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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apostolic Succession Apostolic Succession ordination is traceable, according to the Catholic Church, to the original Twelve Apostles, thus making the Church the continuation of the early Apostolic Christian community. The Catholic Church, as well as the Eastern Orthodox churches, Oriental Orthodox churches, the Assyrian Church of the East, the churches of the Anglican Communion and the Old Catholic Church all claim apostolic succession, as do some Lutheran churches in some Scandinavian countries, the Mar Toma Christians in India, and the Polish National Catholic Church, with 60,000 members.[3] While the Anglican claim of apostolic succession is recognized by some Eastern Orthodox churches, it is not officially recognized by the Catholic Church, based on Pope Leo XIII's papal bull Apostolicae Curae. However, since the promulgation of Apostolicae Curae, Anglican bishops have acquired Old Catholic lines of apostolic succession recognized by Rome. As a general rule, Protestantism rejects the doctrine of apostolic succession, and as such they have no traceable lineage to the Apostles like the more ancient Christians, such as those of the Catholic Church or the Eastern Orthodox churches. Due to the sacramental theology of these churches, only bishops and presbyters (priests) ordained by bishops in the apostolic succession can validly celebrate or "confect" several of the other sacraments, including the Eucharist, reconciliation of penitents, confirmation and anointing of the sick. Apostolic succession is an important dividing line to those who claim it: the lack of it is the main reason Protestant communities are not considered churches by the Orthodox churches and the Roman Catholic Church.[4] Eastern Orthodox theology and ecclesiology teaches that each bishop is equal to the other bishops, even the Ecumenical Patriarch, who is first amongst equals. The Roman Catholic Church and many early Christian writers teach that Jesus gave Saint Peter a unique primacy among the apostles. Roman Catholics teach that this has been passed on in the office of the Papacy despite Saint Peter Apostolic Succession is transmitted in an episcopal consecration by the laying on of hands. Apostolic Succession is the doctrine in some of the more ancient Christian communions that the succession of bishops, in uninterrupted lines, is historically traceable back to the original twelve Apostles[1] Within Catholic Christianity it "is one of four elements which define the true Church of Jesus Christ" [2] and legitimizes the existing sacramental offices, as it is considered necessary for a bishop to perform legitimate or "valid" ordinations of priests, deacons, and other bishops. Apostolic succession is transmitted during episcopal consecrations (the ordination of bishops) by the laying on of hands of bishops previously consecrated within the apostolic succession. This lineage of 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia having been the Bishop of Antioch before completing his episcopacy in Rome. "If the very order of episcopal succession is to be considered, how much more surely, truly, and safely do we number them from Peter himself, to whom, as to one representing the whole Church, the Lord said, 'Upon this rock I will build my Church' . . . [Matthew 16:18]. Peter was succeeded by Linus, Linus by Clement, Clement by Anacletus, Anacletus by Evaristus . . . " (St. Augustine; Letters 53:1:2 [A.D. 412]). "The Lord says to Peter: 'I say to you,' he says, 'that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of hell will not overcome it. ... ' [Matt. 16:18]. On him [Peter] he builds the Church, and to him he gives the command to feed the sheep [John 21:17], and although he assigns a like power to all the apostles, yet he founded a single chair [cathedra], and he established by his own authority a source and an intrinsic reason for that unity. . . . If someone [today] does not hold fast to this unity of Peter, can he imagine that he still holds the faith? If he [should] desert the chair of Peter upon whom the Church was built, can he still be confident that he is in the Church?" (Cyprian of Carthage; The Unity of the Catholic Church 4; first edition [A.D. 251]). [5] Apostolic Succession bishop shall be able to show for his ordainer and predecessor some one of the apostles or of apostolic men[6] —Tertullian While many of the more ancient Churches within the historical episcopate state that Holy Orders are valid only through apostolic succession, most of the various Protestant denominations would deny the need of maintaining episcopal continuity with the early Church. They generally hold that one important qualification of the Apostles was that they were chosen directly by Jesus and that they witnessed the resurrected Christ. According to this understanding, the work of the twelve (and the Apostle Paul), together with the prophets of the twelve tribes of Israel, provide the doctrinal foundation for the whole church of subsequent history through the Scriptures of the Bible. To share with the apostles the same faith, to believe their word as found in the Scriptures, to receive the same Holy Spirit, is to them the only meaningful "continuity" with what they believe the early Christians to have believed, because it is in this sense only that men have fellowship with God in the truth (an extension of the new Reformation-era doctrines of sola fide and sola scriptura). The most meaningful apostolic succession for most Protestants, then, is a kind of "faithful succession" of apostolic teaching. There is, of course, much disagreement among various Protestant denominations about the exact content of apostolic teaching, ranging from fundamental doctrinal disagreements to lesser side-issues. In addition, some Protestants state that the teaching of apostolic succession, according to their interpretation, is not found in the Bible, so it isn't necessarily true. It is worth noting, however, that the First of the Epistles of Clement which is commonly dated to the first century and claims to be written by the Roman Church (the chair of St. Peter and the center of the unity of the Church, according to Catholic doctrine) which was established by the Apostles Apostolicity as doctrinal continuity " Let them " produce the original records of their churches; let them unfold the roll of their bishops, running down in due succession from the beginning in such a manner that [that first bishop of theirs] 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia presents a belief in apostolic succession as do also the Epistles of Ignatius of Antioch, who was a personal disciple of the Apostles John and Paul. Also worth noting is the fact that others beside the twelve Apostles and Saint Paul are called "Apostles" in the New Testament. Also noteworthy is the fact that the Apostle Paul, though given spiritual authority directly by Christ, did not embark on his apostleship without conferring with those who were apostles before him as he notes in his Epistle to the Galatians. By contrast, some Protestant charismatic and restorationist movements include "apostles" among the offices that should be evident into modern times in "a true church", though they never trace an historical line of succession or attempt to confer, like Paul, with those who were "apostles" before them. It is frequently the case that the founders or senior leaders of a restorationist church grouping will be referred to as the apostles, and they may have been ordained by self-ordination, or merely appointed by a congregation. "Church planting", according to the Restorationist Movement, is seen as a key role of these presentday apostles, but the concept of apostolic succession which protected the faith and inter-communion of the original Church through the first three centuries of persecution and cross-cultural, translinguistic evangelism has been lost in these new movements. Those who hold to the importance of episcopal apostolic succession would counter the above by appealing to the New Testament, which, they say, implies a personal apostolic succession (from Paul to Timothy and Titus, for example) and which states that Jesus gave the Apostles a "blank check" to lead the Church as they saw fit under the guidance of the Holy Spirit.[7] They appeal as well to other documents of the very early Church, especially the Epistle of St. Clement to the Church at Corinth, written around 96 AD In it, Clement defends the authority and prerogatives of a group of "elders" or "bishops" in the Corinthian Church which had, apparently, been deposed and replaced by the congregation on its own initiative. In this context, Clement explicitly states that the apostles both appointed bishops as successors and had directed that these bishops should in turn appoint their own successors; given this, such leaders of the Church were not to be removed without cause and not in Apostolic Succession this way. Further, proponents of the necessity of the personal apostolic succession of bishops within the Church point to the universal practice of the undivided early Church (up to 431 AD), from which, as organizations, the Latin Catholic and Eastern Orthodox (at that point in time one Church until 1054, see Great Schism), as well Oriental Orthodox and the Assyrian Churches have all directly descended. At the same time, no defender of the personal apostolic succession of bishops would deny the importance of doctrinal continuity in the Church. These churches hold that Christ entrusted the leadership of the community of believers, and the obligation to transmit and preserve the "deposit of faith" (the experience of Christ and his teachings contained in the doctrinal "tradition" handed down from the time of the apostles, the written portion of which is Scripture) to the apostles, and the apostles passed on this role by ordaining bishops after them. Catholic and Orthodox theology additionally hold that the power and authority to confect the Sacraments, or at least all of the sacraments aside from baptism and matrimony (the first of which may be administered by anyone, the second of which is administered by the couple to each other) is passed on only through the sacrament of Holy Orders, and an unbroken line of ordination of bishops to the Apostles is necessary for the valid celebration of the sacraments today. Roman Catholics recognize the validity of the apostolic successions of the bishops, and therefore the rest of the clergy, of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, Old Catholic, and some Independent Catholic churches. Since 1896, Rome has not fully recognized all Anglican orders as valid. The Eastern Orthodox do universally recognize Roman Catholics, but have a different concept of the apostolic succession as it exists outside of Eastern Orthodoxy. This is also the case with Anglicans or any other group having apostolic succession. The validity of any priest's ordination is decided by each autocephalic Orthodox church.