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This past Sunday Paris took a monumental step towards the future of green transportation as it kicked off the world's first large-scale electric car share program. Launched by Vincent Bollore, the Autolib electric car-share is modeled off the city's popular bike share system, and it will be the largest program of its kind in the world. By December the program will include 250 electric vehicles, and it's planned to expand in 2012 if the first leg of the project is successful.
Like Zip Car, the cars will be parked around designated spots on the streets of Paris. The program started its two-month testing phase yesterday with an initial 60 vehicles that spanned 10 stations, where the cars can be recharged. The cars offered thus far are Italian=designed Bluecars — small 4 seaters that are similar to Smartcars. The Bollore Group, which is running the program, also designed the custom Lithium Metal Polymer batteries that power the cars. The high-efficiency batteries can take Parisian Autolib members a full 155 miles on a single charge!
The Autolib program is meant to enhance Paris' already plentiful public transportation, giving Parisians more green transportation options and reducing the need for car ownership. Should the program excel beyond the testing phase, Autolib plans to put 2,000 cars in stations across the 46 municipalities around Paris by June of next year.
In order to make the program successful beyond the testing phase, it must attract 80,000 users. They hope their low monthly fee of 12 euros, coupled with the allure of green transportation will attain their needed membership.
Via AFP
Lead photo by farberNovel
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Yuka YonedaWINDOWHOP It's easy to get depressed when your work schedule has you getting less sun than Edward Cullen (you've got the sickly pallor to match and it's not nearly as sexy on you). If you're lucky enough to at least have a window in your workspace, openREAD MORE >
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Jill FehrenbacherTIP 1: Wrap Your Home in Insulation - "The More, The Better!" Proper insulation is probably the most important factor you can control in creating an energy-efficient home. I always say insulation is like chocolate, the more you have, the better! On average,READ MORE >
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Oprah's Lifeclass:
Pastor Rick Warren on the 5 Things That Shape You
Pastor Rick Warren says there are five things that "SHAPE" a person: Spiritual gifts, Heart, Ability, Personality and Experiences. Find out why he believes God never wastes a hurt. Then, Pastor Warren shares his definition of humility with the Oprah's Lifeclass audience in Houston.

subset: commoncrawl


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All of the extra batting sessions, fielding drills and even the blisters on her hands have finally paid off for East Union High senior Cherie DeJesus. She signed her letter of intent to become a student-athlete for Central Arizona College Thursday.
The Weston Ranch girls basketball team did its part.
RIPON - While powerhouse Modesto Christian capped yet another dominant run through the Trans Valley League for its fourth straight title, Ripon High's girls basketball team can find solace in going undefeated against the rest of the conference's opposition.
After narrowly losing to Valley Oak League sophomore girls champion Sonora at home Tuesday, Manteca moved into a second-place tie with rival East Union with its season-ending 40-24 on the Squires' home floor Thursday.
SONORA – With just under two minutes to play, Gerry Cooper calmly sank a pair of free throws to push the Manteca High varsity basketball team up by two and the Buffaloes would hold off Sonora High for a 68-64 Valley Oak League win Wednesday.
Alex Nuanez's march for redemption continues Friday and Saturday with the Sac-Joaquin Section Division IV Tournament at East Union High.
Tyler Bylow was one of six seniors to take the court for the East Union Lancers on senior night, but Bylow shined brightest with a huge 22-point effort against the winless Lathrop Spartans in a 64-41 Valley Oak League win Wednesday at the Dalben Center.
CERES – Bret Wilson led a balanced Sierra High scoring attack in its Valley Oak League win over the Central Valley Hawks Wednesday.
There is much more than bragging rights riding on Thursday's rubber match with rival East Union.
Manteca High's boys basketball team stretched its first-place lead while clinching its second straight Valley Oak League championship by beating second-place Sierra 66-49 Friday, but that did not improve its position on the Sac-Joaquin Section Division III playoff power ratings.
RIPON - Ripon Christian had the right guy at the right spot with the game still on the line with 3 seconds left against host Ripon.
RIPON – Ripon Christian's varsity girls basketball team fought off every blowout attempt that visiting rival Ripon threw its way, yet the Knights could not fight off their second Trans Valley League loss to the Indians in a 60-46 defeat Tuesday.
LATHROP – The Lathrop Spartans had one last opportunity to record their one and only win of the Valley Oak League season, but even a valiant fourth quarter effort could not help Lathrop earn its first victory in a season-ending 52-48 loss to East Union Tuesday.
Even with the Valley Oak League sophomore girls basketball title already wrapped up, Sonora High wants to close its season on a high note.
STOCKTON – Weston Ranch and Lathrop could only combine for eight first-quarter points Thursday but the Cougars went on a roll the rest of the way and defeated the visiting Spartans 55-26 in Valley Oak League girls basketball action.
OAKDALE – It was about this time last year that Olivia Vezaldenos and the East Union girls basketball team began their playoff push.
HUGHSON – Ripon Christian kept its perfect Trans-Valley League record intact but may have lost a key player in the process.
LATHROP – Jaelen Ragsdale had his best performance in weeks on a night when Lathrop star Isaiah Ellis struggled just to stay on the court.
The Lathrop wrestling team swept its Valley Oak League double-dual meet with Weston Ranch and Kimball on Wednesday.


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Nora Ephron helps one to cope. I think I can safely say that Ephron (successful journalist, author, and screenwriter) and I have nothing in common. So when she described being at the 1967 anti-war march on Washington, and seeing the Beatles in 1965, but remembering nada about the events themselves, I was stunned. Because I too was at both those historical occasions, and all I can remember about them is: 1. an annoying man on the bus, and 2. my friend's annoying father who put huge cones of cotton in his ears. To read Ephron's summation of things: "On some level, my life has been wasted on me. After all, if I can't remember it, who can?" was deeply comforting. Thank you Nora!– I've canceled that neuro work-up…
February 15, 2011 | 112051 Commenthttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2Fi-remember-nothing%2FI+Remember+Nothing2011-02-16+00%3A44%3A28Lisahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D11205
I Remember Nothing
11205One Responsehttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2Fi-remember-nothing%2FI+Remember+Nothing2011-02-16+00%3A44%3A28Lisahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.grpl.org%2Fblog%2F%3Fp%3D11205 to "I Remember Nothing"
February 16, 2011 at 3:18 pm #
Too funny! Too true! My memory of the Apollo landing? Eating a tangerine in my pjs. Elvis' death? The arrival of my sister's brand-new-used Chevy Corvelle.
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A great couple.Beautiful,smiling,correct and clean guys!Highly recommended :)
So sweet couple Marina and her husband spent with us 3 days!
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For the full video please visit: atozlondonfood.com
London is an international city; one of the world's vital hubs. So is
it possible to travel round the world without even crossing the M25?
This is a journey round the world foods of London. Eating in one
restaurant from a nation representing each letter of the alphabet. An
A to Z of world food.
For more information visit atozlondonfood.com
Filming and editing:
Alastair Humphreys
Tom Kevill-Davies
Canon 5D Mkii
50mm f1.8
Rode VideoMic
Edirol R-09
iMovie 08
Farhad Darya: Atan
RV Henretty-Jornales added this video to his favorites. (47 months ago)
Al this is a fantastic project. Are you deinterlacing the Video? It looks like you might need to when you compress it. If you'ed like someone to help you with a couple of these or even attempt some I'd love to.
Another crackin' wee project Alastair. I remember reading a Wanderlust article roughly along these lines quite a few years ago - sounds like great fun! Is there a Qatari restaurant or a Western Samoan one! X might be a challenge ... but I'm sure you'll think of something!
Niall, We're hoping to get the Qatari ambassador to invite us for tea.
And we're thinking Xinjiang...
I was thinking perhaps Quebec.


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Even though we ARE Nikon lovers,we are NOT affiliated with Nikon Corp. in any way.
Already have an account? Login
Hello all,I want to get an extension cord to connect my D50 to my SB-700.Can you help me on which could be the best choice?Many thanks for your help.J
You have several choices:Current offerings -SC-28 cable - simply an iTTL compatible extension cord - locks securely to both hotshoe and flash - about 3' in length.SC-29 cable - same as SC-28, but offers an IR AF assist light on the end that connects to the camera - this disables the IR AF on the flash. The advantage is that if your flash is sitting in a bracket (usually to one side), the IR isn't pointing directly at the subject.If money is tight, you might be able to find a used SC-17 on the market. It's still compatible, but it's missing nice things like the posi-locks on the hotshoe and flash.
