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Oosaravelli | Oosaravelli Songs | Jr NTR Oosaravelli Movie Songs Lyrics | Oosaravelli Lyrics
Movie : Oosaravelli
Cast : Junior NTR, Tamanna, Shaam
Producer : B V N S Prasad
Director : Surender Reddy
Music : Devi Sri Prasad
1 . Brathakaali - Lyrics
Artist(s): Devi Sri Prasad
Lyricist: Chandrabose
2 . Nenante Naaku - Lyrics
Artist(s): Adnan Sami
Lyricist: Rama Jhogaya Sastry
3 . Yelango Yelango - Lyrics
Artist(s): Jaspreet Jasz, Chinmayee
Lyricist: Rama Jhogaya Sastry
4 . Love Ante Caring - Lyrics
Artist(s): Francisco Castelleno
Lyricist: Ananth Sriram
5 . Sri Anjaneyam - Lyrics
Artist(s): MLR. Karthikeyan
Lyricist: Sirivennela Seetharama Shastry
6 . Niharika - Lyrics
Artist(s): Vijay Prakash, Neha Bhasin
Lyricist: Ananth Sriram
7 . Bhangra Andhra - Lyrics
Artist(s): Mukesh, Suchitra
Lyricist: Ananth Sriram, Suchitra
8 . Oosaravelli - Lyrics
Artist(s): Ujjayinee Roy
Lyricist: Rama Jhogaya Sastry, Devi Sri Prasad
Labels: DSP, Jr NTR, Oosaravelli
3 comments:
Hi there, Im looking for more details of this song called Maata Maata Go,dankulo dankava.....mando lauda mando lauda...goni paya lauda...can you pls help in telling me which movie this is from. Its apparently a popular number that is played in weddingsReplyDelete
- AnonymousJanuary 20, 2012 at 4:36 AM
hey where is chatbox hereReplyDelete
- AnonymousOctober 24, 2012 at 12:32 AM
entrance song lyrics kavali.............ReplyDelete
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Dec 4, 2011; Minneapolis, MN, USA; Minnesota Vikings drum line entertains fans before the game against the Denver Broncos at the Metrodome. Greg Smith-US PRESSWIRE
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Dr. James W. Blackstone, MD
- 210 W Spring St
Sylacauga, AL 35150
- 2 Locations
- (256) 245-5203
Dr. James W. Blackstone graduated from the University of Alabama School of Medicine in 2001. He works in Sylacauga, AL and 1 other location and specializes in Ophthalmology. Dr. Blackstone is affiliated with Citizens Baptist Medical Center and Coosa Valley Medical Center.
Gender: Male
Languages Spoken: English
Medical School: University of Alabama School of Medicine; Graduated 2001
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


text:
High Court Orders UK ISPs To Block More Torrent Sites 133
from the coming-to-an-america-near-you dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
I have good reason to believe that criminals use the telephone system to distribute plans to commit crime. It is time to shut down these criminal aiding telephone systems.
This is a blessing in disguise - Its a chance to stop stealing content (lets be honest here) and buy stuff through legit channels. The reason I started pirating in the first place is that a 700 mb xvid was vastly more convenient than going to the store, bringing home a dvd wrapped in annoying plastic with easytear perforations that never work and sitting through an FBI warning with nonsensical forced previews. This is all resolved, Hollywood has listened and there are tons of ways to stream movies (only the movies and non of the crap). Piracy is gone in my world, I thank Hollywood for listening to us.
Glad to see being dumb still has a penalty.
Nothing in progression can rest on its original plan. We may as well think of rocking a grown man in the cradle of an infant. -- Edmund Burke


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Book Talk: Holiday tale still delights
I give thanks every Wednesday morning when I start writing these columns. First, I am thankful that there are great Mississippian or southern authors to read and discuss. Second, I am thankful that I have great eyesight and leisure time to read. Third, I am thrilled that I have a job I love and that reading is a requirement. Lastly, that I have people willing to read these columns.
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Pheasants Forever opening first regional HQ in Brookings
ST. PAUL, Minn. -- Pheasants Forever plans to open its first regional headquarters office in July in Brookings.
Dave Nomsen, Pheasants Forever's longtime vice president of government affairs, will permanently move to South Dakota, becoming the organization's point person in the state.
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"Phryne is great company"
I listened to this on a long road trip and it made the boring driving trip pass quickly and almost painlessly - the pain came from the singing - as stated by another reviewer I couldn't turn the volume down quickly enough to ease my pain. I cannot state enough how much I hated the singing.
I love all of the Phryne Fisher books - they are great fun - and prove to be a good listen too.
Stephanie generally does a good job at voicing the characters, as I have already stated I'd be happier without the singing.
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text: Radio 101 With Shark – Episode I By Gregg "Shark" Scharnau July 11, 2014 10:29 AM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter On today's inaugural episode of Radio 101, Shark and his executive producer CTC remind listeners to call the radio program. This will lead to more babe opps. Pop open a Mandarin Spritzer and enjoy. Filed Under: Dating, Orange Crush, Shark Show Category: Local News, Videos Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of KRNA Recommended For You Around the Web


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OP Junior Member
Thanks Meter: 0
5 posts
Join Date:Joined: Apr 2011
I sucesfully flashed JB Rom (this one) but i found out i have some problems with detecting mobile network operators, so i tried to flash new Kit Kat rom. It failed, i upgraded my recovery and finally flashed it. I tried many diffrent roms, but every one of them had one issue - WIFI doesn't work, along with mobile network.
What's the issue here? I tried reflashing firmware (tried both 2.15, and 2.18). I reflashed recoveries, tried old one that worked previously - with no effect. How can i fix this issue? WiFi doesn't work, no matter what i do - flash boot.img of wanted rom, i tried diffrent kernels - still nothing.
Thanks in advance.


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Find Us at…
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AboutA web log for all fans of Walt Disney, The Disney Company, and its many products. Using the theories behind Walt Disney's family oriented entertainment and education, this blog is intended to be a safe read for the whole family. Proud to be a part of Quality Will Out Omnimedia. The Disney Blog is not affiliated with The Walt Disney Company in any way. All Disney parks, attractions, lands, shows, event names, etc. are registered trademarks of The Walt Disney Company. The Disney Blog is affiliated with LaughingPlace.com, the number one Disney Fan site on the internet. Please see creative commons license at the bottom of this page for copyright information. All content on this website is my own and does not necessarily represent the views of my employer or anyone else on the planet. The Disney Blog is supported by advertising and some of the links on this site and in product reviews are revenue share affiliate ads. I also do accept product for review and to give away as prizes. However, I compose all my editorial separate from any decision regarding advertising or affiliate links. YMMV.
Tag Archives: iasw
Disney Publishing Enlightens the World with new "it's a small world" app for iphone, iPad, or iPod Touch.
We currently have an iPod touch at home and I am impressed with its ability to teach as well as entertain. I can't wait to upgrade to an iPad, expand the visual real estate, and explore its potential as well. … Continue reading
Posted in Publishing, Web/Tech Tagged animated app, app, Apple, disney, iasw, ios, ipad, iphone, ipod, ipod touch, It's a Small World, walt disney 6 Comments
New Disneyland Holiday Commercial Brings Tidings of Small World
The newest commercial for Disneyland's Holiday season features children of the world flying in a Peter Pan style ship as they experience the Joy of It's A Small World on the way to Disneyland. Or something like that. Fairly high … Continue reading
Posted in Disneyland, Holiday Tagged christmas, Disneyland, Holiday, iasw, It's a Small World, marketing, peter pan, theme park, Travel Planning 14 Comments
Top Five Disney Blog Stories from Last Week
The CW invades ABC with Revenge. Here is a look at the top 5 stories from the last week on The Disney Blog. Not just a good chance to catch up on what you missed, but read any additional comments … Continue reading
Posted in Corporate, Round Up, Television, Television, Walt Disney World, Weblogs, Weekly Top 5 Tagged Avatar, China, chinese, clone, disney, iasw, list, mnsshp, pandora, roundup, telvision, top 5, tv, weekly top 5 7 Comments
The Chinese clone It's A Small World
Warning watching the following video may induce nausea and nightmares. The dolls look like zombies and the song is extra creepy plus those lights. Ow. There actually two of them in China. the above is Suzhou Amusementland and the one … Continue reading
Posted in Themepark Industry Tagged China, clone, horror, iasw, themepark, Travel Planning 19 Comments
Small World Topiaries receive TLC
The topiaries that surround the exterior of Disneyland's classic and much loved attraction "it's a small world" have been impressing guests since 1966. But what behind the scenes magic is involved in putting on this show? This video with Topiary … Continue reading
Posted in Disneyland Tagged Disneyland, history, iasw, It's a Small World, Small World, topairy engineer, topiary, walt disney 1 Comment


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Take a tour of the Federal Reserve right from your classroom!
Learn More
These newest DataPost resources feature online PPT and presentation slides on these macroeconomic topics.
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An official app of the United States Federal Reserve System is now available for all types of tablets and smartphones! It allows you access to a wide range of information from the Federal Reserve System Board of Governors and the 12 regional Reserve Banks.
Learn More
Use these short videos and associated discussion questions in the classroom to give students insight into the lives of entrepreneurs.


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Welcome to HealthyPages
Healthypages is a long established popular complementary therapy resource for professionals offering
and people seeking natural health solutions.