[4] Neither the Catholic Church nor the Orthodox churches recognize the validity of the apostolic succession of the clergy of the Protestant denominations, in large measure because of their theology of the Eucharist, as well as the 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia abandonment of more traditional views of the Sacraments and sacramentalism. Apostolic Succession Churches; it is referenced favorably by other churches. Some Protestant churches do not accept this doctrine as it has been commonly described, but rather will redefine it in a different way.[9] Papal primacy is an issue different though related to apostolic succession as described here. The Roman Catholic Church has traditionally claimed a unique leadership role for the apostle Peter, believed to have been named by Jesus as leader of the apostles and as a focus of their unity, became the first Bishop of Rome, whose successors accordingly became the leaders of the worldwide Church as well. Churches not in communion with Rome do not agree completely or at all with this Catholic interpretation. One reason for this is because Saint Peter was the Bishop of Antioch before he went to Rome. The literature on this traditional doctrine is substantial. Many inferences from it may be drawn.[10] Some Eastern Christians hold that the Roman church and, by extension, her Protestant offspring lost claim to apostolic succession by an illegitimate addition to the Nicene Creed (the Filioque clause) required by the Bishop of Rome just prior to the Great Schism in AD 1054. The rift resulted in the loss of apostolic succession in the western churches and the consequent doctrinal changes and excesses (e.g., Anselmian penal substitution, indulgences, etc.), resulting in the Protestant Reformation and the further splintering of Western Christendom. The early Creed of the Church, adopted by the first ecumenical Council of Nicaea in 325, affirms that the Church is "One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic." Virtually all Christian denominations consider Apostolic Succession important in some fashion, although their definitions of the concept may vary, in some cases vary greatly (see below). Traditional doctrine " Wherefore " we must obey the priests of the Church who have succession from the Apostles, as we have shown, who, together with succession in the episcopate, have received the certain mark of truth according to the will of the Father; all others, however, are to be suspected, who separated themselves from the principal succession.[8] —Irenaeus As a traditional ecclesiastical doctrine, apostolic succession provides an historical basis for the spiritual authority of the bishops of the Church (the episcopate). Apostolic succession is usually described as the official authority that has been passed down through unbroken lines of successive bishops beginning with the original Apostles selected by Jesus, or on a similar basis. Put another way, bishops (in churches subscribing to the doctrine) are only created bishops by other bishops; thus, every bishop today is the end of an unbroken line of bishops, extending all the way back to one (or more) of the Apostles, through which authority descends. This doctrine is claimed by the ancient Christian Churches (the Roman Catholic, the Eastern Orthodox, the Oriental Orthodox), and other ancient Churches, and as well as by the traditional Episcopal and other Anglican Churches, and by several of the Lutheran Churches claiming apostolic succession Churches that claim the historic episcopate include the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, Independent Catholic, the Anglican Communion, and several Lutheran Churches (see below). The former churches teach that apostolic succession is maintained through the consecration of their bishops in unbroken personal succession back to the apostles or at 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia least to leaders from the apostolic era.[11] The Anglican and some Lutheran Churches do not specifically teach this but exclusively practice episcopal ordination. These churches generally hold that Jesus Christ founded a community of believers and selected the apostles to serve, as a group, as the leadership of that community. Apostolic Succession means of the successions of the bishops. For it is a matter of necessity that every Church should agree with this Church, on account of its preeminent authority, that is, the faithful everywhere, inasmuch as the apostolical tradition has been preserved continuously by those [faithful men] who exist everywhere.[12] —Irenaeus, d. 202 On June 29 2007 the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, under the prefecture of Cardinal William Levada explained, why apostolic succession is of great importance to the Catholic Church [13] The Vatican was asked, why the Second Vatican Council and all Catholic statements since the Council, do not consider Protestant Christian Communities as Churches. The Vatican responded that according to Catholic doctrine, these Communities do not enjoy apostolic succession in the sacrament of Orders, and are, therefore, deprived of a constitutive element of the Church. These ecclesial Communities which, specifically because of the absence of the sacramental priesthood, have not preserved the genuine and integral substance of the Eucharistic Mystery cannot, according to Catholic doctrine, be called "Churches" in the proper sense.[14] In Roman Catholic theology, the doctrine of apostolic succession states that Christ gave the full sacramental authority of the church to the Twelve Apostles in the sacrament of Holy Orders, making them the first bishops. By conferring the fullness of the sacrament of Holy Orders on the apostles, they were given the authority to confer the sacrament of Holy Orders on others, thus consecrating more bishops in a direct lineage that can trace its origin back to the Twelve Roman Catholic Church " Since, " however, it would be very tedious, in such a volume as this, to reckon up the successions of all the Churches, we do put to confusion all those who, in whatever manner, whether by an evil selfpleasing, by vainglory, or by blindness and perverse opinion, assemble in unauthorized meetings; [we do this, I say,] by indicating that tradition derived from the apostles, of the very great, the very ancient, and universally known Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apostles and Christ himself. This direct succession of bishops from the apostles to the present day bishops is referred to as apostolic succession. The Roman Catholic Church also holds that within the College of Apostles, Peter was picked out for the unique role of leadership and to serve as the source of unity among the apostles, a role among the bishops and within the church inherited by the pope as Peter's successor today. These churches hold that Christ entrusted the apostles with the leadership of the community of believers, and the obligation to transmit and preserve the "deposit of faith" (the experience of Christ and his teachings contained in the doctrinal "tradition" handed down from the time of the apostles and the written portion, which is Scripture). The apostles then passed on this office and authority by ordaining bishops to follow after them. Roman Catholic theology holds that the apostolic succession effects the power and authority to administer the sacraments except for baptism and matrimony. (Baptism may be administered by anyone and matrimony by the couple to each other). Authority to so administer such sacraments is passed on only through the sacrament of Holy Orders, a rite by which a priest is ordained (ordination can be conferred only by a bishop). The bishop, of course, must be from an unbroken line of bishops stemming from the original apostles selected by Jesus Christ. Thus, apostolic succession is necessary for the valid celebration of the sacraments today. The unbrokenness of apostolic succession is also significant because of Jesus Christ's promise that the "gates of hell"[15] would not prevail against the Church, and his promise that he himself would be with the apostles to "the end of the age".[16] According to this interpretation, a complete disruption or end of apostolic succession would mean that these promises were not kept as would happen also with an apostolic succession that, while formally intact, completely abandoned the teachings of the Apostles and their immediate successors, as, for example, if all the bishops of the world agreed to abrogate the Nicene Creed or to repudiate the Bible. In the early 18th century, Pope Benedict XIII, whose orders were descended from Scipione Rebiba, personally consecrated at least 139 bishops for various important European sees, including German, French, English and Apostolic Succession New World bishops. These bishops in turn consecrated bishops almost exclusively for their respective countries causing other episcopal lineages to die off. Roman Catholics recognize the validity of the apostolic successions of the bishops, and therefore the rest of the clergy, of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, Old Catholic, and some Independent Catholic Churches. Rome does not fully recognize all Anglican orders as valid. This conflict stems over the Anglican Church's revision of its rite of ordination for its bishops during the 16th century. Most of today's Anglican bishops would trace their succession back through a bishop who was ordained with the revised form and thus would be viewed as invalid. However, a few Anglican bishops in Europe today can claim a line of succession through bishops who had only been ordained through the old rite. These bishops are viewed as valid by Rome. This validity was achieved through a number of different means, including ordinations by the schismatic Catholic bishops of the Old Catholic and Independent Catholic Churches who converted to Anglicanism. Orthodox Churches Orthodox Christians view Apostolic Succession as an important, God-ordained mechanism by which the structure