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Winnipeg Free Press - PRINT EDITION
Pave path to indigenous education
Last week, Queen's University, the University of Winnipeg, the Assembly of First Nations and the Metis Nation of Ontario hosted a national conference on indigenous education. The conference focused on how higher education translates into jobs for indigenous peoples across Canada. It was an opportunity to review new research.
The data contained good news: Efforts at post-secondary institutions to increase accessibility over the past 20 years are working. Census data since 1996, and the more recent national household survey, show the proportion of the indigenous population with a post-secondary education has increased to 42 per cent from 28 per cent. Indigenous adults with a post-secondary education now significantly outnumber those who have yet to complete high school.
There was, however, a disturbing note. While the number of indigenous students participating in post-secondary education nationally is rising, there remains a 20 per cent gap when compared to non-indigenous participation.
That gap has grown from a much lower 15 per cent in 1996 and is expected to continue to grow. For every two steps forward, there is one step back.
It was more disheartening to learn the Prairie provinces are falling behind, with some of the lowest levels of participation, despite a higher proportion of First Nations and Métis people. Educational achievement is one of the principal means through which people gain good quality employment and life opportunities. More attention must be paid to investment in the education of indigenous people in Manitoba.
An analysis by TD Economics showed where the jobs are and where they will be in the future. Now, indigenous people with post-secondary education are highly concentrated in the education and public health sectors.
It is a good thing that indigenous people are working in health and education, but why aren't they finding more jobs in the broader labour market where there is strong growth potential? There is also an issue of indigenous people not reaching the top jobs in health and education -- for example, being an in-home caregiver as opposed to a physician.
At the U of W, we have recognized the education gap and tried to address the challenge with our community learning strategy, partnering with schools and indigenous community organizations and governments, to help set indigenous children and youth on a path to university early.
The community learning programs demonstrate the power of listening and working in partnership, of connecting in a holistic way with families, and of the critical nature of culture as a foundation for success.
If you don't know who you are, you can believe the negative perceptions about indigenous people.
This investment holds big rewards if we succeed. We are talking about the youngest and fastest growing population in Canada. As the rest of the population ages, we will need youth to fill future skills shortages. We must ensure that every single Manitoba youth has the exposure and access to post-secondary education.
Much of what the U of W has achieved has been done, in large part, through the generosity of private funders with some help from government, but we are limited in our capacity to scale up.
We are reaching thousands, but there is so much more need than we can meet. This requires strong commitment and ongoing investment by government.
In Ontario, the provincial government commits $26 million a year for indigenous education initiatives through its postsecondary funding for aboriginal learners fund -- a portion of it earmarked for indigenous programming initiatives at colleges and universities. What are the results? In Ontario, 48 per cent of the indigenous population has a post-secondary education compared to Manitoba's 34 per cent.
We have also recognized that the path to post-secondary for most students starts before high school. Nearly 43 per cent of the indigenous population in Manitoba has yet to finish high school. We need to ask whether primary and secondary education offer culturally relevant and respectful programming. There is a need for a holistic approach to the education system if it is to begin to address the variety of social, cultural and financial barriers to education.
There is opportunity for jobs and employment for indigenous peoples, but in many cases it is an opportunity tied to education. This must occur in a targeted, seamless, integrated way with a sustainable and transparent funding structure. We need to be willing to make the investment.
Lloyd Axworthy is president of the University of Winnipeg.
Republished from the Winnipeg Free Press print edition October 18, 2013 A13
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International ecosystem research networks have been closely evaluating TERN infrastructure as recent collaborative information sharing exercises in China and Chile strengthen ties with partners from all corners of the globe.
An exciting new data sharing partnership between NASA and TERN will help deliver precise information on the water and carbon exchanges everywhere on Earth's surface, vital for climatic forecasting.
An Australia-wide pollen monitoring system is a step closer thanks to a $30,000 grant from the Allergy and Immunology Foundation of Australasia (AIFA) to Janet Davies of UQ's Lung and Allergy Research Centre.
AusPlots have just launched a new website to ensure everyone can access the most current information and outputs from the facility, like the new Forest Survey Protocols Manual released this month!
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The 2014 Summer Reading Program was a blast! From the Audubon Zoomobiles to Book Bingo to the Mad Scientist Finale Party, children and teens from across the county had a fun-filled summer. Some of them even won cool prizes. Check back soon to see what the library has in store for you in 2015!
Summer Reading Program 2014: Checking out one of the airplanes at the Dynamic Aviation hangar
Click here to check our calendar for details of upcoming events at the Hancock County Library Branches. Click here for our Coming Events.
The Second Friday Book Club will meet Friday, April 10 at 10 a.m. at the Kiln Public Library. They will be discussing Once We Were Brothers by Ronald Balson.
The next meeting of the Hancock County Library System Board of Trustees will be at 3 p.m., Tuesday, April 21 at the Bay St. Louis-Hancock County Library.
If you are looking for a job, please check out our Job Seeker information, including books, web links, Cypress Resume, and how to access the WIN Job Center. Click here to see the resources.
Free Tax Assistance is available at the Waveland Public Library, and at the Kiln Public Library. Electronic filing is also available. To see dates and times, click here.
We partner each month with Mississippi State University to provide digital literacy classes. Click here to see a list of classes, dates and times.
