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Brief article
Subitizing reflects visuo-spatial object individuation capacity
Manuela Piazzaa,b,c,⇑, Antonia Fumarolaa,d, Alessandro Chinelloa,b, David Melchera,b
aCenter for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy
bDepartment of Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Italy
cINSERM, U562, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Gif/Yvette, France
dDepartment of Psychology ''Gaetano Kanizsa'', University of Trieste, Italy
a r t i c l ei n f o
Article history:
Received 19 February 2010
Revised 6 May 2011
Accepted 21 May 2011
Available online xxxx
Visuo-spatial working memory
Visuo-spatial attention
Capacity limits
a b s t r a c t
Subitizing is the immediate apprehension of the exact number of items in small sets.
Despite more than a 100 years of research around this phenomenon, its nature and origin
are still unknown. One view posits that it reflects a number estimation process common for
small and large sets, which precision decreases as the number of items increases, according
to Weber's law. Another view proposes that it reflects a non-numerical mechanism of
visual indexing of multiple objects in parallel that is limited in capacity. In a previous
research we have gathered evidence against the Weberian estimation hypothesis. Here
we provide first direct evidence for the alternative object indexing hypothesis, and show
that subitizing reflects a domain general mechanism shared with other tasks that require
multiple object individuation.
? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The exact nature and origin of subitizing, the immediate
apprehension of the exact number of items in small sets, is
currently debated. One hypothesis posits that it reflects a
numerosity estimation process common for small and large
sets, which precision decreases as the number of items in-
creases, according to Weber's law (Dehaene & Changeux,
1993; Gallistel & Gelman, 1991). In a previous investiga-
tion, however, we have discarded this account by showing
that enumeration responses (in terms of accuracy, esti-
mates distributions, and reaction times) dramatically differ
for sets of few items compared to sets with a large number
of items with identical ratios (e.g. 1, 2, 3, ... , 8 vs. 10, 20,
30, ... , 80). Moreover, according to the single estimation
process hypothesis, individual variability in subitizing
capacity should correlate with the individual variability in
the precision of large numerosity estimation. Thus, for
example, a small subitizing capacity should indicate a
in turns, should produce low accuracy in large numerosity
estimation. Contrary to this prediction, however, we have
shown that the two capacities do not correlate across sub-
jects (Revkin, Piazza, Izard, Cohen, & Dehaene, 2008).
An alternative view on subitizing proposes that it
reflects a mechanism of individuating multiple objects in
parallel (Trick & Pylyshyn, 1994) that is not specific to
the domain of number processing. The term ''individua-
tion'' is here used to emphasize the fact that items are,
through this mechanism, perceived as specific individuals
with a given identity and spatial location. According to this
view, such parallel individuation mechanism would be
common to any tasks requiring multiple objects individua-
tion. One such task is visual working memory (VWM),
where subjects encode multiple objects at a time to subse-
quently compare them to other objects. Like subitizing,
visual working memory also shows capacity limits of
around three to four items (Luck & Vogel, 1997), even if
the exact estimates of such limit are not fixed, but vary
depending on the participants and task parameters (Alva-
rez & Cavanagh, 2004; Bays & Husain, 2008; Melcher,
2001; Melcher & Morrone, 2007).
0010-0277/$ - see front matter ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
⇑Corresponding author at: INSERM, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit,
NeuroSpin Center, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Tel.: +33 (0)1
69 08 19 06.
E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (M. Piazza).
Cognition xxx (2011) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/COGNIT
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In the developmental literature, this multiple object
tracking mechanism is sometimes defined as based on ''ob-
ject files'', intended as temporary representations of indi-
vidual objects from a scene (for a review, see (Feigenson,
Dehaene, & Spelke, 2004)). Physiologically, we may think
of this mechanism as an internal map whereby a limited
number of salient objects, as well as their locations can
be highlighted in parallel and subsequently used for
actions such as grasping or eye movements (Xu & Chun,
2009), or for cognitive tasks such as matching them with
other objects or assessing their number (Gottlieb, 2007).
We thus reason that if subitizing relies on such a do-
main-general process of visuo-spatial individuation, which
is not specific to numerical judgements, then the existing
inter-individual variability in subitizing (Revkin et al.,
2008) and VWM capacity (Vogel & Machizawa, 2004)
should tightly correlate, in the absence of correlation be-
tween either of these measures with the precision of large
numerosity estimation (Halberda, Mazzocco, & Feigenson,
2008; Piazza et al., 2010). We further reasoned that if the
individuation process needs to be accessed simultaneously
by the requirements of different tasks, as in a dual task
condition, then we should observe decreased capacity.
According with this idea, even an apparently basic ability
like subitizing should be impaired if its core resource
(the individuation ''map'') is being used for another task.
To test this hypothesis, we measured enumeration accu-
racy with and without a concurrent VWM task. Finally,
complementary to this prediction, we also reasoned that
if large numerosity estimation abilities do not heavily rely
on the individuation map, then they should not be im-
paired by a concurrent individuation task. Thus, we mea-
sured large numerosity comparison performance with
and without a concurrent VWM task.
2. Methods
2.1. Single task experiment
age = 26.2 years), naïve to the scope of the research, gave
written informed consent. The experiment took place in a
quiet, dimly lit room. Participants sat in front of the com-
puter monitor at a viewing distance of about 50 cm and
with their face fixed on a chinrest. Vocal and manual re-
sponses were recorded by a microphone and the E-prime
response box respectively. Each participant performed
the following three tasks, in randomized order.
healthy participants (10males,mean
2.1.1. Dots counting task
Participants were presented with arrays of one to eight
colored dots appearing in a central gray circle subtending
3?, and asked to name aloud their number as quickly and
accurately as possible (for one exemplar stimulus and the
exact trial structure see Fig. 1, panel A). In order to make
sure that participants' estimation was based on numerosi-
ty and not on other factors, dots were generated so that,
across numerosities, half were of constant dot density
and the other half of constant dot size (Revkin et al.,
2008). Dot colors varied randomly among nine easily
discriminable colors, selected without replacement. Re-
sponses given within 1600 ms were entered by the exper-
imenter with a keyboard. The experiment started with 10
training trials, and comprised 160 trials, organized in five
2.1.2. Visual working memory task (hereafter VWM task)
Participants were presented with two arrays (a sample
and a target array, separated by a retention interval) of
one to eight dots of different colors (selected randomly
without replacement), and were asked to perform a vocal
same–different judgment. Apparatus and stimuli were
the same as the dot counting task (see Fig. 2, panel A). In
half of the trials the test array was identical to the sample
array, while in the remaining half the color of one item was
changed. Responses given within 2000 ms were entered by
the experimenter with a keyboard. The experiment started
with 10 training trials, and comprised 160 trials, organized
in five blocks.
2.1.3. Dots comparison task
Participants were presented with two dots arrays (black,
on a gray circular background, presented laterally of a cen-
tral white fixation cross) and judged, without exact count-
ing, which one contained more dots by pressing the
response box button on the side of the larger array. The ar-
rays remained on the screen until subjects gave their re-
sponse. Dots number varied from 10 to 44, such that the
numerical ratio between the two arrays spanned five val-
ues: 1.06, 1.14, 1.23, 1.33, or 1.6. The arrays were generated
to be equated on half the trials in dot size and in the other
half in occupied area (Piazza, Izard, Pinel, Le Bihan, &
Dehaene, 2004). The experiment started with 10 training
trials and comprised 140 trials, organized in seven blocks.
2.2. Dual task experiments
Two new groups of subjects performed two separate
experiments, one investigating the pattern of interference
between VWM and counting, and the other investigating
the pattern of interference between VWM and large num-
ber estimation.
