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Blood flow in a retinal blood vessel is measured by detecting the doppler shift imparted to two laser beams intersecting on a portion of the retinal vessel. Twin beams of laser radiation are directed along an optical path into an eye and scattered radiation returned along the path into two photo-multipliers. The twin beams are passed through a beam rotator so that the plane containing them can be aligned along the retinal vessel under measurement. A local oscillator signal for homodying with the doppler shifted laser radiation is obtained from reflections from the eye itself or a separate reflector. This reflector can be moved to impart a frequency shift to the local oscillator signal to remove ambiguities in the doppler measurements. Automatic tracking of small eye movements is provided by a beam deflector and servo motor controlled by a detector. Width of the retinal vessel under measurement is obtained by deflecting returning scattered laser radiation and determining the width of the detector signal change.
1. Apparatus for measuring retinal blood flow comprising a fundus camera for observation of the fundus of an eye, a laser for illuminating a portion of a retinal blood vessel, means for detecting laser radiation scattered by the eyes to determine retinal blood flow from the doppler shift imparted to the laser radiation by moving blood corpuscles, and an optical system for directing twin beams of laser radiation along an optical path into the eye and directing radiation reflected by the eye back along the optical path into the detecting means, the optical system including a beam rotator for rotating the plane containing the two beams to align along a retinal blood vessel, and means for causing the twin beams to intersect where required in the eye.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the twin beams of laser radiation are orthogonally polarised.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the beam rotator preserves the sense of polarisation of the beams passing through it.
4. Apparatus according to claim 3 comprising a reflecting surface for producing a laser radiation local oscillator signal.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4 comprising means for producing a frequency shifted local oscillator signal.
6. Apparatus according to claim 3 comprising a beam deflector and servo motor for maintaining laser illumination of a required retinal blood vessel.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 comprising a red blocking filter and photomultiplier for applying a correction signal to the servo motor.
8. Apparatus according to claim 6 comprising a beam deflector movable at a high speed to produce an error signal.
9. Apparatus according to claim 3 comprising means for measuring the width of an illuminated retinal blood vessel.
This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for measuring retinal blood flow by laser doppler velocimetry.
Laser doppler velocimetry is a technique which allows the measurement of flow velocity by measuring the Doppler shift given to a laser beam scattered from moving particles suspended in the flow. This shift can conveniently be measured by mixing (homodyning) the scattered light with a portion of the original laser beam on the cathode surface of a photodetector. At low light levels the response of the photodetector is a train of discrete output pulses, each corresponding to the absorption of a single photon at the cathode. These pulses are emitted randomly in time if the incident light intensity is constant but when a doppler beat frequency is present, the pulses are rate modulated at this frequency.
The extraction of the doppler frequency from such a train of pulses can be effected by digital photon correlation (see Pike, 1972 Journal of Physics D 5 L23). The photon correlation functions is the Fourier transform of the spectrum of frequencies in the incident light intensity.
Retinal blood flow has previously been measured using laser doppler velocimetry by placing a large contact lens on a patient's eye, directing a beam of laser radiation through the contact lens and measuring light scattered along a second path at an angle to the laser beam. Such a technique is described in Science, Nov. 29, 1974, Vol. 186, pages 830 to 831, and Investigative Opthalmology, Vol. 11, pages 936-944, November 1972. Proc Technical Programme Electro Optics Systems Design Conf. September 1976, article by Riva et al. One drawback with this technique as applied to man is the necessity for the patient to use a comparatively large and uncomfortable contact lens. Another is that such a bistatic system is intrinsically difficult to maintain in alignment in the presence of small eye movements.
In U.K. Patent Ser. No. 1,564,315, U.S. Pat. No. 4,166,695, a single beam of laser radiation is directed along an optical path into a patient's eye, without use of a contact lens and onto a retinal blood vessel. Radiation scattered off blood corpuscles is received back along the optical path and onto a detector. Advantages of this monostatic system are
(a) Use of contact lens is not required,
(b) Inherent alignment of the transmitted and reflected beams.
A disadvantage is the difficulty in determining the doppler angle i.e. the angle between the blood vessel and optical path. Additionally any blood flow which lies tangentially to a circle centred on the pole of the eye cannot be measured.
Laser doppler velocimetry enables variation in blood flow velocity with time to be measured with sufficient speed that variations within a heart beat cycle can be observed. Thus it is desirable to illuminate a blood vessel continuously for some time. Unfortunately involuntary eye movements make this extremely difficult. The laser illumination must be small enough to cover just one vessel otherwise blood flowing in adjacent vessels etc. degrades the results. It would be desirable to track the involuntary eye movements to maintain illumination of the desired vessel.
According to this invention a method of measuring retinal blood flow includes the steps of directing two beams of laser radiation along an optical path, directing the two beams into a patient's eye onto a retinal blood vessel, aligning the two beams of radiation in the eye so that the plane containing them also contains the direction of blood flow to be measured, receiving two beams of radiation scattered by blood corpuscles back along the same optical path and processing this scattered radiation to determine a doppler signal and hence blood flow velocity.
Apparatus for carrying out the method of this invention includes a laser for producing a beam of laser radiation, a beam splitter for providing two beams of laser radiation, a polarising prism for transmitting one plane of polarisation and reflecting another plane of polarisation, means for rotating the plane containing the two beams of laser radiation, focussing means for causing intersection of the two laser beams in a patient's eye, deflecting means for directing the two laser beams into the desired part of the eye, means for general illumination of the eye fundus, means for observing the fundus generally and the laser illuminated portions, and detector means for detecting the two beams of laser radiation scattered from within the eye, the arrangement being such that the two laser beams may be directed along the optical path into the eye and laser radiation scattered from a blood vessel is collected as two beams back along the optical path into the detector means.
Preferably the two laser beams are orthogonally polarised to avoid cross talk.
Preferably two detectors are used and doppler signals on both scattered beams detected simultaneously. However, a single detector may be used and the doppler signals in the reflected beams detected sequentially.
A beam deflector may be moved by a servo motor under the control of a signal from a detector to maintain illumination of a desired blood vessel despite small involuntary eye movements. The detector controlling the servo motor may be a third detector whose filtered input receives light less the laser frequency to improve contrast between a blood vessel and its surrounds. Alternatively one of the detectors used for detecting one of the laser beams may have the laser frequency filtered out whilst Doppler measurements are made using the other detector only. In this latter arrangement a glass block may be caused to oscillate in the non signal beam providing an error position signal for use in controlling the servo motor.
The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings of which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a laser doppler velocimeter apparatus;
FIG. 2 is a view of the fundux of an eye showing retinal blood vessels;
FIGS. 3a, b are side and end views of a prism shown in outline in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a diagram for use in explaining the theory of laser doppler velocimetry;
FIG. 5 is a view of graticules used by an operator in measuring the blood flow;
FIG. 6 shows a typical correlation function obtained during blood flow measurements;
FIG. 7 is a cross-section (non-central) of an eye containing the laser beams and showing their angles.
As shown in FIG. 1 a patient's eye 1 is positioned in front of a fundus camera 2. Light from a 1 milliwatt HeNe laser 3 is attenuated to give about 10 microwatts into the eye 1. The laser beam 4 is split into two beams a, b by a beam splitter 5 and reflected by a polarising beam splitter 6.
A half wave plate 7 is placed in the path of beam a to change its polarisation to horizontal polarisation to reduce cross talk between beams a and b (vertically polarised). A glass prism 8, shown in broken lines, may be used to follow involuntary eye movements in one direction only. To do this the prism is mounted for rotation about an axis 9 normal to and in the plane containing the beams a and b. A servo motor 10 rotates the block upon demand as described later. A beam rotator 11 is rotatable about its length to rotate the plane containing the two beams a, b whilst preserving their polarisation so that the beams both lie along the direction of flow in a retinal vessel. A focussing lens 12 is adjustable to cross the two beams in an image plane at the back of the eye 1. An adjusting lens 13 is movable in a plane normal to the optical axis of the beams to position the beams a, b on any desired part of the retina. A mirror 14 having a central aperture 15 reflects the beams a, b through an aspheric lens 16 and a quarter wave plate 17 (optional) into the eye 1. The quarter wave plate 17 changes the polarisation of beams a, b to left and right circular polarisation. This is not essential as the scattered light is depolarised.
Within the fundus camera 2 a light source 18 provides general fundus illumination. Its light is reflected off a mirror 19 through the aperture 15 and into the eye 1. An adjustable fixation target 20 enables the patient to direct the eye 1 where required.
Observation of the eye 1 by an operator 21 is via an eye piece 22, graticules 23, 24, lenses 25, mirror 26, beam splitter 27 through apertures 28, 15 in the mirrors 19, 14 respectively.
Permanent record of the fundus is by means of a photographic camera 29 attached to the back of the fundus camera 2.
Details of the camera 2 are only diagrammatic since any suitable fundus camera may be used and modified to accept the laser beams.
