Will we see a Manziel encore?
February, 22, 2013
By Sam Khan Jr. | ESPN.com
AP Photo/Aaron M. SprecherIt will be extremely difficult for Johnny Manziel to win the Heisman Trophy again next season.
GigEmNation writer Sam Khan Jr. chatted with readers on Friday about Texas A&M football and recruiting. Here's the full transcript of the chat. Here's an excerpt from the chat:
Hallan (Boston): Does Manziel get another Heisman despite losing WRs and Joeckel?
Sam Khan Jr.: It won't be easy. Manziel is talented enough to do it, but it won't be good enough to go 11-2 again this year to win it. Because of the huge season the Aggies had last year, they probably have to be ranked in the top two at the end of the regular season for him to have a serious chance at winning it again. After seeing what I saw last year though, I'll never count against him.
Evan (CS): Will Zach Whitley make his decision before his senior season starts?
Sam Khan Jr.: Evan, when I visited with Whitley a couple of weeks ago, he told me he doesn't intend to decide until after his senior season. Now a lot of recruits say that, and things can change. Whitley said he's committed to his high school team and focused on that. If he wavers from that plan, we'll know by late spring/early summer. If in the summer time he still talks about waiting until the end of his senior season, then I'll for sure believe that.
Chad (Houston): What is the best way to utilize all of the playmakers on the RB depth chart next year? There are a couple of studs, but when you run 4- and 5-WR sets, you can't have a lot of RBs on the field also.
Sam Khan Jr.: Chad, that's going to be on Clarence McKinney and Kevin Sumlin. I think you could see some wrinkles like Houston used when they had three quality starting running backs in 2011 (Sumlin's last year at Houston). They had some diamond formation packages with all three running backs back there, and if any of them are good enough to split out at receiver, you can put those guys in motion in the passing game. More than anything, it's huge for their depth. Naturally, because of his size, I think you see Tra Carson (230-240 pounds) being more of a short-yardage, in-between-the-tackles type; Ben Malena probably remains the starter; and Trey Williams will probably continue to be a change-of-pace type. The wild card is Brandon Williams, who is extremely talented. He has the potential to be a game-breaker.
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2015 Spring Football Tour: Texas A&M
Thursday, 9/3
Saturday, 9/5
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Relaxation is one of the elemental forces that keeps human bodies alive, alongside air, water, fire, and antifire. Ease into your element with this Groupon.
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text:
Try to understand this difference between impure emotions and pure emotions. The emotions that are triggered by the outside are not pure; so your love, the passion that you call love, is not pure because it is triggered by the outside. Only the love that flows from within, that is not triggered by the outside, is pure. That's why in the East we say there is a difference between love and passion: we separate passion from love.
Passion is triggered by the outside. Buddha or Mahavira have no passion in their hearts, they have love.
Jesus was passing through a town. It was noon and he was very tired. The sun was very hot so he stopped to rest in a garden under a tree. The house and garden belonged to a prostitute. She saw Jesus resting under the tree in her garden. No one like this had ever stopped to rest in her garden; she had never seen anyone like this before. She had seen many beautiful people, she had seen many powerful people, but this beauty was different, this wholeness was something not of this world. She was so pulled by her attraction to him that before she realized it she had already reached the tree.
When she went close to Jesus and began to look at him, his eyes opened and he got up to leave. He thanked her saying, "Thank you for the shade that your tree has given me. Now I'm going, I have a long way to go."
But the prostitute said, "If you don't come inside my house for a little while, I will feel offended. Please stay for a while. This is the first time that I am inviting someone into my house. People come to my door and I send them away. This is the first time in my life that I am inviting someone in."
Jesus said, "Once you have invited me into your heart, I have already become your guest. But I have a long way to go so please allow me to leave. I have already received your hospitality."
But the prostitute said, "This hurts me. Won't you even show enough love to enter my house?"
Jesus told her, "Remember, I'm the only person who can love you. All the other men who come to your door don't love you. I am the only person who can love you. The others who come to your door don't love you because they don't have love. They have come because of you. With me, my love is within me."