2.2.1. Dots counting and VWM
Seventeen healthy adult subjects (seven males, mean
age = 22.6 years) were tested. In the same trial, they per-
formed two tasks, a counting and a working memory task,
in a typical dual task condition. In order to obtain a baseline
measure,theyalso performedthecountingtask alonewhile
VWM task alone while ignoring the enumeration stimuli, in
separate blocks. Participants were first presented with a
memory set of either two or four colored circles displayed
near fixation. The circles were 1? in diameter and were in
one of eight colors (black, white, red, green, blue, yellow,
purple or brown), selected randomly without replacement.
The memory set was then replaced with the counting set,
consisting in arrays of one to eight Gabor stimuli (oriented
contrast gratings windowed by a Gaussian function) dis-
played against a mean gray background and subsequently
masked with 24 randomly oriented Gabor stimuli. Each
M. Piazza et al./Cognition xxx (2011) xxx–xxx
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Page 3
within a radius of 8? from the center of the screen. After the
participants were asked to first report the number of Gabor
(primary task) and then report whether the twocolored cir-
cle displays were identical or different (secondary task),
were 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 stimuli presented. The other 10% of trials,
trial was set to always show 3, 5, 7 or 9 stimuli, for this rea-
son). The counting and the VWM stimuli never spatially
overlapped, as the area within a 3? radius from fixation
was reserved to the VWM stimuli. The experiment started
with 20 training trials and comprised 330 experimental tri-
als, organized in three blocks.
2.2.2. Dots comparison and VWM
Fifteen healthy adult subjects (four males, mean
age = 28 years), were tested. In the same trial, participants
performed both a dot comparison and a working memory
task, in a typical dual task condition. In order to obtain a
baseline measure, they also performed the dot comparison
task alone, while ignoring the working memory stimuli on
the screen, in a separate block. The condition order (dual
task first or control task first) was randomized across par-
ticipants. Trials started with the presentation of a memory
set consisting in one to eight colored dots which were dis-
played within a central gray circle (subtending 4.8?) for
500 ms. Dots were identical to the ones used in the single
WM task (see description above). The memory set was
then cleared from the screen and replaced after 500 ms
with the comparison sets, consisting of two arrays of black
dots, appearing in two lateral white circles at an offset of
5.7? from fixation bilaterally. Dots were identical to the
ones used in the single dots comparison task (see descrip-
tion above). The comparison sets were presented for
1000 ms, and followed by 500 ms blank. Finally, the
memory test set appeared in the central circle, for
250 ms, and was followed by 250 ms blank, marking the
end of the trial. Participants were asked to first judge
which lateral array contained more dots by pressing the
mouse keys on the same side as the larger array (primary
12 3 4
Set size
5 678
Response Time (ms)
Error rate
200 ms
How many?
250 ms
100 ms
Fig. 1. Dots counting task. Example of stimuli, trial structure and timing (panel A). Performance (RTs and error rate) as a function of set size (panel B). Error
bars are SEM.
700 ms
Same or different?
1000 ms
200 ms
100 ms
2000 ms
Set size
Number of objects encoded (K)
Fig. 2. Visual working memory task. Example of stimuli, trial structure and timing (panel A). Performance (in terms of number of objects encoded) as a
function of set size (panel B). Error bars are SEM.
M. Piazza et al./Cognition xxx (2011) xxx–xxx
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Page 4
task), and then report whether the two colored circles sets
displayed centrally were identical or different (secondary
task), via keyboard key press. The experiment started with
10 training trials and comprised 200 trials, organized in
five blocks.
3. Results
3.1. Single task experiments
(RTs)anderrorsincreasedwithsetsize(F(7, 105) = 155.279,
p = 0.001, and F(7, 105) = 55.95, p = 0.000, respectively), but
only starting from numerosity 3 onwards (see Fig. 1, panel
We estimated, for each subject, the subitizing capacity
(hereafter S) by fitting the full RTs curve with a sigmoid
function of numerosity and taking the inflexion point of
that curve (Revkin et al., 2008). Data fit was very good
(R2= 0.89, SD = 0.09) and yielded a mean estimate across
subjects of 4.47 (range = 3.81–5, SD = 0.36; Shapiro–Wilk
test (p = 0.57) confirmed that data was normally distrib-
uted). While such sigmoid fit appeared to be the most
appropriate approach to the present data (see Fig. 1, panel
B), the numerical output used to estimate subitizing (e.g.
the flex of the sigmoid) grossly overestimates the actual
subitizing range (Revkin et al., 2008). Such overestimation
should not be considered as a problem in this study be-
cause the scope of the fitting is to capture the inter-
individual differences, and this method does this very well.
However, in order to thoroughly check the consistency and
reliability of our estimated inter-individual differences, we
also fitted a bilinear function to the data and took the
intersection between the two lines as another estimate of
subitizing (Green & Bavelier, 2003). Given the drop in RTs
for the large numerosity, probably due to guessing end-ef-
fects, we excluded the last data point, and fitted RTs for
numerosities 1–7. This model also fit the data well
(R2= 0.94, SD = 0.03), and gave an estimated subitizing
range of 2.2 (range = 1.39–2.78, SD = 0.5, data not normally
distributed, Shapiro–Wilk p = 0.005). Importantly, as ex-
pected, the ranges estimated with these two methods
highly correlated across subjects (R = 0.83, p = 0.000).
In the VWM task, accuracy declined with increased set
size (set size 1:99%; 2:98%; 3:95%; 4:95%; 5:85%; 6:81%;
7:73%; 8:78) (F(7, 105) = 32.93, p = 0.000) especially start-
ing from sets with more than four objects.
The number of objects encoded at each set size (N), esti-
mated with Cowan's K formula (Cowan, 2001), increased
up to set size 4, and levelled off thereafter (see Fig. 2, panel
B). For each subject, we took the average K across set sizes
as an estimate of their capacity. Across subjects, the aver-
age estimated K was 3.01 (range = 1.6–4.1, SD = 0.62, data
normally distributed, Shapiro–Wilk test p = 0.69).
In the dots comparison task, performance was modu-
lated by the ratio between the sets, according to Weber's
law. Accuracy was used to estimate the internal Weber
fraction (hereafter W), a measure of the precision of the
numerical estimation, for each participant, using a method
previously described (Dehaene, 2007; Piazza et al., 2004).
Data fit was very good (average R2= 0.90, SD = 0.12), and
yielded a mean estimate of 0.20 (range = 0.09–0.32,
SD = 0.067,normallydistributed,
p = 0.85), in excellent agreement with previous reports
(Piazza et al., 2010).
We conducted correlation analysis between the esti-
mated measures: subitizing capacity (S), VWM capacity
(K) and the numerosity estimation precision (w). If subitiz-
ing relies on a single process of visuo-spatial individuation,
used for multiple tagging of objects in parallel in various
tasks, then subitizing range and VWM capacity should
tightly correlate, in the absence of correlation between
these measures and the precision of numerosity compari-
son (w). Results clearly confirmed these predictions. First,
we replicated the absence of correlation between subitiz-
ing capacity and numerosity comparison precision first ob-
served by Revkin et al. (2008) (R = 0.13, p = 0.63, and
R = 0.12, p = 0.64 for S calculated with the sigmoid and
the bilinear fit respectively). Second, we confirmed that
numerosity comparison precision was also unrelated to
VWM capacity (R = 0.07, p = 0.80). Finally, and crucially,
we observed a significant linear correlation between subi-
tizing capacity and VWM capacity (R = 0.73, p = 0.001; 95%
confidence interval, 0.37–0.9, and Kendall's Tau correlation
coefficient = .370, p = 0.04, for the sigmoid and the bilinear
fit for deriving S, respectively) (see Fig. 3).