Returning laser light is collected from the polarising beam splitter 6 by the two fibre optic pipes 30, 31 and delivered to two photo-multipliers 32, 33 acting as light detectors whose outputs are taken to a double channel photon correlator 34 (e.g. Malvern Correlator, manufactured by Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, Worcs.) where the returned laser beams are correlated independently to obtain the doppler signals and hence blood flow velocity.
A local oscillator laser signal for homodyning with a doppler shifted signal on the photomultipliers 32, 33 is provided by reflections from the patients eye. Alternatively part of the laser 3 light is reflected by a partial reflector 49 through aperture stops 51 onto a reflecting surface 50, such as a mirror or a light scattering surface. This reflector 50 is mounted to oscillate rapidly normal to its surface, e.g. by mounting on a piezo electric crystal. A ramp voltage with rapid flyback is applied to the crystal. This provides a frequency shifted local oscillator signal whose frequency shift is greater than any expected doppler shift. Alernatively an electro optic or acousto-optic device may be used to provide the same effect.
A selective reflector 35 in the path of beam b reflects light from the illuminated spot at the frequencies of the light source 18, through a red blocking filter 48 and second glass block 47 to a third photo multiplier 36. Output from the photo multiplier 36 controls the servo motor 10. The filter 48 improves contrast on the photo multiplier by showing blood vessels as two closely spaced dark lines on a lighter background. The glass block 47 is caused to oscillate at a speed much higher then eye movements and provide an error signal that is used by the servo motor in maintaining illumination of the required blood vessel. Additionally movement of the block 47 enables the width of the blood vessel to be measured.
As the block oscillates the signal received by the photo multiplier 36 will change from a high value to a low value as a vessel wall is crossed with the beam, a slightly higher value in the vessel centre, again to a low value across the second wall of the vessel, and then back to a high value clear of the blood vessel. The width of the low value signal is a measure of the blood vessel diameter, and is determined by the width measurement circuit 52. Such a measurement is useful, in conjunction with blood velocity, to indicate blood flow rate.
In operation a mydriatic and cycloplegic drop is instilled into the patients eye to reduce or prevent accommodation. The patient is then positioned in front of the fundus camera 2; the illumination and focus are adjusted in the usual manner to bring the fundus of the eye 1 into view. Direction of gaze is controlled by the patient observing the target 20 or by any other suitable means. An operator 21 is then able to view the fundus FIG. 2 and select a suitable blood vessel 37. The twin beams a, b of laser light are directed onto the selected blood vessel 37 and the beams separated, by movement of lens 12, so that two spots 38a, 38b are observed on the blood vessel 37. The beam rotator 11 is rotated until the two separate spots 38a, 38b both lie along the blood vessel 37. The spots 38a, 38b may then be focussed into coincidence.
Measurement may then begin. Laser radiation scattered from blood corpuscles in the blood vessel 37 pass back through the quarter wave plates 17 and have polarisation planes orthogonal to those from the laser 3. These reflected beams 4a, b pass back along the optical path through the polarising beam splitter 6 (which is transparent to horizontally polarised light) to the photomultipliers 32, 33 and the correlator 34 where the blood velocity is determined.
Involuntary eye movements may cause the blood vessel 37 to move out of the laser illumination 38 if such movement is normal to the blood flow at the point of measurement; movement along the flow will alter the doppler signal but will not cause loss of illumination. To maintain laser illumination despite such eye movement the beams a, b may be servoed to follow the eye movement normal to the blood flow by deflecting both beams with the glass prism 8. When the blood vessel 37 moves out of illumination the signal received by the third photomultipliers 36 changes. This signal change is used to actuate the servo motor 10 and deflect the beams a, b to follow the eye movements. This enables blood flow measurements to be taken continuously over periods of several heart beat cycles.
The theory behind measurement of floow flow velocity by the two beams method is as follows: Blood flow is to be measured along the line AB FIGS. 2, 7. FIG. 4 shows the geometry for calculating the velocity from the measured signals where:
k01, k02 are input laser wave vectors
kS1, kS2 are scattered laser wave vectors
λ is laser beam wavelength.
The two beams a, b are arranged so that line AB lies in the plane containing the beams.
Consider first the case where only one velocity v is present (not true in practice). The Doppler shift Δω for the first beam a is given by ##EQU1## for the second beam b ##EQU2## The doppler frequency Δω can be determined by the known homodyne techniques eg. as described in U.K. Patent Ser. No. 1,564,315. It should be noted however that only |Δω| is actually measured when using eye reflections for the local oscillator signal.
Subtracting (2) from (1) gives ##EQU3##
On adding (1) and (2) ##EQU4##
Measurement of v thus requires a knowledge of angle only, which is obtained by calculation of the optics for an average (model) eye, and the two doppler shifts Δω1, Δω2.
Since only |Δω| is measured equation (7) is only correct if θ>α If θ<α then Δω2 should be negative and the negative sign in (7) then becomes positive. Whether the positive or negative sign should be used can determined by reference to an average eye.
Alternatively the graticule 23, 24 of the operators eye piece may be marked by a circle 39, FIG. 5, centred on the pole of the eye 1, the circle 39 marking the boundary between θ<α (inside the circle) and θ>α. Outside the circle 39 two separately rotatable curves 40, 41 may be moved about the circle's axis to intersect at a measurement spot 38. If a blood flow lies along a line within the shaded areas then θ>α otherwise θ<α.
As an alternative to using reflections from within the eye 1 as a local oscillator signal, reflection from the reflector 50 may be used. In this case the reflections are conveniently given a frequency shift by moving the reflector 50 as previously noted. Such a frequency shift can be made larger than any doppler shift imparted by blood movement. As a result the sign of Δω is always known so that equation (3) may be used to determine v.
The angle θ in practice is small and therefore cos θ remains almost at unity. Alternatively θ can be measured.
Blood flow within a vessel 37 varies from near zero at the walls to a maximum at the centre of the vessel 37. The received doppler signal is thus a sum of frequencies which for a vessel narrow compared with the beam diameter, and assuming a parabolic flow profile results in a correlation function g(τ) of the form: ##EQU5## where Δωm is the maximum doppler shift present.
FIG. 6 shows an example of a correlation function obtained from one beam. The value of Δωm for each correlation function can be determined either by finding the half height point of the first limb of g(τ), or by finding the area under the g(τ) curve; the latter method being less sensitive to noisy data points. Departures from non-parabolic flow may be accounted for by numerical corrections.
FIGS. 3a, b shows details of the beam rotator which may be formed of four prisms 42, 43, 44, 45 cemented together. The beam rotator 11 in FIG. 1 rotates two laser beams about an axis between them whilst retaining their original polarisation state. To do this the refractive index and angles of reflection must be chosen as follows:
Let p=component of light vibrating parallel to a surface
s=component of light vibrating perpendicular to a surface
n1 =refractive index of glass
n2 =refractive index of air
n is n2 /n1
δ is phase difference introduced between s and p components
θ1 is angle between light beam and normal to an interface.
For total internal reflection within a glass block at a glass/air surface
θi >θcrit
θcrit is given by sin θcrit =n2 /n1 phase difference δ is given by ##EQU6##
For the beam rotator 11 there are five reflections controlled by angle β for beams entering and leaving normal to the end faces. In the example of FIGS. 3a, b β=22.7�, the glass is Schott glass reference BK7,1/n=1.515 at 6328 A, δ=179.62�. The prisms act collectively as a half wave plate. A half wave plate 46, with correctly aligned axes, is added to the end of the prisms 42, 43, 44, 45 to provide a zero phase change between the s and p polarisations.
As an alternative form of apparatus for measuring blood flow uses one of the laser detectors 33 (photomultipliers) to provide a signal to the servo motor 10. An initial short time measurement of blood flow is made at a particular spot 38 using the two beams a and b as described above. This enables Δω1, Δω2, and v to be determined. From equation, (1) or (2) the other terms are easily determined. Providing the angles θ, α remain constant blood flow measurements of the same spot 38 can continue using only one reflected laser beam 4a. The other laser beam 4b is not required and so its photomultiplier is filtered to remove red laser light (to aid contrast between blood vessels and background) and its output used to control the servo motor 10.
To avoid cross talk between beam a and b without the use of half wave plate 7 and quarter wave plate 17 the spots 38a and 38b may be left slightly apart whilst taking doppler measurements. Cross talk may arise because of the coincidence of spots and depolarisation of the beams on the retina.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Ok so I know through reading posts on here that it is suggested especially to beginners to relax and don't worry. I also know that there are a million threads with worried first timers. But as a first time brewer that's feeling the impending doom of a first brew failure...when should I begin to worry?