"Toodle-loo from Covey22!"-ArmandoNikonians TeamNikonians News - Fresh Everyday!The Covey Blog!My Plan: Get out of the car.Get closer to the subject.Pick the right mid-tone this time.See My Nikonians Gallery
thank you very much for your help, Covey22.
I have what I think is the SC 28 cord, but mine stretches to almost 10 feet. Very handy, and in dire necessity, I can daisy chain it with my SC 17 cord.


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The hotel Savoy is located in the centre of the village, in an enviable position in a quite sunny area 50 mts from the church, only 150 mts away from lifts and from the ski school and during the summer, only 150 mts far from the golf and 180 mts far from the walks, from the Lausetta's lake and athletics track. All the rooms (some with balconies) are furnished in warm, comfortable country style, private bathrooms, cable TV with connected satellite, telephone and possibility of internet connection. At guests disposal: ski and ski-boots storage in the hotel and on the slopes, nice bars, good restaurant, lift, spacious living-room and tea-room, shopping place, piano bar, wines and beers pub, safe-deposit box and secretary service, a small meeting-room with video-projector and a smoking area. There is a garage at 15 mts and also a private parking area in the hotel courtyard. Inside the hotel there's a new spa centre with Turkish bath, Finnish sauna, hydromassage, aromatherapy, relax area, fitness area and room for massages. A plentiful continental breakfast buffet, our cosmopolitan and regional cuisine is served in a elegant dining-room that's characterized of a discreet Piedmont baroque style. The SAVOY EDELWEISS HOTEL of SESTRIERE offers to its clients: · 1 welcome cocktail (only in white weeks); · free ski and ski-boots storage in hotel and on the slopes; · discounts in some sport shop; · free access in our new spa center; · reductions in some chalet on the slopes and clubs in the village; . conventional prices with ski school, Olympic fitness centre and with swimming pool centre (only 100 m. from us); · organization of descent by torch light to huts where to have a candle dinner, return by motor-sled at special prices; . reduction at kinder-garden service; · collaboration with alpine guides for excursions, off-tracks, walks with snowshoes; . organization of excursions in the nearby at special prices; . at disposal parlour games; . payment services: baby-sitter and massages; . on request we organise transfer from and to the airport.Hotel Savoy Edelweiss
ATM on-site
Car rental
Babysitting or child care
Bicycle rental
Business center
Complimentary breakfast
Continental breakfast
Cable or satellite TV
Coffee shop
Concierge service
Express check out
Fitness center
Game room
Hot tub
Laundry service
Meeting/Banquet facilities
No smoking
Free parking
Pets allowed on request. Charges may apply.
Pool table
Wheelchair accessible
Train station shuttle
Skiing (downhill)
Ski storage
Steam room
Storage available
Indoor tennis
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text:
Seth Fontenot's Trial On Murder Charge Delayed
Fontenot was an 18-year-old freshman accounting major at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette when he allegedly shot and killed 15-year-old Austin Rivault on Feb. 10, 2013.
Fontenot was an 18-year-old freshman accounting major at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette when he allegedly shot and killed 15-year-old Austin Rivault on Feb. 10, 2013.
Update: Major Ginny Higgins with the St. Martin Parish Sheriff's Office says Kristen Ledoux has been reunited with her family.
U.S. District Judge Elizabeth Foote sentenced Dipak Vora to 10 months in federal prison on Thursday.
A Baton Rouge Attorney has plead guilty to a child pornography charge. Sixty Two year old William Steven Mannear entered the guilty plea on Thursday in federal court.
Jessica Hotard was booked for reckless operation of a vehicle and flight from an officer.
The Dr. Phil Show introduced a new app designed by 'When Georgia Smiled: The Robin McGraw Revelation Foundation' for women and children who face domestic abuse
We've recently warned you about a couple of scams. a few days ago, I reported on a phone scam in which callers claiming to be representatives of MidSouth Bank attempted to get people's debit card information. JayCee more recently warned us about calls originating from Colorado. Here's some good news. Authorities in Jamaica have arrested more than 40 suspected phone scammers.
A female driver in Fort Wayne, Indiana almost killed a motorcyclist when she ran over him and his motorcycle because she let God take the wheel.
Louisiana State Police have arrested the man they believed to be responsible for the hit-and-run death of Lon Lomas, who was killed while riding his bicycle on Hwy. 92.
Hackers eagerly take advantage of people's natural curiosity, by posting links to what appear to be revealing videos of current events. I've received more than four years of professional training in the use of social media. When Malaysian Airlines flight 370 disappeared earlier this year, hackers posted links to a virus that appeared to be a story about the plane being found. They're at it again.
UL Lafayette officials say the school is back to normal now after the investigation into a suspicious package found that the device was not dangerous.
We have yet another phone scam to warn you about. The Better Business Bureau is warning MidSouth bank about automated calls from 877-886-1996. The automated message tells customers their debit cards have been deactivated. These calls are not from the bank


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Right paint for the bathroom.
What brand and sheen is the best for a bathroom. It's a small room with no vent. I like the Aura paints but some people say it makes marks from the steam. Any suggestions? I love a dull matte look but is that smart? There are only two adults so we don't really get prints on the walls.
I'll leave the brand of paint up to you, as I don't want to start a "brand war", but in terms of sheen, my personal preference is nothing less than an Eggshell finish.
Eggshell is washable, in the event that you do get some condensation marks on the walls from steam.
Hope this helps.
Thank you all for your imput. I love Sherwin Williams so I'll stick to that and compare the satin to the eggshell or are they about the same. We're doing the redo ourselves so it's gonna be a while. I'm 72 and DH is 78 and we do all our own work so far. Now to get the tub and tile out and get cracking. We have removed the wall paper, ugh, and then we filled in and sanded and primed the walls. Do you think I'll need two coats of primer, it didn't cover opaque. I can see through it to the old ivory color.
As long as you did a full coat of primer, one coat is fine. People tend to think of primer as something that is used to cover up old colors. That's really not its primary job. It's job is to seal and provide a good base for the finish paints you will apply next. If you can still see some of the old color pushing through the primer, that's just fine.
Congratulations on being able to DIY your projects at 72 and 78! Hope we are that healthy and able at that age. We are 60 and 65 and still going strong!
If you don't have a vent, I would definitely recommend Satin. Have you had any problems in the past from not having the bath vented?? Would it be possible to hire someone to install a vent for you?


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News and Events
Liberty University immunologist says a passion for discovery guides his life's work in research and educationMarch 25th, 2015
The human body has an amazing ability to recover from and prevent infection. When viruses and bacteria attack, a variety of infection-fighting cells, or immune cells, defend the body. These cells also try to prevent future infections. How can immune cells do this? Biologists only know part of the answer. Scientists like Joseph W. Brewer, …More
Lack of expert healthcare may increase self-responsibility, says hospital leader Jim Krauss in Suter Science lectureMarch 11th, 2015
If you had no access to a clinic or hospital of any kind, would you live your life differently than you do now? Would you try to maintain a healthier lifestyle, or learn more about how to take care of your own health? Jim Krauss, president of Sentara Rockingham Memorial Hospital Medical Center, wishes Americans …More
Ways to address inherited genetic disorders explored in visit to Lancaster clinic serving "Plain" Anabaptist communitiesFebruary 19th, 2015
The Clinic for Special Children in Strasburg, Pennsylvania, is geographically nestled within the Old Order Amish and Mennonite populations of Lancaster, County. Similarly, EMU and the Heartland Clinic in Dayton, Virginia, are surrounded by Old Order and Conservative Mennonite populations. All parties have a common interest in the "Plain" communities' needs for quality healthcare. "One …More
Consultants to MA in biomedicine program bring experience from VCU, Ohio U, Harvard, and much moreFebruary 16th, 2015
Seven top healthcare professionals comprise the new consulting team for the three-year-old MA in biomedicine program at Eastern Mennonite University. Among the seven is the former dean of Harvard Medical School. The biomedicine program prepares students for careers in medicine, hospital administration, teaching and other fields. Many of the current students did not pursue majors …More
Jeffress Trust grant of $100,000 kickstarts hypertension research with new equipment and student assistantsFebruary 12th, 2015
If you are among the one in three Americans who suffer from high blood pressure, you know to stay away from salty foods. On the no-go list from your doctor: processed foods such as lunch meat, canned soups or vegetables, or ready-to-eat meals. Yet scientists don't know why a salty diet causes problems with hypertension. …More


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Page 1
Music and Nonmusical Abilities
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
ABSTRACT: Reports that exposure to music causes benefits in nonmusical do-
mains have received widespread attention in the mainstream media. Such re-
ports have also influenced public policy. The so-called "Mozart effect" actually
refers to two relatively distinct phenomena. One concerns short-term increases
in spatial abilities that are said to occur from listening to music composed by
Mozart. The other refers to the possibility that formal training in music yields
nonmusical benefits. A review of the relevant findings indicates that the short-
term effect is small and unreliable. Moreover, when it is evident, it can be ex-
plained by between-condition differences in the listener's mood or levels of cog-
nitive arousal. By contrast, the effect of music lessons on nonmusical aspects of
cognitive development is still an open question. Several studies have reported
positive associations between formal music lessons and abilities in nonmusical
(e.g., linguistic, mathematical, and spatial) domains. Nonetheless, compelling
evidence for a causal link remains elusive.