and teaching of the Church are perpetuated. While Eastern Orthodox sources often refer to the bishops as "successors of the apostles" under the influence of Scholastic theology, strict Orthodox ecclesiology and theology holds that all legitimate bishops are properly successors of Peter[17]. This also means that presbyters (or "priests") are successors of the apostles. As a result, Orthodox theology makes a distinction between a geographical or historical succession and proper ontological or ecclesiological succession. Hence, the bishops of Rome and Antioch can be considered successors of Peter in an historical sense on account of Peter's presence in the early community. This does not imply that these bishops are more successors of Peter than all others in an ontological sense[18]. According to ancient canons still observed with the Orthodox communion, bishop must be consecrated by at least three other bishops; so-called "single handed ordinations" do not exist. Moreover, bishops are 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia never ordained "at large" but only for a specific Eucharist community, in due historical and sacramental succession. Eastern Orthodoxy is less concerned with the question of 'validity' than Roman Catholicism, which means that Orthodox bishops can consider the merits of individual cases. It should be noted, however, that the Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church has specifically stated that Roman Catholic orders are recognized, to the effect that Roman Catholic clergy seeking admission in the Moscow Patriarchate are received without ordination at their existing rank. The historic and normative practice of Eastern Orthodoxy has been to reordain clergymen coming from the Anglican / Episcopal communion, thus indicating the non-recognition of Anglican orders. Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches mutually recognize the validity of ordinations performed within the communion of the other Orthodox Church. Apostolic Succession Organisation Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams Primates' Meeting Lambeth Conferences Anglican Consultative Council Bishops, Dioceses, and Episcopal polity Background Christianity • Christian Church Anglicanism • History Jesus Christ • St Paul Catholicity and Catholicism Apostolic Succession Ministry • Ecumenical councils Augustine of Canterbury • Bede Medieval Architecture Henry VIII • Reformation Thomas Cranmer Dissolution of the Monasteries Church of England Edward VI • Elizabeth I Matthew Parker Richard Hooker • James I Authorized Version • Charles I William Laud • Nonjuring schism Ordination of women Homosexuality • Windsor Report Theology Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) Theology • Doctrine Thirty-Nine Articles Caroline Divines Oxford Movement Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral Sacraments • Mary • Saints Liturgy and Worship Book of Common Prayer Morning and Evening Prayer Eucharist • Liturgical Year Biblical Canon Books of Homilies Traditional Western Churches as seen by Eastern Churches The Eastern Orthodox have often permitted non-Orthodox clergy to be rapidly ordained within Orthodoxy as a matter of pastoral necessity and economia. In some cases, priests entering Eastern Orthodoxy from Oriental Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism have been received by "vesting" and have been allowed to function immediately within Eastern Orthodoxy as priests. Recognition of Roman Catholic orders is stipulated in 1997 by the Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church[19], but this position is not universal within the Eastern Orthodox communion. In addition to a line of historic transmission, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches additionally require that a hierarch maintain Orthodox Church doctrine, which they hold to be that of the Apostles, as well as communion with other Orthodox bishops. The Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church, which is one of the Oriental Orthodox churches, recognizes Roman Catholic episcopal consecrations without qualification (and that recognition is reciprocated). Anglican Communion Part of a series on the Anglican Communion 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia High Church • Low Church Broad Church Anglican Topics Ecumenism • Monasticism Prayer • Music • Art Anglicanism Portal The churches of the Anglican Communion claim to possess valid apostolic succession. When the Church of England broke from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century, it retained the episcopal polity and apostolic succession of the Roman Church. At first the Church of England continued to adhere to the doctrinal and liturgical norms of the Roman Church. However, in the years following the split, the Church of England was increasingly influenced by the protestant theology popular on the continent. During the reign of King Edward VI, changes were made to the rite of episcopal consecration. These changes became the grounds on which Pope Leo XIII, in his 1896 bull Apostolicae Curae, ruled that the Church of England had lost its valid apostolic succession due to the changes in the Edwardian ordinal. However, since the 1930s Old Catholic bishops (whom Rome recognizes as valid) have acted as co-consecrators in the ordination of Anglican bishops. By 1969, all Anglican bishops had acquired Old Catholic lines of apostolic succession fully recognized by Rome, according to Timothy Dufort.[20] Nevertheless, the ordination of women and active homosexuals to the Anglican priesthood and episcopacy have often been seen as evidence by some Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians that Anglican orders are invalid, on the basis that such actions allegedly constitute a break with apostolic tradition and this allegedly nullifies ordinations taking place in such an ecclesial communion. Apostolic Succession Succeeding judgments, however, have been more conflicting. The Orthodox Churches require a totality of common teaching in order to recognize orders and in this broader view finds ambiguities in Anglican teaching and practice problematic. Accordingly, in practice Anglican clergy who convert to Orthodoxy are treated as if they had not been ordained and must be ordained in the Orthodox Church as would any lay person.[22] Oriental Orthodox Churches do not recognize Anglican orders. Roman Catholic judgments In the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Leo XIII stated in his 1896 bull Apostolicae Curae that the Catholic Church believes specifically that the Anglican Church's consecrations are "absolutely invalid and utterly void" because of changes made to the rite of consecration under Edward VI, thus denying that Anglicans participate in the apostolic succession. A reply from the Archbishops of Canterbury and York (1896) was issued to counter Pope Leo's arguments: Saepius Officio: Answer of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York to the Bull Apostolicae Curae of H. H. Leo XIII.[23] It was even suggested in their reply that if the Anglican orders were invalid, then the Roman orders were as well: For if the Pope shall by a new decree declare our Fathers of two hundred and fifty years ago wrongly ordained, there is nothing to hinder the inevitable sentence that by the same law all who have been similarly ordained have received no orders. And if our Fathers, who used in 1550 and 1552 forms which as he (the Pope) says are null, were altogether unable to reform them in 1662, (Roman) Fathers come under the self-same law. And if Hippolytus and Victor and Leo and Gelasius and Gregory have some of them said too little in their rites about the priesthood and the high priesthood, and nothing about the power of offering the sacrifice of the Body and Blood of Christ, the church of Rome herself has an invalid priesthood...[24] It is Roman Catholic doctrine that the teaching of Apostolicae Curae is a truth to be "held Orthodox judgments In the twentieth century there have been a variety of positions taken by the various Eastern Orthodox Churches on the validity of Anglican orders. In 1922 the Patriarch of Constantinople recognized them as valid.[21] He wrote: "That the orthodox theologians who have scientifically examined the question have almost unanimously come to the same conclusions and have declared themselves as accepting the validity of Anglican Orders." 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia definitively", as evidenced by commentary by then-Cardinal Ratzinger, currently Pope Benedict XVI: With regard to those truths connected to revelation by historical necessity and which are to be held definitively, but are not able to be declared as divinely revealed, the following examples can be given: the legitimacy of the election of the Supreme Pontiff or of the celebration of an ecumenical council, the canonizations of saints (dogmatic facts), the declaration of Pope Leo XIII in the Apostolic Letter Apostolicae Curae on the invalidity of Anglican ordinations... [25] "While firmly restating the judgment of Apostolicae Curae that Anglican ordination is invalid, the Catholic Church takes account of the involvement, in some Anglican episcopal ordinations, of bishops of the Old Catholic Church of the Union of Utrecht who are validly ordained. In particular and probably rare cases the authorities in Rome may judge that there is a 'prudent doubt' concerning the invalidity of priestly ordination received by an individual Anglican minister ordained in this line of succession." This was a statement issued by Cardinal Basil Hume to explain the conditional character of his ordination of Dr Graham Leonard, former Anglican bishop of the Diocese of London, to the priesthood[26], but is not widely endorsed, and many would say that such a statement is misleading. Since the issuance of Apostolicae Curae many Anglican jurisdictions have revised their ordinals, bringing them more in line with ordinals of the early Church. The Nag's Head Fable discrediting Matthew Parker's ordination was dismissed as an invention long before the issuance of Apostolicae Curae. Apostolic Succession Church of Finland, Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Lithuania; observers: Church of Denmark, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia. • Anglican Communion: Church of Ireland, Scottish Episcopal Church, Church of England, the Church in Wales, as well as the Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church, and the Spanish Reformed Episcopal Church. Lutheran Churches Wide variations exist within Lutheranism on this issue, Some Lutheran Churches in Scandianvian countries are favorable to the traditional doctrine of apostolic succession. Others, like the German Lutherans demphasized it after re-introducing the episcopacy.