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The Only Five Apps Small Business Owners Need for a More Productive 2014
With so many free and inexpensive tools at our fingertips, business owners can forget that careful curation is the key to staying organized.
While it is true that technology can help to streamline how you run your business, sometimes too much e-clutter can complicate what you're trying to accomplish on a daily basis. To put our obsession with all things digital in perspective, research from Gartner estimates that approximately 102 billion apps were downloaded in 2013. With so many free and inexpensive, tiny tools at our fingertips, on tablets and smartphones, small business owners can forget that careful curation is the key to staying organized.
To kick-start your new year with some simple day-to-day software solutions, consider consolidating your business apps to the hard-working five listed below.
Make quick-and-easy notes - Evernote (iOS / Windows / Android)
Evernote is the grandfather of note-taking apps. This product works seamlessly as you move from your mobile device to your desktop, something business professionals increasingly do throughout the day. Whether you want to keep track of an upcoming business trip, save your favorite web pages while you're researching online, or simply share notes with colleagues, Evernote makes it a cinch. The company is so committed to satisfying all types of business users, that they've moved beyond the app world to offer physical products. For example, Evernote-enabled Moleskine journals are a great way to enhance your note-taking experience, so you have the simplicity of pen and paper with the searchability of the Evernote app.
Create and sync lists - Any.do / Cal (iOS / Android)
For most small business owners, each day starts with a long list of tasks. There are a number of apps that will help to organize your daily responsibilities, but award-winning Any.do is starting to rise above the rest. The app lets you quickly and easily add daily to-dos. Select "done" to scratch an item off your list, or defer it to another day. This allows you to play around with your tasks, so you can get them done even if it means moving them a few hours ahead to fit your schedule. The company also offers up an app called Cal, which makes it simple to create tasks within events that can be synced with Any.Do.
Collaborate with colleagues - Quip(iOS / Android)
Quip enables you to collaborate with others on documents. The app is a dream for business users who need to work on drafts and edits in real time, and keep in touch with constant updates. As the company says, Quip makes it easy to cut down on email because work groups can be notified on mobile devices as projects change and evolve. The app also works with attachments, and allows you to create and work on documents—even when you're offline.
Connect with industry news - LinkedIn Pulse (iOS / Android)
Approximately 22% of online adults use LinkedIn, according to recent findings from the Pew Research Center. The popular social network has evolved from a place to find a new job to a place to connect to the latest news from thought leaders and influencers. With the company's Pulse app you can personalize your reading experience to get down to the exact type of content you need to help you run a better business. If you're away from the Internet, you can load up your stories beforehand so you can read them when you're offline. What's more, you can share the articles you find to network with other professionals and grow your own LinkedIn community—all within one streamlined download.
Communicate in real time – HipChat (iOS / Android / desktop)
In a world where business professionals struggle on a daily basis to keep up with their email messages, HipChat comes to the rescue. This cross-platform tool makes it a cinch for your entire team to message one-on-one or in groups. Unlike other private messaging services, there is no server technology to maintain. Moreover, the price is right (free for teams of five or less, $2/user every month beyond that). With the company's desktop, mobile, and web apps, everyone in your business can readily be available to participate in a chat. Not only can HipChat help to decrease email messages among your team, it can also help team members communicate more effectively. After all, too many email messages go unanswered—and if they are answered it's often hours or days later, leading to a decrease in overall productivity.
Amber Mac is the President and Co-Founder of Konnekt Digital Engagement.
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I'd like to add to the list Appointfix, a free Android app that helps independent service providers easily schedule appointments while on the phone with their clients and reduce no-shows by automatically sending them text message reminders.
We have compiled a list of great apps for running a bar.
Great to get your comments.
Thanks Gerard
One thing that definitely could be included is a invoicing/ bookkeeping app. There are a lot of options for this ie. Paychex Accounting Online.
This one should be on this list for sure. NowFloats Boost - Get a business website with auto-SEO. Instantly!
Or you could just use Google Apps for Business which integrates tools for all these functions.
One such app is Meeting Minder Lite that helps employees keep a tab on their daily schedule & meetings and displays all the information in one single view. The app is simple to use and offers nice features. Available both on iOS and Android, Organizations can download this app through a unique access key which makes this very secure for business use.
Link - https://itunes.apple.com/sg/app/meeting-minder-lite/id865221439?mt=8
Great post! Thank you for this list. For online collaboration & Project management I would like to suggest one more tool to increase the productivity. http://www.proofhub.com It is simple and easy to use.
You missed one. it's called Locqus and lets small businesses schedule and manage employees, invoicing, and accept payments all for FREE. These others are ok and very niche but none of them come close to helping achieve small business growth.
Free six-month amazon science fiction bestseller; http://affordableremodelingexteriors.com/book-readers.html
Great list! You should check out Small Call from Apps FALYF. Definitely very useful when it comes to minimal disruption when using smart phones for emails, texts, presentations, etc.


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Nine ways to survive a recession
If you're tired of being beaten over the head by doom-and-gloom economy "experts" ranting about the recession, it's time to fight back. Follow these tips from the Veterinary Hospital Managers Association to make sure your practice will be fine in '09.