KEYWORDS: Musical ability; Music exposure; Mozart effect; Spatial ability;
Nonmusical benefits of music training
The present report evaluates claims that exposure to music produces benefits in
nonmusical domains. These claims began to influence public policy as soon as they
came to public notice.1 For example, Zell Miller, the former Governor of Georgia,
budgeted for the distribution of classical music recordings to each infant born in
state. Moreover, Florida mandates daily doses of classical music in state-run pre-
Researchers2 and journalists3–6 have generated confusion by failing to clarify the
distinction between the short-term consequences of music listening and the long-
term consequences of formal training in music. Indeed, results from both types of
studies have been merged to yield the dictum, "music makes you smarter." However,
passive listening to music, a ubiquitous activity, bears little resemblance to formal
training, which involves lessons and systematic practice. Thus, separate evaluation
of the short-term benefits of musical exposure and the long-term side effects of mu-
sic lessons could help to clarify these issues.
Examination of the effects of previous experience on learning and behavior has a
rich tradition in the history of psychology. "The transfer of training from old to new
Address for correspondence: E. Glenn Schellenberg, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Uni-
versity of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6. Voice: 905-828-5367;
fax: 905-569-4326.
Page 2
situations is part and parcel of most, if not all, learning. In this sense the study of
transfer is coextensive with the investigation of learning"7 (p. 1019; emphasis add-
ed). In addition, hundreds of psychological examinations of priming have investigat-
ed how prior exposure to a stimulus affects subsequent processing of the same
stimulus or a closely related stimulus.8 If exposure to music causes welcome side ef-
fects, we would expect such effects to arise from transfer or priming. Moreover,
some researchers who argue for the nonmusical benefits of exposure posit a specific
neuropsychological basis for such benefits.2,10–12 Presumably, this hypothesized
cortical process would be compatible with other cortical processes that are demon-
strably relevant to music.
Transfer and priming occur in positive and negative forms. Positive transfer oc-
curs when previous experience in problem solving makes it easier to solve a new
problem,7,13 typically by accelerating learning. As such, positive transfer describes
successful generalization of a process or strategy. One example involves reasoning
with analogies.14 Previous exposure to analogies can lead to greater success at find-
ing the missing piece in new analogies (e.g., Lawyer is to client as doctor is to ????;
the correct answer is patient). Similar research is available on metaphor and the
transfer of skills.13 A common theme across transfer effects is similarity;13,15 posi-
tive transfer is more likely to occur when there are more similarities between the old
and new problems.
Negative transfer is the opposite of its positive counterpart; previous experience
interferes with solving a new problem.7 Negative transfer, which is often called in-
terference, can occur proactively or retroactively. Proactive interference is evident
when previous learning makes subsequent learning relatively difficult. For example,
a new problem is approached with an old mental set that is inefficient or inappropri-
ate for the new context. By contrast, retroactive interference refers to difficulty ac-
cessing mental representations because of intervening experience between initial
encoding and retrieval.
Roughly speaking, priming can be considered the "short-term" or "low-level" rel-
ative of transfer. Anderson16 defines priming as "an enhancement of the processing
of a stimulus as a function of prior exposure" (p. 459). In a classic experiment,17 par-
ticipants were asked to identify words presented briefly in the visual modality. Per-
formance was superior for words that were seen prior to the word-identification test.
The low-level nature of priming is evident in greater priming effects following open-
ended instructions (e.g., study the word) compared to compulsory semantic process-
ing (e.g., generate an antonym), the latter condition involving "deeper" levels of pro-
cessing.18 It is clear that priming does not require conscious awareness, as reflected
in the priming effects observed in amnesics.19
Negative priming refers to situations in which the processing of a "target" stimu-
lus is inhibited by prior exposure.20 For example, when participants are presented
with two words (a "target" and a "distractor") and required to name only one (the
target), performance on subsequent trials is relatively slow when the target word was
previously a distractor. Most priming studies examine repetition priming, or subse-
quent processing of an identical stimulus.8 Nonetheless, cross-modal and cross-lan-
Page 3
guage priming effects are also observable. For people who are bilingual in Spanish–
English, auditory presentation of a partial sentence in Spanish (the priming stimulus)
can facilitate visual recognition of a target English word, provided that the target was
implied by the sentential prime.21 There are higher-level, associative16 or semantic9
priming effects, in which word processing (e.g., butter) is facilitated by previous pre-
sentation of an associated word (e.g., bread).22
This brief review of transfer and priming provides a context for evaluating spe-
cific claims about exposure to music. These claims posit remarkable positive side ef-
fects of exposure to certain types of music, side effects that, in principle, are closely
related to transfer and priming. My intention is to situate claims that music makes
you smarter in the context of cognitive psychology, which will permit a review and
evaluation of such claims with reference to well-established cognitive phenomena.
A secondary goal is to situate the neuronal mechanism advanced as the basis of as-
sociations between music and nonmusical abilities in the domain of cognitive
The current debate about musical exposure and its side effects was inspired, in
part, by Rauscher et al.23 who reported that brief exposure (10 minutes) to a Mozart
sonata generates short-term increases in spatial-reasoning abilities (the Mozart ef-
fect). Each participant in their study was tested in three conditions. Participants in
one condition listened to a Mozart sonata before completing one of three tests of spa-
tial abilities. Participants in the other two conditions listened to a relaxation tape or
sat in silence before completing a test. Performance was superior in the "Mozart"
condition. This finding attracted considerable attention, because it appeared in a
highly prestigious journal, Nature, and because the investigators translated their
finding into an IQ-score improvement of approximately 8 points (i.e., half a standard
deviation). Indeed, the popular conclusion that "music makes you smarter" followed
directly from this IQ translation.
Closer examination of the method of that study raises questions about the validity
of the findings. The choice of comparison conditions is particularly problematic. Sit-
ting in silence or listening to a relaxation tape for 10 minutes is less arousing or in-
teresting than is listening to Mozart. Moreover, mood states are known to influence
performance on problem-solving tasks, with superior performance associated with
positive affect.24–26 Thus, the effect could have arisen from differences in mood or
arousal rather than from exposure to Mozart.
Because the Mozart effect is at odds with the literature on priming and transfer,
alternative explanations of the source of the effect (i.e., the mood/arousal hypothe-
sis) seem all the more credible. Improved spatial skills following exposure to a
Mozart sonata do not represent an instance of repetition priming (i.e., the priming
stimulus was not repeated) nor are they an instance of associative priming. How is
passive listening to a musical stimulus "associated" with performance on a visually
presented test of spatial skills? Evidence for associative priming typically involves
pairs of words with an obvious semantic association (nurse–doctor, bread–butter).