[27] The six major Lutheran Churches of the Porvoo Communion (those of Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, and Lithuania) believe that they ordain their bishops in the apostolic succession in lines from the original Apostles.[28] Two other Lutheran Churches (those of Denmark and of Latvia) were observers at Porvoo. Several Churches within the historic episcopate believe the Church of Sweden and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland[29] have maintained apostolic succession, despite their Lutheranism. This view is not held by the Roman Catholic Church[30] nor by all of Orthodoxy. One context for the wide differences among the Lutheran Churches is that by the Prussian Union of 1817 the government ordered the Lutheran Churches in Prussia to merge with non-Lutheran reform Churches in Prussia. Perhaps also many of the Lutheran Churches are relatively indifferent as a matter of doctrine to this particular issue of ecclesiastical governance, e.g., the conservative Missouri Synod generally places its church authority in the congregation rather than in the bishop, yet this church is in fellowship with other Lutheran Churches favoring episcopacy. The larger Evangelical Lutheran Church in America is led by the Presiding Bishop who is elected by the Churchwide Assembly for a six year term. The Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church recovered the apostolic succession from Old Catholic and Independent Catholic Churches, adopted a strict episcopal polity, and all of its Porvoo Communion of Churches Negotiated at Järvenpää, Finland, and inaugurated with a celebration of the eucharist at Porvoo Cathedral in 1992, this agreement of unity includes the mutual recognition of the traditional Apostolic Succession among the following Churches: • Lutheran Churches: Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland, Church of Norway, Church of Sweden, Evangelical Lutheran 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia clergy have been ordained (or re-ordained) into the historic apostolic succession. Similarly in German High Church Movement some religious brotherhoods like Hochkirchliche St. Johannes-Bruderschaft and Hochkirchlicher Apostolat St. Ansgar have got their own bishop to re-ordain in apostolic succession, while members do not form a separate body. The Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church has autonomous and congregationally oriented ministries and believes it consecrates deacons, priests and bishops in valid and historic apostolic succession. This must be done through the laying on of hands with word and sacrament during the celebration of Holy Communion. Only bishops may consecrate deacons, priests and other bishops into apostolic succession. The newly consecrated bishop's name is added to the apostolic lineage.[31] Apostolic Succession an Apostolic succession of the entire body (or "conference") of ministers: " In ordination, the church affirms and continues the apostolic ministry through persons empowered by the Holy Spirit. (Book of Discipline paragraph 303) " Methodist Churches The Methodist Church of Great Britain is non-episcopal. Bishops in the United Methodist Church of the USA do not claim to be within the historic episcopate in the same way as Anglican, Catholic, and Orthodox bishops. They do, however, claim a corporate ("connexional") and theological form of Apostolic succession, and are not adverse to ecumenical acts which would further establish their ministry within the historic episcopate, though such would have to be accomplished without repudiating or otherwise questioning the validity of their current orders and ministries. Methodist episcopal succession derives from John Wesley, who was an ordained presbyter of the Church of England but not himself a bishop and thus not officially authorized to consecrate others. Wesley justified his practice of ordaining bishops (which he called "General Superintendents") and Elders (i.e., presbyters) for Methodists in the newly independent United States in 1784 by appealing to a perceived need and by citing a minority opinion among the early Church Fathers and an ancient precedent from the Church of Alexandria, which held that presbyters ("priests" or "elders") could, at least collectively, indeed ordain other such presbyters and even consecrate, or "set apart" bishops in certain emergency situations.[32] Based upon this argument, the United Methodist Church understands all of its Elders, not just its Bishops, as being part of In other words, Methodists understand apostolic succession as being rooted within the Presbyterate. This does not mean, however, that all elders may ordain; quite the contrary: only those elders who have been elected and consecrated as bishops can further the apostolic succession through the ordination of bishops, elders, and deacons within the United Methodist Church. In this way, the United Methodist episcopacy functions as if it were within the historic episcopate. Accepting, but moving beyond this position, a few Methodists do affirm that their bishops stand in a form of the historic, as well as theological, Apostolic Succession (i.e., in the Anglican fashion); their argument is that Wesley's ordinations, and therefore the subsequent line of Methodist bishops, are legitimate due to the critical nature of the circumstances extant at that time. Some Methodists even make an appeal to the "Erasmian consecration," which asserts that, while on a visit to London in 1763, the Greek Orthodox bishop of the Diocese of Arcadia, Crete, secretly consecrated Wesley to the episcopacy. That Wesley actually met with Bishop Erasmus during the bishop's visit to London is not questioned; what is questioned is that Erasmus did more than simply "confirm Wesley in his ministry among the Methodists in England and America." When Wesley was asked by a clergyman if Erasmus of Arcadia had consecrated him a bishop, he said: "I cannot answer you."[33] Another source states that when Wesley was asked if Erasmus had made him a bishop, he offered no personal response but, rather, took the unusual course of authorizing a representative to reply that he had not requested episcopal consecration within the Greek Orthodox line. Many take this as a sufficient denial, but those who believe that Wesley was actually consecrated make the following arguments to the contrary: 1. Wesley personally remained silent on the subject, 2. Wesley took the unusual step of having someone to speak on his behalf, and 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 3. Wesley never actually denied being consecrated a bishop, what he denied was requesting consecration from Erasmus. Contrary to the "Erasmian consecration" stands the undeniable fact that, beginning with the American Revolution in the 1770s, Wesley did request episcopal consecration for several of his preachers and, indeed, for himself, so as to provide sacramental ministry for the Methodists in the break-away colonies. Opponents of the possibility that John Wesley had been consecrated a bishop by Erasmus of Arcadia argue that if Wesley had already been consecrated a bishop by Erasmus, he would have not requested such consecrations for others or for himself. The Greek Orthodox Bishop, Erasmus of Arcadia, is said to have ordained several Methodist lay preachers during Reverend John Wesley's absence from London in 1764,[34] notably, Reverend John Jones.[35] Nevertheless, the "Erasmian consecration" remained a very popular argument throughout much of the 1800s and, while still garnering a following among some proponents today, it is not accepted by a majority of Methodists nor even by most of those who affirm a form of Apostolicity for their bishops. Interestingly enough, Wesley's consecration as a bishop by Erasmus of Arcadia is affirmed by Unity Catholic Church, an Independent Catholic Church.[36] Apostolic Succession non-Calvinistic (Reformed) Protestant sects, e.g., most of those following Martin Luther (1483-1546), many are, to a degree, similar; nonetheless, some Lutheran churches claim for their bishops the ecclesiastic authority of traditional Apostolic Succession (see "Lutheran churches"). Of course, the more moderate Protestant denominations claim such traditional authority as well, but with some redefinition of the terms used. None have a traceable lineage to the Apostles comparable to the traditional apostolic succession of the Catholic Church or the Eastern churches. A Protestant Reformation-era redefinition of Apostolic Succession Protestants may hold that one important qualification of the Apostles was that they were chosen directly by Jesus and that they witnessed the resurrected Christ. According to this understanding, the work of these twelve (and the Apostle Paul), together with the prophets of the twelve tribes of Israel, provide the doctrinal foundation for the whole church of subsequent history through the Scriptures of the Bible. These Protestants say that to share with the historic apostles the same faith, to believe their word as found in the Scriptures, to receive the same Holy Spirit, is the only sense in which "apostolic succession" is meaningful, because it is in this sense only that men have fellowship with God in the truth (an extension of the Reformation doctrines of sola fide and sola scriptura). The most meaningful apostolic succession for many Protestants, then, is construed as the "faithful succession" of apostolic teaching. Many Protestants point to the fact that when leadership in the Bible became disobedient or strayed from his command, God would then bestow that position upon an individual who was more obedient to his will regardless of any claim that any other person would have through tradition. An example of this would be when King Saul of Israel was removed by God due to his disobedience so that King David could assume the throne. Protestants see apostolic succession in much the same way. In the view of many Protestants apostolic succession is not a matter of tradition, rather it is a matter of God safeguarding his church by means of bestowing authority to those whom best exemplify sound doctrine. Protestant Denominations against the traditional doctrine of Apostolic Succession Contra: Doctrinal continuity important, the Ecclesia not