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This quilt was conceived and made by Rebecca Ball from Blue Springs, Missouri.
"After making the actual blocks, my original plan looked too busy – and there would be LOTS of points to match. In EQ I tried adding sashing, but lost the diagonal lines. I dissected the block, and decided I could make a half block diagonally and add a red setting triangle. Make eight of them, and voilá—a Big Star on its way to a medallion setting. There were still a lot of points to match, but not as many. My design (and size) was morphing!" - Becky
Click on the photo to see how Becky's process evolved!!
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Zambia News
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Provided is a system useful for oxygen scavenging which comprises at least two components, i.e., an oxygen scavenging material which forms at least one by-product upon reaction thereof with oxygen, and an effective amount of a neutralizing material capable of neutralizing at least a portion of these by-products. In a preferred application, a multi-layer structure that can be employed in producing packages and in particular food packages, comprises a first layer including an oxygen scavenging material and a second layer which includes a material that is capable of neutralizing at least a portion of the by-products produced by the oxidation of the oxygen scavenging material within the first layer. These two layers are arranged such that, upon formation of the package, the second layer is interior to the first layer. Furthermore, the multi-layer film can include one or more of an oxygen barrier layer, a polymeric selective barrier layer, and a heat-sealable layer.
1. An optically-clear and UV transparent multi-layer film structure useful in the packaging of an oxygen sensitive material, the structure comprising;
(a) a first layer comprised of an oxygen scavenging material selected from the group consisting of (I) unsaturated organic oxidizable materials and (ii) polymeric materials having oxidizable sites and transition metal salt catalysts, and which forms at least one organic by-product upon the reaction thereof with oxygen;
(b) a second layer separate from the first comprised of an effective amount of by-product complexing material selected from the group consisting of inorganic bases and organic bases, the second layer being located between the first layer and the interior area enclosed by the multi-layer structure, and the by-product complexing material being capable of reacting with and complexing with by-products of the reaction of oxygen with the oxygen scavenging material to prevent the by-products from passing into the interior area;
(c) an oxygen barrier layer located outside of the first layer and forming an exterior surface of the multi-layer structure; and
(d) a polymeric selective barrier layer which is located between the first layer and the interior area enclosed by the multi-layer structure.
2. The multi-layer structure of claim 1, wherein the transition-metal salt catalyst is cobalt (II) neodecanoate, cobalt (II) oleate, cobalt (II) linoleate, or cobalt (II) caprylate.
3. The multi-layer structure of claim 1, wherein the second layer further comprises a thermoplastic resin.
4. The multi-layer structure of claim 1, wherein the by-product complexing material is selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate.
5. The multi-layer structure of claim 1, wherein the structure further comprises a seal layer forming an interior surface of the multi-layer structure, the interior surface being exposed to the interior area enclosed by the multi-layer structure.
6. The multi-layer structure of claim 1, wherein the inorganic base is selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate.
7. The multi-layer structure of claim 1, wherein the organic base comprises an organic amine compound.
8. The multi-layer structure of claim 7, wherein the organic amine comprises an amine-containing polymer.
9. The multi-layer structure of claim 7, wherein the organic amine compound comprises a polyamine compound.
10. The multi-layer structure of claim 9, wherein the polyamine compound is selected from the group consisting of pentaethylene hexamine, triethylene tetraamine, and polyvinyl oxazoline.
11. A package suitable for holding an oxygen scavenging material comprising a multi-layer structure, wherein the multi-layer structure is that structure according to claim 1.
12. The package according to claim 11, further comprising at least one of a chemical material, or an electronic component located therein.
13. The package according to claim 11, further comprising a food product or cosmetic product located therein.
14. The package according to claim 11, wherein the multi-layer structure is a film which forms at least a portion of the package.
15. The package according to claim 11, wherein the multi-layer structure is a film which is present within the package.
16. The package according to claim 11, wherein the package, together with the multi-layer structure, is optically clear and UV transparent.
17. An article for packaging an oxygen sensitive material, wherein the article comprises a packaging component selected from the group consisting of coatings, bottle cap liners, adhesive or non-adhesive inserts, sealants, gaskets and fibrous mat inserts; and wherein the packaging component comprises a UV transparent and optically clear multi-layer film structure, the multi-layer structure comprising:
(a) a first layer comprised of an oxygen scavenging material selected from the group consisting of (I) unsaturated organic oxidizable materials and (ii) polymeric materials having oxidizable sites and transition metal salt catalysts, and which forms at least one organic by-product upon the reaction thereof with oxygen;
(b) a second layer separate from the first comprised of an effective amount of by-product complexing material selected from the group consisting of inorganic bases and organic bases, the second layer being located between the first layer and the interior area enclosed by the multi-layer structure, and the by-product complexing material being capable of reacting with and complexing with by-products of the reaction of oxygen with the oxygen scavenging material to prevent the by-products from passing into the interior area;
(c) an oxygen barrier layer located outside of the first layer and forming an exterior surface of the packaging component; and
(d) a polymeric selective barrier layer which is located between the first layer and the interior area enclosed by the article.
The present invention relates to an improved oxygen scavenging system for use with oxygen sensitive materials, e.g., food, which system finds particular utility in the multi-layer films that includes an oxygen scavenging layer.
Oxygen scavenging materials have been developed partly in response to the food industry's needs of having longer shelf-life and better flavor preservation for packaged food.
These oxygen scavenging materials constitute at least a portion of the food package, and these materials remove oxygen which surrounds the food product, e.g., the residue oxygen in a package after sealing or air which has leaked into the package, thereby inhibiting spoilage of the food.
One method which is currently being employed involves the use of "active packaging" where the food product package is modified in some way to control the exposure of the food product to oxygen. Such "active packaging" can include sachets containing compositions, e.g., iron-based compositions such as Ageless� which scavenges oxygen in the package through an oxidation reaction. However, sachets are not advantageous for a variety of reasons not the least of which is the problems caused by the accidental ingestion of the sachets or the material present therein.
Recent attempts have involved incorporating an oxygen scavenger into the package structure itself. In such an arrangement, oxygen scavenging materials constitute at least a portion of the food package. One example of such an arrangement comprises a scavenging wall which includes inorganic powders and/or salts. See, for example, European Applications 367,835; 366,245; 367,390; and 370,802. However, such composition is difficult, if not impossible, to adequately process and thereby is not considered commercially feasible.
In another more promising arrangement, oxygen scavenging materials can be low molecular-weight oligomers that are typically incorporated into processable packaging polymers or can be oxygen scavenging polymers in which either the backbone is designed to break apart when the polymer reacts with oxygen or in which, initially at least, pendant oxidizable side chains react with oxygen.
Other methods which have been disclosed include that of European Patent Application 0454437, wherein an oxygen absorbent composition is disclosed. The composition contains a linear hydrocarbon polymer having one or more unsaturated groups or a mixture of linear hydrocarbon polymers having one or more unsaturated groups with an unsaturated fatty acid compound and an oxidation promoter as essential components. And, optionally, the composition can contain a basic substance and/or an adsorption substance.
European Patent Application 0424855 discloses an inhibitor parcel comprising a composition containing an unsaturated fatty acid compound as its main ingredient and a permeable diffusing parceling material prepared by laminating and bonding an oxygen permeable resin layer onto one side of a base sheet made of a fibrous material and an adhesive, and then laminating and bonding thereunto an oxygen permeable resin layer, and then laminating and bonding a porous film of a low softening point resin or a low softening point unwoven fabric onto the other side of the base sheet. The parcel is directed to preserving electronic devices and electronic parts and excluding oxygen as well as water.
Systems have also been designed to control odors which can be generated by deterioration of the contents (food) being stored, or deterioration of the film packaging used in storing the contents. For example, in Japanese Kokai Patent No. HEI6-223925, published Feb. 1, 1994, a deodorant packaging film is described. The packaging film is obtained by constructing a film having inner and outer surface layers of polypropylene resin that contains a polybutene or polyisobutylene, tackifier, and deodorant and constructing the middle layer from polyethylene terephthalate or a polyamide resin. The deodorant component of the polypropylene resin composition is described as being flavonoid deodorants, polyphenol components containing deodorants, deodorants that have turpentine oil as a major component, and deodorants based on organic acids.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,884 discloses a polyester/polyamide blend having an excellent gas barrier property and an improved flavor retaining property. In particular, the polyethylene terephthalate/low molecular weight polyamide blend reduces the concentration of acid aldehyde contained in the polyester, thereby rendering the blend more suitable for the storage of food.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,892 describes a system which is an aldehyde scavenging composition. Such compositions are useful in producing packaging films for oil containing foods, which give off aldehydes. The compositions comprises a polyalkylene imine and a polyolefin polymer. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,784.
International Publication No. WO 93/01049 discloses a packaging composition that helps to extend shelf life of oil containing foods by absorbing undesirable aldehydes that are produced during oil degradation. The composition suggested to be used in absorbing the aldehydes are primary and/or secondary amine groups and strong inorganic bases.