How, then, could an auditory (musical) stimulus prime performance on a task with
no obvious link to music? Transfer as an explanatory framework also raises more
Page 4
questions than it answers. Transfer typically involves applying a learned skill or a
strategy to a new context. But what is learned by listening passively to a piece of mu-
sic? Something about the music, no doubt, is learned, but it is difficult to rationalize
how the transfer of such knowledge could yield improved performance on a spatial
In short, the Mozart effect is a radical claim about cognitive processes that is dif-
ficult to reconcile with known principles and findings in cognitive psychology. It
comes as no surprise, then, that attempted replications have produced mixed re-
sults.10,27 As of May 2000, there were about 20 published tests of the Mozart effect.
Less than half replicated the effect. Because the Mozart-effect studies have been re-
viewed elsewhere, the present report focuses on the issues raised by selected studies.
Consider the replication reported by Rauscher et al.,12 who "pretested" their par-
ticipants with a paper-folding-and-cutting (PF&C) test (one of the spatial tests used
in the original study). Participants were then divided into three groups of equivalent
abilities. One group heard Mozart during three subsequent test sessions. A second
group sat in silence during the three sessions. A third group heard a minimalist piece
by Philip Glass during the first session, an audiotaped story in the second session,
and a repetitive piece of dance music in the third session. After each session, the
PF&C test was administered again. Although the Mozart group showed a signifi-
cantly larger improvement in performance than did the other two groups after the
first session, there was no difference between the Mozart and comparison groups af-
ter the next two sessions. The advantage of Mozart over silence and Glass conditions
in the first test session did not extend or clarify the original finding. Participants may
find repetitive, minimalist music as boring or unarousing as silence. The null find-
ings in the second and third sessions also raise doubts about the reliability of the
Rauscher and Shaw10 suggest that the numerous replication failures can be ex-
plained primarily by differences in the spatial tasks that have been used as outcome
measures. They claim that the effect can be obtained with "spatial-temporal" tasks
(e.g., the PF&C task and other tasks involving mental transformation of visual im-
ages), but not with "spatial-recognition" tasks. This distinction is based on the idea
that perceiving and remembering music involve identifying changes and systematic
transformations in musical patterns (e.g., motives) that occur over time. Thus, trans-
fer from music listening to the spatial domain should be limited to tasks involving
mental manipulation of visual images, which also takes time. Indeed, the time re-
quired is linearly related to the amount of manipulation.28 This distinction is curious
in light of the original findings,23 which indicated that the effect was identical across
spatial tasks, temporal or otherwise. In a subsequent reanalysis of the original data,10
however, the advantage of the Mozart effect proved to be significant on only one of
the three spatial tests that were administered, the "temporal" PF&C task, and not on
the two nontemporal tests. Nonetheless, mean scores were highest in the Mozart
condition across tests, and the design precluded tests of the two-way interaction be-
tween the listening conditions and the spatial tests. In other words, despite their con-
clusion and interpretation, the data did not support Rauscher and Shaw's hypothesis,
that is, that the influence of Mozart's music on spatial abilities depends on the tem-
poral nature of the tasks. Moreover, the temporal/nontemporal distinction cannot ex-
plain why several attempts to replicate the original findings failed to do so, even
Page 5
though the outcome measure was a task that met Rauscher and Shaw's criteria for
spatial-temporal status.29,30 Finally, the distinction does not address the problem
that the effect, when evident, may be a consequence of differences in mood or in
In all cases in which the Mozart effect has been evident, comparison conditions
involved repetitive music, sitting in silence, or listening to relaxation tapes. As not-
ed, these comparison conditions might seem boring to participants (compared to lis-
tening to music), promoting relatively negative mood states or low levels of
cognitive arousal. As a first attempt to address this possibility, Nantais and
Schellenberg31 replicated and extended the original findings. In their first experi-
ment, each participant was tested on the PF&C task twice, once after listening to 10
minutes of music and once after sitting in silence for 10 minutes. For some partici-
pants, the music was the same Mozart piece used by Rauscher and her colleagues.
For others, a piece by Schubert (from the same compact disk performed by the same
pianists) was used instead. This experiment was also the first to use a computer-
controlled procedure administered to participants individually. Indeed, the potential
impact of group dynamics on the results of earlier studies is unknown.12,23,29,32,33
(Imagine a classroom of undergraduates being required to sit in silence for 10
As shown in FIGURE 1 (upper panel), performance on the PF&C test was better
after listening to Mozart than sitting in silence. In other words, the Mozart effect was
replicated. Nonetheless, an identical effect was evident when the Mozart composi-
tion was substituted with the piece by Schubert (FIG. 1, middle panel). One would
predict such a "Schubert effect" if the comparison condition (silence) was depress-
ing levels of performance. For both groups, performance also improved from the first
to the second testing session, revealing a simple practice effect. In a second experi-
ment, a Mozart condition was contrasted with a comparison condition that involved
listening to a narrated short story (potentially as engaging as listening to music) in-
stead of sitting in silence. The Mozart effect disappeared (FIG. 1, lower panel), as one
would predict if the experimental (Mozart) and comparison (story) conditions were
equally engaging and if the source of the Mozart effect stemmed from differences in
mood or arousal. Perhaps even more important was the finding that performance in-
teracted with listeners' preferences. Those who preferred Mozart over the story per-
formed better on the PF&C test after listening to Mozart. Those who preferred the
story performed better after listening to the story (FIG. 2). These findings provide
support for the suggestion that short-term effects of music on tests of spatial abilities
stem from differences in mood or arousal rather than from listening to Mozart. Al-
though the FIGURE implies that participants who preferred Mozart performed better
regardless of condition, the main effect of preference was marginal (p = 0.09).
Further support for the "mood or arousal" hypothesis comes from a metanalysis
that provided an overview of 20 Mozart–silence comparisons conducted to date.27
The overall advantage of listening to Mozart on subsequent tests of spatial skills was
nonsignificant (i.e., equivalent to 1.4 IQ points). The effect size for studies that used
a spatial-temporal outcome measure was also nonsignificant (2.1 IQ points) and
smaller than the average test-retest variability in IQ for a single person. Moreover,
successful replications of the Mozart effect were attributed to cognitive arousal,
which is predominantly a right hemisphere function,34–36 as are tests of complex
Page 6
FIGURE 1. Scores on the paper-folding-and-cutting task for participants tested by
Nantais and Schellenberg (1999). Each participant was tested twice. The upper panel illus-
trates scores after listening to Mozart or sitting in silence. The middle panel illustrates
scores after listening to Schubert or sitting in silence. The lower panel illustrates scores after
listening to Mozart or a narrated story. The line on the diagonal represents equivalent per-
formance across conditions. The maximum score was 17.
Page 7
spatial abilities.36,37 This view helps to explain why the Mozart effect tends to be
slightly larger when the control condition consists of relaxation instructions, which
are designed to reduce arousal, instead of sitting in silence.27
Another way to interpret the Mozart effect is provided by a new theory based on
a large body of findings on the association between mood and cognition.38 The the-
ory proposes that positive mood states increase circulating levels of the neurotrans-
mitter dopamine. During periods of positive affect, dopamine is released from the
ventral tegmental area, which has projections to the prefrontal cortex. A variety of
cognitive tasks that show improvement when positive affect is induced25 may be in-
fluenced by the effects of dopamine on prefrontal function. It is possible, then, that
the Mozart effect is another way in which positive affect influences performance in
a problem-solving task. In short, although these seemingly mysterious effects of
cross-modal priming (i.e., the Mozart effect) may indeed have a neuropsychological
explanation, listening to music is just one of many ways to induce arousal or positive
The metanalysis presented by Chabris27 and the results of Nantais and
Schellenberg30 are consistent with the idea that differences in mood or arousal are
the actual source of the Mozart effect, but neither report tested this hypothesis direct-
ly. Thompson et al.39 attempted such a test using the PF&C task as their outcome
measure. Each of their participants was tested once in a music condition and once in
a silence condition (as in Nantais and Schellenberg,30 Experiment 1). Participants'
mood after listening to the music was measured using the Profile of Mood States.40
For some participants, the music condition consisted of the same Mozart piece used
in the original Mozart-effect study; for others, a piece by Albinoni was used instead.
