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Volume 33, Issue 3, May 2015
- letters
- electronic & optoelectronic materials, devices & processing
- lithography
- nanometer science & technology
- microelectronic & nanoelectronic devices
- organic electronics and optoelectronics
- 27th international vacuum nanoelectronics conference (27th ivnc 2014)
- 10th international vacuum electron sources conference (ivesc-2014 )
Index of content:
Volume 33 (2015)
Volume 32 (2014)
Volume 31 (2013)
Volume 30 (2012)
Volume 29 (2011)
Volume 28 (2010)
Volume 27 (2009)
Volume 26 (2008)
Volume 25 (2007)
Volume 24 (2006)
Volume 23 (2005)
Volume 22 (2004)
Volume 21 (2003)
Volume 20 (2002)
Volume 19 (2001)
Volume 18 (2000)
Volume 17 (1999)
Volume 16 (1998)
Volume 15 (1997)
Volume 14 (1996)
Volume 13 (1995)
Volume 12 (1994)
Volume 11 (1993)
Volume 10 (1992)
Volume 9 (1991)
Volume 8 (1990)
Volume 7 (1989)
Volume 6 (1988)
Volume 5 (1987)
Volume 4 (1986)
Volume 3 (1985)
Volume 2 (1984)
Volume 1 (1983)
- Letters
Single mineral particle makes an electron point source33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4916237View Description Hide Description
A mineral (celadonite, kaolinite) nanometer-thick particle deposited on a flat carbon film or at the apex of a carbon fiber provides electron emission at low applied fields. Voltage and time dependences of the emission intensity are studied, and a model of the underlying mechanism is proposed. An electron point source providing emission from a single particle is built and characterized.
- Electronic & Optoelectronic Materials, Devices & Processing
Comparison of crystalline-silicon/amorphous-silicon interface prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and catalytic chemical vapor deposition33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4915494View Description Hide Description
The properties of the interface between crystalline silicon (c-Si) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) were studied for two deposition methods of a-Si. One is the conventional plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and the other is catalytic chemical vapor deposition (Cat-CVD), often called hot-wire CVD. Surface recombination velocity (SRV) and atomic scale fine structure at the a-Si/c-Si interface were particularly studied. It is found that the a-Si/c-Si interface is very sharp for Cat-CVD a-Si and the width of transition-layer from c-Si to a-Si is less than 0.6 nm, which is three times smaller than for PECVD a-Si. It is also found that the SRV for Cat-CVD a-Si is about 1/3 of that for PECVD, and that the SRV appears to depend on the effective area of the interface which increases due to increase of surface roughness caused by plasma damage.
Thickness modulation effects of Al2O3 capping layers on device performance for the top-gate thin-film transistors using solution-processed poly(4-vinyl phenol)/Zn-Sn-O gate stacks33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4916021View Description Hide Description
Solution-processed Zn-Sn-O (ZTO) top-gate thin-film transistors with Al2O3/poly(4-vinyl phenol) (PVP) double-layered gate insulators (GI) were fabricated and characterized. ZTO active channel was formed by spin-coating method and activated at a temperature as low as 350 °C. The chemical damages for the PVP films, which were induced during the photolithography-based patterning process were effectively suppressed by the introduction of Al2O3 capping layer. This capping layer also played an important role in improving the drain current hysteretic behaviors caused by intrinsic properties of the PVP film by modulating the capacitance coupling in the double-layered GI. The carrier mobility, subthreshold swing, and on/off ratio were obtained as approximately 5.13 cm2V−1s−1, 0.36 V/dec, 7.03 × 106, respectively, with hysteresis-free characteristics when the thickness values of Al2O3 capping and PVP GI layers were designed to be 90 and 220 nm, respectively.
- Lithography
Protection of extreme ultraviolet lithography masks. I. Thermophoretic protection factors at low pressure for diffusing nanoscale particles33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4916210View Description Hide Description
Model calculations are presented for thermophoretic protection of an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask placed face down in an EUV mask inspection tool. The protection factors, defined as the ratio of challenge particles to deposited particles, are calculated for a variety of test conditions (temperature gradient, gas type, particle density, and particle position) for a reticle bathed in clean gas from a facing showerhead. Thermophoretic protection (in combination with gravity) provides robust protection for particle sizes greater than ∼20 nm. However, for particle sizes less than ∼20 nm, protection falters quickly and is severely degraded for highly diffusing 10 nm particles that are of concern for mask contamination. Estimates are made for the required level of particle protection in both EUV mask inspection and EUV projection lithography. When compared with these estimates for the required protection, it is clear that thermophoresis alone cannot successfully defend against particles smaller than ∼20 nm, and must be augmented or replaced by another approach. Initial calculations are presented that suggest a cross-cutting gas flow, in combination with thermophoresis and a face-down mask orientation, can successfully protect mask surfaces from particle deposition for particles with 10 nm diameter or greater, motivating more detailed calculations of flow-based mask protection in a companion paper Part II.
Protection of extreme ultraviolet lithography masks. II. Showerhead flow mitigation of nanoscale particulate contamination33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4916212View Description Hide Description
An analysis is presented of a method to protect the reticle (mask) in an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask inspection tool using a showerhead plenum to provide a continuous flow of clean gas over the surface of a reticle. The reticle is suspended in an inverted fashion (face down) within a stage/holder that moves back and forth over the showerhead plenum as the reticle is inspected. It is essential that no particles of 10-nm diameter or larger be deposited on the reticle during inspection. Particles can originate from multiple sources in the system, and mask protection from each source is explicitly analyzed. The showerhead plate has an internal plenum with a solid conical wall isolating the aperture. The upper and lower surfaces of the plate are thin flat sheets of porous-metal material. These porous sheets form the top and bottom showerheads that supply the region between the showerhead plate and the reticle and the region between the conical aperture and the Optics Zone box with continuous flows of clean gas. The model studies show that the top showerhead provides robust reticle protection from particles of 10-nm diameter or larger originating from the Reticle Zone and from plenum surfaces contaminated by exposure to the Reticle Zone. Protection is achieved with negligible effect on EUV transmission. The bottom showerhead efficiently protects the reticle from nanoscale particles originating from the Optics Zone. With similar mass flow rates from the two showerheads, this system provides efficient protection even when a significant overpressure exists between the Optics Zone and the Reticle Zone. Performance is insensitive to the fraction of incident particles that sticks to walls, the accommodation coefficient, the aperture geometry, and the gas pressure. The showerheads also protect the aperture (and therefore the Optics Zone) during mask loading and unloading. Commercially available porous-metal media have properties suitable for these showerheads at the required flow rates. The benefits of the approach compared to a conceptual EUV pellicle are described.
- Nanometer Science & Technology
Conductive-AFM topography and current maps simulator for the study of polycrystalline high-k dielectrics33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4915328View Description Hide Description
In this work, a simulator of conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) was developed to reproduce topography and current maps. In order to test the results, the authors used the simulator to investigate the influence of the C-AFM tip on topography measurements of polycrystalline high-k dielectrics, and compared the results with experimental data. The results show that this tool can produce topography images with the same morphological characteristics as the experimental samples under study. Additionally, the current at each location of the dielectric stack was calculated. The quantum mechanical transmission coefficient and tunneling current were obtained from the band diagram by applying the Airy wavefunction approach. Good agreement between experimental and simulation results indicates that the tool can be very useful for evaluating how the experimental parameters influence C-AFM measurements.
Artifacts related to tip asymmetry in high-resolution atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy measurements of graphitic surfaces33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4915898View Description Hide Description
The effect of tip asymmetry on atomic-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements of graphitic surfaces has been investigated via numerical simulations. Employing a three-dimensional, crystalline, metallic tip apex and a two-layer thick graphene sample as a model system, basic calculations of the tip–sample interaction have revealed a significant effect of tip asymmetry on obtained results, including artificial modulation of site-specific chemical interaction forces and spatial distortion of observed features. Related artifacts are shown to be enhanced for tips with low lateral stiffness values. Our results emphasize that potentially erroneous interpretations of atomic-scale surface properties via imaging and spectroscopy measurements can be caused or enhanced by tip asymmetry.
- Microelectronic & Nanoelectronic Devices
Hole trap distribution on 2 MeV electron irradiated high-k dielectrics33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4915617View Description Hide Description
The effects of 2 MeV electron irradiation on the electrical properties of high-k dielectric based metal–insulator–semiconductor capacitors have been studied. Samples consist of 5.9 nm-thick films of aluminum oxide and hafnium oxide deposited by atomic layer deposition on silicon substrates. Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and admittance measurements reveal that electron irradiation modifies the defect density of both surface states at the dielectric–semiconductor interface and border traps existing inside the dielectric. The experimental results indicate that irradiation has a double effect. The incident electrons transfer their energy and generate additional surface states, leading to a degradation of the interface. On the other hand, irradiation generates electron–hole pairs inside the dielectric. Some of the holes are trapped by border traps located inside the dielectric at locations close to the interface. As a result, border traps capturing holes are neutralized and become inactive after irradiation. Moreover, interface state profiles, as measured by DLTS, are affected by the presence of border traps and yield overestimated interface state densities. Admittance spectroscopy is used to distinguish among border traps and interface traps. A detailed study of the conductance signal as a function of voltage, temperature and frequency for samples with different irradiation doses (nonirradiated, 2.5, 25, and 250 Mrad) is presented here. The influence of the irradiation dose has been analyzed in order to compare the defect distribution before and after irradiation.