European Patent Application 0504726 discloses a food preserving agent which comprises an oxygen absorbent and a substance which is able to remove acetaldehyde.
European Patent Application 0464782 is directed to a multi-layer thermoplastic film having a vinylidine chloride polymer barrier and at least a polyolefin second layer laminated to the barrier. Upon irradiation of the barrier layer, odor is generated due to ionizing irradiation of the barrier layer. Hydrotalcite is blended with the polyolefin in order to substantially reduce the odor generated by the vinylidine chloride copolymer barrier.
Japanese Kokai HEI5-247276 discloses an oxygen barrier resin composition. The oxygen barrier resin composition comprises a polyolefin, an oxidation catalyst and an odor absorbent. The odor absorbent is used to suppress the odor caused by oxidation of the polyolefin. As suitable absorbents, there are mentioned natural zeolite, synthetic zeolite, silica gel, activated carbon, activated clay, activated aluminum oxide, magnesium silicate, aluminum silicate and the like. Synthetic hydrotalcite type compounds can also be used.
A major problem that still needs to be addressed, however, is that a wide variety of organic compounds are produced upon oxidation of the oxygen scavenging material. Many of these oxidation products can migrate from the layer carrying an oxygen scavenging material and enter the air surrounding the food or even enter the food itself.
Such oxidation products can have foul odors or can even be compounds that are undesirable. It is therefore highly desirable to provide a way to prevent such oxidation products from entering a packaged volume that contains food.
One attempt to solve the problem of migration of oxidation products involves the use of a composition comprising two layers, where one layer carries an oxygen scavenging material and one layer is a barrier situated between the packaged volume and the layer carrying an oxygen scavenging material. See U.S. application Ser. No. 08/304,303, filed Sep. 12, 1994, now abandoned, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
One problem with this approach is that many barriers are capable of blocking the migration of molecules of certain sizes, but they fail in blocking very small organic molecules. On the other hand, there are good barriers which are effective to block the migration of small oxidation products into, e.g., the enclosed volume of the package, but they also slow the oxygen migrating from the enclosed volume to the organic scavenging material.
Other multi-layer film packaging materials are also recognized within the art. Such films can include, in addition to the layers discussed above, a "polymeric selective barrier layer" such as that described in U.S. application Ser. No. 08/304,303, filed Sep. 12, 1994 now abandoned. While such selective barrier layers can prevent the migration of certain, in fact many, of the undesirable oxidation products, certain by-products, and in particular, those having a smaller molecular size may not be effectively blocked. This is particularly true for those by-products which are of a similar or slightly larger size to gaseous oxygen.
Thus, the need still exists for an improved system for protecting oxygen sensitive materials, and in particular a system applicable to multi-layer film for use in food packaging which is capable of neutralizing such molecules, thereby reducing those problems associated with these by-products as discussed above.
Among other aspects, this invention is based upon the surprising discovery that an oxygen scavenging system, particularly one useful in films, can be improved through the use of oxidation by-product neutralizing materials in a separate layer. By a "neutralizing" material is meant a material which can react with, complex with and overall eliminate the troublesome oxidation by-product compound. Where the by-product is an acid, it can be neutralized as in an acid/base reaction by the neutralizing material. Where the by-product is not acid, the compound can be neutralized by other understood chemical interactions with the neutralizing material of the present invention. Therefore, the term "neutralize", in the context of the present invention, is intended to be broader than the literal acid/base reaction.
In one aspect, the present invention relates to a multi-layer structure comprising:
a first layer which includes an oxygen-scavenging material which react with oxygen by way of an oxidation reaction; and
a second layer including an effective amount of a neutralizing material capable of neutralizing at least a portion of the by-products of the oxidation reaction. Moreover, these two layers are preferably arranged such that the second layer is located between the first layer and the interior of the package.
Moreover, this multi-layer structure preferably further includes an oxygen barrier layer located outside of the first layer, and/or a polymeric selected barrier layer which is also located inside the first layer.
The oxygen scavenging system according to the present invention is preferably employed in a packaging environment which packaging holds an oxygen sensitive material. Such materials can include food, cosmetic/beauty materials and other chemicals, as well as electronic materials.
In the present invention, the oxygen scavenging material is preferably an organic oxygen scavenging material while the neutralizing material is preferably selected from the group consisting of inorganic bases and organic bases.
The FIGURE of the Drawing illustrates one embodiment of a multi-layer film according to the present invention.
As discussed above, the oxygen scavenging system of the present invention includes two components contained in separate layers, i.e., an oxygen scavenging material, and an oxidation by-product neutralizing material. Each of these two components will now be discussed in more detail.
The first component, the oxygen scavenging material, may be any oxygen scavenging material recognized in the art. Suitable examples of such materials include unsaturated organic compounds such as carotene, ascorbic acid, squalene, or dehydrated caster oil. Suitable materials are also disclosed in EP 0 507 207.
The oxygen scavenging material is maintained in layers separate from the neutralizing material layer. This is important, as it has been found that a mixing of the two components can cause deleterious effects on the oxygen scavenging properties of the oxygen scavenger, thereby defeating the entire purpose of the system. The two components are thereby maintained in different layers, and surprisingly offers excellent oxygen scavenging properties as well as protection for the packaged material from the oxidation by-products.
This scavenging compound may be introduced in a variety of manners, depending on the ultimate use of the system. For example, it may be blended with a carrier, e.g., polymer, which itself may or may not scavenge oxygen, or it may be coated onto a material such as aluminum foil or paper or even be incorporated into a material such as paper. The oxygen scavenging material may be in localized areas on a layer, e.g., the oxygen scavenging material may be in a patch that is laminated to another layer in a multi-layer arrangement.
The oxygen scavenging material can further be a polymer having oxidizable sites in the polymer and containing a catalyst such as a transition metal salt that assists initiation of oxidation of the oxidizable sites. Such a material is particularly useful when the scavenging material forms a layer of a film.
Examples of polymers having oxidizable sites include polybutadiene or other polymers containing unsaturated sites, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,211,875; poly(meta-xylenediamine-adipic acid) (also known as MXD-6), disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,021,515 and 5,049,624; and poly(ethylene-methyl acrylate-benzyl acrylate), disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 08/091,120, now abandoned filed Aug. 12, 1993, inventors T. Ching, K. Katsumoto, S. Current and L. Theard, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
For sake of completeness, poly(ethylene-alkyl acrylate-benzyl acrylate) can be made, e.g., by solution transesterification. An ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer such as ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer is dissolved in an appropriate solvent such as decalin, and heated to and maintained at reflux in the presence of an effective amount of a transesterification catalyst, such as tetraethyl titanate or di-butyl tin laureate, and an alcohol containing a benzyl radical, such as benzyl alcohol. The solution is then cooled, and the polymer is precipitated in methanol and dried in a vacuum oven.
An effective amount of a transition metal salt catalyst such as cobalt neodecanoate is incorporated into the precipitated polymer by melting the polymer in, for example, an extruder, and mixing the salt dissolved in a solvent such as hexane into the polymer melt.
The transesterification above may also occur using a melted ethylene-alkyl acrylate copolymer in a reactive extruder maintained at transesterification conditions and in the presence of an effective amount of a transesterification catalyst and an alcohol containing a benzyl radical. The above-described process can be used to transesterify ethylene alkyl acrylate copolymers to yield compounds suitable for use as neutralizing amine-containing polymers in this invention.
The transition-metal salt that assists initiation or catalyzes the oxidation of the oxidizable sites generally comprises an element chosen from the first, second and third transition series of the periodic table of the elements. This transition-metal salt is in a form which facilitates or imparts scavenging of oxygen by the afore-described polymers. It is generally believed that the transition-metal salt is in an ionic state such that the transition element can readily inter-convert between at least two oxidation states.
Suitable transition-metal elements include, but are not limited to, manganese II or III, iron II or III, cobalt II or III, nickel II or III, copper I or II, rhodium II, III or IV, and ruthenium. The oxidation state of the transition-metal element when introduced into the composition is not necessarily that of the active form. It is only necessary to have the transition-metal element in its active form at or shortly before the time that the composition is required to scavenge oxygen.
The transition-metal element is preferably iron, nickel or copper, more preferably manganese and most preferably cobalt.
Suitable counter-ions for the transition metal element are organic or inorganic anions. These include, but are not limited to, chloride, acetate, oleate, linoleate, caprylate, stearate, palmitate, 2-ethylhexanoate, citrate, glycolate, benzoate, neodecanoate or naphthenate. Organic anions are preferred.
Preferable salts include cobalt (II) 2-ethylhexanoate, and cobalt benzoate. More preferable salts include cobalt (II) neodecanoate, cobalt (II) oleate, cobalt (II) linoleate, and cobalt (II) caprylate.
