text:
The Microsoft BI Professionals - Wisconsin is an official chapter of the Professional Association for SQL Server. Our objective is to provide a forum for Wisconsin Business Intelligence professionals of all levels to network, ask questions, share knowledge and expertise with other members. We plan to meet quarterly. Meetings are always FREE and food is provided. Details about the next meeting can be found on this page.
The Microsoft Business Intelligence Road Map
Our February 26th meeting will be a panel style meeting,
we have invited 3 experts to the panel, Vipul Shah (Microsoft), Tony Sebion
(Omni resources) and Dale Mumper (Skyline Technologies). The discussing
will center around the THREE Microsoft business intelligence CIRCLES;
traditional on premise BI, cloud based BI and big data, we would like to try
to answer the following questions:
1. Where is Microsoft heading with
BI? What is the vision, what is the future.
2. Is Cloud-based BI (Azure and
Power BI) the future of Microsoft BI strategy
3. What do we do with traditional
Microsoft BI (SSIS, SSAS, SSRS, On-Prim SharePoint.. Etc)
4. Emerging best practices for BIG
data appropriate use cases
5. Does Big Data make everything
that came before it obsolete when it comes to data management and analytics?
If not, how does Microsoft's legacy ecosystem of BI products (SQL Server on
premise, SSIS, SSAS, SharePoint on premise, Excel) survive and thrive? Are
there use cases that continue to support each of them?
February 26, 2015, 5:30PM
Vipul Shah (Microsoft)
Vipul Shah has 16
years of industry experience with most recent 7 years at Microsoft. In
his current role, Vipul is Business Intelligence Technology Specialist
serving in Midwest District at Microsoft. Vipul works with major and
strategic Enterprise customers within Midwest district. Vipul is a
solutions-driven technology expert with broad expertise in Database, Business
Intelligence, Data Analytics, Enterprise Information Management, and Big
Data. Prior to this role, Vipul was part of Microsoft Consulting
Services as a Senior Consultant and worked extensively with Database,
Business Intelligence, and Master Data Management solutions covering the
management, architecture, design, and implementation aspects of projects.
Tony Sebion (Omni Resources)
Tony Sebion is a
Director at Omni Resources, founder and current president of MADPASS, and
Regional Mentor for the PASS North Central region. For the past 18
years, he has been active with helping numerous customers successfully
implement all parts of the Microsoft data platform both here in Wisconsin and
throughout the Midwest.
Dale Mumper (Skyline Technologies)
Dale Mumper is a
Managing Consultant for the BI and Data Platform practice at Skyline
Dale has
been a consultant in IT for over 20 years, helping clients incorporate
analytics systems into their environments. His typical areas include business
intelligence, advanced analytics, enterprise architecture, custom software
development, and information systems. He is a V-TSP for Microsoft in the area
of Azure Data Services. His certifications include MCSE-Business
Intelligence, MCSE-Data Platform, MCSD, and Cloudera Certified Administrator
and Developer in Hadoop. Dale has a bachelor's degree in Physics from the
University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, and a master's degree in Business
Administration from Cardinal Stritch University.
5:30 - 6:00 Food
& Networking
6:00 - 7:30
7:30 - 7:45 Door
Event Location:
Microsoft Office
in Waukesha
Riverwood Dr.
Suite 150
Waukesha, WI 53188
Omni Resources


text:
I'm missing something here, and feeling like an idiot about it.
I'm using a UIPickerView in my app, and I need to assign the row number to a 32-bit integer attribute for a Core Data object. To do this, I am using this method:
-(void)pickerView:(UIPickerView *)pickerView didSelectRow:(NSInteger)row inComponent:(NSInteger)component
object.integerAttribute = row;
This is giving me a warning:
warning: passing argument 1 of 'setIntegerAttribute:' makes pointer from integer without a cast
What am I mixing up here?
--Edit 1--
Ok, so I can get rid of the warning by changing the method to do the following:
NSNumber *number = [NSNumber numberWithInteger:row];
object.integerAttribute = number;
However, I still get a value of
0 for
object.integerAttribute if I use
NSLog to print it out.
object.integerAttribute has a max value of 5, so I print out
number instead, and then I'm getting a number above 62,000,000. Which doesn't seem right to me, since there are 5 rows. If I
NSLog the
row variable, I get a number between 0 and 5. So why do I end up with a completely different number after casting the number to
--Edit 2--
Ok, so I'm realizing that there is some fundamental idea that I don't understand. I now understand that the 60 million + number can be cast back to the correct 0-5 number by using
integerValue. So, it seems my question is how can I save an integer between 0-5 to the attribute if the
NSNumber that is returned is over 60 million? Do I need to be using a different data type?
--Edit 3--
I have removed the min / max / and default values for the attribute, but still no success. If I
NSLog the
number value, I get 61 million +. If I
NSLog the
integerValue of the
number value, I get the correct 0 - 5 value. So it must not be what I thought it was (hitting the max number and not being a valid value for the attribute). Here is the
NSLog call I am making:
NSLog(@"Attribute being assigned value of: %@", [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d", object.integerAttribute]);
I have also used the following, but still get the
0 value:
NSLog(@"Attribute being assigned value of: %@", [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d", [object.integerAttribute integerValue]]);
Can't believe I am having such a hard time with this...
--Edit 4--
According to the debugger, the
number variable is never even receiving a value. It gets set as
nil, and passes that on to
--Edit 5--
I was wrong in my above statement. The value being passed to
number is not
nil. It's being passed the value (according to the debugger)
--Final edit--
I am a dummy. I had a typo sending passing the object to the class handling this method. I'll mark my answer as accepted as soon as I can.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
But it doesn't have to be.
Continue Shopping.
iHerb Customer Reviews
Quite nice
Posted by EnPassant on Aug 18, 2014
I spray it on my carpet when I vacuum and also on the curtains. I think it helps get rid of pet odors without leaving harmful chemicals behind. It does smell like lavender as advertised, but there is something else in there that makes it slightly unpleasant. I guess it's the smell of one of their ingredients. The unpleasant smell isn't really prominent so if used sparingly, there shouldn't be a problem. I wish they would come out with more different scents like Mrs. Meyers so we could have fun switching around and choosing different ones according to our moods. 掃除機をかけるときにカーペットにスプレーし、カーテンにも使います。ペットのにおいがきちんと取れているようです。商品名の通り、ラベンダーの香りがしますが少し原料臭もするので、あまりたくさんスプレーしないほうが無難です。ほかにもレモンタイムの香りがあるようですが、気分によって使いわけられるようにもっといろんな香りのものを作ってほしいです。
Was this review helpful to you?
Note: iHerb does not imply any medical claims from this review. Disclaimer.


text:
Is A Kilobit 1,000 Or 1,024 Bits?: A Mathematical Debate Explained
What is a kilobit equal to? The answer is 1,000 bits, but some people say it should really be 1,024. »
What is a kilobit equal to? The answer is 1,000 bits, but some people say it should really be 1,024. » 3/30/15 4:20pm Monday 4:20pm
How long would it take to fall through Earth? For years, physics students have been told the answer is 42 minutes. But a new calculation, published in the latest issue of The American Journal of Physics, gives a more accurate travel time of 38 minutes. Over at Science, Adrian Cho unpacks the new equation. » 3/27/15 8:00pm Friday 8:00pm
The solution to this classic puzzle is that it's impossible to solve. But can you explain why it's impossible? » 3/22/15 1:15pm 3/22/15 1:15pm
Netherlands-based artist Jennifer Townley combines wood, metal, and electrical motors to build spellbinding mechanical creations. » 3/16/15 10:30am 3/16/15 10:30am
Archimedes was the greatest mathematician of antiquity. He was also a lover of puzzles, which he would devise and pose to his contemporaries. This week, we present you with two versions of what is arguably Archimedes' most challenging puzzle ever. » 3/01/15 12:05pm 3/01/15 12:05pm
Here's a fun clip from BBC Two's collegiate quiz show University Challenge. Host Jeremy Paxman asks the contestants what day of the week it will be 100 days after Monday. A player named Binnie responds quickly: "Wednesday." Paxman's face contorts. "How did you know that?" he asks, astonished. » 2/11/15 2:40pm 2/11/15 2:40pm
The humble raisin doesn't usually inspire much thought (beyond pondering the ethics of their occasional chocolate chip impersonation), but scientists at MIT have spent a lot of time modeling just how raisins wrinkle. And their findings may change how we understand the way fingerprints form. » 2/03/15 10:20am 2/03/15 10:20am
Pirates, of course, are notoriously greedy – but they're also incredibly shrewd. And don't forget, they'll kill you, if given the chance. » 2/01/15 2:30pm 2/01/15 2:30pm
When you think of the numbers 1–10, you probably envision them running along a line, with 1 on the left and 10 on the right. Scientists have long debated whether this tendency is hardwired or culturally instilled. This week, the hardwired camp scored a major point. Young chickens, it seems, also map numbers from… » 1/30/15 10:40am 1/30/15 10:40am
This puzzle would be a lot easier without the blindfold. Are you up for the challenge? » 1/25/15 1:15pm 1/25/15 1:15pm
A physicist at the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology has developed a model that could explain how ants handle traffic congestion better than humans. » 1/24/15 11:00am 1/24/15 11:00am
Here's a fun demonstration from Cornell maths professor Steven Strogatz. Take a clementine (or any spherical, peelable fruit) and trace around its widest part four times. Then peel it. Flatten out the peelings as best you can and divvy them up evenly among the circles. Voilà! Tangible proof that the the surface area… » 1/14/15 4:50pm 1/14/15 4:50pm
