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United States Patent Harper et al.
[451 June 13, 1972 [54] ABSORBENT PRODUCT CONTAINING A HYDROCELLOIDAL COMPOSITION [72] inventors: Billy Gene Harper; Robert Niles Bashaw; Bobby Leroy Atkins, all of Lake Jackson,
[73] Assignee: The Dow Chemical Company, Midland,
[22] Filed: May3l,l966 v 21 Appl. No.: 553,684
' [52] U.S.Cl ..l28/156, 117/136, 128/284,
[51] Int. Cl. ..A61l 15/00 [58] Field of Search ..128/156, 284, 285, 287, 290, 128/296; 3/1, 36; 260/47, 77.5, 88.1; 117/136 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,220,960 1 H1965 Wichterle et a1. ..3/1 2,750,944 6/1956 2,810,716 10/1957 2/ 1963 OTHER PUBLICATIONS The Bulletin, of Vol. 5, No. 3, July 1963, Vol. 6, No. 2, April 1964, Dow Corning Center for Aid to Medical Research.
Primary Eraminer-Charles F. Rosenbaum Attorney-Griswold & Burdick [5 7] ABSTRACT 8 Claims, No Drawings The present invention is concerned with the relatively stable sorption of aqueous fluids and is particularly directed to substances which do sorb, structures which carry the said sorbent substances, and methods for the sorption of aqueous fluids particularly in situations in which it is desired to sorb the aqueous fluid stably and in a manner which is reversible only with great difficulty.
The present invention finds its principal use in the sorption of fluids elaborated in the normal or pathological functioning of the body of a warm-blooded animal. In some circumstances it is more widely usable and may be employed wherever it is desired to sorb an aqueous fluid. The sorbent of the present invention is a polymer, typically a co-polymer derived from monomers which, or a major proportion of which, homopolymerized alone, would be water soluble; but are here lightly cross-linked in manners known in polymer synthesis and preparation.
The monomers to be employed are mono-unsaturated, in the sense that each unit, typically a monomer or low polymer when simply polymerized, yields linear polymers and by the fact that, if homopolymerized, the homopolymers are water soluble. However, it is pointed out that mixtures of these monomers can also be polymerized to obtain copolymers including terpolymers and polymers presenting a wide variety of monomeric members. If not cross-linked, as by polymerizing in mixture with polyfunctional, cross-linking monomer, these copolymers are also water soluble.
In the present invention, light cross-linked polymers otherwise as described above, including mixed polymers representing diverse monomeric species, are not only to be employed, but represent some of the most effective embodiments of the invention.
When it is desired to obtain recurring moieties of some kinds, such as carboxyl-bearing and carboxylate-bearing moieties, sulfonate and sulfonic-bearing moieties, and the like, the synthetic route of choice may not call for the monomers bearing such functions. Rather it may be less expensive to provide a monomer which, after polymerization, admits of ready modification to provide such function.
Thus, for instance, when a polymer is desired that may appear to be a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylate, it may be preferred to produce first a homopolymeric acrylamide and, after polymerization, to hydrolyze in part, to obtain a product as though a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid, and thereafter to neutralize the carboxyl groups produced by hydrolysis. Similarly, instead of mixing monomers of styrene and sodium styrene sulfonate, it may be preferred to homopolymerize styrene and thereafter sulfonate it in part and, following sulfonation, to neutralize the resulting sulfonic moieties.
It is immaterial in the present invention whether a copolymeric material here to be employed be prepared by supplying separate monomers and thereafter copolymerizing them, or by supplying monomer of one kind, homopolymerizing, and thereafter modifying a part, only, of the resulting recurring moieties, to attain essentially the same product as would be attained from copolymerization.
Cross-linking necessary to the present invention is readily achieved in manners known in the polymer arts; as, by irradiation, or the incorporation into a monomer mixture to be polymerized of known chemical cross-linking monomeric agents such as divinylbenzene, the divinylether of diethylene glycol, N,N-methylene bisacrylamide; and the like. The manner of cross-linking is not critical. When a monomeric difunctional chemical cross-linking agent is incorporated into a monomer mixture to be polymerized to obtain a naturally cross-linked polymer (which is actually a co-polymer by reason of the presence of the cross-linking agent) to be used according to the present invention, usually from about 0.05 to about 1.5 percent of cross-linking agent and preferably about 0. l to about 0.9 percent of cross-linking agent by weight of total polymeric mixture will yield products of preferred propenies. When cross-linking is induced in known manners by radiation, about the same degree of cross-linking should be achieved.
Those skilled in the polymer art, will recognize that, for purposes of this invention the extent of cross-linking desired is enough to render the resulting cross-linked polymers water insoluble, greatly water-swellable, bibulous; the separate particles, when swollen by imbibition of an aqueous fluid, not coalescing but remaining discrete although possibly moderately coherent.
The preparation of representative polymers of this invention is now exemplified.
EXAMPLE 1 A 50 percent aqueous solution of N-vinyl-pyrrolidone monomer was exposed for two hours in a reaction vessel to a gamma ray source providing radiation at the rate of 0.16 megarad per hour. Under the radiation bombardment, in manners incompletely known as to chemical mechanism but well defined as to results, the monomer was polymerized and lightly cross-linked, and the preparation which entered the reactor as a viscous aqueous solution was brought out as an insoluble, deformable soft solid.
This substance was cut into dice and subdivided so as to provide large surface exposure to evaporative removal of water. Water was thereafter evaporated to apparent dryness and, as desired, further finely ground or pulverized to obtain a finely particulate product.
EXAMPLE 2 In a 3 liter flask were combined 450 grams monomeric N- vinylpyrrolidone, 2.25 grams of the max-divinylether of diethylene glycol, 0.45 milliliter of l-amino-2-propanol, and, as polymerization catalyst, 0.90 grams of a,a-azobisisobutyronitrile, all these substances together with 1,800 milliliters water. The resulting mixture was heated at 7080 C. for 8 hours under nitrogen blanket and with continuous nitrogen purge. As a result of these operations there was obtained, in aqueous dispersion, a lightly cross-linked polymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone cross-linked with the saturated residue of the divinyl ether of diethylene glycol. The resulting preparation was removed from the flask in which it was prepared, placed on trays and warmed in a vacuum evaporator to remove water and obtain the lightly cross-linked polymer as a glassy solid. The resulting polymer solid, in irregular form was thereafter ground to desired fineness to obtain a usable powder.
EXAMPLE 3 In a 3 liter flask were combined grams monomeric N- vinylpyrrolidone, 0.7 grams N,N-methylenebisacrylamide and, as polymerization catalyst 0.3 grams a,a-asobisisobutyronitrile, all these substances mixed together with 500 milliliters water. The resulting mixture was heated at 7080 C. for 8 hours under nitrogen blanket and with stirring and with continuous nitrogen purge, to obtain, in aqueous dispersion, a polymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone lightly cross-linked with the saturated residue of the N,N-methylenebisacrylamide. The resulting product was a coherent mass of gel with no visible amounts of unretained aqueous liquid.
The gel was removed from the flask, placed in a glass pan in a vacuum evaporator, and with warming and under subatmospheric pressure, water was evaporated to apparent product dryness and thereafter ground to obtain a finely particulate product.
In preparations essentially the same as those of Example 3 foregoing but employing 100 grams monomeric N-vinylpyrrolidone and 0.5 percent divinylbenzene there was obtained a gel which, upon preparation, evaporative drying, grinding, and
rewetting, sorbed to obtain a loosely associated particulate gel, in which 2 weight percent of polymer held 98 weight percent of water readily.
Cross-linked polyglycol polymers, which may be regarded as certain highly specialized forms of polyurethane polymers are also useful in the present invention, including the polymers set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,054,778 and 3,164,565.
EXAMPLE 5 The following procedure is carried out for the preparation of a water swellable polyglycol:
Into a mixing kettle containing 6,000 pounds of kerosene was added 2.5 percent by weight of Bentone 38 based on kerosene.