Love is like the light of a lamp: if no one were here the light would still continue to fall on emptiness, and if someone were to pass it would fall on them. But passion and desire are not like light: when they are triggered by someone, these energies move towards them. That's why passion is a tension. Love is not a tension. There is no tension in love, love is a state of absolute calmness.


text:
Roy Dennis Bloom, MBBCh.
Roy Dennis Bloom, MBBCh.
Professor of Medicine at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Department: Medicine
Contact information
One Founders Pavilion
3400 Spruce Street
Philadelphia, Pa 19104-6144
3400 Spruce Street
Philadelphia, Pa 19104-6144
Office: (215) 662-4643
Fax: (215) 615-0349
Fax: (215) 615-0349
Education:Permanent link
BSc (Physiology and Biochemistry)
University of Witwatersrand, 1980.
University of Witwatersrand, 1983.
BSc (Physiology and Biochemistry)
University of Witwatersrand, 1980.
University of Witwatersrand, 1983.
Description of Research ExpertiseKidney transplant outcomes, Post-transplant diabetes mellitus, hepatitis C in kidney transplantation
Description of Clinical ExpertiseKidney Transplantation
Selected PublicationsReese PP, Bloom RD; Feldman HI; Garg AX; Mussell A; Shults J; Silber JH: Selecting Appropriate Controls for Kidney Donors American Journal of Transplantation 15(1): 287-288, January 2015.
Stevens DS, Sawinski D, Blumberg E, Galanakis N, Bloom RD, Trofe-Clark J: Increased Risk of Breakthrough Infection among Cytomegalovirus Donor Positive/Recipient Negative Kidney Transplant Recipients Receiving Lower-dose Valganciclovir Prophylaxis. Transplant Infectious Disease (in press) 2015.
Salomon DR, Langnas AN, Reed AI, Bloom RD, Magee JC and Gaston RS for the AST/ASTS Incentives Workshop Group (IWG): AST/ASTS Workshop on Increasing Organ Donation in the United States: Creating an "arc of change" from removing disincentives to testing incentives. American Journal of Transplantation (in press) 2015.
Sawinski D, Forde KA, Eddinger K, Troxel AB, Blumberg E, Tebas P, Abt PL, Bloom RD: Superior outcomes in HIV-positive kidney transplant patients compared to HCV-infected or HIV/HCV co-infected recipients. Kidney International (in press) 2015.
Huprikar S, Danziger-Isakov L, Ahn J, Naugler S, Blumberg E, Avery RK, Koval C, Lease ED, Pillai A, Doucette KE, Levitsky J, Morris MI, Lu K, McDermott JK, Monet, OrlowskiJP, Dadhania DM, Abbott K, Horslen S, Laskin BL, Mougdil A, Venkat VL, Korenblat K, Kumar V, Grossi P, Bloom RD, Brown K, Kotton CN, and Kumar D: Solid Organ Transplantation from Hepatitis B Virus Positive Donors: Consensus Guidelines for Recipient Management. American Journal of Transplantation (in press) 2015.
Goral S, Brukamp K, Ticehurst EH, Abt PL, Bloom RD, Kearns J, Constantinescu S, Tomaszewski JE, Kamoun M: Transplant Nephrectomy: Histologic Findings-A Single Center Study. American Journal of Nephrology 40(5): 491-8, December 2014.
Sawinski D, Bloom RD: Current Status of Kidney Transplantation in HIV-infected Patients. Current Opinions in Nephrology and Hypertension 23(6): 619-24, November 2014.
Sarnak MJ, Bloom RD, Muntner P, Rahman M, Saland JM, Wilson P, Fried L: KDOQI US Commentary on the 2013 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Lipid Management in CKD. American Journal of Kidney Disease S0272-6386(14): 1283-9, November 2014.
Sawinski D, Bloom RD: Medical Transplant Fellowships. Textbook of Organ Transplantation. Kirk AD (eds.). Wiley Blackwell, (in press), October 2014.