The dishwasher! The perennial optimization problem. Even the chronically untidy have been known to harbor strong opinions on efficient loading technique. But did you know dishwasher manuals actually include photos and illustrations of ideal rack layouts? (Be honest – did you even realize your dishwasher had a manual?) » 1/07/15 11:30am 1/07/15 11:30am
Two-thirds of all cancers are caused by random mutations and not genetics or lifestyle factors, say scientists from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD. » 1/02/15 7:20am 1/02/15 7:20am
This week's Sunday Puzzle looks like a mathematical equation. Well, it is a mathematical equation. But hidden in that equation is a poem. Can you recite it back to us? » 12/28/14 1:45pm 12/28/14 1:45pm
The coaster was designed by three mechanical engineering juniors and built in the span of a week by the incoming freshmen who would ride its wooden rails. In early designs, the coaster even had an internal loop. Unfortunately, MIT's Environment Health and Safety department said "no upside-down people. Period." » 12/27/14 7:48am 12/27/14 7:48am
Over at Prooffreader, data nerd extraordinaire David Taylor has charted the most-used words from pop song titles by decade, from 1890 (which, who even knew Billboard rankings have existed since the 19th Century?) to present. The most common words from the 2010s? "Hell," "Yeah," "We," "Fuck," and "Die." Sounds about… » 12/17/14 3:20pm 12/17/14 3:20pm
No, there are no magnets in there. The ball is rolling just the way you see it. » 11/17/14 12:20pm 11/17/14 12:20pm
Everything you need to solve this riddle can be found in the numbers you see here. Be apprised: The mathematically inclined tend to struggle with this puzzle. » 11/16/14 11:00am 11/16/14 11:00am
Computer animation is one of those delightful intersections of science and art, but when we're cooing over concept art and character designs, it's easy to forget all the math that goes into bringing these movies to life. This video explains the calculations behind the characters. » 11/15/14 2:00pm 11/15/14 2:00pm


text:
The state of Rhode Island has reached a tentative settlement with the law firm Moses Afonso Ryan Ltd., and one of the firm's partners, Antonio Afonso Jr., who served as bond counsel to the state on the 38 Studios LLC bond deal. more
By PBN Staff
One can only imagine how much time gamers would have spent trying to conquer 38 Studios' "Project Copernicus" massively multiplayer online video game had it ever been completed. more
By Patrick Anderson
(Updated, 3:19 p.m.) Gov. Lincoln D. Chafee on Tuesday issued a statement defending the need for Rhode Island to repay the 38 Studios moral obligation bonds and criticizing gubernatorial candidates Cranston Mayor Allan W. Fung and Ken Block, who have voiced opposition to repayment. more
By Kaylen Auer
An assessment of the 38 Studios LLC moral obligation bond debt service conducted by SJ Advisors concluded that failure to repay the bonds would probably result in a downgrade of Rhode Island's bond rating to "junk bond" status. more
By Kaylen Auer
Two Rhode Island legislators investigating the collapse of former Red Sox pitcher Curt Schilling's bankrupt video-game company have received poison-pen letters. more
By Neil Weinberg and Michelle Kaske


text:
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text:
Category: BFI
Representation and the BFI Board of Governors
I have posted on this issue before. Currently the Board of Governors which overlooks the work of the British Film Institute should include two representatives elected by members of the BFI and regular subscribers to Sight & Sound. The latter addition presumably reflects the situation where bfi membership is only relevant to people who can easily and regularly access the South Bank in the metropolis. The Triennial Review last year by the Department for Sport, Art and Culture re-affirmed the point of having member's representatives.
However, for a couple of years now one of the two posts has been vacant. The official explanation is that the election turnout failed to meet a requirement for a certain percentage of voters. Given that the only other group who suffer such a percentage rule are Trade Unions this looks like one of those establishment rules that favour the status quo. It is ironic that as travel and communications become easier the fences round elites become higher and more impenetrable.
This latter point would appear to apply to the sole remaining elected representative on the Board. This is the filmmaker Peter Kosminsky. However, the only way to contact him is through the Board Secretary and in three year tenure I believe we have not had a single report or response from his for the electors. I should add that the Board took a different tack regarding his election:
The Chair noted that notwithstanding the fact that less than ten percent of BFI members participated in the election, the Governors had unanimously accepted his recommendation that Peter be appointed to the Board.
[Minutes February 2012].
It would be interesting to have the Chair provide an explanation for this.
Now it seems that the BFI establishment are trying to cement this unsatisfactory situation. The election for a Regional Representative was held in the autumn three years ago. When I inquired last autumn when we would hear about an election I was advised by the secretary that the election would be at the beginning of 2015, the date when Kosminsky first attended a Board Meeting. This sleight of hand meant that he would supposedly be representing members after the expiry of his term of office.
However, it gets worse. There is no sign of any election in the offing. Repeated inquiries to the Board Secretary regarding this issue have gone unanswered. I don't think that is an email problem: a contact has experienced the same problem.
Mark Newell has also raised the issue [so far also with a response] pointing out,
If Peter Kosminsky's term has not been temporarily extended by the Board, members are now in the position of having no representation at all.
It is my strong impression that the current management are loathed to have their conduct of the BFI closely scrutinised by the hoi polloi. They certainly show no interest in correcting the current absence of proper representation. And given the Board membership is dominated by members of the metropolitan elite, they probably think the same way.
The electorate for these representatives appear to be quiescent. Apparently only four individuals contributed comments to the Triennial review. This is unsurprising. Presumably the bulk of people who take out BFI membership do so to access the Southbank and its facilities. The situation for S&S subscribers is probably similar. In fact we need a radical overhaul of membership and voting rights regarding the BFI. However, as is the case with most elites, it will require popular pressure to produce action. Any readers who agree with this could consider that. I am writing to the Secretary of State for the Department of Culture, Media and Sport regarding this issue. However I am not holding my breath. On the last occasion I did not receive even an acknowledgement.
Meanwhile Mark |Newell also pointed out a rather ominous entry in the last minutes to be published, September 2014:
A Challenge – How Much More Could We Generate?
3.5 The BFI was being challenged to reduce dependency on Grant in Aid (GiA) in the medium to long term. The Board noted that the Executive had begun meeting this challenge head on setting targets for net income growth 2020.
3.6 David Parkhill outlined that to get a better understanding of the BFI's capacity and aptitude to increase income, four task groups had been created to examine four areas with potential for business growth in detail. The areas of potential business growth were discussed. The Board noted that the risks associated with each initiative had not yet been properly refined and that the figures specified remained headline at present.
Jim Hillier 1941-2014
The film scholar and film educationalist Jim Hillier has died after a long illness. He was the first film teacher I met and my experience of a week of seminars studying the opening to Alfred Hitchcock's Marnie at the BFI Summer School in Stirling in 1974 was the start of my formal engagement with film. At that time Jim was the Deputy Head of the 'Educational Advisory Service' of the British Film Institute at their old offices in Dean Street and in a key position to help kickstart film education in schools and colleges in the UK. What struck me then was how open and welcoming he was towards young teachers and what a difference his approach represented compared to some of the university teachers I had encountered a few years previously. Jim's enthusiasm for film was infectious and I remember his stories about cycling across London to visit obscure suburban cinemas, soon to shut down, in the hope of seeing films by important directors which he had missed first time around.
In 1975 Jim Hillier was one of a group scholars and teachers responsible for the revival of the journal Movie which had first been published in 1962 but had suffered two interruptions since then. The others involved comprised Victor Perkins, Robin Wood, Michael Walker and Ian Cameron and the first new volume carried articles by Doug Pye and Charles Barr. Movie didn't survive in its third incarnation for very long but it provided a different take on the emerging field of film studies to that coming from Screen in the mid-1970s, providing examples of close reading of texts and leading the UK analysis of American cinema in particular. Jim Hillier was also on the boards of Screen and Screen Education at this point and also already a published author, having written Studies in Documentary with his colleague Alan Lovell for the Cinema One series in 1972. As a film scholar, Jim had many interests as demonstrated by some of the other titles in his impressive list of publications. The two volumes of selected translations of articles from Cahiers du Cinéma that he edited over many years and which emerged in 1985-6 and New Hollywood (1993 Studio Vista) represent essential resources for any film student. Later he co-authored The Film Studies Dictionary (Arnold 2001) with Steve Blandford and Barry Keith Grant and three of the BFI's '100 Films' Series with Alistair Phillips (Film Noirs, 2009), Barry Keith Grant (Documentaries, 2009) and Doug Pye (Film Musicals, 2011). Somehow he also found time to edit the BFI collection Howard Hawks: American Artist with Peter Wollen (1997) and the Sight and Sound Reader on American Independent Cinema in 2008.