We statistically confirmed that the correlation between
S and VWM is significantly higher that the correlation be-
tween S and W, by performing a Z1bar⁄test (Steiger, 1980)
(Z = 2.228, p = 0.02).
3.2. Dual task experiments
3.2.1. Dots counting and VWM
Without any added VWM load, counting performance
was near perfect for up to four items, with a drop in pro-
portion correct when six or eight items were presented.
Thus, the subitizing range was around four items, consis-
tent with previous reports. The addition of the VWM load
3.5 4 4.5 5
VWM capacity
Subitizing capacity
Fig. 3. Correlation between visual working memory and subitizing
capacity across subjects.
M. Piazza et al./Cognition xxx (2011) xxx–xxx
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Page 5
strongly modulated counting performance (ANOVA main
effect of VWM load (F(2, 32) = 21.78, p < 0.001)) (see
Fig. 2, panel B). The effect of VWM increased for larger
numbers of items (interaction between VWM load and
set size (F(8, 32) = 2.35, p = 0.037). The main effect of
VWM load was significant for a memory load of two items
(F(1, 16) = 13.01, p = 0.002) and for the larger memory load
of four items (F(1, 16) = 47.54, p < 0.001).
In order to more directly test the hypothesis that subi-
tizing capacity can be modulated by concurrent working
memory load, we estimated, for each subject, the subitiz-
ing capacity (S) by fitting the accuracy curve with a
sigmoid function of numerosity, closer to the accuracy data
available in this experiment then a bilinear function fit (see
Fig. 4, panel B). Data fit (R2= 0.89, SD = 0.16) yielded a
average estimate of S across subjects and the three load
conditions of 4.7 (SD = 0.97). Subitizing capacity correlated
across subjects in the no load vs. load conditions (R = 0.70,
p = 0.002), suggesting that our measure is a reliable one.
Despite such inter-subject consistency, however, in confir-
mation to our hypothesis we observed that the estimated S
was higher in the no load condition and decreased propor-
tionally with VWM load (ANOVA main effect of VWM load
F(2,32) = 15.72, p < 0.001, pairwise planned comparisons
all p < 0.001).
Consistent with the hypothesis that VWM and enu-
meration would interfere with each other based on a
shared capacity limit, performance on the VWM task
was best when the number of items to enumerate was
low (especially when there was only one item) and much
worse when there were many items to enumerate. There
was a main effect of the number of items to enumerate
on VWM performance (F(4, 13) = 56.31, p < 0.001). The
presence of an interaction between the VWM set size
and the number of items to enumerate (F(4, 13) = 8.35,
p = 0.001) may be explained by the particularly good per-
formance when there were few items and a small set size
(performance was near perfect for the VWM set size of
two items when there was only one item to enumerate).
This overall trend can be seen by plotting percent correct
in the VWM task as a function of the total number of
items presented during the trial, including both the
memory set and the enumeration stimuli (see Fig. 4, pa-
nel C). The flex in the curve between three and four
items suggests that here was a trade-off in performance
consistent with a limited, shared resource for the two
3.2.2. Dots comparison and VWM
One subject responded quasi randomly in the dots com-
parison task, in both the no load and the load task, such that
his psychometric curves were not fittable, and we thus ex-
cluded the data from further analysis. The significant corre-
lation of the weber fraction across subjects in the no load
Proportion of errors
Set size
no load
load 2
load 4
Total number of items in both tasks
56810 12
300 ms
500 ms
500 ms
200 ms
500 ms
100 ms
250 ms
Task 1. How many Gabors?
Task 2. Same or different?
Proportion of errors
Fig. 4. Dual-task experiments. Example of stimuli, trial structure and timing (panel A). The Gabor stimuli were presented at 60% contrast, in order to
maintain good visibility but avoid afterimages. Pilot testing revealed that up to nine stimuli could be accurately counted given unlimited time. Performance
in the dots counting task as a function of set size (panel B). Separate lines show performance without a VWM load (black), with a concurrent memory load of
two items (dark gray) or of four items (light gray). Performance in the VWM task as a function of total number of items presented during the memory set
and enumeration set (panel C). Note that data for two and four items includes that found in the control condition in which the participants ignored the
enumeration task and concentrated only on the VWM task. Error bars are SEM.
M. Piazza et al./Cognition xxx (2011) xxx–xxx
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vs. load conditions (R = 0.82, p = 0.001), suggests that our
measure is a reliable one. Without any added VWM load,
subjects were quit precise in the dots comparison task,
yieldingto anestimated
(SD = 0.09). For the condition with the additional VWM
load, the weber fraction was equal to 0.26, (SD = 0.14),
slightly higher than the no load condition (t(13) = ?2.371,
p = 0.034). Crucially, however, the weber fraction was not
modulated by VWM load (R = 0.187, p = 0.657). In order to
fit the psychometric functions at the individual subject le-
vel, we collapsed trials corresponding to low working
memory load (1–4) vs. high WM load (5–8), in the dual task
and the control task condition separately. Results showed
no effect of working memory load (F(1, 13) = 0.323,
p = 0.679), nor an interaction between task condition (sin-
gle vs. dual) and working memory load (F(1, 13) = 0.059,
p = 0.811).
Performance in the VWM task itself (the secondary
task) remained extremely high, confirming that subjects
were not ignoring the secondary task (average Cowan's
K = 3.5, range = 0.6–6, SD = 1.41), despite the concurrent
numerosity comparison task.
weberfraction of0.21
4. Discussion
In conflict with the idea that small numerosities are
processed by a Weberian mechanism for extracting
numerical information common for large and small num-
erosity, we found that individual differences in subitizing
capacity do not correlate with individual difference in large
number estimation precision. Thus, the two mechanisms
seem to be of a different nature. This result is in line with
recent work in favor of the notion of a dissociation be-
tween large and small numerosity processing in terms of
attentional resources, showing that while subitizing is
influenced by a concurrent attentional task, numerosity
estimation is not (Burr, Turi, & Anobile, 2010).
Indeed, in agreement with the idea that small numeros-
ities are processed by an object individuation mechanism
dedicated to multiple objects processing, we observed that
individual differences in subitizing capacity tightly corre-
lated with the individual differences in VWM capacity.
These results suggest that subitizing and visuo-spatial
working memory share some key components, in particu-
lar those components that exhibit a capacity limit. Inter-
estingly, independent work on the neural basis of
capacity limits point to posterior parietal cortex as the lo-
cus of capacity limits, accounting for the inter-individual
variability in performance in both subitizing (Piazza,
Giacomini, Le Bihan, & Dehaene, 2003) and visuo-spatial
working memory (Todd & Marois, 2004; Vogel & Machiza-
wa, 2004). According to the object individuation hypothe-
sis, at the origin of capacity limitations common to
subitizing and visuo-spatial memory is the architecture
of our sensory-motor system that generates maps of a lim-
ited number of salient objects and their locations in paral-
lel. These maps are instrumental for keeping track of
multiple items in order to guide cognition and action
(Drew & Vogel, 2008; Gottlieb, 2007; Melcher, 2001;
Melcher & Colby, 2008). Eventually, these maps support
perceptual and numerical judgments of the sort explored
in the present study.
By using a dual task paradigm, we provide further evi-
dence that subitizing and visuo-spatial working memory
share common resources. Indeed, we showed that the
maintenance of two or four items in VWM interfered with
enumeration by reducing the subitizing range. Likewise,
the enumeration task interfered with the VWM task in a
predictable manner, consistent with a common capacity
limit. Complementary to this observation, and in agree-
ment with our correlational results, we also show that
loading VWM does not result in a decrease in precision
of large numerosity estimation. This confirms the relative
independence between object indexing processes (subitiz-
ing VWM) and numerosity estimation processes, and even
suggests the possibility that these mechanisms rely on sep-
arable neural systems (see Piazza (2010) for a review of
current imaging data).