Institutional background Many Protestant denominations, especially those following the originators of Protestantism, e.g., John Calvin (1509-1564), denied that the apostolicity of the Church rested on an unbroken episcopacy. In general, while Protestant denominations seldom refer to traditional post-Apostolic (ante-Nicene) doctrine, they will accept such reject claims advanced by the Catholic Church and others, and continue to support their own (Protestant) understanding of Scripture. Among the 11 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In addition, many Protestant contras state that the teaching of Apostolic Succession did not arise until 170-200 A.D. However, the doctrine is mentioned and expounded upon by St. Ignatius of Antioch and Clement of Rome, both personal disciples of the Apostles John and Paul, respectively. Both became bishops, and later martyred. In the centuries following the Protestant Reformation, most debates about apostolic succession in the West concerned the Catholic Church's claim that apostolic succession, as traditionally defined, was essential for valid Christian ecclesiastical and sacramental ministry. Protestants denied this and asserted that the traditional definition of apostolic succession was not revealed in the Bible, but was formulated later by the post-apostolic church. In the 20th century, there has been more contact between Protestants and Christians from Eastern traditions which also claim apostolic succession. While those more ancient churches, such as various Eastern Orthodox churches, use the doctrine of apostolic succession in their apologetics against Protestantism, many Protestants now feel that the claims made by advocates of apostolic succession have been proven false by the fact that multiple churches claim to have apostolic succession, and the traditions and doctrines of these churches are, according to Protestants, at odds with each other. According to some Protestant apologists, apostolic succession is a failed theological hypothesis and continued debates about it are no more meaningful than debates about whether the Earth is flat. The following reasons cited by some Protestant apologists for the doctrine's failure: • Different churches that claim apostolic succession insist that they alone are the true Church, and other churches in apostolic succession are false.[37] Some apostolic churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church, do recognize the apostolic succession of other churches, but consider their holy orders illicit but essentially valid. Other apostolic churches, however, deny the validity of churches other than themselves. • The doctrines of the various churches are often as different from each other as Protestant doctrines are from Catholic or Orthodox doctrines. For example, Oriental Orthodox churches define the union of Apostolic Succession divine and human natures in Christ differently from the dual-nature doctrine held by the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodoxy, and reject Church councils that the other Churches regard as foundational to their religion.[38] The Eastern Orthodox define the relationship of the Holy Spirit to other members of the Trinity differently than Roman Catholics (see Filoque). The Catholic Church has dogmatically proclaimed beliefs such as Papal Infallibility, and the Immaculate Conception of Mary, which are rejected with varying degrees of vehemence by other apostolic churches. The Syriac Orthodox Church rejects the doctrine of Transubstantiation, the dogma that the bread and wine used in the Eucharist is transformed into the literal body and blood of Christ during Mass, and believes that the bread and wine are only symbolic.[39] • Many of the practices of the various churches are mutually contradictory. Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches perform confirmation, which they call chrismation, on infants immediately after baptism, while the Catholic Church delays the rite until adolescence or adulthood. (Some Catholic Apologists have tried to minimize this difference by saying that either form is equally valid - however, this argument downplays the fact that Eastern Orthodox theologians are generally hostile to the practice of adolescent confirmation and consider it a deviation from ancient Christian practice.) • The Roman Catholic Church insists (although not as a matter of faith) that in general, for the Latin Rite, priests be taken from the unmarried (though married priests are occasionally allowed if they were originally ordained in other nonapostolic sects and desire to live out their calling to ministry) while the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches (which are another branch of the worldwide Catholic Church) permit married men into the priesthood. Some Oriental Orthodox churches, like the Egyptian Copts, insist that parish priests be married. Universally, monastics, by virtue of vocation, and bishops, by virtue of tradition, are taken from widowers or the never-married in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions.[40] 12 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia • Apostolic churches cannot agree on issues as basic as the contents of the Biblical canon. The Eastern Orthodox churches believe that the Septuagint is divinelyinspired and authoritative, while the Roman Catholic Church uses Hebrew manuscripts of the Old Testament, and to some extent, the Latin Vulgate, as its canon. The Ethiopian Copts include books in the Biblical canon that no other church recognizes, such as the Book of Enoch.[41] • The Ethiopian Copts, who have been geographically isolated since the early centuries of the Christian era, also show other doctrinal innovations that no other denomination accepts, except perhaps for some recent Messianic Jews. The Jewish Law is held in high regard by the Ethiopians, the Ark of the Covenant is revered, and Adoptionism is regarded as a valid Christology by this denomination. If apostolic succession gave bishops the power to remain in the true faith, then an isolated line of bishops should have produced virtually the same theological consensus as the general Church. This clearly did not happen in the case of the Ethiopian church. According to some Protestants, it is evident from these facts that claims regarding the necessity of apostolic succession to preserve Christian orthodoxy are false. Continued debates regarding the doctrine would therefore be meaningless. Catholic apologists retort that these arguments against apostolic succession overstate the Church's teachings about apostolic succession's effect on Christian unity and downplay the doctrine's sacramental aspects. Protestants wonder, however, what meaning such a doctrine might possibly have, if those with legitimate ministry, according to the doctrine, fail to preserve sound Christian teaching. Protestants sometimes also criticize the ancient churches in the apostolic succession for being linked to particular nations or ethnic groups. Most apostolic churches are explicitly ethnic or nationalistic in character, and their institutions' names reflect this. Examples include the Greek Orthodox Church, Polish National Catholic Church, and Coptic (Egyptian) Church. Even the Roman Catholic Church, which claims 1.1 billion members according to its own standards of computing church membership (these standards are far less restrictive than the methods Apostolic Succession employed by many Protestant churches), originated in Western Europe, was headquartered in Italy, held its Masses in Latin until recent times, and has been led mainly by Italian popes for most of its history. The spread of Catholicism to other regions of the globe is a relatively recent historical event. Other ancient churches note their nationalistic scope in their names - some examples include the Russian Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Polish National Catholic Church. While some of these churches have made substantial missionary efforts beyond their original countries, their entrenched traditions and terminology, according to Protestants, make it difficult for these churches to be truly universal in scope, which suggests that none of the apostolic churches are truly "catholic" or "universal" like they claim.[42] Such arguments are generally seen as polemical and empty by the apostolic churchesCitation Needed, as they see the Protestant denominations as trying to make-up for their relatively late origins in the 1500s A.D., 1,500 years after Christ and the Apostles lived. Protestants generally dismiss the claims of Catholics and others that their episcopal institutions, in their current forms, date directly back to Christ and are identical with the early Christian church, since it is clear that Catholicism and similar denominations have evolved considerably over time, with major parts of the traditions being instituted by later Popes and sometimes secular emperors. The dates when the Christian church fragmented into different denominations is not truly relevant to discussions of theology, and such criticisms of Protestantism pre-suppose an ecclessiology of the Church that is not plainly stated in the Bible - namely, the idea that the Church is identical with one authoritarian, episcopal institution rather than simply referring to the worldwide community of Christians, as most Protestants maintain. All Christians who have genuine relationship with God through Christ are part of the "True Church" in evangelical Protestant thought, and claims that one denomination is the "True Church" are merely propaganda that evolved over the centuries to support the authoritarian claims of human institutions. 13 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apostolic Succession Oriental Orthodox, and the Assyrian churches have all directly descended. A traditionalist response to the redefinition Scripture and the understanding of the early Church Those traditionalists who hold to the importance of episcopal apostolic succession may counter the contra paragraphs above by appealing to the New Testament. These Scriptures imply a personal apostolic succession (e.g., from Paul to Timothy and Titus). Traditionalists say that in the New Testament Jesus gave the Apostles authority to lead the Church as they deemed proper under the guidance of the Holy Spirit.