That first book on Studies in Documentary in 1972 arose from Jim's experience of the BFI/London University Extra-Mural Film Studies courses, the training ground for many later film teachers (and which eventually became the basis for Birkbeck College's film and media degree programme). In 1979 I was invited to teach an Extra-Mural class with Jim. From him I learned the pleasures and great strengths of team teaching and I was also introduced to several of his less well-known film interests such as the avant-garde films of Jon Jost and both popular Hindi cinema in the form of Guru Dutt and the parallel cinema of Kumar Shahani. I taught again with him in 1987 and it was noticeable that despite his writing activities he still had the enthusiasm to offer the introductory courses in the programme. Working for the ILEA (Inner Education Authority) I was also aware of Jim's part in the development of the ILEA Sixth Form Film Project, one of the first attempts to put film education into practice on a large scale across Inner London schools. Jim was involved in the development of the first GCE O Level in film in the early 1970s and then later the A Level in Film Studies in the 1990s. When Jim took up a post at Bulmershe College in Reading (which eventually became part of Reading University) he became a greatly respected and much-loved university teacher. The tributes on this blog with contributions from Doug Pye and other colleagues and students attest to the impact he had as tutor and scholar. It seems fitting that at the time of his death, Jim Hillier was still listed as a guest at the Midnight Film Festival in Finland, June 2014. Finnish Cinema was another of his interests and he had first written on New Cinema in Finland in 1972. Jim's combination of inspirational teacher and scholar across so many different forms of cinema is rare and deserves to be long remembered.
Report on the BFI Triennial Review
After promising 'soon' for several months the Department for Culture, Media & Sport has finally posted the above on its Web Pages. But the BFI WebPages have not even noted this yet!
The BFI Governors [and managers] saw a preliminary report back in April. Now 122 pages are there for Joe Public to read. The report is thorough, though not always easy reading. It does supply an awful amount of information, including interesting details about the BFI and its work and background information.
My main concern in recent posts has been about the membership and the accountability of the Board of Governors. A summary reads:
5.10 The Review Team therefore concluded that the Royal Charter should be amended to give the Secretary of State power of appointment of the Chair and the non-executive Board members. The Review Team also noted that under Article 14 of the Royal Charter Members, Associate Members and Student Members have the right to put forward a list of individuals in order of preference which the Governing Body shall consider for appointment as a Governor, in a manner as determined by the Governing Body. No changes are proposed to this provision.
At different points in the document the references are either to 'post' or 'post/s; Given that the Board of Governors will 'determine' this process, it sounds like there is going to be little change. Giving the Secretary of State the power to select and appoint Governors is likely to be a change for worse. Meanwhile there is also the recommendation that will increase 'commercial' interests, 'diversity' and regional representation. The latter two could be positive but the overriding concern is summed up:
One of the key recommendations made in this Review is the development of a Business Development Strategy, focused on establishing a new commercial model which will optimise the value of the BFI's various assets, and identify new ways to increase income from private sources. Once established, this Strategy should help reduce dependency on Grant-in-Aid Department for Culture, Media & Sport.
The Review also recommends that the BFI conducts a cost benefit analysis of the BFI London Film Festival, setting out options for increasing sponsorship levels and for a new commercial model of delivery building on international best practice. Such a 'commercial' emphasis in unsurprising but does not bode well for the future.
There is detail about people who took the time to comment. The largest group were stakeholders – I had a moment of frisson as I imagined a sequence from an old Hammer movie. There were quite a number who completed the online comment form. No mention is made of the problems that people reported in either accessing or completing this.
There were four letters sent by the traditional Royal Mail, [one was mine]. All made comments in support of the Member Governors, but, judging by the report, without any effect.
There were two problematic omissions. The Report frequently mentions 'regions', which include Scotland and Wales [separate nations] and northern Ireland [occupied territory]. But there is no sign of any investigation into how effectively BFI resources are spread right across the British State. Something that I believe would demonstrate sizeable anomalies.
And the Report also referred to different media – film, television, video, online products – but again there does not seem to have been any investigation into the effectiveness of these areas. There is certainly no sign of any discussion of the different virtues of these.
I think it is a fairly typical product of the UK state systems. I certainly do not think there is going to be any improvement in the way that the BFI is accountable to ordinary film viewers who both contribute to its funding and use [as far as possible] its provision.
More on the BFI Board of Governors
Life is getting more difficult for those of us who try to follow the Activities of the Board of Governors charged with supervising the work of the British Film Institute. It seems the only source of information these days is the Minutes of Governors meetings. The occasional Press Release offers extremely selective information. The Members Board at the National Film Theatre is either gone or fallen into disuse. And all that appears on the Web Pages are the Minutes and the occasional Press Release.
And the process is slow if not worse. The Minutes for the April meeting this year only made it onto the Web Pages in August. And now it has been pointed out to me that the minutes for February 2012 actually display the Minutes for February 2011. Apparently this was raised with the Governor Office some time ago but they have still not got round to correcting the error.
The minutes are not a completely satisfactory record. They do provide some useful information, as in this case;
Also noted were the interests of most Governors in different aspects of the film industry and various related parties. It was agreed that the nature of these interests was such that none of these Governors would be required to leave the room during the meeting.
So the Governors are able to 'mark their own work', something the establishment finds anathema when it involves students in the Education system.
These minutes also contain the Board's decision regarding the sole remaining Representative of Members.
The Board welcomed Peter Kominsky who was appointed as a Member Governor on 27 January 2012. The Chair noted that notwithstanding the fact that less than ten percent of BFI members participated in the election, the Governors had unanimously accepted his recommendation that Peter be appointed to the Board.
For an unexplained reason the Governors on this occasion decided to appoint regardless of their own ruling regarding the required percentage of the vote: but in 2012 they restricted Cy to a one-year term: and then in the next election they decided to implement that ruling. This is an unexplained anomaly. A further anomaly is the interpretation that the election for a new representative will now be in February 2015, regardless of the three year term actually running out this autumn.
As you are aware, Peter Kosminsky is the member Governor on the Board. His term does not expire until February 2015.
It is difficult to believe that the Governors give much notice to the views of the members and users. There is no record of any discussion of the complaints from some members regarding the vacant Members' Representative Post. My colleague Roy has commented elsewhere on the dominance on the Board of the metropolitan establishment. Apart from records of attendance it is a difficult to find out if the current representative Peter Kominsky contributes in any way to meetings. There is no record of him taking a stance on the question of the vacant Representative post, despite the diminution of democracy this involved. And whilst some of his predecessors did make an effort to report back to the electorate apparently he has failed to do this.
The Board Secretary advised that regarding any communications:
I have received a response from Mr Kosminsky. He has requested that any issues are relayed through me. [i.e. the Board Secretary].
And regarding any report back to the electorate
To my knowledge Mr Kosminsky does not prepare reports of the type that you refer to.
Earlier this year the Department for Media, Culture and Sport held a Triennial Review of the BFI. The April meeting of the Board of Governors received an outline of the report's conclusions.
Amanda Nevill thanked the Governors who had already met with the Review Team. The initial key findings were outlined and it was agreed that they were positive. The Review Team was still gathering evidence and would be meeting with the Challenge Panel on 18 June.
However Joe Public is still in the dark. For at least three months the Department's Web Pages have promised that the finding will appear 'soon'.
Department for Culture, Media & Sport -
We are analysing your feedback. Visit this page again soon to download the outcome to this public feedback.
I have sent the Department a number of emails enquiring about this, but I am still waiting for the information.
Still there is some light at the end of the tunnel. Since the election for a new Member representative will not be until 2015 there is time for the Board of Governors to organise an election both for the Regional Representative and for the vacant National Representative. Costs were one factor cited when the Governors discussed elections earlier. But presumably have two posts up for election rather than one should have minimal effect on the cost of the process.
My experience of the Board of Governors to date is that they display little interest in such representation. So it will require pressure in order to produce this. For what it is worth I have written to the Secretary of State at the Department of Culture, Media & Sport where the responsibility for the BFI and for the Governors resides. I think it is worth considering raising this issue, including having an election for both Members' Representatives. The next meeting of the Board is on 24th September: presumably they should discuss the issue then.


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Minnesota Officials Critique Stadium Roles Bruin, RedBird Form Hospitality Unit Around NFL NFL In L.A. Looking More Likely Than Ever No Stadium Plans Yet For Minnesota United Falcons Pleased With Early PSL Sales St. Pete City Council To Vote On New Rays Deal Epstein On Wrigley Renovations: "Have Patience" Brewers Renovate Deck Seating, Add Sponsor Facility Notes Unions, Inglewood NFL Developers Reach Deal
Upcoming Conferences and Events
SBD/October 30, 2012/Facilities
NFL Facility Notes: Packers Renew Oneida Tribe Sponsorship Deal At Lambeau Field
Published October 30, 2012
GEORGIA ON MY MIND: In Atlanta, Jim Galloway noted while the Fulton County (Ga.) hotel-motel taxes are "expected to contribute" $300M to the Falcons' proposed new stadium, the bonding capacity for the Georgia World Congress Center Authority "is capped" at $200M. To allow the GWCCA to issue bonds on the entire $300M "would require an act of the Legislature, topped off by the signature of Gov. Nathan Deal." An extension of the hotel-motel tax in '10 "was to keep the project away from lawmakers." State Sen. Edward Lindsey said it is "very likely" the GWCCA bonding cap will have to be raised. Galloway noted that means 236 state lawmakers will "be asked to pass judgment on the merits of any funding package agreed to by the Falcons, the GWCCA and the city of Atlanta." The prospect "already has many state lawmakers running for cover" (AJC.com, 10/27).
JERRY'S WORLD: In Dallas, Kevin Sherrington wrote Cowboys Owner Jerry Jones has "built the most spectacular stadium in all sports, a venue so vast, so stunning in concept and opulent in execution, it'd make an oil sheikh blush." From "exquisite objects of art in the stairwells to the bohemian culture decorating the party plazas, there's something for everyone." Everything but "a home-field advantage." After Sunday's loss to the Giants, the Cowboys are "an underwhelming" 14-13 at home since the stadium opened in '09 (DALLAS MORNING NEWS, 10/28).