- Organic Electronics and Optoelectronics
Surface analytical investigation on organometal triiodide perovskite33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4915499View Description Hide Description
In a little over a year, there has been an unexpected breakthrough and rapid evolution of highly efficient solid-state hybrid solar cells based on organometal trihalide perovskite materials. This technology has the potential to produce solar cells with the very highest efficiencies while retaining the very lowest cost. The authors have measured the electronic density of states of CH3NH3PbI3 using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES), and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The valence band maximum and conduction band minimum positions are obtained from the UPS and IPES spectra, respectively, by linear extrapolation of the leading edges. The authors investigate the Au/perovskite and C60/perovskite interfaces by UPS and XPS. An interface dipole of 0.1 eV is observed at Au/perovskite interface. The energy levels of perovskite shift upward by ca.0.4 eV with Au coverage of 64 Å upon it, resulting in band bending, hence a built-in field in perovskite that encourages hole transport to the interface. The XPS results show a strong initial shift of core levels to lower binding energy in the perovskite, which indicates that electrons transfer from the perovskite film to fullerene molecules. Further deposition of fullerene forms C60 solid, accompanied by the reduction of the electron transfer. The strongest electron transfer happened at 1/4 monolayer of fullerene.
- 27th International Vacuum Nanoelectronics Conference (27th IVNC 2014)
Fiber tip-based electron source33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4902016View Description Hide Description
The authors report on the first experimental characterization of a fiber tip-based electron source, where electron emission can be triggered by both electric field and optical excitation. Our approach consists of coating the open aperture of a commercial 100 nm apex size near-field scanning optical microscopy fiber tip with a 10 nm thick tungsten (W) layer, which is back-illuminated by a 405 nm continuous-wave laser beam in the presence of an extraction electric field. Despite the very low optical transmission of the fiber due to the subwavelength aperture size, measurements show a clearly enhanced emission when photoexciting the W layer with respect to pure field emission. The emission response time is slower than the optical trigger time, suggesting that thermal effects are predominant in the studied regime. To back up this hypothesis, the authors fabricated a nanometric thermocouple probe based on a Pt/Au junction and measured the temporal response of the tip temperature. The measured switch-on time for the tip temperature is consistent with the switch-on time of the optically enhanced electron emission.
On the mechanism of improvement of field emission properties of carbon-coated field emitters33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4903229View Description Hide Description
To clarify the origin of the superior field emission characteristics of carbon-coated emitters, the authors investigated the field enhancement and the work function of model systems calculated by numerical simulations. They propose that the field enhancement is due to the triple junctions, which are distributed on the surface of the carbon film consisting of sp3 (diamond-like) insulating and sp2 (graphite-like) conducting nanometer-sized grains. The electric field around the triple junction is one order of magnitude higher than at other places. Based on ab initio density functional theory calculations, the authors found that (1) the work functions of diamond and graphite dramatically decrease down to 3–3.6 eV upon hydrogen termination, and (2) the effective work functions of these models decrease to 2–2.5 eV by applying an external electric field of 2.57 × 107 V/cm. They also estimated the field emission current from the potential distribution and the local density of states under the external electric field applied. As a result, the authors found that hydrogen termination significantly increases the field emission current. The results suggest that the triple junction and hydrogen termination are promising candidates as the mechanism of improving the emission of the carbon-coated emitters.
Integration of a MEMS-type vacuum pump with a MEMS-type Pirani pressure gauge33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4903448View Description Hide Description
The paper concerns the problems associated with the generation and measurement of vacuum in small-volume microelectromechanical (MEMS) devices. A concept of equipping vacuum MEMS with miniature vacuum pump and gauge has been presented. The ion-sorption vacuum micropump developed by the authors has been integrated with two "external" miniature pressure sensors: a specially developed miniature Bayard-Alpert gauge and a MEMS-type Pirani sensor. The pressure during the pumping process was in-situ measured and co-work of vacuum micropump and sensors has been investigated. The experimental results confirmed good pumping properties of the micropump, but indicated that the work of micropump significantly affects the operation of vacuum sensors and vice versa.
Statistical dispersion of nanocomposite emission parameters33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4904738View Description Hide Description
A method for studying fluctuations in the microscopic emission parameters of flat multiple-point cathodes has been developed. For field emitters based on polymer/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites, the statistical distribution of the effective heights of emission centers has been obtained. Numerical estimates made using Pearson's chi-squared test confirmed that this distribution is lognormal. For these field emitters, the influence of the emission current on the statistical parameters that describe the emission characteristics is discussed.
Photoemission properties of nanocrystalline diamond thin films on silicon33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4904547View Description Hide Description
The authors have built up a dedicated ultrahigh vacuum setup to measure ultraviolet (266 nm photons) photoemission properties of nanocrystalline diamond thin films obtained by chemical vapor deposition on silicon substrates. The authors validated their setup by measuring polycrystalline copper quantum efficiency of ∼10−6, which is in good agreement with literature. The authors also measured quantum efficiency of bare silicon (highly p and n doped) and demonstrate strong influence of doping type. The authors then measured quantum efficiency of silicon samples coated with submicron (50 and 100 nm thick) nanocrystalline diamond layers. This coating reveals to have major influence on the photoemission properties when deposited on highly n-doped silicon samples. The authors obtain quantum yield as high as 1.60 × 10−5. The relatively high quantum efficiency of such structure associated with its high stability in air and easy processing make it a good candidate as fast electron source for electron gun based systems such as scanning/transmission electron microscopes or x-ray sources.
Photosensitive field emission study of SnS2 nanosheets33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4904970View Description Hide Description
SnS 2 nanosheets (SnS 2NSs), synthesized by one-step hydrothermal reaction, are subjected to field emission (FE) studies. For synthesis, specific concentrations of Na2SnO3 and thioamide solutions are used. The FE study is carried out in a planar diode configuration at a base pressure of ∼10−8 mbar. The emission photosensitivity is also investigated by illuminating the specimen with a visible light source. In dark, the turn on field, the electric field required to obtain a current density of 1 μA/cm2, is found to be 5.9 V/μm. Upon illumination, the emitter with visible light, it is found to reduce to 5.0 V/μm. A significant change in the nature of the Fowler–Nordheim plot with light illumination is also observed and has been explained on the basis of photoconductivity. Repetitive switching ON and OFF the light source, at a fixed applied voltage, is found to generate current pulses. The photosensitivity is also studied with various color filters. With the photoswitching and the enhanced field emission properties, it is envisaged that SnS 2NSs possess a potential for optoelectronic applications of field emitters.
Stable, ruggedized, and nanometer-order size transfer mold field emitter array in harsh oxygen radical environment33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4905046View Description Hide Description
Extremely sharp, uniform, stable, rugged, low operating voltage, and nanometer size molybdenum field emitter arrays (Mo FEAs) were developed by transfer mold fabrication. These can be used in stable and reliable vacuum nanoelectronic devices such as those used in electric propulsion engines and in environmentally demanding applications. Nanometer size transfer mold Mo FEAs were fabricated with base lengths of 36–370 nm. The 36 nm base length transfer mold Mo FEAs are the smallest FEA's ever reported. The tip radii were as sharp as 2.8–3.5 nm. The turn-on fields of the transfer mold Mo FEAs with a base length of 36–370 nm were found to be as low as 9.0–23.6 V/μm for the short anode-to-apex distance of less than 10 μm. These are lower than those of conventional FEA's such as carbon nanotube FEAs, Spindt-type FEAs, and Gray-type FEAs with approximate turn-on fields of 50–600 V/μm. They can thus be used in reliable vacuum nanoelectronic devices. The emission fluctuation of the 36 nm base length transfer mold Mo FEAs without a resistive layer were found to be as low as ±1.6% and this value is the lowest ever reported. Conventional FEAs with and without resistive layers have values of 5%–100% and higher than 100%, respectively. The field emission characteristics of the FEAs have been evaluated by in-situ oxygen radical treatment with a flux of 1015 atoms cm−2 s−1. This value is 107–108 times higher than that of typical low earth orbit fluxes. The environmental characteristics of the transfer mold Mo FEAs were compared with those of transfer mold Ni FEAs. The turn-on fields of the transfer mold Mo FEAs changed slightly from 10.8 to 22.5 V/μm at 1 min from the initiation time. It was almost saturated at 29.4 V/μm upon 5 min of in-situ oxygen radical treatment. A rapid increase in the turn-on field from 14.9 to 59.4 V/μm upon in-situ radical treatment for 3 min was observed for the Ni FEAs. The experimental work functions measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and the work functions calculated by the slope of Fowler–Nordheim plots for the transfer mold Mo FEAs changed slightly from 4.3 to 5.2 eV and from 4.3 to 5.3 eV, respectively, after oxygen radical treatment for 5 min. The calculated work functions are similar to the experimental work functions because the transfer mold Mo FEAs have extremely uniform geometric factors and stable emission characteristics. The emission fluctuation rates determined without the radical treatment of the transfer mold Mo FEAs without a resistive layer were found to be as low as ±1.7%. Even with in-situ radical treatment for 30 min the transfer mold Mo FEAs exhibited remarkably stable emission without spike noise and with fluctuations as low as ±4.5%. Therefore, the extremely stable and nanometer size transfer mold Mo FEAs are expected to be useful in the production of vacuum nanoelectronic devices.