The Albinoni Adagio was selected, because it is considered to be a stereotypical ex-
ample of slow, sad-sounding music.41 By contrast, the Mozart sonata is pleasant and
happy sounding. Hence, the prediction was that increases in performance on the
PF&C task would be evident for music compared to silence in the Mozart group but
not in the Albinoni group. This prediction was upheld by the data. Moreover, the per-
FIGURE 2. Scores from Nantais and Schellenberg's (1999) participants as a function
of testing condition (Mozart or story) and preference (Mozart or story).
Page 8
formance advantage of the music over the silence condition in the Mozart group dis-
appeared when differences in participants' mood scores were partialled out of the
analysis. In short, the results were completely consistent with the notion that the
Mozart effect is an epiphenomenon of mood or arousal.
The theoretical framework that Rauscher and Shaw use to explain the Mozart ef-
fect is called the "Trion model."42,43 The model states that specific cortical firing
patterns are present over large areas of the cortex when one performs, composes, or
listens to music. Because these patterns are considered to be spatial-temporal in na-
ture, they are said to be highly similar to patterns evident during spatial-temporal
reasoning. Both processes involve perceiving and thinking about rule-governed
transformations that occur over time. The model describes more than a simple asso-
ciative or connectionist network, in which one group of neurons is connected to an-
other group. Rather, it posits actual similarities in cortical firing patterns for (1)
passive listening to music and (2) actively participating in a task requiring spatial-
temporal reasoning.
If we examine the neuropsychological research on music processing, however,
the basic tenets of the Trion model seem implausible. The research of Peretz and her
colleagues is particularly relevant. Peretz has shown that much of music perception
and cognition is relatively modular, and, moreover, that individual aspects of music
cognition are relatively modularized and independent of other aspects.44 For exam-
ple, melody and rhythm are processed independently and in different parts of the
brain,45–47 lyrics are processed independently of tunes,48 and perceiving musical
emotion is independent of memory for music.49,50 Most importantly, Peretz has
studied brain-damaged patients with amusia, and none has exhibited accompanying
deficits in spatial abilities. For example, one of her amusic patients could not dis-
criminate tones that differed by gross differences in pitch, yet she continued to drive
safely around Montreal. In short, there is substantial evidence for modularity of mu-
sic processing and for independence of various aspects of music. Such evidence is
inconsistent with the notion that cortical activity is similar across a variety of musi-
cal activities (performing, composing, and listening) and that such patterns of acti-
vation are identical during spatial-temporal reasoning.
Although the short-term Mozart effect appears to be independent of Mozart in
particular and of music in general, it is still possible that positive, relatively long-
term cognitive side effects result from taking music lessons. Indeed, the two issues
may be orthogonal. To anticipate the conclusion, the relevant findings reviewed be-
low are consistent with the idea of an association between musical training and non-
musical benefits, but they fall far short of being conclusive. The studies are grouped
according to design (correlational, quasiexperimental, or experimental).
Correlational Studies
Several studies have examined whether musical ability (rather than musical train-
ing) is correlated with other kinds of abilities. Positive associations imply that im-
proving one's musical ability through formal lessons would be accompanied by
Page 9
nonmusical benefits. In correlational designs, however, it is always impossible to
make firm conclusions about the direction of causation when associations are dis-
covered. It is also impossible to rule out the possibility that the association stems
from a third, unidentified variable.
Gromko and Poorman51 examined children between the ages of 4 and 13 who
were enrolled in a private school. Their goal was to determine whether musical ap-
titude is related to children's ability to use symbols. In an initial testing session, chil-
dren completed the tonal subtest of Gordon's52,53 musical aptitude measures. During
a second session, children were tested on two tasks, one that required them to match
short melodies with graphic representations and another that required them to draw
graphic representations of the contour of short melodies. Performance on all three
measures improved with age, and each measure was significantly correlated with the
other two. These findings confirm that children's musical aptitude is predictive of
their ability to interpret and produce symbolic representations of music. Because
each of the outcomes was associated with age, however, it is impossible to determine
whether the associations would still be in evidence if differences in age were held
constant (i.e., the authors did not report partial correlations).
In an examination of performance on musical and spatial tasks that required an-
alogical reasoning, children from 6 to 12 years of age were tested on their ability to
transfer a given relation between one pair of stimuli to a novel pair.54 As the age of
the children increased, performance on both tasks improved. Moreover, age-related
improvements were virtually identical across tasks. As with the study by Gromko
and Poorman,51 however, the association between the music and spatial tasks could
be a consequence of the fact that older children performed better on both tasks.
Lamb and Gregory55 studied the association between reading and musical abili-
ties in a sample of 5-year-old children. Reading abilities and phonemic awareness
were positively associated with pitch-discrimination abilities but not with the ability
to discriminate timbres. These associations remained in evidence when differences
in age and nonverbal intelligence were held constant. Virtually identical associations
between reading abilities and musical abilities (with differences in age and IQ held
constant) were reported for a sample of 9-year-old children.56 Although these find-
ings do not address the issue of causation, they provide evidence of an association
between reading and musical abilities that is independent of age or general
Douglas and Willatts57 tested a sample of 8 year olds to examine whether literacy
and musical ability are associated. Pairs of tones were presented in a pitch-discrim-
ination task that required children to identify whether the second tone was higher,
lower, or the same as the first. A rhythm-discrimination test required children to re-
spond "same" or "different" to pairs of sequences played on a wood block. Literacy
was measured with tests of reading and spelling. All measures showed significant
pairwise correlations. When differences in receptive vocabulary were held constant,
however, reading and spelling measures were associated with rhythm-discrimination
abilities but not with pitch-discrimination abilities. Whereas these findings suggest
that rhythm-discrimination abilities are better than pitch-discrimination abilities at
predicting literacy, the results of Lamb and Gregory55 imply that pitch-discrimina-
tion abilities are a better predictor than timbre-discrimination abilities.
Finally, Lynn et al.58 examined the association between musical aptitude and
general intelligence (Spearman's g) in groups of children 10 years of age. Children
Page 10
were administered rhythm- and pitch-discrimination tasks as well as tests of general
intelligence. Each of the music measures was positively associated with each of the
measures of intelligence. These results suggest that musical aptitude is a function of
general intelligence. Alternatively, musical aptitude may be a valid estimate of g. Al-
though the association between musical aptitude and intelligence is provocative, it
remains to be seen whether music lessons actually promote improvements in cogni-
tive abilities.
Other researchers have tested for the possibility of differences between naturally
occurring groups (e.g., those with and without musical training) in nonmusical abil-
ities. Again, because we can never be sure that the groups are identical on other po-
tentially relevant dimensions (e.g., socioeconomic status and overall IQ),
unequivocal determinations of causation are impossible.
A classic example of a relevant quasiexperiment is a study by Chan et al.59 of fe-
male college students in Hong Kong (mean age of 20 years). The authors compared
the verbal and visual memory abilities of women with no musical training to those
of women who had taken six years of music lessons before the age of 12. Although
the groups did not differ on the visual-memory task, the musically trained group out-
performed the untrained group on the verbal-memory task. Unfortunately, despite
the authors' claim that the groups were matched according to years of education
(with alpha = 0.01), closer inspection of the findings revealed that the musically
trained group had significantly more education (with alpha set to a standard 0.05 val-
ue). In other words, it is impossible to determine whether the verbal advantage
stemmed from music lessons rather than from additional years of education. Indeed,
we would predict that better verbal skills would accompany higher levels of
Hassler et al.60 examined verbal fluency and visual-spatial abilities in children 9
to 14 years of age. The children were classified into one of three groups: (1) musi-
cally talented and capable of composing or improvising, (2) musically talented but
not capable of composing or improvising, or (3) nonmusicians. The groups did not
differ on a test of spatial relations, but significant differences were found on tests of
verbal fluency and visualization abilities, with the musically talented children out-
performing the nonmusicians. At a follow-up test two years later, significant differ-
ences were found for each of the three outcome variables.61 Nonetheless, students in
the composing/improvising group had more music lessons than did the other musi-
cally talented group, yet no differences between these groups on the outcome mea-
sures were evident. As such, this study provides equivocal support for the idea that
music lessons are accompanied by advantages in nonmusical domains.