TURF'S UP: In Houston, David Barron reported AstroTurf arrived yesterday at Reliant Stadium and "will be used for high school playoff games as early as next month and potentially, high school championship games in 2013." Reliant Park GM Mark Miller said that the new AstroTurf field "cost about $1.2 million, including installation, maintenance and storage equipment." Reliant Park "will continue to use its grass field for Texans games" (CHRON.com, 10/29).


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|Table of Contents
|Vol. 33, No. 3-4, 2011
Issue release date: October 2011
|Section title: Injury
Perinatal Asphyxia in a Nonhuman Primate ModelJacobson Misbe E.N.a · Richards T.L.b · McPherson R.J.a · Burbacher T.M.c · Juul S.E.a
Departments of aPediatrics, bRadiology and cEnvironmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., USA Corresponding Author
Perinatal asphyxia is a leading cause of brain injury in neonates, occurring in 2–4 per 1,000 live births, and there are limited treatment options. Because of their similarity to humans, nonhuman primates are ideal for performing preclinical tests of safety and efficacy for neurotherapeutic interventions. We previously developed a primate model of acute perinatal asphyxia using 12–15 min of umbilical cord occlusion. Continuing this research, we have increased cord occlusion time from 15 to 18 min and extended neurodevelopmental follow-up to 9 months. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the increase in morbidity associated with 18 min of asphyxia by comparing indices obtained from colony controls, nonasphyxiated controls and asphyxiated animals. Pigtail macaques were delivered by hysterotomy after 0, 15 or 18 min of cord occlusion, then resuscitated. Over the ensuing 9 months, for each biochemical and physiologic parameters, behavioral and developmental evaluations, and structural and spectroscopic MRI were recorded. At birth, all asphyxiated animals required resuscitation with positive pressure ventilation and exhibited biochemical and clinical characteristics diagnostic of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, including metabolic acidosis and attenuated brain activity. Compared with controls, asphyxiated animals developed long-term physical and cognitive deficits. This preliminary report characterizes the acute and chronic consequences of perinatal asphyxia in a nonhuman primate model, and describes diagnostic imaging tools for quantifying correlates of neonatal brain injury as well as neurodevelopmental tests for evaluating early motor and cognitive outcomes.
© 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel
Perinatal asphyxia is a common cause of neonatal mortality and long-term disability, and accounts for 23% of neonatal deaths globally [1]. The application of early, moderate hypothermia to treat perinatal asphyxia has decreased the combined outcome of death or major disability from approximately 60 to 45% when strict diagnostic criteria are applied [2,3,4,5]. The efficacy of hypothermia is proof of concept that developmental brain injury can be mitigated, and it is possible that further improvement can be achieved by combining hypothermia with other neuroprotective treatments. Given that therapies are first developed in small-animal models, it is imperative that preclinical trials testing safety and efficacy also be developed for larger-animal models to more closely simulate human conditions. The nonhuman primate model is unique because of the physiologic and anatomic similarities to humans, and because neurodevelopmental tests adapted from those for humans can be used [6]. Primate models of perinatal brain injury were developed before the advent of sophisticated biochemical, imaging and immunohistochemical methods [7]. We have recently described a nonhuman primate model of acute perinatal asphyxia induced by 12–15 min of prenatal umbilical cord occlusion with subsequent neurodevelopmental testing to 4 months of age (approx. 16 human months) [8]. In this report, we have revised the protocol by extending cord occlusion to 18 min, optimizing the extensive MRI and continuing neurodevelopmental follow-up testing for 9 months (approx. 36 human months). This experiment is part of a larger study comparing the combined effects of high-dose erythropoietin (EPO) and hypothermia on outcomes after perinatal asphyxia. In this report, we compare the acute and chronic consequences of perinatal asphyxia of increasing duration without therapeutic hypothermia or EPO with nonasphyxiated controls, and highlight preliminary data suggesting that resuscitation techniques may have affected the outcome of asphyxia.
Methods and Animals
The animal care and use committees at the University of Washington in accordance with US NIH guidelines approved all experimental protocols. Figure 1 summarizes the study protocol.
|Fig. 1. Timeline illustrating the protocol for a nonhuman primate model of perinatal asphyxia. In utero, animals undergo umbilical cord occlusion (cord clamp) for 15–18 min, then are delivered by hysterotomy and resuscitated. Erythropoietin or vehicle and/or hypothermia treatments may be applied during the first week. Data collected include early EEG, MRI and MR spectroscopy (MRS), as well as growth and neurodevelopmental assessments to 9 months of age. BrdU = Bromodeoxyuridine; PT Eval = physical therapist evaluation; IHC = immunohistochemistry.
Macaca nemestrina (pigtailed macaques) were delivered by hysterotomy under maternal general anesthesia with sevoflurane 1–8 days prior to term (173 days). After incising the uterus, the umbilical cord was exteriorized while keeping amniotic fluid and the fetus inside. To simulate perinatal asphyxia, the cord was clamped for either 15 or 18 min (asphyxiated group). Control animals were also delivered by hysterotomy, but did not undergo cord occlusion (control group). A 2.5-Fr Vygon™ umbilical arterial catheter was inserted prior to delivery. Fetuses were delivered, weighed and stabilized by a team of neonatologists using standardized neonatal resuscitation principles. Resuscitations included endotracheal intubation, positive pressure ventilation, chest compressions and bolus epinephrine as indicated, and Apgar scores were assigned. Monitoring included a pulse oximeter, rectal thermometer and amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG; BrainZ BRM3, Natus Medical Incorp., San Carlos, Calif., USA). A covered heating pad, radiant warmer and polyethylene sheet were used to provide thermal support during stabilization, then the animals were moved to a thermal-neutral incubator.
For the parent study testing neuroprotective interventions, the asphyxiated animals were treated with saline injections, or with the neuroprotective treatments hypothermia (33°C for 72 h), EPO (1,000–3,000 i.v. U/kg/day × 4) or combined hypothermia plus EPO. For this preliminary report, data from the neuroprotection groups were not included. To focus on the effects of perinatal asphyxia, data from the saline-treated asphyxiated animals (n = 12) were compared with data from nonasphyxiated controls (n = 5). These data were also compared with developmental data from concurrent colony animals (n = 20).
The study animals were maintained for a minimum of 3 days on parenteral fluids (6–8% dextrose with 2% amino acids at 150 ml/kg/day to start) adjusted to maintain euglycemia and hydration. Enteral feedings were started on postnatal day (PND) 4 when the abdominal examination was normal and stooling was established. Feeds progressed from 50% Polycose/water to full infant formula (Similac®), then solid food as per Infant Primate Research Laboratory protocol. Weight was followed daily, and standardized anthropometric measurements were done every 2 weeks, including crown-rump length (CRL) and head circumference (HC) [9]. The Infant Primate Research Laboratory (IPRL) care protocol includes psychological and environmental enrichments [6]. Animals with seizure activity were administered repeated doses of phenobarbital 5 mg/kg (dose range: 5–30 mg/kg) until clinical seizure activity stopped. At 9 months of age, animals were sedated with ketamine, and then euthanized with an overdose of intravenous sodium pentobarbital. Animals were euthanized early if they exhibited neurologic morbidity that prevented unassisted breathing, prolonged inability to self-feed, or pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotics.
Early milestones included age at self-feeding and temperature stability. Newborn reflexes, muscle tone, behavioral state (attention, irritability and consolability) and neurological responses (visual and auditory perception) were assessed 5 days per week for the first 20 days, using tests based on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale [8]. Neonatal activity and diurnals were collected every 4 h daily to determine onset or delay of diurnal cyclicity [10,11]. Trained physical therapists – blinded to group assignment – evaluated spasticity, motor reflexes, passive range of motion and functional movement at scheduled time points, and performed an overall assessment of motor dysfunction.
Early cognition was evaluated using an object permanence testing paradigm beginning at PND 14 [12,13,14]. All infants were screened for deficits in visual acuity using a forced-choice preferential looking test [9,15] before visual recognition memory testing (novelty preference) based on the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence [16] beginning around PND 21 [17]. Social and motor behavior in mixed-sex play groups were scored by a trained observer 3 days per week [18,19]. Around PND 145, infants were tested on a standard series of learning and memory problems utilizing the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA) [20].
Point-of-care arterial blood gas and lactate (iSTAT®; HESKA Corp., Loveland, Colo., USA) were measured at multiple, scheduled intervals. Glucose and electrolytes were followed for titration of parenteral fluids. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and aspartate transaminase were measured to assess end-organ injury.
All surviving asphyxiated animals, the control animals and 2 colony animals underwent MRI. Animals were preanesthetized for MRI with intramuscular ketamine (5–10 mg/kg) and atropine (0.04 mg/kg), then maintained on sevoflurane (0.8–2.5%) and 100% oxygen. Pulse oximetry and single-channel ECG were monitored with an MRI-compatible device (Invivo Precess™). Temperature was maintained with warm packs. The total scan time was approximately 2 h.
Two series of MRI were acquired for each animal, the first at 1 or 3 days, and the second at 6 or 9 months of age. Sequences included magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo (MP-RAGE) high-resolution T1-weighted imaging and single-voxel proton spectroscopy (MRS) acquired on a Phillips Achieva 3.0-tesla magnet with an X-series Quasar Dual gradient system. Two 8-channel array head coils were custom-made to fit neonatal and juvenile macaques.