Thermal field forming of Spindt cathode arrays33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4904552View Description Hide Description
This paper describes changes observed in the emission from a 100-tip Spindt cathode array operated at emission levels that produced tip self-heating and resulting temperatures sufficient to cause surface self-diffusion. This is the well-known thermal-field-forming effect that can produce smoothing and blunting—or buildup and sharpening—of the emitter tips, depending on whether the surface energy or the electrostatic field energy dominates. Although a greater than 50% decrease in emission current for a set voltage was observed, Fowler/Nordheim analysis of the emission data produced the unexpected result that the field-voltage proportionality factor had increased and the emitting area had decreased.
Mass-spectrum investigation of the phenomena accompanying field electron emission33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4906161View Description Hide Description
This work describes the investigation of carbon nanotube-polymeric nanocomposites and other multiple-tip emitters based on a new reflectron-type time-of-flight mass spectrometer specialized for field emission (FE) tasks, as well as a multichannel acquisition system and on-line processing of the current–voltage characteristics and other parameters of flat multipoint field emitters. Evidence concerning the transfer of large molecular clusters of the emitter material to the opposite electrode for as-prepared samples is presented. It is determined that a vacuum discharge phenomenon in the interelectrode gap is accompanied by strong emission of acetylene. It is also shown that the main volatile product in the FE experiment is hydrogen. The CO and CO2 ratio during the FE experiment is not constant, and hence, arises from different processes. These oxygen-containing volatile products in the spectrum are observed for as-prepared samples at the vacuum discharge, and also arise after long-term heating of the anode surface by an electron current.
Modeling of microwave diode on diamond like coating Si cathode33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4906821View Description Hide Description
Microwave diode structures were applied to the base of a silicon cathode with diamond like coating (DLC) to theoretically investigate resonant and nonresonant electron emission in the framework of small-signal theory. Negative conductance of the diode with resonant electron emission is caused at first by negative conductivity of the cathode due to resonant electron tunneling and at second an electron delay due to the finite time of an electron dwelling in a quantum well of DLC and its transit in the vacuum transit layer. Thus, its origin is the same as for a semiconductor resonant-tunneling diode and a negative conductivity takes place on a falling part of a resonant dependence of a direct emission current on an electric field. Owing to the sufficiently small electron mass of DLC, the duration of resonant electron emission for the studied diodes is considerably less than the optimal transit time, which is determined by the negative emission conductivity value. Therefore, resonant emission frequency of the diodes noticeably exceeds the optimal transit frequency, and, thus, the diode's frequency spectrum of negative conductance consists of a single band. Maximum negative conductance in the spectrum occurs at a few tenths or a few units of terahertz depending on the values of electric-field and parameters of the cathode coating and transit layer. These values determine the character of electron emission (resonant or nonresonant), negative conductivity, and delays in electron emission and transit. Negative conductance of the diodes with nonresonant emission results from combined delays of electron emission and transit. The delay in electron emission is caused a finite duration of electron tunneling under the vacuum potential barrier of electron affinity in DLC. The barrier is situated in the vacuum layer that is adjoined to the DLC and adjacent to the vacuum layer of electron transit. The delay in electron tunneling is comparable with transit delay for the studied diodes due to the great electron mass in vacuum that results in the multiband spectra of the diodes with nonresonant emission.
Field emission beam characteristics of single metal nanotip cathodes with on-chip collimation gate electrode33(2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4913397View Description Hide Description
Field-emission and beam collimation characteristics of single metal nanotip devices with double-gate electrodes are studied. Applying a previously developed method to fabricate all-metal double-gate nanotip arrays with a stacked on-chip extraction G ext and collimation G col gate electrodes with the large G col apertures, the authors produced single double-gate nanotip devices and measured their beam characteristics. Excellent beam collimation capability with minimal reduction of the emission current and the enhancements of the current density up to a factor of ∼7 was observed. The results indicate that these single nanotip devices are highly promising for electron beam applications that require extremely high brilliance and coherence.


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Rate Dr. C.K. William Chan
Dr. C.K. William Chan's Ratings
Dr. Chan was good at diagnosing my foot problem. I thought I had Morton's Neuroma, but it turned out my shoe size was a little too small. His recommendations has worked so far.
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An amazing diagnostician! He is knowledgelable, kind and caring and I
highly recommend him.
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Dr Chan is wonderful. he treated my plantar plate inflammation after another doctor failed to help after months of treatment. He is very thorough and knowledgeable and explains everything fully. i would not go anywhere else. it is true that you might have to wait a bit in the waiting room, bring a book. Try to get an early appt or bring a book. Still he is well worth the wait.
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Love this Doctor. He took care of the problem with my feet.
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Dr. Chan is far the best Dr. I have ever had, and I know plenty. Caring, knowledgeable and gentle. Takes his time and explains all. In the past before I knew about Dr.Chan I dreaded going because of pain, but with him there is none. Never a problem scheduling and staff is friendly and also knowledgeable. So happy I have found him and recommend highly.
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He is the best. Smart, caring and so skilled. I have been to many podiatrists and he is A+.
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Dr Chan is in credibly knowledgable an dhelp ful and we were lucky to find him.
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He is good, efficient, and knows his stuff. The reason he is sometimes not punutual is he spends time w/his patients and runs over.I recomrnd him highly.
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After trying to treat my plantar fasciitis using various online tips to no avail, I got tired of the pain and went to see Dr. Chan. He is top-notch and my heel pain is rapidly fading. He takes his time to listen and then offers his assessment and treatment options. When he administered a cortisone shot in my heel, it was relatively painless compared to the experiences I've heard from other people who've had similar shots. His stretching program worked where others I've done had failed. Sometimes your appointment will not start on time but that's a small price to pay. I highly recommend him.
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Dr. Chan has old school ethics and compassion not seen with many doctors nowadays. His treatment methods are conservative, but with so many doctors intent on the most expensive treatment methods for seemingly alterior motives, conservative is not necessarily a bad thing! He aims to provide the most effective treatment for each patient. He has been treating my plantar fasciitis for several years and I dont see myself going anywhere else!!
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How do I identify Hostas?
freetobehis(5)August 28, 2008
I have Hostas all over my yard. We love them and we separate and transplant them to new ares of yard each year. But I would like to know what kind of Hostas I have. I can count about 5 different types it looks like based ont he variations in their leaves. Any ideas for how best to do this?


text: Nashville Knitter Nashville, TN 10/29/2012 - 11:48 AM Report Abuse 4 out of 5 Great knitting resource Interweave Knits is an excellent knitting publication. In every issue, you'll find interesting techniques, interviews, reviews of yarn and new products, as well as a wide range of patterns and sizes. There are issues with patterns I've never knitted, but I keep them for reference and creative ideas. Comment | Was this review helpful? Yes | No Name Leave a Comment Submit Comment


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Apple Declutters, Speeds Up iTunes With Major Upgrade 295
from the not-fixed-enough-for-me dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
When I found out that Apple had come out with an updated version of iTunes, I threw all of my Windows desktops and laptops in the dumpster. In other words, I unplugged and tossed them 7 minutes ago.
It'll cost me a small fortune to replace them with Apple products, but it's worth it. This post was created with an iPad.
Apple 4ever, Micro$oft and Linux NEVER.
People will buy anything that's one to a customer.


text:
James Rhodes: The Bush administration lied us into a war with Iraq and now GOP hopefuls are leading us down that same path with Iran.
Why Guatemalans, Mexicans and other Latin Americans are coming to the United States and the poor are becoming poorer in their countries.
Progressive Media Advocates
By James Rhodes
By James Rhodes
Carole Bartolotto: The problem with concluding that GMOs are safe is that the argument for their safety rests solely on animal studies. These studies are offered as evidence that the debate over GMOs is over. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Margo McCall: There's increasing evidence that adopting a plant-based diet is better for human health, the planet, and of course for the more than 9 billion animals that are killed for consumption each year in the U.S alone.
Joe Mathews: Thanks to Xi Jinping, Chinese millionaires have propped up the state's sagging real estate market, universities, and companies.


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Hotel Best Western Tamarindo Vista Villas - Tamarindo
1000 Calle Principal - Tamarindo1-877-662-6988
Welcome to Best Western Tamarindo Vista Villas!
If you are visiting Costa Rica on vacation or for business, make sure to take some time to relax as you will find a spa tub on site, so make the most of it! Why not go for a swim as this hotel features an outdoor pool, a good way to unwind. This 3-star Tamarindo hotel offers gift shops/newsstands. Guests can also enjoy drinks as there is a bar/lounge. Additional leisure facilities include an arcade/game room. Multilingual staff can provide tour/ticket assistance.
There is a TV in the lobby. The reception has a safe and is manned during limited hours. Guests can make use of the free Wi-Fi. Other amenities include an area shuttle, a garden and laundry facilities.
These reviews have been left by customers who actually stayed at this hotel
Check Availability at Hotel Best Western Tamarindo Vista Villas
Breakfast at Hotel Best Western Tamarindo Vista Villas
A buffet breakfast is served between 7 AM and 10 AM for a fee.