It has been 80 hrs since I finished brewing. I have seen no signs of activity in the airlock. I can't smell anything around the lid of my bucket. I'm doing an Irish red. I used dry yeast and chose to hydrate it in warm water for ten mins before pitching it. The first two days I had it on my kitchen table and figured it was running a bit high (72). So I moved it to my closet and it lowered the temp to about 69-70. I know ill be asked to take a hydrometer reading but I don't think I have anything to put the sample in. I have a hydrometer and I'm going to get something for the sample when I hit an off day in a couple days. I opted to pop the airlock off and look at the beer last night. Without knowing anything I thought it looked ok? No signs of infection that I could see and little bubbles comin up little but definitely no krausen to speak of. I'd really like it if my first batch wasn't a huge fial. I just don't know what to do other than wait and take a hydrometer reading as soon as I can. Ay suggestions on what I can do? Is this beer in serious trouble? Any clue on what mistakes I could have made in the brewing process because I want to address them the next time. Thanks for the help
Right now you have no idea IF anything went wrong.
You do need to take a hydrometer reading. You know the tube that the hydrometer comes in? Use that.
You can always just float the hydrometer in the bucket.
But as to your thread question, my answer is "never." As you've read here, airlock activity is not a good sign of fermentation. You could have a weak seal on the bucket or around the airlock grommet. It could be that the most vigorous fermentation happened when you were sleeping/working/not watching.
Take a reading, you'll feel better!
So i can just drop it in the bucket? Also what number am i lookin for?
You are looking to compare the hydrometer reading before you pitched the yeast to the current reading. If the reading is lower its fermenting. If you didn't do a hydrometer reading before pitching the yeast, your kit instructions may tell you what the Original Gravity (OG) should have been.
1. You said you rehydrated your yeast in warm water? How "warm" was the water. You don't want to use 90-100F water like you do with bread yeast.
2. What was the date on the yeast pack?
Pull the top off your bucket and look inside. Look for a ring of brown gunk stuck to the side above the beer. If you have it you're done worrying, its fermenting without your involvement. If you don't have a ring of brown gunk, put in another pack of yeast. Don't even bother to rehydrate this one, just sprinkle it on top, put the lid back on and quit worrying.
I'm not sure if this will help calm the nerves, but, im a noob too. My 3rd beer was an Irish red and I had similar concerns. I didn't have a hydrometer at this point, so- I let sit a few weeks, bottled, waited, and it was great! I've made a few ipas and stouts and they ferment like crazy! But the red was the slowest for me!
Ring of brown gunk is what remains of the krausen. Looks like the majority of your fermentation is done. As for the reading on the hydrometer you are looking for, look for something close to what the FG of your recipe calls for. Otherwise from how it sounds look for the standard same reading on 3 days meaning you are done.

subset: commoncrawl


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IRS Scandal Deja Vu: Hillary Clinton's Email Server "Wiped Clean"Submitted by Tyler Durden on 03/28/2015 - 17:32
If, as one claims, one is innocent of i) using a personal email account to send out confidential information and/or to take advantage of one's political position to abuse opponents and ii) deleting said confidential emails against government regulations, what would one do when faced with a government subpoena demand? If one is the IRS' Lois Lerner, one would claim, against subsequently revealed facts, that a hardware error led to a permanent loss of all demanded emails, even though by email protocol definition, said emails are always stored on at least one off-site server. Or, if one is Hillary Clinton, one would just format the entire server.
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- SEC Commissioner Luis Aguilar.
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Greek Energy Minister Slams "Unscrupulous, Imperialist" Germany, Will Seek "Bold Alternatives" In RussiaSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 03/28/2015 - 14:05
The Greek energy minister kicked the hornet's nest point blank earlier today when he said that "Greece is at more than breaking point; urgently needs big, bold alternatives to "German, incumbent Europe"and that "creditors behaving as unscrupulous imperialists towards distant colony, threatening submission or economic suffocation." More importantly, Lafazanis has some ideas where to find said "big, bold alternatives." In Moscow. Greece's Energy Minister Panagiotis Lafazanis will meet his Russian counterpart and the CEO of energy giant Gazprom in Moscow on Monday, as he hit out at the EU and Germany for tightening a 'noose' around the Greek economy.
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Why We Feel So Poor (In Two Charts)Submitted by Tyler Durden on 03/28/2015 - 13:15
Among the many things that mystify economists these days, the biggest might be the lingering perception, despite six years of ostensible recovery, that the average person is getting poorer rather than richer. Lots of culprits come in for blame; but one that doesn't get much mention is the changing nature of the bills we're paying...
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Greece Prepares To LeaveSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 03/28/2015 - 11:01
If Tsipras and Varoufakis should elect to give in to Brussels and Berlin, that decision would still need to be put before the people to vote on, because it would mean a prolongation of austerity. And that is not the mandate. By the same token, if the leadership decides an exit is the only option, and that further negotiations are hopeless because Europe won't accept anything else than strapping the proud Greek people in a straitjacket, that too will have to be put before a vote. They know there will come a moment when a referendum can no longer be postponed no matter what the polls say. In that, Greece is living up to its glorious past as the cradle of democracy. Still, make no mistake: of course they're preparing to leave.
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"I'm Not Stupid" Monsanto Lobbyist Refuses To Drink Weedkiller After Proclaiming "It Won't Hurt You"Submitted by Tyler Durden on 03/28/2015 - 09:39
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Santelli Stunned As Janet Yellen Admits "Cash Is Not A Store Of Value"Submitted by Tyler Durden on 03/27/2015 - 23:30
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China's Banks Cut Dividends Amid Rising Bad Loans, Expectations Of Falling NIMSubmitted by Tyler Durden on 03/27/2015 - 21:25
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Academic League is a county wide trivia tournament where schools compete against each other in topics such as History, Math, Science, English, Foreign Language, and Pop Culture. The members of the 2014-2015 Nyack High School Academic League team are Owen Voutsinas-Klose (10th), Edward Jiao (12th), Julia Tippett (12th), Dan Plaisance (12th), Sophia Carroll (10th), Amulya Marellapudi (10th), Tai Uong (11th), and Adrian Stepper (10th). The team is advised by Nyack High School Math Teacher Erika Tatti, whose dedication is unparalleled. Nyack finished the season with a 6-2 record, placing second in the county. On Thursday, March 12, 2015, the Nyack High School Academic League team competed in the Rockland Academic League Invitational and came in second place. In the preliminary rounds, Owen, Ed, Julia, and Dan competed against Tappan Zee and North Rockland. Nyack advanced to the semifinals to compete against Tappan Zee again. After defeating Tappan Zee, Nyack advanced to the final to compete against Suffern. After a match that went back and forth, Nyack was defeated, earning second placed.
Science and Engineering Fair
On Saturday, March 20th, Science teacher, Kirsten Kleinman, accompanied our students to Troy, NY. Congratulations to the following award winners from the Greater Capitol Region Science and Engineering Fair (GCRSEF) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute .
According to the College Board, Nyack is one of 547 schools in the US and Canada being honored with placement on the Annual Honor Roll for increasing access to AP course work while simultaneously maintaining or increasing the percentage of students earning scores for 3 or higher on AP Exams. The Board of Education and Central Office Administrators will be acknowledging this recognition at the December 9th Board meeting.
Brooklyn Grossbard, a senior at Nyack High School, has been named a Semifinalist in the Intel Talent Search 2015, the nation's oldest and most prestigious pre-college science and math completion. Brooklyn was one of 300 semifinalist chosen from a pool of over 1,800 entrants hailing from 41 states, Puerto Rico, and overseas, for her project entitled, "Secretion of Organic Compounds from Tissue Engineered Adipose on Silk Scaffolds of Differing Sizes Compared to Differing Culture Periods." Brooklyn receives a $1,000 award from Intel, and an additional $1,000 goes to the school.
Tyler Jenss, a senior at Nyack High School, received an Intel STS Student Initiative Badge for his project entitled, "Growth of Cyanobacteria on Extraterrestrial Materials." This badge is awarded to an entrant who has exhibited extraordinary effort and dedication in his or her pursuit of scientific research and has made great accomplishments relative to the resources available to him or her.
Daniel Plaisance, Radene Mitchell, Zoe Friedberg, Arianna Injeian, and Emma McGirl were awarded STS Entrant Badges, for recognition of the significant effort involved in successfully completing the STS application, which includes conducting an authentic, college-level research project, and writing a summary paper with a thorough analysis of the data.
Sunday, March 29, 2015


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By Tiny
from Toronto
This is just perfect for a tree! The lights are random to the music...plays for many hours. Great entertainment. Love it!
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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So cute!
By Avid Shopper
from Hamilton
A couple of years ago I bought a Santa with a candle which turns on the tree lights when you blow on the candle. It was a huge success at my annual Christmas party and my granddaughter loves it! This looks cute, I hope it is as big a success!
( 1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
mr.christmas maestro mouse
By therock2win2001
from montreal
This is a great item for the tree at Christmas time for the grandkids,hours of fun and enjoyment.