Reese PP, Bloom RD, Feldman HI, Rosenbaum P, Wang W, Saynisch P, Tarsi NM, Mukherjee N, Garg AX, Mussell A, Shults J, Even-Shoshan O, Townsend RR, Silber JH: Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease among Older Live Kidney Donors. American Journal of Transplantation 14(8): 1853-61, August 2014.
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Last updated: 01/22/2015
The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania
Last updated: 01/22/2015
The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania


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G3 Photo Booth
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Plasma kinetics of chylomicron-like emulsion and lipid transfers to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in lacto-ovo vegetarian and in omnivorous subjects
- Juliana C. Vinagre,
- Carmen C. G. Vinagre,
- Fernanda S. Pozzi,
- Cristiane Z. Zácari,
- Raul C. Maranhão
- … show all 5 hide
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Previously, it was showed that vegan diet improves the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by increasing the plasma clearance of atherogenic remnants. The aim of the current study was to investigate this metabolism in lacto-ovo vegetarians whose diet is less strict, allowing the ingestion of eggs and milk. Transfer of lipids to HDL, an important step in HDL metabolism, was tested in vitro.
Eighteen lacto-ovo vegetarians and 29 omnivorous subjects, all eutrophic and normolipidemic, were intravenously injected with triglyceride-rich emulsions labeled with 14C-cholesterol oleate and 3H-triolein. Fractional clearance rates (FCR, in min−1) were calculated from samples collected during 60 min. Lipid transfer to HDL was assayed by incubating plasma samples with a donor nanoemulsion labeled with radioactive lipids.
LDL cholesterol was lower in vegetarians than in omnivores (2.1 ± 0.8 and 2.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L, respectively, p < 0.05), but HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were equal. Cholesteryl ester FCR was greater in vegetarians than in omnivores (0.016 ± 0.012, 0.003 ± 0.003, p < 0.01), whereas triglyceride FCR was equal. Cholesteryl ester transfer to HDL was lower in vegetarians than in omnivores (2.7 ± 0.6, 3.5 ± 1.5 %, p < 0.05), but free cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid transfers and HDL size were equal.
Similarly to vegans, lacto-ovo vegetarian diet increases remnant removal, as indicated by cholesteryl oleate FCR, which may favor atherosclerosis prevention, and has the ability to change lipid transfer to HDL.
- Craig WJ, Mangels AR (2009) Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. J Am Dietetic Assoc 109(7):1266–1282
- Vinagre, JC, Vinagre, CG, Pozzi, FS, Slywitch, E, Maranhão, RC (2013) Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and transfer of lipids to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in vegan and omnivore subject. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc 23: pp. 61-67 CrossRef
- Karpe, F, Steiner, G, Uffelman, K, Olivecrona, T, Hamsten, A (1994) Postprandial lipoproteins and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 106: pp. 83-97 CrossRef
- Martins, MC, Pileggi, F, Maranhão, RC (1995) Clearance of a chylomicron-like emulsion from plasma is delayed in patients with coronary artery disease. Braz J Med Biol Res 28: pp. 427-431
- Sposito, AC, Lemos, PA, Santos, RD, Hueb, W, Vinagre, CG, Maranhão, RC (2004) Impaired intravascular triglyceride lipolysis constitutes a marker of clinical outcome in patients with stable angina undergoing secondary prevention treatment: a long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 43: pp. 2225-2232 CrossRef
- Sposito, AC, Ventura, LI, Vinagre, CG, Lemos, PA, Santos, RD, Maranhão, RC (2004) Delayed intravascular catabolism of chylomicron-like emulsions is an independent predictor of coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 176: pp. 397-403 CrossRef
- César, TB, Oliveira, MR, Mesquita, CH, Maranhão, RC (2006) High cholesterol intake modifies chylomicron metabolism in normolipidemic young men. J Nutr 136: pp. 971-976