The expression Bentone is a registered trade mark for a group of ion-exchange modified clays. Bentone 38, in particular, is a dimethyl-di (tallow oil alkyl) ammonium derivative of a magnesium montmorillonite (Hectorite Clay). It was used here as an aid to particulating the resulting polymer. Then acetone (40 percent by weight based on Bentone) was added to aid the dispersion of the Bentone. This mixture was then agitated by stirring until its viscosity was greater than 300 centipoises. About 4,800 pounds of dry polyethylene glycol of average molecular weight of about 9,000 was fed into the reactor which had been heated to 90 C., at a rate of about 1,000 to 1,250 pounds per hour. The temperature was maintained at 80-90 C. A heat stabilizer product was then added to the mixture and the temperature raised to 110 C. The theoretical amount of toluene diisocyanate based on the hydroxyl groups present in the polyglycol was then added, followed by a quantity of triethylene diamine sufficient to obtain a pH of from 8-9 in the mixture. The reaction was allowed to continue for 1 hour at 80 C.
The reaction was stopped by adding 15 percent HCl to the slurry until the pH was 5 or 6. The particulate polymer was separated from the slurry by filtration and the excess kerosene absorbed by Fullers earth which was then separated by sieving from the larger particles of polymer.
EXAMPLE 6 To a polymerization reaction vessel was charged acrylamide and water in relative proportions to prepare a 10 percent solution of the monomer. N,N-methylenebisacrylamide was added to the resulting solution in an amount of 0.092 mole percent based on the moles of acrylamide (2,000 parts per million parts of acrylamide monomer). The pH of the reaction system was adjusted to 6.4 and the temperature adjusted to about 35 C. At this point the reaction vessel was purged with nitrogen for about 30 minutes and thereafter sealed maintaining the reaction system under a nitrogen blanket. Polymerization was initiated by addition to the system of a catalytic amount of potassium persulfate, about 0.05 percent based on the weight of the monomer. After an initial period of about minutes during which the polymerization proceeded adiabatically, the temperature of the system was increased to 85 C. and held there for about 2 hours.
The polymer gel thus produced was cooled to room temperature. Sufficient potassium hydroxide in the form of a 5 percent water solution thereof was added to the gel to hydrolyze about 30 mole percent of the available carboxamide groups to the corresponding carboxylate groups. The hydroxide solution was thoroughly mixed with the polymer gel and the resulting mixture maintained at 75 C. for 18 hours. The cross-linked terpolymer of acrylamide, sodium acrylate and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide thus prepared was dried and ground to a fine, free flowing powder which had a swelling capacity of 860 grams in water.
Other monomeric substances the homopolymers of which are uniformly water soluble, the lightly cross-linked polymers (which can be regarded as co-polymers by reason of the presence of at least the cross-linking monomer,) which can be polymerized to obtain cross-linked water-insoluble, waterswellable polymers of the present invention include the alkali metal salts, such as the sodium salt of sulfonated vinyl toluene which can be prepared by sulfonating vinyl toluene and thereafter neutralized before or after polymerization; similarly, an alkali metal salt, such as the sodium salt of sulfonated styrene, sodiosulfoethyl acrylate; B-hydroxy ethyl acrylate, and vinylmethyloxazolidinone which will usually be 3-vinyl-5-methyloxazolidinone but of which the other isomers are available also.
It is uniformly characteristic of the polymers of the present invention that a graph representing, vectorially, water absorption as a function of applied pressure and, reciprocally, water desorption or expression as a function of applied pressure, presents a pattern that can be regarded as a hysteresis loop. 1t is an especially advantageous characteristic of the water sorption of the polymers of the present invention that this hysteresis loop indicates an outstanding spread between the conditions necessary to effect absorption of aqueous fluids and the conditions under which pressure desorption or release results. Because of this characteristic property, the present substances are extraordinarily advantageous for use in situations in which it is desired to sorb large quantities of aqueous fluid and retain them securely in the face of pressures deformative of the polymer sorbent. Over a relatively wide range of water absorption concentration, it can be generalized that pressure and physical deformation alone have essentially no effect upon the release of water from the polymers of the present invention.
Illustrative of the importance of this fact, a baby diaper prepared from a water-insoluble supporting structure which can be fabric, and carrying, in a way to be retained as in a closed bag, particulate sorbent of the present invention, absorbs large quantities of aqueous fluid with essentially no tendency to release the fluid when exposed to pressure and deformation of the resulting mass of fluid-bearing polymer. 1n contrast, a sponge or an absorbent cotton fabric manifests a very low spread of the said hysteresis loop at more than minimal water absorption concentrations. Also, the polymers of the present invention, when sorbed with relatively large amounts of water, have little tendency to synerese. Thus, in contrast with thermosoluble polymers such as gelatin and pectin, at relative levels of water concentration in which syneresis would be conspicuous, surfaces of the present polymer show little or no tendency to bleed."
The polymers of the present invention, like most polymers, are essentially innocuous in contact with human tissue. The polymers are adapted to be used in direct contact with minor cuts and abrasions and ordinarily also with major cuts sectioning major blood vessels. Hence, the polymers of the present invention are extraordinarily useful in stanching of the flow of blood 5 and can be incorporated into face-powders, lotions. bandages and the like.
EXAMPLE 7 An ear of a live rabbit was examined against a strong light and a small artery precisely located. A longitudinal section through the skin and into the artery resulted in profuse bleeding. Onto a small approximately 2 inch square piece of folded gauze, approximately 0.1 gram of poly N-vinylpyrrolidinone lightly cross-linked with gamma radiation in the method described, hereinabove, was applied as a loose dust and pressed against the wound and held for about 30 seconds. Thereafter, the gauze was removed, and it was observed that all bleeding had stopped and a structure comprising the waterswellable polymer of the present invention together with sorbed blood, giving an appearance closely resembling that of a natural clot, was observed.
The animal was maintained under observation for a period of time and the clot remained essentially unmodified until the wound had healed. Healing of the wound was examined and found to be apparently normal. It is a useful aspect of the employment of the polymers of the present invention in control of bleeding that the clot-like structure formed in this manner has much less tendency to shrink than does a normal clot of blood. Reasoning teleologically one might assume that the normal shrinkage serves a purpose useful in a primitive, unbandaged management of a wound, in that some approximation of the cut surfaces occurs. When this is desired, if it is preferred also to stanch the flow of blood with the present polymer, means of approximation, such as bandage or sutures, will be used.
In contrast, when this is a matter of indifference, of when approximation of the wound is not desired, the employment of the polymers of the present invention is advantageous in that, as the blood clots, with the polymer, it causes little or no dimensional change in the wound site.
In such uses as in dusting powders for use after shaving, this consideration can usually be ignored.
EXAMPLE 8 The present example is carried out essentially as Example 7, foregoing, except that the employed polymer was mixed with physiological saline water to obtain a thick paste. This paste, representing partial, but far less than complete, saturation of the polymer with water was then applied, without support, to an incision similar to that described in Example 7 foregoing. The polymer paste could be seen slowly to perfuse with blood resulting in characteristic color change, and the flow of blood was permanently stanched. The wound was observed over a period of time and healing was seen to follow essentially the course of that described, foregoing.
EXAMPLE 9 EXAMPLE 10 The procedures of the present example were essentially the same as those of Example 9 except that the employed polymer was polymeric vinylpyrrolidinone cross-linked with 0.5 percent divinylether of diethylene glycol by weight of total employed monomer. Sorption was essentially the same but, perhaps as a function of particle size, the resulting gel-like structure was composed of swollen, non-coalescent, physically separate particles. Sorption of the blood was apparently complete except for small amounts of moisture remaining on the wall of the bottle.
EXAMPLE 1 l The procedures of the present example were essentially the same as those of Example 9, foregoing, except that the polymer was identical with the polymer in Example 10. The polymer of this example, when mixed with the blood sample, gave a fibrinous gel closely resembling a natural blood clot.