The transition-metal element may also be introduced as an ionomer, in which case a polymeric counter-ion is employed. Such ionomers are well known in the art. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,264,272, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The oxygen scavenging material comprised of a polymer and transition metal salt contains a sufficient quantity of the transition-metal salt to promote oxygen scavenging in the polymer. Generally, this requires a ratio of moles to benzyl radicals to moles of transition-metal element between about 2000:1 to about 10:1. Preferably, this molar ratio is between 200:1 and 20:1. The preferred amount of transition-metal element will typically vary with which transition-metal salt is used.
As discussed above, the oxygen scavenging material may be introduced into the system by any of a variety of techniques. For example, in forming the multi-layer structure, it can be blended into a composition for forming a layer of the structure or laminated or sprayed onto the formed layer, and/or may be a layer itself.
In particular, the oxygen scavenging material may be coated onto a polymer layer or onto a multi-layer structure, in which case the oxygen scavenging material normally forms its own layer. The particular method of introduction selected is dependent upon the particular scavenging material employed.
The oxygen scavenging material is preferably present in an amount sufficient to scavenge at least 0.1 cc O2 /gram of oxygen scavenging material/day. Preferably, it is capable of scavenging at least about 0.5, and more preferably at least about 1 cc O2 /gram of oxygen scavenging material/day.
As discussed above, the oxygen scavenging material, upon consumption of oxygen, typically produces certain by-products, e.g., volatile organic oxidation products. Examples of these oxidation by-products include carboxylic acids, such as acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric and benzoic acids; aldehydes, such as heptanal and benzaldehyde; ketones, such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; esters, such as methyl formate; alcohols, and the like. These by-products can cause problems.
However, the second component present in the oxygen scavenging system is a material capable of neutralizing at least a portion of the oxidation by-products produced from the reaction of oxygen with the oxygen scavenging material. Generally, the neutralizing material in the second layer comprises an acid-, alcohol- or aldehyde-reactive material. The particular material selected is dependent upon the scavenging material employed and the by-products whose migration needs to be controlled.
In particular, two types of materials have found particular utility within the present invention as being appropriate for efficient use in a separate layer, inorganic bases and organic bases.
Inorganic bases include metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates of Group IA and IIA elements. Examples of suitable inorganic bases include calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, potassium bicarbonate, and calcium oxide.
Organic bases can include any organic amine compounds including amine-containing polymers, and preferably polyamine compounds. Organic amine compounds are broadly defined as organic compounds containing at least one amine group. Amine-containing polymers are defined as organic polymers containing at least one amine group and includes grafting an amine group onto the main polymer chain. Polyamine compounds are defined as any organic polymer containing at least one amine group in each repeating unit. Preferably, the organic amine compound is a non-volatile, non-migratory compound, e.g., it does not migrate in the polymer system used.
Examples of suitable organic amine compounds include dipropylenetriamine; tris(3-aminopropylene)amine, N,N,N'N'-tetrakis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine and 1,12 dodecanediamine. Examples of amine-containing polymers include glycols containing amine groups such as polyethylene glycol with two amines and polypropylene glycol with two amines, available from Texaco as Jeffamine; and dimethylaminoethanol grafted ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers. Examples of polyamines include pentaethylene hexamine (PEHA); triethylene tetraamine; polyvinyl oxazoline; and similar higher molecular weight compounds. Such polymers can be used alone to form a film or can be reacted, blended, or mixed with a film forming polymer.
The neutralizing material is typically introduced into a thermoplastic resin such as polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate, or ethylene methyl acrylate, in order to improve its ease of processing. However, as long as it is in a form capable of being introduced into the system and which form does not interfere with its neutralizing functions, the method of introduction employed is not critical to the present invention.
The neutralizing materials are present in an amount which is effective to remove at least a portion of the oxidation by-products or prevent such products from passing through. Preferably, it is present in an amount to significantly reduce or eliminate migration of such by-products.
When employed with thermoplastic resins as discussed above, an effective amount of the neutralizing material is typically from about 0.05-40% by weight based on the second layer, depending on the particular neutralizing agent. For example, where organic bases such as polyamine compounds are employed, the preferred amount is between about 0.05 and 40% by weight based on the second layer.
The exact arrangement of the layers of the two components is not critical to the present invention as long as the oxidation by-products will come into contact with the neutralizing material and thereby have their migration controlled.
It is preferred that the two layers be adjacent to each other. When used in a package, it is preferable that the neutralizing material be positioned between the contents of the package and the oxygen scavenging material, and therefore interim to the oxygen scavenging containing layer.
In one particular embodiment of the present invention, the two components are present in separate layers of a multi-layer film. The multi-layer structure of the present invention includes at least two layers:
(a) a first layer comprising an oxygen scavenging material; and
(b) a second layer comprising at least one oxidation by-product neutralizing material.
The multi-layer structure can include more than one of these neutralizing layers. Although the arrangement of these layers is not critical to the present invention, in order to improve its efficiency in preventing the migration of by-products into the interior of the package, as mentioned above, the second layer should be located between the first layer and the interior of the package.
Preferably, this second layer is provided in conjunction with one or more additional layers, e.g., oxygen barrier layers or polymeric selective barrier layers that also serve to aid in preventing the undesirable migration of the by-products into the package.
Such layers can include one or more of:
(1) An oxygen barrier layer which is typically an "outside" layer and comprises a material which effectively functions as a physical barrier to oxygen, thus minimizing or even eliminating any diffusion of oxygen into the resulting package. The presence of such an oxygen barrier can supplement the efforts of the neutralizing materials and therefore may reduce the amount of neutralizing material needed.
Although well recognized in the art, such layers typically have an OTR (oxygen transmission rate) of no more than about 1 cc O2 /100 in.2 of oxygen barrier layer/day/atm.
(2) A polymeric selective barrier layer as mentioned previously.
For sake of completeness, the polymeric selective barrier layer functions as a selective barrier to certain oxidation products but not to oxygen. In one preferred embodiment, a layer is considered to be a polymeric selective barrier layer when it prevents at least about half of the number and/or amount of oxidation products having a boiling point of at least about 75� C. from passing through the polymeric selective barrier layer from the layer carrying the organic oxygen-scavenging material.
Polymeric selective barrier layers are typically located between the oxygen scavenging layer and the "inside" of the resulting package to prevent migration of the oxidation products into the package.
In fact, although the exact arrangement of these by-product blocking layers is not critical to the present invention, it is preferred that both the second neutralizing material layer(s), 4, and polymeric selective barrier layer(s), 3, be located between the oxygen scavenging layer, 2, and the interior of the package. Further, the oxygen barrier layer, 1, is typically located exterior of the oxygen scavenging layer. Such an arrangement is illustrated in the drawing FIGURE.
(3) As further illustrated in the FIGURE, the multi-layer film according to the present invention can further include a sealing layer, 5, which is preferably the innermost layer relative to the package formed therefrom. This layer preferably comprises a heat sealable material.
Optionally, where, for example, the second layer is the innermost layer, the heat sealable material can be further included within the second layer containing the neutralizing materials.
The multi-layer film according to the present invention can be produced by conventional techniques, e.g., melt extrusion, co-extrusion, or lamination, which are well recognized in the art. As such, they need not be described in detail here.
Moreover, the multi-layer film according to the present invention can be preferably employed in the production of packages, e.g., both rigid and flexible food packages, in the same manner as traditional multi-layer films. In a preferred embodiment, the packaging and multi-layer film is UV transparent, in order to allow sufficient UV radiation to be transmitted to the preferred oxygen scavenging materials of the present invention. The preferred oxygen scavenging materials are UV activated and therefore a UV transparent package is critical to the system working. It is also preferred, particularly for food packaging, that the package be optically clear.
The use of the neutralizing material in accordance with the present invention is capable of removing a variety of the oxidation by-products produced by the oxygen scavenging layer, particularly those odorous by-products. It is important, however, that the neutralizing material of the present invention be kept in a layer separate to that of the oxygen scavenging material in order to avoid inhibition of the oxidation reaction. The efficiency of the present invention in removing these by-products is particularly apparent when employed in combination with the polymeric selective barrier layer in a multi-layer film.
The oxygen scavenging system of the present invention can find broad utility with a variety of oxygen sensitive materials. Such materials include, in addition to food, cosmetics and beauty products, other oxygen sensitive chemicals and electronic materials.
For example, in a packaging environment, in addition to being present as a film which forms at least a portion of the package, it can be found in virtually any part of a packaging material which will come into contact with the interior of the package. Such environments include but are not limited to cap liners for bottles and the like, trays, e.g., those trays used in the food industry, packaging materials for cosmetic or other materials in the beauty industry, as well as other chemical environments.
The present invention will now be discussed in terms of certain examples, it being understood that such examples are solely illustrative in nature and in no way limit the present invention.
Examples 1-4 are of three layer structures having a A/B/A arrangement at 1:1:1 thickness with a total thickness of 3 mils. In each case, A is ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer, EMAC� SP-2260, with the named additive, and B is ethylene methyl acrylate benzyl acrylate copolymer containing 1000 ppm of cobalt in the form of cobalt neodecanoate.