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Don't you think this is dangerous?I actually prefer my crystals in their natural form (sharp jagged or whatever). the energy doesn't feel a good in a crystal that has been shaped agai.. Energylz
I hope it has some effect. But, of course, TTIP is only the latest in a long line of trade agreements that have lessened democracy and have weakened t.. Crowan
Crowan, I think if you are interested in political debate, then you need to be able to work with other peoples views. keke
Which nutrients counteract the effects of alcohol?A little bit too much then. Well, see above: he likes doing things his own way and I'm no saint! But some gentle advise usually helps. Thank you! Anne Mary
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Mindfulness-for-all: Spirituality, gender and age do not affect effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction
March 21st, 2015We are always being told that mindfulness is for everyone – new findings from the University of Pennsylvania, published this month in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine back..
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WESTCHESTER COUNTY, N.Y. - First Niagara Financial Group announced Tuesday the donation of $100,000 to the American Red Cross in support of its Hurricane Sandy disaster relief efforts.
The money will be distributed for use by residents in areas hard hit by the storm in Westchester County, Fairfield County, Conn. and Pennsylvania.
The money will help the Red Cross continue to provide food, shelter and basic services to victims of the storm. First Niagara also established a bank-wide Red Cross donation account that customers can deposit money into at their local branches.
First Niagara also has established the "YouFirst Neighbor" loan program for customers who were hit by Hurricane Sandy. The program allows home owners quick access to unsecured, low-interest home improvement loans. To date, the amount to be distributed is $393,000, but more will be added to that amount.
First Niagara Bank has 26 branches in the Hudson Valley, from Westchester to Ulster counties. There are branches in Mount Kisco, Bedford Hills, Ossining, Yorktown Heights and Baldwin Place.
"As a former board member of my local American Red Cross chapter, I have witnessed the tremendous efforts of this organization and its volunteers. Well before a disaster touches down in a community, and long after that community is back on its feet, the Red Cross is there," said First Niagara Regional President David Ring.
- 1 Bedford Planning Board Meeting On Home Proposal Lasts Until Nearly 2 A.M.
- 2 Two Westchester Private Schools Rank Among 'Smartest' In Nation
- 3 Snow Could Be Returning To Mount Kisco
- 4 Northern Westchester Hospital Receives $1M Donation For Updates
- 5 Police Warn Residents To Be On Lookout For Bear In Yorktown


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Join CAREIO, the Newest Private Social Network for Connecting Families, Personal Health Issues and Life Milestones
Careio has fully unveiled its private social network to allow all users the ability to set up a private Care Site profile without the hurdle of a wait-list.
Austin, TX (PRWEB) May 30, 2013
Today, Careio has officially unveiled its private social network to the world, making registration open to anyone and everyone. The private social network, launched earlier this year, provides an interactive community built around private Care Sites empowering users to communicate in a safe and supportive online space about the health, welfare and major life changes of friends and family members.
"We are extremely excited to officially announce the reveal of the Careio site and its entirety to the world. We launched the site earlier this year, and had customized email invitations delivered to those interested in joining," says Careio Co-Founder, Jessica Meyer. "It was such a hit we were able to make the site available to anyone who wants to join."
Now, Careio users have the ability to set up customized Care Sites for themselves, relatives or friends without having to wait for an invitation to join. They´ll be able to invite family members and friends to communicate privately in one online community, and have the ability to express their compassion and support by posting comments, photos and videos to the private Care Site wall. Additionally, friends and family members can share an uplifting notion chosen from Careio´s extensive encouragement database, opt to engage in Careio´s Prayer Forum, unlock badges, and more. Sharing life experiences on Careio provides users with greater emotional support while reducing the time spent alerting friends and relatives on the latest news events.
Set up your profile today! Visit: http://www.careio.com.
About Careio
Careio gives families the power to enhance personal communication with relatives and friends online during the moments and milestones in life that matter most. Careio provides an interactive community built around private Care Sites that empower users to communicate in a safe and supportive online space about the health, welfare and major life changes of friends and family members. Careio was created by a daughter-and-father team with years of experience in the world of business. Co-Founder Jessica Meyer has developed a variety of care- and nutrition-based businesses and has a passion for helping others communicate effectively in real life and through social media, as well as improving their sharing experiences online. Careio co-founder Larry Meyer has more than three decades of experience in the investment world across a broad range of industries. For more information about Careio, call 512-809-0859, email Jess(at)careio(dot)com or visit Careio on the web.
For the original version on PRWeb visit: http://www.prweb.com/releases/prwebCareio/PrivateSocialNetwork/prweb10781067.htm


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The following calls were among those handled by the Oakley police Oct. 22-28, according to information provided by the Police Department.
Oct. 22
Oct. 23
Oct. 24
Oct. 25
Oct. 26
Oct. 27
-- Nan Hargis
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Tuesday's TV picks: Cote de Pablo returns in 'The Dovekeepers'
Former 'NCIS' star' stars in two-part historical romance set during the Siege of Masada. Plus, 'Cougar Town' bids farewell in series finale.
(AP Photo/Joel Ryan, file)
Michael Jackson prank called Russell Crowe
"Gladiator" star says he never met the singer, who repeatedly prank called him at hotels.


text:
Philippines - Plan your trip (Chapter)
This chapter contains the 15 Top Experiences, Welcome to the Philippines, Need to Know, What's New, If You Like, Month by Month, Itineraries, Diving and Regions at a Glance chapters from Lonely Planet's Philippines guidebook.
Your journey to the Philippines starts here. You'll find the tools to plan your adventure: where to go and when, how much to budget, plus indepth info on diving sites and centres.
• tailor-made itineraries, arranged by region, themes and events
• list of highlights and best experiences
• detailed information on diving and other outdoor activities
• user-friendly country overview ensures you won't miss a thing
Coverage includes: 15 Top Experiences, Welcome to the Philippines, Need to Know, What's New, If You Like: Island Hopping, Trekking, Water Sports, Ecofriendly Experiences, WWII History and Beach Resorts, Month by Month, Itineraries, Diving: Best Dive Regions, Planning Your Dive, When To Go, What You'll See, What To Bring, Choosing A Dive Operator, Certification, Courses, Technical Diving and Dive Sites and Regions at a Glance.
Formats: EPUB, MOBI, PDF
Format: PDF
per chapter
was $50.98
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This product is currently out of stock


text:
Immigration could set stage for U.S. budget showdown
WASHINGTON — Conservatives in Congress who object to President Barack Obama's immigration policies are threatening to tie a must-pass budget bill to the issue, making for a possible showdown in September and raising the specter of a government shutdown.
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Mustang girls wrap up successful season
The Mustang girl's basketball team ended a successful season going 4-2 in the last six games of the regular season. With each game the team grew stronger.
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Diplo Releases New DJ Mix With Legitmix
By Tom Breihan on July 20, 2011 at 9:10 a.m. EDT
Legitmix is a new platform that allows musicians to legally sample music from other sources-- and sell it-- without going through the sample-clearing process. Through this particular bit of technology, you can recreate an artist's DJ set or remix or whatever on your own computer, using the original material that the artist sampled. To introduce Legitmix to the world, the company has teamed up with Diplo and his label Mad Decent.
Listen: Das Racist Remix TV on the Radio
By Tom Breihan on July 19, 2011 at 6:05 p.m. EDT
Photo by Leigh Ann Hines
New York rappers Das Racist have teamed up with patrickWhat to remix "Caffeinated Consciousness", the skronky closing track from TV on the Radio's new Nine Types of Light album. The Das Racist dudes slow the track down to screwed-and-chopped levels and add a couple of rap verses. (We do not take the following line personally: "Pitchfork dot com, I don't even read that.") Alongside a Mylo remix of TV on the Radio's "Will Do", the track is now for sale on iTunes. Stream both remixes at TVOTR's MySpace.
In related news, TVOTR covered Fugazi's "Waiting Room" at the Pitchfork Music Festival on Sunday night, and it was fucking badass.
Listen: Lindstrøm Remixes Best Coast
By Tom Breihan on July 19, 2011 at 2:05 p.m. EDT
Here's a pairing nobody was expecting: Norwegian space-disco master Lindstrøm remixing fun-times California fuzz-pop queen Best Coast. If you were guessing that a shoe company put this one together, you would be absolutely correct.
Radiohead: Hear More Remixes, Watch Glasto Set
By Tom Breihan on July 18, 2011 at 11:30 a.m. EDT
Photo by Sebastian Edge
As previously reported, Radiohead are in the midst of releasing a series of limited edition 12" singles featuring remixes of tracks from The King of Limbs. The second installment in the series includes British producer Nathan Fake taking on "Morning Mr. Magpie" and Australian electronic dude Mark Pritchard delivering two remixes of "Bloom", one of them under his Harmonic 313 alias. According to Radiohead's Dead Air Space website, the 12" is for sale today everywhere except for North America, where it will be available August 2. Right now, all three remixes are streaming below, via Dead Air Space.
Listen: Pantha Du Prince, Gayngs, Games, Salem, and More Remix Blonde Redhead Tracks
By Larry Fitzmaurice on July 12, 2011 at 3:35 p.m. EDT
Photo by Pier Nicola D'Amico
Veteran NYC ethereal rockers Blonde Redhead released their latest LP, Penny Sparkle, last year. Today, they're giving away a bunch of remixes of tracks from that album, courtesy of Pantha du Prince, Gayngs, Games (aka Ford & Lopatin), Salem, Becoming Real, and Kastellet. Stream or download the whole thing below, and check out the band's tour dates for the coming months, too.
Listen: Cold Cave Remix Belle and Sebastian
By Tom Breihan on July 12, 2011 at 11:40 a.m. EDT
Belle and Sebastian: I Didn't See It Coming (Cold Cave Remix)
Remixes can make for odd partners sometimes, and this is definitely one of those times. As previously reported, goth grinders Cold Cave have remixed "I Didn't See It Coming", the chipper opening track from Belle and Sebastian's recent album Write About Love, and the result is streaming above, via Stereogum. The track is pretty much exactly what you'd expect from a Cold Cave remix of Belle and Sebastian-- a dark and chilly but still catchy and optimistic synthpop track that lasts nearly seven minutes.