The results of this study are also in line with previous
research showing that subitizing is not fully automatic or
''pre-attentive'', in that its capacity can be reduced by con-
current visuo-attentive tasks (Egeth, Leonard, & Palomares,
2008; Olivers & Watson, 2008; Vetter, Butterworth, & Bah-
rami, 2008; Xu & Liu, 2008). Beyond the debate related to
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the ability to quickly select individual. This individuation/
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items or maintain them in memory. Thus, the central
capacity limitation on the number of items we can eventu-
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Page 7
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Melcher, D. (2001). Persistence of visual memory for scenes. Nature,
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M. Piazza et al./Cognition xxx (2011) xxx–xxx
Please cite this article in press as: Piazza, M., et al. Subitizing reflects visuo-spatial object individuation capacity. Cognition (2011),


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Game Credits
|StarCraft (Demo Version) (1998)
|(Associate Producers)
|Diablo III (2012)
|(Team special thanks)
|Fat Princess (2009)
|(Special Thanks)
|Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos (2002)
|(Our thanks to)
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|Search | About | Preferences | Interact | Help
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by Anderson, William
Publisher:Les Kelly Enterprises
Little House Country: A Photo Guide to the Home Sites of Laura Ingalls Wilder (First printing, 1989; updated and reprinted June 2000, fourth printing), with text by William Anderson, color photography by Leslie A. Kelly. More than 100 color and 15 historic photos and paintings tell the story of the Ingallses travels and show their home sites about which Laura wrote her famous books. "The Wilder Trail" begins at Pepin, Wisconsin (Little House in the Big Woods), treks south to Independence, Kansas (Little House on the Prairie), heads north to Walnut Grove, Minnesota (On the Banks of Plum Creek) and further west to De Smet, South Dakota (Little Town on the Prairie). Other restored sites include the Masters Hotel at Burr Oak, Iowa, where the Ingallses lived in 1876 and the Almanzo Wilder Home (Farmer Boy).
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Obituary for Carol Ann Goll Burris:
From the Indianapolis Indiana Star - dated February 8, 2006:
Carol Ann Goll Burris, 69, of Woodburn, Indiana, died Monday, February 6, 2006 at Parkview North Hospice Care, Ft Wayne, Indiana. Born in Indianapolis, she was a 1954 graduate of Ben Davis High School and attended Butler University. In high school she participated in Booster Club, Sunshine Club, Dramatic Club, Thespian, SPQR, Freshman Clinic, Senior Clinic, Senior Library Staff and Freshman Cheerleader. She was a member of Woodburn United Methodist Church, Woodburn. She formerly lived in Indianapolis, Marion and Ft Wayne. Carol was a dance instructor; a published writer in Guideposts, Abingdon Press and numerous magazines; a legal secretary and an inspirational speaker. She is survived by her husband of 50 years, Rev J Steven Burris; children: Lisa Darlene Wamsley of Germantown, WI; Mark Steven Burris of Woodburn; Susan Carol Gude of Indianapolis; Rev Paul Christian Burris of S Whitley; Dr Deborah Burris-Kitchen of Nashville, TN; and John Matthew Burris of Indianapolis; father, Robert Goll of Indianapolis; sisters: Virginia Ruth Gillespie of Martinsville,IN; Linda Alice York of Franklin, IN; 12 grandchildren and two great granddaughters. She was prededed in death by her mother, Evelyn Goll. Service is 1:00 pm, Thursday, at Simpson United Methodist Church, 2501 S Harrison, Ft Wayne, with calling 1 hour before service time at the church. Rev Dr Donald Dean Carpenter, Rev David Matthews and Rev Toni Carmer will be officiating. Calling is also 1:00-4:00 & 6:00-9:00 pm, Wednesday, at E harper & Son Funeral Home, 740 Indiana Hwy 930 E, New Haven. Burial is in Concordia Cemetery Gardens, Ft Wayne. Preferred memorials are to Matthew 25 Health Clinic, 413 E Jefferson Blvd, Ft Wayne, IN.
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Fleetwood Mac Back with Classic Lineup
By Hans Morgenstern
Here's Who's Making STL Noisy This Spring
By Joseph Hess
Beatles Sister Louise Harrison Departs the Midwest
By Peter Gilstrap
By Julia Burch
Working Class Dogs to Honor Rick Springfield
By Jeremy Essig
Torche Gets Back Into Its Heavy Groove With Restarter
By Nathan Smith
Bridget Everett Crashes the Firebird
By Julie Seabaugh
Bridget Everett Crashes the Firebird
By Julie Seabaugh
The full title of Jim White's 1997 debut, The Mysterious Tale of How I Shouted Wrong-Eyed Jesus, tells you almost everything you need to know about this Southern gothic savant. What it doesn't tell is how much beauty his music contains, how he orchestrates voices and whistles, loops and found sounds, pedal steel and banjo into small, dark movies of Southern life. In their beauty they rise above primitivism and local color and become universal. That transcendence is everywhere apparent on this year's Where It Hits You, his first studio album in five years, and one of the funniest and wisest country-folk albums of the year.
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Once in a Lifetime: Jim White rarely tours widely enough to bring him to St. Louis. This week's show could be your first and last chance to see this true genius in action.
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Hello friendly worms, my name is Raoul Ortega and I am a visual composer. This short film is a glimpse who I am and what I do. If you would like to know more ask me about my suitcase. Enjoy.
Camera and Editing by David McClymonds
Directed by Raoul Ortega and Bruce Mai
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With increasing regularity folks are asking if they should start the "new" gluten free diet to lose weight. They're serious. Too often eating plans designed to combat specific diseases become money making marketing machines in the form of weight loss fad diet products, usually with poor long term results.
Many people now see the gluten free labels in the health food section of the grocery store, the thin people reaching for them, and well, you see the fore drawn conclusion. What they don't realize is that the thin person may have celiac disease or other autoimmune disorder, and he or she actually weighs a healthy 20 pounds more since starting a gluten free diet, putting an end to malabsorption problems. Conversely, some people do lose weight eating gluten free, not because they are using the lifestyle as a specific weight loss program, but because addressing their underlying disease resulted in improved body composition.
In the later case, weight loss may be a side benefit of removing the offending food, thus allowing the body time to heal and absorb nutrients normally. However, a gluten free lifestyle is not intended to be the next fad weight loss program. Consider two other dieting trends over the past two decades:


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Fan's view: Outdoor Vikings game will be too cool to miss
A longtime Vikings season ticket holder is looking forward to the cool factor of seeing an outdoor game, 29 years to the day since his last one in the Twin Cities.
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ESPN Images, Rick LaBranche, Associated Press
Bristol, Conn. Keith Olbermann dreaded that he'd be remembered as the guy who rose to stardom at ESPN then left less than amicably.
"I don't want that to be in the obituary, flatly," he said on a conference call Wednesday.
So now he's returning to the company as a late-night host, insisting that, this time, a gig won't end badly.
Olbermann expressed gratitude for "this chance to put a different ending on the story of my relationship with ESPN."
"We are indelibly intertwined," he said. "I know that we can't go back and undo everything that happened 20 years ago in those environs. But I would like to do my best to correct as much of it as I can. I appreciate the fresh start. We'll see how much success I can get in that way, and how much success I can get in the way of the show.
"But I'm going to do my damnedest for both."
"Olbermann," which premieres Aug. 26, will generally air at 11 p.m. ET Monday-Friday on ESPN2, depending on live event coverage on the channel. Executives hope the show can exploit the ratings boost from the frequent live event lead-ins.
Olbermann's new ESPN offering will often air opposite his old one, "SportsCenter" on the main ESPN network. The company has found over the years that broadcasting concurrent programming on its various channels expands its overall audience.