[43] Traditionalists may appeal as well to other documents of the very early Church, especially the Epistle of St. Clement to the Church at Corinth, written circa 96 AD. In it, Clement (who, notably, was a personal disciple of St. Paul the Apostle) defends the authority and prerogatives of a group of "elders" or "bishops" in the Corinthian Church which had, apparently, been deposed and replaced by the congregation on its own initiative. In this context, Clement explicitly states that the apostles both appointed bishops as successors and had directed that these bishops should in turn appoint their own successors; given this, such leaders of the Church were not to be removed without cause and not in this way. Clement was later martyred, and succeeded by Linus as Bishop of Rome. It should be noted, however, that Clement also speaks about elders and bishops being unanimously approved by their congregations at the time of their ordinations, which was the early Christian practice. This practice has not been maintained by most apostolic churches today, even though the election of bishops was mandated in Apostolic Constitutions, the earliest version of Church canon law. (The Eastern Orthodox Church does observe a ritualized practice of lay people shouting "Axios" when an new bishop is ordained, but the laity does not in fact have the power to refuse a new bishop's installation.) Further, proponents of the necessity of the personal apostolic succession of bishops point to the universal practice of the undivided early Church, from which, as ecclesiastical organizations, the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches, as well Common ground One reason often given for traditional Apostolic Succession is the need for institutional continuity so that Christian doctrine, not only the written texts (pre-Gutenberg (1397-1468) an important consideration) but also their proper orthodox interpretation, could be better maintained. Many Protestants contra to traditionalist Apostolic Succession would not deny the importance of continuity and consistency in the true interpretation of Christian doctrine. At the same time, traditionalists defending Apostolic Succession would agree that ecclesiastics must remain orthodox in their teaching, or be disciplined or excommunicated. Charismatic and Restorationist new apostles It is worth noting that some Protestant charismatic and restorationist churches include "apostles" among the offices that should be evident into modern times in a true church, though they never trace an historical line of succession. It is frequently the case that the founders or senior leaders of a restorationist church grouping will be referred to as the apostles. Church planting is seen as a key role of these present-day apostles. Newer church bodies A few more recent churches such as the Syro-Chaldean Church of North America, now known as the Evangelical Apostolic Church of North America (Syro-Chaldean) derive their apostolicity and general theological outlook from the Aramaic Church of the East, though their membership is "Anerican" rather than ethnically Assyrian. In the late 19th century the branch of the Church of the East in India, called the Syro Chaldean Church, sent a mission to England to be a "reconciliation" church, neither Protestant nor Roman Catholic, ordaining Vernon Hereford (Mar Jacbus) to be its first bishop. Bishops following established, in the United States, the Evangelical Apostolic Church of North America whose congregations are on the East Coast. The church is at once Evangelical, stressing personal commitment to Jesus Christ and, through its apostolic 14 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia succession and rich liturgical expression, Catholic in the all-embracing meaning. Apostolic Succession then took place when God the Father and His son, Jesus Christ, appeared to Joseph Smith, Jr. near Palmyra, New York in 1820 and called Smith as a prophet to restore Christ's church to the earth with correct doctrines and practices. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that near the time that Smith formally organized The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1830, the apostles Peter, James and John appeared to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery, laid their hands on Smith and Cowdery and restored to them the apostolic authority to govern the church.[44], and that Smith was visited by other heavenly messengers at different times, each one conferring upon him the particular authority or keys for which they had stewardship. For example, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints maintains that John the Baptist restored the Aaronic Priesthood to Smith and Cowdery, Peter, James and John restored the Melchizedek Priesthood to them, with other heavenly messengers such as Moses and Elijah restoring to them the keys to the gathering of Israel and the sealing power of Elijah. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that Smith was given the authority like the apostles of old, to confer to others specific priesthood authority by the laying on of hands. It further believes that all of the various keys of this authority have been and are passed on to worthy, male members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints according to their particular offices. In this way, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints claims that apostolic authority was restored to the earth through the original twelve apostles and apostolic succession continues today through the ordination of new apostles as the older apostles pass away. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints--also, sometimes referred to as "Mormons" (more properly, Latter-day Saints)-adds to the traditional succession doctrine the idea that apostles, or their successors, are necessarily endowed with the gift of general revelation. Here, general revelation is distinct from particular revelation. An example of general revelation, or church-wide apostolic revelation, is depicted in Acts 10:1-48 where Peter had prayed and received revelation from God, for the entire Church, that the gospel could now go forward to the Gentiles as well as the Jews. In contrast to such general revelation, an individual may receive particular revelation only for that calling over which authority has been given. That is, all faithful are entitled to revelation concerning themselves; a head of household is entitled to revelation for his or her family; a bishop has the authority to receive revelation concerning the congregation over which he presides (a ward). While traditional Christianity embraces the idea of particular revelation, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints is unique for believing general revelation is active today - and held by the apostles of their Church. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believes that Christ gave the apostles the authority to receive revelation for the church by the laying on of hands. It further teaches that the apostles passed this authority onto others by choosing and ordaining new apostles by the laying on of hands (such as Paul and Matthias). According to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an apostasy occurred where the apostolic authority was taken from the earth at some time after the original apostles. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints refers to the resultant loss of revelation and falling away from the teachings of Jesus Christ as the Great Apostasy. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints maintains that the authority from God needed to be restored to the earth, which Interpretation of "Gates of Hades" scripture Some churches believe the promise of Christ "to build His Church" against which "the gates of Hades shall not prevail" has remained in force throughout the centuries. The Roman Catholic Church holds that part of this protection of the Church is guaranteed to all churches who submit to the supreme headship of the Bishop of Rome. The Orthodox Churches of the East, however, see this 15 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia protection as guaranteed through continuance of the bishops and the faithful in the communion of the Faith as they continue in the unity of the Faith according to the traditions of the Church as they have been passed down in the Church through consistent belief and practice. All the Churches in the Unity of the Faith, under the oversight of legitimate bishops who are in communion with one another, preserve the authentic apostolic tradition and do not subtract or add to it by creating new dogmas or denying the continuing work of the Holy Spirit in illuminating the one Deposit of Faith delivered once and for all to the saints. It may also be noted that, since it is the gates of Hades which are mentioned (rather than the Church's or Heaven's), the passage may suggest that "Hades" is on the defensive, fighting a losing battle against the Church's inroads. Apostolic Succession [7] Matthew 18:18 and Acts Chapter 15, for example [8] Adversus Haereses (Book IV, Chapter 26) [9] Such Protestant reform Churches define apostolic succession as a continuity of the "teaching" of the Apostles (see below). [10] For example, the unbrokenness of apostolic succession may be significant because of the promise made by Jesus Christ that the "gates of hell" (Matthew 16:18) would not prevail against the Church, and his promise that he himself would be with the apostles to "the end of the age" (Matthew 28:20). According to this interpretation, a complete disruption or end of such apostolic succession would mean that these promises were not kept; as would an apostolic succession which, while formally intact, completely abandoned the teachings of the apostles and their immediate successors, for example, if all the bishops of the world agreed to abrogate the Nicene Creed or to repudiate the Bible. [11] Apostolicity Catholic Encyclopedia article [12] Adversus Haereses (Book III, Chapter 3) [13] "Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church", published July 10 2007.Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church [14] "Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church", published July 10 2007.Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church [15] Matthew 16:18 [16] Matthew 28:20 [17] See Meyendorff J., Byzantine Theology [18] Cleenewerck, Laurent. His Broken Body. Washington, DC: EUC Press, 2007. p. 86-89 [19] Cleenewerck, Laurent. His Broken Body. Washington, DC: EUC Press, 2007. p. 138 [20] Timothy Dufort, The Tablet, May 29, 1982, pp. 536–538. [21] The Ecumenical Patriarch on Anglican Orders See also • • • • • • • • • • Catholic Church Pope Linus Petrine Primacy Twelve Apostles List of Bishops Valid but illicit Episcopi vagantes Independent Catholic churches Old Catholic New Apostolic Church References [1] Oskar Sommel, Rudolf Stählin Christliche Religion, Frankfurt 1960, 19 [2] Oskar Sommel, Rudolf Stählin Christliche Religion, Frankfurt 1960, 19 [3] Encyclopedia of American Religions, J. Gordon Melton, editor. 