Budget. As the economy begins to recover, budgeting may be the most important precaution you take. Many managers and veterinarians are doing some form of retrospective budgeting, by comparing each month's revenue and expenses to the same period of the previous year. Use these numbers to project your revenue and expenses for the next year. You can then use the budget to make necessary adjustments to reach your financial goals.
Demonstrate value for your services. Clients worried about putting food on the table might question high veterinary bills. So show them that their money is well spent by speaking their language—avoid using medical jargon. Emphasize the importance of disease prevention and early detection, and make sure your staff does the same.
Adjust your fees. Research fees in your area and make sure yours are adequate. If you're on the low side, you can recover thousands of dollars per year by charging appropriately for your services.
Audit your invoices. Two hospitals with similar fee structures can have drastically different invoice levels, depending on what procedures each veterinarian charges clients for. Enlist the help of the technical and reception staff to make sure you're charging for all the work your doctors do. Delegate the task of invoicing, and watch your revenues increase without changing your fees.
Promote pet insurance. Clients with pet insurance can worry less about large veterinary bills. This allows veterinarians to focus their efforts on treating the patient, instead of worrying about the client's finances. Brochures on the counter are nice, but they're not enough—talk to your clients and inform them about the benefits of pet insurance.
Promote third-party payment plans. Clients don't necessarily expect discounts for expensive procedures, but often seek help with financing. When an unexpected bill presents itself, give clients an alternative to draining their bank accounts.
Ensure compliance. You probably strive for high client compliance anyway, but in tough times, it's an even more important issue. Call and e-mail your clients with reminders, and enlist the help of your staff to help follow through on recommendations. When a client gets validation along the way, they'll have more confidence in their purchase.
Evaluate new equipment purchases. Are you getting the most out of your machines? Review your records and determine how much revenue each piece of shiny new equipment generates, and whether it was a worthwile investment. Keep in mind that clients appreciate face time and communication more than a fancy machine.
Highlight your altruism. Most veterinary staff members participate in some type of animal-related volunteer work. Many veterinarians are hesitant to brag about their charity work, but it will show clients that your team is made up of givers and truly cares about pets.
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Video: Flea hideouts in the house
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You might be surprised by what your clients are researching. Plus, get an educational client handout.


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Cristina Faita's comment, November 30, 2012 9:44 AM
Yes m'am! I have more animal pics for you this week. Hope youa re well Giorgia!
Giorgia Bianchi's comment, November 30, 2012 10:15 AM
I'm fine 10Q!Hope the same with you! I can't wait to see new pics : )
Cynthia Jones's curator insight, August 14, 2013 2:00 PM
Great site for ideas and for intermediate+ students independent work.
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The Compensation Committee of the University of Alabama Board of Trustees approved the contract extension for head football coach Nick Saban on Tuesday. The new agreement extends the contract through January of 2022.
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What follows is a listing of the Best Christian Blogs according to various blog ranking systems and high-profile bloggers.
The Top 10 Christian Blogs (BlogRank)
The Top 10 Christian Blogs (Top 10 of Social Media)
10 of the Best Christian Blogs You Should Be Reading (Of Dust and Kings)
The Top 10 Blogs That Will Have You Wrestling With God (Grapplers Church)
The Top 10 Female Christian Bloggers (Beyond Evangelical)
The Top 250 Christian Blogs (SBC Voices)
The Top 100 Christian Blogs (Till He Comes)
Feel free to link to this post and share it with your friends. Your mileage may vary of course, but each list is quite interesting.


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Sorry, little "pun" there in the thread title...
Anyway, I've been cruising the few threads we have around sake, and it's confusing the hell out of me. I'm really unclear on how one makes a decent sake at home- but now SWMBO has given me a sake set, and I am looking forward to enjoying some home-made product with it.
So- anyone who's made the stuff, care to share your recipe? And, of course, any advice/warnings you think are helpful.
(I might also make this timed to coincide with the release of the 3rd Pirates of the Caribbean movie, which is likely going to be both Pirate-themed and Asian-themed... much like my brewery, and this wine!
All help is appreciated.
Have you seen this thread?http://www.homebrewtalk.com/showthread.php?t=13729
jeremyz has madd sake skillz...
Once the wind has been broken, it cannot be fixed.
I have seen that, actually, and it is part of what has contributed to my overall confusion. I've followed links from that site, and am still only partly knowledgable about the process. So, I wonder- could someone who's been through th eprocess write it up in an "Idiot's Guide" sort of way...? Because right now, it seems fantastically complex. (And often written in English that could use a better translation).
Search the rest of jeremyz threads, if you haven't already. I learned enough to do it from his threads and the links he posts.
Try the Taylor Made link below. It is a very good step by step guide on making traditional sake, resources for materials, ingredients, and methods for doing thins at home instead of buying. Bob Taylor, the owner, is also very accessable for answering questions. He also on the Northern Brewers Homebrew Forum in the Sake section. http://www.taylor-madeak.org/index.p...-taylor-made-g


text:
Come get hypnotized by her perfect jugs
Can You Handle This Big Dick? - Candy Shop
Double-teaming the white man - Candy Shop
Hypnotic journey into Femdom.