- Maranhão, RC, Feres, MC, Martins, MT, Mesquita, CH, Toffoletto, O, Vinagre, CG (1996) Plasma kinetics of a chylomicron-like emulsion in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 126: pp. 15-21 CrossRef
- Berr, F, Kern, F (1984) Plasma clearance of chylomicrons labeled with retinyl palmitate in healthy human subjects. J Lipid Res 38: pp. 301-314
- Demacker, PN, Reijnen, IG, Katan, MB, Stuyt, PM, Stalenhoef, AF (1991) Increased removal of remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins on a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur J Clin Invest 21: pp. 197-203 CrossRef
- Redgrave TG (2004) Chylomicron metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 32(1):79–82
- Asztalos, BF, Schaefer, EJ (2003) High-density lipoprotein subpopulations in pathologic conditions. Am J Cardiol 91: pp. 12-17 CrossRef
- Wang, M, Briggs, MR (2004) HDL: the metabolism, function, and therapeutic importance. Chem Rev 104: pp. 119-137 CrossRef
- Schaefer, EJ, Zech, LA, Jenkins, LL (1982) Human apolipoprotein A-I and A-II metabolism. J Lipid Res 23: pp. 850-862
- vonEckardstein, A, Nofer, JR, Assmann, G (2001) High density lipoproteins and arteriosclerosis: role of cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21: pp. 13-27 CrossRef
- Lewis, GF, Rader, DJ (2005) New insights into the regulation of HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Circ Res 96: pp. 1221 CrossRef
- Mahley, RW, Huang, Y, Weisgraber, KH (2006) Putting cholesterol in its place: apo E and reverse cholesterol transport. J Clin Invest 116: pp. 1126-1129 CrossRef
- Kontush, A, Chapman, MJ (2006) Antiatherogenic small, dense HDL—guardian angel of the arterial wall?. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 3: pp. 144-153 CrossRef
- Lo Prete, AC, Dina, CH, Azevedo, CH, Puk, CG, Hueb, WA, Maranhão, RC (2009) In vitro simultaneous transfer of lipids to HDL in coronary artery disease and in Statin treatment. Lipids 44: pp. 917-924 CrossRef
- Lima, ES, Maranhão, RC (2004) Rapid, simple laser-light-scattering method for HDL particle sizing in whole plasma. Clin Chem 50: pp. 1086-1088 CrossRef
- Ehnholm, C, Kuusi, T (1986) Preparation, characterization, and measurement of hepatic lipase. Methods Enzymol 129: pp. 716-738 CrossRef
- Lambert, MS, Avela, MA, Botham, KM, Mayes, PA (2000) The type of dietary fat alters the hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of cholesterol from chylomicron remnants. Br J Nutr 83: pp. 431-438
- De Biase SG, Fernandes SF, Gianini RJ, Duarte JL (2007) Vegetarian diet and cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Arq Bras Cardiol 88(1):35–39
- Hung, CJ, Huang, PC, Li, YH, Lu, SC, Ho, LT, Chou, HF (2006) Taiwanese vegetarians have higher insulin sensitivity than omnivores. Br J Nutr 95: pp. 129-135 CrossRef
- Griffin, MD, Sanders, TA, Davies, IG, Morgan, LM, Millward, DJ, Lewis, F (2006) Effects of altering the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids on insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein size, and post- prandial lipemia in men and postmenopausal women aged 45-70y: the OPTILIP Study. Am J Clin Nutr 84: pp. 1290-1298
- Zampelas, A, Peel, AS, Gould, BJ, Wright, J, Williams, CM (1994) Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 series: effects on postprandial lipid and apolipoprotein levels in healthy menEur. J Clin Nutr 48: pp. 842-848
- Grieve, DJ, Avella, MA, Botham, KM, Elliott, J (2000) Evidence that chylomicron remnants potentiate phenylephrine-induced contractions of rat aorta by an endothelium-dependent mechanism. Atherosclerosis 151: pp. 471-480 CrossRef
- Napolitano, M, Rivabene, R, Avella, M, Botham, KM, Bravo, E (2001) The internal redox balance of the cells influences the metabolism of lipids of dietary origin by J774 macrophages: implications for foam cell formation. J Vasc Res 38: pp. 350-360 CrossRef
- Kawasaki, S, Taniguchi, T, Fujioka, Y, Takahashi, A, Takahashi, T, Domoto, K (2000) Chylomicron remnant induces apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 902: pp. 336-341 CrossRef