______________________________________Example Additive Odor______________________________________1 Control None acetic2 2% PEHA weak acetic with amine polyamine smell3 0.5% PEHA polyamine --4 2% calcium carbonate weaker acetic______________________________________
All films were irradiated for 5 minutes under a UV blackray (250 nm) at a 5-inch distance. The oxygen scavenging resins were sealed in one-liter size bottles and oxygen uptakes were monitored by Mocon 710 oxygen meter for 30-40 days using 2 gram samples. At the end of the oxygen uptake of about 100 cc/gram resins, the bottles were opened and odor evaluated by a panel of at least 3 people. The results are set forth in the foregoing table.
Based upon the foregoing results, it can be concluded that a small amount of neutralizing agent in a separate layer is able to significantly reduce undesirable acetic smell after the products were extensively oxidized. Since a polymer selective barrier can be inserted and real application conditions involve reduced oxygen (<2% O2 after nitrogen flush compared to 20% in the present examples), the present invention is expected to significantly reduce by-product odor.
A multi-layer film construction was made having from the outer most layer to the inner most layer (i.e., that to be generally adjacent to foods) the following layers:
(1) a 0.16 mil thick aluminum foil oxygen barrier layer,
(2) a 1 mil thick EBZA oxygen scavenging polymer with 750 ppm of Cobalt in the form of cobalt neodecanoate salt;
(3) a 0.5 mil thick oriented PET functional barrier layer; and
(4) a 1.0 mil thick EMAC 2205 containing 2% of calcium carbonate as the neutralization layer as well as heat seal layer.
The films were UV irradiated from the inside layer out as described in accordance with Examples 1-4 and 9" by 9" bags are made by heat sealing two pieces of the multilayer construction together. The bags were then inflated to contain 1 liter fresh air by a syringe. The oxygen content was monitored by a Mocon 710 oxygen meter.
At the end of 4 weeks, 80% of the oxygen was consumed and the bag was opened slowly for odor evaluation as described in accordance with Examples 1-6.
A control construction containing identical layers, except no calcium carbonate was used in the EMAC layer, was also tested. The control gave a strong acidic smell. The opened bag of the present invention gave no detectable acidic odor.
This example further demonstrates the effectiveness of the present invention in controlling odor even though the neutralizer layer is separate from the oxygen scavenging polymer.
This example demonstrates the use of an amine-containing polymer in odor removal. Ester exchange of EMAC with N,N-dimethylethanolamine was conducted in a twin screw extruder by reacting 4.5 Kg/hr EMAC� SP 2260 containing 24% by weight methylacrylate and having a melt index of 2, 1.13 Kg/hr N,N-dimethylethanolamine, and 45 cc/hr titanium tetraethoxide at 210� C. The conversion was 22.1% to N,N-dimethylethyl ester of acrylate.
A two-layer film structure with a total thickness of 4-5 mil was prepared by coextrusion of the above amine-containing polymer and EBZA (47.2% conversion) containing 1000 ppm cobalt, in the form of cobalt neodeconate. The two-layer film was aged in a one-liter bag (21% oxygen) at room temperature for about one month. The bag was opened and the odor compared by a three-judge panel. The odor was slightly less acidic than the monolayer film without the amine-containing polymer.
Principles, preferred embodiments, and modes of operation of the present invention have been described by the foregoing. The invention is not to be limited by particular embodiments disclosed since they are only illustrative in scope.
Various modifications, substitutions, omissions, and the like, may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the present invention be limited solely by the scope of the following claims including equivalents thereof.
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work out helper
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Good for working out, I personally dont take it as I think go natural herbs but my friend likes it, dont take it too close to working out it could make you feel sick
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Testing Negative After Picking Your Nose
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
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Testing and possible ARSHi Dr. Bob, I've been looking at the site here now for almost a month and appreciate all the feedback that is given here. I must say it has been a help to some degree in my current situation. But hopefully you can give me some insight or even at...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...unknown HIV status. This does place you at some degree of risk for STDs, including HIV. Responding to your three questions:1. A negative three-week HIV-antibody test is encouraging, but not definitive or conclusive.2. No, not necessarily. By the... Read more »
Dr. Bob, should I test again?Hi Dr BOB, I made a donation and asked a coule of long questions and after re-reading my post... Read more »
Testing during ARS "2"DR. Bob, thanks a million for your positive support for all positive HIV, I wonder where do you get... Read more »
Safer Sex Guidelines...tested, or they might have gotten the test too soon after they were exposed to HIV. Fact Sheet 102 has more information on HIV testing. What if Both People Are Already Infected? Some people who are HIV-infected don't see the need to follow... Read more »
Frequently Asked Questions About AIDS (II)...What are the symptoms of AIDS? How long do I have to wait until I get tested for HIV? What is the approximate timeline of testing and symptoms for HIV/AIDS? When taking an antibody test, what does a negative, positive or indeterminate test... Read more »
2009 H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) and You...is the 2009 H1N1 virus sometimes called "swine flu"? This virus was originally referred to as "swine flu" because laboratory testing showed that many of the genes in the virus were very similar to influenza viruses that normally occur in pigs... Read more »
Pick a Card, Pick a Plan...click on "Bridges to Access." Website also has information on Medicare and other programs. For patient assistance with tropism testing for Selzentry, call the Monogram Biosciences PAP at 1-877-436-6243 . Got a comment on this article?... Read more »
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Bloody Nose While Kissing
Posted by Sharpie, 1 Reply...His blood got on my face around the upper lip and nose area. While he says he is negative, I want to be sure if I should get tested or not. Is there a risk here? I am not 100% certain if his blood entered my mouth or nose. Best, Read more »
Symtoms and neg test after 16 weeks.
Posted by Anonymous, 2 RepliesIm wondering for those who have experienced ars, how long the rash last? I have still rash for over 9 weeks. I had a high risk. Thanks. Read more »
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Posted by Anonymous, 3 Replies...that autoimmune diseases slow the creation of antibodies? i have crhons disease and I havent had anyone answer my question. I tested negative at 5 months (156 days) after a 1 time insertive vaginal experience with a sex worker at a bachelor... Read more »
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Posted by Anonymous, 3 Replies...I took my 6 month test on 8/3. This waiting is killing me! The health dept said it would take about 2weeks!!! I tested several times in the past (8,11 and 15 weeks)all were negative. I'm just scared that this test may come back different! Please Read more »
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text: Gollust named CMO of CNN Worldwide Published on October 30, 2013. 0 Reprints Reprints Ad Age LookBook Weekly Feature Get Help Organizing Your Mobile Data and Start Tracking What's Working Learn more Atlanta—CNN Worldwide has announced that Allison Gollust, senior VP-communications, is adding the role of CMO to her responsibilities. "Combining these two areas under one proven leader simply makes sense," said Jeff Zucker, CNN Worldwide president, in a statement. "Allison has a keen understanding of how every aspect of communications works together to tell a story—be it on the public relations side or in strategic marketing." Prior to joining CNN in March as senior VP-communications, a title she retains, Gollust served as communications director for New York State Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. In this article: BtoB Advertisement Read These Next Lowe's Gives Away Glow-in-the-Dark Cat Hats During March Madness Ashley Rodriguez on 03.27.2015 73 0 Why Dodge Paired a Gearhead With a Monkey in 'Dodge Law' Campaign Vince Bond Jr. on 03.27.2015 45 0 Pepsi Passes Diet Coke in Market Share as Artificial Sweeteners Fall Out of Favor E.J. Schultz on 03.26.2015 488 1 Comments (0)


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Ratings based on 503 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.1 Room cleanliness
3.9 Service & staff
4.0 Room comfort
3.7 Hotel condition
They paid and stayed.
We double-checked.
We double-checked.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Baltimore
Ok stay for a last minutePosted Feb 16, 2015
Everything was okay except for the bathroom ceiling. It was falling down which made the room colder (it was 10 degrees that night)
by A verified traveler
Posted Feb 8, 2015
Pros: nothing
Cons: Baltimore Hunt Valley Inn should be sold by Wyndham Grand Hotel it brings down the curve of mostly great stays at other Wyndham Grand Hotel
Freezing, no indoor pool no warning that we would be at a cold Gilligan's island
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Lehigh Valley, PA
Posted Jan 25, 2015
Clean, convenient, friendly, quiet, newly renovated, easy unload and reload of luggage- overall super!
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Pleasant hotel, very modern and cleanPosted Jan 6, 2015
Pros: The decor in our room was pleasing. The beds were very comfortable and the room was very clean.
Location: This hotel is near just about anything you could need. Grocery stores, shopping malls, gas stations, the light rail, movie theaters, restaurants, etc.