EXAMPLE 12 The present example was carried out in procedures essentially the same as those of Example 9 except that the employed polymer was polymeric N-vinylpyrrolidinone lightly crosslinked with 0.7 percent N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide by weight of total monomeric content.
In a hydrous association of 2 weight percent polymer and 98 weight percent blood, there was formed an agglomerated gel on irregularities of the surface of which small amounts of free relatively coherent liquid remained.
EXAMPLE 13 The procedures in the present example were essentially the same as those in Example 9 except that the employed polymer was polymeric N-vinylpyrrolidinone lightly cross-linked with 0.5 weight percent divinylbenzene as cross-linkin g agent.
Dispersed in blood at a concentration of 2 percent polymer and 98 percent blood, both by weight, there was formed a loosely coherent particulate gel mass. The particle boundaries represented approximately those of the original ground polymer except enlarged by swelling.
EXAMPLE 14 The present example was carried out in procedures essentially the same as those of Example 9 except that the polymer was a product from the cross-linking of a polyglycol with toluenediisocyanate, such as that of Example 5. The polyglycol was a polyethelene glycol of average molecular weight about 9,500, a specific gravity of 1.212 at 25" as referred to water at the same temperature; before cross-link ing, soluble in all proportions in water; but cross-linked by reacting it with a small amount of toluenediisocyanate. The resulting polymer, loaded by sorption with blood, yielded a particulate gel, the particles of which absorbed blood relatively more slowly than the polymers described foregoing, but completely and practically irreversibly.
EXAMPLE 15 The present example was carried out in a manner essentially similar to the foregoing, except that the employed polymer was prepared from a polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of approximately 20,000, more lightly cross linked with toluene diisocyanate, and the resulting gel, from the dispersion of 2 weight percent of the said polymer into 98 weight percent of blood, was somewhat less particulate than the particle of Example 14, foregoing, formed more quickly, and deemed more useful in the stanching of blood flow.
EXAMPLE 16 The present example was carried out essentially as those foregoing, and as in Example 9, except that the employed polymer was a poly potassium acrylate cross-linked with about 0.1 percent of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide by weight of total monomeric charge.
At 1 weight percent concentration in 99 weight percent concentration of blood, the polymer of the present example gave a thick, cohesive, solid, soft, deformable gel closely resembling a newly-formed natural blood clot.
With only minimal attention to the identity of the chosen polymer, all the polymers of the present invention and in particular, fabricated articles presenting the polymers but supporting them are adapted to be employed in a wide range of sorptive functions. It is expressly contemplated that they will be used in bandages, surgical tampons, sorptive dental rolls, catamenial tampons, sanitary napkins, diapers, body urinals for use by persons suffering urinary incontinence, in which application the employment of the polymers in a thin plastic film bag provides an easily disposable unit, and the particulate polymers may well be employed; pads for the absorption of perspiration as in the underarm region; breast pads for the sorptive interception of milk; disposable sorbent hat bands, and in conjunction with drains, and similar surgical and medical means employed in the management of bodily fluids.
Also, the polymers of the present invention, and in particular, the polymers heavily sorbed with aqueous dispersions are useful in providing body feature restoration or modification, as in plastic surgery. The polymers, substantially free of impurities, are dispersed in water, or in physiological saline solution, or other fluid as desired, to obtain a relatively firm gel. The exact ratio of water or physiological saline solution or the like, to polymer, is not critical, but can be adjusted according to the properties of the polymer and the viscosity or rigidity desired. In this condition, the swollen polymer can be expressed through a surgical syringe and a surgical hollow needle of relatively large diameter such as about number 12 or larger. Expression of the polymer is rendered easier by the employment of a syringe with a screw-thread plunger drive, and it is preferred to employ a needle which attaches to the syringe by a locking mechanism.
With due regard for appropriate related surgical techniques such as aseptic conditions and the prudent choice of site for injection and the like, the polymers of the present invention are injected, typically subcutaneously, in any desired quantity and with control of distribution, in the restoration of surgically diminished or naturally deficient contoured body features. The employed polymer can thus be injected when of viscosity sufficiently great that it shows no perceptible tendency to return through the needle puncture.
As a further embodiment of the present invention, the aqueous fluid with which the polymer is loaded by sorption can be an aqueous dispersion of a natural hormone. Hormone concentration, identity, site, and the like can be selected with due regard for the known behavior of the hormone. in this situation, the exchange of solutes between the sorbed polymer mass and body fluids results in the slow release of hormone into the body. Thus the injected mass of hormone behaves at least temporarily essentially as an artificial endocrine gland. When desired, by injection, the hormone content of the polymer body can be increased or restored to an original level. Also, when desired, the polymer mass, or major portions of it, can be removed by aspiration that is essentially the reverse of injection, followed by replacement with other polymer, or not, as medically indicated.
When not so modified by physiologically active substances, the physiologic saline dispersions of the present polymers are essentially inert, exhibiting only mechanical properties.
EXAMPLE 17 A female guinea pig was lightly anesthetized, and the animals ventral surface was injected with several approximately 0.25 milliliter amounts of a lightly cross-linked polymer of the present invention, dispersed in physiological saline to obtain a swollen, coalescent gel. The injections were carried out at relatively regularly spaced sites along parallel lines extending the normal lines of the natural mammary protuberances. Upon completion of the injection, the animal gave the superficial impression of being provided with approximately twice the normal number of lacteal sites. The animal was permitted to regain conscousness, and was thereafter maintained for a period of approximately 6 months under conditions generally favorable to the growth and well being of the guinea pig. The injected sites were periodically manipulated with a view to determining whether the original contour would change perceptibly as by further separation of cutaneous from underlying tissue, and with a further view to eliciting inflammation if tendency thereto were noted. The animal was examined carefully at relatively frequent intervals, and, at the time formal observation and recording of the experiment were discontinued, some months later, the animal showed no evidence of discomfort; the injected areas had shown no perceptible tendency to spread and flatten, no inflammation or local febrility was noted; and the injected sites had shown essentially no tendency to shrink as by resorption into the body of their sorbed water.
EXAMPLE 18 An experimental baby diaper is prepared by providing a first outer layer of thin plain nylon broadcloth approximately 20 inches square. Over and upon this, avoiding approximately 2 inches of outer edge is applied approximately 2 grams, relatively uniformly, of finely subdivided cross-linked copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate as prepared in Example 6. Over this copolymer is applied a second fabric layer essentially the same as the first. With minimal disturbance of the distribution of the polymer, the two layers are sewed together by quilting at regular half-inch intervals and securely hemmed at the edge. In the resulting diaper, the confining nylon fabric layers have so little sorptive quality as to be ignored.
After completion of its fabrication, the diaper is weighed, and thereafter put into use in personal management of a baby of approximately 6 months age.
After approximately 4 hours, the diaper is removed and reweighed. The weight gain is found to be approximately grams, representing the take-up of approximately 60 weights of urine per weight of polymer employed.
EXAMPLE 19 The present example essentially repeats Example 18, foregoing, except that, in preparation, the particulate polymer is lightly moistened and, with continuous stirring, modified by the inclusion therein of a non-toxic antiseptic adapted for external use (hexachlorophene").
The polymer is thereafter dried and reground, and employed in exactly the manner described in Example 18, foregoing.
The diaper of the present example and that of Example 18,
EXAMPLE 20 In known procedures, there is formed a sheet of water-insoluble polyurethane foam about 5 millimeters thick, having abundantly interconnected cells, modified in that, just prior to foaming, it is heavily loaded by mixing thoroughly and uniformly with it a weight of the lightly cross-linked polymer of Example 6 in an amount about equal to the weight of the polyurethane resin. The resulting foam sheet is then backed by a sheet of polyethylene which is affixed with a cement.
From this sheet is cut a 24 inch square which is then employed as a disposable baby diaper in the manner described in Example 18, so disposed that the foam surface is towards the body of the baby, the polyethylene sheet away.
After four replications of the test, it is found to be a highly satisfactory baby diaper.