Structural Analysis
A 3-D, high-resolution, T1-weighted MP-RAGE protocol was used with the following parameters: multishot turbo field echo (TFE) pulse sequence with an inversion prepulse (1,151 ms delay); repetition time (TR)/echo time (TE) = 14 s/7.1 ms; 130 axial slices; acquisition matrix 208 × 141 × 130; acquisition voxel size 0.48 × 0.53 × 1.0 mm; reconstructed voxel size 0.39 × 0.39 × 0.5 mm; slice oversample factor = 2; sense factor = 2 in the foot-head direction; TFE factor = 141; number of signaling averages = 1; TFE shots = 65, and acquisition time = 3 min 14 s.
Volumetric Analysis
Analyze 9.0 (Mayo Clinic Biomedical Imaging Resource, Rochester, Minn., USA; 2009) was used for volume rendering of T1-weighted images. Structures were isolated in the axial orientation using voxel-based intensity thresholds with manual limits. Specific boundaries for total brain and cerebellum were defined. Total brain volume included the cerebral hemispheres, superior sagittal sinus, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Extra-axial CSF, optic chiasm and pituitary stalk were excluded, and the brainstem was truncated one slice caudal to the foramen magnum. The cerebellum was outlined separately, with the peduncles and brainstem excluded. Individuals masked to treatment group and outcome performed outlining in duplicate. The correlation between the two observers was >0.99. Final images were rendered in 3-D and inspected for accuracy before structural volumes were computed.
MR Spectroscopy
Single-voxel MRS was acquired using a point-resolved spectroscopy pulse sequence centered on a 10 × 10 × 10 mm voxel on the right thalamus. The MP-RAGE sequence was reconstructed in real time to guide MRS voxel placement. Acquisition parameters included: TR = 2,000 ms; TE at 6 different echo times (32, 45, 65, 80, 100 and 150 ms); 2,048 complex free induction decay points, and 2,000 Hz spectral width. Absolute concentrations of short-echo (at TE = 32 ms) metabolites: N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), myoinositol (Ins), glutamate (Glu) and glutamate + glutamine (Glx) were calculated using LCModel [21]. During preprocessing, the residual water signal was subtracted by decomposition-fitting. Free induction decays were then zero- and first-order phase corrected and smoothed using a 1.1-Hz exponential dampening filter. A nonlinear regression estimated the metabolite concentrations and uncertainties. Absolute concentrations were obtained by scaling the in vivo spectrum to the unsuppressed water peak and are reported in units that approximate millimolar concentrations. Partial volume corrections were made by calculating the fraction of CSF for each voxel using the FANTASM MIPAV (Fuzzy and Noise Tolerant Adaptive Segmentation Method Medical Image Processing, Analysis and Visualization) algorithm (Johns Hopkins Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Baltimore, Md., USA).
TE Phase Lactate
Lactate was analyzed separately from the other brain metabolites in order to isolate it from macromolecules/proteins. The lactate concentration was calculated from a new procedure developed to rephase the different echo time spectrum to give a lactate signal that was phased to stand straight up.
J-Resolved Spectroscopy
For each subject, a 2-D J-resolved acquisition sequence (JRES) was acquired from a 2 × 2 × 2 cm voxel centered on the thalamus. Parameters used were: point-resolved spectroscopy single-voxel pulse sequence; TE steps = 48 (32–502 ms, 10-ms increments); TR = 2 s; spectral bandwidth = 2,000 Hz; complex time points = 2,048; voxel dimensions 20 × 20 × 20 mm; number of excitations = 12, and total scan duration = 19.2 min [22,23]. Spectra were acquired with and without water suppression (TE = 32 ms) for processing with LCModel [21,24]. The raw 2-D MRS spectra (2,048 t1 points × 48 t2 points) were processed offline. Custom software was used to perform a 2-D Fourier transform, then the resulting signals were combined with LCModel to estimate metabolite concentrations. With a software called GAVA (www.briansoher.com), simulated JRES data were used to find the exact position of the J-coupled metabolites γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamine. Gaussian filter adjustments were made to maximize separation of each metabolite.
Univariate or mixed-model (for repeated measures) ANOVA was performed as appropriate before post hoc comparisons were made using software (SPSS version 17; SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA). Levene's test evaluated homogeneity. Parametric comparisons are presented as means with standard error (SEM) and numbers of animals. Nonparametric comparisons used the Mann-Whitney U test, and data are presented as scatter plots with medians. All comparisons were two-tailed, with α < 0.05. Post hoc tests included the t test (one comparison) or Dunnett's test (multiple comparisons). The χ2 or Fisher's exact test was used to compare proportional data.
Twelve M. nemestrina neonates delivered by hysterotomy after cord occlusion did not undergo therapeutic hypothermia or receive EPO (n = 5 at 15 min; n = 7 at 18 min). Death occurred 3 days after asphyxia in 2 animals due to neurorespiratory abnormalities. Table 1 compares the birth characteristics of colony (n = 20), control (n = 5) and these untreated, asphyxiated (15 vs. 18 min) animals. To date, there have been no sex differences on any measure, so data from males and females are combined. Compared with colony animals, control and asphyxiated (study) animals had a lower gestational age at birth, and the controls had smaller HC, but other measures did not differ.
|Table 1. Birth characteristics comparing colony and study animals
Table 2 compares the resuscitation procedures, early laboratory results and Apgar scores for control versus asphyxiated animals. Though 2 of the 5 nonasphyxiated control animals required brief intubation (1 due to secondary apnea), none required chest compressions or epinephrine. In contrast, 11 of the 12 asphyxiated animals required chest compressions and received intravenous epinephrine for a heart rate of less than 60 bpm. As shown, all mean Apgar scores, initial pH values and peak base deficits were significantly worse in asphyxiated animals. All asphyxiated primates met standard diagnostic criteria for human perinatal asphyxia with low Apgar scores and need for positive pressure ventilation at 10 min, severe metabolic acidosis within the first 60 postnatal minutes, and depressed physical examination and aEEG [2,3,4,5]. Despite the severe metabolic acidosis present at birth, arterial pH normalized by 2–3 h regardless of whether sodium bicarbonate was administered (fig. 2).
|Table 2. Resuscitation characteristics for nonasphyxiated control and asphyxiated neonatal primates
|Fig. 2. Base deficit following perinatal asphyxia in primates treated with bicarbonate administration or without. The metabolic acidosis due to umbilical cord occlusion normalized in 2–3 h whether or not bicarbonate was administered.
Results of the initial neurologic examination of all asphyxiated animals were profoundly abnormal, with no spontaneous respirations or movement, no withdrawal from painful stimuli, and flaccidity. Early aEEG tracings were also abnormal for the first 3–6 postnatal hours, after which hypotonia evolved into myoclonic activity. None of the control animals had seizures, while 8 of the 12 asphyxiated animals exhibited clinical seizures at an average of 9.0 ± 1.7 h of age.
Perinatal asphyxia compromised somatic growth. Figure 3 tracks the daily growth of control and asphyxiated animals superimposed upon the growth of colony animals. The inset in figure 3 tracks the weight gain per caloric intake of study animals for the first 3 postnatal months. Animals asphyxiated for 18 min weighed an average of 15% less at 3 months compared with controls (p = 0.03). Asphyxiated animals fed poorly and frequently required formula of increased caloric density (up to 24 kcal/oz) to achieve weight gain. The weight gain of the saline-treated, asphyxiated animals improved but did not normalize during the study. Delayed growth was also indicated by a significant 2–3% decrease in both CRL and HC at 1 and 6 months postmenstrual age (data not shown).
|Fig. 3. Graph plotting 6 months of individual daily weights for colony, control, 15-min and 18-min asphyxia animals. Inset Weekly weight gain per caloric intake for the first 3 postnatal months. The growth of study animals was compromised despite adjustments to provide adequate calories.
Neurodevelopmental indices were adversely affected by perinatal asphyxia. Figure 4 plots early developmental milestones and exploratory behaviors. Asphyxia delayed the development of temperature stability, prolonging incubator and heating pad support (fig. 4a, b), and also delayed self-feeding and formula weaning (fig. 4c, d). In addition, asphyxia delayed the animals' separation from the surrogate, but did not alter exploration of novel toys (fig. 4e, f). The data in table 3 compare the early nursery assessments and subsequent motor and cognitive indices. Asphyxia increased early muscle tone and impaired performance on resistance, grasping and clasping tasks. The quality of responses to a battery of nursery assessments that included startle, auditory orientation, righting, and visual orientation and following was delayed in all preterm study animals, both asphyxiated and nonasphyxiated, compared with the colony animals. In the animals asphyxiated for 18 min, there was no effect on early reflexes (p = 0.06) or behavioral state.
|Table 3. Nursery assessments and motor and cognitive indices for groups of primates
|Fig. 4. Scatter plots with medians (line) plotting the developmental indices for groups of primates. Asphyxia delayed early thermal stability (a, b), self-feeding (c) and formula weaning (d) as well as the age at which animals were willing to separate from the surrogate (e). There were no effects on toy exploration (f). a p < 0.05, b p < 0.01, c p < 0.001, nonparametric Mann-Whitney U comparisons compared with colony; * p < 0.05, † p < 0.01, compared with control.
Table 3 also shows that motor and cognitive deficits were present in study animals. Most notably, although there were no significant effects of asphyxia on tests of object permanence or on the WGTA assessments involving visual discrimination, asphyxia impaired the primates' capacity to recognize objects that had previously been presented (novelty preference). Recognition memory deficits were greatest in animals exposed to 18 min of cord occlusion. When post hoc analyses were indicated to allow direct comparison between animals undergoing 15 and 18 min of cord occlusion, there were no significant differences in the results of developmental testing.