Saving Christmas
By Bargain Shopper
from ETOBICOKE
I bought this at the outlet store and love it. This Christmas almost did not happen due to the black out and in some places were told that it would be a candle light Christmas since there would not be any power. Anyway, power was resumed and my Christmas party was a go. We played this ornament non-stop and it preformed beautifully and was an instant hit with everyone (kids and grownups). We all gathered around the Christmas tree with this ornament flashing the Christmas lights and were thankful for the nice presentation for this Christmas. Everything is merry and bright with Mr. Christmas products which I am not in short supply. This product I would definitely recommend. Simply magical.
A Super Fun and Cool Gadget
By Beezwax
from Vancouver (BC)
It didn't look like much when I first unwrapped it and I had to admit that I had my doubts about it. But once it was plugged in, it's a totally whole new world of wonder and fun especially when it says "TaDa!" when it turns the lights on. I could plug my coloured or white lights or both onto the Maestro and it blends in perfectly on my tree amongst the ornaments. It is my son's highlight every morning to tell the Maestro to turn on the Christmas tree lights and off every night. It became THE conversation piece at my party a few days later. It has 12 songs that you can tell it to play from and a host of others that it played in the background that you cannot choose from. I would have given it a 5 star rating had the music been real instead of instrumental polyphonic tunes. Also it totally didn't work in a noisy envrionment, i.e. when the TV is turned up loud or in a din of loud conversation. It completely stopped working once and I had to reboot it but not a big deal, even my computer does that sometimes. Overall I would totally recommend this product to my friends. In fact many of my friends were interested in knowing where I purchased it from.
( 2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
A must have!
By Lindy
from Ontario
This product is so cool! Pure delight!


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Comments about 'What's New: 'Fires of Faith' shares the history of the King James Bible translation'
- Oldest first
- Newest first
- Most recommended
I really look forward to seeing this video and am grateful to BYU for putting it
together. The Bible is a great book and the world needs to read it and take it
seriously. Reading about its coming forth should give us great cause for its
importance and for how it can benefit our lives and bring us closer to God. And
if the world will read it AND the Book of Mormon together, they will get a
powerful and more accurate understanding of who and what God is and how He can
benefit them and help them in these troubled times.
Thank you again for bringing this information to light. Very few have done the work in such a fashion and very few have seemed to even care, even some of those who profess belief in its teachings. This will be a great resource for all religions and I hope they will watch it. The Bible is a great book and I love ALL of it, not just a few pages or verses.
- 7:25 a.m. Oct. 22, 2012
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@KellyWSmith, The Bible is a great book and I love ALL of it, not just a few
pages or verses. True,
Did JS copy the poor KJV translation and the manuscripts added later or did Jesus(A.D 34) teach the Nephites an abstract prayer?
LDS scholar William Hamblin. The evil one [ho poneros]. (John 17:15). This phrase is often understood by modern Christians as a prayer for protection from evil in an Abstract sense. But in its first century context, (ho poneros) meant the Evil One=Satan.
In 3 Nephi 13:12, (Jesus)"And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil"(abstract).
In Mt 6:13 NIV, The correct translation is " deliver us from the evil one"(Satan). Also verse 13,the doxology in Nephi is not found in earlier and better manuscripts of the Matthew 6:13..
- 8:24 a.m. Oct. 22, 2012
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I also love all of the bible but I am not looking to excise any parts of it.
But apparently we agree that the bible is only correct as far as it has been translated correctly.
- 9:30 a.m. Oct. 22, 2012
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The NIV Bible has been criticized for having too heavy Protestant theology
influence on the translation. Unfortunately, no Catholic scholars were involved
which makes the NIV less than an inclusive interdenominational effort.
Of the many fine modern translations, I prefer the Revised English Bible which was the collaborative work of both Catholic scholars from the UK and Ireland as well as diverse Protestant scholars in an effort to avoid sectarian bias.
- 2:37 p.m. Oct. 22, 2012
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I'm not going to comment on which version of the Bible is the best.
They all have strengths and weaknesses.
But I will comment on the TV show that this news article is about.
"Fires of Faith" is a very Well Done documentary!!
Thank You, BYU-tv, for creating this series of programs.
- 5:13 p.m. Oct. 22, 2012
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The King James Version Debate is the first book-length refutation of the view
that the KJV is superior to contemporary translations written for both pastors
and laypeople.(D.A. Carson)
Textual criticism (or lower criticism) is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts.
RE: Twin LightsI also love all of the bible but I am not looking to excise any parts of it.
But apparently we agree that the bible is only correct as far as it has been translated correctly. No,
The original articles of faith. #8 We believe in the Word of God recorded in the Bible; we also believe the Word of God recorded in the Book of Mormon, and in all other good books.
- 8:37 a.m. Oct. 23, 2012
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Luke 2: 7-14
7 And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn.....
....Ending with..... 14 Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men.
There's a poetry to the familiar words we hear recited every Christmas. Which translation is the most correct is a separate issue. Today's knowledge of the ancient languages is beyond what it was for the scholars of Tudor England. But there's an ethereal beauty to the prose of the King James language that gives that volume a magisterial place we still revere and treasure. Nothing can take that away.
- 9:42 a.m. Oct. 23, 2012
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I don't know where you found that version of the 8th Article of Faith. Yours does not match the Wentworth Letter, History of the Church, or any other source that I'm aware of???
As the 8th Article of Faith states, the Church believes that the Bible is the Word of God and believes that there have been some mistranslations or changes since it was originally compiled. That doesn't mean that the LDS Church doesn't trust the Bible. Many faithful LDS today trust the Bible as well as love the Bible. There is beauty in the King James Bible that, to me, is lost in many modern literal translations. I'm grateful to those who labored on the King James version so many centuries ago. I truly appreciate the BYU production on the history of the KJV as well.
- 10:37 a.m. Oct. 23, 2012
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Bravo! A superb family and friends Christmas gift. A documentary that will be perhaps be life changing and certainly generate more gratitude and thankfulness for the King James Bible.
- 10:50 a.m. Oct. 23, 2012
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Northern Lights, There is beauty in the King James Bible that, to me, is lost in
many modern literal translations. True,
(D&C 110: 1-16) Elias and Elijah appear to JS, but in the Bible they are the same person. The KJV translators attempted to transliterate Elijah to Elias because there isn't a Greek character for the English letter J.
To avoid confusion, modern translations: NIV, NJKV, NASB and the Catholic Bible have Elijah instead of Elias in(Mt 11:14,; Luke 1:17).
(D&C 84: 11-13) JS said he saw Esaias S/B Isaiah. Modern translation have Isaiah instead of Esaias, see (Romans 9:27,29).
Jude 1:6 KJV, And the angels which kept not their first estate(arche,746=rule).nothing to do with a pre-mortal existence. And the angels who did not keep their "positions of authority "but abandoned their proper dwelling…(Jude 1:6 NIV).
But you are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, "a people belonging to God.".(1Peter 2:9 NIV) see KJV, a peculiar people.
- 1:52 p.m. Oct. 23, 2012
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Now if Mormons will just read The Book, maybe we can debunk the junk, keep the Truth, and join hands.
- 1:57 p.m. Oct. 24, 2012
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If by "The Book" you mean the Bible, please understand that many of us have read it many times (cover to cover) and still are reading it.
We really don't just read the Book of Mormon (though that is nice too . . . )
- 2:09 p.m. Oct. 24, 2012
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8 years of experience
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I was very blessed to have Dr. Varhola deliver my baby (May 2012). She was very supportive during my pregnancy and always went the extra mile to bring me comfort as I was experiencing a lot of paranoia after having a previous miscarriage. Dr. Varhola was very respectful with my pregnancy/labor choices and never pressured me into anything I was not comfortable with. I was greeted with a smile on every appointment and her bedside manner was outstanding. She gave me great encouragement during labor and pushing and was very knowledgeable. I will definitely recommend Dr. Varhola to all my family and friends. I had a very memorable experience and I'm very thankful.
She is fantastic
She has a great bedside manner and knew how to answer all of my questions. She was very understanding about how difficult my sitation was. And was very good explainging everything to my husband.


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Too little, too late for Pine Crest in loss to Calvary Christian
After falling 33-7, Pine Crest scored the game's final 12 points but it was not enough as Calvary Christian pulled off the 33-19 victory.
Calvary used a balanced passing and rushing attack to dominate Pine Crest. The Eagles passed for 192 yards and rushed for 199 yards.
Parker Collins returned an 80-yard punt for a touchdown for the Eagles. He also added 25 yards on the ground and caught two passes for 48 yards and a touchdown.
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George Sluss (1910 - 1962)
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A bigen'
rjj1(Norman OK Zone7)September 13, 2006
Succulents are my thing, but I do have a few spined critters.
I think EmyEmy sent me these seed a few years ago. I sowed them this spring and here's what I got. They are a white blooming Echinopsis. They've been on a far bench where ignored and forgotten things hang.
The bloom was a little deformed, but looks like I've got seed coming my way now.


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Our role is to maximise the contribution of tourism to Tasmania's economic growth.
What's new in Tassie this Autumn
As autumn falls, check out these fresh new experiences on the island.
The latest statistics on visitors to Tasmania are now available.