Listen: DOOM and Ghostface Team Up
By Tom Breihan on July 11, 2011 at 11:20 a.m. EDT
Ghostface Killah and DOOM, two East Coast rap veterans with well-known comic book fixations and deep writerly powers, have a whole lot in common. In the past, they've teamed up a few times, with DOOM producing tracks on Ghost's Fishscale and Ghost turning in guest appearances on DOOM projects like The Mouse and the Mask and Born Like This. A full-length collaboration between both guys has supposedly been in the works for a long time-- they posed for the cover of Mass Appeal magazine together in 2005-- but these two keep their own eccentric schedules, and many of us just assumed that project had disappeared into the abandoned-rap-album ether. But now we've got a new track from the two artists, credited to DoomStarks. Maybe it'll turn out to be a harbinger of something more.
Chromeo Unveil Remix EP, North American Tour
By Larry Fitzmaurice on July 6, 2011 at 9:00 a.m. EDT
Chromeo: When the Night Falls (Breakbot Remix)
Featuring vocal contributions from Solange, "When the Night Falls" is a typically dance-y tune taken from arch funkateers Chromeo's 2010 album Business Casual. On July 26, Big Beat/Atlantic puts out a remix EP featuring "When the Night Falls" as well as a cover of the song from Mayer Hawthorne and remixes from Hercules and Love Affair, Breakbot, and Lifelike. Above, download the Breakbot remix; check out the duo's current tour dates-- including a slew of brand new North American shows-- below.
Listen: Toro Y Moi Remixes Cut Copy
By Tom Breihan on July 5, 2011 at 10:00 a.m. EDT
Toro Y Moi photo by Bryan Bush
Cut Copy: "Blink and You'll Miss a Revolution" (Toro Y Moi Remix)
Cut Copy: Blink and You'll Miss a Revolution (Toro Y Moi Remix)
Australian dance-rock masters Cut Copy released their BNM'ed Zonoscope album earlier this year, and they'll soon release the latest single from it. "Blink and You'll Miss a Revolution" is out digitally on August 9, with a 12" vinyl release following soon after. The single features remixes from the Tough Alliance's Henning Fürst, Chicken Lips, Black Moth, Kenji Takimi, and Toro Y Moi-- listen to Toro's dizzy disco remix above.
Cut Copy have been touring heavily since around the time Zonoscope dropped, and they'll stay on the road for most of the rest of the year. In the months ahead, they'll hit North America (including the Pitchfork Music Festival), Europe, Australia, and South America. And they've just announced yet another North American leg of their tour. Check out all the dates below.
Listen: The Weeknd Remix Drake's "Trust Issues"
By Amy Phillips on June 25, 2011 at 12:30 p.m. EDT
Last night, Drake's October's Very Own blog posted the Weeknd's remix of Drake's new track "Trust Issues". Listen to it below.
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text:
Optically pumped rare-earth-doped polarizing fibers exhibit significantly higher gain for one linear polarization state than for the orthogonal state. Such a fiber can be used to construct a single-polarization fiber laser, amplifier, or amplified-spontaneous-emission (ASE) source without the need for additional optical components to obtain stable, linearly polarized operation.
1. A linearly polarized fiber amplifier (LPFA), comprising:
a length of fiber optic that includes a core, a cladding surrounding said core, and a rare-earth dopant, wherein said fiber optic comprises a first V-number for a first linear polarization state and a second V-number for a second linear polarization state that is substantially orthogonal to said first linear polarization state, wherein when optically pumped, said fiber optic exhibits preferential gain for said first linear polarization state rather than for said second linear polarization state.
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6. The LPFA of
7. The LPFA of
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9. The LPFA of
10. The LPFA of
11. The LPFA of
12. The LPFA of
13. The LPFA of
14. The LPFA of
15. The LPFA of
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18. The LPFA of
19. The LPFA of
20. The LPFA of
21. The LPFA of
22. The LPFA of
23. A fiber optic, comprising:
a core;
a cladding surrounding said core; and
a rare-earth dopant, wherein said fiber optic comprises a numerical aperture (NA), a core size, and a birefringence such that two substantially orthogonal polarization states propagating within said core have substantially different V-numbers and hence substantially different degrees of overlap with said rare-earth dopant.
24. The fiber optic of
25. The fiber optic of
26. The fiber optic of
27. A method for producing linearly polarized light, comprising:
providing a length of fiber optic that includes a core, a cladding surrounding said core, and a rare-earth dopant, wherein said fiber optic comprises a first V-number for a first linear polarization state and a second V-number for a second linear polarization state that is substantially orthogonal to said first linear polarization state; and
optically pumping said rare earth dopant, wherein said fiber optic exhibits preferential gain for said first linear polarization state rather than for said second linear polarization state.
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[0001] The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-AC04-94AL85000 between the United States Department of Energy and Sandia Corporation for the operation of Sandia National Laboratories.
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to fiber optics, fiber lasers, and fiber amplifiers, and more specifically, it relates to a rare-earth-doped fiber that, when optically pumped, has significantly higher gain for one linear polarization state than for the orthogonal state.
[0004] 2. Description of Related Art
[0005] Introduction
[0006] Single-mode, rare-earth-doped fiber lasers and amplifiers are increasingly used in applications requiring compact, rugged, electrically efficient optical sources with high beam quality. Stable, linear polarization is required for many of these applications, including fiber-optic gyroscopes, interferometric fiber sensors, pumping of optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers, nonlinear frequency conversion, construction of mode-locked fiber lasers and narrow-linewidth fiber sources, polarization multiplexing, and most designs of phase or amplitude modulators. Conventional fiber sources have a time-varying (in general, elliptical) output polarization because of birefringence in the optical fiber and its variation with thermal and mechanical fluctuations.
[0007] The prior art includes a variety of methods for addressing fiber birefringence in both passive fibers and active fibers (i.e., fibers with optical gain). A discussion of the prior art provides the context for the present invention. For simplicity, most of the discussion will assume a step-index refractive-index profile for the fiber; this assumption affects some of the quantitative details, but the main conclusions of the analysis and the relevant design considerations will apply to other fiber types.
[0008] The following symbols are used herein:
[0009] a: core radius of the fiber.
[0010] λ: free-space wavelength; most calculations will use λ=1100 nm (a typical value for Yb-doped fiber).
[0011] ni j: index of refraction; used with a subscript, i, to define the polarization state and superscript, j, to define the medium (e.g., nx core is the index of refraction of x-polarized light in the fiber core); explicit definitions will be given in the text.
[0012] NA: numerical aperture; related to the acceptance angle of the fiber by NA=sin θmax, where θmax is the maximum angle of incidence for a ray that will be guided by the fiber; for a step-index fiber, the NA is determined by the refractive indices of the core and cladding (ncore and nclad, respectively) according to NA=((ncore)2−(nclad)2)�.
[0013] V: fiber V-number (also called the �normalized frequency�); V=2πNA a/λ. V is useful for characterizing the guiding properties of a fiber and is a critical parameter in specifying the fiber design for the present invention. A step-index fiber is single-mode for V<2.405.
[0014] LP01: the fundamental (lowest-order) mode of a fiber, and the only guided mode for a single-mode fiber; consists of two, nearly linearly polarized states (generally referred to as x-polarized and y-polarized).
[0015] ω0: the mode-field radius for the LP01 mode, measured at the 1/e2 power density.
[0016] Δni: difference in the refractive index (e.g., Δnxy for the difference in index between x-polarized and y-polarized light); again, a superscript may be used to indicate the medium, and explicit definitions will be given below.
[0017] Lb: beat length (the length of birefringent fiber over which the x- and y-polarized modes experience a phase shift of 2π); Lb=Δnxy, i.e., the beat length is inversely proportional to the fiber birefringence. Beat lengths will be given at λ=633 nm unless otherwise noted.
[0018] Other definitions will be introduced in the text, as needed. Units of dB will generally be used to express the ratio of two optical powers, e.g., the extinction ratio in dB between the x- and y-polarized modes (with powers Px and Py, respectively) is given by −10 log(Py/Px).
[0019] Passive Fibers
[0020] A �perfect� optical fiber, with no internal or externally applied stresses, will not be birefringent and will maintain the polarization state of light injected into the core. Any real fiber has birefringence from stresses developed in the manufacturing and subsequent handling (including bending or coiling) of the fiber. Because of this birefringence, light injected into the fiber will not maintain its polarization state, and the output polarization state will vary on the time scale over which the mechanical and thermal environment changes (S. C. Rashleigh, J. Lightwave Technol. 1, 312 (1983)). A linear polarizer placed after the fiber will ensure linear polarization but will cause power fluctuations as the output polarization state varies. Similarly, polarization controllers can convert a given elliptical polarization state to linear polarization, but they require adjustment as the output polarization changes.
[0021] Extensive research during the 1980's led to the development of passive polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber, in which a relatively large, stress-induced, linear birefringence is frozen into the fiber during manufacture (J. Noda et al., J. Lightwave Technol. 4, 1071 (1986)). This birefringence is provided by the incorporation of stress elements or rods into the fiber cladding. The stress elements (often composed of borosilicate glass) have a different (usually larger) thermal expansion coefficient than does the surrounding cladding glass (generally silica, possibly doped with germanium, phosphorous, and other materials); as the fiber cools after being drawn, the different expansion coefficients cause stress to accumulate in the fiber, which induces linear birefringence. Linearly polarized light launched into the fiber with its polarization vector aligned either along or perpendicular to the stress rods (denoted x-polarized and y-polarized, respectively) will maintain its linear polarization state because the induced birefringence �overwhelms� the other sources of birefringence. (An alternative approach uses an elliptical core, but this design is less popular because the core is not well matched to standard, circular-core fibers and because the output beam is elliptical.)