- Doi H, Kugiyama K, Oka H, Sugiyama S, Ogata N, Koide SI et al (2000) Remnant lipoproteins induce proatherothrombogenic molecules in endothelial cells through a redox-sensitive mechanism. Circulation 102:670–676
- Kawakami, A, Tanaka, A, Nakano, T, Saniabadi, A, Numano, F (2001) Stimulation of arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation by remnant lipoprotein particles isolated by immuno-affinity chromatography with anti-apo A-I and anti-apo B-100. Horm Metab Res 33: pp. 67-72 CrossRef
- Saniabadi, AR, Umemura, K, Shimoyama, M, Adachi, M, Nakano, M, Nakashima, M (1997) Aggregation of human blood platelets by remnant like lipoprotein particles of plasma chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins. Thromb Haemost 77: pp. 996-1001
- Groener, JEM, Ramshorst, EM, Katan, MB, Mensink, RP, Tol, A (1991) Diet induced alteration in the activity of plasma lipid transfer protein in normolipidemic human subjects. Atherosclerosis 87: pp. 221-226 CrossRef
- Schwab, US, Maliranta, HM, Sarkkinen, ES, Savolainen, MJ, Kesäniemi, YA, Uusitupa, MI (1996) Different effects of palmitic and stearic acid-enriched diets on serum lipids and lipoproteins and plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in healthy young women. Metabolism 45: pp. 143-149 CrossRef
- Title
- Plasma kinetics of chylomicron-like emulsion and lipid transfers to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in lacto-ovo vegetarian and in omnivorous subjects
- Journal
European Journal of Nutrition
Volume 53, Issue 3 , pp 981-987
- Cover Date
- 2014-04-01
- 10.1007/s00394-013-0602-y
- Print ISSN
- 1436-6207
- Online ISSN
- 1436-6215
- Publisher
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Triglycerides
- Emulsions
- Nanoparticles
- Vegetarian diets
- Lipoprotein metabolism
- Cholesterol
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Juliana C. Vinagre (1)
- Carmen C. G. Vinagre (1)
- Fernanda S. Pozzi (1)
- Cristiane Z. Zácari (1)
- Raul C. Maranhão (1) (2) (3)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Heart Institute (InCor) of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- 2. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- 3. Laboratório de Metabolismo de Lípides, Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas FMUSP, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44,1° subsolo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil


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Whitney Brothers 10-Compartment Single Laptop Security Cabinet
Whitney Brothers 10-Compartment Single Laptop Security Cabinet
Weights & Dimensions
|Product Type: Laptop Storage Carts
|Finish: Birch
|Primary Material: Wood
|Additional Materials: Plywood
|Hardware Finish: Silver
|Number of Items Included: 1
|Shelves Included: Yes
|Storage Cabinets Included: Yes
|Drawers Included: No
|Casters Included: Yes
|Handles Included: Yes
|Electric Outlets: No
|Weight Capacity: 150 Pounds
|Commercial Use: Yes
|Eco-Friendly: Yes
|Product Care: Do not use strong cleaners
|Country of Manufacture: United States
|CARB Compliant: Yes
|ASTM Compliant: Yes
|General Conformity Certificate: Yes
|CPSIA or CPSC Compliant: Yes
|Greenguard Certified: Yes
About the ManufacturerWhen you order from Whitney Brothers, you're not dealing with a subsidiary of a multi-national wood products conglomerate; you're doing business with a New England tradition. Since 1904, Whitney Brothers has been using classic cabinetmaking techniques to produce safe and sturdy educational toys. Now, they're also a leader in developing versatile, innovative furniture and storage systems for schools, day-care centers, and private homes.
Whitney uses the finest hardwoods and veneers and traditional joinery methods for strength. Edges and corners are always rounded smoothly and finished by hand. And, of course, all glues, paints, and finishes are nontoxic and clean up quickly. Whitney Brothers makes it easy for you to decide which products are best for your classroom, and they're dedicated to making sure each product can be used safely by generations of children.