Tourism Tasmania has launched its latest domestic marketing campaign - Go Behind the Scenery - Autumn 2015.
Find out what's on in Tasmania this coming autumn.
The latest Tourism Info Monitor report of domestic consumer trends and statistics for the period July to September is now available.


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A sputtering target, particularly for sputter depositing a target material onto large rectangular panels, in which a plurality of target tiles are bonded to a backing plate in a two-dimensional non-rectangular array such that the tiles meet at interstices of no more than three tile, thus locking the tiles against excessive misalignment during bonding and repeated thermal cycling. The rectangular tiles may be arranged in staggered rows or in a herringbone or zig-zag pattern. Hexagonal and triangular tiles also provide many of the advantages of the invention. Sector-shaped tiles may be arranged in a circular target with a staggered offset at the center.
1. A tiled sputtering target, comprising:
a target backing plate;
a plurality of tiles comprising a common sputtering composition, fixed to said plate, and arranged in a non-rectangular two-dimensional array;
wherein outside corners of said tiles in said array are rounded with curvatures of between 6.5 and 12.5 cm.
2. The target of
3. The target of
4. A sputtering chamber, comprising:
a processing chamber to which the target of
a scannable magnetron disposed adjacent a side of the target opposite the processing chamber.
5. A tiled sputtering target, comprising:
a target backing plate;
a plurality of substantially rectangular tiles comprising a common sputtering composition, fixed to the plate, and arranged in a non-rectangular two-dimensional array of staggered rows arranged with an offset of between 0.2 and 10% of a length of the tiles along the rows.
6. The target of
7. The target of
8. The target of
9. The target of
10. A sputtering chamber, comprising:
a processing chamber to which the target of
a scannable magnetron disposed adjacent a side of the target opposite the processing chamber.
11. The chamber of
12. A round target, comprising:
a backing plate; and
a plurality of sector-shaped tiles bonded to the backing plate and having apices meeting at a staggered junction near a center of the backing plate.
13. The target of
14. The target of
This application is a continuation in part of Ser. No. 10/888,383, filed Jul. 9, 2004, incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates generally to sputtering of materials. In particular, the invention relates to the a target containing multiple tiles of target material.
Sputtering, alternatively called physical vapor deposition (PVD), is widely used in the commercial fraction of semiconductor integrated circuits for depositing layers of metals and related materials. A typical DC magnetron plasma reactor 10 illustrated in cross section in
Although aluminum, titanium, and copper targets may be formed as a single integral member, targets for sputtering other materials such as molybdenum, chromium, and indium tin oxide (ITO) are more typically formed of a sputtering layer of the material to be sputtered coated onto or bonded to a target backing plate of less expensive and more readily machinable material.
Sputter reactors were largely developed for sputtering onto substantially circular silicon wafers. Over the years, the size of silicon wafers has increased from 50 mm diameters to 300 mm. Sputtering targets or even their layers of sputtering material need to be somewhat larger to provide more uniform deposition across the wafer. Typically, wafer sputter targets are formed of a single circular member for some materials such as aluminum and copper or a single continuous sputter layer formed on a backing plate for more difficult materials.
In the early 1990's, sputter reactors were developed for thin film transistor (TFT) circuits formed on glass panels to be used for large displays, such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) for use as computer monitors or television screens. Demaray et al. describe such a reactor in U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,071, incorporated herein by reference. The technology was later applied to other types of displays, such as plasma displays and organic semiconductors including organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), and on other panel compositions, such as plastic and polymer. Some of the early reactors were designed for panels having a size of about 400 mm�600 mm. It was often considered infeasible to form such large targets with a single continuous sputter layer. Instead, multiple tiles of sputtering materials are separately bonded to a single target backing plate. In the original sizes of flat panel targets, the tiles could be made big enough to extend across the short direction of the target so that the tiles form a one-dimensional array on the backing plate.
Because of the increasing sizes of flat panel displays being produced and the economy of scale realized when multiple displays are fabricated on a single glass panel and thereafter diced, the size of the panels has been continually increasing. Flat panel fabrication equipment is commercially available for sputtering onto panels having a minimum size of 1.8 m and equipment is being contemplated for panels having sizes of 2 m�2 m and even larger. For such large targets, a two-dimensional tile arrangement illustrated in plan view in
As shown in the plan view of
The tiles 32 are bonded to the backing plate 34 on its chamber side with a gap 48 possibly formed between the tiles 32. Typically, the tiles 32 have a rectangular shape with perpendicular corners with the possible exception of beveled edges at the periphery of the tile array. The gap 32 is intended to satisfy fabricational variations and may be between 0 and 0.5 mm. Neighboring tiles 32 may directly abut but should not force each other. On the other hand, the width of the gap 48 should be no more than the plasma dark space, which generally corresponds to the plasma sheath thickness and is generally somewhat greater than about 0.5 mm for the usual pressures of argon working gas. Plasmas cannot form in spaces having minimum distances of less than the plasma dark space. As a result, the underlying titanium backing plate 34 is not sputtered while the tiles 32 are being sputtered.
Returning to
The rectangular tile arrangement of
The transfer operation must be performed quickly enough that the indium coating 64 on the tiles 32 does not solidify during transfer. For smaller targets, the transferring could be done manually. However, with the target and tiles becoming increasingly larger, a transfer fixture grasps the edges of the tiles, and a crane lifts the fixture and moves it to the second table.
Such large mechanical structures are not easily manipulated to provide the desired degree of alignment, specifically, the bonded tiles being separated by no more than 0.5 mm. Instead, as illustrated for a corner area 40 between four tiles 32 in the plan view of
A similar problem arises from the differential thermal expansion between the materials of the target tiles and the backing plate. When the bonded assembly is cooled to room temperature, the differential thermal expansion is likely to cause the assembly to bow. Because of the softness of solid indium, the bow can be pressed out of the bonded assembly. However, the pressing is a generally uncontrolled process and the tiles may slide relative to each other during the pressing to create the undesired tile arrangement of
Techniques have been developed to bond tiles to backing plates with a conductive elastomer that can be applied at a much lower temperature. Such bonding services are available from Thermal Conductive Bonding, Inc. of San Jose, Calif. Nonetheless, elastomeric bonding does not completely eliminate the misalignment problem with larger array of target tiles.
A target, particularly useful as a rectangular target, includes rectangular target tiles which are bonded to a target backing plate in a non-rectangular two-dimension array.
The rectangular tiles may be arranged in staggered rows such that only three tiles meet at an interstice and only two of those tiles have acute corners adjacent to the interstice. In one embodiment of the row arrangement, one row may include only plural whole tiles while a neighboring row has one less whole tile and two half tiles on the ends. In another embodiment of the row arrangement, all rows include the same number of whole tiles and one partial tile with the partial tiles being disposed on opposed ends of neighboring rows. In another embodiment of the row arrangement, the offset creating the staggering is less than 10% but more than 0.5% of the length of the tiles along the row. Expressed differently, the offset should be substantially larger but not unnecessarily larger than the designed gap between the tiles, for example, between 10 and 50 times the planned gap.
The rectangular tiles may alternatively be arranged in a herringbone or zig-zag pattern of whole rectangular tiles having a 1:2 or even 1:N size ratio and square tiles disposed on the periphery of the rectangular outline.
Alternatively, the tiles may be hexagonally shaped and arranged in a close-packed structure.
Yet further alternatively, the tiles may be triangularly shaped, preferably having isosceles shapes within the interior of the rectangular outline.
The invention may be applied to circular targets having multiple tiles, particularly those having sector shaped tiles. Advantageously, the sectors may meet at a staggered junction near the center.
In another aspect of the invention, the outside corners of the target tiles are curved with a radius of between 6.5 to 12.5 cm in correspondence to the curvature of the plasma track created by the magnetron near those corners. The curved corners can be applied to a single-tile target and to one- and two-dimensional arrays of tiles.
Targets made according to the invention avoid many of the problems of conventional targets composed of tiles arranged in a rectangular array. Instead, as illustrated in the plan view of
The target 80 contains some rows containing a number N of whole tiles 32 alternating with rows containing N−1 whole tiles 32 and two half tiles 82. Within a factor that is a ratio of the number of rows and number of columns, the aspect ratio of the whole tiles 32 determines the aspect ratio of the useful target area covered by the tile 32, 82.
A closely related target 90 illustrated in plan view in
In both the targets 80, 90, the full tiles 32 are arranged in a parallelogram arrangement of similarly oriented tiles 32.
A target 100 of another related embodiment is illustrated in the bottom plan view of
The illustrated tiles 110 also have rounded outside corners 116, that is, the corners of the array of tiles 110. The radius of curvature, which may be between 6.5 to 12.5 cm is chosen to follow the curvature of the corners of the magnetron. The magnetrons described by Tepman in the afore cited patent document include a convolute plasma track formed between an inner pole of one magnetic polarity and a surrounding outer pole of the opposed magnetic polarity with a substantially constant gap therebetween, which defines the plasma track. The pole pieces include linear sections joined by curved 90� and 180� sections. The outside corners 116 of the tiles 110 preferably conform to the curvature of the plasma track near those corners 116.