Sultry Ebony Babe Hypnotic Takes A Monster Cock All Night Long
Ebony Babes Fuck Eachother With Some Toys - Candy Shop
Tara Linn is hypnotic in bed and loves deep penetration
Craving for a pounding
Hypnotized girls lick each other
Hypnotize into a sex fantasy
Hye-su Kim - The Hypnotized
Zoey Kush Hypnotized
Remy VideoClip
Cum without touching
Special Wanking instruction
Disoriented Whore Trapped in Closet
Psychedelic music compilation with shemale 2 (Hypno Trainer)
Psychedelic music compilation with shemale 2 Hypno Trainer (correct version)
Interracial Subliminal Suggestion
Interracial Subliminal Remix
Billy Evans Sissy Slut Hypno
Hypno Vibe Orgasm NANOHA (No nude)
BILLY EVANS Wants The COCK


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Wednesday, Wednesday, Wednesday. I just needed to get my word count up for my editor so I used the same word three times. Think anyone will notice? I'm not going to be nearly as lazy when listing the BVP data for the matchups of June 4th.
* NOTE: Players are listed in alphabetical order for the sake of making them easily sortable/findable.
DISH DIAMONDS – The Best Hitting Matchups of the Day
Chris Carter has had a lot of early success against Garrett Richards. In 13 at-bats he's hit a ball into the seats, batted .462 and driven in four runs.
Will Greg Dobbs play? In 11 career at-bats against A.J. Burnett he's produced seven hits. Adam LaRoche has had bigger success as he's hit .400 with two homers and six RBIs over 25 at-bats.


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They have a pretty extensive menu and the food is good... not perfect by English and Australian standards but pretty.. pretty good value for money
3 Days in Los Angeles
Guide to Los Angeles for Families
Best Food in Los Angeles
Its fish & chips...if your from the Pacific or from England...this is authentic for sure...
The intersection it was at was confusing & if you are stuck in the traffic then its even more frustrating
We visited this location in July of 2011. Wonderful fish and chips. Cole Slaw is extra. But the overall value is good. In April 2012 we visited another H Salt in Chino Hills and it was also great. Each time, people lining up out the door so you know its good. Not at all like Long John Silvers greasy fish....
We drove from Simi Valley and it was veryuch worth it. Best value and the food was very good.
Prices are very resonable. Just a hole in the wall but if you crave fish & chips, this is the place.
Register now for free — and start getting automatic notification of new reviews, responding to traveler feedback, adding new photos to your listing and much more.


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text: Student Life Home | Student Life | Literary Magazine Literary Magazine Illuminations - SCC's Artistic Publication See your creative work in print! Illuminations isn't your typical literary magazine. To start, it's been repeatedly honored by the Community College Humanities Association as one of the finest college publications in the region. Recognition has included two 1st Place Best Literary Magazine awards and eleven recognition awards for individual students' work. In addition, Illuminations has reshaped the definition of "literary." We showcase all aspects of creativity from poetry, essays, and short stories to photographs, paintings, pottery, music, and video productions. And unlike many other colleges' literary magazines, Illuminations belongs to ALL of us. We publish submissions from all three campuses and our satellite locations, and anyone involved with SCC - students, staff, or faculty - can contribute. Student work is dominant, however, and cash prizes are awarded for top student submissions. We value diversity in opinion, style, and content, which makes our publication particularly interesting to peruse. SCC has many outstanding opportunities for expressing your creativity - and Illuminations is one of the finest. Volume 16-2015 Volume 15-2014 Volume 14-2013 Volume 13-2012 Volume 12-2011 Volume 11-2010 Volume 10-2009 Volume 9-2007 Volume 8-2006 Volume 7-2005Not Available Volume 6-2004Not Available Volume 5-2003Not Available Volume 4-2002Not Available Volume 3-2001 Volume 2-2000 Volume 1-1999 The content of this magazine does not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Team or the Arts and Sciences Division of Southeast Community College. The content reflects student, faculty, and staff work without censorship by the Editorial Team. Timeline Illuminations is an annual publication with submissions accepted year-round. June: The end of the spring quarter brings the deadline for submissions for the next volume. July-August: The Editorial Team reviews all submissions and chooses those bound for publication. Contributors receive news on the status of their submissions. September-January: Submissions are edited, and the graphic designer prepares the copy for publication and forwards it to the printer. February: The new volume is published and distributed.


text:
Intel Executive Search
Michelle Stevens
About Michelle
Michelle Stevens is an Executive Recruiter who supports Intel Corporation's executive hiring for the Datacenter Group. In this role Michelle works closely with Intel leaders to recruit and attract senior talent including Architects, Principal Engineers, Directors, & VPs to support our next generation products.
Michelle's background at Intel includes 15 years of professional recruiting in a variety of roles with executive search and recruiting. Prior to Intel, Michelle's experience included 3 years of technical recruiting at an EDA company and for a high tech regular full time placement agency where Intel was one of her clients. Michelle has a BS in Marketing and Management from University of Oregon.
Area of Expertise
Big Data, Cloud Computing, Technical Computing, HPC & Orchestration
Contact Information
Connect with Michelle on LinkedIn, Twitter or via email @ firstname.lastname@example.com.