EXAMPLE 21 In the present example, the polymer is that prepared in Example 6; however, in its production, upon completion of cross-linking and polymerization, the resulting gel is extruded in known manner through orifices to produce filaments of the polymer. Together with synthetic cellulose ester fibers as mechanical support, the two kinds of fibers in approximately equal weights, dry, it is felted and fixed to obtain a nonwoven" fabric. This is employed as a baby diaper and, when accompanied by conventional waterproof outer covering, is completely satisfactory.
The fibers can be woven or knitted, if the felted fabric is, in any application, unsatisfactory.
It is contemplated that, in practical use, the confining structure for particulate polymers of the present invention need not be an expensive fabric. In view of the described difficulty of removing aqueous fluids from the polymers of the present invention, it is contemplated that a disposable diaper will be of greater use than one intended for processing and reuse.
Thus, instead of the nylon fabric above described in the experimental diapers, it is contemplated that wet-strength, perhaps creped paper and the like will be employed as confining structures. In such application, in view of the rapid and prolonged imbibition of aqueous fluids characteristic of the present polymers, it will be necessary to distribute the polymer over only relatively small portions of the entire diaper area, and unnecessary to distribute it over portions of which the essentially only function is to permit bodily attachment. In fact, by the use of a belt or the like whereby to hold a very small diaper in position, it is contemplated that the employment of a relatively small diaper, carefully positioned, will give entirely satisfactory results.
If desired, the particulate polymers of the present invention can be dispersed in a pulp slurry in a Fourdrinier machine for making paper, whereby the polymer particles are distributed within and intimately through the structure of a paper such as a wet-strength paper adapted to be employed in the production of a baby diaper or the like.
When this technique is employed it will usually be desired to provide drying means which can be vacuum drying means for the removal of moisture from polymer particles embedded within the paper, and, in the ultimatefabrication of a usable diaper, it will be desired to provide exterior layers covering the polymer-particle-bearing layer. The moistened polymer particles of the present invention tend to be highly lubricious and this is aesthetically unappealing to many persons. The problem is obviated by lamination of the resulting paper with external layers of paper not bearing the said polymer. When the lamination is undertaken at a time before the polymer particles have been completely dried, certain natural adhesivity characteristic of the polymer particles can be used to effect the lamination bonding desired.
Also, because in diaper and similar use, support is considered to be essential and critical to the best use of the polymers herein, but because sorbency is a property manifest by the polymers rather than by the support, it is contemplated also to employ an essentially water-impermeable support which can be a resinous, water-insoluble polymeric sheet material, such as sheet polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, reconstituted cellulose, and the like.
This can be used as sole support, or as a shield or barrier layer in conjunction with a permeable support structure such as a fabric.
In view of the general teaching hereinbefore embodied and the examples set forth, those skilled in the art of preparation of absorptive members for sorption of aqueous fluids will find numerous other embodiments within the scope of the present invention.
In the present specification and claims use of the term "animal" is intended to comprehend human beings.
We claim:
1. As an article of manufacture, a flexible support adapted to be caused to conform to a surface of an animal body, said support confining a dry, solid, water-swellable, water-insoluble, physiologically unobjectionable polymeric sorbent so as to present said sorbent for the sorption of aqueous fluid elaborated by an animal to which said article is applied and said polymeric sorbent being a lightly cross-linked polymer and being selected from the group consisting of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone, poly-vinyltoluenesulfonate, poly-sulfoethyl acrylate, poly-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, poly-vinylmethyloxazolidinone, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, copolymers of acrylarnide and acrylic acid, and alkali metal salts of such of said polymers as contain sulfonate or carboxylate groups.
2. Article of claim 1 wherein the polymeric sorbent is a lightly cross-linked, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide.
3. Article of claim 1 wherein the polymeric sorbent is a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid cross-linked with from about 0.05 to about 1.5 percent by weight of N,N- methylenebisacrylamide.
4. Article of claim 3 wherein the support consists of a waterinsoluble polyurethane foam.
5. Article of claim 1 in which the support is a fibrous material selected from cloth fabric, paper, synthetic foam resin, and
felted fibers.
6. Article of claim 1 in which the polymer is originally supplied to the said article as a particulate solid.
7. Article of claim 1 in which the polymer is originally supplied to the said article as elongate fibers, of which one dimension is substantially greater than the other two.
8. As an article of manufacture, a flexible support adapted to be caused to conform to a surface of an animal body, said support confining a dry, solid, water-swellable, water-insoluble, physiologically unobjectionable polymeric sorbent so as to present said sorbent for the sorption of aqueous fluid elaborated by the animal to which said article is applied and said polymeric sorbent being a lightly cross-linked polymer and being selected from the group consisting of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid, and alkali metal salts of said polymers.
"mg? UNITED STAS mm" OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF COR ECTIQ Patent No. 3,669,103 Dated 13 June 1972 lnventofla) B. G. Harper. R. N. Bashaw B. L. Atkins v It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
On the first page of the patent, line 2 'of the title, change "HYDROCELLOIDAL" to HYDROCOLLOIDAL-.
Column 1, line 2 ef the title, change 'HYDROCELLOIDAL" to -HYDROCOLLOIDAL-- Signed and sealed this 19th day of March'l97L (SEAL) Attest:
EDWARD M.FLETCHER, JR. C. MARSHALL DANN Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents
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what motor can i swap with my 97 saturn s1
I was wondering if the wiring needed changing if i were to upgrade to a possible stock 1.9 that is turbo
if their is and also if much work needed in doing so i.e bolt up or would i have to change mounts also
what trans would u suggest any feed back would be great thanks
2 Answers
id suspect the complete programing would be different on ecm and senders for spark advance curve,fuel trim ,knock ect. requiring more than an after market supercharger or turbo,though either would do more harm than good,blast it with nitrous if you want power from this anemic for a while
Yeah, seeing as you have no clue what you're talking about or doing, I'll just say that theres much more to boosting a turd than what you're asking about.
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By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
1/16/2014 (1 year ago)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
Thirteen thousand boys and girls in Gaza spent a week doing all sorts of fun things - such as weapons training, first aid, self defense, marching exercises and "security awareness" classes on identifying Israeli spies. The Hamas government celebrated the graduation earlier this week at paramilitary camps geared at training high-school children "to follow in the footsteps of the suicide martyrs."
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
1/16/2014 (1 year ago)
Published in Middle East
Keywords: Hamas, Gaza, martyr camps, Israel, teenagers
LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - The camps, titled "the pioneers of liberation" are run by Hamas's ministries of education and interior. Students in grades 10-12 participated in the one-week training camp. Last year, that number was only 5,000, representing more than a 100 percent increase from 2013.
Israeli sources with knowledge of the program say the program is fairly new, begun last year.
Cristo Redentor --
Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh, Interior Minister Fathi Hammad and Education Minister Usama Mzeini attended the graduation ceremony this past Monday. Both delivered incendiary speeches on the importance of military training in developing a new generation of Palestinian combatants.
"Beware this generation," Haniyeh said, addressing Israel. "This is a generation which knows no fear. It is the generation of the missile, the tunnel and the suicide operations."
Female trainers, the Hamas prime minister added, are also on staff "to oversee the training of the young women to follow in the footsteps of the female suicide operatives."
Interior Minister Hammad said the training was in preparation for the coming war with Israel. "This generation is a sapling from God on earth. It will harvest the enemies of God and be the pride of all nations," he said.
Hamdi Shaqura, deputy director of program affairs at the Palestinian Center for Human Rights, a Gaza-based watchdog, says his organization issued no statement on the training.
"To the best of my knowledge no other organization in Gaza issued a statement either," he told newspaper reporters.
The young students were vocal in their enthusiasm. Omar Dawabha, an eleventh-grader who took part in the training, was quoted on the Web site of Hamas's interior ministry saying that "he learned how to safeguard our rights and principles." Another student, Mohammed Abu Nar, addressed the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem at the graduation ceremony.
"We are the pioneers of liberation, we are coming to purify you from the Zionists," he said.