A similarly curved outside corners are advantageously applied to a one-dimensional rectangular array of target tiles or to a single rectangular target tile, which are the preferred arrangements if the tiles can be made large enough.
A target 120 of a third embodiment of the invention is illustrated in
The herringbone pattern provides many interlocking corners and thus allows little slippage to accumulate. This rigidity is accomplished with only two sizes of tiles. However, there is very little flexibility in the aspect ratio of the tiles in the simple illustrated herringbone pattern so that the overall aspect ratio of the useful area of the target is constrained to ratios of small integers. The target aspect ratio can be more freely chosen if rectangularly shaped target tiles of nearly arbitrary aspect ratio are lined up on one of the edges of the herringbone pattern. (A similar edge row of differently sized tiles may be used with the other rectangular arrangements to more easily attain an arbitrary aspect ratio.) The herringbone pattern can be characterized as pairs of perpendicularly oriented 1:2 tiles arranged in an parallelogram pattern. However, there are more complex herringbone patterns in which the tiles have aspect ratios of 1:N, where N is an integer greater than 1.
In all the rectangular embodiments described above with reference to
All the previously described patterns involve generally rectangular tiles. In contrast, a target 130 illustrated in plan view in
The rectangular and hexagonal tiles described above have interior angles of 90� and 60� respectively. It is possible to modify these shapes to more oblique shapes. As long as the opposed sides of the tiles are parallel, they can be close packed. However, such oblique shapes require additional edge pieces.
Another target 140 illustrated in plan view in
The illustrated triangular arrangement can be characterized as a rectangular arrangement of non-rectangular elements although non-rectangular arrangements are possible. In any case, all the embodiments described above include a two-dimensional array of tiles arranged and bonded to the backing plate such that the edges of the tiles do not conform to a rectangular two-dimensional grid, as do the tiles of the arrangement of
Other triangular shapes and staggering patterns are possible, but the isosceles design of
The invention is most useful for large rectangular targets having minimum dimensions of greater than 1.8 m. However, the invention is applicable to smaller targets for which tiling is still desired. Especially for smaller targets, the target backing plate may be simpler than the one illustrated and not include the cooling channels. The invention may also be applied to circular targets for wafer sputter, for example, as illustrated in
The invention is useful not only for refractory metal targets such as molybdenum, chromium, and tungsten as well as silicon, targets of which are difficult to fabricate in large sizes. Similarly, the invention is also useful for targets of more complex composition, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), which is typically sputtered from a target of a mixture of indium oxide and tin oxide in the presence of an oxygen ambient. Also, the perovskite materials used for high-k, ferroelectric, piezoelectric layers may be sputtered from a target containing a sintered mixture of metals, such as lead, zirconium, and titanium, in the presence of oxygen. Such perovskite-precursor targets may need to be formed of smaller target tiles.
Nonetheless, the invention is also useful for more common metals such as aluminum, copper, and titanium, particularly when a target backing plate is used which is intended to be refurbished. That is, the invention is not limited to the composition of the target The invention may further be applied to targets used in RF sputtering, such as insulating targets, as may be used for sputtering metal oxides, such as the previously mentioned perovksites. A magnetron is not essential for the invention. Furthermore, the invention can be applied to round targets although a large variety of edge pieces are required.
Although the invention has been described on the basis of planar bodies having straight sides, it is understood that the edges may have cross-sections of more complexity, such as steps, as long as the overall shape is describable as rectangular, etc. Similarly, the corners of the shape may be somewhat rounded, either intentionally or unintentionally.
The invention thus provides less tile misalignment and improved sputtering performance with only a small increase in the complexity of the tiled target and its fabrication.
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Topics List
W1AW/p WAS and CQ application open
(16)Yea, you know this is just like trying to work DX just after they have been spotted on the Cluster :) I had no trouble. Must have found a hole between
Mar 27
Initial Callsign Certificate and LoTW account password
(8)Norm, please send me marked up copies of the flow chart in and the step-by-step procedure in
Dave AA6YQ
Mar 27
(11)Those looking for skeds to fill WAS needs by LotW should check the K3UK sked web site: http://www.obriensweb.com/sked/index.php?board=lotw The activity there
Joe Subich, W4TV
Mar 24
Fetching Sponsored Content...
New WAS Certificate
(25)Yep WV is tough here in California too. If you are in IN, then WV may be a bit close to get on the higher bands. Same issue here with say NV on 10/12/15 meters
Mar 24
Re: Digest Number 3443
(16)Folks, please calm down and keep your posts civil. This outage was planned and posted days in advance. 73, Dave, AA6YQ
Dave AA6YQ
Mar 24
Complaints and Volunteers
(3)Very little of the awards function, other than field checking of cards, is performed by volunteers. The staff devoted to supporting the awards programs is and
Joe Subich, W4TV
Mar 19
LoTW Down...
(5)Hi Joe, Wow, it's back up! -- Thanks and 73's, For equipment, and software setups and reviews see: www.nk7z.net for MixW support see;
David Cole
Mar 15
dx summit
(6)I tried adding the #/ same thing happens. Julio, W4HY From: email@example.com [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] Sent: Friday, March 13, 2015 4:46 PM
Julio Peralta
Mar 15
Navassa Data entry goof
(3)Joe is correct. The DXCC entity that you logged it under isn't uploaded to TQSL at all for QSOs. The DXCC entity for your QSOs is supplied from the DXCC entity
Rick Murphy
Mar 14
WAS 5-Band Entry
(11)Hi Gary, FINALLY, after many trials, I have it working and showing 247 QSL's. Now, if I can figure out how to get the VT 20m QSO in there (has already been
John P.
Mar 14
WAS Data
(11)LetÆs try that again: So if linking your LoTW WAS Award Account to your WAS Record does not cause WAS credit granted to confirmations submitted via QSL card
Dave AA6YQ
Mar 10
Strategy Suggestion requested
(15)Patrick, my advice is to not worry about the LoTW/DXCC/WAS/VUCC/WPSX database schema, or other implementation details. The abstract model presented in "Using
Dave AA6YQ
Mar 10
LOTW & WAS Confirmations
(6)... From: email@example.com [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] Sent: Monday, March 09, 2015 2:23 PM To: arrl-lotw Subject: Re: [ARRL-LOTW] LOTW & WAS
Dave AA6YQ
Mar 9
LoTW - Something new?
(15)I did the same exact thing with the rule. FWIW, it took about 30 seconds to return to the page after the "change" David, W2DZ
Mar 9
LOTW Discrepancy
(4)Gary and Joe, Thanks for responding to my post! Norm at ARRL HQ is looking into this discrepancy. Joe, it apparently is not a case of the other station
Ed Wilson
Mar 6
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Luis Fernando Llosa, Sports Illustrated investigator and writer & co-author of Beyond Winning: Smart Parenting in a Toxic Sports Environment, spoke at Green Meadow on March 7. Watch an excerpt of his talk at Green Meadow here. Read his recent piece in The Huffington Post.
This recent piece from The New York Times reminds us of the importance of letting our children have experiences that build their resilience and self-confidence.
A salient quote: "Dr. Gray links the astronomical rise in childhood depression and anxiety disorders, which are five to eight times more common than they were in the 1950s, to the decline in free play among young children. 'Young people today are less likely to have a sense of control over their own lives and more likely to feel they are the victims of circumstances, which is predictive of anxiety and depression,' he said."
This article from Psychology Today looks at a 2012 study documenting a continuous decline in creativity among American schoolchildren over the last two or three decades. The research suggests that play and curiosity are foundations for learning. They are also the bedrock of Waldorf Education.
This NPR piece from earlier this year advocates for a play-based Early Childhood education, which Green Meadow offers.
This piece from Huffington Post reminds us of the importance of protecting our children from media exposure, according to their developmental stage.
Let's remember the importance of unstructured play time for our children, all summer long.
A great quote:
"Free play allows children to develop the flexibility needed to adapt to changing circumstances and environments—an ability that comes in very handy when life becomes unpredictable as an adult."
Arianna Huffington of The Huffington Post has been promoting her book, Thrive: The Third Metric to Redefining Success and Creating a Life of Well-Being, Wisdom, and Wonder with recent blog posts and radio interviews.
In this related article, Waldorf math teacher Lisa Babinet highlights the importance of not only preparing students academically but also "preparing the students for a life of well-being, wisdom, wonder, and giving". This is the gift of Waldorf® Education.
The amazing Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood (whose founder, Dr. Susan Linn, spoke at Green Meadow last week), started Screen-Free Week in 1994, as "TV-Free America".
We are celebrating Screen-Free Week by staying off Facebook, Twitter, and our blog, and interacting with screens only as needed for work. Visit the Screen-Free Week website or read this article for inspiration.
See you on May 12!
We thought this article from The Atlantic last month was a great read.