And starting next month, ESPN will face competition in the 11 p.m. slot from new cable channel Fox Sports 1's nightly highlights and analysis show.
"We're happy to compete," ESPN President John Skipper said. "Clearly the timing of some of what we're doing is intended to put us in a competitive position."
"Olbermann," based in New York City, will weave together commentary, interviews, highlights, panel discussions. The host hinted that some segments may be "evocative" of those from previous gigs.
But no politics.
"If I wanted to go and do politics, I'd still be doing politics," he said. "This clearly is something else."
Olbermann said he had no content clause in his contract, but that didn't matter — he's signed on to do a sports show. Skipper said politics — or pop culture — would slip on when that intersected with sports.
Olbermann's last two politically oriented jobs didn't end well either. After eight years as a prime-time host at MSNBC, he quit abruptly in January 2011. He later joined Current TV but lasted a year before he was taken off the air; he would go on to file a lawsuit, which was settled out of court.
The 54-year-old Olbermann made his name with his catchphrases and sardonic tone as a "SportsCenter" anchor from 1992-97. But his stint ended amid harsh words and clashes with management over his right to do outside work. He was suspended briefly for not seeking permission to record public service announcements.
"I could apologize a thousand times. We could get everybody that ever took offense at anything I did and bring them all into one place — we'd probably need Yankee Stadium. I could get out on the field and point to everybody: 'I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry,'" Olbermann said.
"But practically speaking," he added, "particularly for those people who aren't sure, all that's going to make a difference is how I conduct myself."
Olbermann said he started thinking about a way to reunite with ESPN even before he left, noting that he later worked for ESPN Radio.
He said he had an impromptu "heart-to-heart" at Tuesday's baseball All-Star game with longtime ESPN anchor Chris Berman, who gave him his sports broadcasting start four decades ago as his assistant at their high school radio station in Tarrytown, N.Y.
- Jazz knock off Thunder in emotional game with...
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- Former Jazz big man Enes Kanter goes off,...
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- Brad Rock: The unforgettable Hot Rod Hundley
- Photo gallery: BYU rugby blanks Utah State in...
- 5 things you may have missed at BYU...
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- Home games on the Sabbath: RSL... 22


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Fill your home with the freshly baked scent of luscious apple pie, the sizzle of peachy grilled chicken or the beckoning aroma of juicy roast lamb, all brought to life in this charming collection of recipes.
New York Times bestselling author Sherryl Woods invites you into the world of Serenity, South Carolina, where good food and good friends await. Based on her beloved Sweet Magnolias series, this gorgeous cookbook is full of Southern classics and heartwarming stories of friendship and fun. Join Dana Sue Sullivan, a popular character and Southern cook herself, as she shares her favorite down-home recipes as well as secrets, stories and small-town gossip from the world of the Sweet Magnolias!
Whether you're making flaky, buttery, too-good-to-be-true biscuits, or spicy seafood gumbo, the 150 recipes found in these pages will bring your family and friends together to celebrate the comforts of home.
From legendary margarita nights to indulgent Sunday brunches to heartening holiday meals, every recipe in this book is sure to infuse your life and your kitchen with the warmth of the South and the comfort of good food.
With her roots firmly planted in the South, Sherryl Woods has written many of her more than 100 books in that distinctive setting, whether in her home state of Virginia, her adopted state, Florida, or her much-adored South Carolina. Sherryl is best known for her ability to creating endearing small town communities and families. She is the New York Times and USA Today bestselling author of over 75 romances for Silhouette Desire and Special Edition.
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UCLA 2010 Festival of New Creative Work, presented by UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television (TFT), will honor landmark filmmakers Roger Corman and Lee Daniels as well as student Spotlight winners, during the Festival's closing night gala event, Directors Spotlight.
The annual ceremony salutes TFT's students' outstanding achievements in the field of directing and has become one of the Festival's signature events for identifying the industry's next leading filmmakers.
The evening showcases eight Spotlight films selected by a series of panels comprised of students and a blue ribbon panel of top industry professionals.
TFT will also present legendary director/producer Roger Corman with its inaugural Champion Spirit Award and Oscar-nominated director Lee Daniels with the Filmmaker of the Year Award.
The Directors Spotlight will be held at the Directors Guild of America Theatre at 7920 Sunset Blvd. in Los Angeles on Thursday, June 10 at 7:30 p.m.
"I am thrilled to be honoring these two landmark filmmakers," noted Teri Schwartz, dean of the School and a 32-year veteran movie producer. "Roger Corman is the perfect choice to receive the inaugural Champion Spirit Award. His history of fostering new talent is legendary. It is critical that we all follow Roger's remarkable vision and example by nurturing young filmmakers who are the future of our industry. I owe Roger a great debt of gratitude because he gave me my start as a filmmaker, too, and set me on a path that has been so exciting and rewarding in every way imaginable."
"Lee Daniels is also a consummate filmmaker. With films such as 'Precious' and 'Monster's Ball', Lee has demonstrated a firm commitment to the highest standards of humanistic storytelling, one of the strengths of our program and vividly evident in our student films," continued Schwartz. "We are so privileged to be recognizing this wonderful filmmaker with this very special award."
The industry honoree awards are voted on by the students in the Department of Film, Television and Digital Media. Schwartz will present Roger Corman with the Champion Spirit Award, which honors an industry professional who throughout their career, has demonstrated great courage, foresight and integrity to nurture, mentor and champion new talent.
In addition to producing more than 500 films and directing 50 others – on time and within budget – Roger Corman's remarkable legacy includes the multitude of producers, directors, writers and actors he has mentored such as Jack Nicholson, Diane Ladd, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Peter Fonda, Bruce Dern, Robert DeNiro, Ron Howard, Charles Bronson, Joe Dante, Jonathan Demme and James Cameron, among others.
Director and past DGA President Martha Coolidge will present Lee Daniels with the Filmmaker of the Year Award, which honors filmmakers who tell stories with a voice and vision that impacts the way people look at the human condition and truly demonstrates the spirit and message of the independent filmmaker.
Lee Daniels first captured the industry's attention with "Monster's Ball," his first film from his production company, Lee Daniels Entertainment. The film marked Daniels as the first sole African-American producer of an Oscar-winning and nominated film. Daniel's work continues to distinguish him as one of today's most prominent and influential filmmakers, as evident by his recent multiple awards and Oscar nominations for his powerful film, "Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire," including Best Picture and Best Director.
In addition to honoring these prominent artists, Directors Spotlight will salute a new generation of talented filmmakers. This year's Spotlight award-winning films and filmmakers are "27," directed by Neil Forbes; "PALs" directed by Dawn Garcia; "Allen Mack" directed by Cory Miller; "Sacramento – A Family Fable," directed by Michael Bodie; "La Viuda (The Widow)," directed by David Martin-Porras; "Dream (drem)n," directed by Mary Lai; "Nisa," directed by Doug Archibald; and "Hubo," directed by Erick Oh.
Since its inception more than a decade ago, Directors Spotlight has helped launch the careers of gifted filmmakers such as Joe Russo ("Community," "Arrested Development"), Justin Lin ("Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift"), Alexander Payne ("Sideways") and Shane Acker ("9"), among others.
Admission is free for all events, but space is limited and reservations are required. For a full schedule of events and to reserve seating during UCLA 2010 Festival of New Creative Work, please visit www.tft.ucla.edu/festival2010.
The UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television offers its students a unique blend of scholarship and practical training, please visit: www.tft.ucla.edu.


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|$11.95 - $24.59 & FREE Returns on some sizes and colors. Details
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This hand dyed tee shirt features a stunning screen print graphic on a preshrunk, 100% cotton tee. Dyed and printed by The Mountain. The Mountain uses only inks and dyes, to bring you an incredibly durable and comfortable garment.