Hotel Facilities at Tamarindo Vista Villas
- Bar
- Restaurant/Dining
- Cafeteria
- Barbecue
- Multilingual staff
- Front desk - safety deposit box
- City tour
- Outdoor swimming pool
- Billiards / Snooker
- Night club
- Internet/Email services
- TV Lounge
- Indoor entertainment room
- Gift shop
- Laundry room
- Garden
- Shuttle service from and/or to the airport
- Shuttle service
- Free parking
- Meeting Room
- Hydromassage Jacuzzi
Know before you go
- Guests must transfer via boat to the property. Guests must contact the property at least 24 hours before travel, using the contact information on the confirmation received after booking.
- A resort fee is included in the total price displayed.
- Children 12 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
- The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Check-in: between 3 PM and 10 PM.
Check-out: before noon.
The front desk is open daily from 6 AM - 10 PM
The front desk is open from 7 AM - 10 PM.
Guests should notify this property in advance of their anticipated arrival time. Please contact the office using the information on the reservation confirmation received after booking.
PolicyExtra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Minimum Spring Break check-in age is 18 years old.
City tax and/or any other fees charged by the hotel
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Airport shuttle fee: CRC 43000 per vehicle (one way)
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Hotel Best Western Tamarindo Vista Villas is also known as
Hotel Best Western Tamarindo
Tamarindo Vista Villas
BEST WESTERN Tamarindo Vista Villas
Best Western Tamarindo Vista Villas Hotel
Best Western Tamarindo Vista Villas Hotel Tamarindo
Best Western Tamarindo
Tamarindo Best Western
Tamarindo Vista Villas Hotel reviews
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Tamarindo Vista Villas Hotel reviews by TripAdvisor
Room Details
Best Western Tamarindo Vista Villas has 29 guest rooms, all with climate control and free local calls. Guests can kick back at the end of a busy day and enjoy 32-inch TVs with premium cable channels. Business travelers visiting the Tamarindo area will have access to free wireless high-speed Internet access as well as desks and safes. Individual décor and furnishings make each stay a unique experience. A good night's sleep in comfortable beds with premium bedding will have visitors waking up refreshed and well-rested throughout their vacation or business trip.
Private bathrooms are outfitted with showers and complimentary toiletries. Washers/dryers, irons/ironing boards, coffee/tea makers and hair dryers are supplied in each room to facilitate basic travel needs. Additional guest comforts include air conditioning, ceiling fans and blackout drapes/curtains.
Accommodation Services
- Air conditioning
- Extra beds
- Coffee and tea maker
- Hairdryer in each room
- In-room ironing facilities
- Safe
- Desk
- Individually controlled air conditioning
- Cable TV
- Fan
- Wireless Internet access
Distances from Hotel Tamarindo Vista VillasTamarindo Beach - 0.4 km / 0.2 mi
Grande Beach - 3.4 km / 2.1 mi
Las Baulas de Guanacaste National Marine Park - 5.6 km / 3.5 mi
Hacienda Pinilla Golf Course - 5.9 km / 3.7 mi
Avellana Beach - 8.7 km / 5.4 mi
Conchal Beach - 11 km / 6.9 mi
Playa Brasilito - 12.2 km / 7.6 mi
Monkey Park - 13.4 km / 8.3 mi
Callejones Beach - 13.6 km / 8.5 mi
Blanca Beach - 14.2 km / 8.8 mi
Flamingo Beach - 14.9 km / 9.3 mi
Junquillal Beach - 16.5 km / 10.3 mi
Penca Beach - 18.5 km / 11.5 mi
Ocotal Beach - 29.3 km / 18.2 mi
Haras del Mar Equestrian Center - 30.6 km / 19 mi
The preferred airport for Best Western Tamarindo Vista Villas is Liberia (LIR-Daniel Oduber Intl.) - 46.1 km / 28.7 mi.
Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property's location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance.
Distances are displayed to the nearest 0.1 mile and kilometer.
Transportation services Hotel Best Western Tamarindo Vista Villas
- Shuttle service from and/or to the airport
- Shuttle service
- Free parking
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Yourstory.in[Techie Tuesdays] From the power capital of India to the powerhouse of India's ...Yourstory.inThat way, Amod considers himself lucky and felt very grateful for joining i2 Technologies. But eventually, this company turned out to be the first and the last corporation (large company), ...See More he would ever work for. He was building a web services ...
Business Standard40 Years ago... and now- Kumar Mangalam Birla: Buying his way to the topBusiness StandardHence, be it telecom, commodities or the retail business, the group took over a clutch of companies in India and abroad - adding to family wealth though it is unlisted Essel Mining & ...See More Industries, which accounts for a substantial part of Birla's personal ...
CarDekho set to enter overseas mkts, portal on education on cardsTimes of IndiaLater, Anurag too joined the Bangalore centre of the US-based i2 Technologies and later went to Dallas in Texas where the brothers would often meet. As Trilogy was looking to set foot in India, Amit along with 10 of his ...See More colleagues were moved to Bangalore.and more »
Business StandardRomesh Wadhwani: An entrepreneur who knows no higher callingBusiness StandardWadhwani graduated from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, completed his MS and PhD in electrical engineering from Carnegie-Mellon University, and figures in the Forbes 400 list. Wadhwani joined ...See More the billion-dollar club in 1999, when he sold ...
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Business StandardHarman acquires Romesh Wadhwani group's Symphony Teleca for $780mnBusiness StandardIn one of the biggest deals in the outsourced product development (OPD) market, audio and infotainment systems maker Harman International Industries will buy Indian-born serial entrepreneur ...See More Romesh Wadhwani's Symphony Teleca for $780 million (about ...and more »
Investors Are Gambling: Facebook Inc (NASDAQ:FB), American Eagle Outfitters ...Gaining GreenFacebook Inc (NASDAQ:FB) said that, it is interested in testing internet services through solar-powered plane in India and other telecom connectivity technologies it is developing. Facebook Inc ...See More (NASDAQ:FB)'s stock on 04 March traded at beginning with a ...
CrazyEngineersDatsun I2 Car's Launch In India To Happen Within 18 Months, Shares NissanCrazyEngineersIf you were following the launch of Datsun Go+ MPV in India during the month of January this year, here's some exciting news from the company. The Japanese automobile giant, Nissan has ...See More decided to launch its brand new Datsun I2 car in Indian market ...and more »
Only 'serious' job seekers wantedBusiness StandardWhen internet giant Yahoo! decided to downsize its research and development (R&D) team in India last year, close to 600 professionals were reportedly lost their jobs. While several companies showed interest in hiring these highly-skilled ...See More people, there ...
Yourstory.in[Techie Tuesdays] From the power capital of India to the powerhouse of India's ...Yourstory.inThat way, Amod considers himself lucky and felt very grateful for joining i2 Technologies. But eventually, this company turned out to be the first and the last corporation (large company), ...See More he would ever work for. He was building a web services ...
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Rated 3.6 out of 5 by 494 reviewers.