We liked everything about this hotel. The only things that would make it better would be showers with a detachable shower head and if the pool had been open. It was under construction during our stay. The hotel appears to have many areas under construction, but it did not affect our stay or interrupt our sleep. Our room was really clean and comfortable.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
Convenient place in North BaltimorePosted Jan 4, 2015
We have stayed at this facility numerous times over the last 40+ years. At the end of it's Marriott run it was a little tired. Now that the hotel is becoming a Wyndham it is getting a nice facelift. All off the Standard rooms have been refurbished with carpet, linens, drapes, bedding and artwork. The new furnishings are a 10! The only things left are the public spaces; lobby and pool areas are in progress, etc. The desk staff were friendly and efficient as well. The only problem might be the room rates will go up once the Wyndham Grand Opening occurs.
for Everyoneby A verified traveler
When the reno is done, this will be a 4Posted Dec 31, 2014
No pool, mostly closed facilities, renovators everywhere. Still got the 3 stars because the staff is helpful and professional.
for Everyoneby A verified travelerfrom Baltimore
Good Value!Posted Dec 23, 2014
Pros: Location close to the Hunt Valley Shopping Mall.
Cons: Just need to finish the rehabbing of the hotel to cut down on the possible noise.
Location: See above.
Hotel is going through some rehabbing. If you can stand to see some construction guys, this is a good value, in a great location. While the construction is an going process the hotel and the staff if fully operational.
for Business Travelersby john
Posted Nov 26, 2014 on Hotels.com
for Familiesby A verified traveler
Shed some light outside!!Posted Nov 15, 2014 on Hotels.com
Our room was lovely, clean, themed, up to date. The stairwells were filthy. The hotel lay out was bizarre... so large, disjointed, dimly lit. To get to our room we parked in a very dimly lit back part of the hotel. The hallways were empty. It was rather creepy. Did not feel safe. However, once in the room, it was lovely!! However, the toilet did not work and overflowed. hmmm.
for Familiesby A verified traveler
My reviewPosted Nov 11, 2014 on Hotels.com
Would've rated hotel condition higher but the pool is under construction and that information wasn't provided on-line.


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Spotify officially coming to the US to take on Apple's iTunesPopular music streaming service Spotify has officially announced it is coming to the U.S. "soon," but no date has been given for when the service will launch and compete with Apple's iTunes Music Store.
Spotify launched a new page on Wednesday to announce that the service is coming to America. It boasts that users will be able to access "any track, any time, anywhere" for free.
"The award-winning music service that's taken Europe by storm will soon be landing on US shores," the page reads. "Millions of tracks ready to play instantly, on your computer and your phone."
Rumors of a U.S. launch for Spotify have persisted for some time, with the project reportedly in the works since at least May of 2010. Its apparently impending arrival comes after Apple has announced that its free iCloud service will arrive this fall, but not with music streaming as numerous rumors had previously indicated.
Spotify offers cloud-based music streaming with more than 8 million tracks for free with advertising support. For $15 per month, users can access the service with no ads, and download thousands of songs to an iPhone or Android handset for offline use.
There were even rumors last October that Apple was interested in buying Spotify, but the European company denied the rumor and said it had no intention of selling.
Last month, a general manager with Spotify said that the licensing agreements necessary for the service to launch in the U.S. were in the process of wrapping up. Jonathan Forster said that the company had agreed to a "faster monetization strategy" than it would have preferred.
In Europe, Spotify has 10 million active users and 10 million subscribers who pay the subscription fee of 10 Euros per month. The company's new U.S. headquarters is expected to be in New York.
While Apple's iCloud does not have an announced streaming component, one component of it does currently allow users to re-download music they have already purchased from the iTunes Music Store. And later this year, Apple will offer iTunes Match, which will scan a user's iTunes library and match songs with those on Apple's own iTunes servers, allowing them to be downloaded or even replaced with higher quality copies for $24.99 per year.
On Topic: iTunes
- Apple reportedly puts Trent Reznor in charge of redesigned Beats Music app, presses forward with iTunes Radio revamp
- Yet another outage hits Apple's App Store & iTunes, preventing searches, discovery & downloads
- Apple debuts programatic iAd buys on iTunes Radio, 'Customer Match' demographic targeting
- US streaming music revenues eclipse CD sales for first time, as rebrand of Apple's Beats looms
- Apple issues apology as iTunes & App Store outage persists for 7+ hours


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The Soroptimist International of Tahoe Sierra (S.I.T.S.) recently installed its 2014/15 officers and board members. Newly installed President Diane Imbach has selected S.I.T.S.: Superstars of Service as the theme for her term. Additional officers and directors include: Lydia Rogers, Shelly Martinez, Mary McKee, Shirley Barr, JoAnn Tillson, Mandy Kendall, Wendy David, Trudy Mills, Collette Wigart, Doris Groelz, and Laurie Brazil. The leadership team is excited to lead the club as they focus on the needs, issues and programs for Women and Youth, both locally and globally. The club recently distributed more than 3,500 books to the Elementary and Middle Schools so every child living in South Lake Tahoe in grades K-8 has a book to read over the summer. They were also able to donate six books addressing the issue of human trafficking to the local library. To learn more about the Soroptimist International of Tahoe Sierra visit www.sitahoesierra.org.
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July 22, 2014
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- U.S. Alpine Championships | Truckee's Tim Jitloff wins third straight title
- Tahoe woman collects lottery winnings
- Truckee land trust plans purchase of historic Donner Summit climbing area
- Tahoe Forest Hospital interim CEO to leave in May
- Sierra history: The epic Tahoe-Truckee winter of 1890 (part 2)


text:
by Cindy Foster Recently, I read a poignantly and transparently written post at 'Stuff Fundies Like' titled "Pining for the Leeks and Garlic". Anyone with knowledge of the Old Testament accounts of Moses and the Children of Israel's 40 year wilderness journey will immediately recognize the title's significance.I've followed SFL … [Read more...]
The Most Blaring Contradiction Of All
Good Baptists Don't Dance 1971-72
by Bruce GerencserIt's September of 1971 and I am fourteen and a ninth grade student at Central Junior High School in Findlay, Ohio.Seven months later, in April of 1972, my parents divorced, and a few months after that Mom married her first cousin and Dad married a 19-year-old who had a little girl. … [Read more...]
Stress, Pride, Shame and Frogs
by Cindy FosterIn February of 2002 we attended our first five day stress in the ministry workshop. We were invited by our close friends of near 30 years who founded this desperately needed ministry near 30 years ago. … [Read more...]
CTBHHM: One Ugly Hillbilly
by Libby AnneCreated To Be His Help Meet, pp. 27-28Throughout her book, Debi's attitude toward women is bizarre. In this passage, Debi tells a story to illustrate her point about the importance … [Read more...]
Sunday Challenge Answers – How Has Your Self Body Image Changed?
Answers to Sunday's question of the day from our readers -Fledgling FeministSierra and Libby Anne were the first ones who honestly challenged me about modesty. I always had a sense that "some people just take it too far," like making women wear burqas or … [Read more...]
Religious Trauma Syndrome
by CaluluSeveral days ago a link to an article written by Valerie Tarico at Alternet.org arrived on my Facebook page. The piece was about a newly named syndrome - RTS - Religious Trauma Syndrome and … [Read more...]
The Voice of Russia: America Edition
Today some of our own NLQ SASBN best were interviewed about their lives and experiences in the Quiverfull Movement for the radio program The Voice of Russia America Edition on the Jamila Bey program.Our own Vyckie Garrison … [Read more...]
CTBHHM: In Which Debi Almost Gets Something Right
by Libby AnneCreated To Be His Help Meet, pp. 26-27It is possible to find a worthwhile message in an otherwise atrocious book. I read Debi Pearl when I was first married – it was a wedding gift – and while I thought it was hogwash from start to finish … [Read more...]
Sunday Challenge – How Has Your Self Body Image Changed?
Introducing the NLQ Sunday Challenge!What it's all about is you, you writing in and sharing your take on the topic picked for the week, sharing your hard earned wisdom with others. Just write up as little or as much as you feel like saying on that subject, email it to … [Read more...]
Linda Murphrey Writes an Open Letter to First Baptist Church Hammond
by Bruce GerencserLinda Murphrey is the daughter of the late Jack Hyles. What follows is an excerpt of an open letter Linda wrote to First Baptist Church in Hammond, Indiana. I hope you will take the time to read the entire letter on Linda's website: … [Read more...]


text:
Marisol Alvarado (Stockton, CA) creates a 3-D design on a single nail tip using a variety of nail products based on a "music" theme.
The first thing that entered my mind was the word music. Then visual musical notes. Music has inspired me throughout my life and my career. One of my passions is nails and I am continuously motivated by music. My family and I are all working together to reach for our goals and encouraging each other along the way. We are all on the same path in one way — chasing our dreams. The 3D hand is grasping for your dream, representing music with the 3D microphone. The cord wrapped around the microphone is in the shape of the treble clef."