Hand dyed shirt featuring a stunning screen print of 3 wolves howling at a moon on a preshrunk, 100% cotton tee dyed and printed by the mountain.
My life is so powerful now that I have this shirt.
The women knew from the wolves on my shirt that I, like a wolf, am a mysterious loner who knows how to 'howl at the moon' from time to time (if you catch my drift!).
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commercial property for rent or lease in Newton (TX), Industrial Space For Lease.
Newton commercial real estate for lease, rent, and leased investments.
Find Newton industrial buildings for lease, retail rentals, & Newton shops. Locate a Newton warehouse lease and any real estate for lease / investment, including industrial properties to rent and sale.
Negotiating a Newton commercial lease can be a complicated procedure and its best to retain an experienced broker to work with early in the process. The brokers fee is typically paid for by the owner and you probably would not be able to negotiate a better position than the broker would be able to. There should be no reason why a broker should not be used to secure the transaction whilst there are numerous reasons as to why a broker should be used. Engage an attorney to review the terms of the lease contract.
commercial space listings
Cleburne (Johnson), Pollok (Angelina), Azle (Tarrant), Moscow (Polk), Zavalla, Nemo (Somervell), Kennedale, Mineral Wells (Palo Pinto)
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Professionals and discerning hobbyists know you've got to choose the right tool for the job, and specialization is usually the key. Of course, this inevitably leads to the accumulation of a simply massive collection of cameras, lenses and every kind of accessory you could ever imagine.
US Dollar
Prices, specifications, and images are subject to change without notice. Not responsible for typographical or illustrative errors. Manufacturer rebates, terms, conditions, and expiration dates are subject to manufacturers printed forms NYC DCA Lic.: Elec. Store #0906712 Elec. & Home App. Serv. Deal. #0907905; Sec. Hd. Deal. Gen. #0907906


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Ram Repair in Palisades Park
We found 42 Ram service shops and mechanics in Palisades Park.
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Jimquisition: Don't Charge Retail Prices For Digital
The $60 pricing model is broken in the retail space, and that's a scientific fact that can be proven with science. It's truly staggering, then, that publishers are attempting to apply that awful model to the digital space, where they can better afford alternative pricing tiers. Simply put, a digital game should not cost the same as its physical counterpart, and the hubris involved in such a decision is astounding.
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Layout help/opinions
Hello, here are my 2 current options for my kitchen layout. The reason there are 2 is because I am struggling with the microwave placement. I like cheap MWs that are easily replaced, not built in or drawer style. So I really only need a spot for it and to pkug it in. Right now it is above a set of double ovens and that is too high up. In the remodel, I could put it in the island, but it would still have to be a standard MW, requiring leaning down, etc. With that arrangement, I can have 30" double ovens and a separate 36" induction cooktop, an arrangement that I really like. If we decide not to put the MW in the island, then I think it could go above 1 wall oven. And then I would have to choose a range (can't find a 36" induction range) to get the second oven or do an induction cooktop over wall oven in the spot where a range would go, or choose a duel fuel range and stay with gas in order to get the larger cooktop surface.
We are not moving any walls. I drew these on powerpoint. Note where the windows and doors are at the bottom of the page going out to the patio. And the most used traffic path is from the front side door (upper left) or from the stairs into the kitchen. The family room area is to the left of the page. And the people entering the kitchen from the living room or garage are towards the top right of the page.
Thanks in advance for your help.
First, a process suggestion:
Add the two layouts as separate replies within this thread. Don't have them in individual threads, it's too hard to compare them. Then go to the other threads and link to this and request replies here.
Just slightly change the "subject of posting" box above (add a couple commas, or dots, slashes, etc.) for each successive diagram's reply (post) in this thread. It will work just like different people can add pictures in each of their replies.
(You can, if you're using a picture hosting site do this simply by putting multiple images within one post, but it works the way I suggested above, as well.)
That will make it easier to get useful comments.
I'll check back later.
Is the island's shape and position set in stone?. It's kind of a problem as it is drawn now, but if it can't changed, the n other solutions can be tried.
The island is not set in stone. But it is in the same place as currently. There is a peninsula currently which forces me to have a weird shaped and smaller island and poor storage in there. So I am wanting to elimintate the penninsula and get a more ractangular shaped island, clipping the corner. But it is by no means set in stone. We are going to have to do wood floor repairs anyway, so it can change.


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OP Junior Member
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Join Date:Joined: Jul 2012
I'm still on 4.0.3 (rooted) and about to do the KIES upgrade for my I9100. KIES tells me that the new ROM will be PDA:LSD / PHONE:LS8 / CSC:LS7 (DBT), I'm in Germany.
Is http://forum.xda-developers.com/gala...exfat-t1877270 the correct rooted stock kernel for me? Exactly which download do I need (there seem to be several with a name similar to the IDs listed above)?
Last edited by SeGalaxy; 24th March 2014 at 09:20 AM.


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Monkey and I are two peas in a pod and having a great time. ~ Debbie


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REGION: Former Norco official takes aim at Riverside County board salaries
Buster says deputies union behind initiative; sponsor and consultant deny connection
A former Norco city councilman is trying to place an initiative on the ballot that would cut Riverside County supervisors' pay in half, but a court commissioner has temporarily blocked him from circulating a petition.
Herb Higgins Jr., who unsuccessfully ran for Supervisor John Tavaglione's seat on the Board of Supervisors last year, filed a notice of intent to collect signatures for the petition with the registrar of voters office on Feb. 2. The registrar's office had until Friday to clear the petition for circulation.
However, the county objected and sued Higgins in Riverside Superior Court, asserting that the initiative is unconstitutional.
On Thursday, Commissioner Paulette Durand-Barkley temporarily suspended a requirement that the county process the petition and set a hearing for March 11.
Supervisors' base salary is $143,031 a year. Higgins' initiative would cut it to $76,232 and strip board members of their vacation, medical and pension benefits. They also would forfeit their right to drive county cars.
The initiative would set salaries at 80 percent of what state lawmakers make. Now, supervisors' pay is based on 80 percent of the pay of judges, who take home substantially more than legislators.
County Counsel Pamela Walls argued that the proposed measure is unconstitutional because California law authorizes counties to set officials' salaries and voters do not have the ability to change them by initiative. Walls cited a 1999 California Court of Appeal decision that invalidated a similar initiative aiming to slash county board salaries in Shasta County.
She also cited the appeals court case to back up the county's contention that voters may challenge supervisor salaries by referendum ---- and only within 60 days of a vote to change salaries.
Through a referendum, voters decide whether to keep or nullify a government-adopted policy. In contrast, an initiative creates new policy independent of any elected body's decision.
Despite the temporary ruling, Higgins said Friday he is not backing down.
"If I thought that I didn't have a viable claim, I would have pulled it already," Higgins said in a telephone interview. "I still think the initiative is the way to go and I'm not going to pull it."
Higgins, 67, who was a state correctional officer for 11 years, said he launched the initiative because he believes supervisors ought to take a substantial salary cut during a recession that has triggered pay cuts for most county employees.
"That would set an example for the people they are trying to negotiate their union contracts with," he said.
The county is in the process of negotiating a new contract with the Riverside Sheriffs' Association, which represents the county's 3,000 law enforcement officers. County officials say the association is the only county employee union that has yet to agree to pay reductions to save money in the face of plummeting revenue.
Supervisors voluntarily cut their pay 10 percent last fiscal year, but restored it to the $143,031 base in July 2010 when mandated furloughs for most county employees were discontinued.
Board Chairman Bob Buster maintained that the union is behind the proposed initiative.