[0022] FIGS. 1A-1D show several designs of commercially available passive PM fiber. Beat lengths are typically in the range of 1 mm to 1 cm at λ=633 nm (a standard wavelength at which to report Lb); the corresponding values of Δnxy are 6.33�10−4 to 6.33�10−5. (For comparison, typical fibers have an index difference between the core and the cladding (Δnc) that is a factor of �10 smaller than Δnxy: Δnc=2.2�10−3 to 1.4�10−2, corresponding to NA values of 0.08-0.20, respectively.) Lb values as low at 0.55 mm (Δnxy=1.2�10−3) have been obtained using �bow-tie� stress elements (R. D. Birch et al., Electron. Lett. 18, 1036 (1982)). Recently, a highly birefringent �photonic crystal� or �holey� fiber has been reported, in which the cladding contained an array of air holes; a beat length of 0.42 mm at λ=1540 nm (Δnxy=3.7�10−3) was obtained, corresponding to Lb<0.2 mm at λ=633 nm (A. Ortigosa-Blanch et al., Opt. Lett. 25, 1325 (2000)).
[0023] For many applications, fiber that supports only a single linear polarization state would be preferable. Such �polarizing� (PZ) fiber has been demonstrated, although it is not as readily available as PM fiber. Obtaining PZ operation of a passive fiber entails introducing substantial loss for one linear polarization state (e.g., y-polarized) and relatively little loss for the orthogonal state (x-polarized). As discussed below, most PZ fibers are highly birefringent. FIG. 2A shows the refractive-index profile for a non-birefringent fiber and FIGS. 2B-2E show the refractive-index profiles for several possible designs of birefringent fiber; the birefringent designs lead to a number of mechanisms for excess loss of one polarization state. The demonstrated or suggested approaches to fabricating PZ fiber are as follows:
[0024] 1) In FIGS. 2B and 2C, the birefringence is larger in the core than in the cladding, leading to a lower NA for y-polarized than x-polarized light. The lower-NA state is less strongly guided and is thus more susceptible to bend loss. The cause of this increased bend sensitivity is illustrated in FIG. 3, which shows the LP01 mode-field radius (ω0; expressed in units of the core radius, a) as a function of fiber V-number for a step-index fiber. Because both a and λ are the same for x- and y-polarized light, the V-number is directly proportional to the NA. In the range of interest for single-mode fibers (V≈1-2.4), the lower-NA polarization state has a larger mode-field radius, resulting in a larger susceptibility to bend loss when the fiber is coiled. The polarization extinction ratio and the wavelength region in which strong preference for propagation of x-polarized light exists can be adjusted by varying the radius of curvature of the fiber (i.e., the diameter of the spool on which the fiber is wound); typically, PZ operation is obtained over an approximately 100 nm region when λ is near 1000 nm. (M. P. Varnham etal., Electron. Lett. 19, 246 (1983); M. P. Varnham et al., Opt. Lett. 9, 306 (1984); K. Okamoto, Appl. Opt. 23, 2638 (1984); K. Okamoto, J. Lightwave Technol. 3, 758 (1985).)
[0025] 2) In FIG. 2D, ny core and ny clad have been made equal, so the fiber is non-guiding for y-polarized light. This situation is ideal for obtaining PZ operation, but it is difficult to achieve in practice. (W. Eickhoff, Opt. Lett. 7, 629 (1982); A. W. Snyder and F. R�hl, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 1165 (1983).)
[0026] 3) In FIG. 2E, the birefringence (Δnxy) is equal in the core and in the cladding; the x- and y-polarized states thus have the same NA and V-number. Nonetheless, the core will be �leaky� (i.e., will experience some radiation loss) for y-polarized light if the birefringence is sufficiently large. This loss arises because, in a nonplanar waveguide (such as a cylindrical fiber), the y-polarized mode has a small x-polarized component. This component �sees� the cladding index nx clad and experiences loss when nx clad is higher than the effective index of the y-polarized mode. For appropriate values of Vx and Δnxy, this loss is calculated to be substantial, leading to PZ operation (in general, the loss increases for decreasing Vx and for increasing Δnxy). In typical high-birefringence fibers, Δnxy core is larger than Δxy clad (K. Okamoto, Appl. Opt. 23, 2638 (1984)), so the refractive-index profile shown in FIG. 2E is less realistic than that shown in FIG. 2B; nonetheless, the leaky-mode mechanism can contribute to PZ operation. (A. W. Snyder and F. R�hl, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 1165 (1983); M. P. Varnham et al., Electron. Lett. 19, 246 (1983).)
[0027] 4) The above mechanisms for PZ operation can be implemented with refractive-index profiles other than step-index (e.g., graded-index or W-type profiles).
[0028] 5) In a birefringent fiber whose core is surrounded by a ring with a depressed index of refraction (a W-type fiber), a �tunneling� mechanism can occur, in which the lower effective index of the y-polarized mode causes it to be leaky (or unguided if its effective index drops below that of the cladding outside of the ring). This approach can provide PZ fibers with relatively broad wavelength coverage (J. R. Simpson et al., J. Lightwave Technol. 1, 370 (1983); R. H. Stolen et al., Electron. Lett. 24, 524 (1988); F. F. R�hl and D. Wong, Opt. Lett. 14, 648 (1989); K. Tajima et al., J. Lightwave Technol. 7, 1499 (1982); M. J. Messerly et al., J. Lightwave Technol. 9, 817 (1991)). In addition, the stress elements can be made absorptive to provide further polarization discrimination (K. S. Chiang, J. Lightwave Technol. 7, 436 (1989)).
[0029] 6) Another approach for fabricating PZ fiber entails introducing an absorptive loss for one polarization state by placing a metal film on one side of the core or on opposite sides (but not surrounding the core). The metal film can be incorporated into the preform before drawing the fiber; alternatively, after drawing, the fiber cladding can be etched or polished off on one side (typically to within less than 1 μm of the core) and a metal coating applied to the flat surface. Light polarized with its electric vector parallel to the metal surface experiences high loss, while light polarized perpendicular to the surface experiences little loss. (W. Eickhoff, Electron. Lett. 16, 762 (1980); P. Kornreich et al., Proceedings of the SPIE 2749, 11 (1996).)
[0030] 7) A metal-clad fiber can also provide polarization discrimination based on the existence of a long-wavelength cut-off for the mode polarized perpendicularly to the metal film. The parallel-polarized mode has no such cut-off, resulting in a wavelength band in which only the parallel-polarization state is guided. (W. Eickhoff, Electron. Lett. 16, 762 (1980); T. Hosaka et al., Opt. Lett. 8, 124 (1983); T. Hosaka et al., J. Quantum Electron. 18, 1569 (1982).)
[0031] 8) A birefringent crystal can be used to provide high loss for one polarization state. In this technique, the cladding is removed on one side of the fiber (as was mentioned for one implementation in point 6), and the crystal is pressed against the flat-polished surface. If the refractive index of the crystal is larger than the effective waveguide index for one polarization and less for the orthogonal polarization, the former polarization state will excite a bulk wave in the crystal and escape from the fiber while the latter polarization state will continue to be guided. (R. A. Bergh et al., Opt. Lett. 5, 479 (1980).)
[0032] In general, more than one of these mechanisms can contribute to PZ operation. For instance, in a highly birefringent fiber, the y-polarized mode may be leaky because of mechanism 3, and the loss can be increased via mechanism 1 by coiling the fiber around a spool of appropriate diameter.
[0033] Active Fibers
[0034] In an active or gain fiber, rare-earth ions (e.g., Er3+ or Yb3+) are doped into the fiber core. When optically pumped (typically using a diode laser), these fibers exhibit gain over a wavelength region characteristic of the rare-earth dopant. Rare-earth-doped fibers are used to construct lasers, amplifiers, and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) sources. Single-mode fibers, which support only LP01, are often (but not always) used because of their intrinsically high beam quality. (Rare Earth Doped Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers, edited by M. J. F. Digonnet (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993); Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers, P. C. Becker et al. (Academic Press, San Diego, 1999).)
[0035] Double-clad (DC) fiber is a particularly useful type of rare-earth-doped fiber (L. Zenteno, J. Lightwave Technol. 11, 1435 (1993)). In a DC fiber, the core is surrounding by a larger, multimode inner cladding; the pump light is launched into the inner cladding (but absorbed only in the core), allowing the use of high-power, relatively inexpensive, multimode pump sources. Standard single-clad fiber may be used for applications requiring up to approximately 100 mW; for higher-power applications (up to over 100 W), DC fiber is generally used (although DC fiber may also be used for the lower-power applications).
[0036] As with passive fiber, rare-earth-doped fiber is generally birefringent and does not maintain or produce linearly polarized output. Two approaches to obtaining linear-polarization operation using non-PM, rare-earth-doped fiber are: (1) double passing the gain fiber using a Faraday mirror, which provides an output polarization orthogonal to the input polarization over the wavelength range that the Faraday mirror operates (I. N. Duling and R. D. Esman, Electron. Lett. 28, 1126 (1992)), and (2) tension coiling the gain fiber to induce birefringence (J. P. Koplow et al., Opt. Lett. 25, 387 (2000)). The former approach obstructs one end of the fiber and, because double passing is required, is incompatible with some configurations of the laser or amplifier (e.g., a ring cavity); moreover, use of a Faraday mirror decreases the threshold for nonlinear processes (which are often undesirable) by effectively increasing the amplifier length, reduces the stored energy by recirculating ASE, and encourages parasitic lasing by providing feedback at one end of the high-gain amplifier. The latter approach is not applicable to all gain fibers. In particular, low-NA fibers have limited bend radii (because of bend loss), which limits the maximum attainable birefringence; low-NA fibers are required for generation of high-peak-power, high-energy optical pulses and high-average-power, narrow-linewidth radiation.