Whitney Brothers 10-Compartment Single Laptop Security Cabinet
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Tell us what you think about this product. It will help us provide you with better products in the future and help your fellow shoppers make better purchases.Write the first review
OUR SKU # WJ125110-Compartment Single Laptop Security Cabinet is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: WB0779


text:
So, I came across a really good deal on 18 half barrel sanke kegs that I plan on converting to a few brewing kettles to myself and then likely converting the others and maybe giving to friends or selling them.
Anyhow, the "how" I came by them is that they were all in a large brushfire here in San Diego, and apparently had wine in them at the time. The dip tubes have blown off the tops of them from the heat, but the kegs themselves seem structurally sound. There is a lot of carbon buildup and some surface rust, I'm sure to do with the heat they were exposed to.
I'm looking for a way to get these cleaned up to where they're presentable and usable as brewing vessels. I haven't really put a lot of elbow grease into it yet (just picked them up tonight), but I did try some barkeeper's friend on it as a test. The carbon seems to come off, but the rust obviously does not with just a towel and BKF.
Before I go at these with a wire brush on the drill or something drastic like the, I figured I'd ask here to see if anyone had similar experience. I've heard that using non-stainless things on stainless steel can damage the stainless. I don't know though.
I'm sure someone on here is an expert in this and has some advice.
Thanks in advance for any help you can provide!
check the thread of keg polishing.
from or living in oklahoma? come join us in the oklahoma group
+1 on that. Here's the thread pen25 is talking about. I'm sure it will help out getting those cleaned up. And nice job on the score!
There is a very fine line between "hobby" and "mental illness."
18 kegs! you're gonna need a bit more than an attachment for a hand grinder. Find someone that does industrial blast cleaning who has an interest in some of the kegs. They will look pretty.
as in media/sand blasting? Is that ok to do on the kegs? I would assume that would work harden them a bit, no? I guess perhaps it doesn't matter if all that's being done is burning the tops off with a plasma torch and welding in some couplings. If media blasting is ok, I'll probably take 'em to a local place I use. Otherwise, how about the chemical stripping they do to clean engine blocks on cars? I've had that done before and the results are fantastic, but I know nothing about stainless, so I'm leery of wrecking them.
Thanks for the advice, folks!
Also, check the bottom rim for weep holes. If they do not have them, make them. It will at least give some peace of mind that you may avert a call about an exploding keg and hospitals.
Of course, given the heat they have been exposed to they'd have most likely blown but, then again they may have just not had the right conditions.
"Birra Kucing Gila - Minum dan jangan muntah"... I just noticed your sig...
Anda bisa bicara bahasa Indonesia? Aku juga, tetapi sedikit saja. Anda dari Indonesia?
I'm worried that the extreme heat will have caused damage to the composition of the stainless (Like when you weld it without backgassing). It may be very difficult to get all that rust off and re-passivate
"People should not be afraid of their governments. Governments should be afraid of their people." - VPrimary: NothinSecondary: Shady Lord RIS, Water to Barleywine, Pumpkin wine, burnt mead Kegged: Crappy infected mildBottles: Apfelwein, 999 Barleywine, Oatmeal Stout, Robust Porter, Robust smoked porter, Simcoe Smash
To get the rust off you could go to the hardware store and buy a couple of gallons of muriatic acid (high strength hydrochloric acid). That will eat the rust off them very quickly. Just be VERY careful with that stuff it is VERY acidic and will eat through everything (your hands, your clothes, your car apolstry, anything it touches).


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The Use of G-IKEv2 for Multicast Router Key Management
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|2013-04-25 (latest revision 2012-10-22)
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This Internet-Draft is no longer active. A copy of the expired Internet-Draft can be found here:
The G-IKEv2 key management protocol protects group traffic, usually in the form of IP multicast communications between a set of network devices. This memo defines extensions to G-IKEv2 allowing it to protect routing protocols between a group of network devices.