3D Nail Art Tutorial
Shellac French Manicure with Contrasting Flower Nail Art
3D Acrylic Flower Tutorial
Marbling Nails Without Water by Robin Moses
Acrylic Gel Nail Art: Water Marble Tutorial 3
CND Additives Nail Art How-To
China Glaze's polish swirl live demo
3D Acrylic Nail Art Tutorial
Troubleshooter: Subtle Ombre with Gel-Polish
Troubleshooter: Classic Gel French - Part 1 of 4 - Applying Builder
Easy Floral Nail Art, Plus Manicure How-To from Algae Veronica
Troubleshooter: Herringbone Nail Design
Cinderella Inspired Butterfly Nail Art
March 20, 2015
Bed of Roses 3-D Nail Design
February 20, 2015
Demo: Purjoi 3-D Nail Art with Gel Polish
January 8, 2015
Stamped 3-D Gel & Acrylic Flowers Nail Art Tutorial
December 29, 2014
NTNA Challenge #4: Senegal and U.S. International Nails (Lauren)
September 29, 2014
Hidden Gems: Underside Nail Art11 photos
Nail Looks From NYFW F/W2015188 photos
Am I losing my touch applying acrylics?
Should I have a TV in my salon?
Is perfectionism on the job a blessing or a curse?
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NEW: House GOP Moves Ahead on Suing Obama
Posted: 07/10/2014 - House Republicans have taken the initial step in suing President Barack Obama over the administration's decision to delay the employer mandate of the health care law.
Posted: 07/10/2014 - House Republicans have taken the initial step in suing President Barack Obama over the administration's decision to delay the employer mandate of the health care law.
Posted: 07/10/2014 - Outlines of a possible compromise over President Barack Obama's $3.7 billion emergency border spending request are emerging on Capitol Hill.
Updated: 07/10/2014 - When Gen. John Campbell, the Army's vice chief of staff, appeared last year at a budget hearing on Capitol Hill, he cited his son's experiences as a soldier in Afghanistan to answer a senator's tough questions about a troubled intelligence technology system.
Posted: 07/09/2014 - President Barack Obama says Congress has the ability to act immediately to address the wave of unaccompanied minors coming over the border from Mexico into the U.S.
Posted: 07/09/2014 - Tens of thousands of children streaming from Central American nations to the U.S. border have overwhelmed the government's ability to respond, senior Obama administration officials testified Wednesday as they urged senators to agree to the president's emergency spending request for the crisis.
Posted: 07/08/2014 - Palestinian medical officials now say at least 25 Palestinians, including three children, have been killed in Israeli air and sea attacks today on the Gaza Strip. The attacks struck more than 100 locations.
Posted: 07/08/2014 - The Brooklyn District Attorney's office in New York, one of the largest in the U.S., says it will stop prosecuting most low-level marijuana possession cases, especially for first-time offenders.
Posted: 07/08/2014 - A federal investigative agency says it is looking into claims that Veterans Affairs supervisors retaliated against 67 employees who filed whistleblower complaints, including 25 filed since June 1, after a growing health care scandal became public.
Posted: 07/08/2014 - The CEO of American Airlines says travel demand is still strong and he is not worried about airlines adding so many flights that they will drive down prices.
Updated: 07/09/2014 - AUSTIN, Texas (AP) - Gov. Rick Perry has accepted President Barack Obama's offer to discuss the crisis at the Texas-Mexico border with faith leaders and local officials in Dallas on Wednesday.
Posted: 07/08/2014 - DETROIT (AP) - Ford is recalling 100,566 vehicles in North America for various safety defects.
Posted: 07/08/2014 - President Barack Obama is calling attention to a Colorado woman who got a raise after Obama called for an increase in the minimum wage.
Posted: 07/07/2014 - Most of the unaccompanied children who are arriving at the U.S.-Mexico border may end up getting sent back to their home countries.
Posted: 07/07/2014 - President Barack Obama is holding off for now on seeking new legal authority to send unaccompanied migrant kids back home faster.
Posted: 07/07/2014 - Most of the unaccompanied children who are arriving at the U.S.-Mexico border may end up getting sent back to their home countries.
Posted: 07/06/2014 - The Transportation Security Administration is requiring passengers at some overseas airports that offer U.S.-bound flights to power on their electronic devices.
Posted: 07/06/2014 - A counselor at the local Veterans Affairs office looked at Rebecca King, a victim of domestic violence and abuse who was seeking help for depression, and told her she would not be able to see a psychologist. She looked too nice and put together for someone depressed, King was told.
Posted: 07/05/2014 - Arthur has been downgraded to a tropical storm, but its winds are still near-hurricane strength as they lash Canada's maritime provinces.
Posted: 07/05/2014 - A fire tore through a Northern California community, destroying eight homes and damaging three more.
Posted: 07/04/2014 - On this Fourth of July, President Barack Obama has taken part in a naturalization ceremony at the White House for 25 foreign-born members of the U.S. military, representing 15 countries.
Posted: 07/04/2014 - It's not much of a beach day on this Fourth of July along the mid-Atlantic coast and the Northeast, as Hurricane Arthur makes its way north.
Updated: 07/04/2014 - The reigning champ of the Nathan's famous hot dog eating contest gets to hold onto his mustard yellow belt.
Updated: 07/04/2014 - Hurricane Arthur is moving offshore and away from North Carolina's Outer Banks after slashing into the state's barrier islands overnight. It has now weakened to a Category 1 storm.
Updated: 07/04/2014 - Hurricane Arthur has strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane, with winds increasing to 100 mph as it nears the North Carolina coast.
Posted: 07/03/2014 - An Idaho woman gave birth while driving to a doctor appointment and delivered her daughter by herself.


text:
Game delay
Game Stats
Game Stats
W: N. Blackburn (1-0) L: B. Cecil (0-1)
S: J. Nathan (1)
|3rd Inning
Danny Valencia (1) solo shot to left center off Cecil.
|4th Inning
Encarnacion safe at first on 2nd baseman Nishioka throwing error, Lind scored, Encarnacion to second.
|5th Inning
Tolbert singled to left, Kubel scored, Valencia out at third, Butera to second.
Nishioka singled to left center, Butera scored, Tolbert to third, Span to second.
|6th Inning
Jose Bautista (2) solo shot to left off Blackburn.
|9th Inning
Denard Span (1) solo shot to right off Rauch.
|9th Inning
Escobar hit sacrifice fly to center, Snider scored, McCoy to third.


text:
Launcher Update
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85 Human Paladin
I just got back into wow after a bit of a break and was vendoring off a buncha Wrath gear when I noticed a few old school weapons that have interesting procs in my bank. Besides auto attack, what sortsa Pally attacks work proc such a weapon?
Anything that specifically triggers from melee attacks will trigger from auto-attacks, Crusader Strike, Templar's Verdict, Hammer of the Righteous, Divine Storm, and Judgment (those are all of our melee attacks). If it procs off of melee and ranged attacks, it should proc off of Hammer of Wrath as well.
93 Dwarf Paladin
I just had both my Feather and Dancing Steel proc from Exorcism, and I know I've had at least Dancing Steel proc from casting Execution Sentence before. Neither Exorcism nor Judgement, however, are stacking my Spark.
Yeah, Feather and Spark are both "attacks" not "melee attacks", so any damaging ability should trigger them.
Dancing Steel procs off of pretty much anything. My monk's Healing Spheres proc it.
90 Draenei Paladin
omg I swear everything will proc off of the weirdest things.
I swear today I refreshed Might and dancing steel, Capatinance, spark of zandalar, and feather all proced. And in 5.4 I'm expecting my cloak to proc as well.
Edited by Solviras on 7/24/2013 12:41 PM PDT
100 Blood Elf Paladin
I've had both feather proc and spark stack from several of my effects expiring post-combat.
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Posts containing personal information about other players. This includes physical addresses, e-mail addresses, phone numbers, and inappropriate photos and/or videos.
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text:
Below are top resources on SparkPeople for Eating Healthy At Fast Food.