[0037] Although passive PM fiber is widely available (as described above), there are few examples of rare-earth-doped PM fiber. The most widely available PM gain fiber is an Er-doped, single-clad fiber made by Fibercore (Southampton, England) that incorporates stress elements into the cladding. More recently, double-clad PM Yb-doped fiber has been reported; in this fiber, the stress elements were located in the inner cladding (D. A. V. Kliner et al., Opt. Lett. 26, 184 (2001)).
[0038] In all of the above cases, obtaining a linearly polarized output beam from a fiber laser, amplifier, or ASE source requires a linearly polarized seed beam and/or a polarizer. Direct generation of stable, linearly polarized output (without additional optical elements) requires PZ gain fiber, which is the subject of this patent.
[0039] It is an object of the present invention to provide a linearly polarized fiber amplifier.
[0040] It is another object of the invention to provide a method for producing linearly polarized light from a fiber amplifier.
[0041] Another object of the invention is to provide methods for fabricating linearly polarized fiber amplifiers.
[0042] These and other objects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the teachings herein.
[0043] Rare-earth-doped fibers are described that exhibit significantly higher gain for one linear polarization state than for the orthogonal state when the fiber is optically pumped. Polarizing operation is obtained by appropriately choosing the fiber NA, core size, and birefringence, such that the two polarization states have substantially different V-numbers and different degrees of overlap with the rare-earth dopant.
[0044] A basic embodiment of the invention is a linearly polarized fiber amplifier (LPFA) formed from a length of fiber optic that includes a core and a surrounding cladding. The LPFA has a rare-earth dopant in either or both of the cladding and core and comprises a first V-number for a first linear polarization state and a second V-number for a second linear polarization state that is substantially orthogonal to the first linear polarization state. When optically pumped, the fiber optic exhibits preferential gain for the first linear polarization state rather than for the second linear polarization state.
[0045] The rare-earth dopant is confined to the core in most gain fibers, and thus, the overlap of the fundamental (lowest-order) mode-field distribution with the rare-earth dopant, and the optical gain, is a strong function of V in the range of interest. In an appropriately designed birefringent fiber, V can be different for orthogonally polarized light, leading to preferential gain for the polarization state which is more tightly confined to the core.
[0046] The rare-earth-doped fiber may be single-clad or double-clad and the core may be single mode or multimode. If multimode, various approaches may be employed to achieve single-transverse-mode operation. The fiber may be silica-based or may be comprised of any other glass or combination of glasses.
[0047] FIGS. 1A-1D show several designs of commercially available passive PM fiber.
[0048]FIG. 2A shows the refractive-index profile for a non-birefringent fiber.
[0049] FIGS. 2B-2E show the refractive-index profile for several possible designs of birefringent fiber.
[0050]FIG. 3 shows the LP01 mode-field radius (ω0; expressed in units of the core radius, a) as a function of fiber V-number for a step-index fiber.
[0051]FIG. 4A shows the fraction of the LP01 power that is in the core (Fcore) vs. V for a step-index fiber.
[0052]FIG. 4B shows the first derivative of Fcore with respect to V.
[0053]FIG. 5 shows (NAx-NAy) vs. NAx for representative values of Lb and λ.
[0054]FIG. 6 shows the polarization extinction ratio (PER) vs. Lb for NAx=0.1, λ=1100 nm, Vx=1.3 (thick lines) and 2.0 (thin lines), and Gx=30 dB (solid lines) and 50 dB (dashed lines). These calculations were performed for a step-index fiber with the refractive-index profile shown in FIG. 2C
[0055] FIGS. 7A-D show the PER as a function of Lb and NAx for Vx=1.3 and 2.0 and for Gx=30 and 50 dB.
[0056]FIG. 8A shows the minimum NA vs. core diameter for which the fiber will not be excessively bend sensitive (for λ=1100 nm).
[0057]FIG. 8B shows the corresponding minimum V-number as a function of core diameter for which the fiber will not be excessively bend sensitive.
[0058] FIGS. 9A-9C show ε as a function of NAx and core diameter for particular values of Lb.
[0059] The present invention describes embodiments of rare-earth-doped fibers that exhibit significantly higher gain for one linear polarization state than for the orthogonal state when the fiber is optically pumped, thereby causing PZ operation. This preference is obtained by judicious choice of the fiber NA, core size, and birefringence, such that the two polarization states have substantially different V-numbers and hence substantially different degrees of overlap with the rare-earth dopant.
[0060] The principle of the approach is illustrated in FIG. 4A, which shows the fraction of the LP01 power that is in the core (Fcore) vs. V for a step-index fiber (other refractive-index profiles exhibit qualitatively similar behavior). Between V-numbers of 1.0 and 2.5, Fcore changes dramatically. This range of V-numbers encompasses the relevant range for single-mode optical fibers. In most gain fibers, the rare-earth dopant is confined to the core. Hence, the overlap of the LP01 mode-field distribution with the rare-earth dopant, and thus the optical gain, is a strong function of V in the range of interest. In an appropriately designed birefringent fiber, the x- and y-polarized modes can have different NA values, as shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C. The V-number, in turn, depends on the NA according to V=2πNA a/λ; because both a and λ are the same for x- and y-polarized light, V can be different for x- and y-polarized light in a birefringent fiber, leading to preferential gain for the higher-NA polarization state (which is more tightly confined to the core).
[0061] More explicitly, the small-signal gain (G) of a rare-earth-doped fiber is given by
G=exp (σN L f), (1)
[0062] where σ is the stimulated emission cross section for the excited-state rare-earth-dopant ion, N is the average density of the excited-state rare-earth dopant, L is the fiber length, and f is the overlap integral of the LP01 intensity distribution (the square of the mode-field distribution) with the rare-earth-dopant distribution:
[0063] where MF(r, θ) is the normalized mode-field distribution for the LP01 mode, RE(r, θ) is the normalized rare-earth-dopant distribution, and (r, θ) are the spatial coordinates (cylindrical coordinate system); the limits of integration assume a round core of radius a with the rare-earth dopant confined to the core. Thus, the gain is exponentially sensitive to the value of f, which depends strongly on V over the relevant range. In the birefringent gain fibers that are the subject of this invention, MF(r, θ) is different for x- and y-polarized light, causing f and G to depend on the direction of linear polarization.
[0064] To calculate the enhancement of the x-polarized mode relative to the y-polarized mode, Eqs. (1) and (2) need to be evaluated for x- and y-polarized light. The polarization extinction ratio (PER) is defined as the ratio of the small-signal gain for the x- and y-polarized modes:
[0065] where the x and y subscripts on G and f refer to the polarization direction. In dB units:
PER=(1−f y /f x)G x ≡εG x. (PER and Gx in dB units) (3B)
[0066] Thus, the PER is simply the small-signal gain for the x-polarized mode multiplied by ε. For most applications, a PER of 10-20 dB is sufficient. Typical rare-earth-doped fiber amplifiers have small-signal gains of 30-40 dB, and gains of >50 dB have been reported (J. P. Koplow et al., Photon. Technol. Lett. 10, 793 (1998)). Thus ε values >0.2 are of practical interest.
[0067] Equations (1)-(3) can be evaluated quantitatively if one knows MF(r, θ), which is determined from the refractive-index distribution and birefringence of the fiber, and RE(r, θ). To illustrate the principle of the present invention and the applicable fiber design considerations, these equations will be evaluated for a uniformly doped, birefringent, step-index fiber (i.e., a fiber with a refractive-index profile such as that shown in FIG. 2C and whose core has a uniform concentration of rare-earth dopant). Although these fiber parameters are somewhat idealized, they are sufficiently realistic to demonstrate the utility and feasibility of the invention and to provide relevant design considerations for producing PZ gain fiber.
[0068] Calculations for a Uniformly Doped, Birefringent, Step-Index Fiber
[0069] As discussed above, this calculation assumes a birefringent fiber with the refractive-index profile given in FIG. 2C, a round core, and a uniform rare-earth-dopant distribution within the core (RE(r, θ)=1 for r≦a). The Gaussian approximation for the LP01 mode-field distribution derived by Marcuse is used (J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68, 103 (1978)):
[0070] Plots of the corresponding 1/e2 intensity radius (ω0) and Fcore vs. V are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4A, respectively. For such a fiber, the overlap integral f given in Eq. (2) (and required to evaluate Eqs. (1) and (3)) is equal to Fcore. As indicated in FIGS. 1 and 2C, the x- and y-axes are defined such that nx core>ny core (the x-axis is thus referred to as the �slow axis�), and the fiber NA is larger for x-polarized than y-polarized light (NAx>NAy).
[0071] Because the Gx/Gy ratio (Eq. (3)) is of interest in the present invention, specific values of σ, N, and L (which depend on details of the particular fiber and the dopant) are not required; rather, typical values for the gain of a fiber amplifier (i.e., Gx for a birefringent fiber) may be used, and then the PER may be determined using the calculated values of fx and fy (which depend only on the assumed refractive-index profile and birefringence). The PER for Gx=30-50 dB will be investigated.
[0072] Before reviewing the results of the calculations, some initial observations will help identify the range of fiber parameters that are of interest. The preferential gain for x-polarized light will be maximized when:
[0073] (1) the birefringence is maximized (Lb is minimized), to maximize the difference between NAx and NAy. High-birefringence Lb values of 0.2-1 mm will be considered.