Table 4 presents the physical therapy overall assessment for groups of animals. As shown, all colony and control animals were normal. Although, initially, some asphyxiated animals exhibited indications of motor dysfunction, by 8 months of age, only 2 animals exhibited mild impairment, 1 each asphyxiated for 15 and 18 min. The most severely affected animal had been asphyxiated for 15 min and underwent physical therapy to assist with mobility and self-feeding.
|Table 4. Physical therapy overall assessments
Asphyxia did not significantly affect macroscopic brain growth, but may have influenced brain chemistry. Figure 5 plots the changes in total brain and cerebellar volumes for colony/control (combined) and asphyxiated animals. There were no differences in total brain volume. On average, brain size increased by 50% from baseline to 6 months, with another 4% increase from 6 to 9 months. Cerebellar volume between asphyxiated and control animals at 6 months of age was marginally, insignificantly different (p = 0.055).
|Fig. 5. Scatter plots showing MRI measurements of total brain (a) and cerebellar volumes (b) in groups of primates. Mixed-model ANOVA found that total brain volumes increased over time (F3, 7 = 43.6; p < 0.001), but there were no group differences. Cerebellar volumes increased over time (F3, 7 = 44.9; p < 0.001), and there was a marginally nonsignificant effect of occlusion time (F2, 8 = 3.57; p = 0.055), thus post hoc testing was not performed. For colony/control, 15-min and 18-min animals, respectively, the numbers of animals imaged were: 7, 2 and 4 at 1 day; 3, 1 and 3 at 3 days; 2, 3 and 0 at 180 days, and 5, 2 and 4 at 270 days.
Table 5 lists the mean brain metabolite concentrations detected on MRS in animals grouped by cord occlusion time at the different time points. Several metabolite concentrations increased with age (Cr, NAA, Glu1 and Glx) and several decreased (Cho, macromolecules, Ins and TE phase lactate). With the exception of Cho, there were no effects of asphyxia and no interactions between asphyxia and age detected for the other metabolites listed. There were also no effects of asphyxia on the ratios TE phase lactate/NAA, NAA/Cho, Cho/Cr and NAA/Cr (ratios not shown). Cho was affected by asphyxia (F2, 22 = 3.9; p = 0.035), but post hoc comparisons for specific occlusion time were not significant at each age. However, post hoc evaluation for effects of age indicated that Cho increased from day 1 to day 3 in the animals asphyxiated for 18 min. Because there were no significant effects of asphyxia (or asphyxia interactions) for other metabolites, testing of age effects stratified by occlusion time was not warranted.
|Table 5. MRS concentrations at different ages of animals undergoing different umbilical cord occlusion times
To consider post hoc possible influences of birth and resuscitation factors on outcome after asphyxia, we assessed such details between the least affected, the nonsurviving and the most severely affected animals in the parent study. The 4 least affected animals (2 from 15-min and 2 from 18-min group) were born 2–6 days early and were intubated within 6 min of birth after receiving bag-mask ventilation. Three received epinephrine by 2 min of age (1 did not require chest compressions or epinephrine) and none received bicarbonate. Of the 4 animals that did not survive a week, 3 were born more than 1 week early, 2 had 5 intubation attempts each, and 2 were given bicarbonate. The 3 most severely affected animals were born 2–4 days early, underwent multiple intubation attempts, and 1 was given bicarbonate. These animals had very poor early weight gain and poor brain growth (1 had the smallest total brain volume at 6 months).
As the parent study progressed, the developmental course of the animals asphyxiated for 15 min improved. During the first year of the study, 2 animals died in the first postnatal week; in the second year, 2 were not independently mobile in the nursery, and after 2 years of the study, those asphyxiated for 15 min all survived and none exhibited any persistent, major, qualitative neurologic issues except 1 with minor contractures.
The major findings of this preliminary report are that 15 and 18 min of umbilical cord occlusion can produce severe, acute birth asphyxia with subsequent delays in growth and development. These data confirm that M. nemestrina may be used to model human perinatal asphyxia. Using serial MRI, we demonstrated brain growth and developmental changes over time for a variety of brain metabolites. Significant asphyxia-induced differences in subacute MRS metabolites (e.g. increased lactate, decreased NAA) and brain growth were not detected, likely due to increased within-group variability and small group numbers. It is also possible that acute changes in brain lactate may have resolved before the initial imaging at 24 h of age. These data raise concern that the use of MRS in human clinical trials needs to be validated; however, there are promising reports that used MRS after perinatal asphyxia [25,26,27,28]. Utilizing multifaceted developmental testing, we identified physiologic, physical and functional differences resulting from perinatal asphyxia.
We previously reported data from a pilot study of 8 primates that underwent 12–15 min of umbilical cord occlusion to produce perinatal asphyxia with developmental testing to 4 months [8]. In the pilot study, 15 min of asphyxia produced severe spasticity, contractures and motor impairment. In the current study, 15 min of asphyxia produced less motor impairment despite comparable average initial pH, base deficit and Apgar scores between the two studies. Differences in the severity of injury between the pilot and the current study may reflect differences in the degree of prematurity (current study: 5 ± 2 early; pilot study: 7 ± 1 days early), or in the timing of umbilical catheter placement (current study: before delivery; pilot study: after delivery). Also, for the current study, we discontinued the use of sodium bicarbonate to treat acidosis as part of resuscitation. Moreover, resuscitation team experience has improved over time, as has the recognition and treatment of aspiration pneumonia in the primate nursery. We speculate that a more effective team can more immediately and efficiently resuscitate the animals, which likely reduces the complications of acute asphyxia. In addition to prematurity [29], duration of asphyxia, resuscitation measures and nursery care, individual genetics and in utero conditions may also influence susceptibility to brain injury from asphyxia. In the current study, cord occlusion was extended from 15 to 18 min to increase the severity of injury, but despite that change, there was no increase in mortality and little change in developmental, physical and behavioral outcomes.
Animal models of human disease permit the discovery of pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Though small-animal models using mice [30], rats [31] and rabbits [32] to examine neonatal brain injury have provided informative data, larger-animal models that use piglets [33,34], sheep [35] and nonhuman primates [7,36,37] provide additional essential information needed to begin clinical trials. Large-animal models are preferable because these animals may have complex neurological features that are more comparable to humans, such as similar gray/white matter proportioning and substantial cortical folding. Sophisticated MR techniques may now be used to measure the chemical and structural composition of the neonatal brain, and these techniques should be thoroughly validated using sensitive animal models in order to improve the prognosis of developmental abnormalities following perinatal asphyxia [38]. To that end, this nonhuman primate model of perinatal asphyxia enables sophisticated behavioral and methodological testing and biological discovery that cannot be performed on human infants.
The objective of the parent study is to test the safety and efficacy of EPO plus hypothermia for the treatment of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Ultimately, results will be evaluated longitudinally and cross-sectionally between treatment groups to assess the effects of the combined treatments. The use of the nonhuman primate has provided the opportunity to evaluate biochemical, behavioral and structural features of this disease process and its treatment. Postmortem histological evaluation of the brain using immunochemistry and electron microscopy will allow for correlation with in vivo MR findings. Assessment of systemic organs will provide additional safety information. This animal model is an important tool to permit preclinical evaluation of the safety and efficacy of new therapies. The developmental testing is particularly useful for examining staged treatments. We expect that the optimal treatment for perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy will require multiple interventions timed for different phases of injury [39].
We would like to give special thanks to: Jeff Stevenson of the University of Washington Magnetic Resonance Research Laboratory; Cecil E. Hayes, PhD, of the University of Washington Radiofrequency Laboratory; the Washington National Primate Research Center and Infant Primate Research Laboratory, including Pat Delio, Noelle McKain and Steve Ellis; Brittany Baker, Sarah Hays, Marianne Bricker and Kelly Ledbetter from the Juul laboratory, and Elizabeth Aylward, PhD, of the Seattle Children's Research Institute. We also thank Olympic Medical for the donation of a cooling unit and the BrainZ BRM3 brain monitor.
This study was supported by NIH grants HD52820 and HD02274 through the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and ARRA (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009) to S.E.J., and also by University of Washington Institute of Translational Health Sciences National Center for Research Resources grants RR025014, RR025015 and RR025016, and the Washington Regional Primate Research Center base operating grant RR000166.
Sandra E. Juul, MD, PhD
University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology
1959 North East Pacific Street, HSB RR542D, UW Box 356320
Seattle, WA 98195-6320 (USA)
Tel. +1 206 221 6814, E-Mail email@example.com
Received: August 17, 2010
Accepted after revision: March 5, 2011
Published online: June 10, 2011
Number of Print Pages : 12
Number of Figures : 5, Number of Tables : 5, Number of References : 39
Developmental Neuroscience
Vol. 33, No. 3-4, Year 2011 (Cover Date: October 2011)
Journal Editor: Levison S.W. (Newark, N.J.)
ISSN: 0378-5866 (Print), eISSN: 1421-9859 (Online)
For additional information: http://www.karger.com/DNE


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MN Lake Fishing for Walleye, Northern Pike or Musky. Bass Fish for Smallmouth and Largemouth. Perch, Crappie and Bluegill fishing, it's all here in Northern Minnesota!