Choose groups to clone to:
FOUNDED 1950 | ACCREDITED BY NYSAIS AND AWSNA | Early Childhood - Grade 12 307 Hungry Hollow Road | Chestnut Ridge, NY 10977 | 845.356.2514 Directions


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Alzheimer's disease and memory loss were the main topics at the April Goldenheirs meeting.
An Ossabaw Island day trip is planned for 9 a.m.-4 p.m. May 4.
Hinesville saxophonist and songwriter Bernard Rose recently was nominated by the Indie Music Channel in Los Angeles for awards in three categories.
Liberty County High School honor graduate Donnie Pulliam has been working with his peers to re-establish the Morehouse College Republicans.
Camp Aloha, Hospice Savannah's bereavement camp for children, is gearing up for its 18th annual camp May 2-4.
Goodwill of the Coastal Empire is seeking positive role models for the GoodGuides Youth Mentoring Program.
Registration is under way for the Family Adventure Quest at Holbrook Pond Recreation Area May 16, 17.
Athletes from Fort Stewart, Liberty and Long county schools showed their abilities and mental toughness Friday during this year's Special Olympics Spring Games.
It seemed like every square foot of the YMCA's soccer fields had a booth surrounded by children and their parents Tuesday afternoon at this year's Earth Day celebration.
HINESVILLE: Liberty Stadium Cinemas 9
Cupcakes and fire trucks don't usually go together, but Liberty County residents and their children got a dose of both Wednesday afternoon with a simultaneous Cupcake War and Public Safety Day display at the Performing Arts Center in Flemington.
"Gone with the Wind," "Casablanca," "Schindler's List," "Forrest Gump" and "The Hurt Locker" - these films all have the same distinction. Each, in turn, won the Academy Award for best picture.
Rincon City Council members recently cleared the way for a country music festival at Freedom Park in August, but they still have to finalize fees and policies for the venue.
The Long County Farm Bureau last month sponsored an art contest at Long County High School with the help of the art teacher Jenna Jones. Their art works featured scenes of Georgia agriculture.
One of my first jobs was cleaning tables and washing dishes part-time for a seafood restaurant in Sneads Ferry, N.C. The Riverview Café didn't pay much, but they offered an always-hungry teenager the best bennies package in the world - all the seafood I could eat.
I thought about skipping my birthday last week.
Olivia Williams of Midway, the wife of Democratic Rep. Al Williams, was selected as the 2015 chairwoman of the spouses of the General Assembly and Constitutional Offices of Georgia. Olivia Williams has been active in the organization since her husband was sworn into office in January 2003.
Many of us, at one time or another, have been associated with someone very old, whether it be a family member or a friend.
The Hinesville/Fort Stewart Shrine Club Hillbilly Unit had its third annual participation in the Savannah St. Patrick's Day Parade on Tuesday. Back row, from left: Jim "JJ" Johns, Dan Austin, Jim Arnold , Acey Lewis, Jimmy Shanken and Mike Smart; middle row: Carlos Ruiz; front row kneeling: Ken Porter and Stonewall "Jack" Jackson (dog).
An online adventure travel reality series is about to put Liberty County in the international spotlight.
The Hinesville Downtown Development Authority will host the annual Easter Egg Roll and Unity Fest from 10 a.m.-3 p.m. Saturday at Bryant Commons.
An online adventure travel reality series is about to put Liberty County in the international spotlight.
Liberty County is about to get caught up in the Space Race.
QuiltFest Destination Savannah II will be held Thursday-Sunday, March 26-29, at the Savannah International Trade and Convention Center.
Church teams, friends and local officials gathered together for the first Kirk Healing Center for the Homeless Charity Golf Tournament, held Saturday at Cherokee Rose Country Club.
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Alterna Holiday Caviar Moisture Duo
We know you want the goods as soon as possible, which is why orders received by 3pm ET leave our warehouse the very same day. We'll send you an email that day to confirm shipment and the email will include your tracking information.
Our warehouse is closed Saturday & Sunday, so orders received after 3pm ET on Fridays will not ship out until Monday.
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HOUSTON -- GE Oil & Gas today announced that it has agreed to acquire substantially all of the assets of Schertz, Texas-based Salof Companies, a designer of small-scale LNG technologies.
Privately-held Salof is known for its cryogenic plant design and fabrication for small LNG and CO₂ applications. Already active in large-scale LNG technologies, GE recently launched LNG solutions with a significantly smaller footprint and capacity. The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions, including regulatory approval.
In North America, the demand for small-scale LNG production is growing as vast new discoveries of natural gas are making it cost efficient to use cleaner burning natural gas for transportation, fleet management, marine and other industrial uses. The technologies can encourage the transition of long-haul trucks and locomotives from diesel fuel to LNG, contribute to emissions reduction, capture flare gas at drilling sites and landfills, and help eliminate the need for costly pipeline infrastructure in remote areas. Additionally, small-scale LNG technology is employed to develop export terminal infrastructure for LNG.
Small LNG solutions typically offer a cost-effective standard or modular, plug-and-play solution. They can be located in remote areas, industrial sites or even highway fueling stations. Depending on the design, they can be moved and redeployed as needed.
Salof has nearly 200 employees located at its Schertz manufacturing facility. Together with the U.S. acquisition, GE will acquire a 50% ownership interest in Beijing enCryo Engineering, a Beijing-based JV with Beijing Maison Engineering, that has been a reliable partner with the Salof for projects in China and elsewhere.
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This is a fabulous Victorian fold-out valentine. It features two cherubs wrapping flowers across a large heart and "To my Valentine" on front. Behind them is another cherub standing in front of a large embossed spray of forget-me-nots. A white dove sits gracefully at the corner. It reads "Made in Germany" on the front lower corner. It is inscribed "To Margaret From Mary" on the back.
There is a bend on the end of one limb and a crease at the end of one of the leaves. Aside from that, this valentine is in excellent condition with beautiful, vibrant colors. It measures 3 3/4" X 4 1/4" X 1/2".
Item ID: RL-03624
Eclectic Vintage Collectibles ~ Purses ~ Jewelry ~ Glass ~ Books ~ Toys ~ Ephemera & Holiday Items
Welcome to Vintage Vault: PLATINUM-rated and one of Ruby Lane's "Top 50" Most Visited Shops! Offers welcome.


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The New Mad Max: Fury Road Trailer Contains 20% Extra Madness
The first international trailer for the almost jaw-droppingly amazing new Mad Max movie is here. It doesn't contain much new footage, but it contains some, if you're even half as excited as we are for the long-awaited sequel, then you'll definitely want to check it out. »


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Huntington's disease research news. In plain language. Written by scientists. For the global HD community.
Most research on Huntington's disease is done using animal models that mimic the human disease. However, these models typically recreate only a few of the disease's symptoms, and there are some important symptoms that don't show up in any model at all. Now, exciting new research is making great strides against these problems – and teaching us about the disease at the same time.
A recent study by the Yang lab at UCLA points to a new idea for preventing damage to neurons in Huntington's disease. The strategy is to tone down an overly helpful protein called ATM. Inside neurons, ATM provides a crucial role in repairing the cell's infrastructure, somewhat like that of a bridge inspector, but the expanded HD protein may be causing ATM to misjudge DNA damage.
Our final report from the Annual Huntington's Disease Therapeutics Conference.
Our second update from the Annual Huntington's Disease Therapeutics Conference.
The first of our special reports from the Annual Huntington's Disease Therapeutics Conference in Palm Springs – the biggest meeting of HD scientists focused on developing treatments to prevent or slow Huntington's disease.
The growth factor 'BDNF' usually sends a "Survive!" signal to brain cells. In Huntington's Disease (HD), this system doesn't work as it should, so scientists have been looking for ways to boost the signal. Enter one of nature's most useful tools: the antibody. Usually antibodies play an important role in the immune system, but researchers have identified two antibodies, produced by the company Pfizer, that can act like a set of spare keys to activate the TrkB receptor. This unlocks the door to determining whether a boost in TrkB activity is enough to prevent neurons from dying, in hopes of slowing the progression of HD.
In Huntington's Disease, one of the many problems arising from the disease mutation is that DNA gets folded incorrectly. A new study in mice reveals that a drug changing the way DNA folds may have beneficial effects in Huntington's – even for the untreated offspring of treated individuals. This discovery could affect how we think about drug therapies for Huntington's Disease.
What happens when you have a broken part in a machine? You fix it! A new study shows that increasing the activity a critical piece of machinery called 'mTORC1' in a mouse model of Huntington's disease leads to improved motor problems and brain abnormalities associated with the disease. These recently published findings may offer scientists a new target for therapeutic development in HD.
The brains of Huntington's disease patients seem to have problems making enough energy. Giving brains an energy boost might help with HD, but getting extra fuel into the brain is difficult. A new study from France reveals that feeding HD patients a special kind of fat improved their brain's energy levels. This opens the door for new studies to test whether this improvement in energy could help with HD symptoms.