[0074] (2) the V-number is chosen to be in the range where Fcore is a strong function of V, i.e., where the slope of the curve in FIG. 4A is largest. FIG. 4B shows this slope (the first derivative of Fcore with respect to V) as a function of V; the sensitivity of Fcore to V reaches a maximum at V=1.26 and is within 50% of the maximum for V=0.96-1.8.
[0075] (3) NAx is minimized. This point is illustrated in FIG. 5, which shows (NAx-NAy) vs. NAx for representative values of Lb and λ (1 mm and 1100 nm, respectively). The difference in NA values for the x- and y-polarized modes, and thus the difference in f and in G, increases with decreasing NAx. This result arises because Δnc decreases with decreasing NA, making Δnxy a larger fraction of Δnc (for a given value of Lb). Results will be calculated for NAx=0.05-0.20.
[0076] (4) the gain is maximized, as seen in Eq. (3a). Because fy≦fx, the PER will be between unity (Gy=Gx) and Gx (Gy=0).
[0077] Finally, in addition to maximizing the PER, other practical considerations will determine the allowed range of fiber parameters. In particular, bend loss will limit the acceptable combinations of NA and core size (a fiber that is too susceptible to bend loss will be overly sensitive to handling or coiling). In addition, for some applications, the requirement of avoiding nonlinear processes in the fiber will require relatively low NA's and large core sizes (i.e., large mode-field diameters). These considerations will be included in the following analysis.
[0078]FIG. 6 shows the calculated PER as a function of beat length for NAx=0.1, λ=1100 nm, two values of Vx (1.3 and 2.0), and two values of Gx (30 and 50 dB). The trends discussed above are evident in this figure: the PER is maximized by minimizing Lb and NAx and by maximizing Gx, and a higher PER is provided by Vx=1.3 than by Vx=2.0. A more complete summary of the calculations is provided in FIGS. 7A-D, which show the PER as a function of Lb and NAx for Vx=1.3 and 2.0 and for Gx=30 and 50 dB.
[0079] An evaluation can now be made whether the design parameters that provide useful PER values correspond to fibers with acceptable levels of bend sensitivity. Marcuse (J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66, 216 (1976)) reported formulas for calculating the bend loss of step-index fibers. An acceptable level of bend loss is herein defined as <10% attenuation of LP01 for a 10 m length of fiber coiled on a 15 cm diameter spool. Although these parameters are somewhat arbitrary, bend loss is a very strong function of the radius of curvature (i.e., it is well characterized by a threshold radius); thus, the results of the analysis are not highly sensitive to the precise values chosen for the acceptable attenuation and the fiber length within reasonable limits for practical applications. For a given core diameter, bend loss increases with decreasing NA (decreasing V); thus, there exists a minimum acceptable NA (and minimum V) for a given core size. FIG. 8A shows the minimum NA and FIG. 8B shows the corresponding minimum V as a function of core diameter. As discussed above, FIGS. 4A and 4B show that the PER will be maximized (for a given LB and Gx) when V is �1-2. From FIGS. 8A and 8B, for this range of V, acceptable levels of bend sensitivity can be achieved with core diameters of 2-10 μm and NA's of 0.19-0.07.
[0080] All of the above considerations are summarized in FIGS. 9A-9C, which show ε (Eq. 3B) as a function of NAx and core diameter for particular values of Lb. The plots use a grayscale to indicate the acceptable range of parameters from the bend-loss calculation (FIGS. 8A and 8B). In FIGS. 9A-C, the darker regions correspond to fiber designs with excessive bend loss; the white regions are not excessively bend-sensitive. The results shown in FIGS. 7A-D and 9A-C clearly demonstrate that PER values of practical interest can be achieved with a realistic range of fiber parameters. Moreover, for appropriately designed fibers, very high PER values (>20 dB) are attainable, although relatively large birefringences (Lb<0.5 mm) are required.
[0081] It is noted that the mechanism discussed in this section (preferential gain for one polarization state) is distinct from those used to obtain PZ operation with passive fibers (preferential loss or non-guiding behavior for one polarization state). Nonetheless, the present technique is fully compatible with the passive-PZ approaches. Thus, a gain fiber could be fabricated that employs both the present approach and one or more of the passive-PZ techniques to obtain a higher PER than would be provided by the present technique alone. For example, the higher-NA polarization state has higher gain, as shown above, and is also less bend-sensitive because it has a smaller mode-field radius (FIG. 3); thus, bend loss could be used to provide further discrimination between the x- and y-polarized modes (without compromising any performance characteristics of the fiber amplifier). Nonetheless, the present approach alone can provide a large enough PER for many applications, and thus this invention does not require the passive-PZ techniques for practical implementation.
[0082] Nonlinear Processes
[0083] Finally, the fiber-design considerations relevant to applications in which nonlinear process are important are examined. For instance, the onset of nonlinear processes in the fiber can limit the maximum attainable peak power for pulsed fiber sources and the maximum attainable cw power for narrow-linewidth sources. Nonlinear processes are minimized by making the mode-field diameter large (i.e., the NA low and the core diameter large). As shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B, the minimum NA and maximum core diameter for a single-mode fiber (V<2.405) that is not excessively bend sensitive are 0.064 and 13 μm, respectively (λ=1100 nm). For such a fiber, if Lb<0.83 mm, ε is >0.33 (i.e., the PER is >10 for an amplifier with Gx>30 dB); although high, this level of birefringence has been achieved in practice for passive PM fibers.
[0084] Even larger mode-field diameters can be achieved with multimode fibers. As seen in FIGS. 7A-D and 9A-B, the present technique enables fabrication of PZ multimode fibers if the birefringence is sufficiently large.
[0085] Some applications exploit nonlinear processes in the fiber and thus require small mode-field diameters, which are also compatible with the present invention (e.g., the region with d<5 μm in FIG. 9).
[0086] Possible Embodiments
[0087] Exemplary embodiments that are within the scope of the invention include the following:
[0088] 1) Various rare-earth dopants (e.g., Yb3+, Er3+, Nd3+, Tm3+, Ho3+, Pr3+) or combinations of rare-earth dopants may be used to access different spectral regions and/or to vary other properties of the fiber (e.g., pump wavelength, absorption coefficient, the need for co-dopants).
[0089] 2) Any mechanism or combination of mechanisms for generating birefringence may be used, including the designs shown in FIG. 1, approaches that employ shape-induced birefringence (e.g., elliptical core or side-pit fiber), and/or photonic crystal (holey) fibers.
[0090] 3) Appropriately designed refractive-index profiles may enhance the preferential overlap of one of the polarization states with the rare-earth dopant. For instance, W-type fibers, which have relatively large mode-field diameters, may allow the technique to be extended to larger V-numbers.
[0091] 4) One or more passive-PZ mechanisms may be implemented to increase the PER. Some of these mechanisms were outlined above.
[0092] 5) The rare-earth-dopant distribution may be varied to enhance its preferential overlap with the mode-field distribution of one polarization state. For example, rather than doping the entire core, confining the rare-earth dopant to the central region of the core will increase the PER (for appropriate choices of NAx, Vx, and Lb). This approach will be particularly useful at larger V-numbers (where Fcore is less sensitive to V) and may enable fabrication of PZ fiber sources using multimode gain fiber (V>2.405).
[0093] 6) The rare-earth-doped fiber may be single-clad or double-clad.
[0094] 7) The rare-earth-doped fiber may be single mode or multimode. If multimode, various approaches may be employed to achieve single-transverse-mode operation.
[0095] 8) The PZ gain fiber may be designed to have a mode-field diameter or other properties that match a standard fiber (e.g., commercially available conventional or PM fiber).
[0096] 9) The fiber may be silica-based or may be comprised of any other glass or combination of glasses.
[0097] The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best use the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications suited to the particular use contemplated. The scope of the invention is to be defined by the following claims.
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House Republicans make counter offer to Obama's fiscal cliff non-starter
**Written by Doug Powers
President Obama's opening bid, which consisted of tax increases and more stimulus in 2013 along with unilateral presidential authority to raise the debt ceiling, was received with a laugh.
Today's GOP counter offer will get a similar reaction because it doesn't include tax hikes on the "rich" the White House insists must be included in any deal.
From The Hill:
House Republican leaders have made a counteroffer to President Obama in the fiscal cliff negotiations, proposing to cut $2.2 trillion with a combination of spending cuts, entitlement reforms and $800 billion in new tax revenue.
The leaders delivered the offer to the White House on Monday with a three-page letter (PDF) signed by Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio), Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R-Va.), and four other senior Republicans, including Rep. Paul Ryan (R-Wis.), the party's just-defeated vice presidential nominee.
Republican officials said the offer was based on a proposal outlined by Erskine Bowles, the former chief of staff to President Clinton, in testimony last year before the congressional "supercommittee" on deficit reduction. That offer is distinct from the widely-cited Simpson-Bowles deficit plan released two years ago.
Initial response from the White House was predictable:
Dan Pfeiffer, the White House communications director, said the plan "does not meet the test of balance."
"Their plan includes nothing new and provides no details on which deductions they would eliminate, which loopholes they will close or which Medicare savings they would achieve," he said. "While the president is willing to compromise to get a significant, balanced deal and believes that compromise is readily available to Congress, he is not willing to compromise on the principles of fairness and balance that include asking the wealthiest to pay higher rates … Until the Republicans in Congress are willing to get serious about asking the wealthiest to pay slightly higher tax rates, we won't be able to achieve a significant, balanced approach to reduce our deficit our nation needs."