Two studies compared the nonmusical abilities of children enrolled in a Kodály
music program with those of a comparison group who were not taking music les-
sons.62,63 The Kodály program is known for intensive training and for placing great
emphasis on singing and on the development of sequential skills. The program also
incorporates clapping, the use of hand signs, and simple musical notation. Hurwitz
and his colleagues examined the sequencing and spatial skills of a group of seven
year olds. Children in the Kodály group had taken music lessons for approximately
seven months, with 40-minute lessons five days per week. The sequencing task in-
Page 11
volved tapping mechanical keys in a regular manner or in time with a metronome af-
ter the metronome was turned off or its rate had been changed. Children were also
given tests of spatial abilities, plus a Stroop-like test of interference. The Kodály
group outperformed the comparison children on the Stroop test and on some of the
spatial tests. In a separate examination of children who had completed 1 year of
Kodály instruction, the Kodály group performed better than a comparison group on
a reading test even though the two groups had performed identically a year earlier.
A subsequent study of four- and five-year-olds' understanding of prenumber con-
cepts showed a benefit of Kodály training only for five-year-old girls.63 These results
suggest that training in music may lead to nonmusical improvements, yet it is impos-
sible to ascertain whether nonmusical aspects of Kodály training or preexisting dif-
ferences between groups may have influenced the results.
Experimental Studies
The next group of studies had more-or-less random assignment of participants to
experimental conditions. Thus, provided that comparison conditions were selected
appropriately, we should be able to determine whether music lessons actually
"cause" nonmusical cognitive advantages. As with most of the short-term (Mozart
effect) studies, however, none of the studies in this group used comparison condi-
tions that preclude the possibility of alternative explanations for the findings.
For example, six-year-old children who were taught music for seven months by
means of the Kodály method showed improvements in mathematical and reading
abilities that surpassed those of children without such training.64 The researchers'
goal was to examine possible by-products of a "test arts" (Kodály) program that was
implemented in some first-grade classes but not in others. They examined two first-
grade classes in each of two schools that were designated as "test arts" classrooms
and another two from both schools that were "standard arts" classrooms. If we as-
sume that the classrooms were assigned to the two arts programs at random, we can
consider the design to approximate a "true" experiment. The reported advantage for
the test-arts classes is remarkable when we consider that in the previous year chil-
dren in the test-arts classes were actually behind the standard-arts children in terms
of the proportion who had reached the national average grade level. Although these
results are promising, children in the standard-arts classrooms did not participate in
activities focusing on "sequenced skill development" as did children in the test-arts
(Kodály) classrooms. Again, this confounding makes it impossible to attribute the
remarkable recovery and achievements of the test-arts classrooms to training in mu-
sic per se, rather than to other nonmusical aspects of the Kodály program.
In another study, four-year-old children who received individual 10-minute piano
lessons once or twice a week for six to eight months performed better on a test of
spatial skills than children assigned to comparison conditions.11 Nonetheless, other
aspects of the design question the reliability of the effect. For example, some of the
children had 33% more lessons than other children, yet this additional training in
music had no effect on performance. Moreover, the primary comparison condition
involved playing with commercial software programs on a computer. Although a
computer instructor provided one-on-one instruction about how to use the computer
and open the programs, the software (not the instructor) was designed to teach the
children basic skills in reading and arithmetic. As such, superior levels of perfor-
Page 12
mance in the piano group could be the consequence of additional instruction from an
adult nonparent.
Standley and Hughes65 found that children in prekindergarten classes (four to
five years of age) who took 15 music lessons over a period of two months showed
enhanced pre-reading and writing skills compared to other children. Children in the
comparison condition were exposed to the regular prekindergarten curriculum but
had no additional lessons of any kind. Again, it is impossible to determine whether
the observed numerical and verbal benefits arose specifically from music instruction
or from pedagogical differences that were independent of musical training. The in-
vestigators noted that "it was also apparent from the children's reaction that the mu-
sic activities provided pleasure and excitement about academic participation,
possibly generating long range motivation for reading and writing" (p. 83). Nonmu-
sical activities that generate similar levels of pleasure and excitement could generate
similar increases in motivation.
Gromko and Poorman's66 study of three- and four-year-old children enrolled in a
private Montessori school is similar to Standley and Hughes'65 study just described.
Children in the music group were provided with weekly group music lessons in ad-
dition to the regular curriculum, but the comparison group received no additional
lessons of any sort. As such, the modest gains in nonverbal IQ witnessed for the mu-
sic group relative to the comparison group can be attributed simply to additional ed-
ucational instruction from an adult.
Three recent experimental studies suffer from similar methodological problems.
Each compared young children enrolled in music-education programs with children
in "control" groups who had no comparable extraschool activities.67–69 One study
provided three years of piano lessons free of charge to children in the fourth to sixth
grades.68 These "piano" children performed better than children in a control group
on a comprehensive test of cognitive abilities after the first and second years, but the
difference disappeared after the third year. Between-group differences during the
first two years stemmed solely from differences in spatial abilities. In another study,
kindergartners were provided with group keyboard lessons for eight months.69 The
keyboard children showed greater improvement than a control group on tests of spa-
tial abilities, but there was no difference between groups on a test of recognition. A
third study examined the influence of a 30-week structured music curriculum on
cognitive development.67 Treatment and control groups of six year olds were admin-
istered six subtests from the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test before and after the
curriculum. The treatment group showed relatively larger gains on a single subtest
that measured capacity of short-term memory (Bead Memory).
Another recent study examined possible side effects of group keyboard lessons
that were provided free of charge to children six to eight years of age.70 A control
group had computer lessons with a commercial software program designed to im-
prove English language skills. Both groups were also given lessons intended to en-
hance spatial abilities by playing with a software program designed by the
researchers. Unfortunately, the main outcome variable consisted of scores on a "test-
ing" version of the same spatial software, which has unknown reliability and valid-
ity. Moreover, aggregate scores on the outcome tests did not differ between groups.
The investigators reported a significant advantage for the keyboard group on a sub-
test of mathematical fractions and proportions, and they concluded that improved
musical and spatial skills lead to improved mathematical abilities. These results
Page 13
would be more convincing if they had been obtained with standardized tests and if
the piano group had performed better overall or at least on subtests for which clear
predictions were made a priori.
The studies just reviewed provide consistent suggestive evidence that music les-
sons have positive nonmusical side effects. Nonetheless, specifics of the reported as-
sociations vary widely from study to study. If we suspend our disbelief, however, and
assume that music education affects abilities in other areas, how could we account
for this influence?
A number of neurological studies describe ways in which music lessons affect
cortical development. Compared to nonmusicians, accomplished players of string
instruments show increased representation in the cerebral cortex for the fingers of
their left hand,71 which implies that musical training can alter patterns of cortical or-
ganization. Indeed, cortical representations are especially large for those who begin
music lessons at an early age when the brain is relatively plastic. Although the size
of the corpus callosum is larger in musicians than in nonmusicians, this effect is par-
ticularly notable in musicians who began taking lessons before the age of 7.72 Rela-
tively large brain asymmetries are also evident among musicians who have absolute
(perfect) pitch,73 and this relatively rare ability to name and produce pitches in iso-
lation is evident predominantly among musicians who begin lessons in early child-
hood.74 Moreover, the representation of piano tones in the auditory cortex differs in
musicians than in nonmusicians,75 although genetic factors or simple exposure to
music could also play a role.76 Finally, specific cortical areas in the right hemisphere
are activated when reading a musical score but not when reading one's primary or
secondary language.77
Consequences of an enriched environment on other species (e.g., rats and mice)
include denser patterns of dendritic branching and a greater number of hippocampal
neurons.78,79 If music education represents an enrichment of a child's environment,
such enrichment could promote neurological development, which could, in turn, in-
fluence abilities in other domains. Music, however, is simply one of many ways to
enrich a child's environment. Moreover, music education is a complex process that
involves many different dimensions. As such, it may be more fruitful to examine the
effects of music education at a behavioral level instead of attempting to map such
effects directly onto cortical architecture.
We know that schooling improves a wide variety of cognitive skills and that this
association is not simply a by-product of maturation.80–83 For young children in par-
ticular, schooling is more effective in smaller classes.84,85 Reviews of intervention
programs for children who are at risk of academic failure suggest that extended one-
on-one contact with a supportive adult is a common feature of successful interven-
tions.86–87 Thus, music lessons, which are typically taught individually or in small
groups, may confer nonmusical benefits for children by providing close and extend-
ed contact with an adult other than a parent or teacher. If this is the case, then similar
side effects should be evident with other types of lessons that provide similar levels
of contact (e.g., chess, drawing).