Chief Architect, Storage Connect with Michelle Now
The Pathfinding Group within Intel's Datacenter Group (DCG) is responsible for innovation, pathfinding, and architecture across DCG. The Chief Architect - Storage will do this by working across the business groups in DCG on overall SW Defined Storage strategy, implementation, and automation to grow the business from silicon thru to Cloud, Service Provides, Federal, International, and IoT. This is an exciting opportunity to create next generation storage solutions and implement them into an overall strategy to address and grow the three legged stool of the modern data center (compute, storage, and network).
This position will work across DCG to define and optimize solutions that scale for highly optimized solutions such as cloud, HPC, Big Data, and video.
Big Data Business Development/Channels Connect with Michelle Now
As part of the Data Center Group at Intel this person will lead the product marketing and business development efforts for Big Data and cloud computing. They will be responsible for identifying, selecting and executing partnerships to lead the build-out of innovative solutions in the Big Data space. This person will plan and execute enterprise go-to-market, product, alliances and partner strategies to drive customer-driven solutions for big data applications. They will continually scan the marketplace and emerging companies to determine how they can be combined with Intel products to craft industry solutions. The ideal candidate will be a leader who brings together relationships, market knowledge, product management and business development background and experience.
- Read More
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- ˅


text:
HOUSTON -- Plains Exploration & Production Co announced it has entered into a definitive agreement to participate in the significant and highly prospective exploration play offshore Morocco. Subject to customary closing conditions including the receipt of Moroccan governmental approvals, PXP will make a cash payment of $15 million to farm-in to Pura Vida Energy's 75% working interest in the 2.7 million acre Mazagan permit area offshore Morocco.
PXP will earn a 52% working interest and act as operator in exchange for funding 100% of the costs of certain specified exploration activities that will include a commitment to fund and drill two wells, and if agreed, various additional exploration operations subject to a maximum of $215 million. The first exploration well will primarily target the Toubkal prospect and is expected to be drilled in 2014.
The Mazagan permit area lies off the coast of Morocco in the Essaouira basin and includes numerous Mid Miocene and Lower Cretaceous prospects identified based on recently reprocessed 3D seismic data. An independent resource assessment completed by DeGolyer and MacNaughton in September 2012 estimated the gross unrisked mean prospective recoverable resources at over 7 Bbbl, including the 1.5 Bbbl gross unrisked mean prospective recoverable resource Toubkal Mid Miocene prospect.
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text:
A Partially Non-Volatile Dynamic Random Access Memory (PNDRAM) uses a DRAM array formed by a plurality of single transistor (1T) cells or two transistor (2T) cells. The cells are electrically programmable as a non-volatile memory. This results in a single chip design featuring both, a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and an electrically programmable-read-only-memory (EPROM). The DRAM and the EPROM integrated in the PNDRAM can be easily reconfigured at any time, whether during manufacturing or in the field. The PNDRAM has multiple applications such as combining a main memory with ID, BIOS, or operating system information in a single chip.
1. A partially non-volatile memory array comprising a plurality of memory cells, each of said memory cells comprising a capacitor, wherein data is stored by electrically charging a first subset of said cell capacitors and data is stored by breaking-down a second subset of said cell capacitors.
2. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 1, wherein each of said cells further comprises a switching means, said capacitor being coupled to a bitline when said switching means switches ON.
3. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 2, wherein the gate of a transistor in each of said cells is coupled to a wordline, which in turn couples said capacitor to said bitline.
4. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 1, wherein said cells are one transistor (1T) cells.
5. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 4, wherein said 1T cells permanently store a physical-1 condition by break-down of said capacitor of said 1T cell when said 1T cell operates as an EPROM cell.
6. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 4, wherein a physical-0 is temporarily stored in said 1T cell by a leakage current created by an n+ diffusion to a grounded substrate of said 1T cell, said physical-0 remaining for as long as power remains turned on.
7. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 1, wherein said cells are refreshed regardless of their acting as DRAM cells or EPROM cells.
8. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 1, wherein wordlines (WLs) and column select lines (CSLs) select said DRAM cell and said EPROM cell when said DRAM cells and said EPROM cells operate in read mode, write mode, or in a EPROM programming mode.
9. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 1, further comprising a power-up mode to initialize said EPROM cells with a physical-0.
10. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 9, wherein said power-up mode is enable by an external command or internally by way of on-chip control logic.
11. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 1, wherein bitline sense amplifiers sense said DRAM cells and said EPROM cells, and wherein said bitline sense amplifiers selectively apply a breakdown voltage to a corresponding one of said cells acting as an EPROM cell.
12. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 1, wherein a first plurality of said DRAM cells and said EPROM cells act as temporary voltage storage cells and a second plurality of said DRAM cells and said EPROM cells act as permanent voltage storage cells.
13. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 1, wherein said DRAM cells and said EPROM cells are structured as a main memory and as identification (ID) fuses.
14. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 13, wherein said ID fuses store product information, manufacturing information or process information.
15. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 1, wherein said DRAM cells and said EPROM cells form a main memory, said cells further providing BIOS system information.
16. The partially non-volatile memory array of claim 1, wherein said DRAM cells and said EPROM cells forming said main memory also provide operating system information.
17. A partially non-volatile memory array comprising a plurality of DRAM cells having each a capacitor, wherein a subset of said plurality of DRAM cells is programmed to operate as EPROM cells by breakdown of said capacitors of said subset of said plurality of DRAM cells.