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New, brutal images showing Islamic State militants stoning a blindfolded, bound man and woman to death in Iraq have recently surfaced. The couple, in the ISIS stronghold of Mosul was accused of having sex before marriage. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - In ... continue reading
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Backed by other Gulf States and Egypt Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia launched airstrikes against Houthi militants in Yemen. The airstrikes were in response to the Yemeni president fleeing his palace ahead of advancing fighters. LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - ... continue reading
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While the United States works with Iran for a comprehensive nuclear weapons treat, Iran's Supreme leader Ali Khamenei called for "Death to America" this past weekend. It was contradictory news as it came shortly after President Barack Obama appealed to Iran to ... continue reading
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The number of the Beast, 666, is associated with the mark of the Beast and the name of the Beast in Revelation:13:17. We are told to "count the number" and that it is "the number of a man" (Revelation:13:18). One early explanation is attributed to John's disciple Polycarp, who, according to his student Irenaeus, said this number is derived from adding together the numerical equivalents of the letters in the word Lateinos, the Greek word for "Roman"—this being the name of the Beast empire, its ruler and everyone in it. So the number may well denote this general distinction, though it could also be more specific.
Another explanation is that the Bible associates the number six with man; God made him on the sixth day of creation week. The number 666 is a triple repetition of the number of man and emphasizes that this beast represents a government whose base is human authority, as opposed to God's authority.
As with the mark of the Beast, God's people will reject it. They will "have the victory over the beast, over his image and over his mark and over the number of his name" (Revelation:15:2). However this prophecy is fulfilled, it is clear that accepting the mark or number will involve compromising and contradicting God's commands. Having proof that one is officially associated in some way with the Beast will be necessary for one to be allowed to engage in commerce (Revelation:13:17).
Exactly how the end-time number of the Beast, 666, will be used and applied is not yet clear. But in some way it will be associated with the Beast's name and applied to his evil activities.
Please see our Bible study aid booklet The Book of Revelation Unveiled for more information about this beast power.
Watch the Beyond Today video: 666 and You!
This infamous prophetic number involves not only one's freedom to buy and sell but much more. Discover the important biblical facts.
You are incorrect in your understanding because you are working with an incorrect literal tranlation from the greek text.
X= self / oneself
E= to support / magnify
S= to serve / in servitude to
....to serve and magnify oneself.
Christ is not describing a "numerology puzzle". Christ is describing the spiritual state of man during the rulership of this way of the last beast (world leader).
You are blinded by your worship of freedom of self-rights to. see the truth.
Christ said that we are to SERVE the WILL of the One True Creator Father and not to serve our will / our self rights.
The mark and the image of the beast is the worship of freedom of man's "rights".
cont. Re XES:
-to know good and evil
.....to establish and justify for oneself what is "right"
.....freedom from the Will of the Creator so as to be free to do one's own will.
.....freedom of self-rights/ human rights/ freedom of all religions/gods.
XES....to serve and magnify oneself
....to serve and magnify one's rights
....to worship this image
....to receive willfully this mark on one's forehead or on one's hand.
Christ says very clearly in Revelation 13:18 that it is indeed a number:
"Let him who has understanding calculate the NUMBER of the beast, for it is the NUMBER of a man: His NUMBER is 666."
The NUMBER 666 is indeed formed by 3 Greek letters, chi-xi-stigma, and a cursory internet search yields a wide variety of speculative analyses like the one you've given, none of which seem to agree with each other. Even if there were some credible source ascribing the meanings that you give to each of these letters, it wouldn't matter because Christ stated plainly that it is a number.
It is true that the translators have interpreted the original Greek word of "arithmon" as "number", which is one of its literal meanings.
But "arithmon" has also other meanings...such as"worth", "value", "mark of a station".
An example of these meanings can be seen today when one says to someone that "they are number 1". It is clear that this is a reference to one's worth/value/station and not to a literal "number".
The Greek words "name" and "mark" also have other meanings:
"name"...onoma...=title,reputation, character
"mark"...charagma...=nature of, characteristic, quality
As you can see, all three words ( arithmon, onoma, charagma) refer to one's value, character, quality...which depend on one's belief / way of life.
Christ is not refering to a literal "number" but to the belief ,values, and character of man which he describes as being man's mark of his forehead...the mark of self-liberty as President Obama has confessed and praised recently.
John Stefanyszyn
**Personal information removed to comply with comment policy**
Every other instance of this word in the New Testament is an unambiguous reference to a literal number. Furthermore, Revelation 13:17 seems to make a distinction between the mark, the name, and the number of the beast as if they are 3 distinct identifiers which can be used to represent the beast, whereas your interpretation would mean that the same thing is being stated 3 times. If all 3 of these words, "mark," "number," and "name" are all intended to mean "character," then it would make more sense to use a single Greek word that actually conveys that meaning.
Another questionable aspect of your interpretation is the meaning of the individual Greek letters. I did some searching and didn't find any legitimate sources that ascribed meaning to the individual letters. Among the illegitimate sources that I found (mysticism/witchcraft type websites with no scholarly references) had different meanings for each one than what you gave. Even if you were correct concerning the translation of "arithmos" (I'm no Greek expert, so this is possible) I still wouldn't be ready to accept your explanation based on what you've provided.
What about the fact that there are actually several (copies of) manuscripts of the book of Revelation and that they refer to different numbers (not only 666)? That is, there are other copies of Revelation that refer to other numbers. For example, the oldest copy says 616 instead of 666. Wouldnt this possibly mean that each copists identified a different individual as the beast in his/(her?) own time and code it with a different number?
Ricardo, the very few manuscripts which have 616 are not a major concern. There are about 300 samples of 666 and only four or five of 616. The early exegetes such as Irenaeus and Polycarp (A student of John the author of Revelation) knew of this and were unconcerned believing it was a scribal error. They and many others understood 666 as the correct text.
In more modern times, biblical researchers have suggested another solution. Dr. Bruce Metzger, a recognized authority on manuscripts and Chair of the New Revised Standard Version Committee, says 616 and 666 can refer to the same entity. In Greek, 666 can yield "Nero Caesar" (Perhaps an exemplar of the Roman Empire) but 616 in Latin when transliterated into Hebrew also gives us "Nero Caesar" Therefore the difference may be a moot point. (See "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament," Page 676)
Regardless as to whether we know the exact meaning; we should accept only God's precepts and not be deceived by the cunningness of this coming "beast" power.
It says that "the beast" and "a man" have a number (and evidently it is the same number). It says to count this number. But how does one "count a number"? What does that even mean? Take the number 4 for instance ... how does one count the number 4? We know how to count to 4. But to count 4 and to count to 4 would seem to be two different statements with different meanings ... just like the words SHELL and HELL have a number of things in common but have very different meanings.
The article at the top of the page suggested that Polycarp thought adding the numerical values of the letters in one's name (evidently in the Greek language?) is what is meant by ... to count the beast's number. But is that actually what counting a number means? And if that is what it means then how is it authoritatively established that this is what counting a number means?
What if its a nonsense statement? For instance ... What's the difference between a duck? Go ahead ... tell me. And go ahead ... count the number. And then prove that what you did is indeed counting the number.
It strikes me that unless one knows for certain what to "count a number" means ... then trying to find the meaning of counting 666 will be a lost cause.
I believe the passage is misinterpreted. It states (paraphrasing) that one needs wisdom and understanding, and then a calculation is necessary to discern the number of the beast. It continues, it is the number of a man, and his number is 666( or 616). This is my question; why is wisdom and understanding necessary, and why is a calculation needed when the number is provided in the text? Everyone believes that 666 is the number of the beast, but it's not possible if you correctly interpret what is written. When it states that wisdom and understanding are needed, then the number is given to you, how does that make sense? Why would any calculation be necessary if the number is given to you? I believe that everyone repeats what they hear, without thinking about what is written. The number of a man is 666, and from that basis, we have to determine the number of the beast. It's a difficult riddle, because it doesn't seem to follow logically.