You've been working hard at making healthy changes to your diet and exercising regularly to lose weight. But there's more to weight loss than watching what you eat; the beverages you drink can also affect your progress. Are you sabotaging you... Read more
Having spent a week on a road trip, I learned one thing along the way: Fast food is unavoidable, given time and budget constraints. You can't beat a drive-thru for convenience and speed of service. But the bellyache you get afterward can quickl... Read more
The media associates a fast break with basketball. But a nutritional fast break is much different; except that both can lead to a slam dunk. A Spark Diet Fast Break is a quick, easy goal that you focus on and track for two weeks, before any other... Read more
When you are on the go, you need to get things done and get them done now. Unfortunately, for some people, this means everything is done "on the go." However, just because you live your life in the fast lane doesn't mean that yo... Read more
You stare at your to-do list with dread: Unload the dishwasher, return the library books, do the laundry, pick up dinner, drop the kids off at the mall, go to the gym…and that's just the beginning. The list seems endless and unfortunatel... Read more
244 Taking back control from the junk-food monsters! Yeah you! 243... Read more
Was feeling kind of blah today and ate more junk than I would have liked this weekend. Was feeling kind of down on myself and overwhelmed with how much I want to lose. Just did an awesome 50-minute workout and in a much better mood!... Read more
It's not hard to exercise, but to eat right.I make healthy food choices all day, but around dinner time and later I mess up and blow all my calories!! Yesterday was the first time ever I had 400 calories left. Hate to feel hungry!... Read more
I also experience food addiction but know a lot about diet and nutrition having worked in the diet industry (it doesn't work!). I'm 29, no kids, atheist. The mental component of this process is most important to me. Would love to connect!... Read more
How? What did you eat?... Read more
if you take your food with you, you won't be tempted to eat fast food... Read more
Don't leave home without a healthy snack in the car - this way you can avoid the fast food hook.... Read more
This group is for college students who are looking to get healthier and need a little support from those in a similar situation... Read more
Many religions recommend fasting for both spiritual and/or health benefits. All religious fasts are different: Some restrict certain foods, while others only restrict the times of day in which one can eat. Few religious fasts involve a long-term or c... Read more
Lately, I've had a hankering for a Pizza Hut pizza. Nothing too surprising about that. But my hankering is for "a Pizza Hut any-size pizza for $10" pizza. I've also been yearning to unlock the box and dive into a Taco Bell $5... Read more


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Inn at Summer Bay
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"It's The Final Countdown..." T-24 Hours
... some testing so far but has not received any conclusive diagnosis, but did have the procedure done Tuesday and is feeling better and eating normally again. Hopefully she will be down soon to relax and keep the puppy dog company. It was surreal to come home and not have bugs there to greet me and even more so to see all of his stuff gone. His giant room hogging crate was missing, his giant dog food box and you guessed it, giant bed ...
Camera Bag Is Loaded And Ready To Go. T-7 Days
... germaphobe I carry hand wipes everywhere and gum and throat lozenges, headphones, etc for the plane rides. There are two extra batteries for the camera and a pair of shooter gloves to keep a grip on everything but reality.
This is the last paragraph. If you skipped to here go back to the beginning and read the whole post. I think you will find it interesting. If you did read the whole post congratulations on being a photo nerd just like me. :)
What happened to ANZAC day?
... if a bit lacking in food. I'm really impressed by the fact you can charge up your tablet in flight these days, great for such a long flight. Before we knew it we were back on Aussie soil, but hang on, thanks to the international date line it is now Saturday, ANZAC day was wiped out in a flash, no dawn service, no day off, no having a beer for an absent mate...... unfortunately for all the Essendon supporters it was only us that missed it, ANZAC day did ...
CRAZY Week of Traveling.
... up going to the RV resort bar, ordered a couple Coronas and made friends with a few locals as well as a young couple from northern Louisiana who offered me a Bluetick Coonhound (one of his nine coon huntin dawgs.) It's always so much fun meeting the locals.
We left the big easy and booked it to Florida, where we are now. We are staying with my cousin Billy at a wakeboard training camp on Lake Minneola. Our tent is set up right ...
Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)
... and her expectations. Her priority was saving Lindsay's life and she said how she honestly didn't know if she would make it to her next birthday let alone get married and have children. Lindsay taught her to take a step back from the medical problems and look at the patient as a whole, taking into consideration their goals as well as her own, After full on days packed with emotional stories as well as educational seminars, there were numerous networking ...


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Is Samsung stealing Apple's thunder?
Samsung releases its S6 before Apple begins its process of hyping up its most recent Smartphone releaseMarch 23, 2015 2:24
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Abu Dhabi Airports CEO leaving to take up U.K. defence ministry role
Kuwait February inflation edges up to 2.9 pct
MIDEAST STOCKS-Gulf markets sink after Yemen intervention; Dubai worst hit
HSBC's Islamic banking unit plans sukuk sale in Malaysia
Oil rises more than 1 pct, boosted by weaker dollar
UAE's Shah gas project seen achieving full capacity in Q2
National Bank of Fujairah issues 500 mln dirham tier 1 capital
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Oil rises more than 1 pct, boosted by weaker dollar
Sudan earned $81.8 million from exporting 45,633 tonnes of gum arabic in 2011 with subsequent price and volume increases suggesting it might earn over $200 million this year.
January 6, 2013 8:10 by Reuters
There is little reliable production data for gum arabic as some gets smuggled into South Sudan and Chad. Government officials put Sudan's global market share at 80 percent, but some analysts think this figure is much too high.
Sudanese farmers, who often produce gum arabic in small groups with little efficiency, risk losing out to growing competition from other countries. Fighting between rebels and the army in three farming regions of Sudan, Darfur, Blue Nile and South Kordofan, has also hit production.
"Several other countries came in and competed, Chad, Nigeria…," said Mahdi. So Sudan's global market share could have fallen to between 20 to 40 percent, though its gum arabic is still first choice among many consumers because of its high quality, she said.
En Nahud is the last town in western Sudan before a traveller reaches the troubled region of Darfur – the paved road ends here after a 12-hour drive from Khartoum. United Nations food aid trucks continue their trip to Darfur on dirt tracks only after taking armed escorts on board.
But while En Nahud may at first glance look as desolate as other small Sudanese towns, with many of its one-storey brick buildings built during British colonial rule, it is wealthier because of gum arabic.
A large market attracts hundreds of farmers and traders every day. Shops are well-stocked with foreign food products, and restaurants are bustling with people eating meat for breakfast – a luxury for many Sudanese who have to rely on ful, a staple food made of bean and water.
RINGING UP AN INTEREST: Iraq to launch major telecom IPO
January 6 2013
Are Emirati-only policies hurting UAE businesses?
January 6 2013


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Arbitration Update
Arbitration Update - Wednesday, March 5, 2014 9:42 - 1 Comment
Claim Against Dell Sent To Arbitration In Defective Laptop Suit
The claims in a class action lawsuit against Dell Inc. were sent to arbitration last month in a New Jersey federal court. Judge Michael A. Shipp granted a request from Dell and ordered the Plaintiff who had filed a proposed class action lawsuit, alleging the company sells defective laptops prone to overheating, to enter arbitration with the computer giant. A stay of Plaintiff Raheel Ahmad Khan's claims was issued and he was ordered to participate in the arbitration sessions. The judge cited the terms of an agreement the Plaintiff consented to when he purchased his Inspiron 600m computer.
Lawyers from the two sides had been at odds over the enforceability of the agreement, which Khan entered when he clicked a box on Dell's website indicating that he had read and understood the terms and conditions of sale for the $1,200 device. The agreement contained a provision requiring any disputes arising over the agreement to be exclusively arbitrated through the National Arbitration Forum. By the time Khan's suit was filed in July 2009, however, the NAF was no longer accepting consumer arbitration.
Interestingly, a motion filed by Dell seeking to force Khan into arbitration was denied by the court in 2010 due to the NAF's unavailability. In early 2012, however, the Third Circuit reversed that ruling, saying the law allowed for an alternative party to be assigned to the case. When the case came back, Judge Shipp wrote in that issue:
Faced with a divide in relevant case law outside the Third Circuit, the court determined that the parties could substitute another arbitral body for NAF.
The Plaintiff argued that forcing individuals into arbitration against a large company like Dell puts him at a clear disadvantage because Dell has litigated various similar disputes in the past, which allows the company to make "an informed, calculated decision about how to proceed." The Plaintiff also argued that various other portions of the agreement were legally unconscionable, including its ability to force Plaintiffs to attend arbitration sessions in Texas at their own expense, and the lack of opportunity for customers to object or refuse its terms if they chose to purchase the computer. Judge Shipp rejected all of these arguments.
The Plaintiff filed the class action on behalf of everyone who has leased or purchased a Dell Inspiron 600m notebook laptop computer. According to the Plaintiff, the 600m suffers from a design defect that makes it overheat after as little as 15 minutes of normal use. He alleged that overheating makes the machines' processors run at dramatically lower speeds, rendering the computers unusable for the intended purpose, and leads to vital system components failing. The case is a classic example of how huge corporations take advantage of their customers.
Source: Law360.com
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RangeMaxx® 2-Pass Gun Rope Cleaner
- Gets out powder residue, lead fouling, and carbon buildup
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Modern Luxury 2012 home
Modern luxury home 2,684 Sq. ft. on a 15,000 sq. ft. lot. With majestic white porcelain floors. Open plan design. family/movie/dinning/kitchen. High efficiency A/C system with slim linear diffusers. Recessed lighting on dimmers. Tall 8ft frosted glass interior doors. Impact ...
Mar 5 -
Doublewide Mobile Home located in Maralago Cay, Palm Beach County
Doublewide mobile home located in Maralago Cay, Lantana Florida. which is an adult gated community. (45+)
Close to the beach, restaurants, shopping and golf.
The home has appliances, 2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms and walk in closets. Floors are ceramic tile and carpet in the ...