18. The partially non-volatile memory array recited in claim 17, wherein said DRAM cells are 1T cells.
19. A method of structuring a memory device as a partially non-volatile memory, said memory device comprising a plurality of memory cells having each a capacitor, the method comprising the steps of:
temporarily storing data by electrically charging a first subset of said cell capacitors; and
permanently storing data by breaking-down a second subset of said cell capacitors.
20. The method as recited in claim 19, where said first subset of said plurality of cells operate as DRAM cells, and second subset of said plurality of cells operates as EPROM cells.
This invention is related to semiconductor memories and, more particularly, to a partially non-volatile DRAM which is formed by a plurality of single transistor cells used as DRAM cells and EPROM cells.
CMOS technology has evolved such that the computer market has rapidly opened up to a wide range of consumers. Today's multi-media computer uses 64 MB main memory typically with 64 Mb Dynamic Random Access Memories (DRAMs). In the near future, 1 GB main memory will become commonplace, which will suggest a potentially strong research and development for 1 Gb DRAMs and beyond, with extremely deep sub-micron technology. Despite the main memory density requirement, it is even more important in the memory marketplace to have non-volatile memory features in a system. The typical NVRAMs (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory) are a mask-ROM, an EPROM (Electrically Programmable Read Only Memory), or a flash-RAM, and used for ID, BIOS, or core of the O/S (Operating System). These NVRAMs, however, have a unique and different standard from the DRAM standard used for a main memory configured with DRAMs. This results in copying the information stored in the NVRAM to the DRAM during the system initialization phase. A DRAM compatible flash-RAM allows for direct execution, which is an ideal solution. It is, however, inflexible to configure the density of the chip, since it had been pre-determined in the chip design. The unused bits are difficult to use for a general purpose main memory because of a poor write-speed and a limited endurance.
It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide a Partially Non-Volatile Dynamic Random Access Memory (PNDRAM).
It is another object of the invention to structure the PNDRAM with one transistor cells (1T Cells), each preferably consisting of a DRAM cell and an EPROM cell.
It is still another object of the invention to have the PNDRAM to allow IDs, BIOS or the core of an operating System (O/S) to be stored in the EPROM cells.
It is yet another object of the invention to have the 1T cells that are not used for the EPROM cells to behave as conventional DRAM cells.
It is further object of the invention to have the control protocol to access the DRAM cells and the EPROM cells to be fully compatible with existing DRAM standards.
Herein described is a semiconductor memory referred to as Partially Non-Volatile Dynamic Random Access Memory (PNDRAM). The PNDRAM consists of a plurality of one transistor (1T) or two transistor (2T) cells, acting as DRAM cells and EPROM cells. The PNDRAM allows the BIOS or the core of the OS to be stored in EPROM cells in manufacturing or in a field. The 1T (or 2T) cells, which are not used for the EPROM cells, work as conventional DRAM cells for a main memory. The control protocol to access the DRAM cells and the EPROM cells can be fully compatible with existing DRAM standards, making the direct execution possible without requiring complicated logic. The addressing space for the DRAM cells and the EPROM cells can also be flexibly configurable.
In one aspect of the invention, there is provided a partially non-volatile DRAM array formed by a plurality of cells, wherein a first subset of the plurality of cells acts as DRAM cells and a second subset of the plurality of cells acts as EPROM cells.
In a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a partially non-volatile DRAM array formed by a plurality of DRAM cells, wherein a subset of the plurality of DRAM cells is programmed to behave as EPROM cells.
In a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of structuring a DRAM made of a plurality of cells in a partially non-volatile memory, the method including the steps of having a first subset of the plurality of cells act as DRAM cells; and having a second subset of the plurality of cells behaves as EPROM cells.
The foregoing and other objects, aspects and advantages will be better understood from the following description of a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a PNDRAM cell, in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram and a timing diagram applicable to a PNDRAM, in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a detailed configuration of a PNDRAM core consisting of a plurality of 1T cells arranged in an array matrix, together with sense amplifiers and column switches; and
FIG. 4 shows a 128 Mb PNDRAM core consisting of 32 4 Mb arrays, and adjoining row decoders and column decoders.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a schematic diagram of a PNDRAM cell 100 consisting of an NMOS transistor 110 connected to a capacitor 120. Schematically, it is indistinguishable from a conventional DRAM single transistor (1T) cell. The capacitor can be fabricated using any planar, trench, or stacked cell technology. NMOS transistor 110 switches on when the wordline (WL) rises, coupling the storage node NS to the bitline BL.
Unlike conventional DRAM cells, a PNDRAM cell features two alternative functions:
1) a temporary storage, wherein the capacitor 120 stores data as a capacitive charge, or
2) a permanent storage, wherein the capacitor 120 stores data as an anti-fuse caused by oxide breakdown.
Whenever the oxide of the capacitor 120 is not in breakdown, capacitor 120 holds data at node NS when the wordline WL is at a low potential. In order to maintain physical 1 data, the voltage at node NS must be periodically refreshed. This refresh is similar to a conventional DRAM refresh operation. Physical 0 data does not require refreshing since the sources of the node NS leakage current are created by the n+ diffusion of NMOS transistor 110, the substrate of which is connected to ground (0V). This results in a non-volatile memory capable of storing physical 0 data unless the cell is overwritten to be a physical 1. When the oxide of the capacitor 120 is in breakdown, the node NS is short-circuited to node NPLT, which is connected to Vdd (1.5V). This results in a non-volatile memory that stores physical 1 data.