Paulina Tran <email@example.com>
Brian Weis <email@example.com>
(Note: The e-mail addresses provided for the authors of this Internet-Draft may no longer be valid)


text:
Space Station Saved By a Toothbrush? 179
from the break-out-the-emergency-floss dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
I'm more surprised that they have spare toothbrushes on hand than I am they were able to fix this.
after your second or third space-one-night-stand with the martians, you learn that its only polite to
keep extra toothbrushes
You are missing the obvious difference:
Robots don't use toothbrushes.
Notoriously poor dental care. It's almost like robots are, um,
Why do you think the cybermen just use speakers? And the daleks hide inside their little trash cans?
all hail the inanimate carbon rod!
Perhaps, but a robot wouldn't have had a toothbrush in space, would it?
You get one free with each toilet seat.
Don't ask.
It wasn't them, it was the inanimate carbon rod!
Aren't you glad you're not getting all the government you pay for now?


text:
The Next Revolution
What Gen X Women Want at Work and How Their Boomer Bosses Can Help Them Get It
"It turns out that being young and educated with good health and your whole life in front of you isn't all it's cracked up to be," write the authors. "The whole wide world is before us, but we're feeling overwhelmed by the choices." According to this mother and daughter author duo, this dilemma is being called a "quarter-life crisis"—a new social trend affecting certain twenty- and thirty-something workers.
Similar to the more familiar midlife crisis, this predicament is but one of many concepts examined in this intriguing handbook, which deals with the up-and-coming generation of employees, especially females.
Charlotte is an author, management professor, coach, and consultant who teaches in Rockhurst University's Helzberg School of Management and is a member of the baby boomer generation (born between 1946 and 1964). Laura, from Generation X (born between 1964 and 1977), is an award-winning reporter for Fox television.
Laura's own quarter-life crisis at age twenty-six ("My life revolved around my work") prompted the development of a survey questioning career satisfaction and expectations of 1,200 Gen-Xers. The results are the basis of this book.
Daughter Laura writes the first four chapters, relating how her generation was shaped so differently than the previous one: they were latchkey kids, the children of divorce, and the first to deal with expanding technology. The authors hypothesize that these are some of the reasons that this generation expects specific things in their work environment, such as positive relationships with co-workers and supervisors, and interesting work with opportunities to learn.
Status and prestige aren't even on their radar, according to Charlotte, who handles the final four chapters as she compares her career and work experiences with those of her daughter and other Gen-Xers, and also examines the survey results. She highlights companies who've been innovative in areas (such as casual dress code and flex hours) that Gen-Xers have deemed important in the workplace. She also presents skills that employees can use to get what they really want.
The section in which Laura details how Xer moms are opting out of the workforce to stay at home and raise their children, succeeding in a more balanced life rather than having a career, is eye-opening. Her research works better here than in an earlier chapter in which talk of unfulfillment, disillusionment, and entitlement seems to come across as a bit whiny.
The creation of the term "Generation X" has been attributed to a 1991 fiction work by that title: "the characters are described as underemployed, over-educated, and unpredictable." However, that doesn't accurately portray the majority of these new-millennium workers who are just trying to figure what their next step is—same as generations before.


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You must earn 10,000 points to post other members' whiteboard
My reference to Donkey Dung also refers to the idiots that voted TWICE for Obama. You know - the 47% of the voters.
I will keep that in mind.
That's funny. book me on your second trip!! I live in Rome, Ga about 80 NW of Atl. Have a great week.
Congratulations on having the perseverance to post for 400 consecutive days! Good Luck on reaching your next goals!! Warren :)
Oh, is that really a flying train? I really thought is was the space shuttle.
I actually live in Rome, about 80 miles NW of Atl. We got about 6". We don't get much snow, so it was sort of a big deal for us. Bring on Spring!!
Hey gas buddy, let me give you A BIG CONGRATS on your 400 Cons. Days!! Keep up the good work. David...........QQ
Thanks for the birthday greeting, Buddy; sorry that I missed your birthday a week ago. Hope you are doing ok.
Enjoyed looking over your railroad photos.
we did live in Clovis but moved to San Diego. and now in South Carolina because of a work transfer.