Rated 2 out of 5 by sreve69 Food The food needs lots of help it would be best to redo the menu very,I tried both chicken dishes nether one was that good, slow service and it was not that busy July 20, 2014
Rated 4 out of 5 by 8493hj Nice Hotel The hotel was very nice. I really liked the mini store that was opened 24 hrs because i did not get to the hotel until after midnight. It was also nice because it sold many essential toiletry items. September 12, 2013
Rated 3 out of 5 by Bob76 Great staff, hotel needs updating The staff was very friendly and helpfull. Hotel is in a great location. It just needs updating. The carpets were worn and dirty. The work out facility was not in a great location and was very tight. April 20, 2012
Rated 5 out of 5 by Bonnie46 This hotel is very comfortable All the amenities of the hotel are very clean, nice and quite comfortable. The hotel is quiet and the staff is more than accommodating. I really enjoyed my stay and will definitely stay there again. April 24, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by dlpucc Hotel used to be a better value. As a frequent visitor to Sheraton properties,redemption point cost for this hotel increased 3+ fold. The hotel accomodations nor the hospitality of the front desk command and increase of this size. June 8, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by thunter Great Hotel in Indianapolis I have come to enjoy the city and this hotel was well located to get to everything including a yarn shop. The staff were exceptional in all areas: room service, the Club Room, check in/reception. July 3, 2012
Rated 4 out of 5 Great retro hotel with modern updates Although there is a lot of repairs and construction going on to upgrade infratructure, they made my stay very comfortable. This is a hotel that is a must if you are traveling though Indianapolis! November 26, 2012
Rated 4 out of 5 by Snooters2 Exceptional concierge buffet All of the staff were extremely helpful. The food on the concierge floor was displayed perfectly and the variety of food available was really impressive. SPG members will be well taken care of. January 2, 2012
Rated 2 out of 5 by Dede22 This hotel needs more staff The staff you have are very courteous and helpful but you need more staff especially on week-ends. The room we were in was in need of refurbishing as well as some of the furniture in the lobby. November 7, 2012
Rated 5 out of 5 by jmh2013 Friendly helpful staff The front desk is staffed by helpful, friendly people. Blake and Damien were especially helpful. The room was clean and comfortable and spacious. The location cannot be beat in downtown Indy. September 20, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by JenA1113 Comfortable stay My stay was very comfortable and I was able to sleep very well. I should note I am 7 months pregnant and sleep is hard to come by these days, so getting a full nights sleep was such a blessing! August 23, 2013
Rated 2 out of 5 by WarmGuest No A/C in rooms The hotel was fine except for one major thing... the A/C was not working in the rooms. Meeting rooms had A/C and were nice. The temp in regular room was between 76 and 79 the entire time. April 7, 2014
Rated 4 out of 5 by Harrison Good location and great service It's easy to stay in this hotel. Location is perfect to explore the downtown of Indianapolis by walking. Staff is friendly. Rooms are clean. There is great wiev from pooldeck to city center. July 3, 2012
Rated 3 out of 5 by Dave Recent stay Hotel was comfortable, however, it was near the elevator and very loud, especially until about 2:00 a.m. and then again early in the morning. In addition, neither room phone was operational. February 22, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by rc50 Nice Weekend! We received an upgrade to a suite. Hotel is located central to everything. The staff was great as always! There was an outdoor concert on saturday night at the circle. Will stay here again! May 2, 2012
Rated 5 out of 5 by Denise58 Very comfortable room!! We have stayed at this Sheraton several times before. As always our room was very comfortable. The location is perfect for a walk to the Circle. Next time in Indianapolis we will be back. October 3, 2012
Rated 3 out of 5 by Tmerk Housekeeping Asked room to be made up on Sat. 4/20 at about 1pm. Guest services said they would take care of it. Returned around 10 pm room was not made up. Asked for towels and they were delivered. April 22, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Jessy40 Very accomodating The hotel was beautiful and the staff went above and beyond to make our stay there a pleasant one. The only issue we had was we couldn't seem to get the room cooled down to our liking. August 8, 2012
Rated 4 out of 5 by Traveler69 CHECK IN WAITED ALMOST 3 HOURS TO GET A ROOM. FRONT DESK PERSON SAID THEY WOULD CALL MY CELL WHEN IT WAS READY, BUT THEY NEVER DID. I ARRIVED AFTER 12 NOON, SO IT WAS NOT LIKE I ARRIVED AT 8 AM October 20, 2012
Rated 1 out of 5 by Dale121 This Hotel has a electric problem We spent two nights without electricy My daughter Skerlong did not receive room cleaning while in heer room for two days. You charge for high-end service but provide very bad service. October 30, 2012
Rated 3 out of 5 by LR500 Disappointed with Club Floor Level Great city location. Within walking distance to Lucas Field. Was extremely disappointed with the Club Floor selection of F&B. The extra per night charge was definately not worth it. December 21, 2011
Rated 4 out of 5 by tpw1 Great location This hotel is in an outstanding location, and is rather nice to be only an spg category 2. Lots of great restaurants nearby. Fitness center was small...one bench with a few weights. June 21, 2012
Rated 4 out of 5 by Yano Pre Christmas Family Fun Special occasion downtown, watching and waiting for the " Circle of Lights ". Standing on the 9th floor outside pool area watching the people below and all the activities was fun. December 2, 2013
Rated 4 out of 5 by Edward15 great location. All was good except service. Called 3 times over 2 days, to have fresh towels delivered to my room, never brought, ended up going out in the hall and getting them from a maid. December 12, 2012
Rated 5 out of 5 by Barrbarian Excellent Location Not only was everything up to (and usually exceeding) my standards, but this hotel is in the perfect location to enjoy downtown Indianapolis. I thoroughly enjoyed my stay, November 4, 2013
Rated 1 out of 5 by badnight noise the room my wife was assigned was next to an elevator and so poorly insulated she could not sleep. Is it your practice to assign the worst rooms to customers using points? August 1, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by PennsyGB Very Nice Stay Good location, helpful, efficient staff; nice upgrade to a suite ! Too bad we couldn't stay longer. Delightful Italian restaurant a couple blocks away, around the corner. April 30, 2012
Rated 4 out of 5 by Coach Joe The workout area was not opened. No indoor pool. The biiling at the end was not satidfactory. No last card numbers on the bill indicating I paid for the students ' rooms. February 15, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Jimj49 Great Service I had a wonderful stay at the Sheraton Indy City Center. From the moment I checked until I departed I received GREAT service form all hotel staff I interacted with. Jim January 23, 2013
Rated 5 out of 5 by Terry671 Great stay! Loved this hotel and very friendly staff August 28, 2014


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A method of separating and localizing sources of traveling waves, by obtaining linearly independent time-differentiated instantaneous observations of the sources, from spatial derivatives of the traveling wave acquired using a distributed sensor or a sensor array. The sources are blindly separated by direct application of (static) independent component analysis on the time-differentiated observations, yielding both the sources and their direction cosines relative to the sensor geometry. The method is suited for arrays of small aperture, with dimensions shorter than the coherence length of the waves. In one preferred embodiment, three sources are separated and localized from differential observations on four coplanar sensors positioned on the corners of a square. Applications include miniature microphone arrays for intelligent hearing aids with adaptive suppression of interfering signals and nonstationary noise, and integrated RF arrays for resolving or localizing multiple users or channels from a base station or mobile unit.
1. A method of separating and localizing sources of traveling waves, comprising the steps of:
taking first-order or higher-order spatial derivatives of the traveling wave field in one or more directions around a given reference location in space, thereby obtaining linearly mixed time-differentiated instantaneous observations of said sources; and
blindly separating said linearly mixed time-differentiated instantaneous observations, thereby yielding estimates of said sources and their directions.
2. The method of
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15. The method of
16. A method of separating and localizing up to three sources of traveling waves from three linearly mixed first-order time-differentiated observations of said sources at a reference time instance comprising steps of:
obtaining first said observation by taking a first-order spatial derivative of the traveling wave field in a first direction around a given reference location in space;
obtaining second said observation by taking a first-order spatial derivative of said field in a second direction around said reference location;
obtaining third said observation by taking a first-order temporal derivative of said field around said reference time instance of said observations; and
blindly separating said observations to yield estimates of said sources and their directions.
17. The method of
said spatial derivative in said first direction is approximated by a difference of the field sampled at first and second locations located symmetrically on opposite sides of said reference location; and
said spatial derivative in said second direction is approximated by a difference of the field sampled at third and fourth locations located symmetrically on opposite sides of said reference location, and orthogonal to said first and second locations with respect to said reference location.
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
The present patent application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. provisional application 60/377,605, filed on May 6, 2002.
The invention is directed toward separating and localizing a mixture of broadband signals from observation on a compact array of spatially distributed sensors, each signal being generated by a traveling wave source impinging on the array, arriving from different directions. The sensors measure the field resulting from the traveling wave sources, which could be acoustic, sonar, electromagnetic, or possibly other forms of radiation.
Wavefront sensing in space for localizing sound has been in practice since the pioneering work by Blumlein (as described in British Patent 394325 to Blumlein, �Improvements in and Relating to Sound-Transmission, Sound-Recording and Sound-Reproducing Systems�, 1933), a precursor to the advances in binaural signal processing that we know today. The direction of a traveling wave can be inferred directly by sensing spatial differentials on a sub-wavelength scale, a principle exploited in biology, e.g., by the Sarcophagid Parasitoid Fly Emblemasoma sp. (Robert, D., R. N. Miles and R. R. Hoy, �Tympanal Hearing in the Sarcophagid Parasitoid Fly Emblemasoma sp.: the Biomechanics of Directional Hearing�, 1999). Differentials of a sound pressure field measured in different directions can be linearly combined to implement steerable spatial filters for acoustic beamforming (U.S. Pat. No. 6,041,127 to Elko). Differential sensing for directional sensing is also the guiding principle in monopulse radar and sonar (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,356,231 to Zheng, et al.).
Super-resolution spectral methods are commonly used to localize multiple narrowband sources (Haykin, S. Adaptive Filter Theory, 2nd. Ed., Prentice Hall, 1991). Yet little is known about the problem of localizing and separating multiple broadband sources. Separating mixtures of delayed sources has been addressed with Independent Component Analysis (ICA, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,383,164 to Sejnowski, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,706,402 to Bell, U.S. Pat. No. 6,185,309 to Attias, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,424,960 to Lee, et al.), but requires a large number of parameters to obtain sufficient temporal resolution for precise localization. Adapting delays (U.S. Pat. No. 5,675,659 to Torkkola and U.S. Pat. No. 5,694,474 to Ngo, et al.) reduces the number of parameters, but is prone to local optima.
The approach we present here avoids the problem of separating delayed mixtures by observing spatial differentials of the field, which convey an instantaneous linear mixture of the time-differentiated sources. The resulting formulation is equivalent to that of standard (instantaneous linear) ICA, and a number of approaches exist for such blind separation, e.g. as demonstrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,532 to Comon and U.S. Pat. No. 5,706,402 to Bell, and some leading to efficient VLSI implementation (e.g., Cohen, M. H. and A. G. Andreou, �Current-Mode Subthreshold MOS Implementation of Herault-Jutten Autoadaptive Network,� IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 27, pp. 714-727, May 1992). The mixing coefficients obtained from ICA yield the angles of the incoming waves. Therefore the method claimed here can be seen as a combination of differential wave sensing and ICA, performing at once blind separation and localization of traveling waves.
Spatial differentials can be either obtained using gradient sensors (e.g., differential microphones as customarily used in hearing aids, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,033,090 to Weinrich), or from discrete observations on a grid using a sensor array. The presented technique makes it possible to separate multiple signals with miniature distributed sensors or sensor arrays that are integrated on a single MEMS or VLSI chip.