Feb 5 -
Mobile Home in +55 MPH, located in Thonotosassa in a quiet country setting. Only 15 minutes from shopping in Brandon. Small, clean well maintained park with 120 trailers, beautiful lots, active community center with pool and shuffleboard court.
Main MH is 13' x 52' with ...
Mar 26 -
Tampa Bay :
Park Model trailer/home, sleeps 6, on canal to lake Toho East Lake in St Cloud. Lakeside patio, sheds, completely furnished, non smokers, fenced for small animals, large carport, privacy, Clean, well kept. Live for undr $500 mth includes lot rent, electricity, water. Good ...
Mar 25 -
Orlando :
Saint Cloud
In 55+ gated, resident owned community. Community has swimming pool, shuffleboard courts, horse shoes courts, boat docks, club house. Must purchase share in park
Mar 6 -
Lakeland :
Haines City
For Sale $25,900 OBO
2009 Breckenridge Park Model Trailer
40 feet with triple slide-outs model #FK-3 interior colour (palm harbour)
Front kitchen with slide-out creating a recessed area for full size refrigerator and pantry
30 inch deluxe propane range and space maker ...
Mar 3 -
Lakeland :
Cooperative Park 55+.Park is called Senate Manor Estates and is located in Port Richey Fla. Price includes $15,500.share which is given back to you when you sell your park model trailer.Maintenance fee is $165. monthly. This fee includes grass cutting all year round. There ...
Feb 19 -
Tampa Bay :
Port Richey
1 bedroom 1 bath Trailer with an addition(10x30). Fully furnished. Horseshoes, Tennis, Community Pool, Miniature Golf, Shuffle Board, Basketball Court and much more. Dues include water & sewer, trash pickup, lawn maintenance & RV/Boat Storage.
Feb 14 -
Ocala :
Very nice 1 bedroom trailer for sell. Please inquire all offers will be considered. Very spacious with large florida room with separate entrance. Close to shopping, the park and library.
Feb 6 -
Tampa Bay :
Saint Petersburg
Very spacious with large florida room. Please inquire all offers will be considered. Great family community close to shopping, the park and library.
25 Heron Drive
Pelican Pier Park, Ellenton, Florida 34222
Priced to sell at $10,500.00 O.B.O.
On the Manatee River. The unit has 840 Sq. ft. of developed, fully furnished living space, plus work shop and ...
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Sarasota :
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Technically Incorrect: The Apple co-founder says he is extremely concerned about our survival, as the future is "scary." We may become the mere pets of computers.
Good news for laptop and smartphone buyers: a novel flash-memory design should cut costs and boost capacity.
This USB-powered PC runs on tablet hardware and fits in your pocket.
Ubi is a $299 voice-control gadget designed to integrate seamlessly into your SmartThings- and Belkin WeMo-connected smart home.
Pricing not available
We put the latest high-end desktop PC gaming cards to the test in the CNET Labs.
Sling TV is a new $20-per-month live TV package with 16 channels, including ESPN, AMC, TNT, CNN, History, HDTV and the Disney Channel. How does it work, how can you get it -- and will it let you quit cable?
Technically Incorrect: In Britain, it seems the judiciary can be injudicious when it comes to using technology at work.
An upswell of acquisitions and shifts in company culture are changing how Silicon Valley looks at design. And that's reshaping the tech industry, one of the leading design experts says at SXSW.
Samsung, Microsoft, ARM and the people behind Raspberry Pi are collaborating with publicly funded UK broadcaster the BBC on the Micro Dot device.
A new programmable ball lets you create games on an iPad, then play them in real life.


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The Menin Gate B&B
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Very impressive gate and evening service
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Nice to hear from people at home. Hope your having a ice time away from home. I hope ruby gets lots of love. Yesterday we left Albert and drive to Ypres in Belgium! There wasn't even boarder security between the two countries. We just went over a bridge and all of a sudden the signs were slightly different and so was the road. It was weird. …
Spine tingling Ypres
... Fields museum and beautiful buildings. It is very pretty to walk on the old ramparts all around the city. At one of the city gates they hold a last post ceremony. They have held it every night at 8pm since ww1. When we were there they told the story of two brothers that died on the exact date 100 years ago. It was very moving and the echo of the last post off the memorial walls gave me ...
Fierce Fighting From Fromelles
... in narrative format of the battle and the experiences of troops on the front line. I myself was extremely impressed with the set up of the museum and many of the students appreciated the interactivity of the museum.
After making a quick stop at Cobber's Memorial, we made a quick 15 minute trip over the Belgium border into Poperinge. It was here that around 250,000 soldiers spent their time over the course of the war in the rest and recovery zone. ...
In Flanders Fields
... little remained but rubble. And the dead.
A really chilly day with a noticeable breeze, so into a local cafe for what turned out to be an excellent lunch. Tomato soup that was divine and then an incredible pesto pasta.
To Menenpoort/Menin Gate, a memorial arch built by the British Government to honour all those (Empire soldiers) who lost their lives in and around Ypres, but have ...
... at Vimy ridge the site of the Canadian war memorial after Ali figured out the car GPS . This site was quite unique , the trenches were left intact allowed to grass over and just to weather normally ; they are tended by some sheep who are apparently unaffected by unexplored ordinance . We did a tour of the trenches and tunnels used by both sides for a range of activities from just a place to sleep to undermining the opposition with a view to blowing them ...


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Caribbean cruise shore excursions
We are going on a cruise in October (soon!) that has one-day stops in the Bahamas (Half Moon Cay), Grand Cayman (Georgetown), Mexico (Cozumel) and Key West. Does anyone have any suggestions for must-see gardens or nature walks?
Thanks in advance.
Well, I have some general advice. The last time we took a cruise, we discovered that the packaged shore excursions promoted and sold on board the ship were NOT the best deal by far. Simply going ashore and finding your own tour guide with a vehicle was a much better deal. We did this with 2 other couples on Aruba several years ago.
I certainly wouldn't do this if I were by myself, but with a small group it was great.
We just got back from a lovely Caribbean cruise. Our last stop before we got back to New Orleans was Key West. DH and I just wandered around the shops dockside and it wasn't until I got back home that I was looking at some of the attractions there and discovered they have some beautiful museums and gardensbut you will need to find a tour or rent a car. Try "googling" Key West and you'll see for yourself. Key West was just gorgeous. The weather was balmy, the water so blue and so was the sky. You'll just love it.


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The Fresh & Onlys
San Francisco's the Fresh & Onlys got started ten years ago, before the most recent wave of garage psych. And while that aesthetic certainly informed the group's music early on, there's more to its sound than that. Sweeping through its center is a Smiths-like, incandescent guitar jangle, along with gentle but direct rhythms. You can hear shades of C86-era bands in the music, but there is a bright core to the songwriting that's uplifting rather than just being a transmogrification of melancholic moods. This is most evident on the latest Fresh & Onlys release, Long Slow Dance. An ineffable nostalgia still limns the atmospheres of the band's songs, but it's tempered by fiery guitar work that burns the maudlin from your mind.
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LOL… Susan. I don't know how you come up with these day after day… this is FUNNY!
Thanks, Gail!! I've been shooting one a day for almost 2 years now….I know one of these days I'm going to 'hit the wall'. Until then, I'll just keep thinking 'em up!!
– Susan Littlefield
Hahaha what a fabulous play on words, I can't help but giggle when I see these, they're so well done!
Thanks, Georgie….if you're smiling, then I'm happy!!
– Susan Littlefield
Well of course she was … she expected her man to 'toe the line', now didn't she. ;-) LOL to start my day, needed it too, will be gone for a few days.
Ha ha ho ho ha ha ho ho….I always love your comments!! Heading out on another fishing trip??
– Susan Littlefield
HA Susan… love it…. being "Lack Toes" intolerant, I got a great kick out of this!!! :))))
Oh good…..I never want to offend, so I'm delighted to get your comment!
– Susan Littlefield
Listen…this has got to stop. Either I give drinking tea whilst my laptop's on my lap, or you're going to have to stop being soooo funny
LOL…..I just love bringing laughs and smiles….but sorry about the keyboard!! ☺
– Susan Littlefield
The posture, morphology and outfits of these characters are amazing … do you actually make them, Susan?
Thank you! The figures are from my husband's model railroad, as are the little buildings and plants. Because the figures are so tiny (1/2 inch/1.27cm) they are often not painted well, so I do take some liberties with Photoshop to correct them.
– Susan Littlefield
This is hilarious!!!!!! Sure made me guffaw!!! :)
I love a good guffaw!!!! ☺
– Susan Littlefield
I'm on my way for a doctor's visit – I needed this, thank you.
Glad you liked it! Hope your visit is a checkup, and nothing more!!
– Susan Littlefield
Another great one.
Thank you, Jay; I appreciate your comments.
– Susan Littlefield
OregonCurly beat me to it! But you owe me another keyboard, dangit!
Sheesh….put it on my bill! LOL
– Susan Littlefield