The detailed array configuration and control methods in: (1) programming mode, and (2) read/write modes will be discussed next.
FIG. 2 shows a block diagram and the internal timing of a PNDRAM. The PNDRAM 200 consists of a core 230 consisting of cell array 205, row decoder (RDEC) 250, column decoder (CDEC) 260, sense amplifiers 210, and column switches 220. The PNDRAM core 230 is supported by address buffer block 240, control block 280, data input/output (DQ) block 270, in accordance with known DRAM protocols, including its conventional row address storable signal ({overscore (XRAS)}), column address strobe signal ({overscore (XCAS)}), and write enable signal ({overscore (XWE)}). The following discussion assumes that control pins of the PNDRAM follows existing asynchronous DRAM standards, with a row address strobe {overscore (RAS)} and a column address strobe {overscore (CAS)}.
DRAM Cell Read and Write Modes:
When the signal {overscore (XRAS)} falls, control block 280 generates a row internal signal, labeled RINT. RINT activates address buffer 240, triggering RDEC 250 in core 230. One wordline WL 202 in array 205 then rises in accordance with the decoded result. This allows cell data 100 to be read on bitlines BL/{overscore (BL)} 204, generating a small voltage difference between BL and {overscore (BL)} pair. After the signal has been sufficiently developed on the BL/{overscore (BL)} pair, sense amplifiers 210 are enabled, latching the data in the sense amplifiers. When the signal {overscore (XCAS)} falls, control block 250 generates a column internal signal (CINT). The state of the read/write internal signal RWINT can be determined by the polarity of {overscore (XWE)} when {overscore (XCAS)} falls. If XWE is at high at the falling edge of {overscore (XCAS)}, RWINT switches to high, indicative of a read mode. If {overscore (XWE)} is at low at the falling edge of {overscore (XCAS)}, RWINT switches to low, which is indicative of a write mode. Address buffer 240 generates column addresses which are subsequently transferred to column decoder CDEC 260. Column switch 220 is activated as a function of the decoding result. This allows bit information in the corresponding sense amplifier to be transferred to IO circuit 270 by way of the data input/output bus (I/O-{overscore (I/O)} pair). Data appears at the I/O pin when operating in read mode. A write mode operates in the opposite manner.
FIG. 3 shows a detailed configuration of PNDRAM core 230 (FIG. 2) that consists of a plurality of 1T cells 100 arranged in an array matrix 205 (FIG. 2), CMOS cross-coupled sense amplifiers 210, and column switches 220. For simplicity sake, sense amplifiers 210 are not shared with other arrays, although in a standard DRAM array design, sense amplifiers are typically shared with bitline multiplexing (not shown). Row decoder (RDEC) 250 and column decoders (CDEC) 260, shown in FIG. 2, are thus eliminated. Unlike a DRAM, the PNDRAM array newly includes a programming mode, wherein any 1T cells 100 can be electrically programmed as an EPROM cell or as an anti-fuse, by controlling voltage signals NPLT 206 and ΦEQ 208.
The following discussion assumes that the capacitor oxide of the cell 100 is in breakdown mode when 7V are applied between NPLT and node NS. The PNDRAM is provided with a plate voltage control mode which allows node NPLT to be forced externally by multiplexing the data mask pin (DQM) or any other alternative pin (not shown). The detailed EPROM programming mode in the PNDRAM is realized by the procedures described hereinafter.
EPROM Cell Programming Mode:
Step 1: When the signal {overscore (RAS)} (not shown) remains at high, EPDRAM is in stand-by mode, and all the wordline WLs, {overscore (ΦP)}, ΦN, ΦEQ, CSLs alternate between gnd (0V), Vdd (1.5V), gnd (0V), Vdd (1.5V), and gnd (0V), respectively. The bitline BLs are precharged to � Vdd (0.75V), and all storage node NSs are isolated from the respective bitlines BL. The voltage of node NPLT and 10 lines are connected to gnd (0V) and Vdd (1.5V), respectively. [Note that the node NPLT is common to all the cells of the array].
Step 2: A plate voltage control mode is enabled, coupling node NPLT to pin DQM (not shown) or to any equivalent pin typical of a DRAM standard package. The node NPLT is then forced from its value at the DQM pin to 5V. Since all storage nodes NS are isolated from the bitlines BL, the voltage swing 0V-5V at NPLT couples nodes NS to 5V. The NS voltage is assumed to have been originally at 0V (or close to it) because of the NMOS array. Optionally, physical 0 data may be written into all the nodes NS using a DRAM write to guarantee 0V voltage. The NS voltages become, therefore, 5V.