Pro fishing guide, Jeff Sundin provides charter fishing on Deer River, Grand Rapids and Northern MN lakes. Itasca County offers hundreds of great fishing lakes and our MN fishing area includes Walleye Lakes like Lake Winnie, Winnibigosh, Cutfoot Sioux, Leech Lake, Cass Lake, Bowstring Lake, Upper Red Lake, Round Lake, Pokegama, Sand Lake and many more. Northern Pike, Bass and Panfish lakes abound and great Musky fishing is just around the corner. Minnesota Fishing Guides have come and gone. But with nearly 30 years of full time guiding experience, Jeff has earned the reputation as a top professional fishing guide with a long standing reputation for providing anglers with great Minnesota Fishing Experiences.
Why wait around wishing that the Walleye would bite? Spend your day with a professional guide that's eager to make your Minnesota fishing trip the best it can be.
Reward your key employees, customers or friends with a fishing trip! Corporate incentives, family gatherings and reunions are all great reasons to book a fishing trip. Working together with many of the top Fishing Guides in Northern Minnesota, we can provide full service fishing trips that cater to large groups.
Jeff is available for fishing promotions, fishing seminars, personal appearances, specialty fishing events, radio, television and print articles. If you've got a fishing project, chances are we can help.
MN Fishing Report for 4-1-15
"Powell offered an encouraging update about conditions on the Rainy River. Open water had already reached downstream of the Frontier landing and as of Monday afternoon; it was expected to be open to the Vidas landing within hours. Current conditions remain very slow because of the low water.
"The Early Bird Fishing Guide" Jeff Sundin - Fishing Blue Books, LLC 44076 Co Rd 128, Deer River, MN 56636
218-246-2375 Email copyright©2015 Jeff Sundin All Rights Reserved - last revised 4/1/15
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£825 pcm
3 bedroom flat to rent Cheriton High Street, Folkestone, CT19 4HQ£825 pcm. Located in Cheriton High Street is this extremely spacious three bedroom masionette. There is an attractive and good size garden to the rear with two reception rooms located on the ground floor along with the kitchen and bathroom. On the first floor there are three extremely generous More details ›
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Mohawk Hilea Strand Woven Bamboo
I just saw this in the flooring store - apparently a new product. The sample looked excellent, and the salesman claimed it's equivalent in quality to Teragen, but cheaper because it's made in China - it sells for 3.99 sq.ft Anyone have any experience with this in particular, or Mohawk in general? Their site is not particularly informative.
Always a crap shoot with Chinese wood.Mohawk does sell some real garbage wood. Its not equivalent to Teragren in my opinion if its Chinese Mohawk product. Mohawk will normally take it back if it comes to you without quality, but it would depend on how the retail store reacts.
Teragren built their reputation on the fact that they control the bamboo they use and thy way it is processed. Almost all other mfctrs buy bamboo from many different sources. Mohawk like others don't own any wood mfctg so all products come from outside sources. Thats not neccessarily a bad thing but the fact that you have a major name backing it helps. Realistically however probably 90% of wood complaints are site related or maintennce related and not covered by warranty.


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Denver, CO 80203
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Denver's ten best new bars
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The metro area gained so many liquid assets in 2011, we had to do a lot of drinking before we could choose the winner of our Best New Bar award for the Best of Denver 2012. And even then, the awards kept spilling out for other new s...
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Cafe Society served up just three Guess where? contests during the short last week, ranging from molcajete stew at El Diablo to a massive slab of fried chicken on a biscuit from the Biscuit Bus to this order of chips and queso. For ...
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In The Horse's Mouth, Alec Guinness plays an expressionist painter on a quest to find the perfect wall to paint on. Painter Don Callarman refers to that 1958 movie when he says he might have found the perfect canvas: the blank back ...
Prohibition now pouring!
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After a few months of renovation and heavy cleaning, Prohibition opened this week in the former Roslyn Grill space at 504 East Colfax Avenue. For now, the bar will start pouring at 5 p.m., but owner Jimmy Callahan says he's hoping t...


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Milwaukee Cordless Drillssection within our Milwaukee Tools department
Milwaukee 2401-22 M12 12 Volt Lithium-Ion Sub-Compact Driver
- 25 percent more powerful than the competition with 100 in-lbs of Torque
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Milwaukee 2403-22 12 Volt M12 FUEL 1/2" Drill/Driver Kit
- POWERSTATE Brushless Motor: Delivers up to 350 in-lbs of peak torque with maximum sustained torque to complete a variety of applications
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Milwaukee 2407-20 M12 3/8'" Drill Driver (Bare Tool)
- Delivers up to 275 in.-lbs. of torque
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Milwaukee 2455-22 12 Volt M12 No-Hub Coupling Drill Driver Kit
- Pre-defined torque settings of 60 and 80 in-lbs. allow for precise tightening of clamps
- Auto-shut off and LED indicator to alert you when preset torque is reached
- Stays accurate for up to 25,000 cycles before recalibration is needed
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TK's Lounge
The final drinks of the evening are best enjoyed in TK's Lounge.
Havana Bar
Enjoy refreshing drinks and snacks at our tropical pool bar.
Wine Cellar
Enjoy the genuine atmosphere of the wine cellar, together with quality wines.
Naantalin Kaivohuone
A refreshing oasis by the sea. In summer, this historic clapboard restaurant in the heart of Nantaali old town is a popular venue with spa guests looking for an authentic Finnish dining …
Welcome to Naantali Spa's famous summer restaurant! Situated in the heart of old Naantali, Rantaravintola is the perfect venue for a delightfully seasonal meal. Casual, quiet and perennially …
Lively Paviljonki is the perfect venue for a memorable evening! Here even a bigger group of guests will have plenty of room to admire the beautiful sea view and take a spin on the dance floor.…
Welcome and enjoy our Calfornia Theme Weeks! The theme menu offers crispy crab cakes, delicious burgers and juicy steaks. The weeks go on until 5.4.2015, have a look at the theme menu below:
Thai Garden
The culinary journey to an authentic Asian kitchen starts at Thai Garden. Thai Garden offers Thailand flavours in an authentic Thai setting.
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Book your Easter package 2 nights starting at 150,-/person
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Pamper your palate
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LaMoure posts 22nd victory
An inside-the-park home run from Anthony Olson helped secure a 9-3 win for LaMoure against Hankinson-Fairmount in Legion baseball action on Tuesday.
Olson also had a triple, finishing 4-for-4 with four runs scored and two runs batted in. Jared Meiklejohn was 2-for-2 with a triple. Meiklejohn also went the distance on the hill for the win.
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Party Essentials Elegance Plastic Plates, 7.5", Select Color (288 ct.)
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Elegance plates make a beautiful addition to any table, but offer the convenience of adisposable. The beautiful etched design will complement any décor or theme. Available colors: black, clear and white.
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Hand-printed by Joshua Cohen and Laura Manning, the crafty Brooklynites behind The Rise And Fall, this graphic tee is all about stylin' throughout the summer. Even when it's hot enough to go shirtless, you'll want to don the Monster Tee while dancing at an outdoor concert, catching a blockbuster flick, or crashing a pool party. With its grungy rocker design, you'll fall hard for this short-sleeved shirt.
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Find a Doctor
With over 450 board-certified physicians, Albany Med Faculty Physicians
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Manitou Springs News
Local news for Manitou Springs, CO continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.
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Recent Posts
- Top 5 Fence Tools for High-Tensile
- Testing Electric Fence
- Sacrifice Paddock
- Wire Gauge Thickness
- Benefits of a Solar Energizer
- Winter Grounding
- New Floating Brace Design!
- Breaking Strength of High-Tensile Wire
- What is the Best Way to Train Pigs to Electric Fence?
- Kencove Acquires PasturePro
Recent Comments
- Lacy Weimer on Building a Better Fence
- Lacy Weimer on 10 Most Common Electric Fence Problems Part 1
- Lacy Weimer on 10 Most Common Electric Fence Problems Part 1
- Douglas Roberson on 10 Most Common Electric Fence Problems Part 1
- Deanna R. Jones on Building a Better Fence
Category Archives: Electric Fence
Testing Electric Fence
Testing your fence when it is first constructed is always a good first step. This will give you an idea of what the fence voltage should be. Test your fence with an electric fence voltmeter. The active voltage on the fence will usually be less than the output of the fence energizer due to resistance […]
Also posted in Blog, Fencing, Frequently Asked Questions 2 Comments
Sacrifice Paddock
A sacrifice paddock is exactly that – a small lay of land utilized for heavy use without ruining valuable pasture. Every farmer is concerned with livestock over-trafficking profitable fields and pastures during dry, wet, and cold seasons. The sacrifice area makes problems like mud and manure manageable and decreases pasture maintenance. Usually this paddock is […]
Also posted in Blog, Fence - By Animal Type, Fencing, High Tensile Fence, Horse Fence, Products by Application Leave a comment
Wire Gauge Thickness
How does wire gauge correlate to thickness? Have you ever wondered why 12 gauge wire is larger in diameter than 16 gauge? It doesn't seem very clear until you think about how wire is drawn. Wire is formed by pulling rod steel through a series of dies that continue to get smaller and smaller. As […]
Also posted in Blog, Fencing, High Tensile Fence Leave a comment
Benefits of a Solar Energizer
Like an AC electric fence, a solar-powered (DC) electric fence can be used to keep livestock and pets safe and secure or wildlife and pests out. Unlike an AC fence charger, a solar fence charger uses a small solar photovoltaic (PV) panel to collect and convert sunlight into energy, which is then stored in the […]
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Winter Grounding
Old Man Winter shows no mercy on a farmhand and their stock. Winter makes everything on a farm harder, even keeping the stock within the fence line. Last winter was frigid, and we were asked several times, "Why does my livestock keep getting out when my charger is working perfectly?" Frozen ground conditions wreak havoc […]
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Building a Better Fence
Charles Kendall, a successful Blairsville, PA dairy farmer, became frustrated by the time-consuming and occasionally painful process of working with barbed wire. So, when he started a fence contracting business in 1980, he decided to explore techniques to improve the efficiency of fence building. Kendall recognized the advantages of high-tensile wire and hoped to make […]
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Rate Dr. Guy A. Torres
Dr. Guy A. Torres's Ratings
Dr. Guy Torres is a terrible surgeon. Major complications . Stay away from this OBGYN unless you want to lose your life or be disabled the rest of your life.