Music lessons may be unique, however, because of their focus on a particular
combination of factors, such as hours of individual practice, learning to read music,
attention and concentration, timing, ear training, sight reading, constructive feed-
back from the instructor, and exposure to music.88 Thus, positive transfer effects to
nonmusical domains, such as language, mathematics, or spatial reasoning, could be
Page 14
similarly unique for individuals who take music lessons. On the other hand, music
lessons are likely to improve many general skills, such as attending to rapidly chang-
ing temporal information, honing skills of auditory stream segregation, developing
the ability to detect temporal groups, becoming attentive to signals of closure and
other gestalt cues of form, developing emotional sensitivity and expressiveness, and
developing fine motor skills. These general skills should be particularly likely to
transfer to a variety of nonmusical domains.
As someone who took music lessons from the age of five and practiced regularly
for the next 11 years, I feel changed—probably for the better—in ways that seem
specific to my involvement with music. It remains to be seen, however, whether this
personal observation will withstand the test of rigorous experimental investigation.
Preparation of this article was supported by a grant from the International Foun-
dation for Music Research. Bill Thompson and Sandra Trehub provided helpful
comments on an earlier draft.
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for understanding cognition in depression. Cognit. Emotion 11: 637–661.
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Neuropsychology. B. Rapp, Ed.: 521–540. Psychology Press. Hove, UK.


text:
1966 ShelbyGT 350 Mustang This is an original 1966 Shelby GT 350 Mustang; one of 999 originally built for Hertz Corporation (SFM 6S*506). The car... More
Newly finished 1967 AC Shelby Cobra hand built by yours truly. I will accept the BEST OFFER. I suffer from PTSD from Combat in... More
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1966 Shelby GT350H, This unique Shelby GT350H Hertz Rent-a-Racer, SFM6S1227, one of about 50, painted in classic Wimbledon White with Gold Stripes, was specifically... More
2009 Shelby 500KR, Celebrating the fortieth anniversary of the original Shelby Cobra GT500KR, Ford and Shelby collaborate on a new 'King of the Road'... More
Private Collection: Shelby GT 500s. Two 1967s and one 2013 convertible. 1967 Ford Mustang GT500, in mint condition. 49,949 miles. Rare stripe delete in... More
2007 Shelby Convertible - Manual transmission, This is one of 500 2007 Shelby GT-H Convertibles built for the Hertz Corporation to rent. However, the last... More
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Sister-in-law of slain dentist says 3-year-old was supposed to be hers
The day after his wife's funeral, Philip Gattuso's mother-in-law gave him a one-page typed letter apparently signed by his wife.
Dated 17 days before his wife, Valerie Gattuso, died March 30, the letter said Valerie wanted her sister, Regan Williams, to parent their toddler-aged daughter because she didn't like how the Fargo dentist raised his sons from a prior marriage.
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Terrorist Watchlist Screening:
FBI Has Enhanced Its Use of Information from Firearm and Explosives Background Checks to Support Counterterrorism Efforts
GAO-10-703T: Published: May 5, 2010. Publicly Released: May 5, 2010.
Additional Materials:
- Highlights Page:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
(202) 512-6510
Office of Public Affairs
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Membership in a terrorist organization does not prohibit a person from possessing firearms or explosives under current federal law. However, for homeland security and other purposes, the FBI is notified when a firearm or explosives background check involves an individual on the terrorist watchlist. This statement addresses (1) how many checks have resulted in matches with the terrorist watchlist, (2) how the FBI uses information from these checks for counterterrorism purposes, and (3) pending legislation that would give the Attorney General authority to deny certain checks. GAO's testimony is based on products issued in January 2005 and May 2009 and selected updates in March and April 2010. For these updates, GAO reviewed policies and other documentation and interviewed officials at FBI components involved with terrorism-related background checks.
From February 2004 through February 2010, FBI data show that individuals on the terrorist watchlist were involved in firearm or explosives background checks 1,225 times; 1,116 (about 91 percent) of these transactions were allowed to proceed because no prohibiting information was found--such as felony convictions, illegal immigrant status, or other disqualifying factors--and 109 of the transactions were denied. In response to a recommendation in GAO's January 2005 report, the FBI began processing all background checks involving the terrorist watchlist in July 2005--including those generated via state operations--to ensure consistency in handling and ensure that relevant FBI components and field agents are contacted during the resolution of the checks so they can search for prohibiting information. Based on another recommendation in GAO's 2005 report, the FBI has taken actions to collect and analyze information from these background checks for counterterrorism purposes. For example, in April 2005, the FBI issued guidance to its field offices on the availability and use of information collected as a result of firearm and explosives background checks involving the terrorist watchlist. The guidance discusses the process for FBI field offices to work with FBI personnel who conduct the checks and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to obtain information about the checks, such as the purchaser's residence address and the make, model, and serial number of any firearm purchased. The guidance states that any information that FBI field offices obtain related to these background checks can be shared with other counterterrorism and law enforcement agencies. The FBI is also preparing monthly reports on these checks that are disseminated throughout the FBI to support counterterrorism efforts. In April 2007, the Department of Justice proposed legislative language to Congress that would provide the Attorney General with discretionary authority to deny the transfer of firearms or explosives to known or suspected "dangerous terrorists." At the time of GAO's May 2009 report, neither the department's proposed legislative language nor related proposed legislation included provisions for the development of guidelines further delineating the circumstances under which the Attorney General could exercise this authority. GAO suggested that Congress consider including a provision in any relevant legislation that would require the Attorney General to establish such guidelines; and this provision was included in a subsequent legislative proposal. If Congress gives the Attorney General authority to deny firearms or explosives based on terrorist watchlist concerns, guidelines for making such denials would help to provide accountability for ensuring that the expected results of the background checks are being achieved. Guidelines would also help ensure that the watchlist is used in a manner that safeguards legal rights, including freedoms, civil liberties, and information privacy guaranteed by federal law and that its use is consistent with other screening processes. For example, criteria have been developed for determining when an individual should be denied the boarding of an aircraft.
Mar 25, 2015
Aviation Security:TSA's Managed Inclusion Process Expands Passenger Expedited Screening, But TSA Has Not Tested Its Security EffectivenessGAO-15-465T: Published: Mar 25, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 25, 2015.
Mar 24, 2015
Homeland Security:Action Needed to Better Assess Cost-Effectiveness of Security Enhancements at Federal FacilitiesGAO-15-444: Published: Mar 24, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 24, 2015.
Mar 23, 2015
Border Security:Additional Efforts Needed to Address Persistent Challenges in Achieving Radio InteroperabilityGAO-15-201: Published: Mar 23, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 23, 2015.
Mar 16, 2015
Homeland Security Acquisitions:DHS Should Better Define Oversight Roles and Improve Program Reporting to CongressGAO-15-292: Published: Mar 12, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 16, 2015.
Mar 10, 2015
Government Publishing Office:Production of Secure Credentials for the Department of State and U.S. Customs and Border ProtectionGAO-15-326R: Published: Mar 10, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 10, 2015.
Mar 6, 2015
Aviation Security:TSA Should Take Additional Action to Obtain Stakeholder Input when Modifying the Prohibited Items ListGAO-15-261: Published: Feb 4, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 6, 2015.
Feb 26, 2015
Department of Homeland Security:Progress Made, but More Work Remains in Strengthening Management FunctionsGAO-15-388T: Published: Feb 26, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 26, 2015.
Jan 27, 2015
Supply Chain Security:CBP Needs to Enhance Its Guidance and Oversight of High-Risk Maritime Cargo ShipmentsGAO-15-294: Published: Jan 27, 2015. Publicly Released: Jan 27, 2015.
Jan 12, 2015
Federal Facility Cybersecurity:DHS and GSA Should Address Cyber Risk to Building and Access Control SystemsGAO-15-6: Published: Dec 12, 2014. Publicly Released: Jan 12, 2015.
Dec 19, 2014
Anthrax:Agency Approaches to Validation and Statistical Analyses Could Be ImprovedGAO-15-80: Published: Dec 19, 2014. Publicly Released: Dec 19, 2014.