What is needed then, is to determine what the relationship is between the man and the beast, and how the mans' number relates to what the beasts' number is. That accomplished, we should then have enough information to make the calculation that is mentioned. If you think in these terms, it's clear that wisdom and understanding are needed because the answer is not necessarily straight forward. Each word has a meaning, so you have to define each one and ask why that particular word is used versus a synonym or other. The word understanding is very interesting to me. if i have wisdom, why then must i also have understanding? somewhere in that conundrum lies the answer, I believe...............
There are many interesting comments on this board!
John, have you noticed that if you reverse the Greek letters they spell 'SEX' (in English)?
What better way to 'magnify and serve oneself'?
Perhaps the mark of the beast is unadulterated sexuality! Where we even kill our babies and make them pay the price for our 'service' (in the vein of Moloch, via abortion).
In the U.S. today, the push to accept homosexuality is the latest incursion into 'sexual freedom'.
There are no limits on who (or, I wouldn't be surprised to see, WHAT) we have sex with! Among the arguments I have seen repudiating the mainstreaming of homosexual 'marriage' is the possibility of extending the argument to children and animals! And, as we all know, pornography is as accessible as the internet these days.
Perhaps computers and the internet represent the 'beast'. This technology has risen from the 'sea' (meaning 'the people'). You can say whatever you want 'anonymously' adding to the collective thought, while remaining hidden. In this way, the number can represent EACH person who reads, or posts, on the internet, while representing the cumulative thinking of humanity as a whole!
The internet is becoming a major shopping tool as well (the number will allow you access to the markets). Perhaps ALL commerce will flow through the internet, and without a computer you will not have access. Each person who uses the net also is assigned a number (IP address)!
Despite feeling protected and free to say what you want, everything can be visible to those who have the means to eavesdrop, giving godlike power and authority to the 'over seer'.
You must admit, the internet has created an explosion in knowledge as prophesied for the end times. We can 'call fire out of the sky' to fall down on our enemies in ISIS via satellites and the internet, too! It will enable 'the world' to view the deaths of the prophets of revelation, as well as their resurrection!
Think about it...
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Help with alcove suggestions
Heather IngramFebruary 9, 2013
I have two alcoves in my living room. They will feature dropped lights. I need suggestions for the shelf it's self. I already have a tone of granite and marble in my adjacent kitchen.....thoughts anyone?
Manon Floreat
Depending on the other elements you have in your space, you could do just about anything. Reclaimed wood may appeal to you if you want to incorporate a rustic element in the space.
Stainless steel or glass would add a little sparkle with lights you'll add.
Stainless steel or glass would add a little sparkle with lights you'll add.
Coralee Angell
I suggest finding a patterned wall paper in your accent colour (red?) and install it on the back of the alcoves. I would then install a couple glass shelves in each which can be used to display family photos.
Carolyn Albert-Kincl, ASID
If your niches are painted, they do not have to have a shelf. You can use them just as they are without another color or material interfering with what you want to place in them. Your niches look the perfect shape for a pair of ginger jars. They come in lots of different colors, in solids or patterns, and in all sizes.
Carolyn Albert-Kincl, ASID
Carolyn Albert-Kincl, ASID
If you are using them to highlight art of some sort (glass, sculpture, etc), I wouldn't paint them. If you are wanting shelves to be able to display items, glass shelves would allow the light you are installing to pass through, which would be lovely. If by shelves you mean just on the bottom as a finished surface, something shiny would reflect the light back up, which would also be nice. If you're installing lights it seems to make sense to get the most light and interest out of your investment.


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Christian Bale's reputation for being mercurial and intense in years past is well known, but during a recent telephone conversation, the 40-year-old actor proved to be thoughtful, even modest, as he described tackling the monumental role of Moses in Ridley Scott's biblical epic,...
Italy's top court acquits Amanda Knox of murder
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New restrictions on L.A. residential development
Following grave desecration, Tunisian president vows to defend Jews
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Ukrainian Jewish surgeon claims attackers shouted anti-Semitic epithets
Islamic Movement of Israel leader gets 11-month sentence for incitement
Tag: Exodus
View the most popular tags overall?
Christian Bale's Moses in 'Exodus': Insecure? Schizophrenic?
December 11, 2014 | 3:44 pm
God gave this land to them
December 1, 2014 | 2:14 pm
'Exodus' in 3-D: Bible story 2.0?
November 7, 2014 | 10:19 am
Refugee Social Order Edition 2014
May 5, 2014 | 5:43 am
Letters to the editor: Exodus, spirituality and anti-Semitism
April 23, 2014 | 10:20 am
Barking Up the Wrong 'Free'
I must admit that each time I read a good argument supporting each position (1) the Bible is to be taken literally and (2) the Bible is not to be taken literally, I find I am moved by both positions ("Did the Exodus Happen?" April 18). They are both...
Let My People Know, Let My People Think
April 17, 2014 | 3:44 pm
From Pharaoh to Freud: The Bible's Ultimate Id
April 17, 2014 | 10:23 am
Did the Exodus happen?
April 16, 2014 | 1:18 pm
Hollywood and the Nazis: Two historians, two opinions
September 12, 2013 | 12:44 pm
BBC slammed for pulling documentary on Jewish exodus from Jerusalem
May 1, 2013 | 9:55 am
Rereading Leon Uris' 'Exodus' a disquieting experience
April 18, 2013 | 10:38 am
Strangers, Immigrants and the Eglah Arufah
April 5, 2013 | 9:56 am
This week from Israel
April 1, 2013 | 12:12 pm
What am I a Slave to?
March 29, 2013 | 1:18 pm
Killing Children and Eating Matzah
March 28, 2013 | 1:41 pm
The chametz within
March 28, 2013 | 8:17 am
Rejoice! Spring has arrived, and Pesach is here. The time of our liberation is at hand. The Exodus from our narrow straits is re-enacted once more.
To be sure, Pesach is about history — the story of the children of Israel leaving the oppression of Egypt, freed into the wilderness...
Recalling a second exodus
March 28, 2013 | 5:53 am
Frolicking with her fiancé in the cool waters of the Suez Canal, Lilian Abada would never have imagined she was about to experience the first of a string of events that would ultimately lead her to flee her native Egypt for Israel with only one suitcase.
When Abada and her future...
Is the Exodus Narrative Really That Good?
March 25, 2013 | 1:58 pm
Israelis "Next Year in Jerusalem" Much More Likely
March 25, 2013 | 12:07 pm
Israeli-born Jews were found to be not a growing presence by the recently published New York Jewish Population Study. The number of Israeli-born Jews in New York declined 6.5 percent in the last decade since 2002 when 31,000 Jewish Israeli-borns were counted and 2011 when 29,000...
When "written in stone" is more than a phrase, and may even be evidence
March 24, 2013 | 8:04 am
For your seder table
March 22, 2013 | 11:04 am
The following text is excerpted from "The Bronfman Haggadah," written by Edgar Bronfman with illustrations by Jan Aronson (Rizzoli, 2012).
NARRATOR: Four hundred years before the Exodus, a Hebrew named Joseph lived in the land of Egypt. Originally from Canaan, Joseph had been...
Nachshon Ben Aminadav - A Hero For All Times
March 22, 2013 | 6:10 am
One voice for comprehensive immigration reform
March 21, 2013 | 9:17 am
Family is the foundation of American society, and united families strengthen us as individuals and as communities. Tragically, many immigrant families remain separated for years — often decades — because of our severely broken immigration system. Bureaucratic visa delays can go on...
New haggadahs: Edgar Bronfman's and an interactive version for kids
March 11, 2013 | 9:24 am
Francine Hermelin Levite and Edgar Bronfman have been using unique versions of the Passover Haggadah for years. Now both have decided to publish their versions of the Exodus story.
Hermelin Levite, 43, the mother of three school-aged children, is the author of "My Haggadah: Made...
Is there a shortcut to redemption
March 4, 2013 | 10:16 am
Wearing your true self
February 20, 2013 | 3:09 pm
"Do not judge by the flask, but rather by what it contains" (Pirkei Avot 4:20).