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You don't have to be the only one on cleaning duty.
Heloise Through the Years
When your fashionable extras are thoughtfully arranged, finding just the right thing to complement an outfit is a snap. To start: Sort not just by type, but also by color or occasion (e.g., work, play, fancy), depending on how you dress. If chunky pieces are overtaking dainty jewelry holders, think outside the box: Try mug trees to hold bulky bracelets; wall-mounted hooks for hefty necklaces. Earrings and rings will fit into divided, stackable foam trays, which you can tuck into a drawer or larger container, while day-to-day items can stay out, without getting lost, on an attractive landing spot.


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Lara Hall
Lara Hall
What I do for 610: I'm the producer for B-Straw & Pauly G. I help to book guests, screen calls, and find interesting stories every day.
Birthday: October 21
Twitter: @producerlara
Lara on Facebook
Nickname: People often think my name is pronounced like Laura so I get that a lot, otherwise Lara is pretty short already to have a nickname
Hometown: Sugar Land, TX
College: Texas State University in San Marcos, TX
High school: Clements High School in Sugar Land, TX
How long at SportsRadio 610: Since 2011
How long in radio business: Since 2009
Coolest person at SR610: Job Tennant
What I love about Houston: The great variety of things to see and do
Favorite four-letter word: SPAR
Experience: I started at the bottom and am still fighting my way up
Teams followed: Texans, Rockets, Dynamo
Signature phrase: Probably something sarcastic.
Favorite sports experiences: Meeting athletes at Fan Fest, going to Astros games with friends, being my dad's only sporty child so he was my coach a lot.
Sports played: I played soccer and volleyball all through the early years and dabbled a bit in gymnastics and ice-skating. I did some track and field too.
Family: My parents told me I could do anything I wanted. I think they may regret that now that I've decided what I want to do is radio. I have a very awesome and supportive family though.
More: I have a great passion for radio and really enjoy having a job that challenges me and keeps me interested every day. Plus it's a lot of fun to be one of the only girls at a Sports station. There's never a dull moment.
Road Trip: Phoenix, Texans First Preseason Preview Edition
Tonight the B-Straw & Pauly G Show traveled to Phoenix, Arizona to preview the first Texans preseason game. They spoke to Craig Morgan, Fox Sports Arizona, about some of the players to watch in the game tomorrow. He said nobody seems to know when Tyrann Mathieu will get back on the field but he is definitely anxious to get back playing. He said that Arizona passed on Johnny Manziel because they didn't feel that he was a fit there. Morgan says the Cardinals will not be playing their starters more than fifteen minutes and he could play them less than that. He said the Cardinals aren't game planning or watching Texans film because they aren't very concerned with this preseason match.
Road Trip: Baltimore
Tonight the B-Straw & Pauly G Show Road Trip traveled to Baltimore to talk to Jeremy Conn, 105.7 The Fan. Conn said that everyone is "intrigued" with Gary Kubiak so far and that the offense is looking good so far there. He thinks the Ravens have made a lot of improvements to the offensive that should help revamp the line. He says that Cincinnati is a team to look out for and that it would surprise him if the Browns do that much. He says the Ravens fans either love or hate Joe Flacco, there is no middle ground on him. Conn also touched on that a lot of people are optimistic about Kevin Durant possibly coming to the area but he isn't buying it.
Alyson Footer Gives Clarity To The Astros Players Uproar
Alyson Footer, MLB.com, joined The Triple Threat to discuss the latest happenings with the Astros. She thought this uproar over Mark Appel throwing a bullpen was a bit over blown by the media. She said twitter got ahead of the story and helped to blow things out of proportion. Footer says the "jury is still out" when it comes to how the league views Bo Porter's managerial style with the Astros because it's too early to know. She said the general attitude towards the Astros on the national level is very skeptical about what they are doing, but are waiting to see what will happen. She said the Astros have kind of been on a bit of a downward spiral since the 2007 draft where they didn't draft a single useful player for the team.
Gregg Rosenthal Doesn't Think Andre Johnson Will Be A Texan Next Season
Gregg Rosenthal joined Matt Hammond and Matt Murphy filling in on The B-Straw & Pauly G Show. He said that the Texans are doing their best to keep details under wrap with the Andre Johnson situation. Rosenthal thinks Johnson is probably upset about several things that we don't really know about at this point. He thinks due to his high salary, Johnson will not be a Texan after this season. He also weighed in on the Ray Rice suspension and the looming punishment for Jim Irsay.
LZ Granderson Says Rockets Are Worse Off Than They Were A Year Ago
LZ Granderson, ESPN magazine, joined Matt Hammond and Matt Murphy filling in for The B-Straw & Pauly G Show. Granderson came on to discuss the most recent developments with the Houston Rockets. He claims the Rockets are worse off than they were a year ago because he feels Ariza is a step down from Parsons. He discussed James Harden's recent comments about his teammates being role players. Granderson also weighed in on Ray Rice's suspension saying that domestic violence has always been treated more lightly than other offenses.
Mike Sielski Discusses Distractions In The NFL From Michael Vick To Michael Sam
Mike Sielski, Philly Inquirer, joined Matt Hammond and Matt Murphy as they fill in for the B-Straw & Pauly G Show. He discussed Michael Vick versus Michael Sam as distractions. Sielski says that the NFL is a business of distractions and they will always be there. He thinks Dungy's claim that Michael Sam wouldn't help his team win is not true and doesn't believe that he would be such a huge distraction in the locker room. In fact he doesn't think Sam will be an impediment to the Rams in any way.
Joel Corry Explains Why JJ Watt Should Be The Highest Paid Defensive Player In The NFL
Joel Corry, CBSsports.com, joined Matt Hammond and Matt Murphy filling in for The B-Straw & Pauly G Show. Corry came on to discuss JJ Watt's contract which should be negotiated before the 2015 football season starts. He thinks Watt has 55 million in guaranteed money coming to him if they pay what he is worth. He spoke a little on Eric Winston and said he doesn't think him being the President of the Player's Association will keep him from finding a team but his performance last season might.
UH Head Coach Tony Levine Discusses His Experiences As A Coach, Recruiter
University of Houston Head Football Coach Tony Levine joined Nate & Creight in studio as they filled in for The B-Straw & Pauly G Show. He discussed what it is like to be a head coach and the things he has learned in his tenure at UH. Levine discussed what the recruiting process is like and how he is deeply involved in it. He also spoke about the importance of good facilities and how the campus has grown and evolved through his time there so far. He discussed the statements at the SEC media days about cheating going on in college football.
Hub Arkush Thinks Texans Will Resolve Situation With Andre Johnson
Hub Arkush, chicagofootball.com, joined MaD Radio to talk all things NFL. He feels that it really doesn't matter where the NFL draft is so it really doesn't matter if they move where they hold it. Arkush is confused by Andre Johnson's recent behavior and really cannot see him going elsewhere so it should get resolved. He thinks that the best case scenario when it comes to Fitzpatrick is that he somehow becomes a much better quarterback than he has been so far. He really thought Fitzpatrick was just being brought on as a backup and the quarterback situation is the only problem he has with the way the team is right now. He thinks Bill O'Brien is the right guy to coach the Texans but he isn't sure if he has enough to work with to turn the team around. Arkush thinks Johnny Manziel has a tough road ahead of him at quarterback but that he will be fun to watch.
Seth Considers Working For Uber
Today on MaD Radio, Mike and Seth discussed the possibility of Seth starting to work for the Uber cab service. He explained why he wants to give it a try and his thoughts on the service in general. Seth has already passed the online background check and has wanted to be a cab driver since he was a kid. He also discussed some of the misgivings that he is having about trying it like the fact that he is somewhat of a public figure. Seth thinks it would be fun to pick up athletes and take taxi cab confessionals of drunk people.


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can't revise profile
NHBabs(4b-5aNH)December 25, 2010
I can't revise my profile (when I try it won't save; I just get a page with a meaningless set of characters.)
I am trying to get my zone designation to return to automatically being included in my responses, so its removal is a problem.
I also find that GW's gremlins have removed my ability to get responses from other gardeners.
Since I can't revise my profile, I can't correct the above issues.
Chemocurl zn5b/6a Indiana(zone 5/6)
Have you seen the post at the Link below? It was posted Dec 28th. I too am still having problems, have reported it, and they are working on it.
Here is a link that might be useful: Login and Profile Issues


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Join Eversave Coupons & Savings and receive great coupons and savings delivered to your inbox. Samples from top name brands like SC Johnson, Pampers, and Dove, Pledge, Kellogg's, and Kraft. And deals up to 90% off things you love to do! Try it with me! It's FREE!
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August 9, 2011
About Heather Brummett
I am Heather Brummett , the owner of Living on Love and Cents, a Christian, wife and mom of 2 sharing real life experiences. I'm am a Texan, living in Louisiana. I'm a real mom, sharing my real life experiences with the world. Thank you for being a part of my world. To be featured or for information on freelance work contact me at email@example.com.