A "balanced approach to reduce our deficit"? Obama's initial bid proposed cutting nothing, raising taxes $1.6 trillion and giving himself unlimited authority to raise the debt ceiling. At least if we go off the cliff they're seeing to it that there will be plenty to laugh at.
Balanced approach
**Written by Doug Powers
Twitter @ThePowersThatBe
Obama and Biden's tributes to Ted Kennedy were all wet
March 30, 2015 08:55 PM by Doug Powers
Jen Psaki sent out to spin the Bergdahl debacle for Obama (Susan Rice apparently indisposed)
March 25, 2015 09:53 PM by Doug Powers
Ayatollah Khamenei: 'Death to America' — White House: Netanyahu sure is dangerous
March 24, 2015 12:28 PM by Doug Powers
Hillary at the White House
March 24, 2015 09:11 AM by Doug Powers
Timing is everything: White House and State Dept attempt to mixed-message Iran into compliance
March 20, 2015 12:10 PM by Doug Powers
Categories: Barack Obama, Iran, John Kerry, Politics


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ST. PAUL -- The keystone of Minnesota Democrats' budget plans, $2 billion in tax increases, was headed for final legislative passage late Sunday while a public works bill remained in doubt as time runs out in the 2013 legislative session.
ST. PAUL -- Paint will cost more and be recycled. Bees will be protected. Financially troubled farmers will be able to access state aid.
ST. PAUL -- Nursing homes and other care facilities will get more state money than they have seen in years.
ST. PAUL -- Heather Falk fanned herself Saturday in the hot, muggy Minnesota Capitol building as legislators gradually worked toward finishing the state budget and adjourning for the year.
PARK RAPIDS, Minn. -- Weekend rains could bring relief to hundreds of weary firefighters battling a 7,100-acre blaze in three west-central Minnesota counties. The fire started Tuesday afternoon in Becker...
BEMIDJI, Minn. -- The Ramsey County medical examiner's office confirmed Friday that the body of a man found in Lake Irving was that of Matt Pulis, missing since Oct. 20...
ST. PAUL — Minnesota legislators have taken baby steps in passing a $38 billion, two-year budget that must be finished by midnight Monday.
PARK RAPIDS, Minn. -- Calm winds were allowing 40-some fire departments to get control of a wildfire that has scorched more than 7,100 acres in three counties
PARK RAPIDS, Minn. -- A north central Minnesota fire grew to an estimated 7,100 acres Wednesday, destroying or damaging dozens of structures, as firefighters struggled to slow it down.
ST. PAUL — Taxes remain a key issue as the Minnesota House, Senate and governor's office negotiate a final budget deal in the last days of the 2013 legislative session...


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Buy Refurbished and Save
The Benjamin Genesis air rifle is a jack of all trades! This airgun is great for more than one use compared to most other rifles. The Genesis is a multi-purpose tool that'll help you eradicate small garden pests, yet still let you enjoy hours plinking and shooting spinners in your backyard. The special silencer not only helps keep your neighbors happy with a lower report, but it also gives you extra cocking leverage.
The Benjamin Genesis air rifle is a jack of all trades! This airgun is great for more than one use compared to most other rifles. The Genesis is a multi-purpose tool that'll help you eradicate small garden pests, yet still let you enjoy hours plinking and shooting spinners in your backyard. The special silencer not only helps keep your neighbors happy with a lower report, but it also gives you extra cocking leverage.
- Single Shot Breakbarrel
- Crosman Nitro® Piston
- Smoother cocking & shooting
- Picatinny optics rail (no open sights)
- Barrel-integrated sound suppressor
- Ambidextrous synthetic stock with grooves on forearm and grip
- Dual raised cheekpieces
- Vertically adjustable comb
- Recoil pad
- 2-stage adjustable trigger
- Includes CenterPoint Optics 3-9x32 scope (mil-dot reticle) + mount (unmounted)
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- ManufacturerBenjamin
- Caliber0.22 cal
- Velocity950 fps
- Airgun MechanismGas piston
- Ammo TypePellets
- Magazine Capacity1
- Airgun UseSmall Game Hunting / Target Shooting
- Airgun RailDovetail Mount
- Overall Length43"
- Barrel Length15"
- Barrel StyleRifled
- Fire ModeSingle-shot
- Gun Weight6.7 lbs
- Loudness3-Medium
- Product ConditionRefurbished
- Warranty30 Day Limited
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Tom Wood
Wyoming Minnesota ( 45 Mi N of Minneapolis )
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Very Good Gun----7 Star Customer Service
January 26, 2015
I bought this gun from Air Gun Depot about 2 months ago. The gun shoots well and is very very quiet. I cleaned the gun and fired 50 shots then mounted the scope and zeroed it in at 50 yards. I have 4 rifles that are quiet. Number 5 here is dead quiet. That is not something that I have to be real concerned with but is critical for a friend of mine that lives in town and is worth noteing.Crosman Corp has issues with triggers on some of there guns. I reworked the trigger on this gun and another Crosman Corp gun that I own. I am retired now but was a Master Repair Machinist and Maintenance Mechanic by trade. This gun shot 1 in groups at 50 yards before I made changes to the trigger. It now shoots quarter size groups or better at 50 yards. This is a good gun for the money and has the potential to be a lot better.There is a lot of real nice features about this gun. I LIKE IT
Pros:The real story here is the customer service that I have recieved from AIR GUN DEPOT. Both guns that I bought from them came double boxed with good packing material--Top Notch Shipping I bought this gun as a refurb deal. There was a problem with the scope rings being 11 mm and the pictany rail being Weaver. To qualify this, with most any other refurb deal, you do not get a scope or rings, you get the gun only.I notified Air Gun DEPOT SERVICE and they gave me a direct number to Crosman. ( with a person on the other end of the phone) With most companys if you get that much you are doing good but with AIR GUN DEPOT they did a lot more. They notified me that they had been in contact with Crosman , opened a service ticket and gave me a ticket # with crosman and them and gave me a direct number to Air GUN DEPOT in case there were any more problems. I WAS STUNED THANK YOU AIR GUN DEPOT
West Virginia
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Florida Panhandle
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Excellent Tool for the Money
December 15, 2014
Ordered this refurbished from AirgunDepot, mounted my own scope and within minutes was tearing through the same hole at 20 yards. Very accurate with Crosman pointed pellets, Benjamin Discovery and Gamo hunter pellets as well. Will be using it for close range squirrel hunting here in the swamps and for sniping jack rabbits and desert cotton tails when out west.. The trigger adjusted well on mine with the stock adjusting screw. Noise level was so quiet I had to fire it at a couple of metal targets just to make sure it was throwing pellets out the front. A very quiet gun, much quieter than my Ruger Air Magnum, not as powerful but more accurate and does not disturb the neighbors. All in all I'd say this is one fine piece of equipment for what I'll be using it for. Can't say enough about the customer service at AirgunDepot and the price was more than competitive. These will be my go to guys from now on for my air gun needs.
Pros:Easy to cock, low noise level. Powerful enough to dispatch small game and pests.
Cons:No iron sights.
pagosa springs, CO
4 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
benji geni
December 14, 2014
Awesome rifle glad I purchased it wasn't to sure being it was the refurb but so glad I did. Sweet shooting and very hard hitting. Reason for the 4 stars is the scope was the wrong one and the rings were as well but the very helpful people here helped me out and crosman is sending right one.
4 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Genesis .22 break barrel
July 18, 2014
power is very good. accuracy is still coming on(not broken in quite yet) the suppressor seems to actually work well. MY neighbor(AT APPROX 45 YDS.) ASKED ME WHAT THE WHAT THE PA-TINK sound was he could hear was several days after it arrived. When I showed him he said he thought I had taken up using a sling- shot but had not considered an air rifle, this unit has an adjustable trigger and it needs all of it. I have the screw all the way in now and MOST of the creep is gone but the pull is still fairly stiff for accurate work. the scope is clear and has good relefe but really needs to have an AO objective, Stock fits good,but the adj. cheak pice is prob. not nessicary. overall very pleased but the trigger pull is a bit too stif and the scope NEEDS an adjustable objective lens,
Pros:Nitro piston is smooth and hits hard ,good accuracy and good stock feel and fit. solid scope mount. scope is clear and responds to adj. well.
Cons:needs scope up grade (adj. odjective)
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Magnum wow
June 19, 2014
I wanted a hard hitting pest destroying gun. I had no idea what i was getting. First of all at this price is unbelievable for what you are getting. This gun is a beast. You better be in good shape to cock this bad boy its quite a pull. The reward for that effort is evident in each shot. With the nitro piston the scope destroying vibration is replaced by a pretty good recoil in the butt pad. Once you fire you have no doubt you have sent some lead down range with some oomph behind it. I found Daisy pointed precision max 14.3 to be pretty accurate. I also used gamo round ball 15.43 which blew through 1 inch cedar plank at 10 yards with ease. I have owned two springers in the last ten years which were 1000 fps 177 guns. This thing seems to have twice the power. I know people complain about scopes frequently but this centerpoint is certainly better than the four power gamo that came with my other gun and even better than the aftermarket Tasco 3X9 50 I have on the other. Site picture very clear and easily adjusted to zero in a few shots. The adjustable cheek piece helped with immediate comfort with this gun. The trigger is a little stiff and may cause the unfamiliar to pull off target for a while. Using 22 subsonic by itself reduces report plus the silencer so the gun is acceptable in the backyard
Pros:Big time power, adjustable cheek piece, very nice scope, quality built, silencer, adjustable two stage trigger, black out scheme with tacky grip surfaces, looks bad
Cons:trigger but it may loosen up with some real use
Levittown, PA
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Benjamin Genesis
June 13, 2014
This is a great airgun. It is powerful and accurate. The scope that comes with this airgun is pretty good also. This has a great feel and has an adjustable cheek pad that helps a lot with aiming this airgun. I would recommend this to everyone if you need a good solid airgun.