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That if you confess with your mouth, "Jesus is Lord," and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved. —Romans 10:9 read more
Charisma Magazine
Page 12 of 37
Losing His Presence
After the Feast was over, while his parents were returning home, the boy Jesus stayed behind in Jerusalem, but they were unaware of it. ... When they did not find him, they went back to Jerusalem to look for him. —Luke 2:43, 45 read more
Give Thanks to the One Who Remembers
Give thanks...to the One who remembered us in our low estate. —Psalm 136:3, 23 read more
Find What Pleases the Lord
Find out what pleases the Lord. Have nothing to do with the fruitless deeds of darkness, but rather expose them. —Ephesians 5:10-11 read more
Don't Quit
Our God whom we serve is able to deliver us from the furnace of blazing fire ... —Daniel 3:17, NAS read more
God's Ultimate Plan
"For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways," declares the Lord. —Isaiah 55:8 read more
A Sensitive Spirit
The Spirit of the Lord will rest on him. —Isaiah 11:2 read more
The God of Glory
Brothers and fathers, listen to me! The God of glory appeared to our father Abraham. —Acts 7:2 read more
Adjusting to the Holy Spirit, Part I
Let your gentleness be evident to all. —Philippians 4:5 read more
Adjusting to the Holy Spirit, Part II
The Lord is near. —Philippians 4:5 read more
Television History Made On Easter Sunday
Watch the NBC premiere of A.D. The Bible Continues, network television's first primetime series focused on the most powerful and global movement in history - the rise of the Church.
10 Signs of a Bitter Woman
Beware of this woman in your church who's a wolf in sheep's clothing.
James Goll: Soaking in His Presence
Do you spend time resting in the Lord's presence? Here's how you can be changed, and not ...
Bring Healing to the Suffering Women Across the World
When Charisma editor Lee Grady was confronting with the abuse of women & girls in India, he chose to get involved and make a change.
Prophecy: A Tsunami of Perversion Will Rise
When you think of perversion you probably immediately think of sexual perversion. That's part ...
Pastors Rebuke Franklin Graham for Sins Against Christian Community
The open letter claims they are approaching him in love.
Still Single? Ask These Questions Before You Say 'I Do'
Before I perform a wedding, I encourage couples to answer these 10 questions honestly.
WATCH: What This Pastor Says in 2 Minutes May Shock You
Do you agree with him?
God's Power at Work in the Church Today
Charisma's founder, Steve Strang writes about today's hottest topics affecting the Christian faith.
Spiritual Warfare Technologies That Take Down Strongholds
We may discern what's operating against us, but we don't always tap into the right ...
A Generation of Simon the Sorcerers Is Rising
We are witnessing a mass production of parrots, echoes and mimics in the prophetic and supernatural ...
Bring Healing to the Suffering Women Across the World
When Charisma editor Lee Grady was confronting with the abuse of women & girls in India, he chose to get involved and make a change.
Prophecy: Dig a Well for 90 Days
The Spirit of God is saying to the church right now is to think upon the supernatural and build the ...
WATCH: John Piper on Why Theologians Fall Into Adultery
He says it comes down to one simple reason. Do you agree?
Benny Hinn Released From California Medical Center
Here's what the worldwide evangelist had to say about his condition after being treated this ...
Cindy Jacobs' Prophetic Vision Reveals Key That Unlocks Wisdom
"If you could get everything in your natural knowledge you would not seek Me, you would not ...
Here Is Perhaps the Greatest Failing of Godly Husbands
If all husbands would learn to do this, their marriage might simply flourish instead of flounder.
Chuck Pierce Mantles Glenn Beck in Church Ceremony
"I look forward to him, like all of us, experiencing a new dimension of God's Spirit and ...
False Teachers and True Revival vs. False Fire
There is a desperate need to preach and proclaim God's Word with genuine power if we are to ...
83-Year-Old Morris Cerullo Wages Spiritual Attacks Against Forces of Darkness
Witch doctors and demons don't stand a chance when he hits their land.
Dutch Sheets Shares Prophetic 'Mega Grace' Revelation
"There is a new level of apostolic grace being distributed that will take the gifting to a new ...
'American Idol's' Clark Beckham Talks Spiritual Battles in Hollywood
He's using his music as a platform to honor God. Could he be part of an awakening?
God's Power at Work in the Church Today
Charisma's founder, Steve Strang writes about today's hottest topics affecting the Christian faith.
5 Reasons Creflo Dollar Shouldn't Buy a New Jet
Why is a preacher insisting on being treated like the king of a small country?


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Windrush - 65 years on
It's 65 years tomorrow since the Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury Docks, carrying 493 passengers from Jamaica wishing to start a new life in the UK.
It's 65 years tomorrow since the Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury Docks, carrying 493 passengers from Jamaica wishing to start a new life in the UK.
The 492 passengers came from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and other Caribbean islands. They all paid the £28 10s fare to travel 8000 miles in the hope that there would be work at the end of the journey.
Many were veterans who fought for Britain in the Second World War and came to the 'Mother Country' to re-join the RAF.
More than 10,000 West Indians volunteered to fight in the war, in fact the RAF got more recruits from the Caribbean than any other part of the Empire.
Around 400 worked as air crew and 6,000 as ground staff.
Among the employers of these first West African immigrants were the new National Health Service and London Transport.
The Caribbeans found themselves excluded from many social activities in London but began to create their own opportunities; setting up churches and establishing a co-operative method of saving called the pardner' system.
As they caught their first glimpse of Tilbury Docks, they couldn't have envisaged how important their journey was to be for the social and cultural fabric of London and the whole of the UK.
Jason Edwards was compared to a boxer - relentlessly cornering and punching his opponent on the ropes.
Police had issued an urgent appeal to trace Malakhi Chijiutomi-Ghosh, who needs medication three times a day.
The Beckhams paid £31.5 million for the detached home in West London. But their plans to transform it are already annoying some locals.


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Price: $49.00
Artisans in rural Thailand use silk left over from the making of ceremonial and festive clothing to create this one-of-a-kind yo-yo scarf. Each piece begins as a circle of fabric, which is hand-sewn into a three-dimensional "bud" and then connected edge to edge. No two scarves will be exactly alike.
Made in Thailand. 100% washed silk. 3 1/2"W x 80"L.
Dry clean.
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(2 of 2 customers found this review helpful)
By Anne the mail order junkie
from Kansas City. Was perfect for LA weather
Best Uses
Comments about Washed-silk Yo-yo Scarf:
It's a nice summer, spring weather type of scarf. The colors go with a lot of outfits.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Stock Photo:
floral grunge illustration on old parchment .old paper with floral pattern
- Image ID: 69638773
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Iridescent Snowdrop Vase
Item #77278
Sale Price: $129.99
Original Price: $175.00
- Description
- Reviews
This handcrafted Iridescent Snowdrop Vase—a reproduction of the 1903 carved-snowdrop vessel by renowned Pewabic Pottery of Detroit—features an iridescent glaze. The one-of-a-kind effect created by the glaze ensures each vessel will be exquisitely unique. Ceramic with matte and shiny surfaces. 6"h. x 4"dia.
Museum Provenance
Like many Pewabic pieces in our Freer Gallery of Art.
Every Smithsonian purchase will arrive with a museum provenance card explaining how it is adapted from or inspired by an object or objects in our collection.
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You may also like:Blue Peony Bud Vase
Original Price: $50.00
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Original Price: $65.00 - $95.00


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Wine Tourism, Well Being & Esoterica
email@example.com | 707-235-2648
A show about Well Being with Drs. Ralph & Lahni de Amicis, Master Herbalists and Naturopathic Physicians who explore how by using nutrition and environmental design we can all live healthier, more fulfilling lives. HERE
These entertaining and insightful monthly astrological forecast show with hosts Carole Cherry & Lahni de Amicis are based on the long published calendar. Filled with mystical insights and practical advice they are valuable help for planning ahead. HERE
Discovering how a small number of enthusiastic people deal with millions of visitors who are mostly inebriated and still make great wines. HERE
For more information about our shows and any questions about our work and various publications please contact us using the form above or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com, or call Ralph @ 707-235-2364