The invention, termed gradient flow, is a method of separating and localizing sources of traveling waves that impinge on an array of sensors, without the need of resolving time delays of arrivals as customarily performed in beamforming. Gradient flow converts the problem of separating unknown delayed mixtures of sources into a simpler problem of separating unknown instantaneous mixtures of the time-differentiated sources, obtained by acquiring or computing spatial and temporal derivatives on the array. The linear coefficients in the instantaneous mixture directly represent the delays, which in turn determine the direction angles of the sources. This formulation is attractive, since it allows to separate and localize waves of broadband signals using standard tools of independent component analysis (ICA). Direct application of ICA on the spatial and temporal derivatives of the field yield the sources along with their direction angles. The technique is suited for arrays of small aperture, with dimensions shorter than the coherence length of the waves. Applications of gradient flow include miniature microphone arrays for intelligent hearing aids with adaptive suppression of interfering signals and nonstationary noise, and integrated RF arrays for separating or localizing multiple users or channels from a base station or mobile unit.
We consider linear mixtures of traveling waves emitted by sources at various locations, and observed over a distribution of sensors in space. The distribution of sensors could be continuous or discrete. In what follows we assume an array of discrete sensors, but the theory applies as well to sensors distributed continuously in space. However, the sources are assumed to be discrete.
The usual approach of the prior art to wideband separation tries to find the sources by combining the received signals at multiple delayed times. This is computationally expensive. The present approach proposed here reduces the problem of separating mixtures of delayed sources to that of separating an instantaneous mixture of signals related to the sources through a succession of time derivatives of increasing order.
Let the coordinate system r be centered in the array so that the origin coincides with the �center of mass� of the sensor distribution. Referring to the geometry in
In the far-field approximation, the distance from the source 14 is much larger than the dimensions of the sensor array. This is a sensible approximation for an acoustic or RF integrated MEMS or VLSI array with dimensions typically smaller than 1 cm. In this case, the wavefront delay τ(r) is approximately linear in the projection of r on the unit vector u 15 pointing towards the source,
The far-field approximation is not essential to carry through the method of the invention, but it simplifies the exposition. Since the analysis focuses on differentials in the field at very small spatial scale, in the limit approximating spatial derivatives, the far-field approximation holds even for distances close to any of the sources. Likewise, effects of attenuation along the path of wave propagation can be neglected over spatial scales of interest here. It is straightforward to those skilled in the art to extend the concepts and methods described herein to small effects of curvature in the wavefront, and attenuation in propagation.
Spatial sensing of the field by a distributed sensor or a collection of sensors, to infer spatial properties of a source or a mixture of sources, is illustrated in
Let x(r,t) be the signal mixture picked up by a sensor at position r 21. As one special case we will consider a two-dimensional array of sensors 22, with position coordinates p 23 and q 24 so that rpq=pr1+qr2 with orthogonal vectors r1 25 and r2 26 along direction p and q in the sensor plane. It is straightforward to those skilled in the art to extend concepts and methods described herein to one-dimensional and three-dimensional sensor geometries.
In the far-field approximation (Equation 1), each source signal s1 27 contributing to xpq is advanced in time by τpq 1=pτ1 1+qτ2 1, where
A mixture of l=1, 2, . . . L sources is acquired in the sensor plane {p,q} according to
The usual approach to blind source separation and localization attempts to infer both the unknown sources s1 and their direction coordinates τ1 1 and τ2 1, by resolving explicit time delays in the mixture model of Equation 3.
Based on the models just described with reference to FIG. 1 and
The present method resolves temporal derivatives, rather than delays, in the linearly combined signals by taking spatial gradients of x along p and q. The advantage of this technique is that it effectively reduces the problem of estimating sl(t) and τi 1 to that of separating instantaneous (time-differentiated) mixtures of the independent source signals.
Different linear combinations of the L signals s1 are thus obtained by taking spatial derivatives of various orders i and j along the position coordinates p and q, around the origin p=q=0:
The issue of linear independence will be revisited when we consider the geometry of the source angles relative to that of the sensors further below. More linearly independent observations can be obtained by increasing the order k of differentials, and by increasing the number of spatial sensing dimensions from two to three.
In practice, spatial derivatives in Equation 4 are approximated by discrete sampling on the grid xpq(t). Finding the proper sampling coefficients on a grid to approximate derivatives is a well studied problem in digital signal processing (see Rabiner, L. R. and R. W. Schafer, �On the Behavior of Minimax Relative Error FIR Digital Differentiators,� Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 53, pp. 333-361, 1974). For dense sensor arrays, an alternative is to approximate the derivatives using moments over the sensor distribution, giving estimates that are more robust to noise. Distributed sensors that acquire spatial gradients directly are also implementable. For instance, acoustic velocity sensors directly measure gradients of the pressure field.
As a preferred embodiment of the invention, consider the first-order case k=l:
Ignoring for now the noise term n (and for a square matrix, L=3) this problem setting is standard in Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for blind source separation. ICA specifies some sort of statistical independence assumption on the sources s, either in distribution over amplitude or over time, so obtain estimates of the unknown sources from the unknown mixtures. Various formulations of ICA exist (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,315,532 to Comon and U.S. Pat. No. 5,706,402 to Bell), and it is outside the scope of the invention to specify a specific form. It suffices to specify that the form of ICA assumed here is static, in that it assumes that the observations contain static (instantaneous) linear mixtures of the sources. Note that this definition of static ICA includes methods for blind source separation that make use of temporal structure in the dynamics within the sources themselves, as long as the observed mixture of the sources is static. In contrast, �convolutive� ICA techniques explicitly assume convolutive or delayed mixtures in the source observations. Convolutive ICA techniques (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,675,659 to Torkkola, U.S. Pat. No. 6,185,309 to Attias and U.S. Pat. No. 6,424,960 to Lee, et al.) are usually much more involved and require a large number of parameters and long adaptation time horizons for proper convergence.
ICA produces, at best, an estimate ŝ that recovers the original sources s up to arbitrary scaling and permutation. The direction cosines τi 1 are found from the ICA estimate of A, after first normalizing each column (i.e., each source estimate) so that the first row of the estimate �, like the real A according to Equation 7, contains all ones. This simple procedure together with Equation 2 yields estimates of the direction vectors �1 along with the source estimates ŝ1 (t), which are obtained by integrating the components of ŝ over time and removing the DC components.
It is interesting to note the similarity between Equation 7, with L=1, and optical flow for constraint-solving velocity estimation in a visual scene (Barron, J. L., D. J. Fleet and S. S. Beauchemin, �Performance of Optical Flow Techniques,� International Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 12 (1), pp. 43-77, 1994). The method of the invention is termed �gradient flow� in that it expresses differentials in wave propagation.
The presence of the noise term n complicates the estimation of s and A. Assume for now a standard (static) formulation of ICA (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,706,402 to Bell) that attempts to linearly unmix the observations x:
The functional form of the error e allows us to estimate the noise characteristics of the source estimates, without considering details on how ICA obtained these estimates. The covariance of the estimation error is E[ee7′]=A−1E[nn7′](A−1)7′. In other words, the error covariance depends on the covariance of the sensor noise, the geometry of the sensor array, and the orientation of the sources u1 as determined by the mixing matrix A.
For example, consider the case k=1, suitable for a miniature array. A in Equation 7 is square when L=3. The determinant of A can be geometrically interpreted as the volume of the polyhedron spanned by the three source direction vectors u1. The error covariance is minimum when the vectors are orthogonal, and the estimates of s and A become unreliable as the source direction vectors u1 approach the same plane. Therefore, to first order (k=1) at most three non-coplanar sources can be separated and localized with a planar array of sensors.
For arrays of larger dimensions. wave-resolving conditions support a larger number of terms k, and thus a larger number of sources L, given by the number of mixture observations up to order k in Equation 4. For a 2-D array, the maximum number of sources Lmax is
The condition that A as determined by Equation 4 be full rank amounts to constraints on the geometry of the source direction vectors u1, although less restrictive for k>1 than for k=1. For instance, only one source can lie along any given direction u for k=1.
When the number of sources present in Equation 4 is greater than the number of gradient observations, separation and localization is still possible, but requires an informative prior on the sources. In particular, a sparse ICA decomposition is obtained in the overcomplete case L>Lmax by using a Laplacian prior on the sources (Lewicki, M. S. and T. J. Sejnowski, �Learning Overcomplete Representations,� Neural Computation, vol. 12, pp. 337-365, 2000). For example, overcomplete ICA could be directly applied on the mixture of Equation 7 to separate more than three sparse sources.
Multipath in wave propagation causes reverberation of source observations and substantially convolves the analysis. Static ICA no longer separates the sources. However, the gradient flow representation still proves useful in linearly transforming the sensor observations for improved resolution in the representation of the sources. Application of convolutive ICA (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,675,659 to Torkkola, U.S. Pat. No. 6,185,309 to Attias or U.S. Pat. No. 6,424,960 to Lee, et al.) on the gradient flow transformed sensor signals yields estimates of deconvolved, separated sources along with estimates of signatures of the multipath propagation for each of the sources. The spatiotemporal nature of these signatures can be exploited to infer geometry or other spatial characteristics of the reverberant medium hosting the sources.
Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to exemplary embodiments thereof, various other changes, omissions and additions in the form and detail thereof may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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NY Min Wage Rising To $9/hr
Finally! Minimum wages are rising all across the country. Find out who YOUR paycheck will increase.
Finally! Minimum wages are rising all across the country. Find out who YOUR paycheck will increase.
Just when we all thought that boxing champ Floyd Mayweather has learned to be a little more humble and a little less flashy,
Last night, Arsenio Hall made return back to late night television with his show of "The Arsenio Hall Show" after being absence for 19-year absence. The first episode was a started studded show with Jay Leno, Snoop , Paula Abdul and Chris Tucker.
Rumor or Real? New York Knicks J.R.Smith Suspended for 5 Games! Well this rumor is very true!
New York Knicks baller J.R Smith was suspended for 5 games due to violating the NBA's anti-drug policy. Acc
Sounds like there may be another reality show coming soon! Rumor has it that Mona Scott-Young may have an Love & Hip Hop LA series coming real soon and word on the street is that the producers have held meetings looking to cast some people from Hollywood. Although it's not con
This Labor Day weekend two teenage girls went missing and now one is home with God. Details about Lanasha and Unique inside.
Here's my #BigShowMixshow from the week of August 31, 2013 The Big Show with DJ Big Rob on 93.7 WBLK in Buffalo. Featuring Brand New and Exclusive music from Jay-Z, ASAP Ferg, Future, 2 Chainz, Beenie Man, Popcaan, Konshens, Big Sean, Rick Ross, Drake, Lil Wayne and More
Setting the city straight at 8 with the newest mixshow in Buffalo. The
So a man takes you out on a date and when it comes time to pay, he pulls out a COUPON! Would you feel like a "Cheap Date" or are you down with the discount date? Chime in and see what others think on this Hot Topic Tuesday!
This Friday DJ Heat put the playlist on shuffle and all type of random greatness showed up in the Jazzy Drive at 5 mixshow. Relive every minute of today's show or hear what your Timeline was talking about. Listen to the podcast inside.
On Wednesday August 28th we celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington and Martin Luther King's "I Have A Dream" speech. Find out about local Buffalo events and listen to Dr. King say his dream is now a nightmare in this rare color television interview.
The Queen City was treated to an intimate experience with Author, Speaker and Journalist Sophia A Nelson this past weekend as she shared 5 traits of highly successful women and other life tools inside.
President Obama will kick off his "middle class" promotional tour in Western New York! Details inside.


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I did not make this headline up
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|1 week 5 days ago
Or having a running back get 30 carries a game, or requiring the opposing defense to tackle you more often. You could say their is a safety issue with any offense.
|2 weeks 2 days ago
are we tracking Dave Brandon's flight back to Michigan?
|3 weeks 1 hour ago
I'm personally a fan of Namaste.
|3 weeks 1 hour ago
|Start with the big name craft beers
Start with the big name local craft, such as anything Founders, Atwater Dirty Blonde, Bell's Two Hearted Ale, and the seasonal Oberon which comes out soon. This way you should get some kind of idea of the styles of beer you like,ie IPA, Amber Red, ect. Then eventually start branching out to popular, but less known brands like Brewery Viviant, and Short's. Then the out of state stuff like dogfish and New Belgium
|3 weeks 1 hour ago
|Start with the big name craft beers
Start with the big name local craft, such as anything Founders, Atwater Dirty Blonde, Bell's Two Hearted Ale, and the seasonal Oberon which comes out soon. This way you should get some kind of idea of the styles of beer you like,ie IPA, Amber Red, ect. Then eventually start branching out to popular, but less known brands like Brewery Viviant, and Short's. Then the out of state stuff like dogfish and New Belgium
|4 weeks 4 days ago
|Yes, I am
Wow, yea. That actually would be pretty awesome. I am currently in the process of trying to get one.
EDIT: I really like working in academic advising, but I'd also be interested in really any position/department.
|4 weeks 4 days ago
First Name: Raining
Hometown: South Lyon
HS: South Lyon High School
Mascot: Lions (Yea I know)
Sports Played In HS: Cross Country, Swimming, Track
College: Grand Valley State University
Just graduated, and currently working a paid internship within a NCAA D1 Athletic Department, and then hopefully grad school.
Interesting Fact 1: It's hard to break into sports, also Dave Brandon really is a dick.
Interesting Fact 2: The Mantis Shrimp's two frontal appendages accelerate with the same velocity as a gunshot from a twenty-two caliber rifle.
|5 weeks 4 days ago
|The NBA should use the NHL format
I can't help but think that the NHL draft/youth system would be perfect for the NBA, and would solve many of these issues.
In case your unfamiliar with how the NHL does things, basically teams draft the rights to an 18 year old (or older) player, which means only that team can sign a player for a designated amount of time. These teams decide when they actually want the player to sign a contract, meaning the prospect can still play in college, overseas, or in Juniors. The NHL team offers a contract, sending them down to the AHL or big league club whenever they feel like the player is ready to play professionally.
If the NBA were to adopt this system, all these NBDL players that left school early, would have a better idea of if they can play in the NBA and when. Teams could leave a player to develop in college for four years, giving them the chance to earn a degree, or could immediatly sign and start a once-in-a-blue-moon 18 year old stud, like Lebron James, whose ready to play now.
This system would effectively solve two major issues in college basketball. Both the one-and-done system, and players leaving early.
|5 weeks 4 days ago
Jim is actually trying to get Suh to join him with the Oakland Raiders, according to an ESPN source.
|6 weeks 4 days ago
|Players to Watch
Here are the players that I'm going to be following in order to see how the respond to Harbaugh Competition/Coaching
The Obvious Candidates
"Sugar" Shane Morris
Jabrill Peppers
Intresting Guys to Follow
Logan Tuley-Tillman
Mason Cole
Ondre Pipkens
|7 weeks 5 days ago
|These are 17 year olds
Attention > logic
|7 weeks 5 days ago
|8 weeks 3 hours ago
|Remember Jake Ryan
Jake Ryan was a MAC guy that we flipped last second. Last time I checked, he turned out just fine. If the coaches are excited about a player, they believe they can mol'd hom into an elite talent.
|8 weeks 3 hours ago
|Remember Jake Ryan
Jake Ryan was a MAC guy that we flipped last second. Last time I checked, he turned out just fine. If the coaches are excited about a player, they believe they can mol'd hom into an elite talent.
|8 weeks 3 hours ago
|Remember Jake Ryan
Jake Ryan was a MAC guy that we flipped last second. Last time I checked, he turned out just fine. If the coaches are excited about a player, they believe they can mol'd hom into an elite talent.
|8 weeks 19 hours ago
|This year was particularly bad
At least in previous years, you weren't saying "Awe man, not another serious/ mopey commercial." Seriously, I remember maybe about five commercials that actually were funny and had a punch line that made sense to the majority of the people in the room. I mean, this year had a dead kid commercial.
|8 weeks 1 day ago
|the key here
The key here is that you guys were both persistant, and you got in on it early.
|8 weeks 1 day ago
|Special note to all parents of football players.
To all football player parents out there, please, please never make your college financing plan on the assumption that your athlete is going to get a football scholarship. The love and pride that you have in your child may make you believe that he is the best football player alive, however a coach isn't likely going to see them in the same way. Their are just so few D1 scholarships avaliable, and the players that do get them are physical specimens. Lower divisions, like D2, have fewer scholarships in which they break up and deviate pieces of them up. Therefore, very few players have full scholarships.
I'm only saying all of this because at my old high school, a movement is being led by some bat shit crazy parents that calls for several sports to be eliminated in order to invest more resources into the schools 2 win football team, under the belief that it would lead to more football scholarships.
|8 weeks 1 day ago
|Clarification Question
Sorry, but here is a small novel.
Will your friends son be a junior during his next football season? (i.e. 2 years left of HS football eligibility) or is he about to enter his senior year?
I ask because the situation changes if he is about to become a senior. I had some experience being around the Grand Valley State (D2)football team a few years ago, and I know that the coaches already had a big board of recruiting targets drawn up after that classes junior year. Abut 99 percent of those guys are players that the coaches know won't get a D1 offer. Some names, but not many, may get added to that board based on an elite senior year.
Now considering your athlete in question plays in a small league, he could very well be one of those rare late bloomers that goes from zero interest to D1 offers. Just keep in mind, it's unlikely. If they haven't heard anything from D1 coaches, D1 is probably not happening.
I'm not telling you this to shatter dreams, but just alter your approach and targets if they are about to be a senior. Camps would be helpful, but the best thing to do would be send tape directly to local coaches via email and mail. This can be done by going to an athletic departments online staff directory. If the have a secretary, call the secretary and ask what coach is in charge of the region your football player plays in.
Another method I would recommend is to create a profile on recruiting websites like berecruited. Smaller schools use these sites to fill out a team.