Pros:Light weight, Good scope and very accurate.
Dennis Easley
Longview Texas.
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Awsom power & accurcy.
June 9, 2014
Genesis is the easiest pellet rifle I have ever shot. After break in and modifying the trigger I found it to be almost as powerful as my Trail NP 22 ca...Some say the breach is hard to open , ,use some good gel type synthetic lubricant on both sides of the latch and it will pop right open. I intend to sell my NP Trail 22. It shoots better than I can manage a rifle.At 35 Yards it is deadly with my Nc Star red dot sight.Very quite and smooth..Add a lot of Burch Wood synthetic spray around the outside of the gas piston and also a liberal amount in the air discharge port to lube piston seal and it will get supersonic for several shots. The FPS will increase and stay much higher. Be careful to use a pure synthetic lubricant ,if you use a hydro carbon base oil it could explode the air chamber and hurt you.
Pros:Make a 177 just like it. Love this rifle ,greate value.
Cons:None ,its agreat rifle in every way.
Canton, Georgia
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Very comfortable, quiet and accurate
April 6, 2014
This is one of the best quality air rifles I have shot. The break over is funny in that you have to slap the barrel to unlock and begin the cocking process (unlike my Gamo big cat - just pull down on it). The ergonomics of this rifle are awesome with its adjustable cheek rest and soft rubber hand grips. It hugs your shoulder almost like it belongs there. This gun is very quiet and is very suitable for shooting in those small neighborhoods. The scope is quite adequate for an air rifle. I have heard several review complaints about the focus being blurry after adjusting zoom past 7. Just a little secret for all those reviewers. The objective lens is adjustable and will clear things up. Just remove ring from end of scope, then turn the threaded section(this will adj the objective lens), and then re install ring. I recommend doing this with zoom power set at 9 (full zoom) while looking at an object at least 50 or more yards away. Accuracy is acceptable though I hope to see some improvement as the rifle breaks in. Being a .22 is a bonus in this rifle setup as it produces some great knock down power for an air rifle. Overall, this is the ticket for those pesky squirrels that keep getting in your bird feeder.
Pros:ergonomic design Adjustable cheek rest Rubber comfort grips Excellent suppresor (very quiet) .22 caliber nice scope included no tank refills required picatinny rail incorporated into barrel
Cons:accuracy (but is acceptable)
norwood, MN
4 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
My bull dog gun
March 12, 2014
Put 150 rounds through it Crosman premier pellets work the best for me 1 1/2 grouping at 35 yards
Pros:Power have to give it a full crank Fun to shot scope not bad
Cons:Trigger Scope was to a 9/40 but I got 9/32 Plug fell out of stock I'm looking for a pcp and crosman is last place because of there customer service.
Temple City, CA
2 Stars
February 3, 2014
I think this rifle waste the money. This rifle looks good and has a very good feel. The gun could make the big damage within 35 feet. I tested this gun with Crosman Field Hunting .22 Cal, 14.3 Grains, pointed pellets ammo. It getting 745fps. After 35 feet, it get inaccurate and weak. It come with 3-9x32 centerpoint scope. The scope is acceptable. I mean what you can expect with this price gun. Another thing, I am not sure the gun which airgundepot ship to me is the brand new gun. When I opened the box, it missed a screw on stock, also, it has scratches on gun body and one screw. I contacted airgundepot, the customer service let me contact Crosman. I called them many times, nobody response me. I will post the pictures about those scratches.
Pros:The silencer really does cut down shooting noise. Looks good.
Cons:The trigger is big problem. This is my fourth air rifle. My other three is gamo extreme hunter, hatson 85 and gamo silent stalk IGT whisper. I don't need to pull a mile away to shoot. I like SAT trigger. Customer service. Hope Crosman or airgundepot could help me.
lloyd gaudette
United States
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
great gun
January 31, 2014
shot it right out of the box, scope mounted easily,and was almost right on with little adjustment.Powerful and quiet and light.
Pros:I highly recommend.
san clemente ca.
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
very impressive
January 3, 2014
great feel, great all around gun
Jacksonville, Florida
4 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Almost Great
December 30, 2013
The rifle is made of quality materials and is finished well. The Nitro Piston performs as advertised and the included Centerpoint scope and rings are of good quality. The only issue with the gun is the trigger pull. I've never owned a firearm where the trigger pull was so long. This issue ultimately affects the accuracy of the rifle. The fortunate thing however is that this is well documented among air rifle enthusiasts, and so aftermarket trigger options as well as DIYer mods can easily remedy this issue. If you're not the type willing to purchase the mod or do one yourself, then you'd probably want to go with another option. I got the gun at a great sale price and was ok doing the mod. It works great, and the gun now shoots accurately! If the trigger been properly designed and tuned from the factory, I would have rated the gun with five stars.
Pros:- Quality construction - Excellent fit and finish - Good scope - Excellent power - Quieter and smoother firing (Nitro Piston) - Easy to mod/fix the trigger - Accuracy with new/modded trigger
Cons:- Long trigger pull (from the factory) - Inconsistent accuracy with stock trigger
wheeling, WV
4 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
great pellet rifle
December 21, 2013
The genesis is one great air rifle. It's one of the few rifles where you get more than you pay for. It is very accurate and hard hitting. I've found several pellets that provide great accuracy and shoot to the same point. I would recommend it to everyone, Buy one and you won't be disappointed.
Pros:Accurate, Powerful, adjusable stock, style, comfortable , and a great bargain for the money
Cons:did not come with the 3-9X32 mm A.O. scope as advertised on site, but did ship with a 3-9X32mm scope. No other cons. Just a great air rifle at on great price
kc kansas
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
i love this gun
December 12, 2013
This gun has extreme accuracy and power! its so light in such a large package. for the price, you cant go wrong!
Pros:the pros are looks great, nice weight and feel,power and accuracy and the scope is pretty good.
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Kristin Cavallari talks **** about women talking ****
I never watched The Hills or Laguna Beach, but rumor has it that Kristin Cavallari was the resident ***** on those shows. No matter how well she can dish it out, she apparently doesn't like **** talkers. Unfortunately for her, she has had to deal with them in droves this fall, since she is married to Chicago Bears quarterback Jay Cutler and his team is barely clinging to playoff...
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November 26, 2014 | Discuss
Meet Jay Cutler's Wife, Former 'The Hills' Star Kristin Cavallari (Photos)
Jay Cutler and the Chicago Bears might have issues on the field, but at least Cutler isn't doing so bad for himself off of it. The quarterback became engaged in 2011 to 27-year-old actress and television personality Kristin Cavallari, who's known for her roles in "Laguna Beach" and "The Hills." The couple wed in 2013 and now has two sons, Camden (born in 2012) and Jaxson...
Kristin Cavallari, wife of Chicago Bears' Cutler, ranked one of NFL's hottest WAGs
In the movie "Moneyball," one of the Oakland A's scouts isn't high on a player because the baseball prospect has an ugly girlfriend; such a fate suggested a "lack of confidence" to the long-time talent evaluator. It's an interesting bit of amateur psychoanalysis, one that probably isn't far from the truth. Thus, there may be a reason to take a look at the wives and...
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August 05, 2014 | Discuss
It's no family truckster, but Jay Cutler's van would make Clark Griswold jealous (photos)
Chicago Bears quarterback Jay Cutler has seen many changes occur in his personal life over the past handful of years. He got married to reality star/actress Kristin Cavallari and has become a father. The Cutlers added a second child to their brood in May and with the latest bundle of joy, Cutler apparently has had […] The post It's no family truckster, but Jay Cutler's van...
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Former 'Laguna Beach' and 'The Hills' star Kristin Cavallari talks to Lisa Kennedy Montgomery on legalizing marijuana, same-sex marriage, and not vaccinating her and Jay Cutler's children. Wait, the 'Virgin Kennedy,' on a show called "The Independents" is going to give an anti-establishment view ****? Guess her opposition of bureaucratic regulations only applies to, well...
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Oil Rubbed Bronze Sink Post Strainer
I bought two of these last year and had them installed when I purchased a new sink and faucet. One of them has a crack all the way through it. They were installed by the Lowes installer and when I called this morning, they advised me he would be calling to make arrangements to come and look at it. It is under warranty. However, it has turned to a very different color than the faucet by this point and is showing unavailable on Lowe's website. Since it is a double sink, I really want it to match and not sure I would want a stainless steel when the faucet is oil rubbed bronze. Any suggestions?
ORB is a living finish, and the more you use it, or clean it, the more the bronze underneath will show. It's your choice as to whether to live with that or not. But, no one on the planet is going to come to your house and stare at your sink strainers and give you a look of pity because you didn't "upgrade" from clean, hygenic, non staining, stainless or chrome.
Oh my! I can't help but laugh. I definitely am not worrying about someone else looking at it. I live in the middle of a cow pasture. It doesn't look like its changing colors, it looks like a finish is coming off. I paid $50.00 each for them and now not sure I can get by with changing out just one.


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Where is the fuel filter located in my 98 ford arus wagon?
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1998 Ford Taurus Question: Where is the fuel filter located in a 1998 ford tarus wagon?
Visitor, 3.0L V6, Port Richey, FL, September 27, 2010, 23:31
1 Answer
Answer #1patrick mannion from Greg Solow's Engine Room, September 28, 2010, 00:45Master
Located at the right rear frame rail under the car. You may need a special tool that is for "quick disconnect fuel line" any auto parts house should have the tool (Google Lisle tool Lisle Manufacturing L37000 about $10).
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