6th Ed., 1999. pp 93-94. [4] "Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church", published July 10 2007.Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church [5] http://www.catholic.com/library/ Peter_Successors.asp early Christian writings on papal succession [6] The Prescription against Heretics: Chapter 32 16 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apostolic Succession [22] The Orthodox Web Site for information document rightfully applies to the about the faith, life and worship of the Orthodox Church." Orthodox Church [38] Oriental Orthodox, available online at [23] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgbmxd/ http://orthodoxwiki.org/ saepius.htm Oriental_Orthodox [24] Archbishops of England: Saepius Officio: [39] Jacobite Syrian Christian Church :: Answer of the Archbishops of Canterbury [40] Encyclopedia Coptica: The Christian and York to the Bull Apostolicae Curae of Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt H. H. Leo XIII [41] Ethiopian Old Testament Canon, [25] Congregation for the Doctrine of the available online at http://gbgm-umc.org/ Faith: Doctrinal commentary on the umw/bible/ethold.stm concluding formula of the professio fidei [42] Searching for the True Apostolic Church: [26] Statement of Cardinal Hume on the What Evangelicals Should Know About Ordination of Anglican Bishop Graham Eastern Orthodoxy, available online at Leonard as a Roman Catholic Priest http://www.equip.org/atf/cf/ [27] Christliche Religion, Oskar simmel, %7B9C4EE03A-F988-4091-84BDRudolf Stählin Frankfurt 1960, 164 F8E70A3B0215%7D/DE177.pdf [28] Introduction to the World of [43] E.g., Matthew 18:18; and, Acts Chapter Autocephalous Churches in the Apostolic 15. Succession. As well, the Old Catholic [44] Doctrine and Covenants 27:12 Church. [29] Ind-Movement: Introduction to the World of Autocephalous Churches in the Apostolic Succession [30] CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Apostolic • Methodist Episcopacy: In Search of Holy Succession Orders (1990) by Gregory S. Neal [31] Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church • Methodist Apostolicity by Gregory S. Neal [32] Grace Incarnate Ministries: Methodist/ • "Was Wesley Ordained By Bishop Anglican Thoughts On Apostolic Erasmus?" The Methodist Quarterly Succession Review (1878) [33] Wesley Center Online: The Methodist • Against Heresies, Online-text, Irenaeus, Quarterly Review 1878 Against Heresies [34] Hans Rollman: Early Methodism in • Scott Hahn on the Papacy by Scott Hahn. Newfoundland Discusses "the chamberlain of the royal [35] The Methodist Archives Biograpical household of ancient Israel" or "Prime Index: Erasmus minister" of the "house of David" (Isaiah [36] Unity Catholic Church: Constitution 22:22) vis-à-vis Dynastic Succession . [37] For example, see "An Orthodox Response • Christian Cyclopedia article on Apostolic to the Recent Roman Catholic Succession Declaration on the Church," available • Views on Apostolic Succession at online at http://www.uocc.ca/PDF/ WikiChristian faithandspirituality/ • Apostolicity in the Catholic Encyclopedia An%20Orthodox%20Response%20to%20the%20Recent%20Roman%20Catholic.pdf. In this article, Metropolitan Kirill of the Russian Orthodox Church dismisses the Roman Catholic Church's claim to be the one true church and states, "The Orthodox Church is, according to Apostolic Succession, successor and heir to the old, undivided Church. Which is why everything contained in the Catholic Sources and external links Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Succession" Categories: Christian group structuring, Ecclesiology, Episcopacy in Anglicanism, Episcopacy in Roman Catholicism 17 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Apostolic Succession This page was last modified on 16 May 2009, at 15:28 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) taxdeductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers 18
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text: Quick View Burial by Neil Cross March 16, 2010 | Hardcover Out of stock online used copies from $5.04 Everyone makes mistakes. But what if your biggest mistake was something you could never live down? Something so awful and despicable that it weighs daily on your soul? Nathan has never been able to forget the worst night of his life. Only he and an old acquaintance know… See Details $29.99 / $28.49 lowest price*, or used from $5.04was $29.99

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1. Preheat the oven to 325F.
2. In a medium-sized bowl, mix together candied pineapple, red candied cherries, green candied cherries, golden raisins, and chopped pecans.
3. Dredge the mixture with flour and set aside.
4. In another bowl, cream butter and brown sugar, together.
5. Add egg yolk, beating well.
6. Dissolve baking soda in milk and add to cream mixture.
7. Add brandy, cinnamon, and nutmeg, and the remaining 5/8 cup flour, mixing well.
8. In a small bowl, beat egg white until stiff, but not dry.
9. Fold beaten egg white into batter.
10. Fold in dredged fruit mixture.
11. Prepare a baking pan by lining it with parchment paper and spraying the paper with cooking oil spray.
12. Drop dough by rounded teaspoonfuls onto parchment paper.
13. Bake at 350F for about 12 minutes.
14. Transfer immediately to cooling racks, allow to sit until cool.
15. Arrange on a nice serving plate and serve with a hot beverage.


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Strange Bedfellows -- Politics News
News about Seattle and King County government as well as national politics.
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Minimum wage: Strikes nationally, march locally
Fast food workers will strike for a living wage in 100 American cities on Thursday, but low-wage workers in the Seattle area have opted instead to march from SeaTac into downtown Seattle in support of a $15 an hour minimum wage. "There is a moment when hope is possible: The minimum wage vote in SeaTac, […] [Read More]
State lawmakers in D.C. hope shutdown drama won't repeat
All 10 U.S. House members from Washington, six Democrats and four Republicans, voted with the majority Wednesday night as Congress' lower chamber approved, by a 285-144 vote, Senate-written legislation to reopen the federal government and extend the government's borrowing authority. As Congress voted, however, lawmakers from this Washington asked themselves a grim question: Will another […] [Read More]
The Shutdown squad: Congress' dumbest members
As he presides over a splintered, infighting Republican caucus that could be called "Mogadishu on the Potomac," House Speaker John Boehner ought to recall a rare, wise observation he made a couple years back: "We've got some of the smartest people in the country who serve here, and some of the dumbest." As the crisis […] [Read More]
House narrowly rejects bid to curb NSA surveillance
The U.S. House of Representatives, on a narrow 217-205 vote Wednesday night, rejected an amendment that would have prohibited the National Security Agency from secretly collecting vast amounts of phone record data on Americans, under a provision of the USA Patriot Act. The Washington congressional delegation split, but not along party lines. Rep. Cathy McMorris […] [Read More]
House votes to repeal Obamacare — for 37th time
The sequester is forcing layoffs across the Pentagon's civilian workforce, no budget negotiators have been named, and the Farm Bill is a year late in coming. But the U.S. House of Representatives found time Thursday, on its not-very-busy legislative calendar, to vote along party lines to repeal the Affordable Care Act for the 37th time […] [Read More]
U.S. 'green' scorecard: Republicans flunk
The environment used to be a bipartisan cause, particularly in Washington — witness the state's million-acre 1984 wilderness bill — but Republicans have bailed here and across the country, according to the 2012 National Environmental Scorecard compiled by the League of Conservation Voters. Democratic Sens. Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell get scores of 93 (out […] [Read More]
$3 million in taxpayer $$$ to defend anti-gay law
The Republican leadership in the U.S. House of Representatives, so anxious to cut spending, has quietly raised to $3 million the legal fees of House-picked lawyers who are defending in federal court the anti-gay Defense of Marriage Act. In a copy of the legal contract, obtained by Huffington Post, the House and its law firm […] [Read More]
Republicans hide $$ to defend Defense of Marriage Act
The Republican leaders in the U.S. House of Representatives have already spent $1.7 million in taxpayer dollars for legal defense of the anti-gay Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). On Thursday, hidden in rules for the 113th Congress, they gave a blank check to fight for a law abandoned by the Obama administration and even some […] [Read More]
$21,000 Bali trip was no hi: McDermott
U.S. Rep. Jim McDermott, getting heat for a $21,000 post-election trip to Bali, says he never saw a beach, endured non-stop meetings spent most of his time defending Washington apple exports, was asked to go by the State Department and endured a horrific 21-hour, Jakarta-to-Tapei and Taipei-to-Washington, D.C., return trip. "Absolutely not! I did not […] [Read More]
McKenna-Inslee: Not blood sport, but a real dogfight
The Rob McKenna vs. Jay Inslee contest for Governor is not yet a blood sport — our politics are more restrained than, say, Massachusetts — but it turned into a real dog fight during a debate in Yakima on Tuesday night. Ex-Rep. Inslee tried to come across as an affable Saint Bernard, talking up such […] [Read More]
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The resort was one of the best resorts I have been to. There is no question that when they said clean it was cleaned twice a day. Very nice!!!! I enjoyed my stay. The food was excellent. The people were very sweet. When I arrived I was greeted by Paul, very professional and nice person. I was welcomed with a drink of my liking of course it was Margarita for me. Everything was awesome!!! No complaints and the view spectacular..will definately go back. Enjoy your trip!!! Don't forget Land's End!!!!