We are taught from a young age not to "judge a book by its cover" and we raise our children to look deeper than just at the clothes someone is wearing. Yet in this week's portion we find a good deal...
Sharing the Infinite - Parashat Terumi (Exodus 25:1-27:19)
February 13, 2013 | 7:40 am
On equal footing
February 6, 2013 | 11:09 am
I watched President Barack Obama's second inauguration from the hospital room of my 92-year-old friend Harriet. She was having an EKG during it, even though we all agreed the numbers would not provide an accurate assessment of her condition — her medical condition, that is.
Power of ten
January 30, 2013 | 3:55 pm
Sometime during the 13th century, in a private study in Barcelona, an anonymous author sat and composed "Sefer HaChinuch" ("The Book of Education"). This systematic study of the Torah's 613 commandments was beautifully written as a gift from a father to his son. In his...
Opportunity of a setback
January 16, 2013 | 1:49 pm
This week's parasha is one of the most central to the Jewish narrative. We read of the final plagues, the storm brought by God's mighty hand and outstretched arm gathering on the border of Egypt, the Divine command to prepare for the Exodus by baking the matzot and eating the...


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Afghan girl, 7, who survived being shot in leg tells how she hid behind father's body while Sgt Bales 'went on shooting rampage'
- Robert Bales, 39, charged with killing 16 in rogue attack last March
- Survivors testified on Friday of Bales' alleged murder of men, women and children during the early morning ambush in Afghanistan
On trial: Staff Sgt. Robert Bales, seen in 2011, is on trial for the murder of 16 Afghans slain in the early hours of March 11
Little Robina took her seat wearing a deep-red head covering and a nervous smile, ready to tell her story.
When the questions began, what she recalled seemed impossibly dark: how she hid behind her father when the gunman came to their village that night, how the stranger fired and how her father died, cursing in pain and anger.
'I was standing behind my father,' she testified by video feed from Afghanistan on Saturday night during a hearing for the soldier accused of killing 16 civilians, including nine children, in Kandahar Province.
She added: 'He shot my father.'
One of the bullets struck her in the leg, but she didn't realize it right away, she said.
Her testimony came on the second overnight session of the preliminary hearing for Staff Sgt. Robert Bales, who prosecutors say slipped away from his base to attack two villages.
The slayings drew such angry protests that the U.S. temporarily halted combat operations in Afghanistan, and it was three weeks before American investigators could reach the crime scenes.
The stories recounted by the villagers have been harrowing. They described torched bodies, a son finding his wounded father, and boys cowering behind a curtain while others screamed "We are children! We are children!"
Bales sat quietly throughout, betraying no reaction to what he heard. Robina's friend, Zardana, now eight, also testified, but only briefly to describe what the shooter was wearing.
Zardana suffered a gunshot wound to the top of her head, and when she arrived at a nearby military base, the doctors focused on treating the other injured victims first. They figured Zardana had no chance of surviving.
Face-to-face: In this courtroom sketch, Bales is seen watching witness testimony from those who survived the massacre on a video monitor
After two months at a military hospital in Afghanistan and three more at a Navy hospital in San Diego, she can walk and talk again.
Before she testified, Zardana sat at the witness table sipping from a pink juice box. A loose head covering and a barrette held her dark brown hair out of her face.
The hearing at Joint Base Lewis-McChord is meant to help determine whether Bales, 39, will face a court-martial in the deaths. He could face the death penalty if he is convicted.
The Ohio native and father-of-two from Lake Tapps, Washington, has not entered a plea and was not expected to testify.
His attorneys have not discussed the evidence, but say he has post-traumatic stress disorder and suffered a concussive head injury while serving in Iraq.
The Afghan witnesses recounted the villagers who lived in the attacked compounds and listed the names of those killed, to provide a record of the lives lost.
The bodies were buried quickly under Islamic custom, and no forensic evidence was available to prove the number of victims.
Sadiquallah, a slight boy of about 13 or 14 whose head rose just above his chair at the witness table, described being awakened by a neighbor screaming that an American had 'killed our men'.
Witness: Tosh Ali, a guard with the Afghan National Army, is shown on the right-hand side of a video monitor during testimony that recounted the chilling slaughter of alleged innocent men, women and children
He said he and another boy, Zardana's brother, ran to hide in a storage room and ducked behind a curtain. It provided no protection from the bullet that grazed his head and fractured his skull. Sadiquallah said the shooter had a gun and a light, but he could not identify the man.
The other child was hit in the thigh and also survived. That boy, Rafiullah, testified on Saturday that an American had attacked them and put a gun in his sister's mouth.
His father, Samiullah, was away when the shootings occurred, and testified that by the time he returned the next morning, his two wounded children had been driven to a base for treatment. He found his mother among the four corpses at the compound.
'I just saw her, I cried, and I could not look on her face,' he said.
Prosecutors said that in between his attacks, Bales woke a fellow soldier, reported what he'd done and said he was headed out to kill more. The soldier testified that he didn't believe what Bales said, and went back to sleep.
During cross-examination of several witnesses Saturday, Bales' attorney, John Henry Browne, sought to elicit testimony about whether there might have been more than one shooter.
One Army Criminal Investigations Command special agent testified that several months after the massacre, she took a statement from one woman whose husband was killed.
The woman reported that there were two soldiers in her room - one took her husband out of the room and shot him, and the other held her back when she tried to follow.
But other eyewitnesses reported that there was just one shooter, and several soldiers have testified that Bales returned to his base at Camp Belambay, just before dawn, alone and covered in blood.
A video taken from a surveillance blimp also captured a sole figure returning to the base.
Survivor: Sadiquallah, a young boy of about 13 or 14, is sketched left during his testimony against Bales, right, after surviving the attack despite a bullet grazing his skull
Home invasion: Sadiquallah's father, Haji Naim, was the first to be shot in his home, testifying how he saw the shooter climb over a wall with a light on his head before firing
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text:
Huntington House, Fairfield Chair, Greene Brothers, Lexington Hom
I am looking to purchase some upholstered furniture (long sofa, love seat, chair and storage ottoman). I prefer fabric over leather.
I've been doing some research, trying to find a good quality product that will endure the fun of two small children and a husband who naps on the sofa.
I'm not an expert, but have been learning about 8 way hand tied, using 5/4 kiln dried wood etc and want this type of quality as a minimum, but don't have enough experience to distinguish between the brands that advertise this level of quality on their websties.
So far I am fairly settled on Huntington House who advertises that they sand their frames etc. Are they the best out there that is somewhat affordable (i.e. a level below EJ Victor)?
Can anyone help me with ranking or distinguishing between the level of quality of the following 4 brands: Huntington House, Fairfield Chair, Greene Brothers, and Lexington Home Brands?
Is there another high quality brand you recommend over these?
Thank you for any input!


text:
2 von 2 Kunden fanden die folgende Rezension hilfreich
Note to author from an admirer,
Von Ein Kunde
Rezension bezieht sich auf: Thinking for a Change: Putting the Toc Thinking Processes to Use (APICS Constraints Management) (Gebundene Ausgabe)
On the TOC listserv (firstname.lastname@example.com), John Gaulin recently wrote:
Just a quick note of thanks -- and congratulations -- for the great work that is "Thinking for a Change". (By the way, great title too!).
I am a recent Jonah, having completed the program in October at the Insititute. Your book takes a very different approach to teaching the TP and helped clear up alot of things.
Also, thanks for showing the way of a true helping Jonah by being so active on the net. You really live your beliefs and it is wonderful.
We too often take great effort and contributions for granted. I want you to know that yours is not (being taken for granted).