If they are about to be a junior. Do good at camps and small tournaments. Invest in a quality camera.
|8 weeks 3 days ago
|Your Ghostbusters Avatar
Your Ghostbusters avatar makes me depressed, as it serves as a reminder that they are rebooting the series with an all female cast.
|8 weeks 6 days ago
If you go about a mile off of campus, Allendale looks just like this picture. Most of the kids go to Grand Rapids for the weekend
|9 weeks 17 hours ago
|(No subject)
|9 weeks 3 days ago
|It's not unreasonable
Michigan wouldn't be the only one that would have a live dangerous animal living on campus. Baylor has a live bear exhibit in the heart if their campus. They actually used to have students take the bears for walks accross campus.
|9 weeks 3 days ago
|We have Harbaugh
|9 weeks 5 days ago
|Jackson was an even better coach
When he was at Navy, He single handedly coached that team to their national championship back in 1926.
|10 weeks 4 days ago
GRCC doesn't have a team anymore. If he went to Grand Valley on the other hand, me and all of Allendale would be ecstatic.
|10 weeks 6 days ago
|As someone who had lived in both
As someone whose lived in both Grand Rapids and South Lyon, here's my advice:
Move to the West side if you want to raise a family. Grand Rapids is a booming city that has been built by a few billionaire philanthropists. It's a very safe city as well, I used to live downtown and would go on night distance runs. Nearby town of Holland was named as the second happiest town in America. Plus Lake Michigan is right nearby. Overall the West side would be the absolute best choice if you like beer and raise a more conservative/religious family, although it's still a great place to live even if your not.
South Lyon has benefits, but there is a massive drug problem in the schools.
|11 weeks 19 hours ago
|So what your saying is
So what your saying is that we WANT to go to Bolivia?
Ok, BRING BACK BRANDON!
|12 weeks 1 day ago
|Is that
Is that counting the bowl game?
|12 weeks 3 days ago
|I don't like Drew Sharp
But in his defense, journalists are taught in college to write no higher than a high school level, so that people of all education backgrounds can read the news.


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Best and Worst Beers?
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Join Date: Apr 2009
Location: Vancouver
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Originally Posted by
I hate strong beer. My buddy always buys some crazy Norwegian beer or whatever and I can barely choke it down. Definitely not a fan of dark/strong beer. Just give me a nice smooth crisp beer. Bud goes down smooth up here in Calgary. Maybe we brew it better than you guys... who knows.
Nah it's the exact same everywhere. Thats part of the reason it sells so well, and part of the reason why their brewers tend to be engineers and dudes in lab coats.
The fast food argument is just because, from time to time most of us like fast food, but not many would make it their entire diet. It's not home cooking, or a high end restaurant, it's a factory produced product that is the same here as it is in a China.
Also note not every beer outside of macro products is a big dark beer, or one with tons of flavour. I've made my share (and drank my share of commercially available) lagers that aren't full of corn and rice to make them cheap.
Also, not trying to say your choices are wrong, just provided an observation.
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January 05, 2015
Finishing up in the studio!
This week will be the final week I'm in the studio for the new music I've been working on since my time on The Voice. I've had an amazing journey so far and I'm sure this will just be the beginning. I'm so very thankful for each fan who has supported and is continuing to support my career by coming to see me at concert events or by downloading my music from iTunes... you guys are the reason I want to continue to make great music. Please stay tuned as I will be posting some of the new music for you to hear and I also want your feedback. If you haven't done it already please go like my Facebook page and also follow me on Twiiter to keep up with the most recent postings of what's going on with me. Facebook: Justinriversmusic & Twitter: @justinrivers
November 15, 2014
Since my time on the Voice, I've spent quite a bit of time writing songs and recording in the studio. I've had a chance to write with some amazing writers such as, Bobby Tomberlin, Trent Tomlinson, Lonnie Wilson, John Pierce, Justin Lantz, Dan Truman, Tony Wood and Don Poytress just to name a few. I have also been fortunate enough to spend some time working on my live shows and traveling the U.S performing for my fans… as well as opening for major country artists like: Darius Rucker and Randy Houser. I've recently reconnected with a friend I've worked with before, Jay Demarcus of Rascal Flatts. We have been working on several songs which will be released in the near future. I'm very excited for my fans to hear the latest music from me because I believe it will be music that they can connect with and enjoy listening to. I'm really excited about the possibilities and opportunities that this new music will bring. Stay tuned for upcoming events and also the music release. I look forward to meeting each of you out on the road soon.


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Most Common Lies You Hear On A First Date [Video]
We all have done it. Told a little white lie to impress our first dates. It's all about the first impression...RIGHT?
We all have done it. Told a little white lie to impress our first dates. It's all about the first impression...RIGHT?
Figures show that the average person ends up spending $688.62 on their children.
An ongoing investigation by the Food and Drug Administration has prompted Consumer Reports to urge parents not to use spray-on sunscreen on or near children.
Have you ever had the problem of removing a stuck ring from your finger? Use dental floss to get it off. Here is how you do it.
The website TSM came up with a list that ONLY girls with big butts can relate to. I think they hit the nail on the head!
Have you ever wondered what the people of England thought of our accents? Yeah, me either, but it is kind of interesting.
This video was shot just outside of New Orleans, and it shows a swamp tour guide in the water with alligators, feeding them.
A 12-year-old girl by the name of Athena Orchard passed away just last week after her battle with cancer, but she left a little piece of herself behind.
It's wedding season, which really translates to "people doing epic things at weddings then posting them on the internet" season. This Maid of Honor rapping her speech is legit.
The first thing that comes to mind is... whee! This is a kid's dream and most adults want to play on it too. A quick and removable indoor slide!


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A winter storm mostly skirted the Santa Clarita Valley in terms of rain but brought cold winds and freezing temperatures to the area as residents prepared to usher in the new year.
Former Santa Clarita Valley representative Sharon Runner said this week she is "99.9 percent" committed to a run to retake a seat in the California state Senate - three years after a rare autoimmune disease required her to undergo a life-saving double lung transplant.
Santa Clarita Valley Sheriff's Station deputies are reminding the public to take extra precautions this week as the Santa Clarita Valley celebrates the beginning of a new year.
Home sales went up in Santa Clarita last month, and local real estate officials said a vibrant local economy and the desirability of the community are helping keep the city's market going strong.
A Lancaster woman was killed in the Santa Clarita Valley Monday night after her vehicle careened off Highway 14 and overturned.
Editor's note: Updates throughout.
Editor's note: Adds details throughout.
New fencing, a new irrigation system and new shade trees are among the improvements made or planned for the girls softball field at Canyon High School, Hart district officials said Monday.
One person was injured Monday when two vehicles collided at a Santa Clarita Valley intersection.
Santa Clarita Valley residents who want to brave the city's annual Arctic Chill Polar Bear Swim on New Year's Day may find conditions uncomfortably authentic this year.
A Santa Clarita woman pleaded not guilty today to charges of animal cruelty in connection with the starvation of several horses in Leona Valley, a District Attorney's Office spokesman said.
For more than a decade, Marsha McLean has helped shape the development of the city of Santa Clarita.
When the New Year arrives, it's out with the old as far as the family Christmas tree is concerned - an easy task thanks to Santa Clarita Valley trash haulers.
Linda Bennett believes firmly in a connection between feeling good and living a longer, healthier life. She's sees the proof nearly every day.
By the time calendars flip to February next year, three of the Santa Clarita Valley's school districts will officially be under the leadership of new superintendents.
Is an increase to Los Angeles County's minimum wage on the horizon?
It's taken some time, but the butterfly sculpture referred to by some as the "Bouquet Bug" has finally found a place to rest its weary wings.
A former mobster in New York's notorious Colombo crime family will share his story of power, violence and overcoming life's challenges at the upcoming annual Santa Clarita Valley Mayors Prayer Breakfast.
Cindy Newhall-Weyant, granddaughter of former Signal Publisher Scott Newhall, died Monday after a 15-year struggle with multiple sclerosis. She was 51 years old.
Detectives with the Santa Clarita Valley Sheriff's Station canvassed the Rainbow Glen Neighborhood Tuesday looking for witnesses to Sunday's shooting that involved an off-duty LAPD officer, a sheriff's spokesman said.
A Placerita Junior High School student detained last week for allegedly posting online threats directed at school staffers and claiming he would bring guns to school is now facing criminal charges, a spokesman for the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office said.
The fans and parents, the cheers and applause, smiles and sweat all served to make the sixth annual Hart Games Track and Field Meet truly special Tuesday as more than 300 kids competed in track events at Valencia High School.
On Wednesday, despite what state water regulators want, Santa Clarita Valley residents and businesses return to a three-day-a-week lawn-watering schedule for the summer.
A former Valencia man who worked part-time at a Santa Clarita Valley church last year has been sentenced to 25 years in prison for committing six counts of sodomy.
A woman who plunged 200 feet down a ravine during location filming Monday in Canyon Country was taken to the hospital with minor injuries, a spokesman for the Los Angeles County Fire Department said.
Santa Clarita Valley sheriff's detectives have called off the search for a man thought involved in Sunday's car-to-car shooting in Canyon Country and said Monday they are no longer looking for a suspect.
A Newhall homeowner Monday shot at a very large, roaming "Mastiff-type" dog after it reportedly attacked him, causing the unleashed animal to flee into the hills, animal control and law enforcement officials said.
Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Roger Reynolds will be featured at the California Institute of the Arts Wild Beast Chamber Music Series on Sunday alongside Mark Menzies, a violin professor and programming adviser at CalArts.
A Valencia man was sentenced Monday to 143 years to life in state prison for multiple counts of sex offenses committed against a minor, a spokeswoman for the District Attorney's Office said.
It's late Sunday night, you're heading home after a long weekend, and the traffic ahead on the freeway suddenly turns into solid red brake lights as far as you can see.