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- With an incomparable location on Medano Beach -- the best swimmable beach of Cabo, Casa Dorada is just steps away from world-class shopping, dining, entertainment, and the marina. As a member of Preferred Hotels & Resorts, a collection of the world's finest independent luxury hotels, Casa Dorada Los Cabos brings the upscale service and family-friendly features to the Cabo San Lucas oceanfront. The Resort grants visitors a more convenient, yet equally spectacular, alternative to the more remote hotel zone of the Tourist Corridor. Boasting unobstructed vistas of Land's End and the famous Arch, Casa Dorada is just 30 minutes away from Los Cabos International Airport. All of the 185 spacious one-, two- and three-bedroom suites and penthouses, open up to Los Cabos' most dazzling ocean view, while the luminous and contemporary interiors ensure your comfort and satisfaction. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, TravelClick, Travelocity, Cheap Tickets, BookIt.com, Orbitz, Hotels.com, Despegar.com, getaroom.com, Odigeo, TripOnline SA, Jetsetter and Tingo so you can book your Casa Dorada Los Cabos reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Casa Dorada Los Cabos Hotel Cabo San Lucas
- Casa Dorada Los Cabos Resort
- Casa Dorada Los Cabos Cabo San Lucas


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Hometown: Omaha, NE (USA)
Desaparecidos is an American indie/punk rock side project headed by singer/guitarist Conor Oberst, the frontman of the indie band Bright Eyes. It also includes Denver Dailey of Jade Tree act Statistics. Desaparecidos' lyrics are political in nature, and are about the state of affairs in America.
Desaparecidos is a 5–piece rock band fronted by Bright Eyes singer/songwriter Conor Oberst (vocals, guitar) and featuring Denver Dalley of Jade Tree act Statistics on guitar. Casey Scott (bass), Ian McElroy (keyboards), and Matt Baum (drums).
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I have a parent process and n child processes that wait so receive something from the network.The thing is that for every message received by the child from the network I need to tell the father what the message contains.If I try to make a pipe or a socketpair between the father and the children then then the father doesn't know where a message ends and where another begins.Can you please help ?
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You are using stream oriented pipes/socket pair. So you lose message boundaries.
Use datagram oriented sockets for keeping message boundaries.
See mapage unix(7) for more information about datagram based unix sockets and socketpairs.
There are functions that may suit for you:
Before writing into pipe or socketpair use some delimeter so that every child adds that delimeter to the message before sending to the father


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3rd times a charm!
What a scam it is!
And more of that coming soon in 2016. America has rejected the democrat party in a very big and historical way.................KABOOOOOM!
from there hard earned money. You see, libs are indeed parasites and desperately need people who work, in order to leech off of them.......Sad!
The best thing that could happen for America is for the shameful corrupt and criminal democrat party to just disappear asap!
Too funny.....................SMACK and down they go!
Hardly ya low info lib troll...... Worldwide the earth has actually cooled and has MAX.ICE at the the pole.....Read up low info lib troll CHUMP....
Man made global warming is a non-issue, s scam. The science is in and there's no debating about it.
Got it ya delusional lib troll?...................Or do you need me to draw you another picture?
Shameful disgusting democrat party of shame..........go flush yourselves ya imbeciles !
Why are libs/democrats so stupid and violent?
This lib democrat is what the democrat party of hate, racism and violence has become folks. On top of being totally dumbed-down, out of touch, incompetent and violent, these democrats of shame should be put in prison!
Well said!
Nobody............ has kind words for that filthy democrat pile of you know what!
and stick it where the sun don't shine........ up yours!..................Lmao!
You parasite democrats have nothing....nobody, zip ZERO.....Turn out the lights!
Too funny...............burnt toast she is and shall remain.
As usual libforlife lemmin, your all dumbed-down 24x7..................
Prisons are so full of democrats...........pathetic!
democrats are pathetic.............SMACK and FLUSH....down they go!


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Solomon's seal staking
I have some standard solomon's seal which gets quite large early in the season and then falls on its face. I'd like to actually SEE the flowers. Is there a way to make it stand up without making it look ridiculous?
I have several large clumps of sol. seal and have never had a problem with them falling over or even leaning. My soil is usually fairly dry and I don't generally fertilize my plants. Maybe your soil is too good and rich for them. Mine are in mostly shade, so they don't need sun to stand upright.
My solomon's seal is under a 100-year old maple. It gets no direct sun and the soil is very poor. I occasionally give them compost, and the plants are quite robust except that they flop. I put them there because I wanted the height and few other plants will even grow there. I was hoping to get some ideas on how to support them.


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JURIST Guest Columnist Ashley Varnado, St. John's University School of Law Class of 2015, is the author of the ninth article in a twelve-part series from the staffers of the Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development. Varnado discusses the exclusionary discipline that bars Chicago public ...[read more]
Illinois Governor Patt Quinn on Tuesday signed into law a bill that establishes new rules over how private conversations may be recorded. The new law requires that all parties involved in a private conversation give their permission to be recorded. Under the law such a conversation is defined as ...[read more]
The UN Committee Against Torture has urged the US to begin prompt, impartial investigations into all cases of police brutality and excessive use of force by police officers, and to limit the use of electrical discharge weapons. The committee expressed concern over the use of force against people ...[read more]
A judge in Florida's Monroe County ruled Thursday that the state's same-sex marriage ban is unconstitutional. Circuit Judge Luis Garcia ruled in favor of same-sex couples who had challenged the voter-approved ban after they were denied a marriage license by the Monroe County clerk. In his ruling, ...[read more]
District of Columbia v. Heller and McDonald v. Chicago made clear that the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear firearms in the home for self-defense, but left unanswered whether it protects other conduct. Writing for the majority in Heller, Scalia emphasized that Heller marked the ...[read more]
The US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ruled Monday against a coalition of five Great Lakes States seeking to compel the Army Corps of Engineers and the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (District) to take action to prevent Asian carp from entering Lake Michigan ...[read more]
The US District Court in the Northern District of Illinois on Monday ordered the City of Chicago to reimburse the National Rifle Association (NRA) for the $940,000 spent on legal fees challenging gun ordinances. Chicago's ban on the sale and transfer of firearms was overturned in January after the ...[read more]
JURIST Guest Columnist Griffen Thorne, Loyola University Chicago School of Law, Class of 2015, discusses the intricacies of double jeopardy and the point at which jeopardy is thought to first occur... Double jeopardy is among the most complex doctrines of constitutional criminal procedure and ...[read more]
JURIST Guest Columnist Aubry Dicks, University of Richmond School of Law, Class of 2014, discusses recent decisions by the National Labor Relations Board concerning student athletes' rights to unionize...In January, the National College Players Association (NCPA) filed a petition on behalf of ...[read more]
The Chicago office for the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) on Wednesday ruled that football players at Northwestern University qualify as employees, and therefore have the right to unionize. In its finding, the NLRB used the "right to control" test, which considers a variety of factors in ...[read more]


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A YouTube video of two dogs barking down a cougar near Victoria has received thousands of views since it was posted over the weekend. The video of the brave dogs, Kovu and Teaka, vs the cougar, was shot in the Highlands area northwest of Victoria.
The biggest sale of the year, on now! Find almost $4 million worth of items such as cars, trips, furniture, gift cards and more at discounts of up to 50% off. Don't miss out as savvy shoppers will move fast to take advantage of these deep discounts. Sale ends Wednesday, April 1, at 9 p.m. Like it? Buy it before its gone. Brought to you by The Vancouver Sun and The Province.


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Carson-Dellosa™ Calypso bulletin board set of 40 pieces includes a calendar, cover-ups, door label, all-purpose/incentive/birthday charts to decorate your classroom. Board set creates a beautiful classroom theme and is ideal for grades PreK - 8.
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Carson Dellosa God is love! bulletin board set with bible theme includes 13 letters that spell "GOD IS LOVE" or "PRAISE GOD" and ...
Carson Dellosa™ Kids classroom collection bulletin board set is ideal for grades PreK 5 and includes 3 charts of 17" x 24" size. ...
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Carson Dellosa Noah's ark bulletin board set with bible theme includes a "God Keeps His Promises!" banner, an ark scene, 25 die ...
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