text:
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text:
Reader comments are listed below. Comments are currently closed and new comments are no longer being accepted.
ture wrote:
April 23, 2009 5:51
Let us look at George's greatest achievements:
I would have to say that a lot of these "achievements" were beyond Bush's or indeed most people's control. Please don't post unadulterated dribble.
I think it is important people consider that Bush is rather unfairly maligned when he wasn't given the best deal in regards to 9/11. Unfortunately most leftists won't even acknowledge that the American people wanted blood, and Congress approved his actions. I wouldn't doubt that Obama would have voted for Iraq had he even been in the Senate at the time.
Sometimes people have to make the best of a bad deal & whilst Bush wasn't exemplary one has to remember the media and the Left developed an obsession with Bush's gaffes. His foreign policy was actually rather sound, and despite the squeals of the left that Iraq would become a Vietnam-esque quagmire, this hasn't actually occurred.
How quickly do we forget history. Bush definately wasn't the smartest man, but he deserves credit for what was a difficult job.
this response section contains some of the most interestingly obtuse, strange and wacky commentary under any article I've ever seen here on the Economist, great job commentators on making me scratch my head in wonder!
History will surely render a Harsh Judgement on this Man, if there's any Justice or Sanity left!
The American Taxpayer (now the entire World) has been left with a such a HUGE BILL, that it will take Generations to Pay off!!
We may Forgotten about the Invasions (Wars of choice), but We won't Forgive!!!
We may have even Forgotten about the Dis-Regard & Dis-Respect for the Rule of Law (International Law), but we'll Never Forgive him!!!!
While this President was out Invading Sovereign Countries, Shredding the Constitution (By Violating International Treaties), and abolishing any Remaining Regulations (not already abolished under Clinton) that Restricted the Bankers, ConMen & Criminals-including Directly Contributing (let alone causing it) to the Shocking Spike in the Price of Oil!!!!!
We're still not out of the Woods yet, and the Bills are still Mounting. So for this President to have the Audacity to Show his Face at a Ball Park let alone on a Foreign trip, just serves to confirm that he has yet to Realize the Error of his Ways!!!!!!
The President may have left the Oval Office, but his Legacy lives on......
Peace, Love & Respect.
In response to your request: you are mistaken. See previous post.
Kirsty - here's why:
He listened to them because they both had a long history of knowing what they're talking about. Don Rumsfeld got some of the Iraq strategy wrong but his management of the Pentagon and of military transformation was top notch, as was so much of his previous record. Dick Cheney's foreign policy views continue to be proven daily as we speak. He was instrumental in coordinating a global alliance that even included some countries that claim us as enemies, a record that will go down in the history of diplomacy. This alliance has rolled back Al Qaeda across North Africa, much of the Middle East, Europe to leave them cornered in parts of Pakistan and Al Qaeda. This global performance far outmatches the silly emptiness of so much of the current administration's policies. In addition, Dick Cheney has a 40 year record of public achievement, that is worthy of note at all levels, federal, congressional, cabinet-level.
Just because the left doesn't like him hardly represents a knock against the facts of his actual record.
I miss his gaffes, would that Mr. Obama would pull on a closed door - just once..
The only difference between Obama and W. -- Obama can communicate well with audiences. Yet, both are and most likely be remembered as inept and borderline incompetent presidents. I am looking forward to review W.'s final words on his tenure in the White House - might offer some new twists on what actually happened.
nomajic: Mojare is correct. President Bush did fight for our liberty. In the 60s and 70s, the Air National Guard's mission to defend against long-range Soviet bombers was a real one, a fact ignored and dismissed by his detractors. That mission was as important as fighting in Vietnam.
The Amanda Knox verdict: Innocente
Harry Reid's retirement: Republicans get their wish
Democracy in America
Emerging markets: Predicting the next crisis
Free exchange
Nuclear talks with Iran: Distrust and verify
Middle East and Africa
Scientology film: Hammering at the walls
Nigeria's election: A powder keg
Graphic detail
The first televised "debate": Why the prime minister resisted
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