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The legendary and imposing Buachaille Etive Mor at the entrance of Glencoe, Scotland – originally painted by myself using System3 acrylic on Winsor and Newton deep edged canvas.
The wee cottage at the front is Lagangarbh.
Thankyou :) it's one of my faves
really dig your style man!
Thanks Jeffrey!! :)
This is very pretty, I do love your work. Why not come over and join the Painting the Country Life Group
You would need to add the size of your piece and medium you used
so gorgeous and poetic ! great !


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Father, Son, and Spirit: The Trinity and John's Gospel (New Studies in Biblical Theology)
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Product Description
While there have been recent, fine studies on aspects of John's doctrine of God, it is surprising that none summarizes and synthasizes what John has to say about God as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. In order to fill this gap, Kvstenberger and Swain offer a fresh examination of John's trinitarian vision.
Part One situates John's trinitarian teaching within the context of Second Temple Jewish monotheism. Part Two examines the Gospel narrative in order to trace the characterization of God as Father, Son and Spirit, followed by a brief synthesis. Part Three deals more fully with major trinitarian themes in the Fourth Gospel, including its account of Jesus Christ, the Holy Spirit, and mission. A final chapter discusses the significance of John's Gospel for the church's doctrine of the Trinity, and a brief conclusion summarizes some practical implications.
Product Information
|Format: Paperback
Number of Pages: 224
Vendor: IVP Academic
Publication Date: 2008
Dimensions: 8.50 X 5.50 (inches)
Availability: In Stock
Series: New Studies in Biblical Theology
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Author Bio
Scott R. Swain is assistant professor of systematic theology at Reformed Theological Seminary.
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MyDigitalSeminaryYork, UKAge: 25-34Gender: male4 Stars Out Of 5Father, Son and SpiritAugust 26, 2013MyDigitalSeminaryYork, UKAge: 25-34Gender: maleQuality: 4Value: 5Meets Expectations: 4[This is an excerpt of my full review available on my blog: http://mydigitalseminary.com/father-son-and-spirit/]
Köstenberger has a commentary on John and a work on John's theology, but Father, Son and Spirit still has its place. For a concise work on Trinitarian studies in John from a Biblical theological approach, this is a highly recommended work. This also is a fantastic book to see the how the doctrine of the Trinity is tethered to Biblical studies. Father, Son and Spirit would serve any interested student or teacher, or even be helpful in a class environment. It is a natural addition to the already excellent New Studies in Biblical Theology series.
//Many thanks to Christine Bradley and IVP UK for a review copy of this book in return for a fair review. All words reflect my own opinion.//
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Strategic Decision and Risk Management (Free Webinar Series)
How to Overcome the Top 3 MegaBiases in Decision-Making
We all fall victim to unintended biases that undermine good decision-making—dragging problems into our comfort zone, letting consensus lead us astray, or believing that we are making excellent decisions when we're not. In this webinar, we present three megabiases that destroy value, and provide you with ways to prevent them in yourself and your colleagues.
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Green Cove Springs, FL, United States | Member Since 2015
In order to be fair I will have to go back and rate many of Grisham's previous books as all five stars; but this one was terrible. It was shallow, predictable, grossly overpriced for a four hour book - and to a true baseball fan completely unbelievable.
Sure; he is a great writer who had a bad at bat.
Yes, it was slow and boring too.
Everything after the title. It had promise.
My son played John Grisham's son Ty in a baseball game in Jacksonville in the early 90s. He clearly loves the game, and has done a lot of good things with his money for kids in general and sports in particular.
He is a wonderful man, an excellent author. . .this book is beneath him.
"Top 10 of 4,000"
I have been a member of Audible since its inception, and currently have over 4,000 audiobooks in two accounts. When the request came for increased reviews, I decided to select my top 10 of the 3,900 that I completed. (Yes, a few were just too awful).Audible has allowed me to listen to authors that otherwise would have completely escaped my attention. Pat Conroy is one of those.In my ten reviews some will be more extensive than this one, but suffice it to say that - as a serious story and book lover - Pat Conroy receives my vote as belonging to a rare and wonderful group of writers: Hemingway, Steinbeck, King, Preston, Child, Turow. . .It will take time to select the other few. Don't judge South of Broad too early. It is a book of increasing and dramatic momentum.Hope this opinion is of some value.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


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Reed.co.uk sponsors Channel 5
Reed.co.uk, the job site, has signed a deal to sponsor Channel 5 shows as part of its 'Love Mondays' campaign.
Attempts to revive Loaded fail, magazine to close after 21 years
Loaded, a trailblazer in the men's magazine market in the nineties, is to close after 21 years following an unsuccessful attempt to breath new life into the title by Simian Publishing.
Twitter hunts for UK marketer as it targets £180m ad revenues
Twitter is on the hunt for its first consumer marketer in the UK as the company chases ambitious targets to once again double advertising revenues year on year, to surpass £180 million in 2015.
Sound Digital wins bid for second UK national DAB multiplex
Sound Digital, a consortium of Arqiva, Bauer and UTV Media GB, has won its bid for a licence to operate a second national DAB multiplex in the UK.
Germanwings removes 'get ready to be surprised' ads in wake of crash
Germanwings, the budget airline, has asked Transport for London to remove ads featuring the line "get ready to be surprised" from London tube stations, after one of its planes crashed into the Alps.
WPP's Martin Sorrell reconsiders strength of newspapers
WPP's chief executive Martin Sorrell has made a significant change of tack in his stance to newspapers, suggesting they might not be over indexing in terms of advertising expenditure after all.
Oxis Media to roll out Jack FM brand across UK
Oxis Media, the radio business run by Donnach O'Driscoll, has bought the rights to offer the Jack FM brand across the UK and Europe.
Daily Mail's financial update confirms tough press market
The UK's press market has had another tough trading start to the year, with widespread falls in print circulations and advertising spend, as typified in a financial update by the Daily Mail & General Trust today.
My Media Week: Karen Stacey
Karen Stacey has just about got her feet under the desk as chief executive of Digital Cinema Media (DCM), when Camelot briefs a last-minute campaign due on screen in less than 24 hours.
Viacom to bring Breaking Bad to Freeview with Spike launch
Viacom, which owns Channel 5, will launch Spike, a new free-to-air channel featuring the full series of Breaking Bad, next month.
Martin Sorrell talks Maurice Lévy, Tesco, and the global outlook
Last year's attempts for a mega-merger of equals between Publicis Groupe and Omnicom collapsed because Maurice Lévy failed to show John Wren "sufficient respect", according to WPP's Martin Sorrell, who went on to talk retirement plans, Tesco and Dunnhumby.
'Advertisers are snake oil salesmen', says Peter Oborne
ITV's Tom Bradby is used to setting The Agenda with his high octane topical TV programme, and his special edition for Advertising Week Europe yesterday lived up to the billing when guest Peter Oborne launched a scathing attack on the ad industry, and all those who work in it.
Advertising Week Europe: Day one round up
Campaign's deputy features editor, James Swift, joins Gemma Charles and Charlotte McEleny, the deputy editor and digital editor of Marketing respectively, to run through the first day of Advertising Week Europe.
Ad Week Europe delegates vote in favour of full service agency
Delegates at Advertising Week Europe have voted in favour of bringing back the full service agency, following yesterday's session on the subject.
Mike Darcey claims paywall 'vindication' as Times and Sunday Times pass 400,000 subscribers
News UK's chief executive, Mike Darcey claimed "vindication" of the group's paywall strategy yesterday as total subscribers to the Times and Sunday Times passed 400,000 for the first time.
Google's European leader says viewing habits are 'changing dramatically'
The phenomenal growth of online video is fundamentally changing the viewing habits of the younger generation, according to Mark Howe, managing director of agency sales at North and Central Europe, Google.