Sincerely, John Gaulin
Helfen Sie anderen Kunden bei der Suche nach den hilfreichsten Rezensionen
(8 Kundenrezensionen)
Ein Kunde


text:
Parade: Apprentice Program Performance of Tony-Winning Musical
Casa Mañana, at University Dr (3101 West Lancaster Avenue Fort Worth, TX 76107)
Full Price
Our Price
Written by Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Alfred Uhry with a score by Jason Robert Brown, the stirring musical Parade is based on the true-life story of Jewish factory foreman Leo Frank, who was convicted for the rape and killing of 13-year-old Mary Phagan in 1913 Atlanta. Set against the backdrop of Frank's controversial trial and conviction, the story is part murder mystery, part social commentary and an exploration of the love that grows between Leo and his wife Lucille as they work to fight for his freedom. Parade won the 1999 Tony Award for Best Book and Best Musical Score, and is performed here by the talented young cast of Casa Mañana's Apprentice program, who range in age from 14 to 19.
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
All offers for Parade have expired.
The last date listed for Parade was Sunday July 29, 2012 / 2:00pm.
Currently at Casa Mañana
Cinderella: Magical, Musical Version of Enchanted Tale
- Full Price:
- $16.00
- Our Price:
- $9.50
With the recent success of Into the Woods and the building buzz about Disney's upcoming Cinderella… More
Venue Details
The weather was Rainy. I wore a black pantsuit with a wrap..star this tip starred
Make every attempt to arrive early because parking is hard to come by without having to walk a far distance to the door.star this tip starred
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This show has mature subject matter and is not suitable for all audiences.


text:
Independent retail chain Hays Travel has switched its GDS business from Amadeus to Travelport, which will supply the agency with digital marketing partnerships and services in addition to air and hotel content.
Travelport said its Smartpoint app, which translates GDS language to make it easier for agents trained on one system to more easily switch to another, had allowed for a smooth transition for the northeast-based miniple.
It also claimed Travelport will deliver "significant" efficiencies to Hays' staff, such as reducing key strokes by up to 72% when booking a flight.
Hays Travel founder and CEO John Hays said: "A critical component in selecting our GDS provider was finding a company that could not only provide us with innovative technology and extensive content, but also had a team whose vision and philosophy was aligned to ours. With Travelport, we have a partner that is bringing a new dynamic to travel distribution, and one that will keep us ahead of the game now and in the future."
Wednesday, November 14, 2012
Germanwings crew unfit to fly due to 'emotional distress'
Tunis massacre: Cruise passenger death toll rises again
TripAdvisor deletes 'feminist' review
Egypt to force individual travellers to apply for visas in advance
MH370 investigators examine towelette found on beach
Holidaymakers taken on 750-mile detour
Egypt to force individual travellers to apply for visas in advance
TripAdvisor deletes 'feminist' review
Holidaymakers to be hired as tax spies in Greece
Government probe into online reviews
You can book now your advertisement for via our online booking service or find out more.


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Find commute times to your work, school, gym and more.
The Chimneys
Contact this property
Floor Plans
Prices, specials, features and availability subject to change.
Contact for details (704) 288-1789
Clubhouse, Fitness Center, On Site Patrol, Swimming Pool
Property Details
Close to the Uptown, South Park,& Cotswold...Great Fitness Center...NEW Energy-Efficient Patio Doors and Windows!
Offering a great location close to the Cotswold and South park Malls, uptown Charlotte and a first-rate school district, The Chimneys delivers comfortable, affordable living along with a great sense of community. We invite you to come stroll our beautiful grounds and see why this wonderful community, nestled in a park-like setting is a great place to call home.
Please call for Specials!
Leasing Terms
12 month leases available. Pet Policy: 2 pets maximum with a $200/pet non-refundable pet fee.
Pet Policy
Cats Allowed. Call for service animal policy.
Community Information
214 units
Building Type
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Scores are compared to the national average. The higher the bar, the higher the crime risk. The lower the bar, the lower the crime risk.
near Charlotte, 28211Transit
Ratings & Reviews
5 stars
4 stars
3 stars
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1 stars
Rachel E.
I found the staff at the Chimmeys apt to be very distant, after the residents signed their least. Once the le Read Morease contract was signed, than the residents became a distraction to their work.
January 28, 2014
Danielle H.
It is an older facility that doesn't offer a lot of upgrades or modern ammenities.
January 11, 2014
The Chimneys Resident
Great community, very safe and well maintained, especially for price and location. Many long time residents wh Read Moreo are great at community watch and office staff who are also vigilant about keeping the community cute and affordable. They are older units, most without washer and dryer hookups. This inconvenience would be my only real complaint.
January 10, 2014
The Chimneys Resident
The owner is always improving and up-dating the property. He takes great pride in the property!
The off Read Moreice staff goes well above and beyond for their residents!
I have seen them fax things to residents that that they needed access to while on the road for work! Things that might have come in the mail or the office.
December 9, 2013
Contact Property
Contact this property
Office Hours
Monday-Friday: 8:30am-5:30pm
Saturday: 10:00am-4:00pm
Sunday: Closed
Managed by
Lerner and Company


text: Good food, great water views and dolphin watch trips in one location. We were not able to eat outside but the harbor view is amazing and it is easy to imagine a beautiful summer evening meal outside. The food was very good and well proportioned(except the cole slaw was a little skimpy). Recommend... read more


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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29 year old woman | Moreno Valley, CA, USA | Seeking men 29-35 within 15 miles
Taking a peek :)
I just put away my boots for good and got out of the Army. I was a medic for five years, and a lot of the things the Army taught me have stuck with me. I'll get wherever I'm going 15 minutes early and waking up at 6 a.m. feels like sleeping in. I recently got my nursing license and started my first job as an RN. I love taking care of others and would eventually like to team that with my desire to teach and be a nursing professor. Above all of that, I'm a mom to a beautiful little girl. Her happiness is my success. I'm opinionated and brutally honest. I think there's too much to remember when you tell a lie, so I don't waste my time with it. I love to laugh and I'll make fun of myself just as much as I'll joke about others. I want someone who has their priorities straight; I'm out of the party years, and want someone who has also outgrown that stage. I want someone who appreciates the things they have and values family. This is cliche, but I want someone who can make me laugh. I want to have fun with the person I'm with, whether we're out and about or spending time just hanging out at home. I'm a believer that the most valuable thing you can give another person is your time. I like having time with my friends, too and I would want whoever I'm with to have time with their friends as well. I'm a big fan of being outdoors (although I'm still getting used to the heat here!) and anything with the water. I love to get my adrenaline going, too. I'm up for new adventures.....as long as the drama and nonsense is left in the dust!
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Baseball, Dancing, Running, Swimming, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
Middle of the Road
I'm still new to the area...so I'll have to get back to you on that!
Concorde Career Institute, Kansas City, MO
When it comes to music, I'm a country girl! But I do listen to other things too. Sons of Anarchy is one of my favorite shows. I love to cook, but I don't really have a favorite dish-just whatever strikes me at the time!
Anything outdoors- watching sports, playing them, hiking, swimming. I grew up near the beach and try to go as often as possible. I love jetskiing and water sports. I'm not against spending the day inside though- watching movies or just laying low.
The last think I read were text books for class! I just finished so I finally have free time to read what I want, which is usually military history (I want to minor in history).
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'7" (170cms)
|5'8" (172cms) to 6'5" (195cms)
|Body type:
|No preference
|No preference
|Light brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness
|No preference
I was a medic in the Army and just got my RN license.
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live at home (1)
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Christian / Catholic
|Christian / Catholic
|Bachelors degree
|No preference


text:
Levi's® 514™ Straight Denim Blue Jeans for Boys 8-20 - Blurred
The Levi's Boys 514 Straight Jean sits just below the waist and features a generous, straight-leg design. Made of 100% cotton for a fit that's as comfortable as it is classic.
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Comfort meets classic style in the Levi's Boys 514 Straight Jean. Whether his idea of fun is baseball, scouts, or his gaming system, you know he'll look and feel great in these.
- Featured in blurred
- Sits below the waist
- Generous straight leg design
- Machine wash; tumble dry
- Cotton
- Imported
- Note: pockets may not fit all cell phone styles
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