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][2671225].votes_count ]]
Dr Torres is the best-he has delivered 2 of my children, one being high risk. as far as the punctuality being low-it is because he cares and if extra time is needed - he takes it with you.
Was this rating useful? 1 [[ userState['ratings'][2595856].votes_count ]]
This doctor is horrible he made me very uncomfortable and did not listen to my concerns he only prescribed medication that made me much worse also complete a exam with out a female in room. After telling him my issues he discharged me at 30 weeks where I had to find a new doctor asap so high could continue to see my high risk doctor to make sure my baby is ok. If u ask me I have no ideal how he is still a doctor in las Vegas
Was this rating useful? 1 [[ userState['ratings'][2569199].votes_count ]]
This doctor was horrible very in helpful and made me very uncomfortable
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][2568570].votes_count ]]
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][2511938].votes_count ]]
Dr Torres is a very caring and thoughtful Doctor. I have seen many OB/GYN's and have worked for Kaiser Permanente OB/GYn for many years....He is a wonderful doctor.
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][870816].votes_count ]]
I really like Dr. Torres! He helped me through the pregnancy with my daughter.
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][870815].votes_count ]]
Dr Guy Torres really hurt me physically. I went in for a simple Laparscopy to look at ovary. I was sent home to return to E R. with Internal Bleeding. I have been in bed and injured from Surgical Complication, now 5 months. My like us ruined. I am in so much pain & have been sent to so many sub-specislists trying to figure out what he did. I lost sensation to urinate. In constant burning nerve pain. Pain is from where Trocar tool jabbed into me & hit vein & nerves. I limp now, can't walk well, will never run or jump or even ride a bike. I can barely get up stairs. I can't work on my feet doing Hair anymore. I feel like I was SHOT & IT NEVER HEALED! I suffer & have lost money, time & health. What a medical nightmare. I don't know if I will ever get my health back & I have a daughter to support. I'm devastated & have been thru hell :( Apparently, I'm a rare statistic with no rights.
Was this rating useful? 0 [[ userState['ratings'][870818].votes_count ]]
Being very picky I have been through three doctors and non compare to Dr. Torres.He delivered my first son who was three weeks early, arrived on time, and gave me all the immediate attention required.He also called personally to make sure everything was okay after my son was admitted in the NIQU for swallowing fluid.Although it can take some time in the waiting room I'd say its definitely worth the wait.I do reccomend setting an early appointment.Hes very straight forward and doesnt waste his time talking or beating around the bush;gets straight to the point of what needs to be done.(which I love)I am now 29 weeks pregnant with my second little boy.I am considered high risk because of a thinned cervix and would have never known if it wasnt for him.I couldve lost my child and am very lucky to be carrying him this long.He has given me all the proper treatment and makes sure I know whats going on at all times.Hes simply the best!He wouldnt be so busy and hard to get into if hewasnt(:
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I had a totally hysterectmy, and I nealy died. Dr. Torres suggested I have this surgery done, as well as do a bladder lift. I voiced my concern about doing lapriscopy or actually surgery, and he told me that if during the lapricsopy he found that my orvaries were to large, that they would do that. My surgery was to be 1-2 hr, ended up being over 4 hours. During the lapriscopy, because my ovaries were so large, instead of doing regular surgery, he continued with the lapriscopy, and nicked my colon, and also cut my rectum. I lost alot of blood, and almost had to have transfusion. Ended up with infection, and had to stay an additional 2 day in the hospital. He claimed he made a little mistake!!! Oh, and no bladder lift, so know when I cough or sneeze I urinate. Lied to me and said that I had a rectal seal that he mentioned to me, but actually he didn't, and I had another person with me who will back that up. If you want to possible lose your life, then I would highly recommend.
Was this rating useful? 1 [[ userState['ratings'][870817].votes_count ]]
Top Hospitals in Henderson, NV
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Evening Primrose
Such an invasive weed. Yes, it is pretty, but so invasive. any ideas how to kill it?
Proper turf management is important for biennial broadleaf weed control. Maintain a dense, actively growing turf through proper mowing, fertilizing, and watering practices. Mow at the proper height for your selected adapted turfgrass. Coring and traffic control reduce compaction and encourage desirable turfgrass competition. It is best to control this biennial broadleaf weed in spring or fall, if actively growing at these times.
Chemical control of such weed is by using Manor (metsulfuron), Plateau (imazapic), and Spotlight (fluroxypyr) will control this winter annual or biennial weed.
I doubt someone going by the handle "organic kitten" is looking for names of poisonous chemicals.
A patch of nothing but this could be smothered with newspaper or cardboard. In the lawn, mowing should prevent it from making seeds. In a flower bed, if tangled into desirable plants, it may be necessary to remove the desired plants, smother/pull/dig the EPR, then replant. Not sure what kitten is dealing with.
I am dealing with the things in an iris bed of all things. I am pulling as fast as I can, but very time I think I have it all, I wind up seeing the stinking thing has evaded me by sneaking its tendrils around and underground. My iris bed is fairly large, but the weed is pretty much limited to one half of it. I am quite concerned, because it has escaped the iris bed and begun to encroach on some daylilies.
Thanks so much, both of you.
I had planted Mexican evening primrose, Oenothera berlandieri âÂÂSiskiyouâ that looks very similar. My perennial area is bare soil, but cultivated (vs. mulched). That stuff went crazy! But, I noticed that it wouldn't invade the adjacent fescue turf or a small adjacent area that WAS mulched. My suggestion is to apply a good 3" or so of mulch and see if the "invasion" decreases. I gradually hoed the primrose out completely, never giving it a chance to bloom before seedling removal. Pretty while in bloom but truly a PITA.
Thanks so much! I have noticed that the areas I have thickly mulched don't seem to be hosting so much of this spreader. I will have to dig up the iris where it has invaded rather thickly in order to kill it, but it is time to do that anyway, so I will do so after bloom, them mulch the dickens out of the area. I am continuing to pull it up as I find it in an effort to keep it from profiting from photosynthesis.
Thanks for posting the pic Kay, when you wrote Evening Primrose I just automatically thought Oenothera biennis and just completely forgot about the myriad other weedy species in this genus. I battled O. missouriensis briefly many years ago, beautiful flowers but I could tell right away what an agressive thug it wanted to be so I took it out the first autumn. The next spring it came back like I hadn't even touched it! There was a Euphorbia right beside it which was also trying to take over the world, I ended up demolishing that part of the garden and digging about a foot down to get out all of the roots, then digging both of them out whenever they sprouted back up. That pretty much finished off the Oenothera.
Oh yeah, the Euphorbia still pops up from time to time.
Jeanne, to be truthful I thought I had killed it five years ago when it first came to live here. Like you, I dug up the entire area and pulled out myriad roots etc. Then planted iris.
I am paying for last year when I did very little gardening, so it is at least triple this year. I found it in a new area, and so have been weeding this morning which will be followed by Preen (fat chance that will help) and deep mulch which will help.
Since you are still battling it, I know it will be around for a long long time.
I had a battle with passion flower a few years ago, which hasn't shown up since. That was a job, but at least you can find all of the roots, not like this one.
Thanks you for the help and the info.


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Overall confidence levels in the shipping industry fell to their lowest level for two-and-a-half years in February 2015, according to the latest Shipping Confidence
The U.S. Interior Department on Tuesday upheld a 2008 lease sale in the Chukchi Sea off Alaska, moving Royal Dutch Shell a step closer to returning to oil and gas
All American Marine, Inc. (AAM) today announced the delivery of a new passenger ferry that will serve the city of Seattle.
The vessel, MV Sally Fox, was dedicated
The Washington Post has a story today about two German men who are launching their own rescue mission to save migrants crossing the Mediterranean.
Coast Guard search and rescue crews from Station Gloucester, Air Station Cape Cod and the Coast Guard Cutter Ocracoke rescued nine crewmembers from the Canadian
U.S. oil trains delivered more than 13.5 million barrels of crude oil from the Midwest to the East Coast in January, according to government data that gives a first


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Manufacturer: Tucker
Model: Black Mountain Trail
Category: Trail Saddles
Purchase: I purchased my saddle from their website because I had read their on line testimonials, and all of the material provided by them. I ended up paying about 1750.00 for the saddle and accessories.
Likes: I like that its fairly light and a very good looking saddle, plenty of dee rings and ties for my gear
Dislikes: I can only ride in this saddle for about 20 minutes before I cannot ride any longer. My seat area feels like its on fire and like their is a big rock in the middle of the saddle, so basically its of no use to me.
Quality: Its constructed very well except the seat area seems to be defective to me
Summary: I will never purchase another thing from this company-I have sent it back twice and now I am basically told its my problem!!!!
Rating: 1
Author: Kirsten
Date: 2011-07-25
Usefulness Rating: 3 out of 5.
9 reader(s) voted.
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