Step 3: The signal {overscore (RAS)} is enabled to initiate a PNDRAM refresh mode, which is similar to any typical DRAM refresh protocol. This switches ΦEQ to low, disabling the bitline BL equalizers. The following discussion assumes that cell 100<i,j> needs to be programmed as an EPROM cell. The corresponding WL<i> rises to the boosted WL voltage (3V). Cells 100<i,j> and 100<i+1,j> initiate a signal. Nodes NS<i,j> and NS<i+1,j> are coupled to bitlines BLi and BLi+1, respectively. The voltages at BL<i> and BL<i+1> increase by a certain amount (e.g., 300 mV). Signals ΦN and ΦP then switch to high and low, respectively. CMOS sense amplifiers 210 are activated, as it is done in a conventional DRAM � Vdd sensing scheme. BL<i>, {overscore (BL)}<i>, BL<i+1> and {overscore (BL)}<i+1> become 1.5V, 0V, 1.5V and 0V, respectively, once the sense amplifiers 210 have amplified the bitlines BL voltages.
Step 4: As it is done in a conventional DRAM write mode, the signals {overscore (CAS)} and {overscore (WE)} (not shown) are activated, thereby writing physical 0 data in cell <i,j>. IO and {overscore (IO)} are forced to 0V and 1.5V, respectively, switching the corresponding CSL<i> to high (1.5V). BL<i> and {overscore (BL)}<i> forced by IO (0V) and {overscore (IO)} (1.5V), correspondingly switch BL<i> and {overscore (BL)}<i> to low (0V) and high (1.5V), respectively. This allows node NS<i,j> to switch to 0V. [Note: BL<i+1> and {overscore (BL)}<i+1> remain at 1.5V and 0V, respectively, while NS<i+1,j> remains at 1.5V].
Step 5: Node NPLT is boosted from 5V to 7V. Nodes NS<i,j+1> and NS<i+1,j+1> switch to 7V due to the swing of node NPLT. On the other hand, nodes NS<i,j> and NS<i+1,j> remain at 0V and 1.5V, respectively, because they are forced by the corresponding sense amplifiers 210. [Note that the voltage difference between node NS<i,j> and node NPLT is 7V, resulting in the cell oxide breaking down]. As a result, node NS<i,j> is short-circuited to node NPLT. Node NS<i+1,j>, on the other hand, is not short-circuited to node NPLE since the voltage of NS<i+1,j> remains at high (1.5V) when only 5.5V are applied to the capacitor of cell 100<i+1,j>. Similarly, the voltages of the capacitors of cells 100<i,j+1> and 100<i+1,j+1> are 0V, thereby precluding an oxide breakdown from occurring.
Step 6: Steps 0-5 are repeated to program any cells as EPROM cells by design or by customer's request.
EPROM Cell Read Mode:
The PNDRAM Read mode operation is essentially the same as it was done for the DRAM cell read mode discussed previously. Node NPLT is coupled to Vdd (1.5V). If node NS of cell 100 is not short-circuited to node NPLT, the cell will behave as any conventional DRAM cell or as a physical 0 EPROM cell. If short-circuited to node NPLT, the read result will be a physical 1, and the cell will behave as a physical 1 EPROM cell. There is no write mode for a PNDRAM except for the one time programming mode discussed previously.
DRAM cells need to be refreshed in a conventional refresh operation. Although the EPROM cells do not require it, optionally they can also be refreshed as it is routinely done to conventional DRAM cells. This allows maintaining existing DRAM standard.
FIG. 4 shows an experimental 128 Mb PNDRAM core 230 consisting of thirty-two 4 Mb arrays (205), row decoder (RDEC) 250, and column decoder (CDEC) 260. The concept of the PNDRAM has been confirmed by an experimental 128 Mb DRAM by enabling the proposed PNDRAM protocol and methodology with one 4 Mb array (205). It also shows the bit-map wherein cells showing T-shape are electrically programmed. [Note: other cells operate as DRAM cells]. The cells electrically programmed can maintain the data even after the chip is powered off. Optionally, all cells, regardless whether DRAM or EPROM cells, may write a physical 0 data pattern as the power-on mode. This power-on mode guarantees that the EPROM cells having this physical 0 data actually store a physical 0. The power-on mode may be enabled by either an external PNDRAM command or internally by on-chip control logic.
Although the invention in its preferred embodiment uses a 8F2 1T transistor cells, the concept can be applicable for any type of cells such as 7F2, 6F2, 5F2, and 4F2.
In summary, the invention provides control methods and applications to have 1T (or 2T) cells behave as DRAM cells and EPROM cells. The oxide breakdown voltage is applied to EPROM cells selected by the WL, CSL, sense amplifiers, and plate voltage control. The invention also assumes a � Vdd sensing scheme. However, any Vdd pre-charged sensing schemes are applicable for a given reference voltage.
While the invention has been discussed in terms of a preferred embodiment with 8F � Vdd sensing scheme, those skilled in the art will recognize that other changes and modifications may be introduced without affecting the scope and the spirit of the invention.
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Parsippany, N.J.—Wyndham Worldwide demonstrated its leadership in sustainability best practices in 2012, achieving nearly a 12 percent reduction in carbon emissions per square foot of its operationally controlled assets versus its carbon footprint in 2011. The Company, which is working ...Read More »
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cardboard cites & paper skies, pretty pictures for pretty eyes. http://www.facebook.com/art.thispace
squirrel cardboard cherry outdoors red lomo photography retro
Bristol Based artist 'this' combines a myriad of mediums and influences to create unique work that represents to discourse between imagination and the urban environment.
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