Agencies need to make more use of audience insight, says Mark Creighton
The creative and communications process of a campaign needs to be informed by the audience, according to Mark Creighton, the chief executive at Mindshare UK.
Tesco media review pits Initiative against MediaCom and ZenithOptimedia
Tesco's secret media review continues to move along at pace, with the 20+ year incumbent, IPG's Initiative, believed to be competing against WPP's MediaCom and Publicis Groupe's ZenithOptimedia.
Katharine Viner becomes first female editor-in-chief of Guardian News & Media
Katharine Viner, deputy editor of the Guardian since 2008 and editor-in-chief of Guardian US since 2014, has been named as the first female editor-in-chief of Guardian News & Media in its 194-year history
Comparethemarket.com offers two for one cinema tickets with Meerkat Movies
Comparethemarket.com, the price comparison site, has launched Meerkat Movies, offering two for one cinema tickets every Tuesday or Wednesday for a year.
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Doing right by veterinary dermatology patients
Dermatology cases can be frustrating—there's no quick and easy fix, they can require painstaking compliance on the client's part, and a cure is often rare. But as difficult as these cases can be for veterinarians, they're equally hard on the pet owners, which is why excellent communication and a thorough approach to obtaining a diagnosis is key.
Dr. Ian Spiegel, DACVD, a board-certified dermatologist who practices in veterinary specialty centers in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, stresses the importance of gathering the most information possible by asking clients open-ended questions about:
> The type and duration of clinical signs
> Whether they occur year-round or seasonally
> Whether other pets or people in the house are affected
> Whether the pet has been responsive to treatment.
Dr. Spiegel takes an equally comprehensive approach to the physical examination, paying special attention to troublesome spots, such as the ears, feet and axillary and inguinal areas. Collecting samples for cytology is critical throughout the exam process as well, as is considering the pattern and type of certain clinical signs, which may point to an underlying metabolic or endocrine disease and require a more extensive work-up.
Dr. Andy Rollo, a Veterinary Economics Editorial Advisory Board member and an associate at Madison Veterinary Hospital in Madison Heights, Mich., follows those important steps when making a diagnosis as well and recognizes the importance of not having tunnel vision when seeing an itchy pet—not to mention communicating openly with the owners. "There are so many possible differentials—parasites, atopy, food allergies," he says. "It's important to discuss the differences in signs with the owners and really enlist their help to get to a diagnosis."
Also important, says Dr. Spiegel, is not rushing through a dermatology case exam. "It's hard to do a work-up quickly," he says. "Block the extra time with these cases—and charge more for your time."
To give clients a better understanding of what to expect during a dermatology examination, get the handout at dvm360.com/DermExam.
Hot topics on dvm360
Pol on defense as Michigan veterinary board discusses negligence charges
Controversial reality TV veterinarian calls his approach 'common sense.'
Photo gallery: The top 10 veterinary schools in America, according to U.S. News
U.S. News & World Report ranks programs for the first time since 2011.
Front Desk Disasters, Episode 3: Dude looks like a lady
Everyone's favorite receptionist is at it again. Would you handle this situation differently?
Video: Flea hideouts in the house
Parasitology expert Michael Dryden, DVM, MS, PhD, reveals prime hideouts for fleas—and gives tips to clear them out of clients' homes for good.
Veterinarians: Your clients are going to Google with these cat questions
You might be surprised by what your clients are researching. Plus, get an educational client handout.


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A strawberry in graffiti style A strawberry design for strawberry lovers
This great product in from our department Women and T-Shirt category can be printed just for you in the size and style you like. The design A strawberry in graffiti style was created by namo and uploaded to Spreadshirt for you to have printed on a T-Shirt. Next to a host of other great designs, you can find this A strawberry in graffiti style design in Spreadshirt's Graffiti category. If you are interested in topics like Delicious or Stencil, then you'll love A strawberry in graffiti style designs by namo. Spreadshirt also offers a huge selection of personalised T-shirts, hoodies and accessories for the category Graffiti as well as top artists clothing. namo's designs have already impressed many of our customers, so we are sure that we've got right stuff for you! Spreadshirt is your shop for great designs of all kinds – whether it's Delicious, Stencil or artists. We are sure that you will find something nice in our shop, there are many amazing personalised Graffiti T-shirts, jumpers or accessories for you to find! Tags: Design ID: 14753352
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TOPEKA, Kansas — The Kansas Senate rejected a bill that would make it easier for teachers to be fired, marking a rare defeat for a conservative bill in the GOP-dominated chamber as legislators churned through a loaded agenda Wednesday.
The measure, defeated on a 13-27 vote, would have automatically terminated all teacher contracts at the end of their current term, narrowed salary talks to setting the minimum pay and made it more difficult for teachers to appeal firings and benefit cuts.
The Senate also passed a bill repealing presidential primaries in the state, while Republican Gov. Sam Brownback signed an overhaul to school funding into law and the House approved a measure that would potentially shrink the civil service.
Here's a look a look at major legislative developments.
Republican Sen. Jeff Melcher from Leawood proposed the changes and said they would help schools reward good teachers and fire underperformers.
He later appeared to refer to the bill's defeat when speaking on the Senate floor. "We keep seeing good bills go down, we're seeing amendments to make sure we protect inefficiency in government and I'm really having a hard time understanding what may have happened over the weekend that caused the Republican Party to dissolve," Melcher said.
Republicans hold 32 of the chamber's 40 seats, with Democrats holding the rest.
Opponents said the bill would result in worse job security and lower base salaries for the state's teachers.
Democratic Sen. Laura Kelly called the legislation "one more attack on our public school teachers" who have already seen their jobs made more difficult by conservative education reforms.
"Who is going to want to teach in Kansas? Certainly not the best and brightest," Kelly said.
Both chambers have passed bills narrowing collective bargaining between school boards and teachers unions that reflect a compromise the two sides reached in January.
Republican Gov. Sam Brownback signed a $4.1 billion plan to overhaul Kansas' school funding system into law during a private ceremony in the presence of GOP leaders.
It scraps the current formula for determining state aid and replaces it with "block grants" to school districts based on their current aid. The grant system will be in place for two years while the Legislature develops a new formula. The state's 286 school districts lose $51 million in aid they expected to receive for the current school year under the plan. The bill has been lauded by the conservatives and business groups.
Brownback said in a statement that the plan will give more direct spending control to officials closest to the classroom.
The Kansas Senate voted unanimously to repeal presidential primary elections in the state, thus ending the legislative ritual of canceling presidential primary elections each time they near. The state has canceled every presidential primary since 1992 due to the cost, which was estimated to be about $1.8 million for 2016.
About 350,000 voters participated in the 1992 primary. Caucuses draw a fraction of that number, but the state GOP sees them as more valuable for party-building.
The bill will now move on to the House.
State agencies would be allowed to remove civil service protections for new workers and employees changing positions under a bill passed by the House 74-51 that will now move to the Senate.
Civil service employees have typically enjoyed greater job security and benefits than political appointees or private-sector workers and the bill's supporters have said that such employees would only lose those protections by voluntarily changing positions.
Critics say the bill aims to gradually reduce the number of protected jobs in government and would allow agencies to coerce workers into positions without civil service benefits in order to be promoted or get raises.
The House passed a bill 121-3 that requires the state to draft a plan for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from power plants but allowing legislators to have a say in its contents.
The legislation was prompted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's declaration that states must draft a plan or have federal rules imposed on them.
An earlier version of the bill would have given the final say on the state's plan to the Kansas Corporation Commission, which regulates utilities, but it met resistance in committee.
The bill will now be considered by the Senate.
AP Political Writer John Hanna contributed to this report.
Kansas Legislature: http://www.kslegislature.org